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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


FLOEA 


BRITISH    INDIA. 


Dates  of  Publication  of  the  Several  Parts  of  this  Volume. 


Part  XVII.    pp.  1-224,  was  published  Bee.  1890. 
„    XVIII.  pp.  225-448  „  /%  1892. 

„     XIX.     pp.  449-G72  „  ^ep^.  1893. 

„    XX.       pp.  673  to  end       „  April  1894^. 


THE 


FLORA    OF    BRITISH    INDIA. 


SIR  J.  D.  HOOKER,  C.B.,  K.C.S.I. 

M.D,,  F.E.S.,  D.C.L.  OXON- ,  LL.D.  CANTAB. 

CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OF  THE  INSTITUTE   OF  FRANCE,  AND  HON.  MEMBER  OF  THE 

ASIATIC    SOCIETY   OF    BENGAL. 


ASSISTED  BY  VARIOUS  BOTANISTS. 

VOL.  VI. 

orchideje   to   cyperacejs. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  AUTHORITY  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE  FOR 
INDIA  IN  COUNCIL. 


London  :  L.  EEEVE  &  CO., 

PUBLISHERS   TO   THE    HOME,  COLONIAL   AND   INDIAN    GOVERNMENTS. 

6,  HENKIETTA  STREET,  CO  VENT  GARDEN, 
1894. 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSIIY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


LONDON  : 
PBINTED  BT   GH.BEET  AND   BIVINGTON,   LD. 
ST.   JOHN'S  HOUSE,  CLEBIENWELL,   E.C. 


FLORA  OF  BRITISH  INDIA. 

Order  OXLVIII.  ORCKXDBH:. 

Continued  from  Yol.  ▼.  p.  858. 

Tribe  II.  Vandese.     (See  Vol.  v.  p.  671.) 

39.  EUIiOPKZA,  Br. 

Terrestrial  quite  glabrous  herbs ;  rbizome  tuberous,  rarely  pseudo- 
bulbous.  Leaves  appearing  with  or  after  the  flowers,  plaited.  Scape 
lateral,  flowers  racemose,  rarely  panicled.  Sepals  sLudpetals  free,  spreading. 
Lip  erect  from  the  base  or  foot  of  the  column ;  base  saccate  or  with  a 
mentum  or  short  spur  ;  lateral  lobes  erect,  embracing  the  column,  rarely  0 ; 
midlobe  spreading  or  recurved;  disk  crested,  softly  spinous  or  lamellate. 
Column  short  or  long,  top  oblique,  entire ;  anther  terminal,  2-celled ; 
pollinia  2  or  4,  sessile  or  attached  by  a  short  strap  to  a  discoid  gland  of  the 
rostellum. — Species  about  60,  tropical,  chiefly  Asiatic. 

I  follow  Blume,  and  others,  in  removing  Cyrtopera  from  Cyrtopodium  (where  it 
is  placed  in  Gen.  Plant.),  and  including  it  as  a  section  under  ^ulophia,  there  being  a 
direct  passage  from  the  species  with,  to  those  without,  a  foot  to  the  column.  In 
sect.  Cyrtopera  the  lateral  sepals  are  inserted  either  on  the  foot  of  the  column,  leaving 
the  spur  or  sac  of  the  lip  free,  or  their  insertion  extends  along  the  spur,  which  then  is 
technically  a  mentum.  The  perianth  of  Eulophia  is  undistinguishable  from  that  of 
Dipodium,  Geodorum,  Plocoglottis,  and  Tainia,  of  which  the  two  first  might  but  for 
habit  be  united  with  it ;  the  two  latter  differ  in  having  creeping  rhizomes,  usually 
solitary  leaves,  and  more  than  2  pollinia.  Chrysoglossum  resembles  a  JEulophia 
with  the  pollinia  free  from  the  rostellum. 

Sect.  I.  ZSulophia  proper.     Column  not  produced  into  a  foot. 

*  Leaves  and  flowers  coetaneous,  or  nearly  so. 

t  Pseudobulb  very  large,  epigeal,  green.  Leaves  very  narrow.  Scape 
often  branched. 

1.  IS.  virens,  Brown  in  Bot.  Beg.  sub  t.  673  {Eulophus) ;  leaves  grass- 
like, bracts  very  small  ovate  acute,  sepals  linear-oblong  subacute  or  obtuse, 
petals  elliptic  obtuse,  lip  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  small,  disk  with  5-crested 
nerves.  Lindl.  Gen.  <Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  182;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  in.  24<;  Wight 
Ic.  t.  913  ;  Bat.  Mag.  t.  6679  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  647.  E.  carinata,  Lindl.  Gen. 
4"  Sp.^  Orchid.  183.  Aerobium  carinatum,  Spreng.  Syst.  Veg.  iii.  718. 
Serapias  epidendrea,  Betz  Ohs.  vi.  65.  Limodorum  virens,  Swartz  in  Nov, 
Act  Upsal.  vi.  79  ;  Boxh.  Cor.  PL  i.  t.  38 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  467.  L.  epiden- 
droides,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  \24i.—Rheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  26,  and  ?  25. 

Bengal  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula  J  in  dry  ground,  Roxburgh,  &c.  Ceylon, 
in  the  Central  Province,  Walker,  &c. 

VOL.  VI.  B 


96196 


2  CXLViii.  ORCHIDEJ;;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Eulophia. 

Pseudobulb  large,  couico-obpyrifortn.  Leaves  niauy,  6-10  by  f  in.,  midrib 
stout.  Scape  1-3  ft.;  sej.als  f-1  in.,  and  petals  green  with  reddish  nerves;  lip  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  white  with  red  crested  nerves ;  spur  short,  subcylindric  or 
conical. — Kheede's  xii.  t.  26  is,  I  think,  this  ;  his  t.  25  may  be  E.  graminea. 

2.  IS.  sreLminea,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7372 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  182 ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  23 ;  leaves  grass-like,  bracts  small  lanceolate, 
sepals  lanceolate  acuminate  and  elliptic-lanceolate  acute  petals  tessellate, 
lip  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  small,  disk  with  3-5  lamellate  or  crested 
nerves  which  are  fimbriate  on  the  rounded  midlobe.  E.  inconspicua, 
Griff.  Notul.  349 ;  Ic,  PI.  Asiat.  t.  326 ;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iii.  25. 

Assam,  Mann.  Bengal,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarke.  Tenasserim,  Parish.  Nicobae 
Islands,  Kurz.  Singapore,  Wallich.  Malacca,  Maingay.  Teavancore,  Wight. 
Ceylon,  at  Damballa,  Trimen. 

Habit  of  E.  virens  and  colour  of  flower,  but  leaves  usually  shorter,  flowers  much 
smaller,  and  spur  cylindric  with  often  a  clavate  tip. — Cuming's  specimens  No.  2059 
are  marked  as  from  Malacca  in  some  collections,  from  B.)hol  Island  (Philippines) 
in  others. 

ft  Roots  tuberous,  hypogeal.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate.  Scape 
unbranched. 

§  Lijp  longer  than  hroad,  side  lohes  short  or  0. 

3.  E*  oclireata,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  21 ;  leaves  elliptic 
acuminate,  scape  with  broad  loose  ochreate  sheaths,  bracts  lanceolate 
equalling  the  ovary,  sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  broadly  elliptic  acute,  lip 
broadly  ovate  entire,  tip  rounded,  nerves  all  fimbriate.  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs, 
Bomh.  Fl.  265. 

The  CONCAN  and  Canaua,  Law,  Balzell,  &c. 

fi'^ewi  stout.  Leaye*  3-5,  4-10  in.,  many-nerved,  sessile.  Scape  10-12  in.,  very 
sLout  below  ;  racemo  many-  and  rather  dense-flJ.,  bracts  ^-^  in. ;  sepals  f  in.  long ; 
spur  a  small  sac. 

4.  £.  herbacea,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  182;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  iii.  24 ;  bracts  very  long,  flowers  large,  sepals  linear-lanceolate  acu- 
minate, petals  elliptic  or  lanceolate  obtuse  or  acute  very  many-nerved,  lip 
obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  small  rounded,  midlobe  ovate-oblong,  disk  with 
many  fimbriate  nerves.  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  JBomh.  Fl.  265.  E.  brachypetala, 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  >oc.  I.  c.  E.  albitiora,  Fdgew.  mss.  Limodorum 
bicolor,  Boxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  469. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Garwhal,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  liuule,  Falconer,  Fdgeworth,  &c. 
Bengal,  RoxUirgh ;  at  liungpore,  Clarke.     Concan,  Dulz.  ^  Gibs.  I.  c. 

Stem  4-6  in.,  rather  slender,  sheathed.  Leaves  6-8  in.,  linear-lanceolate, 
variable  in  breadth,  many-nerved.  Scape  2-3  ft.,  stout ;  sheaths  large,  acuminate  ; 
raceme  short,  8-10-fld. ;  bracts  1^-2  in.  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  ^-1  in. ;  sepals  IJ  in., 
green  ;  petals  very  variable,  white,  nerves  purple  ;  lip  white,  nerves  yellow  ;  spur 
very  short,  obtuse. — The  flowers  seem  to  be  often  produced  before  the  leaves.  Lindley 
gives  Ceylon,  Macrae,  as  a  habitat,  probably  by  the  same  error  as  aflects  F.  explanata. 

5.  E.  lachnocheila,  ILooh.  f.\  scape  stout,  raceme  lax-fid.,  bracts 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  ovary  subspathaceous,  sepals  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate and  shorter  elliptic  petals  many-nerved,  lip  narrow  pubescent,  side 
lobes  short  rounded,  midlobe  obovate-oblong  retuse,  margin  waved,  disk 
deusely  softly  spiny. 


Eulophia.']  cxLViii.  orchidEzK.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  3 

Uppek  Buema  ;  at  Mayponf^o,  Herh.  Hort.  CcdcM. 

Tuber  globose.  Stem  4-6  in.  Leaves  2,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Scape  with 
the  raceme  18  in. ;  sheaths  2,  acuminate ;  raceme  6-8-fld. ;  bracts  |-1  in.,  mem- 
branous, linear-lanceolate,  subspathaceous ;  flowers  1  in.  diam. ;  lateral  sepals  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  column ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  hypochile  obovate,  as  long  as 
the  rather  narrower  epichile ;  spur  short,  cylindric  j  column  rather  long. 

6.  E.  hracteoseL^Lindl  in  Wall.  Cat.  7366;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  180; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  ill.  23 ;  bracts  very  long,  sepals  oblong,  tip  rounded, 
petals  broadly  obovate  very  many-nerved,  lip  narrowly  obovate-oblong, 
obscurely  3-lobed,  disk  with  5-crenulate  veins.  E.  grandiflora,  Lindl. 
Gen.  &f  8:p.  Orchid.  181. 

Khasia  Hills;  on  the  north  slopes,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. 
Chittagong,  Wallich.     Tenasserim,  alt.  3500  ft.,  Parish. 

Stem  4-6  in.,  sheathed.  Leaves  1-3,  10-18  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  petioled, 
3-nerved.  Scape  stout,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  clothed  with  long  sheaths;  raceme 
short,  few-fld. ;  flowers  fleshy;  bracts  1-1^  in. ;  sepals  f  in.,  yellow ;  lip  white  or 
lilac,  streaked;  spur  short,  obtuse.  CajojfwZe  1  in.— Lindley's  habitat  of  Ceylon  for 
grandiflora  is  no  doubt  an  error. 

7.  ZS>  elata*  Hooh.  f. ;  bracts  equalling  the  ovaries,  sepals  falcate 
lanceolate  acuminate  5-nerved,  petals  elliptic-lanceolate  obtuse  strongly 
5-nerved,  lip  narrowly  ovate-oblong  obtuse  entire,  disk  with  3  slender 
moniliform  nerves. 

Perak,  ScortecUniy  2023. 

Leaves  12-14  in.,  petioled,  elongate,  linear-lanceolate.  Scape  3^  ft.,  very  stout 
below,  sheaths  appressed ;  raceme  elongate,  lax-fld. ;  bracts  ^-J  in. ;  sepals  as  long, 
fleshy  ;  lip  equalling  the  sepals ;  spur  a  small  sac  j  column  short,  stout,  hooded ; 
young  fruit  2  in.,  deflexed. 

8.  E.  ezplanata,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  180 ;  bracts  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  sepals  oblong-ovate  subacute  and  broader  elliptic  petals 
5-nerved,  lip  subpanduriform,  base  saccate  with  spreading  nerves,  disk  with 
two  thick  crenate  lamellae,  midrib  greatly  thickened  and  caruncled  towards 
the  truncate  emarginate  tip.     Dipodium  scariosum.  Herb.  Ham. 

Nepal  ;  at  Maghada,  in  the  Morung,  Hamilton.  Noeth-West  India 
{Ic.  Falconer). 

Leaves  vei'y  young  at  the  flovvering  time,  surrounded  at  the  base,  along  with  1  or 
2  scapes,  with  short  broad  ^-1  in.  long  sheaths.  Scape  4-8  in,,  rather  stout,  10-12-fld. ; 
bracts  \-^  in.  ;  pedicels  with  ovary  f  in. ;  perianth  yellow  and  purplish,  spreading, 
|-|  in.  diam. ;  lip  sessile,  base  adnate  to  the  lateral  sepals;  sac  or  spur  broadly 
conical,  obtuse  ;  column  very  short.' — An  anomalous  species.  Lindley's  specimens 
being  counterparts  of  Hamilton's,  his  Ceylon  habitat  is  doubtless  an  error. 

§§  Lip  broader  than  long^  side  lobes  short  or  0. 

9.  E.  obtusa,  Hook./.;  bracts  equalling  the  ovaries,  sepals  oblong- 
lanceolate  acute  7-nerved  and  broadly  elliptic  obovate  obtuse  many-nerved 
petals  tessellate,  lip  clawed  3-lobed,  side  lobes  rounded,  midlobe  much  longer 
oblong,  disk  with  2  lobed  calli  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur  and  3-5  thickened 
nerves  ending  in  calli  within  the  apex,  claw  with  a  reniform  callus  on  each 
side.     Cyrtopera  obtusa,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  190. 

Noeth-West  India;  on  the  banks  of  the  Tonse  river,  Royle. 
Leaves  12  in.,  narrowly  ensiform.     Scape  very  tall;  raceme  elongate,  lax-fld.  ; 
bracts  ^-^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sepals  f  in. ;  petals  rather  shorter,  but 

B  2 


4  CXLViii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Eulophia. 

much  broader;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals;  spur  conic,  acute,  curved,  placed  between 
the  lateral  lobes ;  column  short,  stout. — Placed  by  Lindley  in  Ct/rtopera,  but  there 
is  no  foot  to  the  column ;  he  also  errs  in  describing  the  sepals  and  bracts  as  obtuse. 

10.  ZS.  pratensiS;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  25;  bracts  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  sepals  oblong  obtuse  5-nerved,  petals  subsimilar,  lip  sessile 
broader  than  long,  side  lobes  large  oblong  rounded,  midlobe  small  semi- 
circular, disk  with  three  crenate  nerves  ending  in  crenate  calli  on  the  mid- 
lobe.  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  265.  E.  ramentacea,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1666 
{not  of  Lindl.). 

The  Decoan  Peninsula.  ;  in  pastures,  from  the  Concan  southwards. 

Leaves  few,  10-12  in.,  long-petioled,  narrowly  lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved. 
Scape  1-3  ft.;  sheaths  acute,  appressed ;  bracts  ^-|  in.,  ovate -lanceolate;  sepals 
f  in.,  fleshy;  spur  conical,  acute.  Capsule  1^  in.,  elliptic,  turgid. — The  broad  lip 
is  like  that  of  E.  macrostachya.  Lindley  and  the  Bombay  Flora  err  in  describing 
this  species  as  leafless  when  flowering. 

11.  E.  macrostachya,  Lindl.  Gen.  S(  8p.  Orchid.  183;  in  Bot.  Beg. 
t.  1972 ;  bracts  lanceolate,  sepals  lanceolate  acute,  petals  rather  broader, 
lip  broader  than  long,  side  lobes  short  obtuse,  midlobe  revolute  rounded, 
disk  2-lamellate  at  the  base.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1972  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6246 ;  Wight 
Ic.  t.  1667-8  ;   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  646. 

Teavancoee  and  Nilghiri  Hills,  Wight.  Ceylon,  in  the  Central  Province, 
ascending  to  4000  ft.,  Thwaites,  &c. 

Pseudohulb  2-6  in.,  fusiform.  Leaves  2-3,  6-10  in.,  petioled,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
3-nerved.  Scape  stout  and  raceme  together  2-3  ft. ;  sheaths  appressed,  obtuse ; 
bracts  caducous  ;  sepals  and  petals  ^  in.,  green ;  lip  golden  yellow  with  red  stripes  ; 
spur  a  2-lobed  green  sac.     Capsule  2  in. 

12.  IS.  IHannii,  Hook.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  ;  scape  tall,  raceme  many- 
fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the^  ovary,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  acute  many- 
nerved,  petals  broader  elliptic  many-nerved,  lip  rhomboidly  ovate  obtuse 
obscurely  lobed,  disk  with  branching  crested  nerves.  Cyrtopera  Mannii, 
BeicU.f.  in  Flora  1872,  274. 

Upper  Assam,  Mann. 

Leaves  12  by  ^  in.,  narrowly  linear-lanceolate.  Scape  with  raceme  3  ft. ; 
sheaths  appressed,  acute ;  bracts  ^-^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  sepals  f  in.  long,  lip 
shorter  ;  spur  conical;  column  short,  clavate. 

**  Flowers  appearing  long  before  the  leaves.  (I  have  not  seen  the 
leaves  of  any  species  of  this  subdivision.) 

13.  E.  caxnpestris,  Wall.  Cat.  7617 ;  bracts  variable,  raceme  many- 
fld.,  sepals  |-|  in.  linear-lanceolate  acute  5-7-nerved,  petals  oblanceolate 
3-5-nerved,  lip  cuneate-obovate  or  oblong,  side  lobes  short,  midlobe  orbicu- 
lar quadrate  or  oblong  crenulate,  disk  with  3  central  nerves  lamellate 
at  the  base  and  tubercled  or  spinulose  on  the  midlobe.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid.  185  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  24  iexcl.  syn.  Wight)  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi. 
647.  E.  ramentacea  &  rupestris,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7367,  7368 ;  Gen. 
8c  Sp.  Orchid.  185  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  25.  E.  hemileuca,  Lindl.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  25.  Limodorum  ramentaceum,  Boxb.  Sort.  Beng. 
63 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  467.  L.  dubium.  Ham.  mss.  Bletia  Dabia,  Bon  Brodr. 
30.     Dipodium  ramentaceum,  Herb.  Ham. 

Plains  of  India;  from  the  Panjab  to  Oudh,  Bengal,  Chittagong,  and 
the  Deccan. — Distbib.  Affghanistan. 


Eul(yphia.']  cxlviii.  OECniDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  5 

Scape  6-18  in.,  stout  or  slender  from  a  deformed  tuber ;  sheaths  subapprossed, 

'  acute  ;  flowers  many,  subsecund  ;  sepals  slightly  attached  to  the  base  of  the  lip, 

.  variable  in  breadth,  acute  or  acuminate,  yellow  or  green  striped  with  pink  j  petals 

narrower;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  side  lobes  rounded  or  subacute,  midlobe  usually 

purple ;  spur  conical,  subclavate  or  subacute ;  column  rather  slender.     Capsule  |  in., 

ellipsoid. — The  lip  of  £".  hemileuca  is  rather  tubercled  than  spinulose. 

14.  Zi.  stenopetala,  JJndl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  26 ;  scape- sheaths 
loose,  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries,  raceme  few-fld.,  sepals  |  in.  linear- 
oblong  5-nerved,  petals  lanceolate  acuminate  3-nerved,  lip  broadly  cuneate, 
side  lobes  rounded  much  larger  than  the  suborbicular  crisped  midlobe,  disk 
with  3  nerves  tubercled  between  the  side  lobes  and  on  the  midlobe. 

Bhotan  Himalaya  ;  dry  hills  at  Punaka,  Oriffith. 

Scape  12-18  in.,  slender;  sheaths  obtuse;  bracts  ^-f  in.;  lip  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  spur  clavellate. — Specimens  indifferent.  Very  near  S.  campestris,  but  the 
lip  is  much  broader  and  side  lobes  more  spreading. 

15.  E.  decipiens,  Gfrijf.  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlvii.  155,  1. 13, 
f.  8-12 ;  flowers  secund,  bracts  minute,  sepals  and  petals  \  in.  linear 
hardly  falcate  acute  5-nerved,  lip  obovate  concave  3-lobed  above  the  middle, 
midlobe  much  the  largest,  margin  crisped,  disk  5-nerved  at  the  base,  10-13- 
nerved  in  the  middle  of  which  4-5  form  fleshy  fibres  on  the  midlobe,  spur 
short  slender  saccate. 

NicoBAE  Islands  ;  at  Kamorta,  Kurz. 

Scape  2-3  ft.  j  root  tuberous  ;  sheaths  small,  lanceolate.  Leaves  not  seen. 
Raceme  3-4  in. ;  pedicel  with  ovary  \-\  in.;  sepals  and  petals  white;  spur  ^  in. — 
"  Closely  resembles  Pachystoma  senile,  but  pollinia  of  Eulophia"  I  have  seen  no 
specimens. 

16.  S.  densiflora^  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  25  ;  scape  robust, 
bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries,  sepals  1-1^  in.  narrowly  oblanceolate 
acuminate,  petals  narrower,  lip  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  small  rounded, 
midlobe  orbicular,  disk  with  3  lamelliform  nerves  which  are  crenate  or 
interrupted  from  the  middle  to  near  the  apex,  spur  long  slender. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  at  the  foot  of  the  hills,  J.  D.  R.    Bhotan,  Orlfith. 

Scape  1-3  ft.,  from  a  depressed  tuber ;  lower  sheaths  obtuse,  upper  acuminate ; 
raceme  many -fid. ;  flowers  secund,  deflexed,  very  narrow  ;  column  short. — The  long 
narrow  flowers  are  very  characteristic  of  this  species. 

17.  E.  burmanica,  Hook.  f. ;  scape  robust,  sheaths  short  loose, 
raceme  many-  and  dense-fld.,  bracts  filiform  equalling  the  ovary,  sepals 
i  in.  oblong  obtuse  many-nerved,  petals  narrower  3-nerved,  lip  cuneately 
obovate,  side  lobes  short  rounded,  midlobe  small  ovate,  disk  with  2  carun- 
culate  nerves. 

Upper  Burma  ;  Bhamo,  Qrifith. 

Tuher  or  base  of  scape  oblong.  Scape  14  in.;  sheaths  1  in. ;  raceme  4  in.  ;  bracts 
^-i  in.,  almost  capillary,  reflexed;  pedicel  with  ovary  as  long  ;  spur  conical ;  column 
short ;  pollinia  globose. — A  remarkable  species,  of  which  there  is  but  one  very  bad 
specimen,  with  twisted  scape ;  it  is  possibly  near  E.  macrohulhon. 

Sect.  II.  Cyrtopera.     Co^i^mw  produced  into  a  foot. 

*  Lateral  sepals  inserted  on  the  spur  of  the  lip  {see  also  C.  explanata). 

18.  E.  nuda,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7371;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  180  ; 
tall,   raceme    elongate    many-fld.,    bracts    various,    flowers    large    green 


6  CfXLViii.  orchidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [^EulopTiia. 

or  pnrple,  sepals  linear-oblong  acute,  petals  shorter  elliptic-oblong  many- 
nerved,  lip  obovate-oblong  obtuse,  side  lobes  obscure,  midlobe  rounded  or 
retuse  crisped,  disk  crested  with  many  crenulate  or  tubercled  nerves. 
E.  bicolor,  Dalz.  in  Kooh.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  iii.  (1857)  343 ;  Balz,  Sf  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  264  ;  Whip.  Ann.  vi.  647.  Cyrtopera  fusca,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1690  ; 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  31 ;  Thwaites  JEnum.  429  ;  Walp.  I.  c.  668. 
C.  plicata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7362 ;  Gen.  ^  Sf).  Orchid.  190.  C.  nuda, 
Reichb.f.  in  Flora  1872,  274.  0.  G-ardneri,  Thwaites  Fnum.  302.  C.  myso- 
rensis,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  32.  C.  laxiflora,  Gardn.  mss. 
Dipodium  Roniayte  &  plicatum,  Herb.  Ham. — ?  Bheede  Hart.  Malab.  xii. 
t.  26. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  eastwards,  Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills, 
MuNNiPOBB,  Pegu  and  Tekasseeim.  Uppee  Burma  {Eerl.  Hart.  Calcut.). 
The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  southwards.  Ceylon  j  in  the  Central 
Province. 

Tuber  large.  Leaves  10-14  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  very  variable  in  breadth. 
Scape  1-3  ft.,  stout ;  sheaths  appressed ;  bracts  rarely  equalling  the  ovary  ;  sepals 
1  in.;  mentum  rounded  or  conical;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Ca<psulel\m., 
fusiform. — There  may  be  more  than  one  species  here,  so  great  are  the  differences  in 
colour  of  the  flower,  from  a  pale  green  to  a  dull  purple.  There  is  in  Herb.  Wight 
a  very  fleshy -flowered  species  or  variety  (C  ^rMwomawa,  Wight  mss.)  from  the  Kaitea 
Falls  (Nilghiris),  with  a  root  as  large  as  the  fist,  the  lip  with  a  short  horn  and  a 
linear-obloug  pointed  shaggy  disk ;  its  sepals  are  green  and  petals  and  lip  white. 

19.  E.  squalida,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1841,  Misc.  77 ;  raceme  elon- 
gate many-fld.,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate 
acuminate,  petals  elliptic-oblong  many-nerved,  lip  as  broad  as  long  sub- 
equally  3-lobed  strongly  closely  nerved,  midlobe  crisped  retuse,  disk  naked. 
Cyrtopera  squalida,  Ueichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  1857,  38 ;  Lindl.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  31 ;   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  668. 

Penang  ;  on  Govt.  Hill,  Curtis.     Singapoee,  Eidley. — Disteib.  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  rooting  from  the  base  without  a  tuber.  Leaves  8-12  by  1^-2  in.,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  some  long-petioled.  Scape  18-24  in.,  stout  or  slender  ;  sheaths  appressed ; 
sepals  |-1  in.  long ;  lip  |  in.  across  the  side  lobes,  base  rounded ;  mentum  conical. 

**  Lateral  sejoals  inserted  on  the  foot  of  the  column,  free  of  the  spur  of 
the  lip  or  nearly  so. 

20.  £■  bicarinata,  Hook.  f. ;  raceme  oblong  densely  many-fld., 
sepals  linear-oblong  acute  undulate,  petals  shorter  broader  many-nerved, 
lip  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  narrow,  midlobe  large  orbicular  crisped,  two 
lateral  nerves  forming  long  calli  at  the  base  of  the  disk  and  with  the 
median  nerve  tubercled  on  the  midlobe.  Cyrtopera  bicarinata,  Lindl.  in 
Wall.  Gat.  7363 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  189 ;  in  Journ.  Limi.  Soc.  iii.  31 
{excl.  cit.  Lc.  Griff.).  Epipactis  ?  bicarinata,  Herb.  Ham.  Cymbidium, 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  343,  No.  9 ;  Lc.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  320,  f .  3  {pollen). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Gamble.  Assam,  Hamilton.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-3000  ft., 
Clarice.     Munnipobe,  Watt.     Uppee  Buema,  Griffth. 

Flowering  before  leafing.  Scape  8-30  in.,  stout  or  slender ;  sheaths  inflated  ; 
bracts  slender,  short  or  long;  flowers  resupinate,  purplish  brown,  greenish  or 
yellowish;  sepals  1^  in.  long;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  tip  rounded  or  notched ; 
spur  conical,  obtuse. — Flowers  often  streaked  with  pink.  I  have  not  seen  leaves, 
and  Griffith  does  not  describe  them  ;  he  says  the  flowers  are  purplish  brown  and  the 
lip  broadly  obtusely  spurred. 

21.  £■■  Candida,  Hooh.f.\  flowering  with  the  leaves,  scajDe  slender. 


Utdophia.J  cncLViii.  orchide^.     (J.  J).  Hooker.)  T 

raceme  short  many-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary,  sepals  linear-oblong, 
petals  shorter  elliptic  obtuse,  side  lobes  of  lip  short,  midlobe  large  orbicular 
crisped,  nerves  of  disk  as  in  JE.  bicarinata.  Cyrtopera  Candida,  Lindl.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  31  (in  part). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.    Assam,  Mann. 

Flowering  before  leafing.  Leaves  8-18  by  3-3|^  in.,  elliptic -lanceolate,  caudate, 
5-nerved  ;  petiole  6-8  in.,  slender.  /Sca/je  18-24  in.;  sheaths  rather  loose;  raceme 
3-4  in.;  bracts  ^^  in.,  more  turgid  than  in  E .  bicarinata ',  flowers  1^  in.  diam., 
white  or  greenish  ;  spur  conical.  Capsule  1  in.,  narrowly  ellipsoid. —  Perhaps  a 
var.  of  IE.  bicarinata.  Lindley's  description  is  taken  from  a  specimen  gathered  by 
myself,  and  a  drawing  of  ^.  nuda  (Ic.  Cathcart),  from  which  the  root,  the  colour, 
and  the  anther  are  taken. 

22.  E.  flava^  Hooh.f. ;  tall,  robust,  flowers  very  large,  sepals  oblong- 
lanceolate  finely  acuminate,  petals  as  long  much  broader  elliptic  many- 
nerved,  lip  large  saccate,  side  lobes  large  rounded,  midlobe  orbicular,  disk 
with  2  small  pyriform  basal  calli  and  3  crenate  lamellae.  Cyrtopera  flava, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7364 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  189  ;  Eoi/le  HI.  370,  t.  88 ; 
Beichh.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1870,  1407.  C.  Culleni,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1754; 
Walp.  Ann.  vi.  667.     Dipodium  flavum,  Herh.  Ham. 

Westeen  Teopical  Himalaya;  from  Garwhal,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  to  Nepal. 
Tbavancore,  Cullen. — Distrib.  Hong  Kong. 

Flowering  before  leafing.  Scape  2-5  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  finger  or  less  ;  raceme 
1-2  ft.;  bracts  ^-f  in.;  flowers  lemon -yellow  ;  sepals  1-1|  in.  long,  variable  in 
breadth ;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  spur  a  broad  sac  ;  anther  with  a  2-fid  top,  and 
long  anterior  process ;  pollen  obtusely  angled. — Wight  describes  the  leaves  as  2  ft. 
long,  lanceolate. 

23.  E.  xnacrobulbon,  Parish  Sf  Beichh.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx. 
144 ;  scape  robust,  raceme  densely  many-fld.,  bracts  filiform,  sepals  linear- 
oblong  acute,  petals  shorter  elliptic  obtuse  many-nerved,  lip  cuneate,  side 
lobes  short  subterminal,  midlobe  small  orbicular  crisped,  disk  with  two 
nerves  thickened  at  the  base  and  together  with  the  middle  nerve  crenate 
towards  the  apex. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  {Ic.  in  Herh.  Caleutt.).  Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,, 
Parish. 

Tuber  large.  Scape  with  raceme  18  in.,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger ;  sheaths  basal, 
oose;  bracts  ^-f  in.,  equalling  the  filiform  pedicels;  sepals  ^-f  in.  long;  petals 
rather  broader  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  spur  conic,  obtuse  ;  anther  with  a  pro- 
duced 2-fid  top ;  pollinia  oblong. — Parish  describes  the  leaves  as  oblong,  acuminate 
(more  likely  elliptic-lanceolate),  sepals  and  petals  brown,  lip  yellow,  spotted  red.  The 
Sikkim  drawing  represents  a  stem  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger,  with  sessile  obovate 
leaves  1-2  ft.  long,  purple  beneath  and  on  the  margin  ;  a  scape  as  thick  as  a  goose- 
quill,  dark  purple,  as  are  the  flowers ;  raceme  12  in.,  many-fld. ;  bracts  very  slender, 
as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  sepals  |  in.  long  and  petals  violet-purple  ;  lip  paler. 

24.  XS>  macrorhizoiij  Sook.f. ;  scape  robust,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts 
long  slender,  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate  and  shorter  obovate  petals  many- 
nerved,  lip  broad  obtusely  3-lobed  many-nerved,  3  median  nerves  tubercled, 
disk  of  mid-  and  side-lobes  rough,  spur  conical. 

Sikkim  Himalaya;  at  Ryang,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Kin^  (in  Serb.  Caleutt.). 

BootstocTc  elongate,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  ringed.  Leaves  not  seen.  Scape 
8-12  in.,  sheaths  3-4,  loose,  obtuse  ;  raceme  2-4  in.  j  bracts  ^f  in.,  about  equalling 
the  ovary  ;  flowers  1  in.  diam.,  reddish  sepals  adnate  to  the  foot  of  the  column  but 
free  of  the  spur  of  the  lip ;  lip  much  phnrter  than  the  sepals,   nerves  slender,  con- 


8  oxLviii.  OROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Eulophia. 

tracted  above  the  broad  rounded  base,  then  dilating  into  the  rounded  side  lobes, 
margins  of  midlobe  crisped  and  orenate. 

25.  z:>  sangruinea.  Hook.  f. ;  flowers  large,  sepals  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate,  petals  shorter  elliptic  apiculate  many-nerved,  lip  short,  side 
lobes  rounded,  midlobe  orbicular  or  ovate,  disk  with  many  crenulate 
nerves.  Cyrtopera  sanguinea,  Lindl,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  32  ;  Bot.  M.ag. 
t.  6161. 

SiZKiM  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  alt.  2-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Mann. 

Flowering  before  leafing.  Scape  6-10  in.,  stout ;  sheaths  loose.  Raceme  6-12-fld. ; 
bracts  slender,  about  equalling  the  ovaries ;  flowers  1|  in.  diam.  j  disk  red  purplish 
or  brown  ;  lip  white,  pink  or  green ;  spur  large,  broad,  obtuse ;  petals  (always  ?) 
with  an  apiculate  notch  at  the  apex  j  top  of  anther  obscurely  notched,  pollinia 
ovoid. — Leaves  unknown. 

26.  E.  andamanensis,  Reichh.  f.  in  Flwa  1872,  276;  raceme 
lax-fid.,  bracts  short,  sepals  linear-lanceolate  3-5-nerved  acuminate,  petals 
rather  broader  obtuse  3-nerved,  side  lobes  of  lip  obtuse,  midlobe  large 
broadly  clawed  orbicular  crisped  retuse,  disk  with  the  3  median  nerves 
thickened  between  the  side  lobes,  all  other  nerves  thick  divaricating  and 
much  branched. 

Tenassebim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish.    Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. 

Stem  at  the  base  tuberous,  with  thick  roots.  Leaves  short  during  flowering, 
linear-lanceolate.  Scape  1-2  ft.  ;  sheaths  short ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ; 
sepals  f  in.  long ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  white  with  green  edges  and  nerves ; 
spur  conic,  obtuse ;  anther  2-tubercled. — This  much  resembles  E.virentt,  but  the 
leaves  are  much  broader,  and  the  column  produced  into  a  foot. 

species  unknown  to  me. 

Ctrtopeea  eufa,  Thwaites  Enum.  302 ;  rootstock  tuberous,  leaves  not  seen, 
scape  2  ft.  reddish,  sheaths  3  distant,  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate  equaUing  the  ovary, 
flowers  rufous  2  in.  diam.,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  acute  rather  longer  than  the 
obovate  acute  petals,  lip  cucullate,  nerves  within  pilose,  side  lobes  obtuse,  midlobe  as 
long  rounded  apiculate,  spur  short  obtuse,  column  linear  slightly  contracted  in  the 
middle,  capsule  2i  in.  long  oblong. — Ceylon,  at  Hantani,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Thwaites 
(C.P.  3566). 

E.  atro-vibens,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  183,  described  by  Lindley  from  a 
drawing  made  for  Wallich  in  the  Calcutta  Garden,  and  hence  supposed  to  be  a  native 
of  India,  is  a  Mauritian  species,  E.  monophylla,  Spens.  Moore  in  Baker's  Flora  of 
the  Mauritius,  p.  360  (where  it  is  erroneously  confounded  with  the  Brazihan 
E.  maculata). 

Eulophia  sp.,  Trimen  Cat.  PI.  Ceyl.  89  (C.P.  3958).     Not  named  or  described. 
I  fail  to  recognize  the  i'oWovfmg  Eulophias  described  in  Griffith's  Notula?,  vol.  iii. 
p.  162,  and  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  285,  f .  2  ;  p.  263  and  t.  285,  f.  2 ;  p.  266  and  t.  285,  f.  3 ; 
p.  350  and  t.  351  B,  f.  14. 

40.  CITBIBIDZUBI,  Stvartz. 

Epiphytes,  rarely  terrestrial ;  stem  very  short,  rarely  elongate  and 
pseudobulbous ;  roots  tufted.  Leaves  very  long,  narrow  and  coriaceous, 
rarely  short.  Scape  loosely  sheathed ;  flowers  often  large  in  suberect  or 
drooping  racemes.  Sepals  and  subequal  petals  free,  erect  or  spreading. 
Lip  sessile  at  the   base  of  the  column  and  embracing  it  upward*,   base 


Cymhidium.']         cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  9 

concave,  side  lobes  erect,  midlobe  recurved  ;  disk  with  usually  2  pubes- 
cent median  ridges.  Column  long,  foot  0  ;  anther  1-  or  imperfectly 
2-celled  ;  pollinia  2  deeply  grooved  or  4,  subglobose  or  pyramidal,  sessile  on 
the  broad  strap  or  gland. — ^Species  about  30,  tropical  and  subtropical,  on 
the  Mountains  of  Asia,  with  a  few  African  and  Australian. 

*  Leaves  rudimentary  or  0  at  flowering  time. 

1.  C.  macrorhizon,  Lindl.  Gen.Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  162;  terrestrial,  root- 
stock  creeping  branched,  bracts  narrow  membranous. 

N.W.  India,  Eoyle, Falconer.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Looh,  &c.  ; 
Naga  Hills  (ileri.  Calcutt.). 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  branched.  Scape  very  short,  with  the  raceme 
6-9  in.,  ascending,  6-8-fld.  ;  basal  sheaths  short,  or  elongating  to  2  in.  and  narrowly 
subfoliaceous ;  bracts  \-\  in,,  narrow,  membranous;  pedicel  with  ovary  1  in. ;  flower 
1^-lf  in.  broad,  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  and  rather  broader  petals 
white  or  pale  yellowish  with  pink  striae ;  lip  white  spotted  with  crimson,  side  lobes 
narrow,  midlobe  ovate  obtuse,  disk  with  2  thick  ridges  between  the  side  lobes; 
anther  papillose ;  pollinia  4,  subhemispheric. — A  remarkable  species,  a  parasite 
according  to  Clarke.  Lindley  describes  the  rootstock  as  jointed,  and  the  ridges  of 
the  lip  as  arcuate. 

2.  C.  sikkiznensej  HooTc.  f.  ;  epiphytic,  bracts  minute  triangular- 
ovate. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachen  Valley,  alt.  6000  ft.,  J.  D.  S. 

Rootstock  very  stout.  Scape  with  many  obtuse  basal  sheaths  2-3  in.  long,  those 
higher  up  1  in.  long ;  raceme  4-8  in.,  more  or  less  decurved,  rather  stout,  20-30-fld.  ; 
bracts  a  in. ;  pedicel  with  ovary  |-|  in. ;  dorsal  sepal  linear-oblong,  obtuse ; 
lateral  lanceolate,  acute,  subfalcate  ;  petals  elliptic,  acute ;  lip  as  broad  as  long, 
rhombic-ovate,  side  lobes  obscure  rounded,  narrowed  into  the  very  short  ovate  mid- 
lobe, disk  without  ridges  but  with  2  obscure  rounded  calli. — A  very  distinct 
species,  overlooked  by  Lindley  when  studying  my  Sikkim  Orchids,  and  mixed  up  with 
C.  aloifolium, 

**  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate. 

3.  C.  lancifolium,  Mook  Exot.  Fl.  t.  51 ;  leaves  long-petioled 
plicate,  scape  shorter  than  the  leaves  few-fld.,  bracts  lanceolate  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  flowers  long-pedicelled,  disk  of  glabrous  lip  with  two 
median  lamellae  between  the  side  lobes.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  164 ;  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  in.  80  ;  Wall.  Cat.  7351 ;  Lodd.  Lot.  Cah.  t.  927.  0.  Gibsoni, 
Faxton  Fl.  Gard.  iii.  618,  fig.  301 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  623.  C.  javanicum,  Blume 
Bijdr.  380;  Lindl.  I.  c.  110.— Griff.  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat,  t.  300,  fig.  1. 

SiJBTEOPiCAL  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal  to  Mishrai.  Khasia  Hills,  alt. 
4-6000 ft.,  Oriffith,  &(i.  Peeak,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  Scortechini,  &c.— Disteib.  Java, 
China,  Japan. 

Stem  2-6  in. ,  fleshy,  fusiform ;  sheaths  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  roots  very 
long,  thick  and  spongy.  Leaves  6-10  in.,  petiole  slender,  sometimes  as  long.  Scape 
nodding,  6-8-fld.;  flowers  1^-2  in.  diam. ;  .sepals  white,  yellowish  or  greenish, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  petals  rather  broader,  white  with  a  pink  midrib ;  lip  white 
spotted  with  red-purple,  side  lobes  narrow,  midlobe  ovate  obtuse. 

4.  C.  tigrlnum.  Parish  in  Pot.  Mag.  t.  5457 ;  leaves  short-petioled 
very  coriaceous,  scape  with  raceme  longer  than  the  leaves  few-fld.,  bracts 
lanceolate  shorter  than  the  ovary,  flower  long-pedicelled,  lip  with  2  glabrous 
ridges  on  the  disk  between  the  side  lobes. 


10  cxLTiir.  ORCniDEJi:.     (J.  D.  Hookor.)        {OymUdium, 

Tenassebim;  on  Mooloe-it,  alt.  (JOOOffc.,  Parish.  Bukma;  on  the  S'lam  frontier, 
Berkeley, 

Fseudobulhs  1-1 J  in.,  turgidly  ovoid,  top  contracted.  Xeave-*  8-5  in.,  recurved, 
petiole  riirely  1  in.  Scape  suLeroct,  with  tho  raceme  G-8  in.,  3-5-fld. ;  sheaths  few  ; 
bracts  snjall,  ovate-lancoolate  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  l-LJ  in.  ;  flowers  2-2a  in.  diani. ; 
sepals  linear,  subacute,  dull  yellow-grcou  ;  petals  subsimilar;  lip  narrowed  at  tho 
base,  white  spotted  with  red,  side  lobes  rounded  erect,  midlobe  oblon^r,  tip  rounded 
npiculate ;  anther  smooth  ;  poUiuia  3  angular,  gland  broadly  t  riangularly  obtuse 
above,  sides  acute. 

5.  C.  Devonlanum,  Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  x.  97,  cum  ic. ;  leaves  stoutly 
petioled  thickly  coriaceous,  petiole  articulate,  scape  with  raceme  as  long 
as  the  leaves  drooping  very  many-Hd.,  bracts  very  small,  pedicels  very 
short,  disk  of  lip  with  two  short  ridges  with  swollen  tips  between  the 
side  lobes.  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  t.  170;  lieichh.f.in  Gard.  Chron.  18SI, 
i.  395. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Mann.  Kiiasia  Hills,  Oihson;  on  KoUong rock,  nit.  5000  It., 
J.  B.  E.  Sf  T.  T. 

Stem  very  stout  at  tho  base,  obscurely  psoudobulbous.  Leaves  several,  6-12  in., 
narrowed  into  a  petiole  3-6  in.  Scape  very  stout,  8-10  in.  ;  basal  sheaths  1.^  in., 
imbricating;  bracts  ^  in.  ;  pedicel  witli  ovary  .J-|  in.;  flowers  IJ  in.  diam.;  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate  and  petals  green  speckled  with  red,  or  pale  reddish  yellow  streaked 
with  red  ;  lip  short,  side  lobes  rounded  narrowing  into  a  small  triangular  ovate 
obtuse  midlobe,  purple  with  a  darker  blotch  on  each  side  lobe ;  anther  and  pollen  as 
in  C.  ehumeum,  var.  Parishii.  Capsule  1|  in.,  turgidly  ellipsoid. — The  flowers  appear 
to  vary  extremely  in  colour.  Reichenbach  describes  the  sepals  and  petals  as  light 
brown  with  dull  mauve  streaks  and  blotches.  In  a  specimen  from  Assam  the  tip  of 
tho  lip  is  white  with  purple  spots. 

***  Leaves  loriform,  very  long,  tip  broadly  unequally  2.1obed. 

f).  C.  alolfollum,  Swartz  in  Nov.  Act.  Upsal.  vi.  73;  in  Schrad. 
Journ.  Bot.  1779,  ii.  218  ;  racemes  elongate  pendulous  or  decurved  many-fld., 
flowers  1^-2  in.  broad,  sepals  and  petals  linear-oblong  subacute,  epichile 
broadly  oblong  or  suborbicular  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  hypochile, 
disk  with  2  curved  thick  lamella).  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  458 ;  Lindl.  Gen. 
ff  Sp.  Orchid.  165;  Wall.  Cat.  7352  C;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  624  {cxcl.  Ic. 
Wight).  0.  pendulum,  Swartz^  Sf  Lindl.  II.  c. ;  Walp.  I.  c.  (excl.  cit.  Bot. 
Reg.) ;  Roxh.  Cor.  PI.  i.  35,  t.  44;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  458.  0.  crassi folium,  Wall. 
Cat.  7357.  €.  Mannii,  Reichb.  f.  in  Flora  1872,  274.  Epidendrum  aloi- 
folium,  Linn.  8p.  PL  953.  ^Erides  Borassi,  Smith  in  Rees  Cyclop. 
Suppl. — Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  8. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  from  East  Nepal  eastwards.  Assam  and  southwards  to 
Tenasseeim  and  the  Andaman  Islands.     (?  Malabar,  Rheede.) — Distrib.  China? 

Stem  short,  stout.  Leaves  1-3  ft.  by  |-2  in.  Raceme  12-18  in. ;  flowers 
variable  iu  colour  and  size,  usually  dull  purplish  brown  with  pale  borders. — I  am 
much  puzzled  with  this  and  the  following  species,  which  appear  to  diller,  in  so  far 
as  all  njy  copious  materials  show,  only  in  tho  comparative  length  of  tho  epichile  and 
hypochile  of  their  lips,  and  in  their  geographical  ranges,  aloifolitim  being  strictly 
northern  and  eastern,  and  hicolor  as  strictly  western.  These  characters  would  be 
absolute  wore  it  not  that  Rhcedo's  figure  of  the  Malabar  plant  has  the  lip  of 
aloifoUum.  According  to  drawings  in  Herb.  Kew  and  Calcutta,  C.  aloifolium  is 
very  variable  in  other  respects,  and  three  varieties  are  distinguishable.  1.  llacemes 
shorter  suberect  fewor-fld.,  sepals  and  petals  obtuse  dull  purple  with  yellowish  pale 
nuirgins.  This  exactly  resembles  the  Chinese  ?  C.  aloifolium,  Lodd.  Hot.  Cat.  t.  9(>7 ; 
J  acq.    Hort.  Schoenb.    iii.   09,  t.   3H3.— 2.  Flowers    larger,   sepals   and    petal    sub- 


Gymhidinm.']         cxLvrir.  oncFnDBvf?.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  11 

acute  bordered  with  white,  lip  yellowish  streaked  with  red — all  as  described  by 
Rheede. — 3,  Swartz's  C.  pendulum,  which  he  says  is  too  near  C.  aloifoUum ; 
flowers  small  or  large,  sepals  and  petals  pale  dirty  yellow  or  greenish  with  a  more  or 
less  broad  dirty  purple  centre,  lip  streaked  with  red.  To  this  belongs  Wallich's 
C.  crass'i folium  with  pale  flowers. — Lindley  distinguishes  C. pendulum  from  alvifolium 
chiefly  by  the  lamella)  of  the  lip  of  the  former  being  interrupted  clavate  and  arched 
behind,  and  of  the  latter  continuous,  approximate,  confluent  at  their  tips.  Thwaites 
gives  aloifoUum  as  a  native  of  Ceylon  (Jaff'na,  Gardner),  but  as  he  cites  Wight's  Ic, 
no  doubt  hicolor  is  intended.  Lindley's  aloifoUum  of  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  27 
includes  this,  hicolor  and  siklcimense.  Reichenbach's  description  of  C.  Mannii  is 
that  of  aloifoUum,  of  which  there  are  specimens  in  Mann's  Herb,  (kindly  lent  to 
me) ;  as  to  his  habitat  of  "  Obres,"  Mr.  Mann  informs  me  he  knows  of  no  such 
place. 

7.  C.  bicolor,  Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp.  164 ;  characters  of  C.  aloifoUum,  but 
epichile  longer  than  the  hypochile  ovate-oblong  narrowed  towards  the  tip. 
C.  aloifolium,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1687-8 ;  Dalz.  (Sf  Gihs.  Bomh.  Ft.  266  ;  Thwaitea 
Enum.  308.  ?  C.  erectum,  Wight  Ic.  1. 1753.  Epidendrum  aloifolium,  Bat. 
Mag.  t.  387. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  southwards,  and  Ceylon. 

For  remarks  on  this  see  under  C.  aloifolium,  from  which  Lindley  distinguishes  it 
chiefly  by  the  saccate  base  of  the  lip  and  sigmoidly  curved  clavate  lamella),  which 
are  interrupted  in  the  middle  and  callous  at  the  base,  and  the  smaller  differently 
coloured  flowers,  none  of  which  characters  appear  to  me  to  be  satisfactory.  He  cites 
the  Javanese  C.  aloifolium,  Blume  Bijdr.  t.  19,. for  it. — Wight's  figure  of  C.  erectum 
from  the  lyamallay  Hills,  which  has  an  erect  raceme,  and  flowers  nearly  2  in.  diam., 
is,  I  have  little  doubt,  an  exaggeration ;  the  sepals  described  as  obtuse  are  figured 
as  acute.  The  only  lyamallay  Cymbidium  in  his  herbarium  is  much  smaller  flowered, 
and  true  bicolor. 

8.  C.  Finlaysonlanum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7358 ;  Gen.  <^  Sp. 
Orchid.  164 ;  habit,  foliage,  inflorescence  and  bracts  of  C.  aloifolium,  but 
flowerH  larger,  2^  in.  diam.,  midlobe  of  lip  oblong  contracted  at  the  base, 
ridges  on  disk  straight  continuous  or  interrupted.  C.  Wallichii,  Lindl. 
Gen.  Sf  Sp.  165.  0.  aloifolium,  Wall.  Cat.  7352  A,  B.  0.  pendulum,  Bot. 
Beg.  1840,  t.  25  {excl.  syn.).  C.  pendulum,  var.  brevilabris,  Lindl.  in  Bot. 
Reg.  XXX.  t.  24.     0.  tricolor,  Miq.  Choicr,  t.  19. 

Penang,  Porter,  Curtis.     Singapore,  Sort.  Loddiges. 

Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  f-l|  in.  Raceme  2-3  ft.,  slender ;  basal  sheaths  short,  inflated  ; 
flowers  1-2  in.  apart;  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
dull  yellow ;  lip  not  saccate,  side  lobes  acute,  streaked  with  red,  midlobe  white,  red- 
purple  towards  the  tip. 

9.  C.  pubescens,  Xmc?^.  m  Bot.  Reg.  1840,  Misc.  75;  1841,  t.  38; 
leaves  1-2  ft.  by  \  in.  obtuse,  scape  short  naked  decurved,  raceme  short 
pendulous  6-10-fld,,  flowers  1-1^  in.  broad,  sepals  and  petals  linear  obtuse, 
lip  pubescent,  hypochile  saccate,  disk  with  thick  arched  lamella),  side  lobes 
acute,  midlobe  as  long  as  the  hypochile  ovate-oblong  obtuse. 

Singapore,  Cuming  {Hort.  Loddiges).     Distkib.  Borneo  (Ic.  in  Herb.  Kew). 

A  much  smaller  plant  with  narrower  leaves,  shorter  racemes,  and  fewer  flowers 
than  any  other  of  this  section.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  dark  purple  with  a  yellow 
or  green  margin ;  lip  yellow  with  a  broad  band  of  red-purple,  or  red-purple  within 
the  margin  of  the  midlobe. 

****  Leaves  linear  or  elongate  linear-lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate. 

t  Bracts  very  small. 

10.  C.  eburneum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1847,  t.  67 ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 


12  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [CymhicUum. 

SoG.  iii.  28 ;  scape  suberect  2-3-fld-  sheathed  to  the  top,  flowers  4-5  in. 
diam.  white,  hypochile  of  lip  with  a  very  thick  3-5-grooved  pubescent 
golden  ridge.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5126 ;  Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  xv.  t.  145  ;  Warner 
Sel.  Orchid,  t.  21 ;  Jennings  Orchid,  t.  16  ;  Gartenji.  1880, 1. 155  ;  Orchidopli. 
1882,  297;  Wien.  III.  Gartenz.  1887,  t.  7,  8;  Gard.  CA^o;*.  1882,  i.  496, 
f.  78;  1884,  ii.  77,  f.  17.     C.  syringodorum.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  338. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Nepal  {Ic.  in  Serb.  Kew).  Sikkim,  alt.  1000  ft.,  Clarice. 
Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 

Leaves  12-24  by  |-f  in.,  acute  or  acutely  2-fid.  /Scape  8-12  in. ;  sheaths  equitant, 
erect,  lanceolate,  finely  acuminate;  bracts  acuminate  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  1^-2  in. ; 
flowers  very  odorous ;  sepals  very  variable  in  breadth  ;  petals  subfalcate  ;  side  lobes 
of  lip  narrow,  obtuse,  midlobe  small,  short,  undulately  crenate,  dark  yellow. 

Var.  Farishii ;  leaves  broader,  lip  blotched  with  dark  purple  or  crimson.  C. 
Parishii,  Reichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  ISoe.  xxx.  144 ;  Xen.  Orchid,  iii.  55,  t.  224  (vert/ 
had);  in  Gard.  Chron.  1874,  i.  338,  566;  1878,  ii.  74;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  t.25.— 
Tenasserim,  on  Nat-toung,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Parish. — Reichenbach  distinguishes  this  by 
the  callus  of  the  lip  having  no  velvety  line,  by  the  spots  on  the  lip,  and  by  acute 
setiferous  angles"  of  the  pollinia.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  very  much  narrower  than 
in  Warner's  figure. 

Var.  Williamsiana,  Reichb.  f.  in.  Gard.  Chron.  1881,  i.  530,  has  the  midlobe  and 
sides  of  the  lip  light  purple  and  column  light  rose-cold. 

Var.  Day  ana  ;  leaves  4  ft.  by  \  in.  corky  beneath,  flowers  yellow  white  with  purple 
streaks.  C.  Dayanum,  Beichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1869,  710.' — Assam  (Hart.  Day). 
— I  have  not  seen  this. 

11.  C.  grrandiflorum,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  342;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  321 ; 
leaves  8-24  by  |-1  in.,  scape  very  robust  decurved,  sheaths  lax,  raceme 
6-12-fld.,  flowers  3-4  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate  acute 
green,  lip  yellowish  pubescent  and  ciliate,  midlobe  large  suborbicular 
waved  and  crenate  blotched  or  speckled  with  red.  'C.  Hookerianum, 
Beichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1866,  7;  Batem.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5574.  0. 
gigauteum,  in  part,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  29. — Cymbidium  sp., 
Griffi.  Itin.  Notes  145,  No.  698. 

Eastern  Himalaya  ;  East  Nepal,  Sikkim  and  Bhotan,  alt.  5-7500  ft., 
Griffith,  &c. 

Leaf-sheaths  2-8  in.,  deeply  ribbed  and  grooved.  Scape  12-18  in.;  lower  sheaths 
short,  obtuse,  upper  4  in.,  acute;  racemes  10-18  in.,  drooping;  bracts  very  small; 
flowers  fleshy,  sweet-scented  ;  dorsal  sepal  incurved,  lateral  recurved ;  lip  with  2 
hairy  ridges  on  the  disk  between  the  side  lobes. 

12.  C.  g-igranteum,  Wall.  Cat.  7355;  leaves  1-2  ft.  by  f-l|  in. 
elongate  lanceolate  acuminate,  scape  very  robust  6-12-fld.,  decurved  or 
suberect,  flowers  2-2|  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate  acute 
green  streaked  with  red,  lip  yellow  blotched  with  purple  pubescent 
and  ciliate  all  over,  midlobe  large  orbicular  waved.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid.  163  ;  Sert.  Orchid,  t.  4;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4844;  Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  241, 
and  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  14,  f.  143  {flower) ;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  vi.  t,  284 ;  Griffi 
Notul.  iii.  341 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  626.  Iridiorchis  gigantea,  Blume  Orchid. 
Archip.  Ind.  91,  t.  26.     Limodorum  longifolium,  Ic.  Hamilt.  {fid.  Lindl.). 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon,  ascending  to  4000  ft.  eastwards  to  Bhotan 
and  the  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  to  4-5000  ft. 

Habit  of  C.  grandijiorum  and  leaves  nearly  as  broad,  but  flowers  smaller  and 
differently  coloured. — Blume  founds  the  genus  Iridiorchis  on  the  protuberant  base  of 
the  column  forming  a  small  sac,  a  character  not  shown  in  his  analysis,  and  which  I  do 
not  find  in  drawings  on  dried  specimens.     There  are  drawings  of  several  varieties  of 


Cymhidium.']       cxlviii.  orohide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  13 

this  in  Herb.  Kew  and  Calcutta,  varying  much  in  the  depth  of  colouring  of  the 
flowers.  The  veins  of  the  lip  are  very  strong,  arched  and  purple  on  the  broad  hypo- 
chile,  which  has  2  central  hairy  ridges,  villous  and  diverging,  and  again  meeting 
at  the  base  of  the  epichile. 

Var.  ?  Lowiana,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1887,  i.  681 ;  leaves  2-3  ft.  by  |-|  in., 
finely  acuminate,  side  lobes  of  lip  pale  yellow  green,  midlobe  dark  purple  with  golden 
margins.  C.  Lowianum,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1879,  332,  405,  f.  56  ;  Floral 
Mag.  N.  S.  t.  353  ;  Berlin  Qartenz.  1885,  t.  73 ;  Orchidoph.  1882,  321  j  1885, 145.— 
Burma,  Boxall  (HoH.  Low). — Perhaps  a  distinct  species;  the  leaves  are  more  like 
those  of  C.  longifolium.  The  racemes  attain  5  ft.  in  length,  the  very  numerous 
flowers  vary  in  colour,  and  the  lip  in  breadth. 

13.  C.  longrifolium,  Don  Prodr.  36 ;  leaves  2-3  ft.  by  i-|  in.  nar- 
rowly linear  finely  acuminate,  scape  suberect  or  decurved  many-fld.,  flowers 
2-2|^  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  linear-oblong  or  -lanceolate  acute  greenish 
streaked  with  red  or  purple,  lip  papillose  within  not  ciliate,  midlobe  broadly 
ovate  or  orbicular  white  or  yellowish  spotted  with  red.  Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp. 
Orchid.  163;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  iii.  29;  Reichh.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1874, 
14.  C.  erythraeum,  Lindl.  I.  c.  30,  Limodoram  augustifolium,  Herh. 
Sam.  {ex  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sj).) . 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  from  Kumaon,  BlinJcworth,  eastwards. 
Khasia  Mts.,  common. 

Resembles  C.  giganteum,  but  the  leaves  are  very  narrow,  flowers  smaller,  and  their 
colouring  difierent.  The  lip  is  similar  in  shape,  in  the  strong  purple  nerves,  and 
pubescent  ridges.  Lindley's  C.  erythrosum  is  founded  on  a  drawing  of  mine  of  the 
flowers  and  fruit  of  a  plant  gathered  in  Sikkim,  but  of  which  I  preserved  no 
specimens  ;  it  has  a  small  golden  midlobe  of  the  very  narrow  lip,  but  it  otherwise  does 
not  seem  to  difi'er  from  longifolium,  to  which  the  specimens  of  ert/thrcsum  in  Lindley's 
Herbarium  certainly  belong. 

ft  Bracts  large^  lanceolate  or  cymhiform. 

14.  C.  cyperifolium,  Wall.  Cat.  7353 ;  leaves  2-3  ft.  by  ^-|  in., 
scape  erect  few-fld.,  bracts  very  slender  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ovary, 
sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate  acute  pale  green  and  yellow  streaked 
with  red,  lip  narrow  glabrous,  greenish  or  white  spotted  with  red.  Lindl. 
Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  163 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  28.  C.  haematodes,  Lindl. 
Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid.  162.  0.  viridiflorum.  Griff.  Itin.  Notes  126,  No.  454. 
Cyperorchis  ?  Wallichii,  Blume  Orchid.  Archipel.  Ind.  92.  Limodorum 
longifolium,  Hoxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  468. 

SuBTEOPiCAL  Himalaya;  from  Garwhal,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Edgeworth,  eastwards. 
The  Khasia,  Na&a  and  Munnipoee  Hills,  alt.  3500-6500  ft. 

Leaves  rigid,  often  petioled.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves,  slender ;  sheaths  ^-2  in., 
distant;  flowers  4-7,  distant, sweet-scented  ;  lip. pubescent  within  ;  pollinia 4, broadly 
oblong,  plano-convex,  each  pair  of  a  large  and  small  placed  face  to  face.  The 
Roxburghian  figure  of  X.  Zowgri/forMm,  from  the  Khasia  Hills,  agrees  in  every  respect 
except  that  the  flowers  are  rose-cold. ;  it  is  descinbed  in  the  Flora  Indica  as  having  a 
fusiform  bulb  and  calcarate  lip ;  in  the  drawing  the  bulb  is  the  caudex  denuded  of 
leaves,  and  there  is  no  trace  of  a  spur ;  the  bracts,  which  in  the  drawing  are 
\\-2,  in.  long,  are  undescribed.  The  species  approaches  Cyperorchis,  difiering  in 
habit.  Lindley  gives  Ceylon,  Macrae,  as  a  habitat  for  his  C.  hcematodes  (which  is 
certainly  cyperifolium),  probably  through  the  same  error  as  afiects  other  plants 
attributed  by  him  to  that  country  and  collector. 

15.  p.  ensifoliuxn,  Swartz  in  Nov.  Act.  Upsal.  vi.  77 ;  leaves  2-3  ft., 
by  f-1'  in.  sessile  or  petioled  ensiformly  lanceolate, bracts  shorter  than  the 


14  cxLviii.  oRCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        [Cvmbidium, 

ovary,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  acute  green  streaked  with  red,  lip 
glabrous  wkite  or  yellowish  spotted  with  brown  or  red.  Willd.  8p.  PI.  iv. 
112 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  162 ;  JBot.  Beg.  t.  1976  (var.  estriata) ; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1751.  C.  sinense,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  30  (?  Willd.). 
Epidendrum  ensifolium,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  90;  Smith  Spicileg.  Bot.  22,  t.  24; 
?  Bot.  jRepos.  t.  344.  Limodorum  ensatum,  Thunh.  Fl.  Jap.  29  ;  Kcempf.  Ic. 
t.  3. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  iu  the  Terai.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  J.  B.  U. 
4*  T.  T.,  &c.  Ceylon;  in  the  Central  Province,  Thwaites. —  Bistrib.  China, 
Japan. 

The  Khasia  plant  agrees  very  well  with  Kcempfer's  figure,  which  alone  repre- 
sents the  leaves  as  narrowed  into  a  long  petiole.  In  the  Bot.  Repos.  the  leaves  are 
only  a  span  long  and  quite  sessile.  The  Bot.  Mag.  representsa  very  small  plant  with 
spotted  lip.  The  Ceylon  ensifolium  has  broader  inflated  lanceolate  bracts.  The 
Sikkim  specimen  has  sessile  leaves,  many  flowers,  and  a  white  lip  with  pale  brown 
bars  along  the  margin  of  the  midlobe  (much  as  in  the  Bot.  Reg.  figure)  and  no  spots. 
I  doubt  G.  sinense  difiering  from  ensifolium.     Lindley  would  combine  them. 

doubtful  and  excluded  species. 

C.  ASSAMicuM,  Linden  Cat.  1863  {name  only),  ex  III.  Hortic.  xxviii.  (1881)  95. 

C.  CARNOSUM,  Qriff.  Notul.  iii.  339,  is  probably  a  Eulophia. 

C.  CHLOEANTHUM,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1843,  Misc.  68  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iii.  29;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4907,  is  C.  variciferum,  Beichb.f.  in  Bonpland.  1854,  91,  an 
Australian  species. 

C.  ibidioides,  Bon  Prodr.  36,  from  Nepal,  Wallich^  doubtfully  referred  by 
Lindley  to  C.  giganteum,  is  probably  a  Coelogyne. 

CiMBiD.  sp.,  Grijf.  Notul.  iii.  343  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  319,  is  Tainia  latijoUa. 
The  reference  is  omitted  at  vol.  v.  p.  820. 

41.  CVPERORCKZS,  Blume. 

Habit,  foliage  and  inflorescence  of  Cymbidium,  but  racemes  dense-fld., 
perianth  segments  narrow  and  connivent  below  the  middle  or  higher,  lip 
nearly  straight,  erect,  epichile  small  and  very  much  shorter  than  the 
elongate  hypochile,  and  poUinia  usually  pyriform  on  a  short  subquadrate 
gland. — Species  3,  all  Indian. 

Except  by  the  narrow  lip,  long  hypochile,  and  small  usually  orbicular  epichile  (or 
midlobe),  it  is  not  easy  to  separate  this  genus  from  Cymlidium,  for  the  poUinia  vary 
much  in  form  in  both  genera,  and  Gyp.  Mastersii  resembles  very  much  Cymh. 
eburneum. 

1.  C.  eleg'anSj  Blume  Eumph.  iv.  t.  47  ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  93, 
t.  48  C ;  raceme  elongate,  flowers  1-1|  in.  long  straw-cold,  or  white,  lip 
sparsely  hairy  towards  the  base,  central  ridges  terminating  below  in  2  long 
pubescent  calli,  capsule  1  in.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7007.  Cymbidium  elegans,  Lindl. 
in  Wall.  Gat.  7364 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  163  ;  Sert.  Orchid,  t.  14;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  28  ;  Eeichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1875,  i.  429.  C.  densiflorum. 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  337  (the  Myrung  plant  only). 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  from  Nepal  to  Bhotan.  Khasia  Mts. 
and  MUNNIPORE,  alt.  4-6000  ft. 

Leaves  l\-2  ft.  by  -i-1  in.  Scape  6-18  in.,  curved,  densely  clothed  with  imbri- 
cating compressed  lanceoiute  acuminate  sheaths  2-5  in.  long;  raceme  pendulous, 
4-8  in.  long ;  rachis  slender ;  flowers  densely  imbricate,  inodorous ;  bracts  small, 
membranous,  acute  ;  sepals  and  petals  linear-oblong,  acute,  tips  concave  ;  lip  as  long 
as  the  petals,  very  slightly  recurved  ;  hypochile  narrowly  cuneate,  side  lobes  spread- 
ing, broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  as  the  suborbicular  or  obcordate  undulate 
midlobe;  column  very  slender,  base  hairy  iu  front.     Capsule   turgidly  ellipsoid. — 


Gfjperorchis.]  cxlviij.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.}  15 

In  Griffith's  Herb,  this  is  named  C.  syringodorum,  doubtless  through  a  misplace- 
ment of  labels  (see  C.  eburneum,  p.  12).  In  Herb.  Calcutt.  there  are  drawings  of  3 
forms  apparently  of  this  : — 1.  raceme  laxer-flovvered,  flowers  larger  nearly  white 
flushed  with  pale  pink,  lip  not  represented;  2,  leaves  12-18  in.,  scape  stout, 
sheaths  distant,  2  in.  long,  and  raceme  inclined,  flowers  few,  secund,  drooping, 
pale  yellow-green,  lip  yellow,  no  ridges  shown;  3,  a  smaller  plant,  leaves  9  in., 
scape  7  in.,  densely  clothed  with  imbricating  sheaths  3  in.  long  ;  raceme  suberect, 
secund,  5-fld.  ;  flowers  yellowish,  1|  in.  long :  this  last  is  named  Cyrnbid.  elegans, 
var.  lutescens. 

2.  C.  IWastersiij  Benth.  inJourn.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  318  ;  raceme  short, 
flowers  2  in.  long  white,  lip  quite  glabrous  purple  spotted,  central  ridge 
evanescent  below,  column  glabrous,  capsule  2  in.  long.  Cymbidium  Mas- 
tersii,  Griff,  mss.  ex  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1845,  t.  50 ;  in  Gard.  Gliron.  1845, 
643  ;  Taxt.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  78  ;  Floral  Mar/.  N.  S.  t.  391 ;  Jard.  Fleur.  t.  289  ; 
Reichenhachia,  t.  66.  C.  micromeron,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  29 
{excl.  lip).  ?  C.  affine,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  336 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  291,  f.  3; 
Lindl.  I.  c.  28. 

Assam,  Mann.  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 
Habit  and  foliage  of  C.  elegans,  but  raceme  very  short,  decurved  at  the  top, 
flowers  larger,  always  white  with  a  little  red  on  the  lip  and  smelling  of  almonds,  lip 
broader,  without  the  basal  calli  and  quite  glabrous ;  column  stouter  and  pollinia 
broader;  capsule  very  much  larger. — It  is  not  easy  in  the  case  of  indiflerent 
dried  specimens  to  distinguish  this  from  Cgmhid.  eburneum  except  by  the  smaller 
flower.  Lindley's  Gynibid.  micromeron  consists  of  a  flowering  and  fruiting  speci- 
men of  this,  together  with  the  loose  lip  and  column  of  a.' Co&logyne,  from  which 
the  specific  character  is  drawn.  The  same  author,  referring  to  Griffith's  descrip- 
tion of  C.  affine  (from  Churra),  to  that  of  G.  densiflorum  from  Myrung,  and  of 
another  species  from  Surureem  (all  in  the  Khasia  Mts.),  observes,  "  It  is  impos- 
sible to  reconcile  the  statements  made  for  Griffith  by  his  editor,  without 
assuming  that  some  confusion  has  taken  place."  To  this  confusion  Lindley  has 
added  by  transferring  the  name  affine,  Griff".,  from  the  Churra  to  the  Surureem 
plant.  Gf  the  three  the  only  one  certainly  recognizable  by  the  description  is 
G.  densijiorum,  which  is  certainly  CyperorcTiis  elegans  (1  have  gathered  it  at 
Myrung).  C.  affine  and  the  unnamed  one,  having  white  flowers,  are  both  probably 
C.  Mastersii,  a  name  which  Griffith's  ajine  would  have  superseded,  had  he  really 
given  it;  but  on  referring  to  his  mss.  preserved  at  Kew,  1  find  no  such  name, 
Griffith's  description  being  headed  "Coelog.  affine,"  meaning  simply  that  it  is  a 
plant  allied  to  Goeloggne,  and  the  Churra  plant  is  so  ticketed  by  himself  in 
both  his  own  herbarium  (at  Kew)  and  in  Lindley's,  to  whom  he  sent  a  specimen. 
No  doubt  the  error  was  the  editor's,  who  replaced  Cczlog.  by  Cgmhidium.  The  name 
of  Mastersii  is  an  mss.  one  of  Griffith's  given  to  cultivated  specimens  which  he  sent 
from  the  Calcutta  Gardens  to  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society. 

C.  offine,  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  t.  14.0  ;  Floral  Mag.  N.  S.'t.  346,  is  certainly  not 
the  plant  described  and  figured  under  that  name  by  Griffith ;  it  has  widely  spreading 
sepals  and  petals,  and  the  lip  of  a  true  Gymbidium. 

3.  C-  cochleare,  Benth.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  318;  raceme 
elongate,  sepals  and  petals  very  narrow,  flowers  2  in.  long,  greenish  brown, 
lip  glabrous,  median  ridge  strong  2-fid  or  spathulate  at  the  tip  vanishing 
downwards,  column  very  slender  glabrous,  pollen  pyriform,  capsule  1|  in. 
long.     Cymbidium  cochleare,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  28. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft., 
Ctorfce ;  at  Myrung,  6?rj^^A.     Tezpore  in  Assam,  Maww. 

Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  |-^  in.  Scape  12-18  in.,  very  slender  ;  sheaths  3-4  in!,  lax  ; 
sepals  and  revolute  petals  browiiish  green ;  lip  yellow  speckled  with  red,  midlobe 
suborbicular,  golden-yellow. 


16  cxLViii.  OROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Cremasfra. 

41/1.  CREBIASTRA,  Lindl. 

A  terrestrial  herb ;  rootstock  tuberous.  Leaves  radical,  elliptic,  plicate. 
Scape  solitary,  stout,  sheatbed.  Flowers  in  secund  racemes,  pendulous. 
Sepals  and.  petals  very  long,  narrow,  connivent  in  a  tube  below,  lanceolate 
acuminate  and  spreading  and  recurved  above.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  column,  erect,  linear,  base  subsaccate,  tip  dilated  3-lobed,  lobes  linear, 
disk  with  a  tongue-shaped  appendage.  Column  very  long,  slender,  straight, 
top  dilated  3-lobed ;  anther  shortly  stipitate,  1-celled  ;  poUinia  4,  ovoid, 
compressed,  caudicle  and  gland  membranous. 

C.  Wallichiana,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  172 ;  Franch.  Sf  Savat. 
Enum.  PI.  Jap.  ii.  24.  Hyacinthorchis  variabilis,  Bluine  Cent.  Plant. 
Nov.  1829,  4;  Mus.  Bot.  48,  fig.  16;   JValp.  Ann.  in.  628. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  WallicJi.  Sikkim,  alt.  5-7500  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c. 
— DiSTRiB.  Japan. 

Tuber  the  size  of  a  chestnut.  Leaves  6-10  by  2-2|  in.,  subsessile  or  petioled. 
Scape  with  raceme  1-2  ft. ;  sheaths  long,  loose  ;  flowers  1^  in.  long,  narrow,  purple ; 
pedicels  short ;  bracts  linear. — I  find  no  evidence  of  Blume's  "  Centuria  "  over  having 
been  published,  or  even  printed  ;  if  it  was  so,  his  name  has  priority. 

42.  aSODORUM,  JacJcson. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  rootstock  tuberous  hypogeal.  Leaves  elliptic,  acute, 
plicate.  Scape  from  the  rootstock,  stout,  erect,  sheathed,  shorter  than  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  crowded  in  decurved  racemes,  bracts  narrow  membranous. 
Sepals  and  broader  petals  conniving  or  spreading.  Lip  sessile  on  the  base 
or  short  foot  of  the  column,  cymbiform,  membranous,  margins  involute, 
disk  with  or  without  ridges  ending  in  calli,  and  with  a  forked  b  sal 
callus.  Column  short,  stout ;  anthers  2,  cells,  appendaged  after  dehiscence 
by  the  persistent  detached  faces  of  the  cells  ;  pollinia  2,  broad  f  oveolate 
sessile  or  subsessile  on  a  broad  strap  or  gland. — Species  6-8?  Indian, 
Malayan  and  Australian. 

I  am  unable  to  define  the  species  from  Herbarium  specimens,  or  to  reduce  to  any 
system  the  descriptions  and  drawings  of  Roxburgh,  Brown,  Lindley  and  Griftith. 
The  following  descriptions  are  provisional  only.  I  have  spent  days  to  no  purpose  in 
endeavours  to  improve  on  it  by  the  analysis  of  specimens. 

1.  G-.  purpureum,  Br.  in  Sort.  Kew,  Ed.  2,  v.  207  {Char,  reform.) ; 
usually  tall,  leaves  at  length  petioled,  sepals  linear-oblong  acute  3-nerved, 
petals  rather  broader  obovate-oblong  apiculate  5-nerved,  lip  subpanduri- 
formly  oblong,  tip  dilated  2-lobed,  disk  with  a  broad  channelled  ridge 
ending  in  rased  calli  or  a  crenate  callus.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  175  ; 
Balz.  &f  Gils.  Bomb.  Fl.  266.  G.  dilatatum,  Wall.  Cat.  7370.  Limodorum 
nutans,  Poxh.  Cor.  PI.  i.  t.  40  ;  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  470  (descr.  and  jig.  in  both  erro- 
neous).   Malaxis  nutans,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  93. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  eastwards ;  Bengal,  Assam,  Burma,  &c. 
Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  Australia  ? 

Brown's  G.  purpureum  was  founded  on  Roxburgh's  drawing  o^ Limodorum  nutans, 
a  native  of  the  Circars,  but  of  which  no  specimen  is  recorded  to  exist.  It  is  repre- 
sented and  described  as  having  the  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  a  lax-fld.  raceme, 
and  an  acute  lip ;  characters  not  hitherto  found  in  any  Geodorum.  But  if  it  be 
allowed  that  the  elongate  scape  and  lax-flowered  raceme  are  due  to  the  lengthening 


Geodorum.]  cxlviii.  orchtde^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  17 

of  the  axis  of  the  scape  after  flowering,  and  that  the  appearance  of  an  acute  Up  is 
due  to  the  infolding  of  its  margins  towards  the  apex,  then  the  G.  jpurpureum  is  the 
commonest  and  widest-distributed  Indian  species.  Dalzell  and  Gibson  alone  identify 
a  plant  with  G.  purpureum,  Br.,  and  I  have  examined  authentic  specimens  of 
it,  which  they  did  not,  for  they  give  Brown's  characters  for  the  species,  whilst 
those  of  their  specimens  are  what  I  have  given  above.  G.  purpureum  is  the 
tallest  and  largest-leaved  Indian  species ;  its  flowers  vary  from  white  veined  with 
red-purple  to  pale  purple  with  stronger  veins. 

2.  G-.  dilatatum,  Br.  in  Hort.  Kew,  Ed.  2,  v.  207 ;  leaves  usually 
sessile,  sepals  linear-oblong  subacute  3-5-nerved,  petals  obovate-oblong 
5-7-nerved,  lip  broadly  cymbiform,  tip  dilated  recurved  crenulate  or  un- 
dulate, disk  smooth  or  with  granulate  nerves  ending  in  irregular  small  tu- 
bercles. Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  175 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1797 ;  ?  Wight 
If.  t.  912.  Limodorum  recurvum,  Roxh.  Cor.  PI.  i.,  33  t.  39;  Fl.Ind.  iii. 
469.  Malaxis  cernua,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  93.  Otandra  cernua,  Salisb.  in 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  261. 

Assam,  Silhet,  Burma,  the  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon  {all  more  or  less 
doubtful). 

If  I  am  right  in  respect  of  this  species,  it  differs  from  purpureum  in  its  lower 
stature,  broader  petals  and  lip,  the  disk  of  which  is  smooth,  granulate  or  subcar uncled. 
Wight's  figure  is  probably  an  exaggeration  of  the  flowers.  Dalzell  and  Gibson 
describe  it  as  a  Concan  plant,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  so  named  by  them. 

3.  Gr.  candiduxn,  Wall.  Cat.  7374  ;  flowers  ascending  or  erect,  sepals 
linear-oblong,  petals  almost  orbicular  7-9-nerved,  lip  very  broad  narrowed 
upwards  from  the  2-crested  dilated  base,  disk  nearly  naked,  tip  crenulate. 
Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid,  {in  part).  G.  attenuatum.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  V.  358,  t.  24. 

Burma,  Griffith ;  Tenasserim,  at  Moulmein,  Wallich. 

Griffith  further  describes  his  0.  attenuatum  (which  is  certainly  the  same  as 
Wallich's  candidum)  as  having  a  truncate  spike,  subequal  sepals  and  petals  (which 
they  are  not  in  his  drawing  in  Herb.  Calcutt.),  inodorous  white  wide  flowers,  less 
spreading  than  usual,  tip  of  lip  concave,  almost  conduplicate,  emarginate,  crenate, 
disk  with  a  callus,  cohamn  sprinkled  with  cellular  pubescence  below  the  stigma  and 
along  the  broad  nerves  of  the  lip,  and  a  very  short  column  with  a  bidentate  tooth  on 
each  side  of  the  apex. — It  is  a  very  distinct  species.  A  single  specimen  of  G.  citrinum 
is  on  the  sheet  with  Wallich's  specimens  of  this. 

4.  G-.  citrinum,  Jackson  in  Andrews'  Bot.  Rep.  t.  626  ;  flowers  1|  in. 
diam.  yellow,  sepals  and  petals  very  broad  acute,  lip  large  oblong  deeply 
saccate  with  an  obtuse  gibbosity  or  spur,  more  or  less  streaked  with  red  or 
purple,  disk  nearly  smooth  yellow,  tip  rounded  or  emarginate.  Lindl. 
Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid.  176 ;  Fol.  Orchid.  3 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2195  ;  Wall.  Cat. 
7375  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  633. 

Chittagong,  Wallich.  Moulmein,  Wallich,  Parish.  Penang  (Ic.  in  Herb. 
Kew). 

The  figure  in  the  Bot.  Repository  represents  a  plant  with  bracts  hardly  exceeding 
the  ovary,  4^5  pale  yellow  flowers  1|  in.  in  diameter,  a  large  saccate  subcalcarate 
lip  broadly  oblong  with  recurved  margins,  emarginate  tip,  and  yellow  and  faint  purple 
markings  on  each  side  of  the  smooth  disk.  The  Bot.  Mag.  plant  has  flowers  as  large, 
but  pale  green,  the  lip  is  similar  but  not  emarginate, and  is  streaked  with  red  nerves; 
the  pedicels  are  much  longer  with  the  ovary  1;^  in.  long,  and  there  are  many  long 
bracts  below,  but  not  on,  the  raceme,  where  they  are  small.  The  G.  citrinum,  Jacks.  ? 
of  Wall.  Cat.  7375  has  the  long  bracts  below  the  inflorescence  of  the  Bot.  Mag.  plant, 
but  very  short  pedicels  and  a  smooth  lip  with  incurved  and  then  reflected  margins. — 
The  Penang  drawing  shows  short  pedicels,  pale  greenish  white  flowers,  a  saccate  lip 
with  recurved  margins  and  red  nerves  j  tliere  are  only  one  or  two  brncts  below  the 
Vol.  VI.  c 


18,  cXLViii.  ORCHIDEJE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  {Geodorum, 

inflorescence,  and  the  floral  are  as  long  as  the  ovaries. — The  var.  /3.  albido-purpureum, 
Par.  &  Reichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145,  from  Moulmein,  has  bracts  as  long 
as  the  flowers,  but  none  below  the  inflorescence,  green  sepals  and  petals,  and  a  dingy 
purple  streaked  lip. 

DOUBTPUL   SPECIES. 

G.  PALLIDTJM,  Wall,  in  Don  Prodr.  31.  There  is  no  specimen  of  this  in 
Wallich's  Herbarium,  nor  is  the  name  in  his  Catalogue  ;  but  there  is  a  Geodorum  in 
Herb.  Kew,  sent  to  Sir  W.  Hooker  by  Wallich  from  Nepal  in  1818,  which  is,  I  think^ 
purpureum  as  defined  above.  Q.  pallidum,  Griff.  1.  c.  357,  from  Assam  and  Silhot, 
described  from  garden  specimens,  is  perhaps  the  vvhite-fld.  purpureum  ;  its  flowers 
are  described  as  rather  small. 

G.  APPENDICULATUM,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  360,  t.  24,  is  probably, 
as  suggested  by  Griffith,  Brown's  G.  dilatatum. 

G.  CANDIDTJM,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  3,  Limodorum  candidum,  Roxh.,  from  Silhet, 
Khasia  and  Moulmein,  is  probably  dilatatum ;  it  is  certainly  not  G.  candidum,  Wall. 
Cat.  7374. 

G.  DILATATUM,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Meg.  t.  675,  is,  I  think,  pale-fld.  purpureum. 

G.  PUCATUM,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1. 1687  ;  Fol.  Orchid.  5,  from  Ceylon,  resembles 
a  small  G.  purpureum.     Thwaites  states  that  he  has  never  seen  it. 

G.  LAXiPLORUM,  Griff.  I.  c.  356,  t.  24,  from  Assam,  Jenkins,  strongly  resembles 
G.  citrinum  in  its  broad  petals,  dilated  undulate  emarginate  white  lip  with  the  disk 
tinged  with  yellow  and  purplish  base. 

G.  EAEiFLORUM,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  3,  from  Assam,  is,  I  think,  certainly 
0.  purpureum. 

Geodorum  sp.,  a  narrow-leaved  plant,  with  the  habit  of  G.  purpureum,  from 
Mount  Ophir,  Malacca,  Griffith,  resembles  the  Philippine  G.  semicristatum,  Lindl. 

G.  JAVANICUM,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  2.  {Cistella  cernua,  Blume  Bijdr.  293,  t.  55), 
of  Java,  is  a  small-fld.  species  confidently  referred  by  Reichenbach  {Bonpland.  1857, 
43)  to  G.  dilatatum,  with  the  observation  that  Wight's  G.  dilatatum  is  a  totally 
different  plant. 

43.  GBA»I»IATOPKVZiZiUiy[«  Blume. 
Large  stout  epiphytes.  Leaves  linear,  distichous,  jointed  on  their 
sheaths,  Scapes  lateral,  long,  stout ;  flowers  large,  racemose.  Sepals  and 
petals  subequal,  spreading.  Lip  small,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column 
(mobile  ?)  erect,  concave ;  its  side  lobes  embracing  the  column,  midlobe 
short  recurved.  Column  semiterete,  foot  0,  top  incurved ;  anther  broad,  2- 
celled ;  pollinia  2,  subglobose,  2-cleft,  attached  one  to  each  horn  of  a  curved 
strap  or  gland. — Species  3  or  4,  Malayan. 

Cr.  speciosuxn,  Blume  Bijdr.  ^77,  fig.  20;  RumpTi.  iv.  47,  t.  191; 
gigantic,  flowers  6  in.  diam.  golden  spotted  with  brown,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  628 ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  708  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5157  ;  Paxt.  Ft. 
Gard.  ii.  t.  69;  Fl.  des  Serves,  t.l386  ;  Batem.  2nd  Gent.  Orchid.  1. 181  ;  Jard. 
Fleur.  t.  235;  Gard.  Chron.  1878,  ii.  181,  f.  36  ;  1890,  i.  289,  f.  46;  Walp. 
Ann.  vi.  628.  G.  fastuosum,  Lindl.  in  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  159  under  t.  69. 
Gr.  macranthum,  Beichb.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  16  ;  Walp.  Ann.  I.  c.  Pattonia 
macrantha,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1750.  Gabertia  scripta.  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy. 
Bot.  425.  Cymbidium  scriptum,  Swartz  in  Schrad.  Diar.  1799, 228  ;  Willd. 
Sp.  PI.  iv.  100.  Epidendrum  scriptum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1361. — Bumph. 
Amboin.  vi.  95,  t.  42. 

Tenasseeim,  Parish.  Perak,  Seortechini.  Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih. 
5318),  Maingay  {K.  L>.  1655).— Distrib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stems  8-10  ft.,  tufted,  as  thick  as  the  wrist.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  Ij-lf  in., 
equitant,  lorate,  acute.  Scape  4-6  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  finger,  terete  ;  bracts  ovate ; 
pedicels  4-6  in,,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill ;  sepals  and  petals  fleshy,  obovate-oblong, 
variable  in  breadth,  undulate,  spreading  and  reflexedj  lip  half  the  length  of  the 
sepals,  side  lobes  short,  subacute ;    midlobe     ovate,   hirsute,    disk  with   depressed 


Grammatophyllum.']    cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  19 

straight  nerves  and  two  linear  ridges  between  the  side  lobes. — I  cannot  find 
characters  whereby  to  distinguish  G.  fastuosum  &  macranthum ;  the  latter  was 
founded  on  Griffith's  specimens.  The  flowers  vary  much  iu  size,  and  the  sepals  and 
petals  of  the  Perak  plant  are  narrower  than  in  the  others. 

44.  DXPODZUBI,  Brown.  ^ 

Stems  leafy,  tnfted  and  epiphytic  in  the  Indian  species  (terrestrial  and 
leafless  in  Australian).  Leaves  coriaceous,  jointed  on  their  sheaths,  equitant. 
Racemes  long-peduncled,  flowers  rather  large;  perianth  of  Grammatophyllum^ 
but  with  the  base  of  the  lip  forming  a  small  sac  with  the  column,  and 
the  side  lobes  reduced  to  small  teeth ;  poUinia  separately  stipitate  on  a 
globose  gland. — Spepies  6,  Australian,  Malayan  and  Pacific. 

1.  D.  pictum,  Ee«c/i6. /.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  15,  and  20,  t.  107;  stem 
elongate  scandent  epiphytic  from  a  terrestrial  root,  leaves  spreading  and 
recurved  linear.  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  562,  vi.  647.  Wailesia  picta,  Lindl.  in 
Journ.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  (1849)  262  ;  in  Faxt.  Mag.  Bat.  xvi.  321,  with  fig. 
Grammatophyllum  scandens,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  345 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  324. 
Leopardanthus  scandens,  Blume  Bumph.  iv.  47 ;  Mus.  Bot.  i.  47,  t.  15. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay. — Distrib.  Java. 

Leaves  12-18  in.,  tip  oblique  acute.  Peduncle  with  the  raceme  10-12  in.,  purple  ; 
bracts  short,  ovate;  pedicels  short,  stout ;  flowers  l^in.  .diam.,  yellowish  white  blotched 
with  crimson ;  sepals  and  petals  elliptic-oblong  obtuse ;  lip  ovoid,  narrowed  into  a 
broad  tomentose  claw  ;  side  lobes  linear  acute,  midlobe  ovate  acute  concave,  pinkish 
streaked  with  crimson,  disk  and  lip  villous. 

2.  D.  paludosum,  Reichh.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  15;  stem  and  scape 
strict  erect,  leaves  strict  ensiform  erect.  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  648.  Gramma- 
tophyllum paludosum,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  344.  G.  affine,  Griff.  Ic.  PI. 
Asiat.  t.  323.     Wailesia  paludosa,  Reichb.f.  in  Bonpland.  1854,  93. 

Malacca,  in  swamps,  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrih.  5317),  Maingay  {K.  D.  1657) 
Perak,  Wray. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Peduncle  as  long ;  bracts  small,  ovate,  acute  ;  pedicels  very  short ; 
flowers  1^  in.  diam.,  sweet-scented,  white  blotched  with  purple;  sepals  and  petals 
reflexed ;  lip  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  villous  ridge  from  the  base  to  the  cuspidate 
tip;  side  lobes  reduced  to  small  teeth. 

45.  TKECOSTEZiZS,  Reichh.  f. 

Epiphytes,  pseudobulbous.  Leaf  1,  shortly  petioled.  Scape  basal, 
slender ;  flowers  racemed.  Sepals  subequal,  broad.  Petals  much  nar- 
rower. Lip  connate  with  the  foot  of  the  column,  3-lobed ;  base  with  the 
foot  forming  a  ventricose  tube  perforate  in  front ;  side  lobes  small,  erect  ; 
midlobe  entire  or  3-lobulate,  velvety.  Column  slender,  arched,  with 
incurved  apical  wings  ;  anther  2-celled ;  poUinia  2,  subglobose,  separately 
stipitate  on  a  scale-like  gland. — Species  3. 

1.  T.  Zolllngrerl,  Beichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  v.  37 ;  Xen.  Orchid,  ii. 
133,  t.  147 ;  side  lobes  of  lip  subclavate  sigmoid,  midlobe  broadly  obcor- 
date.  T.  alata.  Par.  4"  Beichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  135.  Cymbidium 
alatum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  459. 

Chittagong,  Eoxlurgh.     Tenasseeim,  ParM.— Distrib.  Borneo. 

Pseudobulbs  the  size  of  a  nutmeg  or  narrower.  Leaf  5-9  in.,  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong.  Scape  with  the  raceme  5-8  in.,  decurved  ;  bracts  minute,  acute,  persistent ; 
flowers  -I  in.  diam.,  blotched  with  brick-red;  sepals  acute,  dorsal  lanceolate  genicu- 
lately  arched,  lateral  falcate  ovate. 

C  2 


20  cxLViii.  OROHiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Thecostele. 

2.  T.  Malngrayl,  Sook.f.  Ic.  Plant  ined. ;  side  lobes  of  lip  fan-shaped, 

midlobe  broadly  ovate  reflexed. 

Malacca,  Maingay. 

Pseudolulhs  oblong,  f-1  in.  Leaf  3-5  in.,  from  obovate-  to  linear-oblong.  Scape 
with  6-8-fld.  raceme  4  in. ;  flowers  1  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  acuminate. — -Only  one 
specimen  seen. 

3.  T.  quinquefida,  HooJc.f.  Ic.  Plant  ined. ;  side  lobes  of  lip  linear, 

midlobe  deeply  3-lobulate,  side  lobules  hatchet-shaped,  mid-lobule  ovate 
acute. 

Malacca,  Maingay. 

JPseudohulhs  1  m.,  oblong,  ieo/"  5-7  in.,  linear-oblong,  tip  obtuse  very  oblique. 
iScajoe  with  raceme  3  in.j  flowers  1  in.  diam.;  sepals  acute,  lateral  very  broad  j  lip 
5-fid  from  the  deep  lobing  of  the  midlobe. 

46.  BROX^KEADXA,  Lindl. 

Terrestrial  erect  rigid  leafy  herbs,  pseudofeulb  0.  Leaves  distant. 
Flowers  in  terminal  simple  or  branched  rigid  racemes  or  panicles  ;  bracts 
thick,  imbricate,  persistent.  Segals  and  petals  subequal,  narrow,  widely 
spreading.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  and  embracing  the  column,  erect, 
side  lobes  erect,  midlobe  spreading,  entire.  Column  membranous,  broadly 
2-winged,  foot  0,  top  hooded ;  anther  sub-2-celled ;  pollinia  2,  ovoid,  sulcate, 
sessile  on  a  scale-like  gland. — Species  2. 

1.  B.  palustris,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1841,  Misc.  89 ;  1844,  t.  18 ; 
tall,  leaves  3-5  in.,  racemes  many-fid.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4001 ;  Wight  Ic. 
t.  1740;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  630.  B.  Finlaysoniana,  Reichh.f.  in  Walp.  I.  c. 
882.  Grammatophyllum  ?  Finlaysonianum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7561 ; 
Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  173. 

Penang,  Peeak,  Malacca  and  Singapoee  (in  dry  exposed  places,  Ridley). — 
DiSTRiB.  Sumatra,  Philippines. 

Stem  4r-8  ft.,  terete,  very  stout.  Leaves  3-5  by  f-J  in.,  tip  2-lobed,  many- 
nerved.  Peduncle  6-12  in.,  strict;  sheaths  many,  appressed ;  raceme  1-7  in.,  bracts 
ovate,  obtuse,  thickly  coriaceous  (rachis  appearing  serrate) ;  pedicel  with  ovary  1  in.  ; 
flowers  2|-3  in.  diam.,  sweet-scented  ;  sepals  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  spreading  and 
recurved,  white  or  pale  pink  ;  petals  broader  ;  lip  white,  disk  purple,  side  lobes  sub- 
acute streaked  with  purple ;  midlobe  rounded  apiculate,  yellow,  granulate ;  column 
elongate  cymbiform. 

?  2.  B.  aporoides^  Beichh.f.  Ot.  Bot.  Ramh.  44  ;  dwarf,  leaves  1^-2  in., 
peduncle  very  short  1-2-fld. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stems  tufted,  1-1^  in.,  clothed  to  the  base  with  coriaceous  falcate  ensiform  acute 
leaves.  Peduncle  -i  in.,  clothed  at  the  base  with  small  coriaceous  imbricate  sheaths  j 
flowers  1  in.  long ;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  white  ;  lip  oblong,  side 
lobes  triangular  acute  streaked  with  red,  midlobe  small  ovate  yellow  papillose ; 
column  slender  ;  gland  of  pollinia  lunate. — I  have  seen  only  very  imperfect  specimens, 
which  difier  so  greatly  in  habit,  foliage  and  the  slender  column  from  B.  palustris^ 
that  I  suspect  the  species  will  prove  to  be  generally  distinct.  The  habit  is  that  of 
Bendrohium  atropurpureum. 

47.  POIiirSTACKVA,  Hooh. 
Pseudobulbous     leafy    epiphytes.       Leaves    few,    distichous,    narrow, 

coriaceous,  jointed  on  their  sheath.  Scape  terminal,  sheathed  ;  flovi^ers  very 
small,  in  narrow  panicles.  Sepals  free,  dorsal  ovate,  lateral  triangular 
adnate  to  the  foot  of  the  column.  Pefals  very  narrow.  ^  Lip  superior, 
clawed,  jointed  on  the  foot  of  the  column,  erect,  3-lobed,  side  lobes  small 


Polystachya.]         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D,  Hooker.)  '       21 

erect,  midlobe  spreading  or  recurved.  Column  short,  broad  ;  anther  1-  or 
8Tib-2-celled ;  pollinia  4,  ovoid,  cohering  or  connate  in  pairs,  attached  to  a 
very  short  strap,  or  gland  ? — Species  about  40,  all  tropical,  chiefly 
American. 

1.  P.  Wlgrhtii,  Reichh.  f.  in  Whip.  Ann.  vi.  640;  stem  4-6  in., 
flowers  yellow,  lip  broader  than  long,  side  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  short 
broad  rounded  midlobe,  disk  with  the  median  ridge  densely  furfuraceous. 
P.  luteola,  Wiffht  Ic.  t.  1678. 

Malabar  ;  ou  the  lyamallay  Hills,  Wight  {Kew  Bistrib.  2990).  ?  Penang, 
Curtis.     ?  Ceylon. 

Leaves  2-3,  4-6  by  f-1  in.  Stem  stout ;  panicle  glabrous,  branches  short ; 
sheaths  long,  coriaceous,  flattened  j  bracts  small,  acute,  persistent ;  flowers  yellow  j 
sepals  ^  in.  long,  acute.  Capsule  5  in.  long. — P.  luteola,  Hook.  Exot.  Flor.  t.  105, 
figured  from  a  cultivated  specimen  said  to  have  been  sent  by  Wallich,  has 
been  pronounced  by  Lindley  (Bot.  Reg.  1838,  Misc.  78)  to  be  a  West  Indian  plant. 
No  original  specimen  of  it  was  preserved.  Lindley  distinguishes  it  from  the  Indian 
plant  by  the  capsule  being  nerveless  between  the  ribs,  whilst  those  of  the  latter  are 
reticulated.  The  figure  in  Flor.  Exot.  represents  the  sepals  as  obtuse.  Much  better 
specimens  of  the  Indian  species  are  wanted  to  determine  their  differences  from  one 
another  and  from  the  Mauritian  and  others,  and  the  genus  wants  working  up. 

2.  P.  purpurea,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1679  ;  flowers  purplish,  lip  longer  than 
broad,  side  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  large  rounded  midlobe,  disk  with  a 
short  median  ridge  furfuraceous.     Waljo.  Ann.  vi.  640. 

Teavancoee  ;  on  the  lyamallay  Hills,  Wight  {Kew  Distrih.  2991). 
Very  near  if  not  a  variety  of  P.  Wightii,  but  the  flowers  are  smaller,  and  if  my 
analysis  is  correct  (the  materials  are  unsatisfactory)  the  lip  is  much  narrower. 

3.  P.  zeylanica,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1838,  Misc.  78  {excl.  Syn.) ;  stem 
12-18  in.,  lip  cuneate-obovate,  side  lobes  small  acute,  midlobe  rounded, 
disk  furfuraceous,  capsule  \  in.  reticulate  between  the  ribs.  Walp.  Ann. 
vi.  639. 

Ceylon,  Walker,  Gardner. 

A  very  much  larger  plant  than  either  of  the  former,  with  a  stout  stem,  and 
panicle  6-10  in.  long  with  branches  1-3  in.  long,  flowers  larger,  and  leaves  larger 
and  broader  upwards.  The  Mauritian  P.  mauritiana,  Spreng.  Syst.  Veg.  iii.  742 
(Dendrobium  polystachys,  TJiou.  Orchid.  Afric.  t.  85),  which  Lindley  referred  to  this 
more  resembles  P.  Wightii. 

48.  PI.0C06X.0TTIS,  Blume. 

Terrestrial  herbs  with  the  creeping  rhizome,  habit  and  inflorescence  of 
Tainia  and  Chrysoglossum,  from  which  they  are  only  distinguishable  by  the 
short  erect  quadrate  lip  having  its  sides  confluent  with  the  sides  of  the  short 
column,  and  by  having  the  four  pollinia  attached  in  pairs  by  2  stipes  to  a 
gland. — Species  4  or  5,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

1.  P.  acuminata,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  i.  46;  leaf  solitary,  bracts  lan- 
ceolate as  long  as  the  pedicel  or  longer,  raceme  puberulous.  Miquel  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  676. 

Peeak,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  King's  Collector.— BmTmB.  Java,  Sumatra. 

Leaf-blade  10-12  by  21-3  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  slender  petiole. 
Scape  as  long  or  longer,  slender ;  raceme  very  lax-fld.,  simple  or  with  a  branch  from  the 
base;  bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  pedicel  with  ovary  as  long;  flowers  1  in. 
diam.,  sparsely  puberulous ;  dorsal  sepal  lanceolate  ;  erect  lateral  oblong-lanceolate, 
falcate,  finely  acuminate,  5-nerved ;  petals  narrowly  lanceolate,  falcate  ;  lip  quadrate, 
contracted  above  the  base,  angles  rounded,  retuse  in  front  with  a  long  cusp  ;  spur  a 
conical  gibbosity. — The  specimen  is  not  very  good,  but  I  think  it  is  P.  acuminata. 


22  oxLViii.  ORCHIDE.S).     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        [Plocoglottu, 

2.  P.  Javanlca,  JBlume  JBijdr.  380,  t.  21 ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  t.  14 ; 
Mua.  Sot.  i.  46 ;  leaf  solitary,  bracts  short  ovate,  raceme  glabrous.  Lindl. 
Gen.  8f  8p.  Orchid.  132. 

Perak,  alt.  3-1200  ft.,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — Disteib.  Java. 

Leaf-blade  10-12  by  3-4  in.,  as  long  as  the  very  slender  petiole.  Scape  much 
longer  than  the  leaf,  very  slender;  raceme  8-10  in. ;  bracts  -i— ^  in.,  often  recurved  ; 
flowers  f  in.  diam.,  pale  yellow  speckled  with  red  ;  dorsal  sepal  long,  arched,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate;  lateral  oblong-lanceolate,  falcate,  acute  ;  petals  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,  folcate  ;  lip  broadly  obovate,  angles  and  tip  rounded,  acuminate  or  cuspidate  ; 
spur  a  gibbosity. — A  Plocoglottis  from  Malacca,  Maingay,  resembles  this,  but  has  a 
shorter  raceme,  and  is  described  (by  Maingay)  as  having  obtuse  sepals  j  the  specimen 
is  flowerless 

49.  IiVISZA,  Gaud. 

Tufted  epiphytes  ;  stem  terete,  rigid,  sheathed,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves 
elongate,  terete,  obtuse.  Flowers  drooping,  small,  spicate  on  a  short  or 
very  stout  erect  axillary  rachis  ;  bracts  very  shorty  thick,  imbricating,  per- 
sistent. Sepals  subequal  or  the  decurved  dorsal  smaller.  Petals  often 
longer,  narrower.  Lip  sessile  on  the  base  of  the  column,  base  flat  concave 
or  saccate.  Column  very  short,  truncate;  anther  2-celled;  pollinia  2,  sub- 
globose,  seated  on  a  replicate  short  strap.  Capsule  narrow,  erect. — Species 
about  15,  tropical  Asia  to  N.  Caledonia. 

The  materials  at  my  disposal  for  the  elucidation  of  this  remarkable  genus  are, 
though  considerable,  far  from  being  sufficient.  Above  all  careful  drawings  for  living 
plants  should  be  obtained,  when  the  following  attempt  at  diagnosing  the  Indian 
species  will  want  revision  and  probably  correction. 

*  Petals  not  much  longer  than  the  lateral  sepals  {most  so  in  L.  primulina). 

1.  Zi.  teretifolia,  Gaud.  Bot.  Freyc.  Voy.  427,  t.  37  ;  leaves  4-6  in., 
flowers  small,  lateral  sepals  subacute  keel  winged,  petals  linear-oblong 
obtuse  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals,  hypochile  subquadrate  saccate,  epi- 
chile  broadly  cordate.  Blume  Eumph.  i.  t.  194,  f.  3,  t.  197  D  ;  Mus.  Bot. 
i.  63 ;  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  2  {^excl.  in  all  Syn.  Fp.  triste).  L.  burmanica, 
Lindl.  I.  c.  L.  brachystachys,  var.  flaveola.  Par.  Sc  Peichh.  f.  in  Trans. 
Linn-.  Soc.  xxx.  144.  L.  platyglossa,  Reichh.  f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  622. 
L.  zeylanica,  Lindl.  I.  c.  Cymbidium  triste,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  461  {not  of 
Willd.) ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3648  ;  Wight  Ic.  v.  11  {text,  not  Ic.)  ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii. 
340  (the  Mergtd  plant).     C.  tenuifolium,  Wight  I.  c.  t.  1689  (Jc„  not  text). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  {Ic.  Cathcart).  The  Khasia  Mts.,  at  Churra  {Ic.  Jerdon). 
Bengal  ;  in  the  Sunderbunds,  Roxburgh.  Pegu  and  Tenasseeim,  Griffith,  &c. 
The  Westeen  Ghats,  from  Canara  to  Travancore.  Ceylon,  Macrae,  &c. — Disteib. 
Malay  Islands  to  New  Caledonia. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  stout ;  internodes  ^-f  in.  Leaves  variable  in  thickness.  Rachis 
of  spike  ^-^  in.  Petals  ^-^  in.  long,  iz^  equalling  or  rather  exceeding  the  sepals. 
Column  very  short.  Capsule  f-l|^  in. — Blume  erred  in  referring  Willdenow's 
Cymbidium  triste  to  Gaudichaud's  Luisia  teretifolia.  The  latter  appears  to  accord 
with  the  Indian  plant,  and  Wight's  t.  1689  is  very  characteristic.  Blume's  t.  194  has 
larger  flowers.  A  coloured  drawing  of  Lindley's  burmanica  by  Griffith  is  excellent. 
The  petals  vary  in  length  and  form,  but  never  much  exceed  the  sepals.  The  lip  is  in 
five  Indian  drawings  purple.  Blume  figures  a  purple  hypochile  and  yellow  epichile 
with  purple  disk.  Roxburgh  describes  the  lip  as  dark  purple  with  yellow  spots. 
Griffith  figures  it  green  with  black  purple  blotches.  Wight  says,  *'  Flowers  pale  pink, 
lip  conformable,  afterwai'ds  purple."  In  var.  flaveola,  Par.  &  R.  f.,  the  flowers 
are  yellow,  the  hypochile  purple  and  epichile  streaked  with  purple.  Liiidley's 
L.  zeylanica  (Macrae,  1829)  is  identical  with  the  Peninsular  species,  but  there  are 
along  with  it  flowers  of  a  different  and  a  garden  plant,  which  he  referred  to  Vanda 
triehorhiza.  Hook.     Reichenbach's  L.  brai-hystachys,  founded  on  Wight's  t.  1689,  is 


Luisia.']  oxlviii,  orohide^.     (J.  D,  Hooker.)  23 

consequently  teretifolia.  Lindley's  L.  trichorhiza  consists  of  three  Nilghiri  speci- 
mens of  L.  teretifolia  (mislabelled  Khasia  Mts.),  and  one  fruiting  Khasian  specimen 
(as  indicated  by  Eeicbenbach  in  Herb.  Lindl.).  For  Cymhid.  trisie,  Willd.,  see 
i/.  trisiis. 

2.  Xi.  brachystachys,  Blume  Bumph.  iv.  50;  Mus.  Bot.  i.  64;  leaves 
2-6  in.  slender,  sepals  and  petals  as  in  L.  teretifolia,  lip  obovate-oblong 
nearly  flat  grooved  hardly  constricted  at  the  base  of  the  broadly  ovate 
epichile.  Reichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i.  204,  t.  78,  f.  1  ;  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  0. 
Mesoclastes  brachystachys,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  1994;  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  45. 

Tropical  Westeen  Himalaya;  Garwhal,  Falconer;  Kumaon,  Stewart. 
SiLHET  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  Wallich.  Bengal,  at  Jessore  and  Dacca,  Clarice. 
Tenasseeim  {Ic.  Parish). 

A  more  slender  plant  than  L.  teretifolia,  but  perhaps  a  variety  ;  flowers  of  the 
same  size,  but  with  a  very  difierent  lip,  which  varies  a  little  in  breadth,  and  in  the 
distinctness  of  the  hypochile  from  the  epichile.  The  lip  is  rather  thin,  with  usually 
strong  parallel  grooves  or  nerves,  though  sometimes  it  is  very  thick  and  fleshy  when 
the  grooves  are  not  visible  (in  the  dried  state).  Column  very  short.  Capsule 
f-1  in. — Clarke  describes  the  sepals  green  without,  rose-purple  within  ;  petals  rose- 
purple  with  green  tip  and  base  ;  lip  yellow  at  base,  black -purple  for  f  of  upper  part, 
but  variable. 

3.  Zi.  trichorhiza,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  i.  63  ;  leaves  4-6  in.  stout,  flowers 
twice  as  large  as  in  L.  teretifolia,  petals  \  in.  long  about  as  long  as  the 
lateral  sepals,  lip  obovate-oblong  rather  longer  than  the  sepals  flat  grooved 
constricted  at  the  insertion  of  the  broadly  ovate  epichile  with  the  quadrate 
hypochile,  column  rather  long.  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  2 ;  Reichb.  f.  Xen. 
Orchid,  t.  77.  f.  878.     ?  Yanda  ?  trichorhiza,  Sook.  Fl.  Exot.  t.  72. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  Wallich  ;  Garwhal,  Falconer, 

I  have  seen  only  two  native  specimens  of  this  plant,  a  flowering  and  a  fruiting, 
from  Garwhal,  they  bear  the  mss.  name  of  L.  retusa,  Eeichb.  f.  It  is  the 
only  species  that  approaches  the  Flora  Exotica  Vanda  ?  trichorhiza  in  the  size  of 
the  flower  and  length  of  the  column,  difiering  from  it  only  in  the  lip  not  being 
longer  than  the  sepals,  which  is  a  very  variable  character.  Flowers  of  V.  ?  trichorhiza 
in  Lindley's  Herbarium  closely  resemble  this,  except  in  having  a  longer  lip.  A  spike 
of  flowers  of  V.  trichorhiza  in  Herb.  Hook,  is  presumably  from  the  type  plant ;  the 
flowers  are  on  slender  pedicels,  with  the  lip  grooved  as  in  hrachi/stachys,  but  with 
the  sepals  and  petals  narrower  and  more  acute.  Of  the  hairy  roots  of  V.  trichorhiza 
described  in  Fl.  Exot.  I  know  nothing,  but  Lindley,  who  no  doubt  saw  the  original 
plant,  says  that  it  has  sometimes  an  enormous  development  of  downy  roots. 

4.  Xi.  filiformis,  HooJc.  f.\  stem  elongate  slender,  leaves  6-12  in., 
very  slender,  rachis  of  spike  very  stout  short  few-fld.,  flowers  i-|  in.  diam., 
lateral  sepals  cymbiform,  keel  broadly  winged,  petals  linear  and  lip  fleshy, 
hypochile  broad  flat  smooth,  epichile  subquadrate  deeply  many-grooved,  tip 
incurved  fleshy,  column  very  short  broad.    . 

SiLHET  ;  at  Terrya  Ghat,  Mann. 

Stem  probably  several  feet  long ;  internodes  1-2  in.  Leaves  as  thick  as  a  crow 
quill.  Petals  hardly  longer  than  the  lateral  sepals. — Except  in  the  short  petals  this 
a  good  deal  resembles  L.  Grovesii, 

5.  Xi-  xnicrantha,  Hooh.  f. ;  stem  short  robust,  leaves  2  in.  slender, 
rachis  of  spike  short  thick  few-fld.,  flowers  \  in.  diam.,  lateral  sepals  ovate 
subacute  midrib  very  stout,  petals  oblong  obtuse,  hypochile  of  lip  oblong 
concave  with  2  strong  incurved  teeth  on  each  side,  epichile  lozenge-shaped 
fleshy,  column  rather  long. 

Assam,  Griffith  {in  Herh.  Wightr).     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Mann. 


24  oxLViii.  ORCHiDEj;.     (J,  D.  Hooker.;  [Luisia. 

Stem  2-5  in. ;  internodes  ^^  in.  Leaves  as  thick  as  a  sparrow  quill.  Bachis 
of  spike  clothed  with  imbricate  ovate  acute  bracts ;  pedicels  decurved ;  flowers 
punctulate ;  dorsals  sepal  oblong  obtuse  and  similar  petals  1-nerved  ;  lip  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  epichile  about  half  as  long  as  the  hypochile  both  concave. — Griffiths' 
specimens  are  not  in  flower  but  appear  to  be  the  same  as  Mann's,  which  are  so. 

6.  Zi.  prixnulina^  Par.  &  Reichb.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  144, 
t.  30,  f.  1  ;  stem  short  very  stout,  leaves  3-4  in.  very  stout,  rachis  short 
few-fid.,  sepals  subequal  oblong  acute,  petals  larger  obovate-spathulate 
obtuse,  lip  much  longer  than  the  lateral  sepals  yellow,  hypochile  small 
short  saddle-shaped,  epichile  large  triangular-ovate  obtuse,  margin 
obscurely  lobulate. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

jSiem  3-4  in. ;  internodes  short.  Leaves  \  in.  diam.  Flowers  f  in.  diam.,  pale 
yellow  with  a  purple  column. — Described  chiefly  from  a  drawing  by  Parish.  A  draw- 
ing in  Herb.  Calcutt.  of  apparently  the  same  species  (collected  at  Moolyet,  Moulmein) 
has  elliptic-acute  sepals,  a  shorter  cordate  epichile,  a  larger  hypochile  with  a  purple 
disk,  and  a  yellow  column  j  its  concave  lateral  sepals  are  spurred  at  the  back.  There 
are  in  Herb.  Kew  flowers  and  leaf  of  a  cultivated  plant  from  Burma  (Hort.  Kew), 
resembling  this,  but  with  a  purple  lip. 

7.  Zi.  xnacrotis,  Peichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1809,1110;  habit  and 
leaves  of  L.  Psyche,  sepals  triangular  keeled,  petals  longer  triangular 
ligulate  acute  flat  base  broad,  lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals  violet-black 
triangular-ovate  from  a  broad  2-aTiricled  base  sulcate. 

Assam  {Hort.  Day). 

I  have  seen  only  flowers  of  what  I  take  to  be  this  (Hort.  Kew),  in  whivh  the 
sepals  are  ovate-oblong,  subacute,  the  petals  much  longer  (^  in.  long),  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  and  the  lip  very  like  that  of  L.  primnlina,  and  of  the  same  size,  but  dark 
purple.     The  shape  of  the  petals  distinguishes  it  from  primulina. 

**  Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

8.  Zi.  Psyche,  Beichh.  /.  in  Bat.  Zeit.  1863,  98;  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1866,  342  ;  stem  tall  stout,  leaves  3-5  in.  stout,  rachis  short,  flowers  few 
large,  petals  linear- sp at hulate  or  obovate  obtuse  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse 
concave  sepals,  lip  broadly  ovate-oblong  retuse,  base  contracted  saccate 
2-auricled.     Bot.  Mag.  t.  5558. 

Tenassekim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish.     ?  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Mann. 

Stem  1  ft.,  internodes  1  in.  Leaves  strict,  ^  in.  diam.  Sepals  ^  in.  long, 
petals  1^  in.,  variable  in  breadth,  both  pale  greenish  yellow.  Lip  convex,  nearly 
1  in.  long,  violet-brown,  tessellated  with  white  or  yellow,  auricles  erect,  embracing 
the  white  column.  Capsule  1^-2  in.  long. — Mann's  specimen  is  in  fruit  only.  It 
has  a  large  clavate  capsule  as  figured  by  Parish  in  his  drawing  of  L.  Psyche. 

9.  Zi.  tenulfolia,  Blume  Pumph.  iv.  50;  Mus.  Bot.  i.  63 ;  stem  long 
slender,  leaves  4-7  in.,  rachis  ^  in.,  flowers  few  large,  petals  narrow  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate  subacute  concave  sepals,  lip  narrowly  panduriform 
convex  base  broad  2-auricled,  lip  with  'Z  divergent  lobes.  Lindl.  Fol. 
Orchid.  2 ;  Thwaites  Enum.  302 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  266  ;  Walp.  Ann. 
vi.  619.  L.  Birchea,  Blume  Pumpli.  iv.  50;  Mus.  Bot.  i.  63.  L.  zeylanica, 
Thwaites  mss.  (C.  P.  2347).  Birchea  teretifolia,  A.  Pich.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat. 
Ser.  2,  XV.  QQ,  t.  10.  Cymbidium  tenuifolium,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid. 
167  {excl.  8yn.).     C.  triste,  Wight  Lc.  t.  911  {non  Willd.). 

On  the  Western  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore,  Wight,  Dalzell,  &c. 
Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  Macrae,  Thwaites. 

Leaves  very  variable  in  thickness,  sometimes  very  long  and  slender.  Sepals 
i-|  in.  long,  yellowish  green  stained    or    streaked  with  red  ;    petals  more  green  j 


Luisia.]  oxlviii.  orchidej!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  25 

lip  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  sepals,  white  or  greenish  with  deep  purple  base 
and  lobes,  or  purple  and  streaked  with  paler  lines  (Dalzell),  disk  with  3  large 
call!.  Macrae's  Ceylon  specimen  is  like  the  Malabar  plant.  A.  Richards'  figure  of 
Birchea  teretifolia  is  a  very  bad  one.  Rheede's  figure  in  xii.  t.  5,  on  which  Linnseus' 
JEpidendrum  tenuifolium  {Cymbidmm,  Willd.)  was  founded,  is  not  a  Luisia,  the  leaves 
are  grooved,  and  spike  very  different. 

10.  Zi.  volucriSy  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  1;  stem  stout,  leaves  3-5  in. 
stout,  lateral  sepals  cymbiform  with  an  acute  dorsal  wing,  petals  2-4  times 
as  long  1-1^  in.  linear  dilating  to  the  rounded  tip,  hypochile  oblong  with 
incurved  basal  auricles,  epichilo  as  long  much  broader  ovate-cordate  obtuse 
fleshy.     Whip.  Ann.  vi.  619. 

SiKZiM  Himalaya,  J.  D.  S.  Khasia  Mts.  and  Silhet,  Lohh,  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. 
?  Chittagong  Hills,  Ic.  in  Sort.  Calcutt. 

Stem  6-10  in.,  internodes  ^  in.  Bachis  of  spike  ^  in,,  very  stout.  Petals 
and  sepals  very  pale  yellow-green ;  lip  dark  purple,  epichile  hardly  cordate  (as 
described  by  Lindley).  Capsules  1  in. — Flowerless  specimens  closely  resemble 
L.  teretifolia.  In  the  drawing  of  the  Chittagong  plant  the  stem  is  slender,  the  in- 
ternodes are  1^  in.  and  leaves  7-9  in.,  the  petals  not  dilated  at  the  tip,  and  the 
epichile  of  the  lip  green  and  grooved. 

11.  Zi.  antennlfera,  Blume  Rumph.  iv.  50;  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  i.  64; 
stem  stout,  elongate,  leaves  3-4  in.,  rachis  of  spike  very  stout  |-1|  in., 
petals  linear  f  in.  long  twice  as  long  as  the  cymbiform  sepals,  lip  cuneately 
oblong,  epichile  hardly  distinct  from  hypochile  which  has  a  broadly 
2-auricled  base.     Beichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i.  265,  t.  78,  f.  2. 

Peeaz,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — Disteib.  Borneo  (^Loio). 

Stem  a  foot  and  upwards  ;  internodes  1  in.  (the  largest  of  the  genus  except  tristis), 
as  are  the  spikes.  Flowers  in  Low's  drawing  pale  green  with  purple  lip  as  long  as 
the  sepals ;  in  note  by  King's  collector,  "  pale  greenish  white  waxy  inner  petals 
dark  blue,"  possibly  the  dark  blue  is  meant  for  the  lip.  The  form  of  lip  is  the  same 
in  a  drawing  by  Scortechini  of  the  Perak  plant. 

12.  Zi-  trlstiS;  SooJc.  f. ;  stem  stout  elongate,  leaves  stout  3-5  in., 
rachis  of  spike  very  stout  1-2  in.,  petals  f  in.  long  linear  twice  or  thrice  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  hypochile  of  lip  quadrate  base  2-auricled,  epichile  short 
broadly  ovate-cordate  grooved.  Cymbidium  triste,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  99. 
Epidendrum  triste,  Forst.  Prodr.  IS^o.  314. 

Penang,  Curtis. — Distrib.  New  Caledonia. 

Very  like  L.  antennifera,  having  the  same  stout  habit,  foliage,  and  thick  long 
rachis  of  the  spike,  but  the  lip  is  very  different,  and  is  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the 
indifferent  specimens  in  Herb.  Forster,  identical  with  that  of  his  Epidendrum  triste. 

13.  Zi-.  G-rovesiij  Hoolc.f.;  stem  very  slender  elongate,  leaves  6-10  in. 
filiform,  rachis  of  spike  very  short  few-fld.,  flowers  1  in.  diam.,  lateral  sepals 
cymbiform,  petals  twice  or  thrice  as  long  narrowly  linear  obtuse,  hypochile 
of  lip  subquadrate  flat,  epichile  broadly  cordate,  column  very  short  broad. 

Easteen  Bengal;  in  the  Looshai  Hills,  G.  B.  Groves  {in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Closely  resembles  i. /^j/brmi*,  but  at  once  distinguished  by  the  long  petals. — 
Described  fi*om  two  drawings  of  plants  cultivated  in  Hort.  Calcutta,  one  of  a  speci- 
men without  locality,  the  other  localized  as  above.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  pale 
yellowish,  the  hypochile  and  column  dark  purple,  the  epichile  pale  purplish  in  one 
with  darker  margins,  greenish  in  the  other,  in  both  dark  purple  at  the  base. 

DOUBTFUL    SPECIES. 

L.  MICEOPTERA,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  (1870)  1503 ;  leaves  terete  rather 
stout,  raceme  few-fld,,  flowers  small,  sepals  ligulate  acute,  longer  than  the  petals, 
both  straw-cold.,  lip  half  purplish  half  yellow,  hypochile  ovate  uncinate  at  the  base 


26  cxLViii.  ORCHIDE.E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Luisia* 

on  each  side,  epichile  broadly  triangular -ovate,  column  purplish,  anther  with  2  yel- 
lowish eyes  in  the  centre  of  each  half. — Assam,  Benson  {Hort.  Veitch). — Description 
from  the  author  1.  c.  Possibly  the  sepals  longer  than  the  petals  is  an  error,  due  to  the 
omission  of  a  comma  in  the  phrase  "  sepalis  ligulatis  acutis  petalis  longioribus." 

Cymbidium  tenuifolium,  Willd.  of  Tkwaites  mss.  (0.  P.  3530)  is  certainly  not 
I/,  tenuifolia,  Bl.,  having  short  petals  and  a  broad  lip.  It  is  probably  a  new  species 
near  filiformis,  but  the  specimen  being  solitary  and  only  1-fld.  1  leave  it 
undescribed. 

50.  COTTONZA,   Wight, 

An  epiphyte,  stem  leafy.  Leaves  long,  narrow,  coriaceous.  Scape  tall, 
very  slender,  branched.  Flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  sub- 
equal  and  narrower  petals  widely  spreading.  Lip  sessile  at  the  base  of 
the  column,  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  flat,  spreading  ;  side  lobes  minute 
basal ;  midlobe  subpanduriform,  retuse.  Column  short,  foot  0  ;  anther  short, 
2-celled;  pollinia  2,  pyriform,  2-cleft ;  strap  linear,  sides  recurved ;  gland 
minute.     Capsule  slender,  elongate. 

C.  xnacrostachya,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1755  ;  Dalz.  So  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
263 ;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  39  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7099.  C.  pedun- 
cularis,  Seichb.f.  in  Cat.  Orchid.  Schiller  1857,  52;  Thwaites  Enum.  303  ; 
Walp.  Ann.  vi.  860.  Vanda  peduncularis,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  216  ; 
Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  iii.  t.  253. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  Ghats  from  the  Concan  southwards.  Ceylon  ; 
in  the  Central  Province. 

^Stem  4-8  in.,  leafy  ;  internodes  short.  Leaves  5-6  by  ^|  in.,  lorate,  recurved, 
unequally  obtusely  2-lobed.  Scape  12-18  in.,  strict,  erect ;  branches  few,  tipped  by 
short  racemes  ;  pedicels  long,  slender ;  bracts  ovate ;  flowers  f  in.  diam. ;  sepals  ob- 
long and  subspathulate ;  petals  dirty  orange  with  red  streaks ;  lip  dark  purple  with  a 
broad  villous  golden  margin  ;  side  lobes  ear-like  with  3  calli  between  them,  the 
median  pubescent,  disk  of  midlobe  with  median  callus ;  column  puberulous ;  rostellum 
obscure.     Capsule  1^  in. — Lip  like  that  of  Ofhrys  aranijera. 

50/1.  DIPLOPRORA,  JZbo^./. 

Stem  short,  slender.  Leaves  falcately  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Scape 
short,  simple,  few-fld.  Sepals  widely  spreading,  keeled.  Petals  obovate. 
Lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  margins  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  cym- 
biform  and  sigmoidly  curved,  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  compressed 
2-caudate  tip,  disk  keeled.  Column  very  short,  foot  0 ;  anther  2-celled ; 
pollinia  2,  globose ;  strap  short  linear,  sides  recurved ;  gland  small.  Capsule 
slender. 

D.  Chaxnpioni,  Hooh.  f. ;  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  Cottonia  Championi,  Lindl, 
in  E.ooh.  Journ.  Bot.  vii.  (1855)  35;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  39;  Benth.Fl. 
HongJc.  357.  Luisia  bicaudata,  Thwaites  Enum.  302.  Yanda  bicaudata, 
Thwaites  I.  c.  429. 

Bhotan  HiMAiATA,  Gammie.  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Si"  T.  T. 
Tenasseeim,  Parish.     Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Distrib.  Hong  Kong. 

Stem  1-3  in.,  ascending.  Leaves  3-4  by  ^-f  in.,  thin  and  many-nerved  when 
dry.  Scape  1-2  in.,  stout;  rachis  flexuous  ;  flowers  few,  i^  in.  diam,,  yellow;  lip 
with  a  deep  longitudinal  ridge  within,  sides  streaked  with  red  ;  column  papillose. 
Capsule  li  in. — Very  distinct  from  Cottonia  in  habit,  foliage,  inflorescence  and  lip, 
and  much  nearer  Phalcenopsis,  but  wants  the  appendages  on  the  di?k  of  the  lip  and  the 
side  lobes,  and  difters  strikingly  in  habit. 


Stauro^ms.']  cxlviii.  orchtde.e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  27 

51.  STAUROPSXS,  Jteichb.f. 

Epiphytes;  stem  stout,  leafy.  Leaves  distichous,  coriaceous,  flat, 
2-lobed.  Flowers  in  lateral  racemes.  Sepals  and  similar  but  smaller 
petals  widely  spreading.  Lip  sessile,  adnata  to  the  base  or  sides  of  the 
column,  incurved,  base  simple  or  saccate,  lobes  narrow,  disk  naked  or  hairy. 
Column  short,  thick,  foot  0,  top  truncate  ;  anther  1 -celled  ;  pollinia  2,"sub- 
globose,  2-cleft ;  strap  broad,  gland  large. — Species  about  8,  Malayan. 

1.  S.  grigranteus,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  in.  572;  flowers  very  large 
golden-yellow  ocellately  blotched  with  cinnamon,  sepals  and  petals  spathu- 
lately  obovate,  lip  white  hatchet-shaped  obtuse,  base  cordate,  side  lobes 
rounded,  midlobe  narrow  obtuse  fleshy,  disk  with  a  broad  conical  callus. 
Fieldia  gigantea,  Beichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  39;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  871. 
Vanda  gigantea,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7326  ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  215  ;  Fol. 
Orchid.  2  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5189.  Reichb.f.  I.  c.  38,  t.  112 ;  HI.  Hortic.  1861, 
277;  Bev.  Hortic.  1874,  t.  291.     Y.  Lindleyana,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  358. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Wallich,  Griffith. 

Stem  pendulous.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  2-3  in.,  very  thick,  flat.  Raceme  10-15  in., 
decurved,  many-fld.  ;  rachis  very  stout ;  bracts  short,  broad;  flowers  3  in.  diam. ; 
lateral  sepals  horned  behind  below  the  tip. — Griffith  describes  two  sterile  stamens 
between  the  lateral  sepals  and  petals. 

2.  S-  undulatus,  Benth.  mss. ;  flowers  If  in.  diam.  nearly  white, 
sepals  and  petals  spathulately  oblanceolate  waved,  base  of  lip  saccate 
adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  midlobe  laterally  compressed  3-ridged 
Vanda  undulata,  Lindl.  in  Joui^n.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  42 ;  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard 
Chron.  1875,  ii.  212  ;  1878,  i.  168. 

Easteen  Subtropical  Himalaya;  Sikkim  and  Bhotan,  ascending  to  6000  ft. 
The  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Stem  6-10  in. ;  sheaths  and  scape  minutely  warted.  Leaves  3-4  by  ^-|  in.. 
unequally  obtusely  2-lobed.  Scape  5-8  in.  and  raceme  strict,  erect,  laxly  few-fld. 
near  the  top  j  bracts  ^  in.  long,  broad,  obtuse ;  flowers  white  flushed  with  pink  or 
purpli«h  ;  sepals  acuminate,  undulate,  lateral  deflexed  ;  petals  similar  but  smaller ; 
lip  yellow,  base  orbicular,  sides  streaked  with  pink ;  midlobe  linguiform ;  tip 
truncate,  sometimes  purplish  ;  pollinia  globose,  strap  short,  gland  large  transverse. — 
I  am  very  doubtful  as  to  the  affinity  of  this  plant,  which  difi'ers  from  S.  giganteus 
in  the  base  of  the  lip  being  aduate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  and  forming  with  it  a 
cup  with  a  thickened  rim. 

52.  ARACKNANTKE^  Blume. 

Characters  of  Stauropsis,  but  lip  jointed  on  to  the  base  of  the  column 
and  mobile. — Species  5  or  6,  Himalayan  and  Malayan. 

This  character  of  the  mobile  lip  requires  confirmation  in  the  living  plant  of  some 
species. 

*  Flowers  in  simple  racemes.  Side  lobes  of  lip  much  smaller  than  the 
midlobe. 

1.  A.  Cathcartil,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  573;  scape  few-fld., 
lateral  sepals  and  petals  broadly  elliptic  obtuse,  side  lobes  of  lip  small 
rounded.  Esmeralda  Catheartii,  Beichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  38 ;  Walp. 
Ann.  vi.  871.  Vanda  Catheartii,  Hook.f.  III.  Himal.  PI.  t.  23;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  5845 ;  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  8  ;  III.  Hcyrtic.  1858, 187  ;  Flore  des  Ser.  1. 1251  .- 
Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  t.  168 ;  Jenning's  Orchid,  t.  10 ;  Floral  Mag.  N.  S 
t.  66 ;  Gard.  Chron.  1870,  1409. 


28  oXLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Arachnanthe, 

East  Nepax  and  Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  Griffith'' s  Collectors,  J.  D.  H., 
&c.     Bhotan  {Io.  in  Sort.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  12-18  iu.,  stout.  Leaves  6-9  by  1-1^  in.,  flaccidly  coriaceous,  lorate, 
unequally  obtusely  2-lobed.  Scaipe  longer  than  the  leaves,  4-6-fld.  ;  bracts  short, 
broad;  flowers  2-2^  in.  diam.,  fleshy  ;  sepals  whitish  beneath,  above  yellowish  closely 
barred  with  chocolate  or  red,  dorsal  obovate  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  oblong, 
variable  in  breadth,  side  lobes  erect  speckled  with  red ;  midlobe  shoe-shaped,  obtuse, 
yellow,  margins  incurved  sharply  2-keeled.  Capsule  4  in.,  linear -oblong  or  sub- 
pyriform. 

2.  A.  bilingruis,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  573 ;  scape  few-fld.,  lateral 
sepals  and  petals  oblanceolate,  lip  with  a  large  recurved  spur  under  the 
limb,  side  lobes  very  small  rounded.  Eenanthera  bilinguis,  Eeichb.f.  Xen. 
Orchid,  i.  7,  t.  4.  E.  labrosa,  Reichb.  /.  I.  c.  88.  Arrhynchium  labrosura, 
Lindl.  in  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  i.  142. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish,  &c.  The  Khasia  Mts,  ;  at  Nurtiung  (Ic. 
Jerd.on). 

Stem  elongate,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill  or  less.  Leaves  5-8  by  -^f  in.,  keeled, 
coriaceous,  unequally  2-lobed.  Scape  long  or  short,  greenish  brown  ;  flowers  4-6, 
distant,  1^  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  obtuse,  yellowish  with  broad  red -brown  or 
blotched  margins;  lip  yellow,  very  narrow,  recurved;  spur  adnate,  recurved,  as  long 
as  the  limb,  the  tip  of  which  is  hence  bifid  with  the  lobes  superposed ;  strap  of 
pollinia  short,  gland  large. 

3.  A.  Clarkei,  Bolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  1888,  ii.  567 ;  scape  few-M., 
sepals  and  petals  linear-spathulate  obtuse.  Bot.Mag.  t.  7077.  Esmeralda 
Clarkei,  Beichb.f.  in  Gard.  Chron-  1886,  ii.  552. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Clarice.     Bhotan  {Tc.  in  Hart.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  12—18  in.,  stout.  Leaves  5-6  by  1^-1^  in.,  flaccidly  coriaceous,  lorate, 
unequally  obtusely  2-lobed.  Scape  2-3-fld. ;  flowers  3^  in.  diam.,  yellow  barred 
with  pale  cinnamon -brown  ;  lateral  sepals  and  petals  falcate;  dorsal  sepal  erect; 
lip  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  base  narrowed  ;  side  lobes  short,  broad,  obtuse  ; 
midlobe  ovate -cordate,  obtuse,  ridged  ;  column  speckled  with  red.  Capsule  2^  in., 
oblong,  very  thick. 

**  Flowers  panicled.  Side  lobes  of  li^  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
midlobe. 

4.  A.  IHaingrayi;  Hook,  f.;  lateral  sepals  broadly  obovate,  dorsal 
narrower,  petals  linear-spathulate  falcate,  side  lobes  of  clawed  lip  quadrate, 
midlobe  as  long  oblong  fleshy,  spur  red  beneath. 

Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  Listrib.  1645). 

Stem  4-6  ft.,  sheaths  smooth.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  linear-oblong ;  tip  narrowed,  notched. 
Panicle  1-3  ft. ;  branches  short,  divaricate  ;  pedicel  and  ovary  stout ;  flowers  2  in. 
diam. ;  lip  fleshy,  not  half  as  long  as  the  sepals,  yellow,  sides  blotched  with  red  ("  claw 
elastic,'*  Maingay)  ;  column  short,  truncate;  strap  of  large  oblong  furrowed  pollen 
broadly  linear,  gland  transverse. 

5.  A.  xnoschifera^  Blume  Rumph.  iv.  t.  196,  199  ;  lateral  sepals  and 
petals  narrowly  linear-spathulate  falcate,  dorsal  sepal  straight,  side  lobes 
of  lip  quadrate,  midlobe  as  long  obovate  acuminate  shortly  spurred  beneath. 
Arachnis  moschifera,  Blume  Bijdr.  365,  t.  26.  Aerides  arachnites,  Swartz 
in  Schrad.  Journ.  1799,  233  ;  Wiild.  Sp.  PL  iv.  131.  Eenanthera  Arachnitis, 
Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  217.  E.  Flos-aeris,  Reichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i. 
88  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  878.  Limodorum  Flos-aeris,  Swartz  in  Nov.  Act.  Ujpsal. 
1740,  37.     Epidendrum  Flos-aeris,  Lhin.  Sp.  PI.  1348. 

Perak,  alt.  4-6000  ft..  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Java,  Borneo. 


Arachnanthe.]       cxlviit.  org  hide. e.     (J.  T).  Hooker.)  29 

Stem  4-6  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  sheaths  smooth.  Leaves  4-7  in., 
loriform  or  linear-oblong,  tip  narrowly  notched.  Panicle  2-3  fc.  j  branches  very 
short,  divaricate,  2-3 -fid. ;  pedicel  with  ovary  1  in.;  flowers  3-i  in.  diam.,  dark 
green  or  yellow  barred  with  maroon ;  upper  margin  of  side  lobes  recurved  j  anther 
broad,  truncate;  pollinia  very  large,  flattened;  strap  broad  with  a  median  ridge. 

58.  PKA.ZiS:MOPSZS,  Blume. 

Epiphytes  ;  stem  short,  leafy  ;  pseudobulb  0.  Leaves  distichous,  coria- 
ceous. Scape  lateral;  flowers  usually  large,  loosely  racemed.  Sepals 
widely  spreading.  Petals  narrower  or  broader.  Lip  clawed  or  sessile, 
adnate  to  the  base  or  foot  of  the  column,  side  lobes  erect,  midlobe  various, 
spur  0 ;  disk  variously  appendaged,  with  usually  a  forked  plate  or  callus. 
Column  suberect,  foot  long  short  or  0 ;  anther  2-celled  ;  pollinia  2,  sulcate 
or  2-partite,  strap  linear  or  spathulate,  gland  large  or  small.— Species 
about  25,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

The  genus  requires  revision,  and  a  careful  examination  of  the  lip,  which  is  very 
imperfectly  figured  and  described  by  the  authors  who  have  had  access  to  living 
specimens.  The  beautiful  P.  amahilis  has  been  sent  from  Singapore,  where  it  is 
cultivated. 

*  Lateral  sepals  inserted  by  a  narrow  base  to  the  base  or  very  short 
foot  of  the  column. 

t  RacMs  of  raceme  compressed  ;  bracts  fleshy ,  distichous. 

1.  P.  Cornu-cervl,  Par.  &  Reichh.f.  in  Kami.  Gartenz.  1860,  116  ; 
scape  6-10  in.,  flowers  2  in.  diam.  yellow-green  barred  with  brown.  Bjolfe 
in  Gard.  Ghron.  1886,  ii.  276.  Polychilus  Cornu-cervi,  Breda  Orchid.  Jav. 
t.  1 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5570. 

Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,  Lohb,  Parish.  Perak,  Scortechini. — Disteib. 
Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo. 

Leaves  3-8  in.,  oblanceolate.  Scape  stout,  simple  or  branched;  rachis  3-5  in.; 
bracts  ^  in.,  oblong,  tip  rounded;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate;  petals  shorter;  lip 
subsessile,  side  lobes  oblong,  midlobe  ovate  acute  with  a  short  falcate  wing  on  each 
side  of  the  tip ;  disk  with  a  broad  2-awned  plate  at  the  base,  and  a  flattened  sword- 
shaped  compressed  spur  in  front  of  it. — Habit  of  a  Sarcochilus. 

2.  P.  violacea,  Teysm.  Sc  Binn.  in  Batav.  Nat.  Tydschr.  xxiv. 
{reprint  10) ;  scape  2-12  in.,  flowers  1  in,  diam.  Beiohb.f.  in  Gard.  Ghron. 
1878,  ii.  234 ;  1881,  ii.  145,  fig.  32,  187  ;  Warner  Orchid.  Album,  1. 182 ;"  Flor. 
Mag.  N.  S.  t.  342 ;  Eolfe  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1886,  ii.  277 ;  III.  Sortie.  1855, 
173  (var.  Schroederi).  Stauritis  violacea,  Beichh.  f.  in  Hamh.  Gartenzeit. 
1802,  34. 

Perak  (Ic.  Scortechini).     Singapore  (fid.  Warner  I.  c.) — Distrib.  Sumatra. 

Leaves  4-10  in.,  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acute.  Scape  very  stout,  1-7-fld. ; 
bracts  ovate,  acute ;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  unequal-sided,  acute,  deflexed  ; 
petals  smaller,  oblanceolate ;  lip  narrow,  incurved,  broadly  clawed  or  stipitate ;  side 
lobes  erect,  narrow,  linear,  truncate ;  midlobe  cuneately  obovate,  apex  triangular 
acute  crenulate,  disk  with  a  bicuspidate  appendage  at  the  base ;  column  rather  long. 
— Colours  of  flower  apparently  very  variable ;  Scortechini  describes  the  sepals  and 
petals  as  deep  carnation  with  green  tips,  the  side  lobes  of  lip  yellow  dotted  with 
purple,  the  midlobe  purple ;  Warner's  figure  has  a  very  short  scape,  few  flowers,  a 
violetlateralsepal  with  cream-cold,  inner  margins,  cream-cold,  dorsal  sepals  and  petals, 
and  a  violet  lip.  According  to  Reichenbach  the  raceme  is  sometimes  branched. — 
Perhaps  two  species  are  confounded  under  violacea. 


30'  cxLViii.  OEOHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)       [FhaJtenopsis. 

tt  Rcichu'  of  raceme  terete. 

3.  P.  Iiowil,  Eeichb.f.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1862,  214;  in  Gard.  Chron.  1862, 
979 ;  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  t.  151 ;  petals  fan-shaped  very  much  larger  than  the 
oblong  sepals,  rostellum  much  longer  than  the  column.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6351 ; 
Fl.  des  Sevres,  1. 1910 ;  Warner  Select.  Orchid.  Ser.  2,  t.  15  ;  Bolfe  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1886,  ii.  276. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Leaves  3-5  in.,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute.  Scape  with  lax-fld.  raceme 
10-24  in.,  slender,  simple  or  branched ;  flowers  1^-2  in.  diam. ;  sepals  white,  dorsal 
largest  and  broadest ;  petals  flushed  with  violet  towards  the  base  j  lip  sessile,  as 
long  as  the  lateral  sepals,  narrowly  oblong,  side  lobes  small,  uncinately  recurved 
yellow,  midlobe  obcuneately  oblong  truncate  and  crenate  at  the  tip  purple;  disk 
keeled  and  furnished  with  a  transverse  forked  plicate  callus  at  the  base  of  the  side 
lobes  in  front,  and  with  some  soft  spines  behind ;  column  and  rostellum  pale 
purple. 

4.  P.  Blannii,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghro7i.  1871,  902;  1876,  603; 
lateral  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate,  petals  oblanceolate,  lip  clawed,  side 
lobes  falcately  oblong,  midlobe  panduriform  truncate  with  two  spreading 
and  recurved  oblong  caruncled  apical  lobules.  Bolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  1886, 
ii.  276. 

Assam,  Mann. 

Leaves  6-10  in.,  oblong-lanceolate.  Scape  12  in.,  branched ;  flowers  many, . 
scattered,  Ii  in.  diam.;  sepals  and  petals  yellow  blotched  with  brown  ;  lip  white 
with  purple  blotches,  disk  with  a  forked  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  midlobe,  in 
front  of  which  is  a  flattened  sword-shaped  spur ;  foot  of  column  very  short. — Flower 
and  appendages  of  lip  very  like  those  of  P.  Cornu-cervi ;  in  both  the  column  is  long, 
the  poUinia  ellipsoid. 

5.  P.  speciosa,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1881,  i.  662  ;  1882,  ii.  744, 
fig.  130-132 ;  sepals  elliptic-lanceolate  acute,  petals  similar  but  smaller, 
lip  sessile,  side  lobes  small  linear-oblong  truncate  toothed,  midlobe  laterally 
compressed  fleshy,  tip  dilated  mallet-like  papillose.  Warmer  Orchid.  Album, 
t.  158;  Gard.  Chron.  1882,  ii.  745,  f.  130-132;  1886,  ii.  277,  fig.  56-58 ; 
ReicJienbaehia,  ii.  t.  57 ;  Bolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  1886,  ii.  277. 

Amdaman  Islands,  Berlceley. 

Leaves  8-12  in.,  obovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate.  Scape  tall,  simple  or  branched  j 
flowers  2  in.  diam.,  scattered,  white  or  rosy  with  darker  blotches  ;  lip  with  d,  forked 
callus ;  column  long,  tip  toothed,  foot  very  short ;  poUinia  oblong. — Var.  Chris- 
tiana, lR,.,f.,  has  rose-madder  sepals  and  white  petals;  var.  purpurata,  R.  f.,  has 
rose-purple  flowers. 

6.  P.  tetraspiS;  Beichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  146  ;  in  Gard.  Chron! 
1881,  ii.  662,  656  ;  flowers  as  in  P.  speciosa,  but  waxy  white  with  2  2-awned 
basal  calli  on  the  hairy  disk.     Bolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  1886,  ii.  277. 

Andaman  Islands,  Col.  Man. — Disteib.  Sumatra. 

Leaves  12  by  2-4  in.,  cuneately  obovate.  Scape  tall,  stout,  branched. — 1  have 
seen  no  flower  of  this. 

7.  P.  Kunstleri^  Hooh.  f. ;  sepals  obovate  apiculate,  petals  rather 
smaller,  tip  rounded,  lip  shortly  clawed,  side  lobes  small  broadly  cuneate 
truncate,  midlobe  obovate  with  7  thick  parallel  ridges,  tip  rounded. 

Peeak,  Kunstler. 

Leaves  4-6  in,,  obovate  oblanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  pale  green. 
iiScope  about  equalling  the  leaves,  2-3 -fld.  at  the  tip  ;  bracts  very  small,  ovate  j  flowers 


Plialmnnpsis.']      cxLviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  31 

1  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  dull  yellow  greeu  mottled  closely  with  dull  red  for 
the  basal  half;  lip  small,  white,  side  lobes  erect  streaked  with  red,  mid  lobe  red 
purple  between  the  ridges  ;  forked  appendage  small,  with  a  2-lobed  callus  behind 
it ;  colurau  about  half  the  length  of  the  lip  ;  pollinia  globose,  strap  short,  cuneate, 
gland  quadrate. — Described  from  dried  flowers  and  a  drawing  of  the  whole  plant  in 
Hort.  Calcutt. 

**  Lateral  sepals  inserted  by  a  broad  base  on  the  elongate  foot  of  the 
column. 

8.  P.  Esmeralda,  Eeichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1874,  ii.  582  ;  lateral 
sepals  orbicular-ovate,  petals  broadly  obovate,  claw  of  lip  long  geniculate 
with  two  narrow  recurved  auricles,  side  lobes  broadly  falcately  obovate, 
midlobe  oblong.  Rev.  Hortic.  1877,  t.  107;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  vii.  t.  21 . 
Moral  Mag.  ^.  S.  t.  358 ;  Rolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  1886,  ii.  276 ;  Orchidoph. 
1881,  t.  9.  P.  antennifera,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1878,  398 ;  1882,  520 ; 
Bolfe  I.  c.  1886,  ii.  276. 

BuEMA,  Hort.  Low. — Distrib.  Cochin  China. 

Leaves  4i-Q  m.  Scape  1-2  ft.,  simple  or  branched,  slender ;  rachis  elongate; 
flowers  1  in.  diam.,  amethystine;  side  lobes  of  lip  erect,  appressed,  red -purple  ; 
disk  with  a  2-awned  callus  in  front  of  the  auricles,  and  a  raised  thickened  fleshy  ridge 
from  the  base  of  the  side  lobes  to  the  tip  of  the  midlobe. 

9.  P.  Parishii,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1865,  410  ;  1871,  802  ;  Xen. 
Orchid,  i.  144,  t.  156,  f.  1.  in  Saunders'  Beftig.  Bat.  t.  85 ;  flowers  small, 
lateral  sepals  subrotund,  lip  short  sessile,  side  lobes  small  falcate,  midlobe 
much  broader  shortly  stipitate  reniformly  cordate.  Bat.  Mag.  t.  6815; 
Bolfe  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1886,  ii.  276. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Lohb,  Mann.     Cachae,  Keenan.     Tekasserim,  Lohh. 

Leaves  3-5  in.,  linear  or  obovate-oblong.  Scape  3-4  in.,  6-8-fld. ;  flowers 
f  in.  diam.;  sepals  and  obovate  petals  cream-cold. ;  lip  mobile,  purple-brown  ;  disk 
with  a  narrow  4-awned  appendage  at  the  base  overlapping  a  much  broader  ciliate 
lamina ;  rostellum  3-partite. — The  figure  in  Saunders'  Refug.  is  of  var.  Lobbii,  R.  f. 
which  has  a  white  lip  with  two  chestnut  bands. 

SPECIES  OF  DOTTBTPUL  POSITION. 
P.  PUSCATA,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1874,  ii.  6 ;  "  allied  to  P.  Cornn-cervi^ 
roots  short,  leaves  very  broad  oblong  obtuse  acute,  flowers  medium-sized,  sepals 
oblong  obtusely  acute,  petals  cuneately  oblong  obtuse,  lip  3-partite,  side  segments 
ligulate  retuse  one  toothed  on  each  side,  umbonate  on  the  middle  of  the  lower  side, 
mid-segment  oblong  acute  keeled  in  the  middle,  base  with  a  2-toothed  callus,  and 
with  an  aristate  ligula  on  each  side  behind  it,  column  not  angled  (exangulata)  at  the 
base." — Malayan  Peninsula,  Bort.  Bull.— Char SLcters  from  Reichenbach  1.  c,  who 
does  not  describe  the  inflorescence,  or  whether  the  column  has  a  foot  or  not. 

54.  DORXTZS,  Lindl. 

Characters  of  PhalcBnopsis,  and  having  the  same  2-awned  plate  on  the 
disk  of  the  lip,  but  the  column  is  narrowly  winged,  its  foot  longer  forming 
a  spur-like  mentum  with  the  side  lobes  of  the  lip. — Species  5,  Indian  and 
Malayan. 

D.  pulcherrima,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7348  {Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  178,  Beichb.  f. 
Xen.  OrcTiJfi.  ii.  7),  a  Siam  species,  with  flowers  nearly  1  in.  diam.  in  a  panicle  2-3  ft. 
long,  probably  occurs  in  the  Straits  region. 

1.  D.  tsenialis,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  574 ;  scape  short  few-fld., 
mentum  acute,  side  lobes  of  lip  very  narrow  spathulate  reflexed  on  the 
disk,  tips  of  the  forked  appendage  of  the  lip  hooked,      .brides   tuiniale, 


32  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Dontis. 

Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  239 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  iii.  41.     M.  carnosura, 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  365  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  338  A. 

Subtropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon,  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  eastwards  to  Bhotan, 
the  Khasia  Mts.,  Mtjnnipoke  and  Buema. 

Moots  1-3  ft.,  flat,  f-j  in.  broad,  forming  large  tortuous  tufts.  Leaves  few,  3-5 in., 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  soft  when  dry. 
Scape  1-2  in. ;  bracts  small,  broad ;  flowers  |  in.  diam.,  mauve  purple ;  midlobe  of 
lip  dark  red  or  purple.     Capsule  \\  in.,  fusiform. 

2.  D.  Wig*htii,  BentJi.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  574;  scape  elongate  simple 
or  branched,  side  lobes  of  spreading  lip  broad  cuneate-obovate,  midlobe 
obcordate.  Phalasnopsis  Wightii,  Beichb.f.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1862,  214.  iErides 
latifolium,  Thwaites  JSnum.  430. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Sikkim  (Ic.  in  Hart.  Calcutt.) ;  Bhotan,  Lister.  Chitta- 
GONG  (Sort.  Calcutt.).  Buema  ;  Moulmein,  Parish;  Mougong,  Griffith.  The 
CiECARS,  Reyne.     Malabar,  Wight,  &c.     Ceylon,  Thwaites. 

Habit  of  D.  tcenialis,  but  leaves  rather  larger,  scape  much  longer,  and  lip  very 
diflerent. 

55.  RKVNCKOSTVI.ZS,  Plume. 

Epiphytic,  stem  stoat  leafy,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  very  thick,  linear, 
2-lobed.  Flowers  in  long  dense  drooping  cylindric  racemes,  bright-cold. 
Sepals  and  broader  petals  obtnse,  spreading,  contracted  at  the  base.  Lip 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  deeply  saccate,  mouth  of  sac  pubescent 
within,  side  lobes  0,  outer  margin  produced  into  a  clawed  dilated  limb. 
Column  short  stout,  foot  0 ;  rostellum  shortly  beaked  ;  anther  imperfectly 
2-celled  ;  pollinia  2,  subglobose,  2-cleft,  strap  filiform,  gland  small. — 
Species  2  or  3,  Indian  or  Malayan. 

R.  retusa.  Plume  Pijdr.  286,  t.  49 ;  leaves  deeply  channelled  keeled 
prsemorse  or  retuse,  raceme  drooping,  sac  cylindric  much  longer  than  the 
limb  of  the  lip.  R.  prsemorsa.  Plume  I.  c.  R.  guttata,  Reichb.f.  in  Ponpland. 
ii.  93.  R.  Garwalica,  Beichb.f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  888.  Saccolabium  gutta- 
tum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7308  ;  Gen.  dif  Sp.  Orchid.  220 ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  iii.  32 ;  Pot.  Mag.  t.  4108 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1745-6  :  Palz.  Sf  Gibs.  Pomb. 
Fl.  263;  Hartm.  Parad.  ii.  t.  3;  Orchidoph.  1888,  273  (var.  gigantea) ;  De 
Vriese  Orchid,  t.  14.  Warner  Sel.  Orrhid.  Ser.  2,  t.  18  ;  Griff.  Ic.  PI.  Asiat. 
t.  819.  S.  praemorsura,  Lindl.  I.  c.  221.  S.  Rheedii,  Wight  Ic.  v.  19.  S. 
vetnsum,  Fl.  des  Serres  xiv.  191, 1. 1463-4.  S.  Heathii,  Hort.,  ex  Gard.  Chron. 
1885, 369.  S.  B\vLmei,Lindl.  Sert.  t.  47  ;  in  Bot.  Beg.  1841,  Misc.  55  ;  111.  Hortic. 
t.  545  ;  Pu2/dt.  t.  37  ;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  1. 169  and  t.  238  (var.)  ;  Pescator. 
t.  21.  S.  garwalicum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  32;  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1879,  102.  Sarcanthus  guttatus,  Lindl.  in  Pot.  Beg.  t.  1443.  brides  gut- 
tatum,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  471 ;  Begel  Gartenfi.  1863,  415.  M.  retusum, 
Swartz  in  Schrad.  Diar.  1799,  130;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  130;  Grah.  Cat. 
Pomb.Pl.  204i.  JSj.  sipica,tu.ru,  PonProdr.  31.  Al.  praemorsum,  Willd.  I.  c. 
Limodorum  retusum,  Swartz  in  Nov.  Act.  Upsal.  vi.  80.  Epidendrum 
retusum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1351.  E.  Hippiura,  IIerb.\Pam. — Bheede  IIort.\Mal. 
xii.  t.  1. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Garwhal  eastwards  to  Assam  and  Tenasserim,  and 
southwards  to  Bengal,  the  Western  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Malay 
Islands. 

Stem  stout,  creeping  in  trees.  Leaves  6-20  by  -1-2  in.,  curved.  Racemes  4-18  in. ; 
bracts  broad,  obtuse,  membranous ;  flowers  ^-f  in,  diam.,  white  blotched  with  piak  or 
violet;  lateral  sepals  gibbously  orbicular-ovate,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  dorsal  oblong; 


Rhynchodylis.]     cxLViii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  33 

petals  elliptic,  obtuse;  epi chile  of  lip  very  variable  in  size,  usually  cuneiform,  entire  or 
emarginate  at  the  tip,  disk  flat  or  obscurely  channelled.  Capsule  l-l^  in.,  clavate. — 
Lindley  errs  in  describing  the  fruit  of  B.  Oarwalica  as  different  from  JR.  retusa,  also  in 
describing  the  blade  of  the  lip  of  Sacc.  guttatum  as  lanceolate,  which  misled  Wight, 
who  founded  his  S.  Bheedii  on  the  difference. 

SPECIES   UNKNOWN    TO    ME. 

Saccolabittm  Berkeleyi,  Reichb.  f.  in-  Gard  Chron.  1883,  i.  814 ;  from  the 
author's  remarks  (there  is  no  description)  this  appears  to  be  near  B.  retusa,  but  the 
lip  is  acute ;  the  flowers  are  white  with|  amethyst  spots.  Its  habitat  is  unknown, 
but  probably  Indian. 

Saccolabium  littoeale,  Beichh.  f.  I.e.  1881,  ii.  198,  has  very  long  leaves,  a 
short  raceme,  and  the  epichile  cucullate,  keeled  and  turned  obliquely  on  one  side. 

56.  SARCOCKZXiUS,  Br. 

Epiphytes,  stem  short  or  long,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  distichous,  cr  0  at 
flowering  time.  Flowers  racemose  or  spicate.  Sepals  spreading ;  lateral 
adnate  by  a  narrow  base  to  the  base  of  the  column,  or  by  a  broad  base  to 
its  foot,  and  sometimes  to  the  lip  also.  Petals  usually  narrower.  Lip 
sessile  or  clawed,  very  varied  in  form,  side  lobes  small  or  large  fleshy  or 
petaloid,  midlobe  sometimes  reduced  to  a  pubescent  callus,  disk  very 
various  with  often  a  callus  or  spur  within.  Column  short  or  long,  foot  more 
or  less  produced ;  anther  2-celled ;  poUinia  2,  sulcate,  or  4  in  pairs,  strap 
short  broad.  Capsule  usually  long,  strict,  slender. — Species  about  40  known, 
tropical  Asiatic,  Australian  and  Pacific. 

A  polymorphous  genus,  no  doubt  to  be  dismembered  when  better  known.  The 
following  attempt  to  group  the  Indian  species  possibly  indicates  the  lines  upon  which 
some  of  the  genera  may  be  established. 

A.  Flowers  loosely  inserted  all  round  the  rachis  of  a  more  or  less  elongate  raceme 
or  spike. 

*  Lateral  sepals  inserted  by  a  narrow  base  to  the  hose  of  the  column,  or  base  of 
the  column  and  sides  of  the  lip.     Foot  of  column  0  or  very  short. 

Sect.  I.  Lip  shortly  clawed.  Column  short;  rostellum  minute.  Pteroceeas, 
Sasselt.     (Sp.  1-4.) 

Sect.  II.  Lip  sessile  or  subsessile.  Column  long;  rostellum  very  long,  slender. 
Steeeochilus,  Lindl.     (Sp.  5.) 

Sect.  III.  Lip  long-clawed.     Column  short ;  rostellum  very  short.     (Sp.  6-7.) 

Sect.  IV.  Stem  elongate,  scandent.  Lip  sessile.  Column  short ;  rostellum  very 
long ;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  very  slender,  gland  minute.  Miceopeea,  Lindl. 
(Sp.  8-11.) 

**  Lateral  sepals  inserted  by  a  very  broad  base  to  the  elongate  foot  of  the 
column. 

Sect.  V.  Leafless  when  flowering.  Stem  0.  Side  lobes  of  lip  large,  erect,  mid- 
lobe  a  tomentose  pulvinus.     Chiloschista,  Lindl.     (Sp.  12-15.) 

Sect.  VI.  Leafing  and  flowering  together.     Lip  various.    (Sp.  16-19.) 

B.  Flowers  in  very  short  spikes  at  the  apex  of  a  slender  scape,  bracts  persistent, 
imbricate. 

Sect.  VII.  PoENicARiA.     (Sp.  20-26.) 

C.  Flowers  distichous  on  a  compressed  rachis,  which  is  pectinate  from  the 
uniform  persistent  laterally  compressed  fleshy  bracts. 

Sect.  VIII.  Peduncles  stout,  solitary.  Lip  stipitate,  articulate  with  the  foot  of 
the  column.     Cuculla.     (Sp.  27-33.) 

Sect.  IX.    Peduncles  filiform,  fascicled.     Lip  sessile.     Ridleya.     (Sp.  34.) 

Sect.  I.  Pteroceras,  Sasselt  (gen.).   (See  above.) 
1.  S.  auaveolenSy  Hook.  f. ;   leaves  lorate   acutely    2-fid,    raceme 

TOL.  TI.  D 


84  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)       [Sarcochilus. 

elongate^  glabrous,  side  lobes  of  lip  falcate,  midlobe  decurved  with  a  re- 
curved tip.  brides  suaveolens,  JRoxb.  M.  Ind.  iii.  473.  Ornitharium  stria- 
tulum,  Lindl.  in  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  iii.  473  {-figure  had).  Ornithochilus 
striatulus,  Hort.  Calcutt.  Thrixspernnim  teres,  Reichb.  /.  Xen.  Orchid. 
ii.  121,  123  t.  140  {excl.  syn,),  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  136. 

CuiiTLQcO-sOr,  RoxhurgJi.     Tenasseeim;  at  Moulmein,  Pam^. 

8tem  slender,  scandent.  Leaves  3-5  by  f-f  in.,  many-nerved,  coriaceous,  base 
contracted.  Racemes  3-6  in.,  shortly  peduncled,  lax-fld.  ;  rachis  stout;  bracts  small, 
rounded  ;  flowers  \-\  in.  diam.,  yellow  speckled  with  red,  very  fragrant ;  lip  rather 
laterally  compressed ;  midlobe  light  purple  or  speckled  with  pink. — Eeichenbach  has 
referred  this  to  the  Javan  P.  radicans,  Hassk.  [LendrocoUa  teres,  Blume),  a  very 
much  larger  plant,  with  oblong  obtusely  2-lobed  or  notched  leaves,  racemes  2-3  ft. 
long,  and  larger  flowers  (of  which  there  is  a  drawing  in  Herb.  Liudl.).  The  lip  is 
cui'ious,  the  limb  being  a  terete  spur  with  a  minute  mouth  close  to  the  claw,  much 
as  in  Micropera  and  Sarcochilus  Berhelexji. 

2.  S.  muriculatus,  RelcJih.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1881,  ii.  198;  leaves 
6-9  in.  lorate,  racemes  very  short,  peduncle  and  rachis  viscid,  lip  shortly 
clawed  saccate,  side  lobes  broadly  ovate  obtuse,  midlobe  small,  obtusely 
2-partite  pubescent. 

Andaman  Islands,  Kurz,  Berkeley. 

Stem  6-8  in.,  stout,  rooting  below.  Leaves  1-in.  broad,  obliquely  notched  or 
2-lobed,  lobes  rounded.  Scape  with  raceme  2^-3  in.,  strict ;  bracts  broad,  obtuse ; 
flowers  about  ^  in.  diam.,  light  yellow,  sweet-scented  ;  sepals  and  petals  with  two 
purple  bars ;  column  rather  long  ;  anther  ovate,  poUinia  globose,  strap  short  flat, 
gland  small. — The  lip  is  that  of  Sect.  II. 

3.  S.  stenogrlottis,  HooJc.f.;  stem  very  short  stout,  leaves  broadly 
lorate,  tip  broad  rounded  emarginate,  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves 
pendulous  many-fld.,  sepals  subsimilar  oblong  obtuse,  petals  as  long 
narrower  obovate-oblong  acute,  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals  very  narrow 
laterally  flattened  curved  shortly  clawed,  with  two  small  rounded  auricles 
beyond  the  claw,  an  elongated  cup  with  toothed  m.argins  along  the  top 
and  an  ellipsoid  compressed  terminal  spur. 

?  Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Sumatra,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  decurved,  6-10  by  1^-2  in.,  nearly  flat. 
Peduncle,  3  in.,  stout,  deflexed,  dull  purple;  bracts  very  small,  ovate;  pedicel  with 
ovary  ^  in.;  flowers  i— |  in.  diam.,  very  pale  primrose;  sepals  and  petals  many- 
nerved  ;  lateral  sepals  with  faint  red  bars  near  the  base ;  lip  white,  the  elongated 
cup  on  the  upper  margin  is  edged  with  pink,  and  extends  for  about  two-thirds  of  its 
length,  a  perforation  at  the  distal  end  leads  to  the  hollow  compressed  ellipsoid 
straight  spur,  which  is  in  a  straight  line  with  the  body  of  the  lip,  and  resembles  a 
terminal  lobe ;  column  winged  narrowly  to  near  the  base,  tip  acute,  rostellum  beaked  ; 
anther  shortly  beaked,  membranous  ;  pollinia  long,  strap  spathulate,  gland  small. — 
Described  from  similar  materials  as  8.  aureus. 

4.  S.  brachygrlottis,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  elongate 
oblanceolate  acuminate,  peduncle  short  few-fld.,  sepals  spreading  subequal 
lanceolate  acuminate,  tips  horned  at  the  back,  petals  nearly  as  long  oblong- 
obovate  obtuse,  lip  very  small  laterally  flat  as  seen  in  profile  subcuneate 
and  obtusely  3-lobed  in  front,  column  very  short  subglobose,  foot  0. 

Peeak,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  1-2  in.,  curved.  Leaves  4-8  by  1-1^  in.,  pendulous,  finely  acuminate, 
nearly  flat,  keeled  beneath.  Peduncle  1  in.,  stout ;  bracts  minute,  broad,  persistent; 
flowers  i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  white  with  a  faint  pink  blush,  nerves  obscure; 
lip  not  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  adnate  to  the  foot  of  the  column,  so  compressed 


Sarcorhilus.]        cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  35 

that  the  sides  are  almost  in  contact,  leaving  a  narrow  slit  along  the  top  as  the  opening 
to  the  cavity ;  of  the  three  short  lobes  seen  in  looking  sideways  at  it,  that  towards 
the  column  represents  the  side  lobes,  a  shorter  below  it  a  spur  ?  and  the  interme- 
diate the  apex  of  the  lip ;  there  are  no  internal  caruncles  or  sepals ;  the  edges  of  the 
lip  are  smooth  and  yellow,  and  there  are  a  few  red  spots  on  the  side ;  column  with  a 
narrow  base,  very  oblique  top,  sloping  backwards,  and  very  concave,  face  ;  rostellum 
minute,  erect,  2-fid;  anther  shortly  beaked,  2-celled  ;  pollinia  globose,  strap  short, 
gland  oblong. — It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  form  of  the  minute  lip  of  this  curious 
species  intelligibly.  I  shall  hope  to  give  figures  of  it  and  of  5*.  aureus  in  King's 
'*  Annals  of  the  Calcutta  Botanical  Gardens." 

Sect.  II.  Stereochilus,  Lindl.  (gen.).     (See  p.  33.) 

5.  S.  hirtus,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  676  ;  leaves  lorate  very  thick 
straight  horizontal,  raceme  pubescent,  lip  a  conical  sac  with  short  acute 
2-toothed  side  lobes  and  a  large  double  callus  below  the  column  within. 
Stereochilus  hirtus,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  58. 

Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  B.  E.  Sf  T.  T.     Tenasserim,  Parish. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  very  thick.  Racemes  1-3  in.,  drooping ; 
peduncle  and  rachis  slender;  bracts  short,  broad,  membranous  ;  flowers  -^-^  in.  diam., 
pink,  pubescent ;  lateral  sepals  adnate  to  the  obscure  foot  of  the  column  and  base  of 
lip  ;  petals  narrower,  falcate,  obtuse  ;  lip  white  and  pink  ;  column  white;  anther  purple, 
long-beaked,  2-celled  ;  pollinia  4,  oblong,  stipitate  in  pairs  on  the  spathulate  end  of  a 
very  long  slender  strap,  gland  minute.  Capsule  not  seen. — Lindley  errs  in  describing 
the  lip  as  solid  with  a  pair  of  horns  at  the  base  ;  it  is  a  conical  cup,  the  mouth  oblong, 
and  the  horns  are  the  2-fid  side  lobes  which  appear  to  rise  out  of  the  cup.  The 
callus  below  the  column  is  that  of  Cleisostoma,  and  the  strap  and  stipitate  pollinia 
are  those  of  Sdccolab.  §  Uncifera. 

Sect.  III.    (Seep.  33.) 

6.  S.  aureus,  Hooh.f.;  stem  very  short,  leaves  large  long  loriform 
2-lobed,  peduncle  stout  several-fld.,  flowers  large,  sepals  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate many-nerved,  petals  subsinailar,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  claw  long 
narrow  rigid  linear,  side  lobes  falcately  cuneate,  midlobe  a  short  erect  crest 
at  the  jjase  of  the  globose  subdidymous  spur. 

Perak,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  as  stout  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  4-10  by  1^2  in.,  very  coriaceous, 
keeled.  Peduncle  from  below  the  leaves,  2-7  in.,  stout,  nearly  straight ;  flowers 
scattered  towards  the  end  of  the  peduncle ;  bracts  very  short,  broadly  ovate,  per- 
sistent ;  pedicel  with  ovary  f  in.,  straight ;  sepals  1  in.,  and  petals  golden  yellow ;  lip 
about  -i  shorter  than  the  sepals,  claw  caruncled  where  it  expands  to  meet  the  blade, 
and  then  perforated  for  the  passage  to  the  globose  spur  ;  side  lobes  erect,  white  barred 
''with  dull  pink  ;  disk  with  a  caruncled  transverse  crest  over  the  base  of  the  spur ; 
column  stout,  rostellum  inconspicuous ;  anther  very  shortly  beaked,  pollinia  globose, 
strap  subspathulate,  gland  narrow. — A  beautiful  species,  described  from  several 
drawings  lent  by  Herb.  Calcutt.  and  the  analysis  of  dried  flowers. 

7.  S.  cladostachys,  IlooJc.f.-,  stem  very  short,  leaves  loriform  tip 
narrowed  bifid,  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  leaves  clavate  few-fid., 
sepals  and  petals  narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate  finely  acuminate,  lip  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  claw  narrow  rigid  linear,  side  lobes  oblong  obtuse,  midlobe 
3-fid,  side  lobules  quadrate  retuse,  mid-lobule  (spur?)  short  rounded. 

Malaya,  Kunstler  {Ic.  in  Serb.  Calcutt.).  ?  Pebak,  Ic.  Scortechini. 

Stem  1  in.,  not  very  stout.  Leaves  recurved  and  pendulous,  6-12  by  I5-2  in., 
flat,  keeled.  Peduncle  \\  in.  or  more,  green;  bracts  ovate;  pedicel  with  ovary  -J  in. ; 
flowers  white,   1^  in.  diam.  j  sepals  fin.  long,   and  petals  spreading,  cream-cold.; 

D  2 


36  CxLviii.  oRCHiDfi^.     (J.  t).  Hooker.)        [Sareochilus, 

claw  of  lip  spotted  with  purple,  lateral  lobes  purple,  midlobe  creara-eold.,  spur  speckled 
with  purple;  column  rather  short ;  anther  hardly  beaked,  yellow,  poUinia  subglobose, 
strap  short. — Described  from  a  drawing  in  the  Calcutta  Gardens.  Evidently  allied 
to  S.  aureus  in  the  form  of  the  lip,  but  the  whole  plant  is  much  smaller.  The  peduncle 
is  clavate,  the  sepals  and  petals  much  smaller  and  narrower,  and  as  well  as  the  lip 
differently  coloured.     Scortechini's  drawing  is  of  a  young  plant. 

Sect.  IV.  MiCROPERA,  Lindl.  (gen.).     (See  p.  33.) 
8.  S.  purpureus^  ^en^A.  WS5. ;  raceme  peduncledlax-fld.,  flowers  pale 

purple,  lip  strongly  laterally  compressed  hatchet-shaped,  side  lobes  0,  sac 

with  a  strong  included  recurved  spine  nnder  the  tip.     Micropera  pallida, 

Wall.  Ca^.  7321  {in  part).     Camarotis  purpurea,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7329; 

Ge7i.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  219  ;  Sert.  Orchid,  t.   19;   in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  37  ; 

Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  vii.  t.  25.     G.  Tostrsita,  Beichb.f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  y'i.  SSI. 

brides  rostratum,  Roxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  474. 

Khasia  Mts.,  near  Churra.     Silhet  and  Chittagono,  Roxburgh,  WalUch.,  ka. 
Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.     Leaves  3-4  by  i  in.,  obtusely  2-lobed, 

toothed    or    notched.     Racemes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  laxly  many-fld. ; 

bracts  short,   broad  ;  flowers  ^-f  in.   diam. ;    sepals  and  rather  smaller  petals  very 

obtuse;    beak   of  column  turned   on   one    side,   flexuous.     Capsule    1^-2  in.   long, 

slender. 

9.  S.  Xtoxburgrhii^  HooJc.f.;  raceme  long-peduncled  decurved  rather 
dense,  flowers  cream-white,  lip  slipper-shaped  laterally  compressed,  side 
lobes  large  rounded,  sac  with,  an  exserted  spine  under  the  tip.  Micropera 
pallida,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1522  ;  in  Wall.  Cat.  7321  {in  part) ; 
Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  219.  Camarotis  pallida,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  JAnn.  Soc.  iii. 
37.     -<Erides  pallidum,  JRoxb.  Fl.  lnd.  iii.  475  {not  of  Lindley). 

Bengal;  at  Comilla,  Clarke.  CniTTAaos a,  Soxhiirffh,  &c.  Tenasseeim  ;  at 
Mergui,  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrih.  5241),  Selfer  {K.  B.  525i). 

Stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  2-3  by  -|  in.,  tip  rounded,  notched.  Peduncle  with  raceme 
longer  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  persistent ;  flowers  many,  \  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals 
as  in  M.  purpurea,  but  nearly  white;  beak  of  column  straight.  'Y\\e  Micropera 
pallida  of  Wallich's  Herb,  in  Linn.  Soc.  consists  of  one  sheet  of  b*.  puripurea,  one 
of  Saccolah.  ramosum,  and  one  of  Sarcanthus  secundus  ;  but  there  are  specimens  of 
pallida  under  his  number  7321  in  Herb.  Lindley. 

10.  S.  obtusuSj  Benth.  mss.  ;  raceme  very  shortly  peduncled  erect,  lip 
slipper-shaped  tip  obtuse  decurved,  side  lobes  incurved  ;  anticous  scale  erect 
tinder  the  truncate  3-lobed  tip.  Camarotis  obtusa,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg. 
1884,  Misc.  73  ;    Walp.  Ann.  vi.  881. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Griffith,  Parish. 

Stem  6-8  in.,  not  so  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  2-3  by 
fin.,  subacute,  keeled,  often  recurved.  Raceme  subsessile,  lax-fld. ;  bracts  broad, 
acute ;  flowers  i  in.  diam.,  pale  rose-cold.  ;  sepals  and  petals  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ; 
lip  yellowish  with  a  subsaccate  decurved  apex,  mouth  with  an  exserted  anticous 
lamella,  midlobe  minute  3-toothed ;  beak  of  column  long,  obliquely  incurved. 

11.  S.  IKCannii,  LLooh.f. ;  raceme  very  short  sessile  few-fld.,  lip  slipper- 
shaped  obtuse  decurved,  side  lobes  obtusely  triangular  incurved,  anticous 
scale  truncate,  close  under  the  fleshy  entire  tip. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  Maun. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  very  coriaceous,  4  by  A— |  in.  Raceme 
i-|  in.  long;  flowers  -^  in.  diam.,  apparently  pale;  sepals  and  petals  spathulately 


Sarcoehilus.]        cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  37 

oblong;  Up  with  the  claw  as  long  as  the  saccate  portion. — Very  much  stouter  and 
larger  more  coriaceous -leaved  than  S.  ohtusus.  Lip  with  a  ridge  along  the  posticous 
face. 

Sect.  V.  Chiloschista,  Lindl.  (gen.).     (See  p.  33.) 

12.  S.  usneoides,  Reichh.f.  in  Whip.  Ann.  vi.  497  ;  racemes  elongate 
many-fld.,  flowers  white,  capsule  li-2  in.  Chiloschista  usneoides,  Lindl.  in 
Wad.  Cat.  7330 ;  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  219  ;  Bot.  Beg.  under  t.  1522 ;  Sert. 
Orchid.  Frontisp.  f.  4 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  43  ;  Gard.  Chron.  1846,  135. 
Thrixspermnm  usneoides,  Reichh.f.  Xenia,  ii.  120. 

Teopical  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich.     Sikkim,  J.  D.  TT. 

iJoo^*  densely  tufted,  tortuous ;  stem  0.  Raceme  3-6  in. ;  bracts  ovate  acute, 
membranous  ;  flowers  subsessile,  i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  spreading,  oblong,  obtuse;  side 
lobes  of  lip  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  disk  between  the  lobes  pubescent ;  midlobe  truncate, 
emarginate;  column  very  short ;  rostellum  indistinct ;  anther  broadly  ovate,  with  2-3 
slender  setae;  pollinia  2,  2-lobed,  strap  very  short  broad,  gland  large.  Capsule 
slender,  slightly  curved,  glabrous. 

13.  S.  luniferus,  Eeichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1868,  786  (Thrixsper- 
mnm);  racemes  elongate,  many-fld.  flowers  yellow  spotted  with  purple. 
Sarcochilus  luniferus,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7044. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  J.  J).  H. ;  at  Mungpo  (7c?.  in  Sort.  Calcutt.).  Tenab- 
SEEiM ;  at  Moulmein  Parish. 

Except  in  the  colour  of  the  flowers  I  can  find  no  difference  between  this  and 
S.  usneoides,  the  authority  for  the  colours  of  which  latter  is  a  drawing  made  by 
Wallich's  artists  during  his  visit  to  Nepal,  and  another  in  Sikkim.  Parish  observes 
that  very  small  leaves  are  sometimes  produced,  and  these  have  been  seen  in  Kew 
Gardens. 

14.  S.  Wigrhtli*  Hook.  f. ;  racemes  short  few-fld.,  flowers  white  or 
cream-coloured,  capsule  f  in.  long.  Chiloschista  usneoides,  Wight  Lc.  1. 1741 
[excl.  the  left-hand  figure)  {not  of  Lindl.) ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  498.  ?  ^Eceoceadus 
Retzii,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  237.  Epidendrum  pusillum,  JRetz  Ohs. 
vi.  49.     Limoderum  pusillum,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  126. 

Malabar  ;  at  Cochin,  Johnson.  Nilghiki  Hills  ;  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
Wynaad,  Wight,  &c.     Ceylon,  on  trees  in  the  Botanical  Gardens ;  Trimen. 

A  very  imperfectly  known  species ;  Wight's  figure  represents  the  side  lobes  of  the 
lip  as  somewhat  crenate,  and  the  sepals  and  petals  as  glabrous  without  and  hairy 
within,  the  flowers  as  much  smaller  than  in  C.  usneoides,  the  capsules  as  much 
shorter  and  stouter. — Tlie  left-hand  figure  (No.  7)  on  Wight's  plate  represents  a  very 
different  plant,  which  I  do  not  recognize.  There  is  in  Herb.  Kew  a  specimen, 
apparently  of  5.  Wightii,  from  Ceylon  (Herb.  Ho|;t.  Peradeniya),  sent  by  Dr.  Trimen 
(C.P.  4017),  who  has  since  informed  me  of  its  locality. 

15.  S.  xninixnifolius,  HooJc.f.\  raceme  few-fld.,  capsule^  in.  long 
Cymbidium  minimifolium,  Thwaites  mss. 

Ceylon  ;  Central  Province,  at  Hattegodde  Hill,  Thwaites. 

Roots  much  more  slender  than  in  S.  usneoides.  Leaves  2,  very  minute.  Raceme 
i-f  in.;  flowers  \  in.  diam.;  side  lobes  of  lip  rounded,  nearly  as  large  as  the 
lateral  sepals.  Capsule  much  curved,  pubescent. — The  specimens  are  insufficient  for 
a  further  description. 

Sect.  YI.  (see  p.  33). 

16.  S.  Berkeley!*  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1882,  557  (Thrix- 
spermnm) ;  raceme  elongate  decurved,  lip  long-clawed  produced  into  an 
elongate  clavate  laterally  compressed  obtuse  spur  with  an  inflated  tip, 
side  lobes  smaU  erect,  midlobe  minute  incurved. 


38  cxLViii.  ORCHiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [SarcocMlus. 

NicoBAB  Islands  ;*  JSerkely. 

Leaves  6-9  by  1-1^  in.,  lorate,  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  base, 
obliquely  obtusely  2-lobed.  Peduncle  short,  compressed  ;  raceme  4r-6  in.,  drooping, 
with  many  erect  white  flowers  ;  bracts  short,  broad,  membranous ;  sepals  \  in.  long, 
broadly  ovate,  lateral  inserted  on  the  long  foot  of  the  column ;  petals  broadly  obovate ; 
midlobe  of  lip  violet;  column  rather  long,  rostellum  2-cuspidate  ;  anther  broad,  low; 
poUinia  2,  globose,  strap  short  broad,  gland  orbicular.  Capsule  5  in.,  narrow,  curved. 
— The  lip  is  unlike  that  of  any  other  species  of  the  genus,  resembling  rather  that  of 
Mrides. 

17.  Si  leopardlnus,  Par.  So  Beichh.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145 
(Thrixspermum) ;  stem  short,  raceme  few-fld.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
sepals  broadly  oblong,  petals  much  smaller,  lip  sessile,  side  lobes  wing-like 
oblong  obtuse,  midlobe  small,  spur  large  urceolate. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  2-3  in.,  curved.  Leaves  4-6  by  f-1  in.,  lorate,  fleshy,  narrowed  from  the 
middle  downwards,  obtuse,  many-nerved.  Peduncle  very  stout;  lower  sheaths 
annular ;  bracts  short,  broad,  obtuse ;  flowers  yellow  spotted  with  purple ;  sepals 
i  in.  long,  obtuse,  lateral  inserted  on  the  long  foot  of  the  column,  dorsal  smallest ; 
lip  with  a  large  dorsal  callus  over  the  mouth  of  the  descending  fleshy  round-based 
spur ;  midlobe  recurved,  broadly  ovate,  caruncled,  white  spotted  with  purple ;  anther 
depressed,  pollinia  broadly  pyriform,  sessile  on  a  small  gland. 

18.  S.  viridiflorus*  Sooh.  f.  ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  2  by  |  in. 
falcately  oblong,  raceme  shorter  than  the  leaves  4r-8  fld.,  lip  narrowly 
clawed,  side  lobes  falcate  obtuse  as  long  as  the  cylindric  obtuse  spur, 
midlobe  reduced  to  a  broad  humid  carunculate  lobe,  brides  viridiflorum, 
Thwaites  Enum.  430. 

Cetlon  ;  on  trees  in  the  Central  Province,  Gardner  (C.P.  3385),  Trimen  (C.P. 
4016). 

Leaves  sessile,  fleshy,  nerveless,  obliquely  notched.  Baceme  half  as  long,  few-fld.  ; 
bracts  small,  broad,  obtuse,  membranous ;  flower  |  in.  diam, ;  lateral  sepals  broadly 
obliquely  ovate,  obtuse,  5-nerved,  adnate  to  the  short  foot  of  the  column  for  half 
its  length,  the  other  half  forming  the  claw  of  the  lip ;  petals  linear  oblong,  obtuse, 
1 -nerved. — I  have  seen  only  one  small  specimen  and  a  coloured  drawing. 

19.  S.  hirsutus,  Sook.  f. ;  stem  short,  leaves  lorate  emarginate 
base  narrowed,  peduncle  and  very  short  raceme  hirsute,  lateral  sepals  ovate 
obtuse,  petals  oblong-obovate,  lip  very  short  stipitate  on  the  prolonged  foot 
of  the  column,  side  lobes  elongate  falcate,  midlobe  laterally  compressed, 
disk  with  a  broad  transverse  plate  in  front  of  the  side  lobes. 

Perak,  Kunstler  (Sort.  JBot.  Calc.) 

Leaves  4-8  by  l-l^  in.,  flat,  narrowed  from  beyond  the  middle  downwards,  tip 
rounded  with  a  notch.  Peduncle  with  4-6-fld.  raceme  1-2  in. ;  bracts  ovate  ;  pedicel 
with  ovary  \  in.  ;  flower  subglobose,  expanded  |  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  golden 
barred  with  carmine ;  lip  pale,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals,  claw  dilated  and  concave  at 
the  base  of  the  side  lobes,  a  short  serrated  cupular  membrane  rises  between  the  base 
of  the  side  lobes  over  the  base  of  the  narrow  compressed  midlobe ;  column  rather 
long,  base  contracted;  anther  shortly  beaked,  apiculate  behind,  1 -celled;  pollinia 
globose,  strap  short  linear,  gland  small. — Described  from  drawing  in  Hort.  Calcutt., 
and  analysis  of  dried  flower.  It  is  very  diflicult  to  describe  the  structure  of  the  lip  ; 
its  claw  may  be  the  base  of  the  column  produced  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  broad- 
based  lateral  sepals. 

Sect.  YII.  FoRNiCARiA,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  575.     (See  p.  33.) 

20.  S.  Kystrix,  Beichh.f.  in   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  500;  peduncle  about  as 


Sarcochilus.']       oxlwii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  39 

long  as  tlie  short  loriform  leaves,  bracts  erect  subulate-lanceolate,  side 
lobes  of  the  lip  glandular-hairy.  Dendrocolla  Hystrix,  JBlume  Bijdr.  291. 
brides  Hystrix,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  242.  Thrixspermum  Hystrix, 
Reichh.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145.  Grosourdya  Hystrix,  Reichb.f. 
Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  123 ;  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1864,  297. 

Tenasseeim;  at  Mergui,  Oriffith  {Kew  Distrib.  5232),  Parish. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stem  1-3  in.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^— |  in.,  obtusely  2-lobed ;  sheaths  ribbed. 
Peduncle  2-3  in.,  stout  or  slender,  2-3  sheathed  ;  spike  ^-\  in. ;  flowers  white  ; 
sepals  and  petals  \  in.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lip  stoutly  clawed,  spotted  with 
yellow,  base  saccate,  side  lobes  triangular,  midlobe  truncate  glandular-pubescent 
within ;  column  very  short ;  anther  broad  ;  poUinia  2  bipartite  or  4  in  very  unequal 
pairs,  strap  broad,  gland  rounded.  Ga'psule  2^-4  in.,  linear,  straight.' — Reichen- 
bach  is  my  authority  for  this  being  a  Javan  plant,  and  for  the  Javan  synonymy. 

21.  S.  pulchellus,  Trim.  Cat.  Geyl.  Plants,  89;  characters  of  8. 
Hystrix,  but  side  lobes  of  lip  glabrous.  Dendrocolla  pulchella,  Thwaites 
Enum.  430.     Cylindrochilus  pulchellus,  ihid.  I.e.  307. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  ascending  to  2000  ft. 

Bentham  (Gen.  Plant,  iii.  575)  suspects  that  this  and  Hystrix  are  one,  but  in  the 
absence  of  good  specimens  of  either  I  hesitate  to  unite  them. — Capsule  2-2^  in.  ;  the 
sepals  and  petals  are  lanceolate,  acute,  lateral  inserted  on  the  very  short  foot  of  the 
short  column.     Capsule  2^-3^  in.,  slender,  straight,  subacute. 

22.  S.  hirtulus,  Hooh.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  peduncles  hirtulous,  much 
shorter  than  the  falcately  lanceolate  obtusely  acuminate  leaves,  bracts 
minute,  spur  long  incurved,  column  very  long  contracted  at  the  base. 

Peeak,  Scortechini.    Malacca,  Maingay. 

Stem  very  short,  or  0.  Leaves  3-5  by  i— |  in.,  coriaceous,  falcate,  narrowed  from 
the  middle  downwards,  tip  recurved.  Peduncle  ^-1  in. ;  spike  ^^  in. ;  bracts 
spreading ;  flowers  membranous ;  lateral  sepals  ^  in.  long,  obovate- oblong,  acute, 
3-nerved ;  petals  narrower ;  lip  clawed,  side  lobes  very  narrow,  elongate,  recurved, 
midlobe  much  broader  than  long,  formed  of  two  falcately  recurved  lobes  with  an 
intermediate  tooth ;  spur  swollen  above  the  narrow  apex  ;  anther  shortly  beaked ; 
pollinia  2,  globose,  stipitate  on  the  cuneiform  strap,  gland  minute.  Capsule  1^  in., 
very  slender. — A  curious  little  plant  with  a  longer  column  than  usual  in  the  genus. 

23.  S.  recurvus,  Hook.  f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined. ;  peduncles  much  longer  than 
the  shortly  loriform  leaves,  spike  oblong,  bracts  broadly  ovate  densely 
imbricate  acuminate  recurved. 

Peeak  ;  Limbo  Hills,  in  Larut,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  1-2  in.,  narrowed  to  the^  base,  obtuse  or  retuse. 
Peduncles  4-5  in.,  rather  stout;  spike  |-f  in. ;  bracts  very  coriaceous;  flowers  not 
seen. 

24.  S.  trichogrlottis,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  elongate, 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  shortly  loriform  leaves,  spike  short,  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate,  lip  sessile  saccate  hirsute  within,  side  lobes  rounded  hairy 
on  both  surfaces,  midlobe  a  minute  tooth. 

Peeak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.     Sinoapoee,  Ridley. 

Habit  and  foliage  of  S.  Hystrix,  but  sepals  and  petals  much  narrower,  and  lip 
hairy. — Described  from  King's  specimen  and  drawings  by  Scortechini  and  Ridley, 
who  has  sent  me  a  sketch  of  a  flower  of  what  appears  to  be  this  species  from  Singa- 
pore.    The  lateral  sepals  are  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  footless  column. 

25.  S.  filiformis,  Hook.  f.  Ic.   Plant,  ined. ;  stem  elongate,  leaves 


40  cxLviii.  ORCHIDE-E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Sarcochilus. 

8-10  in.  filiform  terete,  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  lip  a  spur- 
like cylindric  sac  with  orbicular  side  lobes. 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  on  branches  of  trees,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  in  the  only  specimen  3  in. ;  sheaths  -^  in,,  strongly  ribbed  ;  roots  very  long 
and  slender.  Leaves  about  i  in.  diam.,  flexuous.  Peduncle.?  1^-3  in. ;  spike  i— |  in.  ; 
bracts  -^^  in.,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  fleshy;  pedicel  and  ovary  i  in. ;  flowers  white; 
sepals  i  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  adnate  to  the  broad  foot  of  the  column  ; 
petals  obtuse,  7-nerved ;  lip  sessile,  side  lobes  large,  midlobe  the  lunate  apex  of  the 
subcylindric  round  basal  sac,  calli  0 ;  column  very  short,  foot  broad  fleshy. — 
Flowers  much  like  those  of  S.  Trimeni,  but  habit  very  different. 

26.  S.  xnerffuensis,  HooJc.f.  Ic  Plant,  ined.;  stem  short,  peduncles 
much  shorter  than  the  small  linear-oblong  leaves,  bracts  imbricate  erect, 
capsule  1-li  in.  linear  terete  beaked. 

Tenasseeimj  at  Mergui,  Griffith  (in  Herb.  Lindl.). 

A  remarkable  little  species,  with  the  stem  ^  in.  long,  clothed  with  the  imbricating 
bases  of  the  distichousleaves,  which  are  about  an  inch  long.  Peduncles  i-l  in,,  fili- 
form ;  raceme  \  in, ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate.  Capsule  shortly  pedicelled,  \  in. 
diam.,  striate,  beak  JJ  in. 

Sect.  YIII.  CucuLLA,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  575.     (See  p.  33.) 

27.  S.  lilacinus,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  334 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  320,  f.  ii. ; 
stem  elongate,  leaves  amplexicaul  ovate-cordate,  peduncle  very  long,  sepals 
and  petals  broadly  ovate  many-nerved,  lip  saccate,  side  lobes  falcate  obtuse, 
midlobe  small  recurved,  disk  with  a  prominent  callus.  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  499. 
S.  amplexicaulis,  Peichb.  f.  in  Walp.  I.  c.  Dendrocolla  amplexicaulis, 
Plume  Bijdr.  288.  iErides  amplexicaule,  Xiwc?/.  Gen.  ^  Sp..  Orchid.  239. 
Orsidice  amplexicaulis,  Peichh.  f.  in  Bonpland.  ii.  93.  Thrixspermum 
amplexicaule  &  lilacinum,  Reichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  121. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  from  Perak  to  Singapore,  in  marshes. — Distrib.  Malay 
Islands. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  decumbent,  internodes  1-2  in.  ;  roots  very 
slender.  Leaves  1^-2  in.,  tip  rounded,  sheaths  smooth.  Peduncle  8-10  in. ;  sheaths 
obtuse,  appressed;  raceme  1-8  in.,  few  or  many-fld.;  rachis  4-angled  ;  bracts  ^  in., 
obtuse,  not  imbricating;  ovary  very  slender;  sepals  \  in.,  latei-al  adnate  to  the 
produced  foot  of  the  column,  and  petals  white  lilac  or  bluish;  lip  white,  yellowish 
and  pubescent  within,  base  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  ;  column  very  short ;  anther  hyaline  ; 
pollinia  4,  pairs  very  unequal,  oblong,  sessile  on  a  reniform  strap.  Capsule  4-6  in., 
linear,  straight,  angles  narrowly  winged. 

28.  S>  Scopa,  Peichh.  f.  mss.  in  Herb.  Kew  {llhTi:s.BT^QriociVim)\  leaves 
linear-oblong  sessile  obtuse,  peduncle  rather  longer  than  the  leaves,  sepals 
and  petals  lanceolate  with  very  long  capillary  tails  many-nerved,  lip 
shortly  stipitate  saccate,  side  lobes  falcate  acute,  midlobe  small  acute 
papillose,  disk  with  a  columnar  callus. 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  on  branches  of  trees,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  and  roots  like  those  of  S.  lilacinus  ;  internodes  2  in.  Leaves  3-4  in., 
coriaceous.  Peduncle  2-3  in.,  at  right  angles  to  the  stem  ;  raceme  1  in.  ;  bracts 
A  in.,  ensiform,  subacute;  sepals  1^  long  and  petals  many-nerved,  margins  of  lip 
papillose. 

29.  S.  Scort echini,  ^00^. y. ;  leaves  oblong  lorate  2-1  obed,  peduncle 
very  long  rather  slender,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  with  long  narrow 
tips,  lip  saccate,  side  lobes  short,  midlobe  conical  obtuse  fleshy. 


JSarcocJiilus.]         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  41 

Peeak,  ScoTtechini. 

Stem  6  in.,  very  stout,  covered  by  the  sheaths,  internodes  f  in.  Leaves  4-6  by 
1-1|  in.,  coriaceous.  Peduncle  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves  (9  in.  in  Ic.  Scort.)  ; 
raceme  2  in.,  bracts  close  set,  f  in.  long  ;  sepals  2^  in.  long,  ^  in.  broad  at  the  base 
and  petals  yellow;   lip  yellowish,  thickly  mottled  with  rusty  red   outside;  pollinia 

4,  2  much  smaller,  adnate  to  the  larger;  gland  lunate,  strap  oblong.  Capsule 
4r-5  by  -i-  in. — I  know  these  noble  species  only  from  a  drawing  and  description  by 
Scortechini. 

30.  S.  Arachnites,  Reichh.f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  498  ;  stem  elongate, 
leaves  loriform,  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  sepals  and  petals  linear- 
lanceolate  caudately  acuminate  3-5-nerved,  lip  saccate,  side  lobes  falcate, 
midlobe  tongue-shaped  laterally  flattened  obtuse  puberulous.  S.  serrae- 
forrais,  Reiclib.  f.  I.e.  Dendrocolla  Arachnites,  Blume  Bijdr.  287,  t.  67. 
-brides  Arachnites,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orekid.  238.  Liparis  serrseforrais, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  1946;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  33  (ea-c^.  Ceylon  plant). 
Thrixspermum  Arachnites,  Reichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  121. 

Assam,  Jenkins,  Mann.  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Clarke.  Tenasserim  and 
Tavoy,  Wallich,  Parish.  Penan &,  Kunstler  {Ic.  in  Sort.  CalcufL). — Distkib. 
Java. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  curved  or  tortuous,  internodes  short;  roots  most  numerous  and 
long.  Leaves  3-6  by  ^— |  in.  Peduncles  many,  2-4  in.,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  bracts 
^  in. ;  sepals  and  petals  1\  in.,  yellow ;  lip  mottled  with  red ;  column  very  short ; 
pollinia  oblong,  curved,  strap  very  small,  quadrate,  gland  still  smaller,  lunate. 
Capsule  2-2^  in. 

31.  S.  complanatus,  Hooh.  f. ;  habit,  foliage  and  inflorescence  of 

5.  Arachnites,  but  flowers  very  much  smaller,  sepals  and  petals  ^-^  in. 
acute  not  caudate,  lip  a  small  sessile  cup  with  an  incurved  minute  midlobe 
and  a  callus  in  the  concavity.  Dendrocolla  serrseformis,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid.  33  {the  Ceylon  plant  only)  ;  Thwaites  Enum.  307.  Epidendrum 
complanatum,  Betz  Obs.  vi.  50.  Limodorum  complanatum,  W^illd.  Sp.  PI. 
iv.  126 ;  Undl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  127. 

Ceylon,  Macrae,  Walker ;  Ambagamowa  and  Saffragam  districts,  rare,  Thwaites. 

Like  S.  Arachnites.  I  can  distinguish  it  only  by  the  very  different  flower 
and  form  of  the  lip  ;  and  for  these  characters  I  am  indebted  to  a  copy  of  a  drawing 
in  the  Peradeniya  Bot.  Garden.  Tlie  leaves  vary  from  2-7  by  i-f  in.,  obtuse  or  un- 
equally notched  ;  the  peduncle  from  1-3  in.,  and  the  raceme  from  1-5  in. ;  capsule 
2-2^  in,,  linear,  straight ;  pollinia  4  in  unequal  pairs  narrow,  quite  distinct,  and  without 
strap  or  gland  in  the  figure. — There  is  a  specimen  of  this  in  Herb'.  Rottler,  without 
habitat,  named  Epidendrum  complanatum,  Retz.  Obs.  vi.  50. 

32.  S.  brachystachys,  HooJc.f. ;  stem  rigid,  sheaths  i-f  in.  strongly 
ribbed  when  dry,  leaves  oblong,  peduncle  with  the  few-fld.  raceme  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  sepals  oblong  and  obovate-oblong  petals  obtuse, 
side  lobes  of  sessile  lip  falcate  incurved,  midlobe  as  long  fleshy  oblong, 
spur  scrotiform. 

Penang  ;  on  blocks  of  stone  amongst  decayed  leaves,  Maingay. 
■  Stem   as   thick    as    a   goose-quill.      Leaves   2^-3   by   |-1   in.,  obtuse,  notched. 
Peduncles  at  every  node  with  the  raceme  1  in,,  very  stout,  rigid  ;  bracts  3-4,  \  in. 
long,  rouuded  ;  sepals  and  petals  about    1  in.   long,  keel  narrowly  winged  ;  column 
very  short ;  anther  low,  not  beaked. 

33.  S.  pauciflorus, -H'oo^\/. ;  stem  rigid,  leaves  rather  distant  ob- 
long obtuse,  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  leaves  2-3-fld.,  sepals  oblong- 
lanceolate  acute,  petals  nearly  as  large  obovate-oblong  obtuse,  lip  stipitate, 


42  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEJ!!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.}        [Sarcochilus, 

side  lobes  broad  rounded  obtuse,  midlobe  small  fleshy  obtuse  with  a  conic 
callus  at  its  base,  sac  or  spur  short  recurved  obtuse. 

Perak  ;  on  the  Larut  range,  alt.  3000  ft,,  Scortechini. 

Stem  I  in.  diam.,  flexuous.  Leaves  2i-3  by  l^-l-^^  in.,  coriaceous.  Peduncle 
with  raceme  1  in.,  basal  sheaths  imbricate ;  bracts  f  in.,  "subacute ;  sepals  |  in.  long, 
white  ;  lip  yellow,  with  a  broad  lamella  between  the  side  lobes  j  column  very  short ; 
anther  depressed ;  pollinia  2,  each  2-lobed,  strap  short. 

Sect.  IX.  EiDLEYA,  gen.  ?     (See  p.  33.) 

34.  S-  notabiliS)  Sooh.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  sepals  and  petals  filiform 
from  a  narrowly  lanceolate  3-nerved  base,  lip  sessile  at  the  base  of  the 
column  deeply  saccate,  mouth  dilated,  tip  contracted  into  a  capillary  tail. 

SiNGAPOEE,  Eidley. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  1^-2  in.,  subsessile,  elliptic  oblong,  strongly  striate 
when  dry.  Peduncles  3  or  more  from  one  point  on  the  stem,  4^  in.  long,  curved, 
naked ;  raceme  2f  in.,  rachis  \  in.  diam.  across  the  ovate  incurved  coriaceous  subacute 
bracts ;  pedicel  and  ovary  very  slender,  \  in.  long ;  perianth  very  membranous, 
white  ?  sepals  and  petals  |  in,  long,  3-nerved  at  the  base  ;  lip  a  large  sac  rounded  at 
the  base,  delicately  veined ;  column  very  short,  foot  0 ;  anther  low,  feembranous, 
2-celled ;  pollinia  2,  clavate,  sessile  on  a  rather  large  gland. — A  very  singular  and 
beautiful  little  plant,  which  I  hesitate  to  remove  from  Sarcochilus  as  a  genus,  and 
dedicate  to  its  discoverer.  It  closely  resembles  in  flower  8.  Arachnites,  but  the 
stemless  habit,  foliage,  inflorescence  and  footless  column  are  very  diff'erent. 

SPECIES   UNKNOWN   TO   ME    OB   IMPEErECTLY   KNOWN. 

Thrixspeemum  Freemani,  Eeichl.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1877,  749;  dwarf, 
roots  warted,  leaves  6-7  by  1\  in.  ligulate  unequally  2-toothed,  racemes  many-fld., 
bracts  semiovate  larger  than  the  small  ovary,  sepals  linear  long  narrow,  petals  a 
little  shorter,  lip  small  saccate  3-toothed,  with  4  small  stipitate  globose  warted  bodies 
before  the  base,  centre  white,  lateral  parts  yellow  with  brown  streaks. — Assam, 
Freeman. — Kaceme  like  a  yellow-brownish  spotted  broom. 

S.  siLLEMiANUS,  Meichh.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1882,  i.  524  ;  habit  of  Vanda  teres, 
leaves  slender  elongate  terete,  peduncle  2-fld.,  bracts  very  short  triangular,  flowers 
milk-white  suff'used  with  yellow,  mentum  long,  dorsal  sepals  elliptic,  lateral  cuneate- 
oblong,  petals  obtusely  rhomboid,  lip  erect  trifid,  spur  corniform  nearly  as  long  as 
the  pedicel  of  the  ovary,  side  lobes  subquadrate  striped  with  purple,  midlobe  shorter 
thick  retuse  4-grooved,  white  outside  with  2  purple  blotches,  yellow  within,  calli  0, 
column  short  thick,  anther  inappendiculate. — Burma  ? 

S.— Sect.  Cuculla  ;  ve?,emh\es,  S.  hrachystachys,  but  stem  much  more  slender, 
internodes  |-1  in.,  not  strongly  ribbed  when  dry. — Mergui,  Griffith  (No.  1124). 

S. — Sect.  Cuculla  ;  resembles  S.  Arachnites,  but  capsule  4  in.  long  and  pro- 
portionately stout. — Perak,  Scortechini. 

S. — Sect.  Cuculla;  a  very  small  species  ;  stem  1-2  in.,  curved,  peduncle  1  in., 
slender,  bracts  few  distant  acute,  young  capsule  1  in.,  very  slender. — Khasia  Hills, 
at  Amwee,  J.  B.  S.  Sc  T.  T. 

57.  TRZCKOGIiOTTZS,  Blume. 

Epiphytes ;  stem  elongate,  leafy.  Leaves  distichous,  flat,  narrow. 
Flowers  in  branched  panicles  or  solitary  or  few  in  very  short  racemes. 
Sepals  and  petals  widely  spreading  oblanceolate  or  subspathulate.  Lip 
adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  very  short  column,  narrow,  base  saccate  or 
spurred ;  side  lobes  one  or.two  pairs  of  narrow  processes ;  midlobe  straight,  or 
decurv©d  from  the  middle,  hairy.     Column  very  short,  sides  produced  into 


Sarcochilus.']         cxlviii.  oeohidejE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  43 

2  spurs  or  horns ;  anther  incompletely  2-celled ;  pollinia  2,  globose,  strap 
rather  short,  gland  moderate. — Species  3  or  4  .^  Malayan. 

In  the  absence  of  good  materials,  I  am  doubtful  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  above 
definition  of  Trichoglottis.  Bentham  refers  Blume's  T.  retusa  to  Saccolahium  ;  and 
by  replacing  that  author's  character  of  "  lip  adnate  to  the  whole  length  of  the 
column,  with  a  process  on  each  side,"  by  "lip  adnate  to  the  foot  of  the  column  and 
forming  with  it  a  long  horizontal  spur-like  mentum  "  and  omitting  that  of  a  hairy 
lip,  he  excludes  the  others.  I  am  disposed  to  regard  the  hairy-lipped  species  figured 
by  Blume  in  his  Bijdragen  (2'.  retusa,  360,  fig.  viii.)  as  the  type  of  the  genus.  That 
this  is  Kurz's  and  Reichenbach's  view  appears  from  the  plants  they  have  referred  to 
it.  In  this  case  Trichoglottis  is  referable  to  the  group  with  no  foot  to  the  column. 
There  are  amongst  Scortechini's  drawings  of  Perak  Orchids,  one  or  two  that  are 
referable  to  this  genus,  but  the  analyses  are  insufficient. 

1.  T.  Dawsoniana,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1872,699;  flowers 
panicled  pale  green  spotted  with  brown  or  purple,  sepals  and  petals  cuspi- 
date on  the  back  below  the  concave  tip,  lip  saccate  at  the  base  tip  2-fid. 
Cleisostoma  Dawsoniana,  ReicKb.f.  in  Qard.  Chron.  1868,  815. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

S^em  1-2, ft.,  stout,  rooting,  ieave*  few  3-6  by  f-1  in..  Panicle  18  in.,  erect, 
stijff,  branches  spreading ;  bracts  broadly  ovate  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  \  in. ;  flowers 
1-1^  in.  diam.  ;  anther  2-lobed,  crested  ;  pollinia  large,  strap  short  slender. — Near 
T.fasciata,  R.  f.,  erroneously  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Ceylon,  of  which  there  is  a 
fine  drawing  in  Hort.  Calcutt.,  giving  Manilla  as  the  habitat. 

2.  T.  quadricornuta,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Beng.  As.  8oc.  xlv.  156, 
t.  13  ;  glabrous,  leaves  linear-lanceolate  subsessile  acuminate,  flowers 
solitary  or  3-4-panicled,  sepals  obovate-oblong  obtuse,  petals  similar  but 
narrower,  lip  strongly  arched  inflexed  2  posterior  lobes  acute  twice  as  long 
as  the  basilar,  with  a  hirsute  callus  between  them,  terminal  lobes  reflexed 
linear  2-fid,  with  a  callus  under  the  tip,  spur  subobtuse  rather  longer  than 
the  midlobe. 

NicoBAB  Islands  ;  forests  of  Kamorta,  Kurz. 

Leaves  2-3-5  i"->  base  narrowed,  twisted.  Flowers  leaf-opposed;  pedicel  |-  in.; 
sepals  I  in.  long,  laieial  subfalcate  ;  column  very  short;  pollinia  globose. — Description 
from  Kurz  1.  c,  1  have  seen  no  flowers. 

58.  aiRIDES,  Lour. 

Epiphytes ;  stem  leafy,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  linear,  coriaceous. 
Flowers  usually  many  and  highly  coloured,  in  dense  or  lax  decurved  racemes 
(few  large  or  sessile  in  Sect.  1.).  Sepalshioad,  spreading,  lateral  adnate  to 
the  base  or  foot  of  the  column.  L'etals  broad,  spreading.  Lip  spurred, 
side  lobes  large  small  or  0  ;  midlobe  larger  than  the  side  lobes  or  smaller 
and  incurved  between  them.  Column  short,  foot  long  or  short,  rostellum 
short  or  long  and  bifid  ;  anther  2-celled,  beaked  or  not,  pollinia  2,  globose, 
sulcate;  strap  long  or  short,  gland  large  or  small. — Species  about  10, 
Eastern  Asiatic. 

I  am  indebted  for  aid  in  determining  the  cultivated  species  of  Sect.  ii.  &  iii.  to 
Messrs.  Veitch  for  specimens,  and  to  great  knowledge  of  his  assistant,  Mr.  Kent, 
and  of  Mr.  Rolfe  (of  the  Kew  Herbarium)  for  valuable  information  respecting  them. 

Sect.  I.  Leaves  terete,  grooved  in  front.  (See  also  ^.  mitratum.) 
Peduncle  1-2-fld.  Spur  slightly  incurved,  with  a  callus  half  way  down 
the  tube.     Anther  shortly  beaked. 


44  ciLTiii.  OROHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [brides. 

1.  S:.  Vandarum,  Beichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1867,997  ;  1875,590; 
1885,  ii.  629,  fig.  143  ;  leaves  6-10  in.,  peduncle  stont,  side  lobes  of  lip  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  outer  margin  toothed,  midlobe  clawed  tip  dilated  2-partite. 
M.  cylindricum,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4982  {not  of  Lindl.) ;  Lindl.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  41  {the  Sikkim  plant) ;   Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  iii.  t.  116. 

SlJBTEOPICAL    SiKKIM   HIMALAYA,     alt.    5000    ft.,     J.  D.  H.        KHASIA    HILLS, 

alt.  4-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Sf  T.  T.     Munnipoee,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Watt. 

Stems  1-2  ft.,  tufted,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill ;  roots  ^  in.  broad,  flat.  Leaves 
as  thick  as  a  duck's-quill.  Peduncle  1-1^  in. ;  flowers  l|-2  in.  diam.,  white ; 
perianth  with  crisped  margins ;  sepals  obovate-oblong  j  petals  broader ;  side  lobes 
of  lip  flexuous,  as  long  as  the  cylindric  spur;  segments  of  midlobe  orbicular, 
toothed  ;  pollinia  globose  ;  strap  narrowly  cuneate,  gland  large.  Capsule  1^-2^  in., 
fusiform. 

2.  SX,  long'icornu,  HooJc.f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined.;  leaves  6-8  in.,  peduncle 
very  slender,  side  lobes  of  lip  2-partite,  segments  elongate  subulate,  mid- 
lobe narrow  clawed,  tip  slightly  dilated  2-fid.  Mesoclastes  uni^ora,,  Lindl. 
in  Wall.  Cat.  1993 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  45.  Luisia  uniflora,  JBlume 
Mumph.  iv.  50 ;  Mus.  Bot,  i.  64 ;  Lindl.  FoL  Orchid.  3. 

Nepal,  WallicTi.     Uppee  Assam  ;  Naga  Hills,  alt.  5500  ft.,  Clarice. 

Much  more  slender  than  JE.  Vandarum.  Leaves  as  thick  as  a  sparrow-quill. 
Peduncle  Wn.',  flowers  1  in.  diam.,  white;  perianth  with  crisped  margins;  lateral 
sepals  much  larger  than  the  orbicular-oblong  petals ;  side  lobes  of  lip  shorter  than 
the  long  spur,  segments  curved  forwards,  outer  shortest,  midlobe  membranous,  lobes 
divaricate.     Capsule  2  in.,  fusiform  ;  peduncle  and  pedicel  very  slender. 

3.  IB.  cylindricum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7317  ;  Gen  §^  Sp.  Orchid. 
240;  leaves  2-6  in.,  peduncle  short  stout,  side  lobes  .of  lip  oblong  obtuse, 
midlobe  short  cuneiform  fleshy  many-ridged.  Wight  Lc.  t.  1744 ;  Ga,rd. 
Chron.  1875,  i.  537  ;  1886,  i.  405,  fig.  81.  Epidendrum  subulatum,  Betz 
Obs.  vi.  50.  Limodorum  subulatum,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  126.  Cymbidium 
elegans,  Serb.  Heyne. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  from  the  Coorg  Hills,  Heyne,  to  Travancore,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  elongate,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  very 
obliquely  acuminate.  Floioers  2-3,  IJ  in.  diam.,  white  or  tinged  with  pink;  sepals 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  lateral  decurved ;  petals  broader,  shorter  ;  side  lobes  of  lip 
erect,  nearly  as  large  as  the  midlobe,  which  is  yellowish  at  the  base  ;  spur  recurved ; 
column  rather  long  ;  strap  of  pollinia  short,  broad.  Capsule  2  in., fusiform  or  sub- 
clavate. — The  ridged  lip  is  that  of  Vanda. 

Sect.  II,  Leaves  lorate,  keeled  (semi-terete  in  ^.  mitratum).  Side 
lobes  of  lip  very  small,  midlobe  large;  spur  incurved. 

*  Lip  horizontal  or  inflexed. 

4.  HS.  mitratum,  Beichb.  f.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1864,  415 ;  leaves  very 
long  filiform,  side  lobes  of  lip  minute  uncinate,  midlobe  broadly  ovate 
retuse,  spur  short  inflated.     Bot.  Mag.  i.  5728. 

Tenasslrim  ;  at  Moulmein  {Hort.  Bay). 

Stem  1-2  in.,  and  roots  very  stout.  Leaves  2-3  ft.,  ^  in.  diam.,  deeply  grooved 
above.  Racemes  many,  suberect,  3  in.  long,  cylindric  ;  peduncle  very  stout;  bracts 
minute,  acute;  flowers  |  in.  diam.;  petals  and  sepals  subsimilar,  oblong,  tips 
rounded,  white  or  tipped  with  violet ;  lip  longer  and  broader  than  the  sepals, 
violet ;  spur  contracted  at  the  neck,  inflated,  compressed,  base  truncate,  obtuse,  tip 
pointing  forwards. 

5.  ffi.  multiflorum,  Roxb.  Cor.  PL  iii.  63,  t.  271  ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  475 ; 
midlobe  of  lip  hastately  ovate  tip  rounded,  spur  short  straight.  Belg. 
Sortie.  1876,  286;    Walp.  Ann.  vi.  897.      M.   aflfine,  Wall.  Cat.   7316; 


brides.']  cxtvili.  oiiCHtDE/il.     CJ.  t).  Hooker.)  45 

Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid.  239 ;  Sert.  Orchid,  t.  15 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
in.  41 ;  £ot.  Mag.  t.  4049  ;  Warner,  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser.  i.  t.  21.  M.  roseum, 
Lodd.,  ex  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  109,  t.  60;  Jard.  Fleur.  ii.  t.  200;  Gartenfl. 
viii.  253,  t.  267  ;  III.  Sortie,  iii.  t.  88.^  M.  Lobbii,  ILort.  ex.  III.  Sort.  1868, 
t.  559  (an  Teism.  &  Binn.  ?).  M.  Veitchii,  Sort,  ex  Morven  in  Belg.  Hortic. 
1876,  291  ;  William's  Man.  70.  M.  trigonum,  Klotzch.  in  Otto  &  Dietr. 
Allgem.  Gartenz.  1855,  177.     Epidendrum  geniculatum,  Serb.  Sam. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal  eastwards,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  south- 
ward to  Tenasserim. 

Stem  4-10  in.,  stout.  Leaves  G-8  in.,  deeply  channelled  and  keeled,  variable  in 
breadth,  2-lobed,  Racemes  6-12  in.,  rarely  branched,  shortly  peduncled  j  flowers 
f-l^  in.  diam.,  rose  purple,  sometimes  spotted  with  darker;  sepals  and  petals  sub- 
equal,  oblong,  tips  rounded  ;  lip  twice  as  long,  sides  recurved,  claw  geniculately 
inflexed,  spur  ^  as  long  as  the  midlobe,  pointing  forwards  under  it  with  an  incurved 
fleshy  2-lobed  callus  on  the  base  of  the  midlobe;  column  beaked;  anther  long- 
beaked,  strap  long  slender.  Capsule  |-2  in.,  subclavate,  stoutly  pedicelled. — 
Common  and  variable.  Lindley^  overlooked  Roxburgh's  works.  In  Griffith's 
Eastern  Himalayan  collections,  a  fruiting  specimen  of  which  is  a  different  species, 
or  perhaps  a  very  large  var.  of  this  or  the  following,  with  leaves  12-14  by  1^  in.> 
and  a  stout  raceme  12-16  in.,  the  capsules  are  oi  multijiorum, 

6.  m.  Fielding-ii,  Lodd.  ex  Morren  in  Belg.  Sortie.  1876,  286,  t.  10 ; 
characters  of  JE.  multiflorum,  but  a  much  more  robust  plant,  with  a 
different  habit  of  growth,  and  an  acute  apex  of  the  hastate  midlobe  of  the 
lip.  Jenning's  Orchid,  t.  20 ;  Beichh.  f.  in  Samb.  Gartenzeit.  1855,  225  ; 
Morven.  Belg.  Sortie.  1876,  286.  M.  Williamsi,  Warner  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser. 
i.  t.  21. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  and  Assam.  • 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Kent,  of  Messrs.  Veitch's  establishment,  for  calling  my 
attention  to  the  differences  between  this  and  J^.  multijiorum.  They  are  difficult  of 
detection  in  Herbarium  specimens.  According  to  the  published  figures  the  flowers 
vary  in  colour,  white,  red,  and  purple.  ^.  Williamsi  is  a  white  flowered  variety. 
The  figure  of  ^.  affi^ne  in  Bot.  Mag.  (cited  above  under  multijiorum)  is  referred  to 
Fieldingii  by  Morren,  but  it  is  of  far  too  slender  a  habit. — The  Foxbrush  Orchid,  of 
gardens. 

7.  .TO.  maculosum,  Lindl.  in  Bat.  Beg.  1845,  t.  58 ;  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1845,  691 ;  midlobe  of  lip  ovate  tip  broad  obtuse  or  retuse  margins 
undulate,  spur  slender  uncinately  incurved.  Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  xii.  t.  49; 
Walp.  Ann.  v.  897  ;  Pescatorea,  i.  t.  33 ;  Lindenia,  i.  t.  11.  Saccolabium 
speciosum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1674,  1675. 

Western  Ghats  ;  from  the  Concan  to  Trayancore.  Rajpootana  ;  on  Mt. 
Abo. 

Near  ^.  multijiorum.,  but  stem  shorter,  leaves  more  flat,  racemes  more  often 
branched,  flowers  larger  but  very  variable  in  size,  pale  spotted  with  purple,  tip 
bi'ight  rose,  spur  longer  and  more  slender. — Var.  Schroederi,  Jard.  Fleurist.  t.  54  ; 
Gardner's  Mag.  Bot.  ii.  121,  toith  fig. ;  Pesiatorea,  t.  36.  JE.  illustre,  Reichb.  f.  in 
Gard.  Chron.  1882,  7,  is  a  robust  form  with  fewer  shorter  leaves,  and  large  flowers 
blotched  with  purple,  and  amethystine  tip. 

8.  H:.  crispum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7319;  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  239; 
in  Bot.  Beg.  1841,  t.  65  ;  in  Gard.  Chron.  1842,  711  {with  Jig.) ;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  41  ;  midlobe  of  lip  large  broadly  ovate-oblong  obscurely 
3-lobed  crenate  or  toothed,  spur  very  short  obtuse.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4427  ; 
Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  265 ;  Flore  des  Serres,  v.  t.  48 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi. 
896;  I^Z.Jaor^^c.  1847, 123;  Gard.  Chron.  lSh2,  24^,  with  Fig.;  Belg.  Sortie. 
1876,  287  ;   Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  vii.  t.  293  {var.).     M.  Lindleyanum,  Wight 


46  oxLviii.  OROHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [brides. 

Ic.  t.  .1677  his. ;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  41 ;  Wall.  I.  c.  879.  A. 
Brookeii,  Lindl.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1841,  518 ;  1842,  559 ;  Batem.  in  Bot. 
Beg.  1841,  Misc.  55;  Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  ix.  t.  145;  Flo7^e  des  Sevres,  t.  151. 
A..JNj^ViQYi,  Hort. 

Westebn  Ghats  ;  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore. 

Stem  4-10  in.,  very  stout.  Leaves  4-8  in.,  from  oblong  to  lorate,  variable  in 
breadth,  thickly  coriaceous,  lobes  unequal  rounded.  Racemes  8-12  in,,  inclined  or 
drooping,  simple  or  branched;  pedicels  very  robust;  flowers  1^  in.  diam.,  sweet- 
scented;  sepals  and  petals  very  broad,  pale  rose;  lip  geniculately  iuflexed  at  the 
claw,  rose  or  purple,  2-cornute  at  the  base  ;  spur  much  shorter  than  the  blade,  and 
projecting  forwards  under  it ;  anther  long-beaked,  strap  of  pollinia  slender  below, 
dilated  above.  Capsule  l|-2  in.,  clavate  or  pyriform,  angles  subalate. — I  find  no 
character  whereby  to  separate  ^.  Lindleyanum.  Lindley  says  of  ^.  Brookeii, 
more  odorous  than  ^.  odoratum. 

9.  iE.  falcatum,  Lindl.  in  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  142  ;  side  lobes  of  lip 
half  as  long  as  tlie  clawed  midlobe  dimidiate  oblong  or  falcate,  rnidlobe 
ovate  or  ovate-cordate  sides  replicate  erose,  spur  parallel  to  the  midlobe 
and  concealed  under  it.  Peichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i.  220,  t.  92  ;  Aforren 
Belg.  Hortic.  1876,  288 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  897.  M.  Larpentae,  Hort.  Mahoy 
Prix  Cour.  1862  ;  Beichb.  f.  in  Otto  &  Bietr.  Gartenz.  1856,  219.  M.  retro- 
fractum,  Wall.  mss. 

TBSASSH.-RIM,  Wallich,  Parish,  &G. 

Stem  6-8  in.,  robust.  Leaves  8-12  by  1-1^  in.  Raceme  decurved  or  pendulous, 
lax-fid.;  flowers  l-l|i  in.  diam.,  white,  pale-violet,  purple  or  pink;  sepals  and 
petals  often,  tipped  with  a  darker  shade,  and  lip  usually  darker  ;  lateral  sepals  with 
a  very  broad  base ;  column  beaked ;  foot  elongate;  anther  long-beaked;  strap  of 
pollinia  slender,  glsmd  small. 

10.  lEt.  crassifolium,  Par.  &  Beichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145  ; 
characters  of  .M.  falcatum,  but  much  more  robust,  with  shorter  leaves, 
dark  purple  flowers  and  the  spur  geniculate  at  the  base  and  not'  hidden 
Tinder  the  midlobe  of  the  lip.  Beichb.  /.  in  Gard.Chron.  1877,  i  633,  and 
ii.  492,  fig.  96;  Otia  Hamburg.  43;  Warner  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser.  3,  t.  12. 
M.  expansum,  Beichb./.  I.  c.  1882,  ii.  40. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  JE.  falcalum,  the  chief  difi'erence  being  the  form  of  the 
spur  and  that  "the  sides  of  the  midlobe  of  the  lip  are  so  reflected  as  that  their  under 
surfaces  meet. — Var.  Leonce,  Reichb.  f.  >n  Bull.  Soc.  Tor.  d'Orticult.  x.  t.  14; 
Williams'  Orchid.  Man.  t.  14,  is  described  as  having  retuse  side  lobes  of  the  lip  and 
an  expanded  midlobe. 

**  Lip  deflexed. 

11.  HS.  radicosum,  A.  Bich.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  xv.  65,  t.  i.  c. ; 

stem  short  very  stout,  leaves  4-10  by  |-li  in.  unequally  2-lobed,  racemes 
or  panicles  very  stout  rarely  exceeding  the  leaves,  sepals  orbicular  and 
rather  smaller  "^petals  5-nerved,  side  lobes  of  lip  minute,  midlobe  ovate, 
disk  with  2  large  basal  calli,  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  stout  incurved 
obtuse.  Saccolabium  Wightianum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7303  {in  part) ; 
Got.  Sf"  Sp.  Orchid.  221  {ea-cl.  Syn.)  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36  iexcl. 
Khasia) ;  WigJit  Ic.  t.  917.  S.  rubrum,  Wight  Ic.  1673  {not  of  Lindl.). 
S.  ringens,  jCmdZ.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7313;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  220;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36 ;    Walp.  Ann.  vi.  884. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  on  the  Nilghiri  and  Pulney  Hills,  and  at  Quilon, 
Wight,  &c. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb.    Leaves  leathery,  rigid,  mottled  with  purple  in 


brides.]  cxlviii.  orohidejb.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  47 

Wight's  S.  ruhrum.  Peduncle  very  short  and  stout ;  raceme  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  rachis  stout ;  bracts  minute  ;  flowers  f  in.  diam.,  bright  red  in  Wight's 
S.  ruhrum,  nearly  white  with  rosy  tips  in  his  S.  Wightianum ;  spur  about  as  long 
as  the  blade  of  the  lip,  incurved,  obtuse ;  anther  beaked ;  strap  of  poUiuia  short, 
subtriangular,  gland  large.      Capsule  -|  in.  long,  pyriform,  angled  and  grooved. 

12.  IS\.  linear e,  Hook.  f.  ;  stem  sliort  stout,  leaves  6-12  by  \-i  in. 
very  unequally  2-lobed,  panicle  lon^  peduncled  much  branched  longer 
than  the  leaves,  flowers  as  in  /E.  radicosum,  but  rather  smaller  rose-cold. 
Saccolabium  lineare,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7312.  S.  paniculatum,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  1676;  Re\chh.f.  in  Bonpl.  iii.  226.     Cymbidium  lineare,  -2er&.  Seyne. 

Deccan  Peninsula.  ;  on  the  Ghats  from  Canara  southwards,  alt.  5-7500  ft., 
Wight,  &c.     Ceylon  ;  in  the  Doombera  district,  Thwaites. 

As  far  as  1  can  judge  from  dried  specimen  ^.  Uneare  is  with  difficulty  dis- 
tinguishable from  JE.  radicosum,  except  by  the  more  slender  very  much  branched 
panicle,  and  rather  smaller  flowers.  Wallich's  specimens  of  Sacc.  lineare  are  very 
bad. — The  synonyms  of  this  and  the  preceding  may  be  mixed. 

Sect,  III,  Leaves  lorate,  keeled.  Midlobe  of  lip  incurved  between  the 
much  larger  side  lobes. 

13.  lEi.  odoratum,  Lour.  Ft.  Coch.  525 ;  lobes  of  leaf  large  rounded, 
lateral  sepals  much  larger  than  the  dorsal  and  petals,  midlobe  of  lip 
oblong-lanceolate  acute  entire  or  erose.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sj).  Orchid.  239  ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  41  ;  £ot.  Mag.  4139  ;  Faxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  t.  143  ; 
Flor.  Gal.  ii.  75;  Maund  Botanist,  iv.  t.  180;  Knowles  &  West.  t.  75; 
Hartm.  Farad,  ii.  t.  4;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  S98,  Lindenia,  t.  14Cvar.).  M.  cor- 
nutum,  Foxb.  Sort.  Feng.  63  ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  472;  Lot.  Beg.  t.  1485. 

Teopical  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich  ;  Sikkim,  J".  D.S".  The  Khasia  Hills, 
SiLHET,  Chittagong  and  Tenasseeim.  The  Concan,  Heyne  in  Herb.  Hottl. — 
DiSTRlB,  Java,  China,  Cochin-China. 

Stem  4-12  in.,  very  stout.  Leaves  6-10  by  f-lf  in.  iBaceme*  many,  10-12  in. ; 
peduncle,  and  rachis  stout;  flowers  purple  to  nearly  white,  sweet-smelling,  often 
purple-spotted  or  -tipped  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  subcuneate,  midlobe  short ;  spur  very 
large,  uncinately  incurved;  column  short;  anther  obtuse  ;  strap  of  pollinia  notlong, 
linear,  gland  small.  Capsule  1-1|-  in.,  oblong-clavate,  angles  obtuse  ;  pedicel  \  in., 
very  stout. 

Vae.  bicuspidata ;  midlobe  of  lip  with  a  bicuspidate  tip. — Malacca,  Maingay 
(Kew  Listrih.  1648).  Peeak  {Ic.  in  Fort.  Calcut.).  A  specimen  of  this  sent  from 
Calcutta  (Garden?)  to  Herb.  Hooker  by  Dr.  Carey  is  named  by  the  latter  JE. 
cornutum. 

14.  S:.  suavissimuxn,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Fort.  Soc.  iv.  263 ;  in  Faxt. 
Fl.  Gard.  ii.  141,  t.  66;  differs  from  ^,  odoratum  in  the  midlobe  of  the  lip 
being  longer  and  emarginate.  Jat^d.  Fleur.  t.  213  ;  Folfe  in  Gard.  Ghron. 
1890,  i.  43;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  898,  M.  Eeichenbachii,  Linden  in  Koch  & 
Fintelm.  Wochenschrift,  185S,  61;  Feichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  11,  t.  104. 
M.  nobile,  Warner  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser.  1.  t.  11  ;  Gartenfl.  40,  t,  641.  ^  M. 
Rohanianum,  Beichb.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1884,  i.  206.  M.  flavidum,  Lindl. 
in  Faxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  101.  M.  Ballantinianum,  Feichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron. 
1885,  ii.  198. 

Penang  and  Buema. 

Said  to  be  the  sweetest  scented  species  of  the  genus,  but  more  definite  characters 
are  wanting  to  distinguish  it  from  JE*.  odoratum.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  rosy 
with  often  darker  tips,  the  spur  yellow  mottled  red.  ^.  Ballantinianum  is  an  early 
flowering  form, 

15.  S:.  Emericii,  Feichb.  /.  in  Gard.  Chron.    1882,  586 ;    lobes  of 


48  CXlYiiI.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [brides. 

leaf  long  narrow  subacute,  sepals  longer  than  the  petals,  midlobe  of  lip 
lanceolate  acute. 

Andaman  Islands,  Berkeley. 

Stem  6-8  in.  Leaves  10-12  by  f-1^  In.,  lobes  much  longer  than  in  M.  odoratum. 
Racemes  6-8  in. ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  pale  lilac,  pedicels  1  in.,  side  lobes  of  lip 
rounded,  entire ;  spur  short,  stout ;  foot-  of  column  very  short ;  anther  shortly 
beaked ;  strap  of  pollinia  long,  linear. — Much  the  smallest  flowered  of  the  Indian 
species. 

SPECIES   UNKNOWN    TO    ME. 

JE.  Boeassi,  Sam.  ex.  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop,  xxxix.  No.  8,  is  undeterminable. 

M.  DECUMBENS,  Griff'.  Notul.  iii.  365  {vnthout  descript.) ;  Ic.  jPlant.  Asiat. 
t.  320,  fig.  1 ;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  423  ;  from  Mogoung  in  Burma. 
Stem  very  short.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  elliptic,  acute,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  several, 
short,  stout,  f ew-fld. ;  bracts  small,  triangular ;  pedicels  with  ovary  f  in.,  erect  j 
flowers  I  in.  diam. ;  lateral  sepals  very  broad,  obtuse. — This  has  the  habit  of  a 
I^halcenopsis. 

JE.  lasiopetalum,  Willd..Sp.  PL  iv.  130,  is  undeterminable. 

JE.  LEPIDUM,  Eeichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  i.  466  ;  leaves  lorate  obtusely 
2-lobed,  flowers  white  ascending,  sepals  and  petals  subequal  oblong  apiculate,  tips 
and  of  lip  and  spur  purple,  side  lobes  of  lip  short  triangular,  midlobe  larger  triangular, 
spur  filiform  curved  as  long  as  the  pedicelled,  with  a  slender  curved  ascending  tooth 
in  the  middle  of  the  cavity. — British  India,  Berkeley. 

M.  Mend  ALII,  Jenning's  Orchid,  under  t.  xxx.,  without  description,  is  probably 
M.falcatum. 

M.  PACHYPHTLLUM,  EeicJih.  f.  in  Gard.  CTiron.  1880,  ii.  230;  leaves  short 
most  fleshy  obtusely  unequally  2-lobed,  raceme  short  few-fld.,  sepals  and  rather 
shorter  petals  oblong-ligulate  obtusely  acute  crimson-lake,  side  lobes  of  lip  subtrian- 
gular  short,  midlobe  purple  triangular  minute,  spur  white  cylindric  obtuse  inflated 
longer  than  the  pedicelled  ovary,  column  white. — Burma  {Sort.  Feitch.). 

M.  EIGIDUM,  Sam.  ex.  Smith  in  Rees  Cyclop,  xxxix.  No.  12,  is  undeterminable. 

59.  RENANTKERA,  Lour. 

Epiphytes ;  stem  elongate,  branched,  leafy ;  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaver 
rigid,  2-lobed.  Flowers  large  or  medium  sized,  in  lateral  spreading 
panicles.  Sepals  narrow,  widely  spreading,  dorsal  erect,  lateral  deflexed 
or  placed  under  the  lip,  oblanceolate  or  spathulate,  at  first  parallel  or 
connate.  Petals  narrow.  Lip  very  small  sessile,  jointed  on  the  base  of 
the  column,  saccate,  side  lobes  erect.  Column  short,  truncate,  foot  0 ; 
pollinia  large,  2-grooved  or  2-partite,  strap  short,  gland  transverse. — 
Species  6,  Indian,  Chinese  and  Malayan. 

1.  R.  coccinea,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochin  Ch.  ii.  637 ;  flowers  2-2|  in.  diam., 
lateral  sepals  free,  much  larger  than  the  dorsal,  midlobe  of  lip  ovate- 
lanceolate  recurved.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  217 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1131 ; 
Bat.  Mag.  t.  2997-8  ;  Faxt.  Mag.  t.  49;  Beichh.  Fl.  Exot.  t.  114  ;  Walp. 
Ann.  vi.  876. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  the  Moscos  Isds.,  opposite  Tavoy,  ParisTi.— Distrib.  Cochin 
China. 

Stem  1-3  ft.,  stout.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  distant,  oblong  or  shortly  lorate.  Peduncle 
2-3  ft.,  erect ;  branches  long,  divaricate,  lax-fld. ;  bracts  very  small,  broad ;  lateral 
sepals  scarlet,  dorsal  and  petals  linear,  orange -red,  spotted ;  lip  yellow,  tip  of  small 
spur  and  midlobe  scarlet ;  strap  of  pollinia  linear  acute. 

2.  R.  elong-ata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  218  ;  flowers  f  in.  diam., 
sepals  subequal  lateral  free,  midlobe  of  lip  tongue-shaped  revolute  with  2 


Renanthera.']        cXLViii.  ORCfiiDE)^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  49 

basal  calli.  ReicTih.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i.  88 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  876.  E,. 
matutina,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1843,  t.  41  {not  of  Gen.  Sc  8p.) ;  Prescatorea,  i, 
t.  11.  E.  micrantha,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  i.  60 ;  Reichh.  f.  I.  c.  i.  87.  Sacco- 
labium  reflexum,  Litidl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7309 ;   Gen  &  Sp.  Orchid.  225. 

SiNGAPOKE,  Wallich.  Peeak,  Scortechini,  &c.  MALACCA,  Griffith  (Kew 
JDistrib.  5242),  Mahigay  {K.  d.  1644) — DiSTEiB.  Malay  Islands. 

Habit  and  foliage  of  U.  coccinea,  but  much  more  slender,  bracts  ovate  reflexed, 
flowers  much  smaller  aud  more  numerous,  orange  yellow  with  i*ed  spots.  Lip  with 
the  side  lobes  short,  broad,  margins  revolute  ;  spur  large,  cylindric,  obtuse,  some- 
what recurved;  strap  of  poUinia  linear  acuminate,  gland  small.  Capsule  1  in., 
fusiform,  angles  acute. — King's  collector  describes  the  flowers  as  dark-red. 

3.  R.  ang'ustifolia,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  flowers  1^  in.  diam., 
lateral  sepals  lanceolate  abruptly  clawed,  at  first  connate,  midlobe  of  lip 
minute  acute  recurved. 

Pebak  ;  on  Gunong  Bata  Patch,  Wray. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  4-5  by  a-f  in,,  linear,  recurved.  Scape 
long,  sparingly  branched;  pedicel  with  ovary  1-1^  in.;  lateral  sepals  inserted  by  a 
point,  and  narrower  dorsal  acuminate  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  very  small,  rounded ;  spur 
conico-cylindric  j  top  of  column  hispid  ;  polleu  large,  oblong,  strap  broad,  gland 
large. 

SPECIES   UNKNOWN    TO   ME. 

R.  HI8TRI0NICA,  ReicJib.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1878,  ii.  74;  low,  leaves  lanceolate 
acuminate,  raceme  laxly  few-fld.,  sepals  and  petals  cuneately  ligulate  obtusely  acute, 
lip  3-fid,  side  lobes  triangular,  midlobe  ligulate  acute  with  two  incumbent  trian- 
gular or  quadiate  lamellae  at  its  base,  spur  short  conic. — Singapore  ?  or  Malacca  ?, 
Sort.  Bay.  Flowers  yellow  purple  spotted  and  margined,  lip  white,  side  lobes  spotted 
with  purple,  spur  orange,  column  yellow  and  purple.— The  first  species  with  acuminate 
leaves. — Description  from  Reichb.  1.  c. 

60.  VANDA,  Br. 

Epiphytes  ;  stem  leafy.  Leaves  very  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  flat  keeled  or 
terete,  i^/oiwer*  usually  large,  highly  coloured,  in  simple  lax  or  dense  ra- 
cemes. Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  spreading  or  incurved,  bases  narrowed. 
Lip  large,  base  usually  saccate  or  spurred,  side  lobes  large  or  sniall(rarely 
0),  placed  on  the  sides  of  the  sac  or  spur;  midlobe  various,  fleshy,  disk 
usually  ridged  or  lamellate.  Column  short,  stout  j  foot  not  or  very 
shortly  produced  ;  anther  2-celled  ;  rostellum  obscure ;  poUinia  2,  didy- 
mous,  subglobose  or  obovoid,  strap  broad  short  or  long  geniculate,  gland 
rather  large  (slender  in  §  Anotis  and  gland  small). — iSpecies  about  20, 
tropical  Asiatic  and  Australian. 

Sect.  I.  EuvANDA.  Sepals  and. petals  widely  spreading  (not  incurved). 
Lip  with  erect  side  lobes.     Strap  of  poUinia  flat,  geniculate,  gland  large. 

*  Leaves  terete.     Scape  few-fld.     See  also  JErides  cylindricum. 

1.  V.  teres,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7324;  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  217; 
Fol.  Orchid.  7;  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1809;  midlobe  of  lip  2-fid.,  lobes  hatchet- 
shaped,  sac  long  conical.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4114  ;  Paxt.  Mag.  v.  t.  193;  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  352  ;  Warn.  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser.  iii,  t.  2 ;  Reichenhachia,  i.  t.  27 
Rev.  Hortic.  1856,  t.  22.     Dendrobium  teres,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  485. 

Lower  Bengal  ;  at  Seeb  Sagur,  Clarke.  Assam,  Silhet,  the  Khasia  Hills 
Chittagong  and  Upper  Burma,  Roxburgh,  Wallich,  &c. 

Stem  many  i'eet  long,   branched,  and  leaves  as   thick  as  a  goose-quill.     Leaves 
6-8  in.     JPedunele  6-12  in. ;  bracts  short,  ovate  ;  flowers  3-6,  4  in.  diam.,  white  or 
VOL.   VI.  \  E 


:\ 


60  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Vanda. 

rose-cold. ;  sepals  and  petals  undulate  ;  lip  hairy  towards  the  base ;  side  lobes  broad, 
incurved,  yellow  within,  crimson  spotted  ;  midlobemuch  larger,  flabellately  reniform  ' 
purple  or  rose-cold.,  sac  1  in.  long  j  column  hairy  in  front.     Capsule  lin.,  clavate.' 

2.  V.  Kookeriana,  Beichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  1856,  324 ;  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1882,  ii.  488 ;  midlobe  of  lip  very  large  reniformly  flabellate 
3-lobed,  sac  very  short.  III.  Sortie.  1883,  t.  484  ;  Orchidoph.  1886,  t.  158 ; 
Reichenbachia,  ii.  t.  74.     Warner  Orchid.: Alb.  t.  73,  1882. 

Pebak,  Scortechini ;  in  swamps,  Wray.     Singapoee,  'Ridley  (in  liti.). 

Habit  of  V.  teres,  but  leaves  shorter,  2-3  in.  ;  scape  longer ;  flowers  3-5,  2  in. 
diam.  ;  lateral  sepals  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  cream-cold ;  petals  broader,  lilac  or 
carnation;  lip  towards  the  base  and  column  hairy;  side  lobes  purple;  midlobe  as 
large  as  the  rest  of  the  flowers,  white  or  lilac,  base  2-glandular ;  sac  conical,  obtuse. 
Capsule  4  in. 

**  Leaves  flat  or  chanelled  and  keeled.     Scape  usually  many-fid. 

t  Flowers  ^1^  in.  diam.     (See  also  V.  Bensoni.) 

3.  V.  parviflora,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  xxx.  Misc.  45  ;  peduncle  and 
raceme  strict  erect,  flowers  \-%  in.  diam.,  sepals  oblong  and  spatkulate 
petals  yellow,  lip  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals,  midlobe  cuneate-obovate 
with  a  dilated  truncate  2-lobed  tip,  disk  with  fleshy  blue  ridges,  spur 
slender  conical  half  as  long  as  the  lip.  Wight  Ic.  t,  1669;  Reichb.f.  in 
Gard.  Chron.  1877,  166.  prides  Wightianum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7320 ; 
Gen.  S(  Sp.  Orchid.  238;  in  Jour n.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  40 ;  Bof.  Mag.  t.  5138; 
Wight  Ic.  V.  p.  8 ;  Lalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  266. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  Atakmunda  river,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Bdgeworth. 
Nepal,  Wallich.  Assam,  Mann.  Burma,  Berkely.  Western  Peninsula  ;  from 
the  Concan  to  Travancore.     Cexlon,  Walker,  &c. 

Stem  4-6  in.  Leaves  4-8  by  \-\  in.,  unequally  obtusely  2-lobed.  Peduncle  and 
rachis  stout ;  pedicel  with  ovary  1-1|  in. ;  side  lobes  of  lip  small,  ovate.  Capsule 
1-li  in.,  long  pedicelled,  clavate. 

Var.  testacea  ;  sepals  and  petals  brown.  V.  testacea,  Beichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1877,  166.  iErides  testaceum,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  238 ;  Baxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii. 
t.  142;   Walp.  Ann.  \.  897.— Ceylon. 

Var.  albijtora ;  sepals  and  petals  white,  lip  white,  ridges  speckled  with  red,  spur 
broader  obtuse. — Moulmein  {Ic.  Parish). 

4.  V.  coerulescens,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  352 ;  Ic.  Riant.  Asiat.  t.  331  ; 
raceme  drooping,  flowers  1-li  in.  diam.,  sepals  obovate  and  spathulate, 
petals  pale  blue,  lip  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals,  midlobe  cuneate-obovate 
with  a  dilated  truncate  2-lobed  tip,  disk  with  fleshy  dark  blue  ridges, 
spur  slender  conical  half  as  long  as  the  lip.  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  9  ;  Walp. 
^W72.  vi.  868;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5834  and  6328;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  \..  ^; 
Floral  Mag.  N.  8.  i.  256;  Orchidoph.  1863,  t.  637;  Reichb.f.  in  Gard. 
Chron.  18^,  498  ;  IbT^i).  529,  f.  97. 

UPPER  Burma,  Griffith.'    .Pegu;  on  hills  near  Prome,  alt.  1500  ft.,  Benson. 

Stem  6  in.  Leaves  6-10  by  ^  in.,  much  broader  in  cultivation,  acutely  2-fid  or 
3.fid.  PedztwcZe  with  racemes  1  ft.  or  less  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  1-1|  in.;  flowers 
variable  in  colour,  from  blue  to  neari>^  white  (vnrs.  Boxallii,  E.  f .  and  Louriana, 
R.  f .) ;  spur  and  column  blue. 

5.  V.  spathulata,  Spreng.  ^yst.  Veg.  iii.  719;  leaves  short,  peduncle 
very  tall,  raceme  terminal  few^fld.,  flowers  1:^  in.  diam.  golden  yellow, 
sepals  and  petals  spathulately  oblong  flat,  lip  clawed  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
side  lobes  very  small,  midlobf;  suborbicular.  Lindl.  Gen.  (Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
216  J  Fol.  Orchid.  9 ;   Wight  Ic.  t.  915  ;   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  869.     Epidendrum 


Vanda.']  cxlviii.   orchidej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  51 

spathulatum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1348.  Limodorum  spathulatum,  Willd.  Sp. 
Pi.  iv.  125.  JSrides  maculatum,  Smith  in  Mees  Cyclop.  Suppl.—Bheede 
Hort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  3. 

Western  Peninsula  ;  from  Malabar  to  Travancore  and  Ceylon. 

Stem  2  ft.  Leaves  2-4  by  -^-1^  in.,  sbortly  obtusely  2-lobed.  Peduncle 
12-18  in.,  robust,  few-fld.  aad  at  the  tip  only;  bracts  large,  ovate,  acute;  pedicel 
and  ovary  1-1^  in. ;  side  lobes  of  lip  broadly  obovate,  midlobe  obscurely  3-fid  ;  spur 
conical.     Capsule  1^-2^  in.,  clavately  fusiform. 

ft  Floimrfi  2  in.  diam.  and  upwards  (smaller  in  F.  Bensoni). 

6.  V.  coerulea,  Griff,  ex  Lindl.  in  Lot.  Beg.  1847,  under  t.  30  ;  Fol. 
Orchid. 'd;  peduncle  elongate  many-fld.,  flowers  3-4  in.  diam.  pale  blue, 
lateral  sepals  obovate,  petals  clawed  broadly  obovate,  lip  much  shorter 
than  the  sepals  dark  blue  linear-oblong,  side  lobes  small  rounded,  midlobe 
with  2  thickened  ridges  ending  in  a  bigibbous  tip.  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  36  ; 
Jard.  Fleurist.  t.  102  :  FL  des  Serres.  t.  609  ;  Eeichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  i.  8, 
t.  5 ;  Pescatorea,  i.  t.  29 ;  III.  Hort.  vii.  t.  246  ;  Warner  Sel.  Orchid,  t.  18 ; 
Jennings  Orchid,  t.  34 ;  lieichenbachia,  ii.  19,  t.  57 ;  Lindenia,  iv.  t.  160 
V.  coerulescens,  Journ.  Hort.  Soc.  vi..  Proa.  vii.  wiUi  fig.  Yanda,  Griff' 
Bin.  Note.^,  88,  No.  1284.         /I  a^c^^/^u  jyucf  ^  i-i-U-<  I'^Jf 

Khasia  and  Jyntea  Mts.,  on  oaks,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 

Stem  3-6  in.,  very  stout.  Leaves  3-10  by  |-1  in,,  keeled,  2-lobed  or  tip  obliquely 
truncate  and  toothed.  Peduncle  with  lax-fid.  6-20-fld.  raceme  1-2  ft.,  perianth 
segments  somewhat  waved  and  obscurely  tessellate  ;  lip  not  one-third  the  length  of 
the  sepals  ;  spur  conical  obtuse.     Capsule  3  in.,  fusiform,  long  pedicelled. 

7.  V.  Denisoniana,  Benson  ^  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1869, 
528  ;  1885,  105,  f.  21 ;  peduncle  very  short,  flowers  2  in.  diam.,  white, 
sepals  and  petals  waved  and  twisted,  lateral  sepals  largest  broadly  obovate 
falcate  deflexed,  petals  clawed  spathulate,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  side 
lobes  large  subquadrate,  midlobe  panduriform  with  two  orbicular  diverging 
and  recurved  terminal  lobes.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5811 ;  III.  Hort.  N.  S.  t.  105 ; 
Lindenia,  t.  21 ;    Warner  Orchid.  Alh.  t.  248. 

Tenassekim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish.     Aeracan,  Benson. 

Stem  short.  Leaves  6-10  in,,  deeply  unequally  2-lobed.  Peduncle  stout,  with 
the  raceme  6-10  in.;  pedicels  with  ovary  2  in.  ;  midlobe  of  lip  with  rounded  sides, 
and  a  very  acute  termimd  sinus;  disk  with  5  thick  obtuse  ridges;  side  lobes  con- 
cave, with  oi-ange  streaks  ;  spur  short,  villous  within.  Capsule  3-5  in.,  clavately 
fusiform. 

8.  y.  Bensoni,  Batem.in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5611;  leaves  narrow,  peduncle 
tall  inclined  many-fld.,  flowers  1^-2  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  dull  yellow- 
green  spotted  with  red-brown,  lateral  sepals  broadly  obovate,  petals  spathu- 
lately  obovate,  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals  bine,  side  lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  much  smaller  than  the  j^anduriform  midlobe  which  has  2  broad 
recurved  terminal  lobes.  Beichb.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  138 ;  Gard.  Chron. 
1867,  180  ;   Flore  des  Serres,  t.  2329. 

Pegu  ;  near  Rangoon,  Benson.     Tenassekim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  short.  Leaves  4-6  in.  obliquely  truncate  and  toothed.  Peduncle  with  the 
raceme  18  in.j  midlobe  of  lip  with  3  obtuse  ridges;  spur  conical  obtuse. — Very 
near  V.  Denisonia.na,  but  flowers  much  smaller,  quite  different  in  colour,  not  so 
waved,  midlobe  of  lip  more  contracted,  the  terminal  lobes  uncinate. — A  form  with 
brown  flowers  figured  by  Parish  and  called  tristis  may  be  this  or  V.  brunnea  (see  end 
of  genus) . 

9.  V.  Parisliii,  Veitch  Sf  Beichb. in  Gard.  Chron.  1867,  180,  with  fig. ; 

E   2 


55  6JtLviii.  dRcttiDH^.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)  [Vandd. 

leaves  broad  obtusely  2-lobed,  peduncle  short  stout  erect,  bracts  large, 
flowers  2  in.  diam.,  fleshy  spotted  inauve-brown  or  purple,  lateral  sepals 
broadly  ovate-obloog  and  orbicular  petals  apiculate,  lip  half  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  side  lobes  rounded,  midlobe  small  cuneately  flabelliform.  Eeichh, 
/.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  138;  in  Gard.  Chron.  1870,890;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb. 
t.  15,  and  61  (var.). 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  very  short,  stout.  Leaves  few,  8-10  by  2-3  in.  Peduncle  very  short ; 
raceme  6-8  in.,  drooping,  6-8-fld. ;  bracts  acuminate  ;  flowers  variable  in  colour. 
The  short  stems  and  broad  flat  leaves  are  not  those  of  Fanda  proper,  and  more 
resemble  Stauropsis  or  Arachnanthe.  In  var.  Marriottiana,  Keichb.  f.  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1880,  743  ;  1881,  726,  the  sepals  and  petals  are  mauve,  the  side  lobes  of  the 
lip  white  with  mauve  stripes  and  2  yellow  blotches  below  the  column,  and  the  mid- 
lobe  is  carmine.  In  \v^v.  purpurea^,  1^.  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  307,  the  sepals 
and  petals  are  mauve -purple  with  white  bases,  and  the  lip  bright  mauve. 

10.  V.  bicolor,  Griff.  JVotul.  iii.  354;  It.  Notes,  132,  No.  546;  Ic. 
Plant.  Asiat.  t.  330 ;  leaves  praemorse,  peduncle  short  erect  4-6-fld., 
flowers  2  in.  diam.  brownish-purple  obscurely  tessellate,  waved,  lateral 
sepals^obovate  deflexcd,  dDrsal  small,  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  pi^rple 
side  lobes  large  orbicular,  midlobe  small  panduriform,  tip  contracted  2-lobed. 
Lindl.  FoL  Orchid.  6 ;  Walp.  Ami.  vi.  867 ;  Heichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1875,  620. 

Eastern  Tropical  Himalaya  ;  Sikkim  {Ic.  in  Serb.  Calcutt.) ;  Bhotan, 
alt.  2000  ft.  Griffith.     Assam:  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  6-10  in.,  sometimes  unequally  rather  obtusely  2-lobed. 
Scape  very  stout ;  bracts  ovate,  acute ;  dorsal  sepal  much  the  smallest,  dilated 
in  the  middle  ;  petals  clawed,  spathulate  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  margined  with  yellow. 
Capsule  almost  a  span  long. — Near  V.  Hoxburghii,  but  at  once  distinguishable  by 
the  large  orbicular  side  lobes  of  the  lip.     A  little-known  species. 

11.  V.  Xlozburgrhii,  Br.  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  506;  leaves  prsemorse, 
raceme  suberect,  flowers  l|-2  in.  diam.  tesselated  with  brown,  sepals  and 
petals  subequal  clawed  obovate  waved,  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
side  lobes  small  acute,  midlobe  panduriform  violet  tip  dilated  truncate 
2-lobed.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  215  ;  Fol.  Orchid.  3  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  916  ; 
JFl.  des  Serres,  ii.  t.  11 ;  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  t.  42,  f.  2  ;  Reichb.  Ft.  Fxot.  1. 121  ; 
III.  Hart,  t  185  (var.).  V.  tesselloides,  Reichb.  f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  864. 
Cymbidium  tesselloides,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  463.  C.  tessellatum,  Swartz  in 
Nov.  Act.  Upsal.  vi.  75 ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  102 ;  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  I.  c.  C. 
Alagnata,  Herb.  Mam.  Epidendrum  tessellatum.  Roxb.  Cor.  PI.  i.  34, 
t.  42.  brides  tessellatum,  Wight  in  Wall.  Cat.  7318 ;  Lindl.  Ge7i.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid.  240. — Yanda,  Jones  in  Asiat.  Res.  iv.  302. 

Bengal,  Behak  and  westwards  to  Guzerat  and  the  Concan,  and  southwards 
to  Tbavancose,  Tenasserim  and  Ceylon. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  climbing.  Leaves  6-8  in.,  narrow,  complicate.  Peduncle  6-8  in., 
6-10- fld. ;  sepals  and  petals  yellowish -green  or  blueish  except  from  the  clat||i-ate- 
browu  nerves,  margins  white  ;  lip  half  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  more,  di&k  of  midlobe 
convex  with  fleshy  ridges  and  white  margins  and  mesial  lines ;  spur  conical. — 
Reichenbach  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  i.  9,  describes  a  var.  Wightiana,  with  purple  lip, 
the  side  lobes  with  more  or  less  developed  anterior  teeth.  The  colouring  in  the  11. 
des  Serres,  ii.  t.  11,  is  unlike  that  of  any  form  known  to  me.  Roxburgh  distin- 
guishes his  C.  tessellatum  from  his  C.  tesselloides,  by  the  former  having  the  lip 
with  the  sides  incurved  into  a  tube,  and  the  blade  tapering  entire  acute;  whilst  in 
the  latter  the  lip  is  channelled  above,  concave  underneath,  and  the  tip  of  2  obtuse 
lobes.     The  latter  (the  typical  V.  Roxhurghii)  is  the  only  form  known  to  Indian 


Vanda.']  cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  53 

botanists,  and  I    suspect  that  the  form  of  the  lip  of  C.  tessellatum  is  due  to  withering. 
Var.  unicolor,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3416  is  I  suspect  the  Chinese  V.  concolor,  Blume. 

Sect.  II.  Anota,  Lwdl.  Raceme  dense-fld.  Sepals  and  petals  widely 
spreading.  Li/p  without  side  lobes.  Strap  of  pollinia  long,  slender, 
straight. 

The  two  species  of  this  section  (the  following  and  F.  violacea)  have  been  re- 
ferred to  Saccolabiuni,  Vanda,  and  one  of  them  to  Rhynchostylis.  In  whichever 
genus  placed  they  are  aberrant  j  the  ridged  lip  is  quite  that  of  Vanda  ;  but  the 
lip  and  strap  of  the  pollinia  is  as  in  Rhynchostylis ;  and  the  spur  is  hardly  that 
of  Vanda,  but  rather  of  Saccolahium. 

12.  V.  densiflora,  Liyidl.  in  Paxt.  Ft.  Card,  under  t.  42  ;  Fol. 
Orchid.  2  ;  leaves  truncately  excised,  lip  cuneate  tip  shortly  obtusely  3-lobed, 
base  with  2  pubescent  ridges  descending  into  the  spur.  Fl.  des  Sevres, 
t.  1765;  Reichh.f.in  Gard.  Chron.  1SQQ,1\^4!.  Saccolabium  giganteum, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7306 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  221 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5635. 
Reichenbachic  t.  22 ;  Jennings  Orchid,  t.  8  ;  Lindernia,  f.  683  ;  Orchidovl. 
1888,  t.  163. 

Pegu  ;  at  Prorae,  Wallich.     Rangoon,  Benson. 

Stem  short,  as  thick  as  a  child's  wrist ;  roots  ^-|  in.  diana.  Leaves  imbricating 
at  the  base,  6-12  by  ]|-2  in.,  very  thick,  channelled,  lobes  acute.  Peduncle  very 
short,  stout;  raceme  8-14  in.,  c}lindric.  very  dense-fld.;  flowers  l-\\  in.  diam., 
white  with  a  few  purple  spots  at  the  base  of  the  petals;  lip  fleshy,  white  with 
bright  purple  shining  terminal  lobes  ;  spur  short,  inflated,  pointing  backwards. 

Sect,  III.  Cristate.  Racemes  shortly  peduncled,  few-fid. ;  pedicels 
decurved.  Sepals  and  petals  incurved.  Strap  of  pollinia  very  short,  gland 
large. — Inflorescence  and  flowers  of  Luisia,  but  habit  and  foliage  of  Vanda. 

13.  V.  cristata,  Zindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7328  ;  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  216  ; 
Sej^t.  Orchid.  Frontisp.  f.  10  ;  in  Bot.  Reg.  1842,  t.  48 ;  Fol.  Orchid.  10 ; 
sepals  and  petals  narrow  yellow  or  green,  side  lobes  of  lip  erect  triangular, 
midlobe  subpanduriform  golden  striped  with  purple,  tip  with  2  divaricate 
spindle-shaped  lobes  and  an  intermediate  depressed  one,  spur  conical. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  4304  ;  Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  vii.  t.  290  ;  Gartenfl.  t.  680 ;  Walp. 
Ann.  vi.  869.  Y.  striata,  Reichb.  f  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  137,  t.  150.  brides 
cristatum,  Wall.  mss.     brides  sp.  Griff.  Bin.  Notes,  203,  No.  1188. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  to  Bhotan,  Wallich,  &c.  Silhet, 
J.  B.  U.  ^  T.  T. 

Stem  3-6  in.,  very  stout.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  rigidly  coriaceous,  recurved,  keeled, 
truncately  3-toothed.  Raceme  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  very 
short,  broad  ;  pedicels  with  ovary  long,  stout ;  flowers  1^-2  in.  diam.  ;  side  lobes  of 
lip  acute  truncate  or  toothed,  midlobe  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  spur  short,  obtuse. 
Capsule  2-2^  in.,  narrowly  clavate. 

14.  V.  alpina,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  10 ;  sepals  and  petals  narrow 
yellowish,  side  lobes  of  lip  rounded,  midlobe  concave  ovate  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse  pale  yello.v  streaked  with  purple,  spur  0.  V.  Griffithii,  Lindl.  in 
Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  ii.  22,  and  Fol.  Orchid.  10  {excl.  cilat.  Griffith).  Luisia 
alpina,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1858,  Misc.  56. 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  3500-5000  ft.,  from  Garwhal,  Thomson,  to 
Bhotan.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  B.  8r  T.  T. 

Habit  of  F.  cristata,  but  smaller,  leaves  rather  shorter,  racemes  always  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  flowers  only  1  in.  diam.,  lip  very  different.  Capsule  not 
seen.  — Lindley's  citation  of  Griffith's  Itin.  Notes,  No.  526,  from  his  V.  Griffithii, 
is  (as  he  states  in  Fol.  Orchid.)  an  error.  But  he  again  errs  in  referring  this 
same  plant  to  Vanda  hicolor.     It  is  his  V.  undulata  {Stauropsis  undulatus,  p.  27). 

15.  V.  pumila,  Book.  f. ;   sepals   and  petals  narrow  pale  yellowish 


54:        ,  cxLViii.  ORCHiDBJS.     (J.  D.  llooker.)  [Vmida. 

or  white,  side  lobes  of  lip  rounded,  midlobe  broadly  ovate  concave  obtuse 
pale  streaked  with  purple,  spur  conical  as  long  as  the  midlobe.  V.  cristata, 
var.  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  10. 

SiKKiM  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  alt.  2000  ft.  {Ic.  Cathcart  Sc  in  Herb..  Calcutt.). 

A  smaller  species  than  either  cristata  or  alpina,  with  the  lip  of  the  latter,  but 
furnished  with  a  long  conical  spur.  In  the  Cathcart  drawings  the  leaves  are 
5-6  in.  and  sepals  and  petals  white;  in  that  of  the  Calcutta  Herb,  the  leaves  are  only 
3  in.  long,  and  the  sepals  and  petals  are  yellow.  The  latter  is  ticketed  as  from 
Mongpo,  in  Sikkim. 

SPECIES    LNKNOWN    TO    ME. 

V.  BRUNNEA,  EeicTih.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  139  ;  leaves  long  narrowly  ligulate 
emarginate, flowers  as  large  as  in  Y.  concolor  (of  Chini)  olive  within,  sepals  and  petals 
cuneately  oblong  obtusely  acute,  lip  and  column  pale  yellowish  white,  side  lobes  serai- 
rotund,  midlobe  ligulate  2-lobed  retuse,  spur  acutely  conical. — Moulmein,  Parish. — ■ 
Thei'e  is  a  drawing  at  Kew,  by  Parish,  of  what  may  be  this  species  named  V.  tristis. 
Par.  mss.,  the  perianth  is  brown  on  both  surfaces,  the  lip  and  column  pale  brown. 
(See  V.  Farishii,  p.  51.) 

V.  Stangeana,  Beichh.  f.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xvi.  (1858.)  351  ;  allied  to  V.  fusco- 
viridis,  Lindl.  (of  Java),  auricles  of  the  lip  semiovate  divergent,  blade  gradually 
narrowed  from  a  broad  semicordate  base,  lip  slightly  2-lobed,  a  pair  of  small  calli 
before  the  mouth  of  the  spur,  dorsal  sepal  cuneate-ovate  about  equalling  the  petals, 
lateral  sepals  larger. — Sepals  and  petals  golden  green  tesselated  with  beautiful  ches- 
nut  brown  ;  lip  and  column  white  ;  lip  pale  violet  in  front,  with  a  streak  of  red  dots 
on  each  side  of  the  spur,  and  a  furrow  under  the  column  between  the  auricles. — 
Assam  (Sort.  Schiller). 

V. ViPANi,  Reichh.f.  in  Oard.  Chron.  1882,  ii.  134,  29 ;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear 
decuvved  deeply  unequally  2-toothed,  raceme  few-fld.,  sepals  and  rather  smaller  petals 
cuneate-oblong  obtuse  undulate  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base  pale  olive-green 
or  ochreous  barred  with  short  brown-purple  lines,  lip  panduriform,  side  lobes  semi- 
ovate  golden  yellow,  midlobe  olive-green  2- callous  at  the  base,  spur  conical  glabrous 
within. — Burma,  Vipan. 

V.  WiGHTii,  Beichh.  f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  932  ;  allied  to  7.  Stangeana,  Reichb.  f., 
leaves  more  than  a  foot  long  narrowly  ligulate  unequally  acutely  2-lobed,  scape 
few  andlax-fld.,  side  lobes  of  lip  subquadrate,  midlobe  broadly  ovate,  lip  contracted 
ligulate  obtusely  2-lobed,  disk  with  2  thick  ridges,  pilose  at  the  base  of  the  ridges 
and  side  lobes,  spur  conical,  column  slender  for  the  genus. — Nilghiris,  Wight. 

61.  SACCOIiABZUM,  Blum. 
62.  ScHiENORCHis,  Bl.    63  Uncifera,  Lindl.     64  Acampe,  Lindl. 

Epiphytes  ;  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  flat  keeled  or  terete.  Peduncles  lateral ; 
flowers  usually  small  spicate  racemed  panicled  or  subcorjmbose.  Sepals 
aud  ^eifaZ*  adnata  to  the  base  of  the  column,  spreading,  subsimilar,  free. 
Lip  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column  usually  consisting  of,  a  large  saccate 
or  conic  cylindric  spur,  small  lateral  lobes  and  a  small  midlobe ;  sac  or 
spur  not  septate  within  and  without  a  large  scale  or  callus  within  under 
the  column  (except  S.  longi folium).  Column  short,  broad,  truncate,  rarely 
beaked,  foot  0;  anther  1-  or  imperfectly  2-celled;  poUinia  2,  entire  or 
2-partite. — Species  about  40,  Eastern  Asiatic. 

Of  the  genera  enumerated  above,  Schcenorchis  is  not  British  Indian,  a  i'act  which 
I  overlooked  when  drawing  out  the  key  to  the  genera,  though  it  is  noted  in  Gen. 
Plant.  Uncifera  I  refer  to  Saccolabium ;  its  character  of  the  incurved  spur  is  insuf- 
ficient; end  that  of  the  poUinia  stipitate  on  the  strap,  or  rather  on  the  geniculate 
apex  of  the  strap,  though  curious,  is,  considering  how  variable  this  organ  is  in  the 
genus  and  its  allies,  not  a  dependable  one  for  generic  purposes.  For  Acampe  I  can  find 
no  characters  whatever,  and  it  is  difficult  to  retain  it  as  a  section  ;  its  lip  is  that  of  sect. 
Calceolaria,  as  is  the  subcorjmbose  or  umbellate  inflorescence  of  most  of  the  species. 


Saccolabium,]         cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  65 

The  following  sections  are,  I  think,  natural,  but  are  not  clearly  definable  by  words. 

Sect.  I.  MiCEANTH-E.  Leaves  flat  terete  or  channelled.  Mowers  small,  often 
minute,  in  simple  or  pauicled  racemes  or  spikes.  Lip  various  j  spur  long  or  short. 
(See  also  Sect.  vi.  Uncifera).     (Sp.  1-19).    ' 

Sect.  II.  Calceola-EIA.  Leaves  lorate,  flat,  flaccid;  Flowers  subcorymbose  on.~ 
a  short  stout  peduncle  ;  bracts  short,  broad  rounded.  Lip  a  large  hemispheric  sac,  with 
truncate  or  short  side  lobes  and  a  short  triangular  or  reniform  adnate  erose  or 
fimbriate  midlobe  which  is  warted  or  echinate  on  the  disk.  Column  very  short;  strap 
of  globose  polliiiia  linear.     (Sp.  20-27). 

Sect.  III.  AcAMPE.  Stem  usually  long  and  very  stout.  Leaves  keeled,  thickly 
coriaceous.  Flowers  corymbose  as  in  §  Calceolaria,  rarely  in  large  spreading  panicles. 
Lip  as  in  §  Calceolaria,  but  with  a  thicker  warted  reniform  or  ovate  midlobe  (spur 
cylindric  in  S.  ochraceum).  Column  very  short;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  linear. 
(ACAMPE,  Lindl.)     (Sp.  28-34). 

Sect.  IV.  Platykhizon.  Stem  0,  or  vei'y  short ;  roots  very  long,  flattened.  Leaves 
lorate,  flaccid.  Flowers  racemed.  Lip  very  small,  spur  saccate  or  conical,  midlobe 
small  reniform.  Column  very  short ;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  linear,  gland  large. 
(MiCEOPEEA,  Balz.)     (Sp.  35-36). 

Sect.  V.  DiSTicHOPHYLL^.  Stem  tufted  very  slender  pendulous,  leafy  through- 
out. Leaves  uniform,  distichous,  lanceolate.  Flower  small,  in  very  short  racemes. 
Lip  small,  spur  saccate.  Column  very  short,  strap  of  pollinia  slender,  gland 
sagittate.     (Sp.  37-38). 

Sect.  VI.  Specios^.  Stem  very  stout  as  are  the  long  roots.  Leaves  linear 
rigid,  keeled,  often  recurved.  Flowers  highly  coloured,  in  dense  racemes.  Lip  with 
a  linguiform  midlobe,  small  side  lobes  and  a  long  cylindric  spur.  Column  short  or 
rather  long;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  slender. — Habit  of  brides  sect.  II. ;  but  there  is 
no  foot  to  the  column.      (Sp.  39-41). 

Sect.  VII.  Uncifebj;.  S^em  very  short,  ieaves  distichous,  coriaceous.  Flowers 
in  dense  racemes.  Lip  with  a  large  funnel-shaped  incurved  spur  much  longer  than 
the  sepals.  Column  decurved,  rostellura  elongate ;  anther  long-beaked ;  pollinia 
globose,  seated  near  the  geniculately  inflexed  apex  of  a  very  long  slender  strap  with 
recurved  margins;  gland  large,  linear,  or  sagittate.     Uncifeea,  Lindl.    (Sp.  42,  43.) 

Sect.  I.    MicRANTH^.      (See  p.  54.) 

*  Stems  elongate  pendulous  ;  leaves  terete,  filiform,  or  semiterete. 

1.  S*  grexninatum,  Lindl.  in  Bat.  Beg.  1838  Misc.  50;  leaves  strongly 
curved  terete  channelled  3-toothed,  racemes  slender  panicled,  sepals  ovate- 
oblong  1-nerved  about  equalling  the  conic  obtuse  spur,  petals  smaller  obo- 
vate  1-nerved,  midlobe  of  lip  cymbiform  obtuse.     Walp.  Ann.  vi.  885. 

Easteen  Himalaya,  alt.  3-5000 ft. ;  Bhotan  Griffith;  Sikkim  J.  B.  H.  Khasia 
and  Jyntea  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  common. 

Stem  6-12  in,,  curved,  rooting  at  the  base.  Leaves  2-4  in,,  fleshy,  \-\  in.  diam. 
Panicles  longer  than  the  leaves,  branches  spreading  ;  bracts  small,  acute,  flowers  a  in. 
long  ;  sepals  white,  or  purple  with  white  tips;  petals  purple;  lip  variable,  blade 
fleshy,  sometimes  laterally  compressed,  side  lobes  very  small ;  column  very  short, 
anther  ovate,  strap  of  pollinia  short,  broad,  gland  very  large.  Capsule  subsessile 
i-i  in.  long,  oblong,  curved. 

2.  Si  niveuxn,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  224 ;  stem  short,  leaves 
recurved  semiterete  channelled  notched,  racemes  slender  panicled,  sepals 
ovate-oblong  1-nerved  about  equalling  the  ovoid  obtuse  spur,  petals 
cuneately  oblong  truncate  1-nerved,  midlobe  of  lip  spathulate  fleshy 
concave.     Thwaites  JEnum.  304. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Walker,  Thwaites, 
Stem  stout ;   1-4  in.,  curved.     Leaves  2-4  in.,  fleshy,  A-i  in.  diam.     Panicles 
longer  than  the  leaves,  branches  spreading ;  bracts  minute,  acute ;  flower  -^  in.  long, 


5l6  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Saccolahiwn 

white ;  tips  of  lateral  sepals  fleshy  at  the  back  ;  lip  with  minute  rounded  side  lobes  ; 
column  very  short ;  anther  hemispheric  ;  strap  of  pollinia  very  short,  gland  very 
large.  Capsule  -i  in.,  oblong. — Gardner  (n.  872)  has  a  form  with  much  broader 
leaves,  i  in.  diam.  and  stouter  scapes. 

8.  S>  filiforme,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36;  stem  slender, 
leaves  slender  terete  acuminate,  racemes  short  stout  simple,  sepals  linear, 
petals  orbicular,  shorter  than  the  cylindric  obtuse  recurved  spur,  limb  of 
lip  ovate  acute  deflexed,  side  lobes  larg^e  rounded.  Wal^^.  Ann.  vi.  887. 
Sarcanthus  filiformis  &  roseus.  Wight  Ic.  t.  1684  {excl.  capsule)  1685. 
Scha3norchis  juncifolia,  T/nvaifes  Enum.  304  {not  ofBlume.). 

Malabar  and  Teavancobe  ;  on  the  Nilghiri  hills,  at  Neddawuttura  and  Pycara, 
Wight  I  Pulney  and  Anamallay  hill,  Cotton,  &c.  Ceylon  ;  Central  Province, 
alt.  4-6000  ft.,  Walker,  &c. 

Stem  6-10 in. ;  internodes  i-2  in.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  as  thick  as  a  sparrow  quill  or 
more  slender.  Racemes  1^-2  in.,  stout,  subsesile,  often  deflexed  ;  bracts  lanceolate  ; 
flowers  \  in.  long,  red,  or  orange  streaked  with  crimson  ;  sepals  1-nerved,  petals  with 
3  nerves  rugose  on  the  back  ;  spur  of  lip  inflated  ;  anther  hemispheric  j  strap  of 
globose  pollinia  short,  dilated  upwards,  gland  very  large.  Capsule  \  in.,  pyriform, 
pedicelled. — Flowers  rose  coloured  in  Wight's  plant,  orange  with  red  stripes  in  the 
Ceylon  plants. 

4.  S.  perpusillum,  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  short  curved, 
leaves  terete  recurved  acute,  racemes  erect  stout  flowering  to  the  base,  bracts 
subulate  persistent,  flowers  minute  pubescent,  sepals  ovate-oblong,  petals 
obovate-oblong  obtuse,  lip  oblong  slightly  concave,  tip  with  a  fleshy  acute 
subcordate  appendage,  spur  short  cylindric  obtuse  incurved. 

Singapore  ;  at  Sungei  Buloh,  Ridley. 

Stem  3-5  in.,  as  thick  as  a  sparrow's-quill,  rigid.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  subsecund. 
Racemes  |-|  in. ;  rachis  stout ;  flowers  -J^  in.  diam. ;  pedicel  very  short ;  sepals 
1-nerved,  lateral  acuminate ;  petals  as  long,  obtuse,  glabrous,  1-nerved  ;  lip  as  long  as 
the  sepals  ;  spur  large ;  fleshy  appendage  at  the  tip  of  the  lip  didymous  on  the  upper 
face. — A  remarkable  little  species,  unlike  any  other. 

5.  S.  ?  inconspicuum,  ITook.  f. ;  stem  rather  stout,  leaves  2-3  in., 
nearly  straight  terete  obtuse,  flowers  small  shortly  peduncled  clusters, 
sepals  and  ^  petals  broadly  oblong  acute,  hypochile  of  lip  hemispheric 
margins  entire  (side  lobes  0),  epichile  broadly  ovate  retuse  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  the  hypochile.     Cymbidium  inconspicuum.  Wall.  mss. 

LowEK  Assam,  JenTcins  {Ic.  in  Herh.  Calcutt.) 

Stems  6-8  in.  long,  interlaced,  flexuous,  as  thick  as  a  duck's-quiil  ;  internodes 
\  in.  Leaves  rather  more  slender,  slightly  curved,  but  not  falcate.  Flowers  \  in. 
diam.,  shortly  pedicelled,  pale  green ;  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  spreading  and 
recurved  ;  lip  about  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  hypochile  green  suff'used  with  purple,  large 
for  the  size  of  the  plant,  margins  everted,  epichile  as  long  as  the  hypochile,  flat, 
smooth  ;  column  short,  very  stout,  purple,  rostellum  not  beaked ;  anther  broader 
than  long  low,  pollinia  2  globose,  strap  short,  gland  ovate. — The  lip  is  like  that  of 
sect.  Calceolaria.     Described  from  the  drawing  in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium. 

**  Stem  short  or  long.     Leaves  flat  or  channelled. 

t  Spur  of  lip  longer  than  the  sepals.     {See  also  16,  S.  rostellatum.) 

6.  S.  Puxnilio,  Reichh.  f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  886 ;  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1875,  ii.  98  ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  falcately  oblanceolate  obtuse  notched  or 
2-fid,  racemes  about  equalling  the  leaves  laxly  many-fld.,  lateral  sepals 
broadly  ovate  obtuse,  petals  oblanceolate  obtuse,  side  lobe  of  lip  very 
short  rounded,  midlobe  large  flat  triangular  3-nerved  smooth,  spur  much 
longer  than  the  sepals  slender  incurved.     S.  discolor,  lieichb.f.  Ot.  Hamh, 


Saccolabium.]         oxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  57 

42.     S.    pusillum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.   Linn.   Soc.    iii.    30    {not  of  Blume). 
CEceoclades  pusilla,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7332:   Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  237. 

SiLHET,  Wallich. 

Roots  very  many,  slender,  tortuous.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^  in.,  fleshy,  thin  when  dry. 
iZacewjc*  slender  ;  bracts  ovate,  mt-inbranous ;  flowers  i  in.  broad,  pedicelled  mem- 
branous; dorsal  sepal  obovate  ;  column  rather  long,  beaked  in  front;  anther  .low  ; 
strap  of  pyriform  pollinia  dilated  above,  gland  small  oblong.  Capsule  f  in.,  shortly 
pedicelled,  narrow,  6-ribbed. — The  citation  of  "  Herb.  Wight "  under  Wall.  Cat. 
7332  B,  is  doubtless  an  error. 

7.  S.  penanglanum,  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate  acuminate  with  a  lateral  notch,  raceme  short  very  stout 
dense-fld.  pubescent,  sepals  broadly  ovate  1-nerved,  not  half  the  length 
of  the  conical  angled  abruptly  incurved  spur,  petals  oblong  1-nerved,  limb 
of  lip  minute,  disk  fleshy  terminal,  side  lobes  rounded. 

Penang  ;  on  the  Sonkey  River,  Curtis.  Perak,  Kunstler  {Ic.  in  Herb. 
Calcutt.) 

Stem  flexuous,  internodes  \  in.  Leaves  2J-3  by  \  in.  thick,  nerve  strong 
beneath.  Bacemes  l-\\  in.,  fruiting  decurved  ;  bracts  subulate;  flowers  i-  in.,  pube- 
rulous,  white  edged  with  yellow  and  a  little  pink  ;  column  short ;  strap  of  globose 
pollinia  elongate,  spathulate,  gland  small.  Capsules  \  in.  long,  oblong,  sessile, 
crowded,  reflexed. 

8.  S.  Helferi,  Hoolc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  short,  leaves  loriform  tip 
contracted  notched,  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  sepals  orbicular-ovate 
1-nerved  shorter  than  the  saccate  broad  spur,  petals  oblong,  blade  of  lip 
reniform,  half  embracing  the  spur  quite  entire,  lateral  lobes  narrow  erect. 

Tenasserim,  or  Andaman  Islands.  Selfer  (Kew  Distrib.  5256).  Moulmein, 
Parish ;  Mergui,  Griffith. 

Stem  1-3  in.  Leaves  few,  close  set,  2^-3^  by  -i— i  in.,  sheaths  short,  black. 
PawicZe  about  equalling  the  leaves,  slender;  bracts  minute,  acute  ;  flowers  ^Lin.j 
dorsal  sepal  much  smaller  than  the  lateral;  blade  of  lip  shorter  than  the  spur; 
column  very  short ;  anther  short,  broad  ;  pollinia  globose,  sessile  on  a  large  cuneate 
strap  or  gland. 

9.  S.  gracile,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  225 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iii.  35  ;  stem  short  slender,  leaves  elongate  linear-lanceolate  acuminate, 
racemes  slender  many-fld.  longer  than  the  leaves,  sepals  oblong  obtuse 
1-nerved,  much  shorter  than  the  straight  tubular  acuminate  spur,  petals 
narrower  oblong  1-nerved,  blade  of  lip  very  small  ovate  acute,  side  lobes  0. 
Thwaites  Enum,.  304 

C  EYLON  ;  Central  Province,  alt.  3000  ft.     Macrae,  &c. 

Stem  2-8  in.,  often  zigzag,  internodes  \-\  in.  Leaves  2J-4  by  i  in.,  straight  or 
falcate,  narrowed  at  base  and  tip,  midrib  obscure.  Racemes  A-Q  in.,  erect;  bracts 
minute,  subulate;  flower:^  in.  long,  white  ;  mouth  of  spur  very  oblique;  column 
short ;  anther  short,  broad,  strap  of  globose  pollinia  very  slender.  Capsule  globose, 
\  in.  diam.,  pedicelled. 

10.  S.  brevifolium,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  225,  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  iii.  35 ;  stem  rather  stout  scandent,  leaves  short  linear-oblong  un- 
equally 2-lobed,  racemes  very  short  few-fld.,  sepals  and  petals  subeqiial 
orbicular-ovate  1-nerved  not  half  as  long  as  the  conico-cylindric  straight 
obtuse  spur,  limb  of  lip  very  minute,  side  lobes  0.  Thwaites  Enum.  230. 
S.  virescens,  Gardn.  mss. 

Ceylon  ;  Central  Province  common,  Macrae,  &c.  * 

Stem  6-10  in.,  internodes  f  in.  or  less.  Leaves  l-\\  by  \-\  in.,  fleshy,  midrib 
obscure.     Racemes  1  in.,   recurved  j  bracts  very  minute  j  flowers  \  in.  long,  rose- 


58  cxLviii.  oRCHiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Saccolabium. 

purple  or  greenish  white ;  spur  as  long  as  the  pedicel ;  column  short ;  anther  yery 
broad,  aplculate,  strap  of  globose  pollinia  short,  gland  as  long  very  large  2-fid. 
Benthamiin  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  579  errs  in  referring  (Ec.  tenera  to  this ;  it  is  my  Cleisostoma 
tenerum. 

11.  S.  roseum,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  225;  stem  very  slender, 
leaves  fleshy  flat  narrowly  linear  unequally  notched,  racemes  very  short 
simple,  sepals  ovate-oblong  obtuse  1-nerved,  petals  as  large  rounded  1-nerved, 
spur  of  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  cylindric  obtuse,  lip  minute  ovate 
acute,  side  lobes  rounded.  Tkwaites  JSnum.  304,  Sarcanthus  Walkerianus, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  1686  (bad).     S.  Walkerianum  Reichh.f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  887. 

Ceylon  ;  Central  Province,  up  to  5000  ft.,  common ;  Macrae,  ^c. 

Stem  curved,  as  thick  as  apigeon's-quill.  Leaves  2-3  by  \-^  in.  Raceme\-\^  in., 
slender;  bracts  minute;  flowers  i  in  long,  rosy  in  Ic.  Walker,  lilac  in  Ic.  Thvvaites  ; 
column  short ;  anther  short  broad,  pollinia  2,  strap  short  slender,  gland  large. 
Capsule  ^--\  in.,  piriform,  pedicelled. 

12.  S.  flavum,  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  JPlant.  ined. ;  stem  short  very  stout, 
leaves  close  set  loriform  deeply  unequally  acutely  2-cleft,  raceme  lax-fld., 
sepals  oblong  obtuse,  lip  small,  infundibular  spur  much  longer  than  the 
sepals  with  small  toothed  side  lobes  and  truncate  mouth. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  6  in.,  stout.  Leaves  4-5  by  f  in.,  dark  green  with  darker  nerves,  apiculate 
between  the  lobes ;  sheaths  ^  in.,  deeply  grooved.  Raceme  from  the  base  of  the 
stem,  with  the  slender  scape  4  in. ;  bracts  small,  recurved  ;  flowers  j  in.  diam.,  pale 
yellow;  column  short,  broad;  rostellum  large,  2-lobed,  apparently  fleshy. — A  remark- 
able species  with  the  pollinia  approaching  that  of  sect.  Dncifera  (and  of  Sarcanthus 
mirabilis,  Eeichb.),  but  having  no  trace  of  a  midlobe  to  the  lip.  Described  from  a 
beautiful  drawing  by  Parish,  who  observes  that  there  is  no  apparent  septum  in  the 
spur.  Reichenbach  has  (on  the  drawing)  named  it  Saccolah.  buccosum  (see  No.  14), 
alluding  to  the  cheek-like  rostellum,  but  it  is  not  the  plant  he  has  described  under 
that  name  [Gard.  Chron.  1871, [9S8).  It  closely  resembles  Sarcanthus  Parishii,  but 
the  flowers  are  yellow.     There  is  no  midlobe  of  the  lip  and  no  septum  in  the  spur. 

13.  S.  fragrans^  Par.  &  Eeichb.  f.  in  Journ.  JBot.  xii.  (1874)  197 ;  dwarf, 
stem  very  short,  leaves  crowded  oblong  obtuse  very  thick,  raceme  shortly 
peduncled  decurved  many-  and  dense-fld.,  flowers  rose-red,  lateral  sepals 
orbicular- oblong,  petals  Imear-oblong  obtuse,  lip  large  saccate,  base  sud- 
denly contracted  into  a  decurved  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  and  with  an 
inflated  tip,  limb  rhomboidly  subspathulate  fleshy  acute  toothed  towards 
the  tip.     Eeichb.  f.  Otia.  Hamburg.  41. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  i  in.  Leaves  5-8  by  1  in.,  bases  closely  imbricate,  deeply  channelled. 
Raceme  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  about  J^j  in.  long,  odour  of  violets  ;  lip  twice 
as  long  as  the  sepals,  with  a  callus  at  the  insertion  of  the  tumid  straight  blade  ; 
column  very  short,  sides  acute ;  anther  with  a  recurved  tip ;  pollinia  globose,  sessile 
on  the  broad  end  of  the  short  strap,  gland  lanceolate  much  longer  than  the  strap. — • 
Described  chiefly  from  a  drawing  by  Parish. 

ff  Sjpur  of  lip  shorter  than  [rarely  equalling)  the  sepals. 

14.  S.  buccosunij  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1871,  938 ;  stem  scan- 
dent,  leaves  linear-oblong  obtusely  2-lobed,  raceme  simple  or  branched 
much  longer  than  the  leaves,  sepals  broadly  ovate  much  longer  than  the 
bottle-shaped  spur,  lip  large,  side  lobes  spreading  rounded,  midlobe  nar- 
rowly oblong.  S.  parvulura,  Llndl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36  {in  note). 
CEceoclades  paniculata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7334 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
236.     ('ymbidium  Satyrium,  Herb.  Ham. 


Saccolabium.']         oxlviil  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  59 

Bhotan  Himalaya,  Lister.  Assam  ;  at  Goalpara,  Hamilton.  Stlhet, 
Wallich.     Tenasserim,  Parish, 

Stem  stout,  rigid,  iuternodes  ^  in.  Leaves  3-5  by  ^-f  in.,  fleshy,  5-n«rved. 
Raceme  with  long  slender  peduncle  5-6  in.,  laxly  many-fld. ;  bracts  subulate ;  flowers 
g-  in.  diam,,  yellowish  ;  sepals  5-nerved ;  petals  much  sm  aller,  cuneately  obovate, 
3-nerved  ;  lip  yellow,  mouth  of  spur  a  very  narrow  chink,  neck  contracted,  base 
globose  didymous;  side  lobes  of  elongate  column  broad,  rounded,  top  recurved; 
anther  long-pointed;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  very  slender  arched,  gland  very 
minute.- — Column  and  lip  so  different  from  the  genus  that  Eeicheubach  1.  c.  suggests 
its  separation.     Lindley's  name  o^  p  arvulum  is  too  misleading  to  be  adopted. 

15.  S.  xnicranthum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7300;  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Ch-chid. 

220  ;  leaves  lorate  unequally  obtusely  2-lobed,  scape  stout  flowering  to 
the  base,  racemes  very  many  and  dense-fld.,  sepals  broadly  ovate  obtuse 
3-nerved,  petals  oblong  or  lanceolate  serrulate,  spar  of  lip  shorter  than  the 
sepals  subtruncate,  blade  obovate-spathulate  with  2  basal  calli,  lateral 
lobes  broad  obtuse.     Saunders'  Refug.  Bot.  t.  110. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal  and  Kumaon,  alt.  2-3000  ft..  Falconer, 
Duthie;  to  Bhotan,  Griffith.  Assam,  Silhet  and  the  Naga  Hills,  Frain. 
Tenasserim,  Griffith,  Parish. 

Stem  6-10  in.,  curved,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  less.  Leaves  3-5  by  f-1  in., 
narrowed  to  the  base.  Raceme  equalling  the  leaves ;  bracts  small,  broad ;  flowers 
about  \  in.  diam.;  3-nerved  sepals  and  petals  violet;  lip  rose-red;  column  very 
short ;  anther  very  broad,  acuminate  globose  ;  pollinia  strap  very  short  broadly 
cordate,  gland  orbicular.     Capsules  \  in.,  subfusiform. 

16.  S-  rostellatum,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  very  short, 
leaves  4-7  in.  lorate  flat  unequally  2-fid,  raceme  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  bracts  minute,  sepals  broadly  ovate-oblong  obtuse,  lip  infundidular 
narrowed  below  into  a  stout  obtuse  spur  rather  longer  than  the  sepals, 
side  lobes  truncate,  midlobe  an  incurved  beak. 

SiKKiM  ;  at  Darjeeling,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Gamble  {in  Kerb.  Calcutt.). 

Roots  very  many  and  long,  tortuous,  flat,  appressed  to  the  bark.  Leaves  ^-f  in. 
diam.,  nearly  straight.  Peduncle  with  8-10-fld.  raceme  2  in.,  slender;  flowers 
i  in.  long  from  the  tip  of  the  dorsal  sepal  to  that  of  the  spur  ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse, 
smaller  than  the  sepals;  column  very  short;  rostellum  subulate;  pollinia  large, 
globose,  cleft. 

17.  S.  minimiflorum,  Sooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  stem  very  short, 
leaves  elliptic- lanceolate  narrowed  at  both  ends  acute,  scape  much  longer 
than  the  leaves  very  slender  very  many-fld.,  bracts  subulate  equalling  the 
very  minute  flowers,  sepals  and  petals  oblong  obtuse,  lip  conico- sacciform, 
side  lobes  0,  midlobe  an  incurved  beak  with  a  globose  tubercle  at  the 
mouth  of  the  sac. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Soots  slender,  tulted.  Leaves  1^-2  in.,  black  when  dry,  thinly  coriaceous, 
reddish  beneath.  Scape  with  raceme  2-6  in.,  with  a  few  subulate  empty  bracts 
below  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow  mottled,  about  Jy  in.  long  or  broad  ;  lip  larger  than 
the  rest  of  the  perianth,  its  beak-like  laterally  compressed  terminal  lobe  incurved 
over  the  mouth;  column  short;  anther  lotig-beaked. — A  curious  littlg  plant.  I 
have  had  difficulty  in  dissecting  the  few  available  flowers,  and  thereby  confirming  a 
description  and  rude  drawing  by  Scortechini,  who  mentions  "  a  something  membra- 
nous whitish  which  I  cannot  make  out  whether  it  is  a  rostellum  or  stipes."  This  I 
presume  to  be  a  recurved  elongate  body  which  apjpears  to  be  attached  to  the  base  of 
the  column. 

18.  S.  Jerdonianum,  Reichb.  f.  in  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  8b'6 ;  leaves 
linear  subacute,  racemes  simple  or  branched  slender,  sepals  ovate  l-nerved 


60  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEin.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)         [Saccolahium, 

longer  than  the  small  saccate  or  subglobose  spur,  petals  linear  1-nerved, 
blade  of  lip  oblong  concave  subtruncate,  side  lobes  small  rounded.  Taenio- 
phyllum  Jerdonianum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1756. 

Malabar  ;  on  branches  of  trees,  Jerdon. 

Stem  1-3  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  1-li  by  f  in.  Racemes  much  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  -^\  in.  long  ;  column  short ;  anther  broad  j 
pollinia  with  a  short  strap  and  large  narrow  gland. — Described  chiefly  from 
Wight. 

19.  S.  lanatuxn,  Sook.  f.  ;  stem  short,  leaves  linear-oblong  broadly 
2-lobed,  peduncle  very  stout  longer  than  the  leaves,  spikes  dense-fld. 
tomentose  or  woolly,  sepals  ovate  tips  keeled,  side  lobes  of  lip  triangular, 
midlobe  ovate  bicuspidate,  spar  short  saccate  traversed  by  a  pubescent 
ridge  from  the  base  of  the  column  to  that  of  the  midlobe,  Cleisostoma 
lanatum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  264  ;    Walp.  Ann.  889. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish,  Scott. 

Stem  very  stout.  Leaves  3-4  by  1-1^  in,,  thickly  coriaceous,  keeled.  Scape 
with  long  appressed  sheaths,  simple  or  branched  ;  spikes  4-7  in.  ;  bracts  ^  in.,  large, 
ovate,  acuminate,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  flowers  ^  in.  long;  sepals  dingy  purple  and 
green  ;  petals  obovate,  ciliate,  yellow  and  purple ;  side  lobes  of  lip  notched  on  the 
inner  margin,  ciliate;  midlobe  with  a  large  pubescent  gibbous  compressed  callus 
descending  into  the  spur,  mouth  of  spur  contracted  to  a  slit  with  a  pubescent  raised 
border ;  column  stout,  recurved,  tumid  below,  shortly  beaked ;  anther  beaked ; 
pollinia  globose,  sulcate,  strap  long  slender  dilated  and  forked  above,  each  arm 
spathulate  and  with  the  globose  pollinia  immersed  in  their  concave  tips,  gland 
small  oblong. — A  remarkable  plant,  put  by  Lindley  into  Cleisostoma,  but  I  do  not 
find  the  great  gland  in  the  spur  under  the  column. 

.Sect.  II.  Calceolaeia.     (See  p.  54.) 

The  species  of  this  section  wants  a  thorough  revision  with  much  better  material 
than  is  at  my  disposal. 

20.  S.  calceolare,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7302 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
223  ;  Sert.  Orchid.  Frontisp.  6  ;  in  Bat.  Beg.  1883  ;  Misc.  139  ;  i7i  Joiirn. 
Linn.  Sac.  iii.  33  {exc.  syn.)  ;  leaves  acutely  unequally  2-lobed  or  -cleft, 
blade  of  lip  reniform  erose  disk  echinate  all  over.  G-riff.  Notul.  iii.  356  ; 
Ltin.  Notes  170,  No.  869;  Lc.  Flant.  Asiat.  t.  334;  iV alp.  Ann.  vi.  S8S. 
Aerides  calceolare.  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop.  Suppl.  Ae.  leopardorum.  Wall, 
mss.  Gastrochilas  calceolaria,  Don  Prodr.  32.  Sarcochilus  nepalensis, 
Spr.  Syst.  Veg.  iii.  721.     Epidendrum  calceolare,  JIani.  mss. 

Teopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal  to  Bhotan,  Assam,  Silhet  and  the 
Khasia  Hills.     Tenasserim,  Parish.     Perak,  Carter. — Distrib.  ?  Java. 

A  very  common  plant,  and,  if  two  species  are  not  included,  very  variable. 
Stem  very  short.  Leaves  in  Wallich's  7342  A  from  Nepal  6-12  by  i-f  in.,  strongly 
falcate.  His  B  from  Silhet  (which  is  the  common  form  elsewhere)  is  a  much  smaller 
plant,  with  nearly  straight  leaves  4-5  by  J-f  in.  Peduncle  i-li  in. ;  pedicels 
;^-l  in.  ;  flowers  -|-|  in.  diam.,  yellow  or  greenish  speckled  barred  or  blotched  with 
red  brown  ;  lip  white  or  yellow,  speckled  with  red.  Capsule  in  7342  A  2  in.  long  ; 
in  the  ordfnary  form  |-1  in. — Griffith's  Tab.  334  represents  a  plant  with  the  leaves 
oi  inter  media  and  lip  of  calceolare,  but  it  is  impossible  to  determine  satisfactorily  his 
Saccolab.  No.  2,  3  and  4  of  Notul.  iii.  356,  357,  and  his  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  333,  334. 

21.  S.  nilagriricum,  Hook.  f.  ;  leaves  narrow  deeply  unequally 
2-lobed,  sepals  and  petals  each  with  two  series  of  large  bloteh.es,  limb  of 
lip  fimbriately  erose,  disk  smooth.     Vanda  pulchella,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1671. 

Nilghiri  Hills  ;  on  the  banks  of  the  Kaitairy  river  and  at  Quelin,  WigM. 
Stem  short.     Leaves  5-10  by  i-|  in.,  flexuous,  lobes  very  unequal,  obtuse,  often 


^accotahmm.]         cxT.viii.  orohidE/E.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)  61 

divaricate,  the  longer  sometimes  1  in.  long.  Flowers  J  in.  diam. ;  perianth  strongly 
incurved.  Capsule  |-|  in.— United  with  S.  calceolare  by  Liudley  (in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc),  but  I  think  as  different  as  any  other  of  this  section. 

22._S.  acutifolium,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  223;  Sert.  Orcliid. 
Frontisp.  No.  2  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  33 ;  stem  elongate,  leaves  acute 
or  acuminate,  blade  of  lip  erose,  disk  naked  or  very  sparingly  tubercled. 
Reichh.  f.  Otia  Hamburg.  42  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  883.  IS.  denticulatum,  Paxt. 
Mag.  Bat.  vii.  t.  145  ;  Reichb.f.  I.e.;  ?  Bat.  Mug.  t.  4772.  Aerides  umbel- 
latum,  Wall.  mss. 

SiKKiM  HiMiLAYA,  alt.  3-5000  ft.     Khasia  Mts.,  Gibson. 

Usually  a  larger  plant  than  the  small  states  of  S.  calceolare,  with  longer  stems 
(4-8  in.)  and  larger  leaves,  4-6  by  f-1^  in.  broad,  never  2-fld.,  but  very  variable. 
Perianth,  whole-cold,  and  yellowish  red,  or  more  yellow  or  greenish  and  mottled  with 
brown ;  lip  white,  centre  yellow  often  speckled  with  red.  Capsule  in  Sikkim  sp. 
3  in.  long. —  Paxton's  S.  denticulatum  has  greenish  yellow  flowers  speckled  with 
brown,  and  the  lip  is  described  as  erose.  Lindley  refers  it  to  S.  acutifolium.  The  lip 
of  the  Eot.  Mag.  plant,  apparently  derived  from  the  same  source,  is  not  erose,  but  with 
a  broad  thick  white  fringe  of  long  papillae. 

23.  S.  interxnediuxn,  Griff,  mss.  ex.  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii. 
33;  stem  rather  long,  leaves  very  narrow  acuminate  or  2-toothed,  blade  of 
lip  fimbriate,  disk  smooth.  Reichh.  f.  Otia  Hamburg.  42.  S.  calceolare, 
Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  vi.  97. — Saccolab,  Grijf.  Notul.  iii.  357 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat. 
t.  333. 

Bhotan  Himalaya,  Griffith.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  Griffith,  Gibson, 
J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. 

Perhaps  a  small  form  of  -S".  acuiifolixhni,  but  the  stem  is  more  slender,  the  leaves 
narrower,  and  the  flowers  and  capsules  (|  in.)  much  smaller. 

24.  S.  bellinum,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1844,  i.  174  ;  187,  i. 
145  ;  stem  rather  long,  leaves  deeply  unequally  cleft,  bracts  and  flowers 
large,  blade  of  lip  erose  disk  echinate  and  with  cushions  of  eilia  at  the 
base.     Warner  Orchid.  Alb.  t.  156;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7142. 

BcjRMA,  Boxall. 

This  resembles  a  large  state  of  8.  calceolare,  the  flowers  are  1-lf  in.  diam., 
bright  yellow  with  large  purple  blotches. 

25.  S.  obllquum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat:  7304  ;  Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid. 
223  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  33  ;  stem  very  short  stout,  leaves  broad  and  long 
unequally  broadly  2-fid,  bracts  and  flowers  lai-ge,  blade  of  lip  fimbriate, 
disk  papillose  with  a  large  2-lobed  callus.  Reichb.  f.  Otia  Hamburg.  42. 
Vanda  obliqua,  Wall,  mss. 

Burma  ;  at  Taingdong,  Wallich.     ?  Khasia  Hills,  J.  D.  R.  ^  T.  T. 

Leaves  6-8  by  1-2  in. ;  flowers  1  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  narrow,  whole-cold., 
all  (in  Ic.  Wallich)  pale  yellow,  with  the  lip  white  speckled  with  yellow.  The 
Khasia  specimens  have  the  shorter  leaves  of  higibbum. 

26.  S.  bigribbum,  Reichb.  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  i.  5766;  Otia  Hamburg. 
43;  stem  very  short,  leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong  2-fid,  bracts  small, 
blade  of  lip  fimbriate,  disk  smooth  with  a  large  2-lobed  callus. 

Rangoon,  Benson,  Gilbert.     Perak,  Scortechini. 

Probably  a  small  state  of  8.  obliquum,  but  the  leaves  are  shorter  and  broader, 
3-4  by  1-1 J  in,,  and  the  large  bracts  seem  to  be  wanting.  Flowers  whole -cold., 
pale  straw-cold,  in  a  drawing  by  Mr.  Gilbert,  bright  yellow  in  Bot.  Mag. 

27.  S.  acaule,  Hook  f. ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  unequally  2-lobed, 
sepals  obovate,  limb  of  lip  broadly  ovate  acute  toothed  and  erose,  disk  rough 


62  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Saccolabhim. 

thickened.  Cleisostoma  acaulis,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  227.  Vanda 
fimbriata,  Gardn.  mss. 

Ceylon,  Macrae  ;  at  Hantani,  Gardner. 

Leaves  5-6  by  |-^  iu.  Peduncle  and  pedicels  very  short,  i  in  ,  stout ;  flowers 
^  in.  diam.,  apparently  very  fleshy. — Possibly  a  form  of  S.  nllagiricum,  but  the  leaves 
and  lip  appear  to  be  very  different.     The  specimens  are  very  scanty  and  poor. 

Sect.  III.  AcAMPE.     (See  p.  54.) 

The  species  of  this  section  are  very  diflScult  of  discrimination  in  a  dried  state, 
and  the  following  diagnoses  and  citation  are  not  very  reliable,  owing  to  imperfection 
of  specimens  and  vagueness  of  published  descriptions.  (See  two  species  at  the  end  of 
the  genus.) 

*  Peduncle  rather  slender;  flowers  in  large  panicles.  Spur  of  lip 
cylindric  ;  midlobe  ovate. 

28.  S.  ochraceum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Ueg.  1842,  Misc.  2.  S.  lineo- 
latam,  Thwaites  Enum.  304.  Acarape  dentata,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  3 ; 
Beichb.f.  in  Gard.  Ghroyi.  1872,  1752 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  894.  A.  Wigbtiana 
var.  loTigepedunculata,  Thwaites  I.  c.  303. 

Eastern  Tropical  Himalaya  ;  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H.,  Bhotan,  Griffith  {Kew 
Distrib.  5233).  Khasia  Mts.  and  Tenasserim,  Griffith,  &c.  Malabar,  Ic. 
Jerdon.     Ceylon,  Walker,  ^"c. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  7-9  by  1-1^  in.  Panicle  longer  or  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
branches  distant  lax-fld.  j  flowers  ^-i  iu.  diam.  ;  midlobe  of  lip  ovate,  crenate, 
2-auricled  and  with  fleshy  teeth  at  the  base ;  spur  cylindric,  as  long  as  the  limb, 
hairy  within.  Capsule  1-l^j  in.,  fusiform. — Bentham  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  581,  misled 
by  a  mixture  of  specimens  of  different  species,  errs  in  referring  S.  lineolatum  to 
Cleisostoma  maeulosum ;   it  is  clearly  this  plant. 

**  Peduncle  very  stout,  simple  or  very  sparingly  branched.  Lip  a 
hemispheric  or  conic  sac,  midlobe  reniform,. 

29.  S.  longrifolium,  Hooh.  f. ;  leaves  6-16  in.,  peduncle  6-7  in., 
internodes  long,  flowers  subcorymbose,  midlobe  of  lip  ovate  obtuse,  sac 
broad  conical  with  au  erect  dorsal  hairy  plate  in  the  cavity.  Acampe 
P  longifolia,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.!.  PA.  mnltiflora,  IJndl.  I.  c.  Vanda 
longifolia,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7322  ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  215 ;  in  Journ. 
Hort.  Soc.  vii.  267  ;   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  872.     V.  mnltiflora,  Lindl.  Collect,  t.  38. 

Tropical  Sikkim  Himalaya  (Ic.  in  Hort.  Calcutt.).  Upper  Assam,  Mann. 
Tenasserim,  Wallich,  &c. — Distrib.  China.? 

Stem  very  stout.  Leaves  1^-2  in.  broad.  Feduncle  with  racemes  6-7  in.,  as 
thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  with  often  a  few  short  lateral  branches  ;  bracts  annular ; 
flowers  crowded,  f  in.  diam.,  golden  yellow  banded  with  red  on  both  surfaces.  The 
dorsal  plate  in  the  cavity  of  ttie  lip  recalls  Cleisostoma. 

30.  S.  Wig-htianum,  HooJc,  /. ;  leaves  4-6  in.,  peduncle  1-3  in., 
internodes  very  close,  midlobe  of  lip  ovate  keeled,  sac  rounded  papillose 
within.  S.  papillosum,  Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  LI.  264  {excl.  some  syn.). 
Acampe  Wightiana,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  2.  Yanda  Wightiana,  Lindl  mss. 
?  m_  Wight  Ic.  t.  1670 ;  Thicaites  Fnum.  303 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  873.  Y. 
fasciata,  Gardn.  mss. — Rheede  Hort,  Mai.  xii.  t.  4. 

Western  Ghats;  from  the  Concan  southward.     Ceylon,  Gardner,  &c. 

Stem  12-18  in.  Leaves  |-1^  in.  br,.ad.  Scape  very  stout ;  bracts  very  broadly 
ovate,  acute ;  flowers  |-1  in.  diam.,  subcorymbose,  yellow  barred  with  crimson,  not 
papillose.     Capsule  2-2^  in.,  fusiform. 

31.  S.  preemorsum,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  5-7  in.  narrow,  scape  1-2  in. 


Saccolahium.']         oxlviii.  orchide^e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  63 

very  stout,  internodes  stort,  sheaths  annular,  bracts  semicircular,  flowers 
papillose,  midlobe  of  lip  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  sac  rounded  tubercled 
and  pubescent  at  the  base  within.  Acampe  excavata,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid. 
3  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  874.  Cymbidium  prasmorsum,  Swartz  in  Nov.  Act. 
Upsal.  vi.  75  ;  Willd.  8p.  PL  iv.  103  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  465.  Epiden- 
drum  prsemorsum,  Boxh.  Gor.  PI.  i.  34,  t.  43. — Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  4. 
Aeridea  undulata,  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop,  xxxix. 

Western  Peninsula  ;  ia  the  Circars,  Roxhurgh;  the  Coucan,  Lato. 

Apparently  near  8.  Wightianum,  but  more  slender,  leaves  narrower,  lip  deeply 
lobed,  very  complicate,  flowers  small,  papillose  all  over,  -i-f  in.  diam.  Capsule 
2^  in. 

32.  S.  papillosum,  Lindl.  in  Bat.  Beg.  t.  1552  {excl.  syn.) ;  Gen.  Sc 
Sp.  Orchid.  222  ;  stem  elongate  branched  scandent,  leaves  3-4  in.,  scape 
1-2  in.,  internodes  close,  bracts  semicircular,  midlobe  of  lip  ovate,  spur 
conical  pubescent  within.  S.  carinatura.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  354.  Acampe 
papillosa,  Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  2  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  873.  Sarcochilus  prae- 
morsus.  Sprang.  Si/st.  PI.  iii.  721, ^d  Steudel. 

Bengal  and  the  lower  Himalaya  Mts.,  from  Sikkim  eastwards.  Assam,  the 
Gangetic  Delta,  the  Circaes  and  Tenasserim. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  obliquely  notched.  Scape  closely 
scarred  to  the  base ;  flowers  -f  in.  diam.;  ovary  very  short.  Capsule  1^  in.,  fusi- 
form.— The  lip  is  broader  in  Lindley's  figure  than  in  Sylhet  specimens,  in  which  they 
are  oblong-ovate.    - 

33.  S.  ceplialotes.  Hook.  f. ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  3-5  in.  narrow 
with  a  unilateral  semicircular  sinus  at  the  tip,  peduncle  1  in.,  midlobe  of 
lip  broadly  ovate  crenulate,  sac  conic  hairy  within.  Acampe  cephalotes 
Lindl.  Fol.  Orchid.  3 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  873. 

Silhet  ;  H.f.  ^  T. 

A  small  species,  of  which  there  are  very  few  specimens ;  it  appears  to  differ  from 
8.  papilloseum  in  the  short  stems,  longer  crowded  leaves  and  small  yellow  green 
flowers  barred  with  purple ;  lip  pale  rose  with  darker  spots,  disk  fimbriate. 

34.  S.  cong-estum^  Hook.  f. ;  stem  short  very  stout,  leaves  6-8  in., 
scape  l|-2  in.,  internodes  very  short,  bracts  broadly  ovate  acute,  flowers 
crowded,  limb  of  lip  rhomboid  acute-angled,  spur  shortly  conical  or  saccate 
hairy  within.  S.  papillosum,  Wight  In.  t.  1672  {not  of  Lindl.).  Acampe 
congesta,  Lindl.  Fol,  Orchid.  3 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  873.  Vanda  congesta, 
Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1839,  Misc.  61. 

Malabar,  Wight.     Cetlon  {BoH.  Loddiges). 

Lindley's  V.  cotxgesta  Irom  Ceylon  is  described  as  having  obliquely  mucronulate 
leaves,  yellow  and  brown  flowers,  lip  with  an  excavate  pubescent  base,  and  column 
with  mucrouate  angles  (a  single  flower  only  is  in  Herb.  Lindl.).  Wight  S.  papil- 
losum, is  figured  with  deeply  2-lobed  leaves  and  a  curved  spur ;  his  specimens  (in 
Herh.  Lindl.  1019/1836)  have  curved  leaves  8-10  by  1-1^  in. 

Sect.  lY.  Platyrhizon.    (See  p.  54). 

35.  S.  viridiflorum,  Lindl.  in  Joum.  Linn.  foe.  iii.  36  ;  leaves 
1-2|-  in.,  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves  subcorymbose,  spur  acute  glabrous 
within  parallel  to  the  blade  of  the  lip.  Dalz.  ^  Gihs.  Bomb.  Fl.  263; 
Walp.  Ann.  vi.  885.  Micropera  viridiflora,  Dalz.  in  Llook.  Joum.  Bot.  iii. 
(1851),  282. 

The  Southern  Concan  ;  in  the  Western  Ghats,  Law,  Dalzell.  Ceylon,  near 
Kandy  {Ic.  in  Serb.  Kew). 

Leaves  ^-^   in.  broad.     JRaceme  3-5-fld.  j  bracts  short,  broad,  obtuse  j  flowers 


64  CxLviii.  ORCHiDEiR.     (J.  D.  Hooker*)         [SacGotahtum. 

^-i  in.  diam., •greenish  white;  lip  clouded  with  rose-colour,  blade  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  spur  which  it  embraces,  hroadly  deflexed  flabelliform  membranous 
outer  margins  erenulate  or  trifid,  side  lobes  free  rounded  j  spur  very  short,  conical, 
incurved. 

36.  S>  maculatum^  Ilook.f.-,  leaves  4-6  in.,  raceme  elongate  much 
longer  than  the  leaves  laxly  many-fld.,  spur  obtuse  villous  within.  Micro- 
pera  muculata.  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  JBot.  iii.  (1851),  282;  Dah.  Sf  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  263  ;  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  38.  Sarcochilus  macu- 
latus,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Blant.  iii.  575. 

The  Southern  Concan  and  Canaea  ;  on  the  Western  Ghats,  Dalzell,  Stocks, 
Ritchie,  &c. 

Leaves  1-2  in.,  broad,  linear-oblong  to  cuneately  oblong,  2-lobed.  Raceme 
8-12  in.,  very  shortly  peduncled  ;  bracts  short,  broad;  rachis  stout;  flowers  ^  in. 
diam.,  subsessile  ;  sepals  and  petals  yellow  with  a  central  purple  spot ;  lip  white  and 
rose-cold.,  blade  situated  below  the  mouth  of  the  short  saccate  obtuse  spur,  which  it 
overlaps,  very  coriaceous,  entire;  side  lobes  connate  below,  narrow,  erect  and  re- 
curved. Capsule  1^  in.,  fusiform,  6-ribbed. — Allied,  I  think,  to  S.  viridijlorum, 
and  not  a  Sarcochilus,  to  which  Beutham  has  referred  it. 

Sect.  V.  DisTiCHA.     (See  p.  54.) 

37.  S-  distichum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36 ;  leaves  1  in. 
lanceolate  acuminate  or  2-3-cuspidate,  peduncle  2-3-fld.,  sepals  and  petals 
obovate-oblong,  lip  with  a  saccate  subhemispheric  spur,  midlobe  small  semi- 
circular fleshy  entire  with  a  didymous  callus  at  the  base.  Reichb.  f.  Otia 
Hamburg,  43. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  Griffiih's  Collectors.  Khasia  Hills, 
alt.  5-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  K.  Sf  T.  T.     Munnipobe,  alt.  6900  ft.,  TFatt. 

Stems  4-8  in.,  filiform.  Leaves  very  fleshy.  Peduncle  rarely  longer  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  racemose,  \-^  in.  diam.;  bracts  small;  sepals  and  petals  green  or 
yellowish  spotted  with  pui-ple ;  side  lobes  of  lip  0 ;  column  very  short.  Capsule 
f  in.,  fusiform. 

38.  S.  tenuicaule,  ILook.fJc.  Plant.  ined.\  leaves  3-4 in.  linear-lan- 
ceolate, flowers  shortly  pedicelled  on  a  tubercle  of  the  stem,  sepals  broadly 
obliquely  ovate  acute,  petals  smaller,  side  lobes  of  lip  erect  subacute  nearly 
as  long  as  the  lanceolate  incurved  bicuspidate  midlobe,  5>pur  short  con- 
stricted above  the  saccate  incurved  base,  villous  within  at  the  constriction. 

Penang  ;  on  West  Hill,  Curtis.     Perak,  Scortechini,  Wray. 

Stem  8-12  in.,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  simple  or  branched,  rooting  at  the  base 
only,  deeply  grooved.  Leaves  I-5  in.  broad,  strict.  Flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  pale  green  ; 
sepals  thin,  nerves  3  faint;  petals  1-nerved  ;  column  stout ;  midlobe  of  lip  cymbi- 
forra  smooth.  Column  short,  anther  membranous,  almost  flat,  acuminate  ;  rostellum 
projected,  styliform  ;  strap  of  small  reniform  pollinia  broad,  with  a  dilated  subreni- 
form  apex,  gland  small. 

Sect.  VI.  SPECioSiE.     (See  p.  54.) 

39.  S.  ampullaceum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7307;  Sert.  Orchid,  i.  17 ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  35  {excl.  syn.)\  leaves  suberect  acutely  2-fld.  or 
truncate  and  toothed,  raceme  subsessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  spur 
straight.  Faxt.  Mag.  Bot.  xiii.  t.  49  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5595 ;  Warner  Orchid. 
Alb.  1. 191.     -iErides  ampullaceum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  476. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  alt.  1-3000  ft.,  from  Nepal  eastwards.  Silhet, 
Mdnnipore,  Burma,  and  Tenasserim. 

Stem  short,  stout.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  deeply  channelled.  Racemes  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  cylindric ;  bracts  minute;  flowers  f  in.  diam.,  rose-red;  sepals  and 
petals  broadly  obovate,  widely  spreading;  spur  longer  than  the  blade  of  the  lip. 


Saccolabium.']       cxlviit.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  «  65 

Capsule  1  in.,  subclavate,  angles  acute,  pedicel  ^  in. — Lindley  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
by  oversight  probably,  refers  his  S.  rubrum  to  this  instead  of  to  curvifolium. 

40.  S.  curvifolium,  X^?^^Z.  G-en.  8f  S'p.  Orcliid.222;  leaves  strongly 
recurved  very  narrow,  racemes  ranch  shorter  than  the  leaves,  spur  straight. 
Lindl.  Gen.  So  Sp.  Orchid.  222;  III.  Sortie,  xii.  t.  493;  Warn- r  Orchid. 
Alb.  t.  107  ;  Pnydt  Orchid,  t.  38.  S.  rubrnm,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7310 ; 
Gen.  Sc  8p.  Orchid.  222.  S.  miniatum,  Sook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5326  [not  of 
Lindl.). 

Assam;  Ic.  in  Hort.  Calcutt.  Burma,  Wallich,  Griffith,  &c. — Distrib. 
Java. 

Very  closely  allied  to  -S*.  ampullaceum,  but  the  leaves  are  twice  as  long,  much 
narrowed  and  strongly  recurved,  the  flowers  more  scarlet  with  a  golden  lip. — The 
strap  of  the  pollen  is  figured  in  Bot.  Mag.  as  broadly  triangular,  it  should  be  very 
slender.  Lindley's  habitat  of  Ceylon  is  no  doubt  an  error,  or  referable  to  a  culti- 
vated' specimen  ;  or  an  Aerides  may  have  been  intended. 

41.  S.  trichromum,  Beichh.f.  inHamh.  Garten zeit,18b9y  51;  Xen. 
Orchid.  119,  t.  139 ;  leaves  spreading  obtusely  2-lobed,  racemes  much 
shoiter  than  the  leaves,  flowers  subsecund,  spur  incurved.  S.  pallens, 
Lindl.  {not  Cathcart)  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  35. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  (7c.  Cathcart).  Bhotan  and  Assam  {Ic.  in  Herh.  Cat- 
cutt.). 

Stem  1-3  ft.  Leaves  f-1  in.  broad.  Bacemes  3-5  in.,  lax-fld.,  shortly  pe- 
duncled  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  f  in.,  sigmoid  ;  sepals  linear-oblong,  acute  and  broader 
shorter  petals  yellowish-white  with  a  rose-cold,  midrib;  lip  yellowish  or  rose-cold., 
speckled  with  pink;  spur  i-|  in.  long,  horn-like;  limb  short,  acute,  with  a 
flattened  hooked  callus  at  the  throat. 


Sect.  Vr.  TJncipeea.     (See  p.  55.) 

42.  S.  obtusifolium,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  broadly 
lorate  2-lobed,  raceme  elongate,  lip  cymbiform  subacute  or  bifid,  spur 
incurved  upon  the  side  of  the  lip,  tip  thickened.  Uncifera  obtusifolia, 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  40. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Clarke.  Bhotax;  in  the  Gheet  Valley, 
Lister.     Khasia  Hills  ;  Churra,  alt.  4000  ft.,  J.  D.  JEC.  <^  T.  T. 

Stem  2-4  in.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill ;  roots  very  many  and  long.  Leaves  flat, 
4-6  by  |-1  in.,  very  thitk,  lobes  obtuse.  Peduncle  with  raceme  very  stout,  2-3  in.  ; 
bracts  rather  large,  ovate,  persistent,  at  length  reflexed  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  ^  in.  ; 
flowers  -i-l  in.  diam.,  pale  lemon-coloured,  at  first  greenish  ;  limb  of  lip  shorter 
than  the  obovate-oblong  obscurely  nerved  sepals,  tip  of  lip  thickened,  side  lobes 
truncate  ;  column  very  short,  rostellum  beaked  ;  anther  long -ben  ked ;  pollinia  small 
on  the  face  of  the  refracted  end  of  the  elongate  spathulate  strap,  the  margins  of 
which  are  recurved,  gland  very  long. 

43.  S>  acuminatum,  Mnok.  f. ;  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  linear-  or 
oblong-lanceolate  obliquely  acuminate,  raceme  short,  lip  cymbiform  obtuse, 
spur  arcuate,  tip  acute.  Uncifera  acuminata,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iii.  40. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  Gamble.  Khasia  Hills,  QriffitJi  (Keiv 
Distrib.  5237),  &e. 

A  much  more  slender  plant  than  S.  obtusifolium,  with  narrower  shorter  leaves 
and  shorter  racemes,  a  much  less  curved  spur,  flowers  about  the  same  size  and  colour^ 

VOL.    VI.  J 


66  cxLviii.  OROHiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)      \Saccolabivm. 

but  spur  not  so  long  or  so  much  incurved,  gland  of  the  pollinia  smaller.     Capsule 
|-1  in.,  narrowly  fusiform,  shortly  pedicelled. 

DOTTBTFUL    AND    IMPERFECTLY    KNOWN    SPECIES. 

S.  CLAVATUM,  Lindl.  Oen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  223.  (Epidendrum  clavatum,  Refz 
Obs.  vi.  50.  Limodorum  clavatum,  Willd.  Sp.  Fl.  \v.l26 ;  caulescent,  pendulous, 
leaves  linear  clavate  2-toothed,  spikes  leaf-opposed,  lip  inflated  bearded. — East 
Indies,  on  trees.  —  It  is  impossible  to  say  what  this  is;  it  had  better  be  suppressed. 

S.  DASYPOGON,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  222.  (Aerides  dasypogon,  Smith  in 
Mees  Cyclop.  Suppl.  Epidendrum  umbellatum,  Ham.  mss.) ;  stemless,  leaves 
ovate-oblong  acute  obliquely  2-toothed,  corymbs  subumbellate,  sepals  and  petals  in- 
curved linear-oblong  green  without  blood-red  within,  lip  white  dotted  with  blood- 
red,  limb  dilated  subcordate  toothed. — Nepal,  Hamilton. — (Probably  S.  calceolare). 

S.  Pech^;!,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1887,  i.  447  ;  leaves  very  broad  7  by  2  in. 
ligulate  obtusely  2-lobed,  raceme  few-fld.,  flowers  8S  in  Sect.  Calceolaria,  as  larjre  as 
S.  bellinum,  sepals  and  petals  cuneately  oblong  ochreous  spotted  with  red,  lip  a 
cupular  spur,  side  lobes  retuse  and  angular  over  the  transversely  triangular  midlobe, 
blade  white  and  yellow  base  of  the  spur  spotted  with  red. — Moulmein,  JPeche. — (I 
have  seen  only  imperfect  cultivated  specimens  in  Herb.  Kew.  It  appears  to  be  a 
very  distinct  large-leaved  species  of  Sect.  Calceolaria,  J.  D.  H.) 

AcAMPE  Geiffithit,  Beichb.  f.  in  Flora,  1872,  277  ;  near  A.  dentata,  spur 
cylindric  hairy  within,  midlobe  of  lip  triangular  angled  on  each  side  at  the  base  pro- 
truding, two  intermarginal  lamellae  ("  lineatis  apice  lobosis  "),  disk  warted  all  over.- — 
The  rest  as  in  ^.  dentata,  Lindl. — Bhotan,  Griffith. 

Acampe  inteemedia,  Reichh.  f.  in  Otto.  Sf  Dietr.  Algemein.  Oartenzeit.  1856, 
217;  near  ^.  multijlora,  Lindl.;  flowers  like  those  of  A.  papillosa,  Lindl.,  leaves 
shorter  lovate  lip  equally  2.1obed,  raceme  short  corymbose,  lip  ("  labello  aplectro"), 
canal  between  the  lateral  lobes  hairy,  midlobe  oval  acute  tubercled. 

65.  SARCANTHUS,  Lindl. 

Characters  oiSaccolabium,  but  spur  with  a  dorsal  usually  2-lobed  callus 
or  an  erect  plate  within,  inserted  under  the  column,  and  with  the  cavity 
more  or  less  divided  by  a  vertical  septum. — Species  about  20,  Tropical 
Asiatic. 

But  for  the  inconvenience  attending  the  substitution  of  a  new  generic  name 
for  the  numerous  species  of  this  genus,  I  should  unhesitatingly  unite  it  to 
Cleisostoma,  ixndhoth.  to  Saccolabium.  The  only  character  whereby  its  species  can  be 
distinguished  is  the  more  or  less  septate  cavil  y  of  the  spur,  often  a  very  obscure  one, 
and  almost  inappreciable  when  the  septum  is  reduced  to  a  mere  ridge. 

*  Leaves  elongate,  filiform. 

1.  S.  fillformis,  Lindl.  in  Bat.  Reg.  1842,  Misc.  61 ;  leaves  8-10  in., 
racemes  long  lax-fld.,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  petals  smaller  and  narrower, 
lip  broadly  conically,  saccate  base  2-lobed,  side  lobes  acute  incurved,  mid- 
lobe short  broad  toothed  on  each  side  at  the  base.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4639  ; 
Jard.  Fleur.  266. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Griffith's  Collector.  Khasia  Hills,  Lohh.  Tenasseeim, 
Parish. 

Stem  pendulous,  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill,  terete.  Leaves  distant,  ^  in.  diam., 
obtuse.  Racemes  6-10  in.,  curved:  bracts  minute,  ovate;  pedicels  very  short; 
flowers  ^  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  dark  purple,  margins  and  midrib  green  ;  lip 
fleshy,  white,  base  broad  yellow,  midlobe  white,  sac  with  a  narrow  lamina  from 
the  base  of  the  midlobe  downwards,  and  a  very  large-lobed  hispid  callus  below  the 
very  broad,  thick,  yellow  column  ;  strap  of  oblong  pollinia  rather  broad,  gland  angular. 


Sarcanthus.']         oxlviii.  orchidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  67 

2.  S.  Wllliamsonl,  Reichb.  f.  in  Hamh.  Gartenzeit.  1865,  333 ;  in 
Gard.  Ghron.  1865,  674;  leaves  4-5  in.,  racemes  long  laxly  many-fld., 
sepals  ovate-oblong,  petals  smaller  obloDg,  side  lobes  of  lip  erect  oblong 
obtuse  subfalcate,  midlobe  incurved  fleshy  thickly  clawed  acuminate,  spur 
globose. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Farish.    Andaman  Islands,  JBerTceley. 

Stem  nearly  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  i  in.  diam.,  curved,  obtuse. 
Racemes  6-8  in.,  slender,  sometimes  branched ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  ^  in. 
diam.,  pedicelled,  amethystine ;  spur  with  a  narrow  lamella  from  the  base  of  the  lip 
downwards  and  a  large  lobed  pubescent  dorsal  callus  ;  anther  short ;  poUinia  very 
minute  subglobose,  strap  broadly  obcordate  (short,  slender  in  Ic.  Parish). 

3.  S.  appendlculatus,  Soolc.  f. ;  leaves  3  in.,  racemes  short  few- 
fld.,  sepals  oblong,  petals  smaller  and  narrower,  side  lobes  of  lip  triangular 
acuminate,  midlobe  short  incurved,  column  pubescent  at  the  base  in  front, 
spur  funnel-shaped  slightly  curved  obtuse.  S.  teretifolius,  Reichb.  f. 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  136  {not  of  Lindl.).  Aerides  appendiculatnm, 
Wall.  Cat.  7315 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  242. 

Tavoy,  Wallich.     Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Griffith,  Parish. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill,  rigid.  Leaves  ^  in.  diam.,  obtuse.  Racemes 
1-2  in. ;  bracts  minute ;  pedicels  short ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam. ;  petals  and  sepals  re- 
flexed,  yellow-green  ;  lip  rose-pink,  spur  2-celled  below  the  middle  by  a  lamina 
descending  from  the  base  of  the  midlobe ;  dorsal  callus  very  large,  lobed,  pubescent 
at  the  base ;  anther  short ;  pollinia  very  large,  strap  broadly  triangular-ovate. — 
Very  near  S.  teretifolius  of  China,  but  flowers  very  much  smaller  and  spur  longer. 

**  Leaves  flat  or  channelled. 

f  Stem  elongate,  scandent  or  pendulous. 

4.  S-  secundus,  Grijf.  Notul.  iii.  362 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  336  ;  stem 
slender  elongate,  leaves  4-7  in.  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  acuminate, 
racemes  slender,  flowers  subsecund,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  petals  smaller, 
side  lobes  of  lip  tooth-like,  midlobe  small  ovate  acute  concave,  spur  conico- 
infundibular  obtuse  gibbous  dorsally.  Micropera  pallida,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7321  {in  part),  {not  of  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.). 

SiLHET,  Wallich.     Uppee  Assam,  Griffith. 

Leaves  ^-|  in.  broad,  rigid,  5-nerved  ;  sheaths  §—1  in.,  deeply  grooved  when  dry. 
Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  peduncle  and  rachis  slender ;  bracts  minute, 
pedicel  with  ovary  ^  in. ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  red  with  white  or 
yellowish  margins  and  central  band  ;  lip  rose-cold.,  very  fleshy,  spur  white  with  a 
longitudinal  septum,  dorsal  callus  2-lobed  ;  column  stout,  short,  rostellum  subulate  ; 
anther  long-beaked,  strap  of  globose  pollinia  slender,  dilated  above,  gland  minute. 
Capsule  i-f  in.,  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  ribs  low. — Referred  to  under  >S'.  'peninsularis  as 
possibly  that  plant  by  Lindley  (in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  39),  but  is  very  difierent. 
From  a  so-named  drawing  in  Herb.  Calcutt.  this  would  seem  to  be  the  original 
S.  oxyphyllus,  of  Wallich's  mss. ;  and  that  Lindley  inadvertently  transferred  that 
name  to  No.  16. 

5.  S/ peninsularis,  Dalz.  in  Sooh.  Kew  Journ.  iii.  (1857),  243; 
racemes  1-6  in.,  flowers  deflexed,  sepals  and  smaller  petals  obovate-oblong 
obtuse,  side  lobes  of  lip  short  erect  subacute,  midlobe  small  incurved  acute, 
spur  conical  subacute  dilated  above.     Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  39  ; 

Walp.  Ann.  vi.  891 ;  Dalz.  Sc  Gils.  Bomb.  Fl.  264.     S.  pauciflorus,  Wight 
Ic.  t.  1747  {bad).     Saccolabium  acuminatum,  Thwaites  Enum.  34. 

p  2 


68  cxLViii.  OKCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         \_Sarcanflius, 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  on  the  Ghats  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore. 
Ceylon  ;  in  tlie  Saffragam  district. 

Stem  10-12  in.,  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill,  flexuous,  pendulous.  Leaves  uniform, 
6-8  by  ^-^  in.,  rigid,  strict  or  curved,  3-5-nerved,  acuminate,  tip  obtuse,  sheaths 
ribbed.  Racemes  slender,  bracts  minute;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  greenish  or  yellow 
•with  pink  margins  and  a  violet  li}) ;  sepals  and  petals  rather  spreading ;  spur 
more  or  less  perfectly  2-celled,  dorsal  callus  small;  column  short;  anther  beaked, 
pollinia  didymous,  strap  slender  dilated  upwards,  gland  small.  Capsule  l-f  in., 
deflexed,  narrowly  oblong. 

6.  S.  Insectifer,  Reichh.  f.  in  Bot.  Zeii.  1857,  159;  leaves  many 
•1-  by  f  in.  oblong  amplexicaul,  spikes  very  short  stout  few-fid.,  sepals  ovate- 
oblong  obtuse,  petals  oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip  rounded,  niidlobe  large  trian- 
gular-ovate fleshy,  spur  short  broadly  conical. 

Behar;  at  Burkutta,  J^.  D.  H.  Cachar,  Mann.  Chittagong  {Ic.  in  Hort. 
Ccdcutt.).     Tknasserim.  Parish. 

Stem  a  foot  and  upwards,  robust,  scandent,  thicker  than  a  goose-quill.  Leaves 
subimbricate,  obliquely  obtusely  2-lobed  with  sometimes  an  intermediate  apiculns, 
thickly  cori;!ceous.  Spikes  ^  in.,  sessile;  bracts  small,  deciduous;  flowers  ^  in. 
diam.,  greenish -yellow  striped  with  red-brown;  lip  white  and  pink  or  purple,  mid- 
lobe  acute  or  acuminate,  spur  semiseptate  mouth  with  a  pubescent  ridge,  dorsal 
callus  large ;  column  very  short,  stout,  tip  reclinate  and  with  uncinate  recurved 
arms;  anther  truncate,  pollinia  globose  didymous,  strap  short  very  broad,  gland 
transverse. 

7.  S.  Scortechinil,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  8-5  by  1:^  in.  subpetioled 
oblong-lanceolate  acute  flat,  spike  about  equalling  the  leaves  very  stout 
many-fld.,  sepals  oblong  acute,  petals  half  as  broad,  side  lobes  of  lip  ob- 
solete, midlobe  hastately  deltoid,  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  conical  obtuse 
curved. 

Pebak,  Scortechini  ;  on  rocks,  Wray. 

Stem  elongate,  robust,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  very  thick.  Spikes 
2-6  in.,  flowers  ^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  lurid  purple  with  green  midrib  and 
margins ;  lip  i  in.,  yellowish,  spur  2-celled,  dorsal  callus  large  ;  column  short ;  anther 
obtusely  beaked ;  pollinia  4,  broadly  oblong,  strap  linear.  Capsules  1  in., 
linear-oblong,  deflexed. — Described  from  fruiting  specimens  and  a  drawing  by 
Scortechini. 

8.  S>  palllduS;  TAndl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1840,  Misc.  78 ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Sac.  iii.  39 ;  leaves  10-14  in.  lorate  flat,  panicle  very  large  copiously 
branched  laxly  many-fld.,  sepals  and  smaller  petals  oblong  obtuse,  side 
lobes  of  lip  triangular  acuminate,  midlobe  a  small  incurved  ovate  acute 
fleshy  beak,  spur  a  cylindiic  obtuse  sac.  S.  racemifer,  Reichb.  f.  in  WnJp. 
Ann.  vi.  891.  S.  tricolor,  J?./,  in  Bonpland.  ii.  219.  Saccolabium  racemi- 
ferum,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  '2'24:.     Aerides  racemiferum,  Wall.  mss. 

East  Nepal,  alt.  4000  ft.,  J.  L>.  H.  Bhotan  and  the  Khasia  Hills, 
alt.  4-6000  ft.,  Wallich,  &c.     Burma,  Berkeley. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb  ;  roots  very  stcut.  Leaves  very  coriaceous,  2  in. 
broad,  deeply  obtusely  2-lobed.  Panicle  with  the  stout  peduncle  2-3  ft.,  branches 
long,  slender;  bracts  at  the  forks  ovate-lanceolate,  floral  subulate,  persistent; 
pedicel  with  ovary  i  in.  ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.;  sepals  anil  petals  dark  purple  edged 
with  yellow  ;  lip  white,  s]iur  thic  k-walled,  ai)out  as  long  as  the  sepals,  semiseptals 
longitudinally,  dorsal  csillns  2-lobcd;  colum\i  short,  stout,  rostelluui  obscure; 
anther  broad,  acute,  pollinia  oblong,  strap  dilated  above,  gland  small.  Capsule 
f  in.,  ellipsoid  or  clavate. — The  E.  Nepal  specimen  has  shorter  leaves  and  an  ellipsoid 
capsule. 


Sai'canihus.]         oxlViII.  oRChideji.     (J".  B.  Hooker.)  69 

ft  St 6711  short  or  0. 

9.  S.  erinaceus*  Beichh.f.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1864,  298 ;  leaves  Hnear- 
oblong  subacute  chaunelled,  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves  pendulous 
laxly  mauy-fld.  hirsute,  sepals  and  smaller  petals  oblong-obovate  white, 
side  lobes  of  lip  broad  midlobe  ovate-oblong  obtuse,  spur  shorter  than  the 
sepals  saccate.     Bot.  Mag.  t.  5630.     S.  Stowellianas,  Batem.  mss. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Mouhneiu,  Parish. 

Stem  short,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  close  set,  2-3  by  f  in.,  recurved, 
coriaceous.  Racemes  4-6  in.,  rachis  slender  purple;  bracts  minute;  flowers  f  in. 
diam.  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  J-f  in. ;  side  lobes  of  lip  with  acute  outer  angles,  spur  with 
a  sinuous  ridge  at  the  mouth,  and  with  a  broad  plate  extending  downwards  from  the 
base  of  the  pink  midlobe,  dorsal  callus  didymous  ;  column  stout,  recurved,  beak 
tiecurved,  base  broad;  anther  long-beaked,  sjbrap  of  pollinia  very  slender,  gland 
minute. 

10.  S.  laxus,  Beichh.f.  in  Bat  Zeit.  1886,  378;  in  Saunders  Befug. 
Bot.  t.  109;  leaves  very  short  broad  fleshy,  raceme  6-8  in.,  sepals  broadly 
oblong  obtuse,  petals  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip  erect,  midlobe  very 
short  obtuse  concave,  spar  broadly  conical  obtuse. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Griffith,  Parish. 

Stem.  0.  Leaves  2^-3  by  l-l^  in.,  linear-oblong,  obtusely  2-lobed,  clouded  with 
purple  beneath.  Peduncle  slender,  branched  at  the  base,  very  lax-fld. ;  bracts 
minute;  pedicel  with  ovary  horizontal,  f  in.  long;  flowers  yellow,  resupinate ;  spur 
with  a  narrow  longitudinal  plate  at  the  base  wittiin  ;  dorsal  callus  2-lobed,  glabrous; 
column  rather  long  rostellum  elongate,  deflexed ;  strap  of  globose  pollinia  very  long, 
slender,  gland  minute. — Very  near  S.  erinaceus.  There  are  two  specimens  in  Herb. 
Kew.,  both  from  the  Royal  Gardens;  in  one  the  sepals  and  petals  are  much  broider 
than  in  the  other,  and  the  raceme  much  longer.  A  drawing  of  a  flower  of  this  species 
is  in  Herb.  Lindl.,  marked  "  India  (Griffith)  Loddiges."  The  ridge  within  the  spur 
hardly  amounts  to  a  septum,  and  the  species  is  therefore  intermediate  between 
Sarcanthus  and  Cleisostoma. 

11.  S.  Parishii,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5217  ;  leaves  4-6  in.  lorate  keeled 
unequally  obtusely  2-fid,  racemes  or  panicles  elongate  many  and  lax-fld., 
feepals  ovate  obtuse,  petals  smaller  narrower  oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip 
rounded,  midlobe  broadly  ovate,  straight  or  recurved,  spur  longer  than  the 
sepals  narrowly  conical  curved. 

Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  1-2  in.,  roots  very  stout.  Leaves  few,  divaricate,  bases  closely  imbricating. 
Racemes  6-16  in. ;  bracts  minute,  ovate,  acute ;  flowers  i  in.  diam.,  golden  yellow  ; 
sepals  and  petals  striated  with  red ;  spur  septate  below  the  middle,  dorsal  callus 
large ;  column  short ;  anther  acuminate,  pollinia  didymous  oblong  shortly  stipitate 
below  the  tip  of  the  narrowly  spathulate  strap  (as  in  sect.  Uncifera  of  Saccolabium), 
gland  minute. 

12.  S.  lorifolius,  Parish  mss. ;  leaves  very  thick  curved  linear 
chaunelled  keeled  obtusely  notched,  scape  flexuous  and  rachis  of  panicled 
dense-fld.  spikes  stout,  bracts  reflexed,  lateral  sepals  broadly  obovate, 
petals  more  oblong  obtuse,  side  lobes  of  lip  subulate,  midlobe  ovate  concave, 
spur  longer  than  the  sepals.     Hook.f.  Ic.  Flant.  ined. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  3-4  in,,  stout,  few  leaved.  Leaves  4r-  by  ^-f  in.,  sheath  very  short. 
Peduncle  4  in.,  green,  sheaths  obtuse;  spikes  3-4  in.  ;  bracts  ovate-subulate;  sepals 
and  petals  yellow  with  red;  spur  wliite,  half  2-celled  by  vertical  lamella,  dorsal  callus 
didymous  j  columa  short  j  anther  short,    broad,  pollinia  didymous,  strap  not  lang 


70  cxLYiii.  OECHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [JSarcanthus. 

gland  ovate. — Described  from  an  excellent  drawing  by  Parish.  Habit,  spike  and 
bracts  of  Cleisostoma  spicatum ;  but  the  flowers  are  smaller,  yellow,  and  the  spur 
distinctly  septate  within. 

13.  S.  oxyphyllus,  Wall,  ex  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  1840,  Misc.  68 ; 
leaves  6-12  by  |-|  in.  rigid  acuminate,  racemes  short  dense-lid.,  sepals 
oblong  obtuse,  petals  smaller  obovate-oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip  acuminate, 
midlobe  small  ovate  incurved,  spur  much  longer  than  the  sepals  sub- 
cylindric  obtuse.  ?  Cleisostoma  subulatum,  Blume  Bijd.  362.  Angraecum 
pugioniforme,  Klotzsch  in  Cat.  Sem.  Sort.  Berol. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  short.  Leaves  thickly  coriaceous,  margins  recurved,  narrowed  to  both  ends. 
^acem(? 4-6  in. ;  bracts  minute,  acute;  flowers  :^  in.  diam.,  dull  purple,  with  yellow 
disk  and  margins ;  spur  large,  obtuse,  septate  below  the  middle,  dorsal  callus  large 
lobed ;  column  rather  long,  rostellum  minute ;  anther  acuminate,  pollinia  didymous, 
strap  very  slender,  gland  minute. — Very  near  8.  pugioniformis,  Reichb.  f.  in  Otto  and 
Diet.  Gartenzeit,  1856,  219,  but  the  leaves  in  that  are  broader  and  racemes  much 
longer.  Lindley  (Bot.  Reg-  1.  c.)  says  that  oxyphyllus  is  nothing  but  a  narrow  leaved 
var.  of  the  Chinese  S.  rostraius,  but  as  noted  under  8.  secundus  there  has  been  a 
misapplication  or  transference  of  Wallich's  name  of  oxyphyllus  by  Lindley  or 
Wallich. 

SPECIES    UNKNOWN    TO   ME, 

S.  AEIETINUS,  Eeichh.  f.  in  Oard.  Chron.  1869,  416  ;  stem  5  in.,  leaves  3  in. 
straight  stout  terete  as  thick  as  a  quill,  raceme  small  deflexed  many  fld.,  bracts  trhm- 
gularnot  half  the  length  of  the  pedicelled  ovary,  flowers  small  greenish,  lip  rosy,  sepals 
oblong,  petals  ligulate  obtusely  acute,  lip  3-fid,  side  lobes  obtuse-angled  plaited  in 
the  middle,  midlobe  triangular  acute  yellowish,  spur  retrorse  with  an  erect  lamellate 
grooved  callus  under  the  column,  column  slender  velvety  at  the  angles  of  the  lip  near 
the  fovea.     Assam  (Hort.  Day).     Stiff",  as  if  made  of  tin. 

S.  ASPEESUS,  Reichh.  f.  in  Hamb.  Gartenzeit,  1866,  297;  near  S.  Parishii ;  leaves 
ligulate  broadly  2-toothed,  peduncle  long  slender,  flowers  racemed  equalling  8. 
paniculatus,  sepals  green,  lip  purple-spotted,  sepals  ovate  apiculate,  petals  spur 
curved  with  a  longitudinal  septum,  side  lobes  semi-ovate  involute  auricled  at  the 
isthmus  and  at  the  base,  midlobe  sessile  triangular. — Burma,  Hort^Soc. 

S.  Chetsomelas,  Reichb.  /.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1869,  662 ;  leaves  broadly  lorate 
unequally  2-lobed,  panicle  simple,  bracts  triangular  much  shorter  than  the  pedicelled 
ovaries,  flowers  yellowish,  disk  of  sepals  and  petals  blackish-purple,  sepals  and  sub- 
equal  petals  oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip  triangular  with  an  ascending  awn,  midlobe 
triangular,  spur  straight  conical,  septum  running  from  the  posticous  base  of  the  spur 
along  the  anticous  and  excurrent  on  the  midlobes,  callus  under  the  column  bicrural, 
column  slender,  base  puberulous. — Tenasserim,  at  Moulmein,  Benson  (Sort.  Veitch.) 
S.  paniculatus  has  a  3-fid  midlobe  of  the  lip ;  S.  racemifer  (Saccolab.  racemiferum 
and  Sarcanth.  pallidus,  Lindl.),  has  a  totally  different  column  anther,  callus,  and 
different  side  lobes  of  lip. 

S.  MACEODON,  Reichh  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1872, 1555  ;  leaves  short  oblong-ligulate 
with  2  triangular  forcipate  teeth,  raceme  elongate  laxly  many-fld.,  bracts  most 
minute,  pedicelled  ovary  and  cylindric  spur  equal,  sepals  and  petals  oblong  straight 
ribbM  on  the  back,  lip  3-fid,  side  lobes  subquadrate  anticous  angle  folded  inwards, 
midlobe  triangular  concave,  column  short  with  a  styliform  deflexed  process  on 
each  side  next  to  the  elongate  deflexed  linear  triangular  rostellum. — Madras  Presi- 
dency, Benson  {Hart.  Veitch.). 

S.  MiEABiLis,  Reichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1878,  ii.  300;  leaves  5^  by  -f  in.  ligulate 
2-fid,  lobes  ligulate  obtuse,  panicle  If  in.  elongate  slender,  branches  distant  erect 
ends  racemose,  bracts  most  minute,  flowers  small  yellowish,  spur  purple,  sepals  oblong 
acute  dorsal  arched  gibboxis,  petals  ligulate,  lip  3-fid,  side  lobes  short  erect  oblong 
acute,  midlobe  triangular  horizontal,  spur  cylindric  semicurved  grooved  septate, 
dorsal  callus  forked,  strap  of  pollinia  oblong  bent  over  the  compressed  andrccliuium, 
pollinia  blue  on  a  forked  appendage  of  the  strap. — Burma  ?  {Hort.  Hohart). — Near  S. 


Sarcanthus.']        cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  71 

Parishii,  with  even  more  remarkable  poUinia.    [The  strap  of  the  stipitate  poUinia  must 
resemble  that  of  Saccolah.  sect.  Uncifera,  J.  D.  H.]. 

CZiEXSOSTOlUA,  Blume. 

Differs  from  Sarcanthus  only  ia  the  spur  not  being  septate,  and  from 
Saccolahium  in  having  a  dorsal  scale  or  callus  within  the  spur  beneath 
the  column. — Species  (known)  probably  15  or  20. 

Under  Sarcanthus  I  huve  given  my  reason  for  not  bringing  that  genus  under  this  j 
to  which  I  may  sidd  that  if  both  wei'e  brought  under  Saccolahium,  the  result  would  be 
perhaps  more  satisfactory  still.  Tliere  are  no  characters  of  habit  or  habitat  whereby 
the  three  can  be  distinguished,  and  the  structural  are  very  minute  and  often 
obscure.  In  Cleisostoma  aud  Sarcanthus  the  dorsal  appendage  within  the  spur  is  either 
a  2-lobed  callus  or  a  thin  scale,  suggesting  the  propriety  of  rearranging  the  species  of 
both  genera  by  this  character,  but  it  is  one  so  difficult  of  accurate  observation  in 
dried  specimens  that  I  hesitate  to  adopb  it. 

*  Stem  more  or  less  elongate.  Peduncle  stout,  usually  longer  than  the 
leaves,  branched,  erect ;  flowers  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  terminating  the 
branches,  {as  in  Sarcanthus  pallidus). 

1.  C.  latifolium,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1840,  Misc.  60;  stem  very 
stout,  leaves  2^-9  by  1^-2  in.,  from  oblong  to  lorate,  peduncle  very  stout, 
side  lobes  of  lip  short  truncate,  midlobe  renit'ormly  ovate  caruncled 
towards  the  base,  spur  saccate.  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  889.  (J.  fuscum,  Lindl.  in 
Journ.  Bort.  Sac.  1850,  80  ;  Walp.  I.e. 

Perak,  Wray,  {Ic.  Scortechini) ;  Sij^gapoee  and  Malacca,  Griffith.  {Kew  DiS" 
trib.  9235),  Mai'ngay,  (K.d.  1647). 

Stem  6—10  in.,  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger.  Leaves  thickly  coriaceous,  flat, 
obtusely  broadly  2-lobed,  base  narrowed.  Peduncle  12-18  in.,  rather  flexuous  j 
sheaths  annular ;  branches  1-2  in. ;  rachis  of  spikes  very  stout,  bracts  minute, 
broad;  flowers -i- in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  obovate-oblong,  greenish  margined  or 
spotted  with  red-brown  ;  spur  sometimes  inflated  below,  dorsal  scale  truncate  erose  ; 
column  very  short,  rostellum  inconspicuous ;  anther  low,  broad,  strap  of  globose 
pollinia  linear,  gland  small.  Capsule  1  in.,  fusiform. — Of  Lindley*s  C.  latifolium 
there  is  no  specimen  in  his  Heibarium.  It  was  described  from  a  Singapore  plant 
cultivated  by  Loddiges,  and  agrees  in  characters  with  C.  fuscum,  of  which  Lindley 
himself  says  it  is  probably  only  a  form  of  latifolium. 

2.  C.  andamanicum,  Hoolc.  f. ;  leaves  4-6  by  ^-f  in.  lorate,  pe- 
duncle equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  side  lobes  of  lip  short  truncate, 
midlobe  very  short  reniform,  spur  cylindric. 

South  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  very  coriaceous,  recurved,  obtusely  un- 
equally 2-lobf!d.  Peduncle  5-7  in. ;  sheaths  annular  and  bracts  and  flowers  as  in 
C.  latifolium;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  pale  greenish-yellow  with  a  purple  band  within  the 
margin  ;  lip  yellow,  spur  spotted  with  red,  dorsal  callus  retuse  ;  column  very  short,  ros- 
tellum lai'ge,  prominent  ;  anther  ovate,  acuminate,  strap  of  globose  pollinia  slender, 
glaud  medium-sized. — Closely  allied  to  latifolium,  but  much  more  slender,  leaves 
smaller  and  narrower  and  spur  cylindric. 

3.  C.  xnaculosum,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  227;  in  Bot.  Reg. 
1840,  Misc.  37 ;  leaves  Q-*7  by  |-f  in.  narrowly  lorate,  peduncle  stout 
shorter  or  about  equalling  the  leaves,  side  lobes  of  lip  short  truncate,  mid- 
lobe very  short  ovate  papillose,  spur  saccate.  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  888.  0.  ga- 
leatum,  Thwaites  Enum.  305.     Saccolahium  galeatum,  Gardn.  mss. 


72  cxLViii.  0RCHrt)EiH:.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)        [Cleisosioma. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  Macrae,  &c. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  coriaceous,  ohtusely  unequally  2-lobed. 
Peduncle  with  annular  shoaths ;  bracts  short,  broad;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  ytllow 
spotted  with  red  ;  spur  much  smaller  than  the  obovate-oblong  sepals,  dorsal  scale 
truncate  ;  column  very  short,  rostellura  short ;  anther  small,  strap  of  p:lobose  pollinia 
linear,  gland  small.  Capsule  1^  in.,  narrowly  clavate. —  Beutham  (Gen.  Plant,  iii. 
580)  erroneously  unites  Thwaites*  Saccolabium  lineolatum,  C.P.  274 L  {S.  ochraceum, 
Lindl.)  with  Lindley's  C.  maculosum. 

4.  C.  crassifolium,  Lindl.  in  Taxt.  Fl.  Gard.  iii.  125,  t.  99  ;  leaves 
8-10  in.  obtuse  keeled,  peduncle  long  stout  branched,  spikes  recurved,  lip 
with  a  pubescent  ridge  at  the  mouth  of  the  cylindric  spur,  side  lobes  rounded, 
midlobe  broadly  ovate,  lateral  angles  acute  recurved.  Jard.  Fleur.  iv.  t. 
397;   Walp.  Ann.  vi.  889  ;  Lindenia  iii.  t.  139. 

Tenassekim  ?  {Hort.  Veitch.). 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  recurved,  very  thick,  channelled  above. 
Peduncle  equalling  the  leaves  ;  flowers  \  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  oblongr,  obtuse,  and  petals 
green  and  spotted;  lip  rose-cold.,  mouth  ot  spur  closed  by  the  thickened  ridge,  disk 
of  midlobe  thickened ;  dorsal  callus  compressed,  decnrved ;  column  very  short ; 
anther  acuminate,  pollinia  4,  subglobose,  strap  linear,  gland  small. 

**  Stem  short.  Peduncle  slender ;  flowers  scattered  on  the  slender 
branches  of  the  joanicle. 

6.  C*  ramosum^  Hook.  f. ;  stem  sbort,  leaves  loriform  obliquely 
2-lobed,  panicles  broad,  sepals  obovate  equalling  the  conical  spur,  side  lobes 
of  lip  very  small,  midlobe  triangular-ovate  obtuse,  disk  at  base  and  short 
spur  within  pubescent.  Saccolabium  ramosum,  Lindl.  Gen.  S(  Sp.  Orchid. 
224.  S.  flexuosum,  Lindl.  in  Jovrn.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  36.  CEceoclades  flexuosa, 
Li7idl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7333 ;  Gen.  4*  Sp.  Orchid.  236.  Aerides  ramo.sum, 
Wall.  mss. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  in  hot  valleys,  /.  B.  H.  Lower  Bengal  and  the  Sunder- 
bunds,  Wallich,  Clarke.  Bu«MA ;  on  the  Attran  Kiver,  Wallich;  Moulmein, 
Parish. 

Stem  1-3  in.  Leaves  3-5  by  ^-i  in.  Panicle  erect;  bracts  minute ;  flowers 
^  in.  diam.,  buff,  or  yellowish  flushed  or  faintly  blotched  with  red,  or  dull  red  with 
green  margins  ;  sepals  and  smaller  obovate  petals  3-nerved  ;  lip  white,  flushed  with 
pink  or  baaded  with  yellow  ;  dorsal  scale  in  spur  erect  2-fid.  pubescent ;  column 
very  short,  broad  ;  anther  short  very  broad,  pollinia  (4,  2  very  small,  Ctarke),  strap 
dilated  upwards  and  suddenly  contracted  at  the  tip.  Capsule  I  in.,  fusiform. — 
Wallich's  specimens  from  Burma  have  very  narrow  leaves. 

***  Stem  usually  elongate.  Peduncle  slender  or  stout  rarely  branched, 
usually  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

6.  C.  spicatum,  Lindl.  in  JBot.  Reg.  1847,  under  t.  32i ;  leaves  4-8  by 
\-2  in.,  spike  stout  simple  dense-fld.,  bracts  ovate-subulate  deflexed,  side 
lobes  of  lip  broad  rounded,  midlobe  small  ovate  fleshy,  spur  contracted 
above  the  inflated  4-lobulate  base.  Sarcanthus  densiflorus.  Par.  &  Meichb. 
f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  iSoc.  xxx.  136.  Saccolabium  densiflorum,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7311;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  220;  in  Bot.  Reg.  1838,  Misc.  56.  brides 
densiflorum,  Wall.  mss. 

Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,  Parish.  Penang,  Wallich,  Cwr^is.— Disteib. 
Borneo. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger  in  Penanjr,  more  slender  in  Moulmein. 
Leaves  oUong  or  linear-oblong,  broadly  unequally  2-lobed.  Spike  decurved  or  pen- 
dulous ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  glabrous  or  subfurfuraceous  i  sepals  and  petals  broad, 


Cletsosioma.]        cxlViii.  oRcHityE.-El.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  73 

dull  red  with  a  pale  central  band ;  lip  yellowish  flushed  with  red,  midlobe  incurved, 
spur  sometimes  transversely  septate  towards  the  base,  <lorsal  callus  forked  ;  column 
very  short,  rostellum  short;  anther  beaked,  strap  of  globose  pollinia slender,  dilated 
upwards,  gland  small. — The  spur  is  like  that  of  Saccolab.  huccosum. 

7.  C  tenerum.  Hook.  /. ;  stem  scandent,  leaves  1-2  in.  oblong, 
ba se  cordate,  raceme  few-fld.  on  a  short  stout  leaf-opposed  peduncle,  side  lobes 
of  lip  large  truncate  crenulate,  midlobe  ovate  obtusely  3-lobed  fleshy,  spur 
very  short  conical  incurved.  CEceoclades  tenera,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid. 
2S^;  Wiff/it  Ic.  t.  1680;  Thioa'do^  Enum.  306;  IValp.  Ann.  vi.  8.95. 
G]onia  ?  alata,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  3,  xv.  67,  t.  7.  Saccolabium 
?  tenerum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  iii.  36. 

NiLGHiHi  Hills  ;  in  woods  near  Ncddubetta,  Ferrottet.  Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central 
Province,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  Macrae,  &c. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill.  Leaves  scattered,  fleshy,  tip  rounded 
or  notclied.  Peduncle  -i-3  in.,  woody  ;  basal  sheaths  cupular  ;  bracts  cyrabiform  ; 
flowers  f  in.  diam.,  fleshy,  yellow  or  greenish,  nerves  red  ;  sepals  and  petals  oblanceo- 
late  obtuse,  lateral  sepals  decurved  ;  midlobe  of  lip  white,  dorsal  callus  fleshy  ; 
column  riither  long  ;  anther  short  brond  acute,  strap  of  globose  pollitiia  slender,  gland 
smnll.  Capsu/e  1  in.,  turgid,  elliptic-oblong  or  piriform. — Erronejusly  referred  to 
Saccolab.  brevifulium  in  Gen.  Plant,  (iii.  579).     I  have  seen  no  Nilghiri  specitnen. 

8.  C.  bipunctatuxn,  Kooh.  f.\  stem  slender  scandent,  leaves  4-6 
by  \-\  in.  subacute,  peduncle  very  short,  1-2  fid.  side  lobes  of  lip  small 
subfalcate,  midlobe  large  ovate-lanceolate,  spur  very  small  incurved 
obtuse,  saccate.  Saccolabium  bipunctatum,  Tar.  Sc  Beichb.  f.  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  about  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill.  Leares  lorate,  laterally  notched  towards 
the  tip;  costa  stout  beneath.  Flowers  about  \  in.  diam,,  yellow  and  purplish; 
bracts  obscure  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved,  and  liuear-obloug  l-nerved 
petals  falcate  ;  midlobe  of  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  white,  3-nerved  with  a  basal 
callu?,  dorsal  scale  membranous  toothed  ;  column  very  short ;  anther  short,  very 
broad,  strap  of  subglobose  pollinia  linear,  gland  small. — I  have  seen  only  a  very  small 
specimen.  Reicheubach,  though  describing  the  scale  in  the  spur,  places  this  in 
Saccolabium. 

9.  C>  brevipes,  Sook.  f. ;  stem  elongate,  leaves  4  in.  distichous 
uniform  linear-lanceolate  acute  fleshy,  spike  short  sessile  dense-fld.,  rachis 
very  thick,  bracts  short,  flowers  f  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  subsimilar 
ovate-oblong  obtuse  orange-yellow  with  two  purple  bands,  lip  pale  yellow, 
side  lobes  falcate  acute,  midlobe  short  hastate  with  a  membranous  2- 
awned  tip,  disk  thickened,  spur  a  short  sac  tip  rounded. 

SiZKiM  Himalaya,  (7c.  w  Sort.  Calcutt.) ;  alt.  5000  ft.  Gamble.  Assam,  {Hort. 
N.  Campany .) 

Stems  tufted,  8-12  in.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  internodes  ^-f  in.,  rugulose. 
Leaves  erecto-patent,  sessile,  f  in.  diam.,  flat,  hard,  tip  raicronate.  Sp>ke  1-1|  in.; 
basal  sheaths  short,  annular,  and  bracts  l)rovvn  ;  ovary  ^  in.,  green  striped  with  duir 
purple;  sac  of  lip  shining,  thiikened  disk  extending  backward  to  meet  the  thick 
callus  at  the  base  of  the  column,  thus  closing  the  orifice  of  the  sac;  column  short, 
stout,  pollinia  subquadvate,  strap  compressed,  gland  large,  2-partite.  Capsule  1-1-J 
in.,  fusiform,  terete,  fleshy,  striate. — Described  from  fresh  cultivated  specimens 
sent  to  Kew. 


74  cxLViii.  oEOHiDEJi;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        \_Cleisostoma, 


Stem  very  short.     Leaves  subradical.      Peduncle  and  raceme  or 
spike  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

10.  C.  undulatum,  Beichh.  f.  in  Flora,  1872,  274 ;  leaves  4-8  by 
f-l|-  in.  lorate  narrowed  at  both,  ends  undulate,  racame  mauy-fld.,  sepals 
oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip  orbicular,  midlobe  suborbicular  caruncled  oljscurely 
3-lobed,  spur  short  globose.  Saccolabium  undulatum,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Gat.  7301 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  222. 

SiLHET,  WallicTi.     Chittagong,  bill  tracts,  Gamble. 

Stem  1-1|-  in.,  roots  fascicled.  Leaves  unequally  obtusely  2-lobed,  often  falcate, 
sheatli  very  short,  flattened,  midrib  beneath  strong.  Raceme  |-1  in. ;  bracts 
minute;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  yellow  blotched  with  red;  sepals  faintly  3-nerved; 
petals  spathulately  obovate,  obtuse,  1-nerved  ;  spur  contracted  at  the  mouth,  mem- 
branous, dorsal  scale  erect  bifid ;  column  very  short,  rostellum  minute,  deflexed ; 
anther  broad,  membninous,  1-celled,  strap  of  globose  pollinia  slender,  gland  minute. 
Capsule  f  in.  long,  linear-oblong. 

11.  C.  uteriferum,  HooJc.  f. ;  stemless,  leaves  6-8  by  1^-  in.  lorate 
tip  broad  rounded  or  retuse  margins  undulate,  spike  stoutly  peduncled 
shorter  than  the  leaves  dense-fid.,  sepals  obovate-oblong  undulate  tip 
rounded,  petals  smaller  and  narrower,  side  lobes  of  lip  truncate,  midlobe 
very  small  ovate  fleshy,  spur  a  large  inflated  subglobose  sac  sulcate  in  front, 
neck  contracted. 

Perak,  Kunstler  {Hort.  Bot.  Calc). 

Leaves  flat,  base  hardly  contracted.  Spike  with  peduncle  3  in. ;  rachis  very 
stout,  strict;  bracts  minute;  ovary  very  short,  J^  in. ;  flowers  :^  in.  diam.,  thi.ck, 
sepals  and  petals  dirty  yellow,  dull  red  towards  the  base,  nerves  obscure  ;  lip  shorter, 
spur  longer  than  the  sepnls,  slightly  incurved,  grooved  down  the  front,  walls  thin, 
dorsal  scale  large  semicircular  convex  entire  ;  column  very  short  indeed,  rostellum 
small,  protruded  ;  anther  broad,  truncate,  1-celled,  pollinia  globose,  seated  on  the 
contracted  capex  of  a  rather  broad  lanceolate  strap,  gland  oblong. — Near  C.  undu- 
latum and  Wendlandorum,  but  with  a  much  larger  inflated  spur,  smaller  midlobe  of 
lip,  and  broad  strap  of  the  pollinia.  Described  from  an  analysis  of  dried  flowers 
and  a  fine  drawing  in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium. 

12.  C.  Wendlandorum,  Beichh.  f.  in  Otto  Sf  Dietr.  Allgemein. 
Gartenzeit.  1856,  219 ;  leaves  6-10  by  1-1|  in.,  broadly  lorate,  raceme  simple 
or  branched  many-fld.,  sepals  obovate-oblong,  petals  narrower,  side  lobes 
of  lip  obscure  rounded,  midlobe  small  orbicular  fleshy,  spur  short  in- 
flated. C.  caAlosMm,  Beichh.  f.  in  Bonpland  {not  of  Blume.)  Pomatocalpa 
spicatum,  Kuhl  ^  Rasselt.  ex.  B.  f.  in  Otto  ^  Dietr.  Allgemein. 
Gartenzeit.  I.  c. 

Cachak  ;  Keenan.     Tenasserim,  Parish.     Andaman  Islands,  Berkeley. 

Stem  1-1|  in.,  very  stout,  roots  fascicled.  Leaves  coriaceous,  2-lobed,  nerveless, 
midrib  beneath  slender.  Raceme  ov  panicle  4-6  in,  ;  bracts  obscure  ;  flowers  ^  in. 
broad,  yellow,  papillose  ;  spur  very  short  broad  truncate,  dorsal  scale  semicircular 
erose  ;  column  very  short,  rostellum  beaked  ;  anther  broad,  strap  of  globose  pollinia 
linear,  gland  small.  Capsule  (in  Cachar)  1  iu.,  linear-oblong. — A  much  larger 
plant  than  C.  undulatum,  named  after  the  two  Wendlands  of  Herrenhausen,  father 
and  son. 

13.  C.  Z^annii,  Beichh.  f.  in  Flora^  1872,273;  leaves  lorate  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  raceme  simple  or  branched  many-fld.,  sepals  and  petals 
obovate,  side  lobes  of  lip  truncate  obtusely  angled,  midlobe  orbicular-ovate, 
spur  short  inflated. 


CleisostomaJ]         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  75 

Assam,  Mann.     SiKKiM?  (Jc.  in  Kerb.  Calcutf.) 

I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  ;  it  is  as  small  as  C.  undulafum,  from  which  it 
differs  in  the  much  longer  stouter  peduncle  and  raceme,  and  very  small  flowers  about 
Jq  in.  diam.  (pale  golden  yellow  flushed  with  red  at  the  base  of  the  sepals  and 
petals,  according  to  the  Sikkim  drawing).  Dorsal  scale  of  spur  erect,  2-fid  ;  column 
very  short,  anther  broad,  obtuse,  pollinia  subglobose,  strap  dilated  upwards,  rather 
long,  gland  small. 

14.  C.  declpiens,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1884,  Misc.  11 ;  leaves  8-10  by 
1  in.  thick  purple  dotted  beneath,  peduncle  simple  or  branched,  spike 
many-fid.,  sepals  and  petals  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  lip  broader  than  long 
entire,  spur  short  broad  gibbous.  C.  maculosum,  Thwaites  Enum.  304  (C. 
P.  3885)  {not  of  Lindl.)  C.  Thwaitesianum,  Trimen  in  Journ.  Bot.  1885, 
244. 

Ceylon  ;  on  trees  in  the  low  country,  Thtoaites  (C.P.  3193). 

A  drawing  of  this  plant  from  the  Perideniya  Herbarium  represents  the  stem  1^ 
in.  long,  the  leaves  5-6  by  |-1  in.,  lorate,  unequally  obtusely  2-lobed,  sheaths  h  in. 
long,  and  underside  of  leaf  speckled  with  purple.  Flowering  peduncle  stout, 
speckled  with  purple,  with  the  dense-fld.  spike  2  in.,  lengthening  to  6  in.  in  fruit ; 
bracts  minute,  subulate  ;  flowers  i  in.  diam.,  yellowish,  more  or  less  suflused  with 
red.  Capsule  sessile,  f  in.,  linear-oblong.- — The  specimen  in  Lindley's  herbarium 
(from  Hort.  Lcddiges)  consists  of  an  imperfect  leaf  4  by  f  in.  and  a  few  inches  of  a 
branched  panicle,  the  flowers  not  ^  in.  diam.,  are  crowded  in  elongate  spikes  with  a 
stout  rachis.  The  sepals  as  drawn  by  Lindley  are  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  reddish- 
brown,  with  a  broad  golden  margin  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  erect,  truncate,  midlobe  white, 
spur  yellowish  ;  dorsal  scale  of  spur  broad  erect;  column  and  rostellum  very  short ; 
strap  of  globose  pollinia  linear,  with  an  apiculate  tip. — Trimen  rightly  suspects  his 
Thivaitesiannm  to  be  Lindley's  decipiens. 

15.  C.  bicuspidatum,  ^ooyb. /. ;  leaves  3-4  by  ^-1  in.  acutely  2-fid, 
raceme  lax-fid.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  sepals  orbicular-obovate  obtuse, 
petals  oblong-obovate,  side  lobes  of  lip  plicate  truncate,  midlobe  very 
stout  ovate  acute  incurved,  spur  cylindric  longer  than  the  sepals  obtuse. 

SiKZiM  Himalaya  ;  near  Darjeeling,  Anderson  {in  Serb.  Calcutt.).  Khasia 
Hills  ;  alt.  2000  ft.,  Mann.     Tenasseeim,  Parish  {1c.  in  Hort.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  flat,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  lobes  very  acute,  often 
unequal,  the  longer  f  in.  Peduncle  with  5-6-fld.  simple  or  branched  raceme  2-5  in. ; 
bracts  small,  ovate;  flowers  |-f  in.  diam.,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  sepals  and  petals 
yellowish-green,  with  a  median  stripe  ;  lip  white,  speckled  or  flushed  with  rose, 
spur  longer  than  the  sepals,  mouth  infundibular  with  a  thickened  ridge,  dorsal  ctillus 
2-lobed  ;  column  very  short,  rostellum  long  decurved ;  anther  beaked ;  strap  of 
globose  pollinia  dilated  upwards,  tip  rounded  produced  beyond  the  pollinia,  margins 
recurved,  gland  minute. 

species  unknown  to  me. 
C.  DiscoLOE,  Lindl.  in  Pot.  Reg.  1845,  Misc.  59;  leaves  oblong  channelled 
obliquely  truncate,  peduncle  long  slender  dull  purple  branched  at  the  extremity, 
sepals  orbicular -ovate  5-nerved,  and  petals  elliptic,  both  dull  yellow  with  a  greenish 
tinge,  lip  3-fid,  side  lobes  plicate  with  a  conical  caruncle  in  the  inner  faces  within, 
dorsal  tooth  undivided  keeled,  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  obtuse  nearly  white. — 
India  {Sort.  Lcddiges).  In  Lindley's  fragment  the  leaf  is  3^  by  nearly  1  in.,  the 
very  slender  peduncle  has  some  small  ovate  obtuse  sheaths  ;  bracts  small,  broad, 
membranous;  fl.  buds  about  i  in.  diam.,  membranous;  spur  cylindric,  longer  than  the 
broad  sepals,  walls  thin  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  truncate,  subcrenate ;  midlobe  very  short 
continuous  with  the  side  lobes,  incurved,  ovate,  acute,  concave,  thin,  without  calli; 
callus  below  the  column  2-lobed,  puberulousj  pollinia  each  didymous,  strap  clavate 
with  recurved  margins,  gland  very  small. 


76  CxlViii.  ORCHlDE^.     (J".  D.  Hooker.)  [Otet^osioma, 

C.  LORATUM,  Reichh.f.  in  Flora,  1872,  273;  stem  short,  leaves  cuneately  lorate 
obliquely  acumiuate,  racemes  stout  strict,  flowers  small,  bracts  small  triangular 
persistent,  sepals  ami  petals  ligulate  obtusely  acute,  side  lobes  of  lip  transverse 
retuse  with  a  minute  callus  at  each  internal  angle,  spur  short  hemispheric,  scale 
under  column  sharply  2-fid  to  the  middle,  limb  ovate  obtusely  acute. — Assam. 

EcHio&LOSSUM  STRIATUM,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1879,  390;  stem  erect 
strict  branched,  sheaths  very  rough  (arpophyllaceous),  leaves  linear-ligulate  un- 
equally acute  very  coriaceous  keoled  towards  the  tip,  racemes  short  drooping, 
flowers  small  dense  yellow  streaked  with  red,  sepals  and  narrower  petals  oblong 
obtusely  acute,  lip  obtusely  conic,  side  lobes  triangular  erect,  midlobe  hastately 
triangular,  tip  acutely  2-toothed,  callus  below  the  column  ligulate,  strap  of  polleu 
linear,  gland  very  large,  hippocrepiform.  Sikkim  Himalaya  (Sort.  Mackay) — {JEcMo' 
glossum  is  reduced  to  Cleisostoma  in  Gen.  Plant.) 

67.  ORNZTKOCKIXiUS,  Wall. 

Epiphytes :  Stem  very  short,  pseudobulb  0.  Leaves  few,  broad,  flat. 
Scapes  lateral,  slender;  flowers  small,  racemed  or  panicled.  Sepals  spread- 
ing, subequal,  lateral  obliquely  obovate.  Petals  linear.  JLip  much  larger 
than  the  sepals,  clawed,  side  lobes  subquadrate,  midlobe  clawed  inflexed 
lobulate  and  fimbriate,  with  a  velvety  flap  over  the  mouth  of  the 
short  incurved  spur,  which  is  distant  from  the  base.  Column  short,  foot  0, 
rostellnm  forcipate ;  anther  low  2-celled,  pollinia  2,  subglobose  or  oblong, 
grooved,  strap  obcuneate. — Species  1  or  2,  Indian  and  Chinese. 

0.  fuscus,  Wall,  in  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  242.  O.  cublepharum, 
Hance  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxii.  (1884),  364.  Aerides  difforme,  Wall,  in  Lindl. 
I.  c.  242,  Sert.  Orchid.  Frontisp.  i.  7;  Eeichh.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1865,  698  ; 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  in.  41  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  899  ;  A.  Hystrix.  Lindl. 
in  J.  L.  S.  42  {not  of  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.). 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal  ?  Falconer,  to  Sikkim,  and  the  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.     Texasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. — Distrib.  China. 

Stem  ^l  in.,  2-3-leaved.  Leaves  3-7  by  1-1^  in,,  obliquely  elliptic-oblong, 
acute,  many  nerved,  base  narrowed.  Racemes  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  6-12  in., 
lax-fld.  ;  bracts  small,  subulate ;  flowers  i-|  in.  broad ;  sepals  and  petals  yellow 
streaked  with  red  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  striped  with  brown,  midlobe  variable  in  breadth, 
red,  its  lobules  reflexed,  the  mid-one  entire  or  fimbriate.  Capsule  1  in.,  fusiform, 
pedicelled. 

68.  THINIOPKVZiIiUM,  Blume. 

Small  stemless  epiphytes,  leafless  when  flowering,  roots  flattened? 
pseudobalbs  0.  Leaves  linear  or  few  or  0.  Peduncle  very  short,  filiform, 
simple,  flowers  very  minute,  spicate.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  free  or 
connate  at  the  base.  Lip  sessile,  saccate  or  spurred ;  side  lobes  short, 
broad,  midlobe  small  fleshy.  Column  short,  broad,  foot  0;  anther  2- 
celled;  pollinia  4,  in  superposed  pairs,  strap  linear,  gland  small. — Species 
about  6,  Indian,  Malayan,  Australian  and  Pacific. 

There  are  several  Perak  plants  in  Scortechini  collections  that  are  probably  Tanio- 
phylla;  but  the  species  are  obscure,  minute,  and  very  imperfectly  known,  and  there 
are  no  doubt  many  to  be  discovered. 

1.  T.  Alxxrisii,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  42 ;  peduncle  glabrous, 
sepals  and  petals  connate,  lip  cymbiform.  Tkwaites  JEnum.  305.  Reichb. 
f.  Xen.  Orchid.  67,  t.  116. 


Tceniophyllum.']     cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  77 

Ceylon;  in  the  Ambagamowa  district,  De  Alwis. 

Roofs  fleshy.  Peduncle  \  in. ;  bracts  keeled ;  flowers  most  minute,  pale  green  ; 
sepals,  petals  and  lip  connate  into  an  acutely  6.toothed  perianth  ;  margins  of  lip  free  ; 
column  shore;  anther  square,  sub-4-celled;  poUinia  4,  pyriform,  sessile  on  the  gland. — 
Descript.  from  Thvvaites. 

2.  T.  scaberulum,  Hook.  f. ;  peduncle  \  in.  scabernlous,  sepals 
petals  and  lip  connate  at  the  base,  lip  deeply  saccate  with  a  minute 
incurved  midlobe. 

Travancorr  ;  on  teak  branches,  at  Cottayam,  Johnson. 

Roots  about  -2V  in-  diam.,  compressed.  Peduncle  2-3-fld. ;  bracts  broad  ;  flowers 
sessile,  -^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  fleshy  ;  sac  or  spur 
nearly  as  long  as  the  limb  of  the  lip,  base  rounded  ;  column  very  short ;  anther 
truncate  in  front,  poUinia  pyriform.  Capsule  (youngj,  5  in.,  slender,  curved, 
scaberulous. 

3.  T.  serrula,  Hoolc.  f. ;  leafless,  spike  sessile  many-fid.  appearing 
serrulate  from  the  number  and  regularity  of  the  very  minute  subdis- 
tichons  bracts,  sepals  and  petals  free  or  nearly  so,  lip  cymbiform,  side 
lobes  low  rounded,  midlobe  very  short  thick,  spur  scrotiform. 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  King's  Collector. 

Roots  stout,  i  in.  diam.  Spikes  l-l  in. ;  bracts  concave,  obtuse  ;  flowers  about 
-i  in.  diam.,  red  dish -yellow ;  sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse  and  narrower  petals  with  one 
thick  nerve ;  side  lobes  of  lip  incurved ;  column  very  short,  papillose.  Capsule  f-li 
in.,  trigonous. 

69.  BUCROSACCUS,  Blume. 

Small  densely  tufted  epiphytes;  stems  densely  leafy.  Leaves  disti- 
chous, narrow  or  scalpelliform,  fleshy.  Floicers  minute,  subsessile  or  very 
shortly  racemose.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  widely  spreading.  Lip 
small,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  base  broadly  saccate  ;  side  lobes 
small  or  0,  midlobe  broad  subentire.  Column  very  short,  truncate  ;  anther 
obtuse ;  poUinia  4,  distinct,  ellipsoid  or  globose,  sessile  on  the  slender 
strap,  gland  sniall  or  medium  sized.  Capsule  small. — Species  3  or  4, 
Malayan. 

1.  TIL,  javensis,  Blume  Bijdr.  367 ;  leaves  equitant  scalpelliform, 
flowers  subsolitary.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  219.  Saccolabium 
Griftithii,  Far.  &  Beichb.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Mergui,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  5244),  Heifer  (Kew  Bistrih. 
5384).  Parish.    Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  Cambodia. 

Stems  2-4  in.,  curved,  |  in.  diam.  across  the  leaves.  Leaves  broad'y  ovate, 
obtuse,  somewhat  recurved,  wrinkled  when  dry.  Floivers  -^-^  in.  diam.,  almost  con- 
cealed by  the  leaves,  cellular,  white ;  bracts  scarious,  sheatliing;  sepals  lanceolate; 
petals  rather  narrower;  lip  obtusely  3-lobed.  Capsule  ^  in.,  sessile,  ellipsoid. — 
Description  of  flower  from  a  drawing  by  GriflSth  in  Herb.  Lindl.  I  have  seen 
no  authentic  Javan  specimen,  but  the  Indian  plant  agrees  well  with  Blume's 
description. 

2.  XKE.  virens,  Hooh.  f. ;  leaves  linear-oblong  trigonous,  flowers  in 
very  short  racemes.  ?  Adenoncos  virens,  Blume  Bi]dr.  381 ;  Lindl.  Gen. 
&  Sp.  Orchid.  235. 

Pkrak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stems  4-8  in.,  very  stout,  strongly  incurved.  Leaves  1-1 1^  by  ^  in.,  very  thick 
and  fleshy,  subacute.  Racemes  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  3-6-fld.  ;  bracts  dis- 
tichous, ovate,  acute,  very  coriaceous  and  persistent ;  flowers  coriaceous,  about  ^  in. 


78  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Microsaccus. 

diam. ;  sepals  lanceolate,  greenish  j  petals  shorter  and  narrower ;  lip  orbicular,  apicu- 
late,  thick,  greenish,  base  constricted  into  2  obscure  side  lobes  j  pollinia  4,  globose, 
gland  rather  large. — Described  chiefly  from  a  drawing  and  description  by  Scortechini. 
The  Java  and  Bornean  specimens  are  not  in  flower,  but  otherwise  agrees  with  the 
Indian. 

70.  DZPXiOCENTRUIH,  Lindl. 

Epiphytes ;  steins  short  leafy,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  distichous, 
narrow,  fleshy,  subterete  or  complicate.  Peduncle  lateral,  often  branched ; 
flowers  small,  in  long  subspiciform  racemes.  Sepals  free,  connivent,  sub- 
equal  or  the  lateral  larger.  Petals  like  the  dorsal  sepal.  Lip  sessile, 
jointed  on  the  base  of  the  column,  spreading,  entire,  shortly  2- spurred, 
disk  fleshy.  Column  very  short,  2-auricled,  truncate;  anther  2-celled ; 
pollinia  2,  ovoid,  sulcate  or  2-partite,  attached  by  a  broad  strap  to  a 
broad  gland. — Species  2-3,  Indian. 

1.  D.  recurvum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  under  t.  1522;  in  Wall.  Gat. 
7331;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  218;  leaves  4-6  in.  linear,  panicle  long-pedun- 
cled,  branches  spreading.  Wight  Ic.  t.  1680,  and  D.  longifolium,  Wight 
I.  c.  t.  1681.     Cymbidium  alofoiium,  Serb.  Seyne. 

NiLGHEBT  and  Teavancore,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon,  iu  the  Central  Province, 
Qtem  2-6  in.,  densely  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  \~\  in.  broad,  unequally 
obtusely  2-fid,  recurved.  Panicle  with  peduncle  5-8  in.  ;  flowers  \  in.  diam.,  densely 
crowded  towards  the  ends  of  the  spreading  branches  ;  bracts  minute,  acute ;  sepals 
and  petals  deep  pink  or  brownish  tinged  with  pink  ;  lip  ovate-oblong,  longer  than 
the  petals,  entire,  pinkish  lilac  or  crimson  spur  much  shorter  than  the  blade  of  the 
lip,  conical,  incurved,  obtuse ;  column  very  stout,  auricles  incurved,  rostellum 
inconspicuous ;  anther  truncate,  cells  basal,  strap  of  pollinia  narrowed  from  the  broad 
base  upwards.     Capsule  \  in.,  clavate. 

2.  D.  congrestum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1682;  leaves  2-3  in.  broadly 
oblong,  spike  very  stout  stoutly  peduncled  simple  or  shortly  branched  at 
the  base. 

Tbavanoobe;  in  the  lyamallay  Hills,  Wight. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  \-%  in.  broad,  deeply  unequally  2-lobed,  lobes  obtuse. 
Peduncle  with  dense-fld.  spike  4-6  in.,  rachis  very  stout ;  bracts  minute,  acute  ; 
flowers  about  .^  in.  diam. ;  colour,  lip,  spurs,  column,  anther  and  pollen  m  uch  like 
D.  recurvum. 

70/2.  »IirSTACZDIU»S)  Undl. 

Epiphytes,  pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  few,  distichous,  linear,  coriaceous. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  small.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  free,  spread- 
ing. Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  3-lobed,  spurred.  Column 
very  short,  foot  0  ;  anther  hinged  on  to  the  top  of  the  column ;  pollinia  2, 
globose,  attached  by  separate  straps  to  the  gland. — Species  about  20, 
tropical  African  and  one  Cingalese. 

This  genus  should,  I  think,  be  reduced  to  Angraecum. 

BZ.  zeylanicum,  Trimen.  Cat.  Ceylon  PI.  90.  Angraecum  zey- 
lanicum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  40 ;  Thwaites  Enum.  306. 

Ceylon  ;  near  Galle,  Champion. 

Stem  3-4  in.  Leaves  6-10  by  f-f  in.,  flat,  narrowed  to  the  acuminate  apex, 
rigid,  many-nerved.     Scapes  many,  shorter  than  the  leaves,   very  slender,  rigid, 


Mystacidium.']  cxlviii.  orohide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  79 

lax-fld.  ;  bracts  minute,  truncate,  membranous ;  pedicel  with  ovary  |^  in.  ;  sepals  as 
long,  lanceolate,  5-nerved ;  petals  narrower,  3-nerved ;  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  broadly  ovate,  finely  acuminate,  cymbiform,  quite  entire ;  spur  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  suberect,  slightly  clavate  ;  anther  firmly  attached  by  a  point  to  the  column. 
Capsule  f  in.,  pedicelled,  narrowly  ellipsoid,  ribs  slender. — I  have  seen  only  indif- 
ferent specimens,  from  which  the  pollen  was  gone.  Dr.  Trimen  informs  me  that  it 
is  found  in  several  parts  of  Ceylon. 

71.  ACRXOPSXS,  Beinwdt. 

Epiphytes;  pseudobulbs  clustered,  i-3-leaved.  Leaves  flat,  linear,  not 
plaited.  Scape  from  the  base  of  the  bulb,  slender,  simple  or  branched  ; 
raceme  lax-fld. ;  bracts  small  acute.  Sepals  narrow,  spathulately  obovate, 
obtuse,  dorsal  arched,  lateral  connate  placed  under  the  lip.  Lip  adnate  to 
the  column  above  its  middle,  spreading,  more  or  less  3-lobed,  disk  with  2 
short  erect  lamellae  on  the  mesial  line.  Column  incurved  with  2  styliform 
horizontal  or  decarved  processes  on  each  side  of  the  stigma,  and  a  cucul- 
latetop  concealing  the  anther  ;  rostellum  suberect,  acute  ;  anther  membra- 
nous, 2-celled  ;  pollinia  2  or  4  in  2  pairs,  narrowly  pyriform  attached  by  a 
strap  to  a  small  gland. — Species  5  or  6,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

In  Herb.  Calcutta  is  a  fine  drawing  of  what  may  be  a  new  species  from 
Moulmein,  with  a  large  quadrate  clawed  pubescent  lip ;  it  may  be  intended  for 
A.  javanica. 

1.  A.  javanica,  Beinwdt.  in  Flora  Literat.  1825,  ii.  4 ;  in  Syllog. 
Batisb.  1828  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  broad  rounded  or  subtriangular,  midlobe 
very  small  clawed  oblong  concave,  claw  lamellate.  Blume  Bijdr.  377; 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  OrcMd.  140 ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  492.  A.  picta,  Lindl.  in 
Bat.  Beg.  xxix.,  Misc.  105.  A.  Griffithii,  Beichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  ii.  92  ; 
Walp.  I.  c.  A.  crispa,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  333;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  318. 
P  Spathoglottis  .?  trivalvis,  Wall.  Gat.  3742 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  120. 

Tenasseeim,  Parish.  Peeak,  Scortechini,  and  SiNGAPOEE,  WalUoh,  &c. 
Malacca,  Griffith,  Mainffat/.—BiSTRiB.  Java,  Philippines. - 

Paeudohulbs  f-l^  in.,  oblong  or  ovoid.  Leaves  4-6  by  J-|in.,  2-dentate.  Scape 
6-18  in.,  simple  or  branched;  pedicels  i  in.,  capillary;  sepals  \-\  in.,  white  with 
purple  tip  and  central  broad  or  narrow  band  ;  petals  subsimilar ;  lip  white  with  a 
purple  band  and  lamella,  Capside  \  in.,  broadly  ellipsoid. — It  is  difficult  to  reconcile 
Griffith's  figure  with  the  above  description  of  the  lip,  but  his  habitat  being  that  of 
Maingay's  plant  (Orchard  trees,  Malacca)  seems  to  identify  it. 

2.  A.  indica,  Wight.  Ic.  t.  1748  {bad) ;  lip  oblong  subpanduriform 
tip  rounded,  lamellas  opposite  the  contraction.     Walp.  Ann.  vi.  492. 

Tenasseeim,  Griffith  {in  Serb.  Lindl.),  Parish.     Penang-,  Maivgay. 

A  much  smaller  plant  than  A.  javanicay  with  more  densely  tufted  pseudobulbs, 
very  narrow  leaves,  scapes  shorter,  more  branched,  and  smaller  flowers  ;  the  sepals  are 
1  in.  long  and  the  very  different  lip  is  inserted  higher  up;  just  under  the  column. — 
Wight  who  had  lost  the  locality  of  the  species  he  ^figured  probably  received  it 
from  Griffith.  In  a  drawing  by  Parish  the  flowers  are  yellow  green  faintly  blotched 
with  purple.  Wight's  figure  of  the  lip  is  quite  unlike  that  of  the  specimen  he 
depicted,  which  is  now  in  Herb.  Kew. 

3.  A.  Ridleyi,  SooJc.  f. ;  lip  with  small  oblong  obtuse  side  lobes  and 
a  large  orbicular  or  transversely  oblong  clawed  smooth  midlobe,  lamellae 
on  the  claw. 


80  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Acriopsis. 

Singapore:  ;  at  Bukit  Mandi,  Midleif. 

Fseudobulhs  broadly  ovoid,  comprtssed.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  linear,  olive  green. 
Scape  simple  (alway**?);  raceme  lax-fld.;  flowers  yellow,  sparsely  spotted  with 
crimson  ;  lip  white,  lamellae  crimson. 

72.  PODOCHZZ.VS,  JBlume. 

Stems  tuftetl,  erect  or  diffuse.  Leaves  many,  uniform,  distichous,  flat 
or  equitant  and  laterally  compressed.  Peduncles  terminal  or  leaf-opposed  ; 
flowers  minute,  racemed  or  spicate ;  bracts  persistent.  Lateral  sepals 
adnate  with  the  prolonged  foot  of  the  column  and  together  at  the  base, 
forming  a  mentum.  Petals  broad  or  narrow.  Lip  clawed,  jointed  to  the 
foot  of  the  column,  mobile  (always  ?)  erect,  with  a  basal  appendage. 
Column  very  short ;  rostellum  terminal,  triangular,  erect,  bifid  or  bipar- 
tite ;  anther  erect  ;  poUinia  4,  each  pair  half  enclosed  in  a  calyptriform 
stipe  fixed  by  a  gland  to  the  top  of  the  rostellum.  Capsule  very  small, 
ellipsoid. — Species  12  or  more,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

The  flowers  of  all  the  species  want  careful  examination  on  alivinj?  state.  There 
are  great  diff'^rences  in  the  columnar  structure  and  pollinia  that  cannot  be  satisfac- 
torily determined  from  dried  specimens.  These  last  are  almost  in  all  cases  deficient 
in  flowers,  which  are  easily  detached,  and  so  minute  as  to  escape  the  notice  of 
collectors. 

*  Leaves  equitant.  laterally  compressed,  not  articulate  with  the  sheath. 
Flowers  secund,  on  inclined  or  decurved  lax-fld.  racemes. 

1.  P.  cultratus,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7336;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid. 
234 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  37 ;  leaves  ensiform  subfalcate  acute,  lip 
cuneately  oblong  truncate  5-nerved,  base  saccate. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich ;  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H.  Assam,  Masters. 
Cachar,  Clarke.     Tenasserim  ;  the  Attran  River,  Parish. 

Stern  3-7  in.,  with  the  leaves  ^-f  in.  broad.  Leaves  ^-f  in,,  many  nerved. 
Peduncle  short,  decurved  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  ^  in.  long  ;  dorsal  sepal 
broad,  5-nerved,  lateral  subacute  ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  acute,  3-uerved  ;  mentum 
saccate;  base  of  lip  broad.  Capsule  i  in. — The  lip  resembles  that  of  an 
Appendicula  ;  1  doubt  its  being  articulate  and  mobile. 

2.  P.  falcatus^  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  234:  leaves  ensiform 
obtuse,  lip  narrowly  clawed  oblanceolate  3-nerved,  base  with  a  short 
notched  appendage.     Thwaites  JEnum.  306. 

Ceylon  ;  Central  Province,  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  common. 

Habit  of  P.  cultratvs,  but  stems  longer,  6-12  in.  Rostellvm  with  an  involute 
top,  round  which  the  capillary  tails  of  the  pollinia  are  curved,  gland  minute.  In 
var.  angustata,  Thw.  (C.P.  3889),  the  leaves  are  so  closely  appressed  to  one  another, 
that  not  even  the  points  are  free,  and  the  breadth  of  the  stem  across  the  leaves  is 
only  ^  in. 

3.  P-  malabaricus,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1748,  fig.  2 ;  leaves  obtuse,  spike 
many-fld.  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  mentum  very  short,  lip  linear- 
lanceolate  obtuse  contracted  in  the  middle.     Walp.  Ann.  vi.  893. 

Malabar,  Jerdon  ;  Wynaad  jungles,  Drew.     Travancobe,  Johnson. 

Stem  3-5  in.,  fleshy,  |  in.  across  the  leaves.  L'-aves  ^  in  ,  straight.  Spike 
1-1^  in.,  inclined  or  horizontal,  few-fld. ;  bracts  broiidly  ovate  ;  flowers  white  tipped 
with  pink  ;  petals  lancf  olate  ;  lip  constricted  in  the  middle. — I  have  seen  no  flowers. 
Wighi's  expression  of  lip  contracted  in  the  middle  probably  implied  that  the  basal 
appendage  is  as  large  as  the  blade.     Probably  not  diflerent  from  P./alcatus. 


Podochilus.']         cxLViii.  orchidej).     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  81 

4.  P.  sazatilis,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  235  ;  leaves  short  recurved 
obtuse,  lip  oblanceolate  obtuse  3-nerved.     Thwaites  JEnum.  307. 

Ceylon  ;  Hantani  and  xVmbagamowa  districts,  Macrae,  Tluvaites. 

Stems  2-3  in.,  fleshy.  Leaves  \-^  in.  Peduncle  terminal,  ^  in.,  drooping, 
few-fld.  J  bracts  ovate,  smaller  than  the  yellow  flowers ;  lip  red  in  the  middle ;  lateral 
sepals  obtuse ;  petal  obovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  mentum  short. — Description  of  flowers 
from  a  drawing  by  Lindley. 

**  Leaves  flat,  not  equitant  or  laterally  compressed. 

t  Leaves  broad.     Scapes  lateral. 

5.  P.  unciferus,  HooJc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  f-li  by  ^-|  in. 
oblong,  tip  rounded,  peduncles  many  very  slender  flowering  at  the  tips, 
lip  spathulate,  basal  appendage  long  slender  uncinately  recurved. 

Perak,  Scortechini. — DiSTKiB.  Borneo,  Philippines. 

Stem  erect,  18-24  in.  Leaves  ^-amplexicaul,  shining,  tip  minutely  mucronately 
toothed.  PedMHcle  longer  than  the  leaves,  erecto-patent,  flexuous,  with  scattered 
acicular  sheaths;  raceme  terminal,  capillary,  1-2-fld. ;  bracts  orbicular;  flowers  ^  in. 
long ;  dorsal  sepal  broad,  3-nerved,  lateral  acuir»inate ;  mentum  cylindric ;  petals 
broad,  acute,  3-nerved ;  claw  of  lip  slender,  jointed  on  the  shortly  free  foot  of  the 
column  ;  ba«al  appendage  grooved,  truncate  ;  column  unarmed. 

"}"f  Leaves  very  small,  linear  acicular  or  lanceolate.  Scape  terminal  or 
nearly  so. 

6.  P.  microphyllus,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7335  A;  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  234  in  part ;  stems  filiform  diffuse,  leaves  ^-i  in.  elliptic-lanceo- 
late awned,  spike  as-  long  as  the  leaves  capillary  flexuous  3-4-fld.,  bracts 
most  minute,  lip  ovate  oblong  or  lanceolate  3-nerved,  basal  appendage 
quadrate. 

Tenasseeim;  at  Mergui,  Parish.  Malay  Peninsula,  common.— Disteib. 
Borneo,  Cambodia. 

Stems  6-8  in.,  flexuous,  rarely  branched.  Leaves  articulate  on  the  sheaths, 
7-9-nerved.  Floivers  -^^  in.  long,  white  and  purplish ;  mentum  very  variable, 
saccate,  sometimes  constricted  at  the  top  and  2-lobed  at  the  base;  dorsal  sepal  ovate, 
1 -nerved,  lateral  subacute;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved;  lip  variable,  obtuse  or 
subacute ;  basal  appendage  erect,  ^-^  the  length  of  the  blade,  concave  or  margins 
convolute;  rostellum  narrow  ;  anther  lanceolate,  acute.  Capsule  ^  in.,  ellipsoid. — 
Scortechini  mss.  describes  hyaline  wings  of  the  column,  which  I  have  not  detected. 
Blume's  P.  similis  of  Borneo  is  very  near  this. 

7.  P-  khasianus,  Hook.f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined.;  stems  suberect  slender, 
leaves  ^-|  in.  linear  acute,  spike  very  short  few-fld.,  bracts  as  long  as  the 
flowers  ovate-lanceolate,  lip  narrowly  oblong  emarginate  3-nerved,  base 
cordate.  P.  microphyllus,  Wall.  Cat.  7335  B  ;  Lindl.  Gen.  (Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
234  in  part;  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  37. 

SiLHET,  Wallich.     Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Amwee,  J.  D.  S.  ^  T.  T. 

Stems  4-6  in.,  simple,  suberect.  Leaves  articulate  on  the  sheath,  rigid,  often 
twisted.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  rigid,  strongly  nerved ;  flowers 
J3  in.  long  ;  lateral  sepals  acute,  nerve  strong;  mentum  globose;  petals  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved  ;  claw  of  lip  inserted  I  think  at  the  base  of  the  column  (not 
of  its  foot),  I  failed  to  discover  the  appendage;  column  very  short,  winged,  divided 
(after  flowering)  to  the  base  into  two  long  erect  arms  concave  posteriorly,  much 
longer  than  the  shortly  calyptrate  pollinia,  the  stipe  of  which  is  very  short ;  anther 
very  short,  2-cuspidate. — This  differs  in  every  respect  of  foliage  and  habit  from 
microphyllus,  but  especially  in  the  structure  of  the  column. 
VOL.  VI.  a 


82  cxLviii.  OROHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        \_PodocMlus. 

8.  P.  lucescens,  Blume  Bijdr.  295,  t.  12  ;  Rumphia  iv.  43  {in  Ohs.) ; 
stem  slender  erect,  leaves  ^-|  in.  elliptic-  or  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  apicu- 
late,  spikes  elongate  many- fid.,  bracts  spreading  and  incurved,  lip  obovate 
or  oblong  obtuse,  base  sagittate.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp..  Orchid.  234;  Reiclih.f. 
in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  41 ;  Ot.  Bot.  Hamh.  45 ;  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  145. 

TenasseriMj  at  Mergui,  Melfer,  Parish. — Distrib.  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo. 

Stems  4-8  in.,  rigid.  Leaves  black  when  dry,  opaque,  many-nerved.  S-piTce 
i-\  in.,  flexuous,  flowering  to  the  base;  bracts  -^  in.,  strongly  nerved;  flowers 
-j^  in.  diam. 

9.  P.  acicularis,  HooJc.  f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined. ;  stems  densely  tufted 
filiform,  leaves  ^-^  in.  acicular,  spike  very  short  3-4- fld.,  lip  broadly 
oblong  or  obovate  3-nerved,  base  cordate  with  an  incurved  horn  on 
each  side. 

Penang,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrib.  1653/2).     Perak,  Scortechini,  &c. 

Stems  6-8  in.,  flexuous,  diffuse.  Leaves  suberect,  finely  acuminate.  Floioers 
j-\  in.  long,  white ;  bracts  very  minute ;  sepals  obtuse  or  acute ;  petals  linear,  obtuse, 
1-nerved  ;  mentum  short,  rounded,  sometimes  globose  and  2-lobed ;  columnar  arms 
ensiform,  obliquely  truncate,  tips  at  first  cohering  with  the  bidentate  tip  of  the 
rostellum,  and  carrying  away  the  poHinia;  anther  ovate-cordate,  at  length  2-fid; 
each  pair  of  pollinia  half  enclosed  in  a  calyptriform  caudicle  which  is  attached  by  a 
slender  stipe  to  a  linear  gland. — Very  near  a  Bornean  species,  with  a  cuneate 
5-nerved  lip  truncate  at  the  base,  and  shorter  columnar  wings. 

73.  APPSNDZCUZiA,  Blume. 

Stems  tufted,  leafy,  often  compressed.  Leaves  numerous,  distichous, 
uniform,  vertical,  jointed  on  their  sheaths.  Peduncles  terminal  and  leaf- 
opposed  ;  flowers  minute,  racemed  spicate  or  capitate  ;  bracts  persistent. 
Sepals  connivent,  lateral  connate  at  the  base  and  adnate  to  the  produced 
foot. of  the  column,  forming  a  mentum.  Petals  various.  Lip  erect,  in- 
serted on  the  foot  of  the  column  or  with  its  sides  adnate  to  it.  Column 
very  short,  rostellum  erect  2-fid. ;  anther  dorsal,  erect ;  pollinia  8,  4  often 
imperfect,  clavate,  attached  in  fours  to  the  tip  of  the  rostellum  by  a  point 
or  gland.  Capsule  very  small. — Species  20  or  more,  Tropical  Asiatic, 
Australian,  and  Polynesian. 

*  Lip  adnate  below  by  a  broad  saccate  claw  to  the  sides  and  face  of 
the  foot  of  the  column. 

f  Limb  of  lip  with  a  large  callus  on  the  dish 

1.  M.  bifaria,  Lindl.  in  Hooh.  Kew  Journ.  vii.  (1855),  35;  leaves 
1-1^  by  ^  in.  oblong  obtusely  2-toothed,  racemes  chiefly  terminal  very 
short,  mentum  saccate  rounded,  lip  ovate-oblong  base  calceolar,  sides  of 
column  produced  into  ensiform  processes  as  long  as  the  rostellum. 
Benth.  FL  LlongJc.  358  ;  Walp.  Hep.  vi.  893.  A.  reduplicata,  Reichb.f.  in 
Ot.  Bot.  Hamb.  45. 

Cachae,  Keenan.  Tenasserim,  Eelfer.  Singapore,  Ridley. — Distrib.  China, 
Borneo  ? 

Stem  10-24  in.,  simple.  Leaves  often  apiculate  between  the  obtuse  apical  teeth. 
JSacewe*  terminal,  rarely  lateral  or  leaf-opposed,  6-8-fld. ;  bracts  reflexed,  oblong; 
flowers  about  i  in.  long;  sepals  obtuse;  petals  obovate-oblong,  3-nerved ;  lip  cal- 
ceolar at  the  base,  that  is  having  a  horse-shoe  membrane  within  the  border, 
slightly  constricted  beyond  the  middle,  callus  on  its  disk  globose  or  oblong,  entire ; 


Appendicula.']        cxlviii.  orchideje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  83 

arms  of  column  obliquely  truncate  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  \  in.  long,  turgidly  ellip- 
soid.— Lindley  in  describing  the  Chinese  plant  assumed  it  to  be  the  Dendrobium 
hifarium  of  Wall.  Cat.  2002,  which  consists  of  two  very  distinct  Penang  plants,  a 
Dendrobium  (D.  bifarium,  Lindl.,  see  v.  V.  p.  732)  and  an  Appendicula  in  fruit  only, 
very  like  indeed  the  Chinese  plant,  but  differing  in  the  numerous  lateral  racemes. 
Specimens  from  Perak  in  flower  exactly  accord  in  foliage  with  Wallich's  Penang  in 
having  many  racemes,  but  differ  in  having  a  more  3-lobed  lip,  a  broader  margin  to 
the  base  of  the  lip,  and  a  2-lobed  callus.  Assuming  that  the  Perak  and  Wallich's 
Penang  plant  are  the  same,  they  may  be  either  a  different  species  from  bifaria,  or  a 
vai'iety.     For  the  present  it  is  safer  to  assume  the  latter  and  to  call  it :  — 

Var.  ?  Wallichiana  ;  racemes  numerous  lateral,  lip  with  a  broad  rounded  base 
surrounding  the  calceolar  membrane,  callus  of  disk  2-lobed  in  front.  Dendrobium 
bifarium,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  2002,  in  part. — Penang,  Wallich.  Perak, 
Scortechini. 

ft  Lip  without  a  median  callus  on  the  disk. 

2.  A.  callo^a,  Blume  Bijdr.  303  ;  leaves  |— 1  by  ^  in.  oblong  strongly 
2-fid.,  sheaths  2-cuspidate,  flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  heads,  lip  very 
shortly  ovate  with  a  large  transverse  basal  appendage.  Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp. 
Orchid.  230 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  362,  t.  62 ;  Saunders 
Refug.  Bot.  t.  45  ;  Reichh.f,  Otia  Bot.  LLamh.  45.  A.  stipulata,  Griff.  Notul. 
iii.  358  ;  Lc.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  335,  f.  2. 

Tenasserim,  Griffith,  Parish.  Penang,  Walker,  &c.  Perak,  Scortechini,  &c. 
— DiSTRiB.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stem  6-18  in.,  simple.  Leaves  close  together,  coriaceous,  base  truncate,  tip  not 
contracted.  Heads  of  fiowers  sessile ;  bracts  lanceolate,  scarious,  obtuse,  many- 
nerved  ;  flowers  I  in.  long,  erect,  cream-cold. ;  mentum  saccate  ;  petals  linear,  obtuse  j 
claw  of  lip  as  long  as  the  foot  of  the  column  and  adnate  to  it  throughout  its  length  ; 
limb  broadly  ovate,  narrower  than  the  appendage,  which  has  divergent  lobes  and  is 
tubercled  in  the  sinus ;  column  with  short  truncate  wings. — The  leaves  are  often 
curiously  pitted. 

3.  A.  Ziewisii,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Mist.  iv.  378,  t.  19; 
Notul.  iii.  360 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  337 ;  leaves  1-3  by  ^— f  in.  linear-  or 
oblong-lanceolate  2-dentate,  racemes  very  short  leaf-opposed,  mentum 
subglobose,  lip  ovate  many-nerved,  base  calceolar.  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  893. 
A.  cyathifera,  Reichh.  f.  mss.  Metachilum  cyathiferum,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Gat.  2022  ;   Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  74.     Dendrobium  vaginatum,  Wall.  mss. 

Penang,  Maingay  (Kew  Listrib.  1616).  Curtis.  Perak,  Scortechini,  Wray. 
Singapore,  Wallich. 

Stem  6-18  in.,  unbranched,  flattened,  \  in.  broad.  Leaves  rather  distant  and 
membranous  ;  sheaths  1  in.  long.  Racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  1-1^  in.,  many- 
fld.  ;  bracts  small,  ovate-lanceolate,  reflexed  ;  flowers  about  ^  in.  long,  yellow-green  ; 
sepals  acute;  petals  elliptic,  1-nerved;  claw  of  lip  adnate  throughout  its  length  to 
the  foot  of  the  column  ;  column  without  arms.     Capsule  \  in.,  subcylindric. 

**  Lip  attached  by  a  short  free  claw  to  the  apex  only  of  the  foot  of  the 
column. 

4.  A.  cordataf  LLooh.  f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  1  by  ^  in.  oblong 
obtusely  bidentate,  spikes  very  short  incurved  few-fld.,  mentum  obscure, 
foot  of  column  very  short,  lip  ovate-cordate  3-nerved  with  a  semilunar 
ridge  towards  the  base. 

Perak,  Scortechini, 

Stem  (of  the  only   specimen)  7  in.,  unbranched.     Leaves  rather  membranous, 

G  2 


84  jOxlviii.  orchidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.;      [^Appendicula. 

apiculate  between  the  teeth,  sheaths  ^-i  in.  Spikes  \  in.,  3-4-fld. ;  bracts  sheathing 
the  rachis,  erect  during  flowering,  then  reflexed,  strongly  nerved  ;  flowers  about 
y\j  in.  long,  dotted ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  1-nerved,  base  of  lateral  gibbous ; 
petals  large,  obovate,  1-nerved ;  column  unarmed  ;  I'ostellum  very  large,  ovate. — 
The  curious  incurved  spikes  and  spreading  nearly  symmetrical  lateral  sepals, 
and  short  foot  of  the  column,  are  all  unlike  other  species  of  the  genus.  The  solitary' 
specimen  may  not  represent  the  plant  fairly. 

5.  A'  SLoenig-ii?  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  |  by  i  in.  oblong- 
lanceolate  obtuse  and  minutely  obtusely  2-fid.,  racemes  minute  leaf- 
opposed  2-3  fld.,  flowers  most' minute,  mentum  globose,  lip  ovate  or  oblong 
5-nerved  base  calceolar.  Epidendrum  hexandrum,  KoBnig  in  Retz  Obs. 
vi.  45. 

India,  Serh.  Bottler  (1779). 
'^  Stem  densely  tufted,  4-6  in.,  very  slender.  Leaves  close  set,  membranous,  base 
rounded;  sheaths  i  in.  Racemes  \-^  in.,  decurved;  rachis  slender,  flexuous; 
bracts  lanceolate,  reflexed  after  flowering ;  flowers  -^  in.  long ;  sepals  ovate,  acute, 
and  elliptic  petals  1-nerved  ;  lip  saccate  at  the  base  ;  column  unarmed. — Of  this  very 
distinct  species  I  have  seen  only  one  specimen  in  Rottler's  Herbarium,  now  at  Kew. 
In  its  slender  tufted  habit  (upwards  of  twenty  stems  on  a  tuft)  and  minute  racemes 
and  flowers  it  is  like  no  other  ;  no  locality  is  attached,  to  the  specimen  or  to  Kcenig's 
description,  and  as  Rottler  received  (through  Heyue)  plants  of  both  Indian  Penin- 
sulas, none  can  be  assumed. 

6.  A>  torta?  Blume  JBijdr.  303  ;  leaves  \hj  ^  in.  oblong  tip  rounded 
emarginate,  bracts  of  terminal  sessile  spike  as  long  as  the  leaves  densely 
equitantly  imbricate  acute  falcately  recurved  complicate  and  enclosing  the 
solitary  flowers,  mentum  cylindric,  lip  narrowly  panduriform  twisted, 
margins  incurved  waved,  narrow  base  calceolar  suddenly  dilated  into  a 
broad  transversely  oblong  retuse  serrulate  concave  terminal  lobe.  Lindl. 
Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  230;  Beichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  117,  t.  138. 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stem  6-18  in.,  simple  or  branched,  compressed,  ^  in.  broad.  Leaves  close-set, 
shining,  thin,  base  rounded  ;  sheaths  i-i  in.  Bracts  of  spike  membranous,  forming  a 
terminal  flattened  coloured  crest  as  broad  as  the  rest  of  the  branch,  and  coterminous 
with  it;  flowers  i  in.  long,  quite  sessile;  lateral  sepals  erect,  aristately  acuminate, 
midrib  very  stout ;  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved  ;  column  unarmed, 
rostellum  slender,  deeply  2-fid. — Blume's  description  is  very  meagre,  but  I  cannot 
doubt  belongs  to  this  plant,  of  which  there  is  an  unnamed  specimen  in  Herb.  Kew, 
collected  in  Borneo  by  Lohh. 

s 

7.  A-  xytrio-phorsiy  Seichb.f.  in  Seem.  Fl.  Viti  299  ;  leaves  f-1^  by 
^-^  in.  oblong-  or  elliptic-lanceolate  obtuse  apiculate,  raceme  elongate 
terminal  slender  laxly  many-fld.,  mentum  broad  incurved,  lip  obovate  sub- 
truncate  5-nerved  base  narrowed  calceolar. 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Philippine  Islands. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  simple,  compressed.  Leaves  rather  close-set,  membranous  ;  base 
^-amplexicaul.  Racemes  2-5  in.,  suberect ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  membranous, 
obtuse,  5-nerved;  flowers  A  in.  long;  sepals  greenish  tips  purple;  petals  elliptic, 
obtuse,  3-nerved  ;  lip  concave,  yellow  and  purple  j  column  unarmed ;  anther  short. 
Capsule  i  in. ,  slender. 

8.  A-  lancifolia^  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  tall,  leaves  3-4  by  |-|  in. 

lanceolate  obtuse  2-dentate,  racemes  elongate  simple  or  branched  stout 
many-  and  dense-fld.,  mentum  cylindric,  lip  obovate-oblong  3-lobed,  side 
lobes  small  rounded,  midlobe  broadly  ovate  acute,  base  narrowly  calceolar. 


AppendiculaJ]        cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  85 

Pebak  ;  on  Gunong  Batu  Pateh,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  on  rocks,  King^s  Collector. 

Stem  12-24  in.,  stout,  terete.  Leaves  rather  thin,  base  semi-amplexicaul ;  sheaths 
^  in.  Racemes  3-6  in.,  terminal  and  leaf-opposed,  sessile  or  peduneled,  erect;  rachis 
stout ;  bracts  i  in.,  oblong,  obtuse,  coriaceous,  recurved,  strongly  nerved  ;  flowers 
i  in.  long,  bright  yellow  with  a  red  centre;  lateral  sepals  recurved,  acute;  petals 
obovate-oblong,  3-nerved;  column  unarmed;  anther  as  broad  as  long.  Capsule 
^in.,  fusiform,  strongly  ribbed,  claret-coloured. — Very  like  A.  cristata,  Blume,  of  Java, 
but  the  limb  of  the  lip  is  not  "  rounded  emarginate  and  crested  on  either  side." 

9.  A.  nCaing'ayi,  Hooh.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  2-3  by  |— |  in.  linear- 
lanceolate  tip  dilated  apiculate,  racemes  terminal  many  and  dease-fld., 
bracts  spreading  and  incurved,  mentum  sub-cylindric  or  shorter,  lip  elliptic- 
or  ovate-oblong  5-nerved,  base  calceolar,  tip  rounded. 

Perak,  Scortechini.     Penang,  Maingay,  (Keio  Disirib.  16l7j. 

Stems  6-16  in.,  raflier  slender  or  stout,  unbranched.  Leaves  suberect,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  tip  minutely  2-fid  or  rounded.  Racemes  1-2  in.,  simple  or  branched 
at  the  base,  suberect,  flexubus ;  bracts  -^-^-^  in.,  deflexed,  then  incurved,  coriaceous, 
subacute,  5-ribbed ;  flowers  y\y  in.  long  ;  lateral  sepals  broad,  obtuse,  nerve  slender ; 
petals  linear-  or  obovate-oblong,  3-nerved;  lip  concave;  column  unarmed,  rostellum 
short,  triangular;  anther  ovate,  acuminate.  Capsule  ^  in.,  fusiform. — The  Perak 
specimens  are  more  slender  than  the  Penang,  the  mentum  is  longer  and  more 
cylindric,  the  petals  narrower,  l-nerved.  The  species  should  be  compared  with 
A.  graminifolia,  Teysm.  and  Binnend. 

IMPERFECTLY    KNOWN   SPECIES. 

10.  A.  echinocarpa.  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  ^-^  in.  close 
set  orbicular-oblong  coriaceous  margin  thickened  upper  base  reflexed,  spike 
short  terminal  few-fld.,  bracts  orbicular  concave,  capsule  ellipsoid,  valves 
densely  clothed  with  soft  bristles. 

Perak  ;  lower  camp  in  Gunong  Batu  Pateh,  alt.  3400  ft.,  Wray. 

Stem  4-6  in.,  slender  but  rigid  j  internode  ^  in.  Leaves  semi-amplexicaul,  pale, 
opaque,  rather  waved ;  tip  rounded,  obscurely  2-fid.  with  incumbent  teeth ;  upper  base 
usually  reflexed,  like  an  ear.  Capsule  t  in.  long,  turgid. — A  very  remarkable 
species. 

A.  LONGiFOLiA,  Blume  B'ljdr.  304;  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  230?  Thtoaites 
Eiium.  806.  Ceylon,  Ambagamowa  district,  rare,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3208).  Of  the 
plant  thus  doubtfully  referred  by  Thwaites  to  the  Javan  A.  longifoUa,  this  author 
says  that  the  flowers  are  inot  in  a  sufficiently  perfect  state  for  analysis.  Blume  thus 
describes  longifoUa^  "  Stems  simple  compressed,  leaves  linear-lanceolate  retuse, 
flowers  densely  capitate."  Thwaites  adds,  "leaves  3-5  by  ^  in.,  retuse,  mucronate." 
Can  the  Ceylon  plant  be  an  Agrostophyllum  or  Fhreatia  ? 

A.  TERES,  Oriff'.  Notul.  iii.  359  j  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  332,  is  Ceratostylis  teres, 
R.  f.  see  V.  v.  p.  825. 

A.  SP.,  Qriff.  Notul.  359 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  335,  fig.  1,  analysis  only,  from 
Affghanistan,  cannot  (as  Liudley  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  vii.  36  observes)  be  an 
Appendicula. 

74  THEZiASZS,  Blume. 

Epiphytes,  with  either  small  1-2-leaved  pseudobulbs,  or  with  short 
compressed  stems  clothed  with  equitant  leaf  sheaths.  Leaves  oblong  or 
linear-oblong  flat,  or  loriform  and  jointed  on  the  sheath.  Scape  from  the 
base  of  the  pseudobulb,  or  lateral  on  the  stem,  with  1-3  small  sheaths; 
flowers  very  minute,  spicate,  cellular.  Sepals  connivent,  dorsal  flat,  lateral 
concave  keeled  or  winged.     Petals  narrow,  membranous.     Lip  sessile  at  the 


86  cXLViii.  ORCHiDBiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Thelasis, 

base  of  the  column,  erect,  ovate  or  oblong.  Column  very  short,  sessile, 
foot  0 ;  rostellnm  terminal,  large,  erect ;  anther  elongate,  dorsal,  erect,  base 
2-4  celled  ;  pollinia  very  minute,  globose,  attached  by  long  threads  to  the 
tip  of  the  rostellum,  gland  small.  Capsule  very  small,  turgidly  ovoid. 
— Species  about  10,  tropical  Asiatic  and  Pacific. 

I  am  not  well  satisfied  as  to  the  character  of  lateral  sepals  in  this  genus,  as  to 
their  being  winged  or  not ;  the  sepals  are  very  soft,  and  their  exact  structure  not  very 
clear  in  specimens  that  have  been  dried,  and  again  moistened. 

Sect.  I.  EuTHELASis.     Pseudobulbs  1-2-leaved. 

*  Lateral  sepals  distinctly  strongly  keeled  or  winged. 

1-  T-  pyg'inaeaj  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  63;  scape  1-2  in. 
longer  than  the  solitary  linear  leaf,  spike  very  short  lax-fid.,  lip  ovate 
acute  contracted  towards  the  tip.  Par.  ^  Reichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
XXX.  146  ;  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  923 ;  Euproboscis  pygmaea  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  371,  t.  72  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1732. 

Nepal  {Cult.  inSort.Bot.  Calc. fid.  Griffith.)  Malabae,  Jerdan.  Tenasseeim, 
at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Fseudohulhs  ^-f  in.  diam.  Scape  very  slender,  curved ;  spikes  \-^  in.  long  ;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate ;  flowers  -^  in.  long ;  dorsal  sepal  ovate-lanceolate  acute,  lateral 
linear-obloner ;  lip  3-nerved,  with  rounded  sides  from  the  middle  to  the  base ;  rostellum 
2.fid. — The  Malabar  pilant  seems  the  same  as  the  Tenasserim,  but  is  in  a  Peloria 
state,  triandrous,  with  the  petals  and  lip  similar,  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved  ;  ovary 
with  imperfect  ovules. 

Var.  muUiflora;  leaf  larger  3-4  by  \  in.,  scape  stouter  4-5  in.,  spike  li-2  in. 
— Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  1000  ft.,  Treutler. 

2.  T.  t  capitata^  Blume  Bijdr.  386 ;  scape  4-6  in,  stout  longer 
than  the  solitary  linear  leaf,  spike  cylindric  dense-fld.,  rachis  pitted,  lip 
oblong-ovate  obtuse. 

Peeak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Sumatra,  Java. 

Pseudobulbs  small,  oblong,  on  a  stout  creeping  rhizome.  Leaf  3-4  in.,  obtuse  or 
subacute.  Spike  1  in. ;  bracts  very  close  set,  ovate,  acute,  recurved  ;  flowers  J^  in. 
long  ;  dorsal  sepal  ovate-lanceolate,  lateral  oblong  concave  thickly  keeled  or  shortly 
winged ;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  rostellum  elongate,  subulate,  entire. — 
Differs  from  the  Sumatran  capitata  in  the  long  spike,  acuminate  petals  and  entire 
rostellum.  It  more  resembles  the  raceme  of  P.  triptera,  E.f.  of  Manilla,  which  has  an 
ovate  lip  narrowed  to  the  apex. 

3.  T.  elong-ata,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.Lnd.  23,  t.  *7,f.  2,  and  t.  5,  fig. 
C ;  scape  4-6  in.  longer  or  shorter  than  the  solitary  linear  leaf,  spike 
cylindric  dense-fld.,  lip  ovate  acute  or  acuminate. 

Singapore  ;  at  Johore,  &c.,  Ridley.     Langkawi,  Curtis. 

Pseudohulh  very  various  in  form.  Leaves  and  spike  as  in  T.  capitata,  from 
which  it  differs  in  the  form  of  the  lip.  Blume's  figure  is  a  very  bad  one,  and  does  not 
show  the  strong  keels  on  the  lateral  sepals  and  angles  of  the  ovary. — The  species  of 
this  section  are  very  difficult  of  discrimination  in  a  dried  state,  and  possibly  capitata, 
elongata,  triptera  and  others  are  all  forms  of  one. 

**  Lateral  sepals  not  strongly  keeled  or  winged. 

4.  T.  bifolia,  Sook.f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined. ;  scape  8  in.  much  longer  than 
the  two  opposite  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate  leaves,  spike  very  lax-fld:, 
lip  broadly  elliptic  obtuse. 


Thelasie,]  oxlviii.  oechidbj:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  87 

Khasia  Mts.,  Zobb. 

Fseudohulb  f  in.  diam.  Leaves  3|  by  1;^  in.,  spreading,  base  contracted. 
Spilce  2  in. ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  ;  flowers  ^  in.  long  ;  sepals  broad,  obtuse  ; 
petals  obovate-oblong,  1-nerved ;  lip  obscurely  5-nerved,  broadest  in  the  middle ; 
rostellmn  very  long,  acuminate,  entire. 

5.  T.  khasiana^  SooTc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  scape  with  spike  3-5  in. 
about  equalling  the  solitary  petioled  linear  leaf,  spike  elongate  lax-fld.,  lip 
elliptic-ovate  subacute.  T.  pygmasa,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  62  {in 
part). 

Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Lohh,  /.  D.  H.  8r  T.  T. 

Fseudohulbs  |-in.,  depressed-globose.  Leaves  2-4  by  i-|  in.  Scape  and  spike 
rather  stout ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  petals  lanceolate, 
obtuse ;  lip  3-nerved,  broadest  rather  nearer  the  base  than  tip ;  rostellum  large,  acute. 
— Very  like  T.  i^ygm&a,  but  a  much  larger  plant,  without  keel  or  wing  on  the 
sepals. 

6.  T.  long'ifolia;  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  scape  stout  with  the 
spike  6-9  in.  about  equalling  the  solitary  leaf,  spike  elongate  lax-fld.,  lip 
elliptic-ovate  acute. 

Khasia  Mts.     J.  X>.  S.  Sf  T.  T. 

Differs  from  T.  Masiana  in  being  very  much  larger,  and  in  the  acute  lip. 
Fseudohulb  f-l^  in.  diam.,  depressed-globose.  Leaf  sometimes  falcate,  |-li  in. 
broad ;  flowers  ^  in.  long. 

Sect.  II.  Oxyanthera,  Brongn.  CGren.).  Pseudobulh  0;  stem  short, 
clothed  with  the  equitant  sheaths  of  the  linear  leaves  which  are  jointed 
at  the  sheath.     (Oxyanthera  is  a  very  natural  group). 

7.  T.  elata^  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  10-14  by  1-1^  in.  tip 
rounded,  scape  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  raceme  long  slender 
lax-fld. 

Peeak,  on  decayed  wood.  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  few,  sheaths  2-2|  by  |  in.,  com- 
plicate, coriaceous.  Scape  very  slender,  flexuous ;  sheaths  3-4,  ^  in.  long, 
membranous,  lanceolate  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  spreading  and  reflexed ;  flowers 
\  in,,  narrow,  shortly  pedicelled ;  sepals  linear-oblong,  acute,  1-nerved,  venation  dis- 
tinct ;  petals  lanceolate,  acute ;  lip  erect,  claw  short  broad,  limb  linear  subacute, 
margins  waved,  base  broadly  2.auricled,  auricles  revolute;  rostellum  2-partite,  seg- 
ments obtuse ;  pollinia  8,  shortly  obovoid. — Near  T.  carinata,  Bl.  (of  which  I  have 
seen  no  flowers),  but  the  leaves  are  very  much  longer,  the  scape  very  slender,  raceme 
longer,  and  bracts  acuminate. 

8.  T.  decurva.  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  4-6  in.,  tip  narrow 
or  rounded  and  obtusely  notched  or  subacute,  scape  very  slender,  raceme 
very  short  decurved,  bracts  reflexed,  lip  dagger-shaped  from  a  concave 
cuneate  base  terete  and  fleshy  beyond  the  middle  with  the  crisped  margins 
inflexed  and  close  to  the  mesial  line. 

Singapore  ;  at  Krangi,  Ridley.    Penang,  or  Government  Hill,  Maingay. 

Leaves  ^-f  in.  bi'oad.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves,  filiform,  flexuous,  sheaths 
1-2  lanceolate ;  raceme  ^  in. ;  pedicels  i  in.,  longer  than  the  oblong  bracts;  flowers 
-|  in.  long,  pale  fawn  colour;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  acute  and  narrowly  oblong 
obtuse  petals  1-nerved. — This  much  resembles  the  figure  of  0.  micrantha  Brong., 
which  is  figured  as  having  a  stout  broadly  ovate  obtuse  lip  narrowed  into  a  broad 
short  claw,  base  concave.  The  leaves  of  some  specimens  are  narrow  at  the  tip, 
others  have  2  rounded  lobes. 


88  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Thelasis. 

DOUBTFUL    SPECIES. 

T.  carinata,  Eeiehh.  /.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  137 ;  ?  of  Blume  Bijdr.  385  & 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  253.  In  the  absence  of  flowers  it  is  impossible  to  say 
what  species  this  may  be ;  it  differs  greatly  from  the  figure  of  Blume's  T.  carinata 
(from  Java)  in  its  small  size,  slender  scape,  short  decurved  raceme,  and  bracts,  in  all 
which,  as  in  foliage,  it  closely  resembles  T.  decurva,  and  is  nearer  to  the  Moluccan 
0.  micrantha,  Brong.  {in  Buperrey  Voy.  Bot.  198,  t.  37  B.)  than  to  T.  carinata. 

Tribe  III.  NBOTTXEX:.     (See  vol.  v.,  p.  668.) 
75.  G-AZiEOIiA,  Lour. 

Leafless,  rarely  leafy,  yellow  or  brown,  climbing  or  erect  herbs  ;  stem  or 
branches  terminating  in  loosely  panicled  often  drooping  racemes  or 
panicles ;  flowers  rather  large.  Sepals  subequal,  concave,  connivent  or 
spreading.  Petals  as  long,  narrower  or  broader.  Lip  sessile  at  the  base  of 
and  loosely  embracing  the  column  by  its  base,  short,  broad,  concave  ;  lateral 
lobes  short  or  0;  midlobe  broad.  Column  short  or  long,  incurved,  top 
dilated  membranous  ;  anther  2-celIed ;  pollinia  hippocrepiform,  powdery 
or  subwaxy.  Capsule  usually  2-4  valved,  without  septa  ;  seeds  winged  or 
not. — Species  8  or  9,  Indian,  Malayan  and  Australian. 

*  Stem  simple,  erect. 

1.  G-.  Iiindleyana,  Beiclih.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  78;  tall,  very  robust, 
sepals  broadly  ovate- oblong  strongly  ribbed  dorsally,  anther  recurved 
clothed  with  long  papillaB.  Cyrtosia  Lindleyana,  Hook.  f.  ^  Thorns,  in  III. 
Himal.  Plant,  t.  22.  Erythorchis  Lindleyana,  Beichb.f.  in  Ponpland,  v. 
37. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  /.  D.  S.,  &c.  PKhasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft., 
J.  B.H.^T.  T.     Naga  Hills,  Prain. 

jRoo^5^ocA;  elongate,  very  stout,  1-1^  in.  diam.,  tortuous,  dark  pink;  roots  very 
stout  simple  fibres.  Stem  2-S  ft.,  glabrous,  with  short  ^-amplexicaul  obtuse  sheaths 
below,  brown  purple.  Panicle  loosely  branched,  branches  horizontal,  and  yellow  flowers 
furfuraceously  tomentose;  bracts  small;  perianth  subglobose,  1  in.  diam.;  petals 
broadly  ovate,  tip  obtuse,  crenatej  lip  nearly  hemispheric,  margins  and  short  ex- 
panded rounded  limb  erosely  fimbriate,  glabrous  without,  almost  bearded  within. 
Capsule  5-6  by  f  in.,  fusiform,  subacute,  obtusely  trigonous,  red-brown,  tardily 
dehiscing. 

2.  G.  Falconer!;  Hook.  f. ;  tall,  very  robust,  sepals  broadly  ovate 
dorsally  nearly  smooth,  anther  glabrous.  Pogochilus,  Falc.  in  Hook. 
Journ.  Bot.  iv.  (1842),  73. 

Subtropical  Himalaya;  from  Garwhal,  Falconer,  to   Sikkim,  Thomson,  &c. 

Habit  and  stature  of  G.  Lindleyana,  but  differing  in  the  larger  flowers  and  the  cha- 
racters given  above.  The  rootstock  is  sometimes  as  thick  as  the  wrist.  Possibly  only 
a  form  of  Lindleyana,  but  recognized  as  distinct  by  all  collectors  in  Sikkim.  I  did 
not  find  it  myself. 

3.  G".  javanica^  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  590;  dwarf,  stem  very 
stout  glabrous  below  furfuraceous  above,  sepals  oblong  membranous, 
anther  subhemispheric.  Cyrtosia  javanica,  Blume  Bijdr.  396,  t.  6 ; 
Rumph.  i.  199,  t.'  69 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid.  438 ;  Beichb.  f.  Xen. 
Orchid,  ii.  76,  t.  120. 

Assam,  Masters  (Ic.  in  Hart.  Calcutt.). — Disteib.  Java. 


Galeola.]  cxlviii.  OROHiDBiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  89 

Stem  a  span  high  from  branching  tubers.  Flowers  f  in.  diam. — The  identification 
of  the  Assam  drawing  with  Blume's  figure  and  description  is  necessarily  imperfect ; 
but  as  far  as  it  goes  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  these  represent  two  species. 

4.  ?  G--  pusilla^  SooJc.  f. ;  stem  flexuous  from  a  woody  nodose  root- 
stock,  with  several  short  tubular  basal  sheaths  and  two  open  ones  higher 
up  8-fld.,  bracts  lanceolate  equalling  the  ovary,  sepals  broadly  ovate-oblong 
subacute,  petals  as  large  obtuse,  lip  orbicular  concave  retuse  with  a  very 
small  obtuse  apical  lobe  in  the  sinus,  disk  papillose  with  3  central  low 
ridges. 

Pegu  ;  on  the  Pookee  ridges,  Kurz  {in  Serh.  Calcutt,). 

"Whole  plant  5  in.  high,  white;  rootstock  tortuous,  woody,  as  thick  as  a  sparrow's 
quill,  with  woody  roots  as  thick  as  the  stock.  Stem  slender,  basal  sheaths  \--\  in., 
truncate,  funnel-shaped;  bracts  \  in.  long,  membranous  ;  flowers  about  f  in.  diara.  ; 
sepals  and  petals  5-7-nerved ;  lip  with  a  brown  lunate  band,  apical  lobe  recurved  ; 
column  long,  semiterete ;  anther  erect,  oblong,  2-celled ;  pollinia  hypocrepiform  ? ; 
stigma  below  the  clinandrium  in  front.- — I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  of  this  curious 
little  plant,  as  to  the  genus  of  which  I  am  doubtful. 

**  Stem  branched,  scandent. 

5.  G-*  altissixnaf  Reichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  77  ;  qilite  glabrous,  stem 
very  slcx^der,  spikes  very  many-flowered,  sepals  and  petals  linear-oblong, 
lip  with  a  broad  fleshy  ridge  and  a  2-lobed  woolly  mass  on  the  disk.  Cyrtosia 
altissima,  Bhime  Bijdr.  396  ;  Rumph.  i.  t.  70  ;  Lindl.  Gen.  6f  Sp.  Orchid. 
26.  Erythorchis  altissima,  Blume  Rumph.  i.  200;  Lindl.  I.  c.  438,  in  part. 
Hsematorchis  altissima,  Blume  I.  c.  iv.  t.  200  B. 

Penang,  Curtis.     Peeak,  Scortechini. — Distbib.  Malay  Islands. 

Root  of  fleshy  thick  fibres.  Stem  50-320  ft.,  excessively  branched,  flexuous,  fleshy 
and  hard,  reddish,  branches  slender,  internodes  swollen  ;  spikes  6-10  in.,  pendulous  ; 
flowers  ^  in.  long;  sepals  obtuse,  5-nerved,  and  narrower  3-nerved  petals  with 
rounded  tips  ;  lip  cymbiform,  tip  rounded  erosely  waved,  disk  with  a  median  broad 
fleshy  puberulous  disk  reaching  to  the  middle,  beyond  which  is  a  2-lobed  woolly 
mass  ;  sides  of  lip  thin,  transversely  barred  with  purple,  with  slender  nerves  and 
impressed  hairs;  column  rather  long  ;  anther  mitriforui.  Capsule  ImesiV,  3-10  in. 
long,  acuminate,  valves  membranous. 

6.  G".  Kydra^  Reichh.f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  77  ;  furfuraceously  puberulous, 
lateral  sepals  obliquely  ovate,  dorsal  oblong,  petals  elliptic,  lip  cymbiform 
erose  papillose  within  and  with  a  compressed  erect  grooved  callus  towards 
the  base.  G.  altissima?,  Reichh.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  135. 
Vanilla  pterosperma,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7402.  ?  V.  rubiginosa.  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  247.  Erythorchis  altissima,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  438,  in 
part  {not  of  Blume). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  in  the  Rishap  Valley,  Kinff.  Tenassekim  ;  atMoulmein, 
Parish.  Pknang,  Curtis.  Perak,  Singapore,  and  Malacca,  Wallich,  &e. — 
DiSTRiB.  Java,  Sumatra. 

A  lofty  climber;  branches  much  stouter  than  in  G.  altissima;  inflorescence 
loosely  branched  ;  flowers  much  larger,  f  in.  diam.,  sepals  and  petals  broader,  and 
lip  without  the  flat  ridge  and  tuft  of  wool. — Blume's  specimens  of  G.  altissima  in 
Herb.  Kew  consists  of  fruit  of  that  plant  and  flowering  branches  of  this. 

7.  Gr.  Cathcartii;  Hook.f-,  branches  very  robust,  sepals  and  petals 
linear-oblong  revolute,  lip  cymbiform  acute,  margins  everted  undulate  and 
ciliate,  disk  naked. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  (Ic.  Caihcart). 


90  cxLviii.  oRCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Galedla. 

Mr.  Cathcart's  drawing  represents  a  portion  of  a  stem  as  thick  as  the  little 
finger,  bearing  a  branched  panicle  a  foot  long,  which,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  is  dull 
yellow  and  furf uraceous ;  the  flowers  are  1-1^  in.  diam.,  the  lip  not  nearly  as  concave 
as  in  G.  Hydra,  yellow  with  red  veins. — A  remarkable  plant,  very  unlike  its  con- 
geners, but  the  drawing  of  the  habit,  column,  anther,  and  pollen  leave  no  doubt  as 
to  its  genus. 

76.  VANIIiXiA,  Swartz. 

Climbing,  rooting,  branched,  leafy  or  leafless  shrubs ;  stems  terete  or 
angled.  Leaves  subsessile,  coriaceous  or  fleshy.  Peduncles  short,  axillary  ; 
flowers  large.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  spreading.  Lip  with  the  claw 
adnate  to  the  column,  which  is  embraced  by  its  broad  concave  limb. 
Column  elongate ;  anther  incumbent,  cells  separate ;  pollen  granular. 
Capsule  long,  fleshy,  1-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  without  septa. — 
Species  about  20,  tropical. 

The  Indian  species  of  this  genus  are  most  scantily  represented  in  Herbaria,  and 
imperfectly  by  drawings  or  descriptions. 

*  Stem  leafless. 

1.  V-  VTalkerisB,  Wight  Ic.  t.  932  ;  stem  very  stout,  flowers  2  in. 
long,  sepals  oblanceolate,  petals  broader  spathulately  obovate  acute  margins 
undulate,  epichile  of  lip  ovate  acute  margins  undulate,  disk  with  two 
ridges  below  the  middle.     Thwaites  Enum.  311. 

Teavancore  and  Trevandrum,  Wight.     Ceylon,  Walker. 
Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb.     Racemes  5-6  in.,  raany-fld.  ;  flowers  white  ;  bracts 
ovate. 

2.  V.  Wig-htiana,  lAndl.  in  Wight  Cat.  2091 ;  flowers  1  in.  long, 
sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  lanceolate,  epichile  of  lip  ovate,  its  disk  fringed 
with  long  hairs.  Y.  aphylla,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  436,  in  part  {not 
of  Blume). 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  Wight. 

The  specimens  are  very  imperfect,  and  the  description  of  the  flowers  is  taken  from 
a  rude  sketch  by  Lindley.  The  flowers  are  not  half  the  size  of  those  of 
V.  Walker  1(2. 

3.  V.  Parishii,  Reichh.  f.  OtiaBot.  Ramh.  39;  flowers  1-1^-  in.  long, 
sepals  linear-oblong,  tips  dilated  cuspidate,  petals  broadly  oblanceolate 
acuminate,  lip  trumpet-shaped,  epichile  small  ovate  or  rounded  crisped 
with  a  thick  belt  of  long  hairs  down  the  centre  and  a  dense  brush  at  the 
base,  side  lobes  with  long  scattered  hairs  within. 

Tenasserim,  Parish. 

This  may  prove  the  same  as  V.  Wightiana,  Lindl.  It  is  very  near  the  Javanese 
V.  aphylla,  Blume. 

**  Stem  leafy. 

4  V.  "SflooniU  Thwaites  Enum.  312  ;  leaves  elliptic-  or  linear-oblong 
often  falcate  obtusely  acuminate,  lip  with  a  broad  crenulate  undulate 
apex,  a  thick  pencil  oi:  excessively  fine  hairs  on  the  disk,  and  beyond  it 
towards  the  apex  some  loose  flexuous  bristles. 

Leares  5-7  in.,  many-nerved,  subsessile.  Spikes  1-3  in.,  very  stout,  many-fld. ; 
bracts  ovate,  -}  in.,  obtuse  ;  sepals  about  1  in.  long  ;  pencil  of  hairs  on  the  disk 
terminating  below  in  a  stout  stipe,  hairs  of  equal  length  forming  a  truncate  brush. 


Vanilla.']  cxlviii.  orohide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  91 

5.  V.  albida,  Blume  JBijdr.  422,  t.  34;  Humph,  i.  197,  t.  67 ;  leaves 
ovate  lanceolate  elliptic  or  oblong  cuspidate  or  acuminate,  lip  oblong  sub- 
panduriform  margins  undulate  and  serrate,  disk  of  hypochile  with  a  large 
globose  woolly  ball,  epichile  retuse  or  2-lobed  strongly  ecbinately 
caruncled.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  435.  Y.  Griffithii,  Reichb.  f.  in 
Bonpland.  ii.  (1854),  88.  Vanilla,  sp.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  207 ;  Ic.  Plant. 
Asiat.  t.  281.     Yanilla,  Wall.  Gat.  7401. 

Pknang,  Wallich,  Curtis.  Perak,  Sin&apore,  and  Malacca,  Griffith,  &c. — 
DisTKiB.  Java. 

Climbing  to  50  ft.  Leaves  very  variable,  3-7  by  1^-4  in.,  sessile  or  shortly 
petioled.  Spikes  2-3  in.,  very  many-  and  dense-fld. ;  bracts  |  in,,  oblong;  flowers 
waxy  white  ;  sepals  -|  in.  long,  concave,  obovate,  obtuse,  very  thick  ;  petals  as  long, 
but  thinner  and  many-nerved,  with  a  thick  dorsal  grooved  keel  that  abruptly  ends 
below  the  apex;  column  rather  long ;  anther  appressed.to  the  woolly  ball  of  the  lip. 

DOUBTFUL   SPECIES. 

V.  APHTLLA,  Blume  ?,  ex  Wight  Ic.  t.  931 ;  leafless,  stem  angular,  peduncle 
elongate  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  racemes  3-4  in.  very  stout  many-fld.,  bracts  ovate 
acute,  pedicel  with  ovary  2  in.,  sepals  as  long  oblanceolate-oblong  acute,  petals 
very  much  broader  obovate  acute  margins  crenulate,  hypochile  of  lip  with  rounded 
angles  and  two  rows  of  bristles  on  the  disk,  epichile  ovate  acuminate  crisped  naked. 
— Travancore,  near  Trevandrum,  Wight. — From  Wight's  remarks  under  it  I  suspect 
this  to  be  a  most  rude  representation  of  Lindley's  V.  Wightiana ;  if  so,  the 
flowers  are  greatly  exaggerated,  and  the  hairs  of  the  epichile  are  transferred  to  the 
hypochile. 

77.  CORVBXBZS,  Thouars. 

Tall,  terrestrial,  rigid,  leafy  herbs,  roots  fibrous.  Leaves  broad,  plaited. 
Flowers  in  short  axillary  stiflf" sessile  spreading  panicles.  Sepals  andpetals 
very  narrow,  linear,  at  first  cohering  in  a  tube  with  spreading  tips,  per- 
sistent. Lip  erect  from  the  base  of  the  column,  linear,  channelled,  tip 
dilated  and  recurved.  Column  usually  as  long  as  the  petals,  erect,  terete, 
tip  clavate  and  2-lobed  or  -auricled ;  rostellum  at  length  2-fid.  ;  stigma 
erect,  transverse,  saccate;  anther  narrow,  erect,  acuminate,  2-celled;  poUinia 
clavate,  attached  by  a  subulate  caudicle  to  a  peltate  gland.  Capsule  linear 
or  fusiform. — Species  6-7,  tropical. 

I.e.  veratrlfolia,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  125,  t.  42  E,  43  f.  1 

(Corymborchis) ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  flowers  1-1|^ 
in.  long,  sepals  and  petals  subsimilar  narrowly  oblanceolate,  blade  of  lip 
lanceolate  acuminate,  ribs  of  capsule  smooth.  C.  disticha,  Lindl.  Fol. 
Orchid.  1  {in  part).  Macrostylis  disticha,  Breda  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
Javan.  t.  2.  Hysteria  veratrifolia,  Reinw.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1825,  ii.  5 ; 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid,  439.  Ehyncanthera  paniculata,  Blume  Bijdr. 
t.  78.  Corymborchis  assamica,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  126,  t.  43, 
f.-2  A. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  in  tropical  ravines,  /.  B.  H.  Assam,  Griffith,  .TenJcins. 
Chittagong,  /.  B.  H.  Sf  T.  T.  Andamatj  Islands,  King's  Collector.  Malay 
Peninsula,  Maingay,  &c.  Malabar  ;  the  Nilghiri  Hills  and  Courtallam,  Wight. 
Ceylon  ;  Matturatte,  Moon. — Distrib.  Java,  Sumatra,  Borneo. 

Stem  4  ft.  bigb,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  12-18  in.,  sessile  on  the 
sheaths,  nerves  very  many:  and  strong.  Panicles  4-6  in.  long  and  broad ;  bracts 
^-\  in.,  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  greenish  white;  column  long.  Capsule,  in  Ic. 
Blume,  2  in.  long. — I  am  not  sure  that  the  plants  from  the  above  localities  are  all  of 
one  species.     The  Sikkim  and  Assam  ones  are  in  a  young  state  only  ;  the  Perak  and 


92  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Corymhis. 

Nilghiri  in  flower  only.  The  ripe  fruit  of  the  Andaman  species  is  1  in.  long.  The 
Ceylon  one  has  much  shorter  points  to  the  leaves,  but  the  fruit  is  as  large  as  in 
Blame's  tigure.  Blume  distinguishes  C.  assamica  by  the  column  being  as  long  as  the 
capsule  J  which  they  are  in  typical  vcratrifolia. 

2.  C.  longriflora,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate, 
flowers  l|-2  in.  long,  sepals  very  slender  with  very  narrow  blades,  petals 
oblanceolate,  blade  of  lip  orbicular  cuspidate. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.  Malacca,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrib. 
1661). 

Stem  8-10  ft.  high,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger;  leaves  much  broader  than  in 
C,  veratrifolia,  and  flowers  twice  as  large,  white.     Column  long.     Fruit  not  seen. 

3.  C.  rhytidocarpa,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers 
1  in.  long,  sepals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  petals  oblanceolate  crenate,  blade 
of  lip  triangular-ovate  acuminate,  ribs  of  fruit  strong  wrinkled. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  CoUectorf  Wray. 

Stem  4  ft.  high  and  leaves  as  in  G.  veratrifolia,  from  which  the  broader  petals, 
form  of  the  lip,  and  deeply  ridged  fruit  1-1|  in.  long  with  wrinkled  ribs 
distinguish  it.     Column  long. 

4.  C.  brevistylis,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  5-6  in.  elliptic  acuminate  sub- 
petioled,  column  ^  in.  long. 

Perak  ;  on  limestone  rocks,  King^s  Collector. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  7-uerved,  2-3  in.  broad.  Panicles  few-fld.  Young 
fruit  1  in.  long. — A  very  distinct  species,  probably  the  same  as  an  undescribed  Javan 
one. 

78.  TROPZDXA,  Lindl. 

Terrestrial,  glabrous,  leafy  herbs.  Stem  often  branched,  .roots  rigid. 
Leaves  sessile,  membranous,  subplicate  ;  petiole  sheathing.  Flowers  small, 
in  axillary  and  terminal  sessile  or  peduncled  spikes  ;  bracts  coriaceous, 
often  imbricate,  strongly  nerved.  Sepals  connivent,  lateral  more  or  less 
connate,  dorsal  free.  ^Petals  as  long,  or  shorter,  broad  or  narrow.  Lip 
superior,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column,  cymbiform  or  produced  into  an 
obtuse  spur,  undivided,  acute  or  with  a  reflexed  tip,  disk  with  short  or  long 
intramarginal  ridges  on  lamellas ;  column  short  or  long ;  rostellum  long, 
erect,  at  length  2-lid ;  stigma  anticous ;  anther  erect,  acute  or  acuminate, 
cells  contiguous ;  pollinia  2,  clavate,  2-cleft,  caudicle  long  or  short,  gland 
small.  Capsule  cylindric-oblong. — Species  6-8,  Indian,  Malayan,  and 
Chinese. 

Sect.  I.  Cnemidia.     Lip  spurred.     Spihe  terminal,  peduncled. 

1.  T-  angrulosa?  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  122 ;  leaves  elliptic 
or  ovate  acuminate  9-11-nerved,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts  slender  spreading, 
lip  oblong.  T.  Govindovii  &  semilibera,  Blume  I.  c.  Decaisnea  angulosa, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7388.  Cnemidia  angulosa  &  semilibera,  Lindl.  Gen. 
&  Sp.  Orchid.  463.     Covindovia  nervosa,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2090. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1000  ft.,  Clarke, King.  Silhet,  Wallich.  Tenassebim, 
Parish.     Upper  Burma,  Griffith.     Malabar  and  Travancore,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  8-12  in.  Leaves  3-5  by  2-3  in.,  base  rounded  or  cordate.  Peduncle 
short;  spike  1-2  in.;  bracts  ^ -|  in.,  as  long  as  the  flowers;  sepals  3-5-nerved, 
lateral  lanceolate,  acuminate,  connate  nearly  to  the  apex,  dorsal  linear-lanceolate, 
acute  J   petals   rather  narrower,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-5-nerved,  midnerve  very 


Tropidia.']  cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  93 

stout ;  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  obtuse,  lateral  nerves  narrowly  lamellate 
below  the  middle ;  column  with  a  long  slender  rostellum ;  anther  narrowly  lanceo- 
late;  pollinia  clavate,  grains  lamelliform,  caudiele  long  slender,  gland  minute. — 
I  have  examined  Lindley's  specimen  of  T.  seinilibera,  and  find  that  he  was  in 
error  in  supposing  that  the  lateral  sepals  are  free  to  below  the  middle;  it  does 
not  differ  from  T.  angulosa. 

Sect.  II.  Tropidia  PRorEB,.     Lip  cymbiform,  not  spurred. 

*  Flowers  in  short  sessile  axillary  or  axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

2.  T.  curculigroides?  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7386  A;  Gen.  &  Sp. 
Orchid.  4i97 ;  bracts  ovate  acuminate,  lip  with  a  reflexed  tip  a  thickened 
midrierve  and  intramarginal  ridges  from  beyond  the  middle  to  the  base 
of  the  reflexed  tip.  T.  assamica,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  124,  t.  41, 
f.  2. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  King.  Silhet,  Assam,  and  Burma,  WalUcTi,  &c- 
PPebak,  Wray. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  6-10  by  1-1^  in.,  elliptic-  or  linear -lanceolate,  caudate- 
acuminate,  5-nerved.  Spikes  ^-f  in.,  erect  or  decurved  ;  bracts  imbricate,  ^  in., 
ovate-lanceolate,  upper  narrower ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  strongly  5-nerved,  dorsal 
linear-lanceolate,  lateral  strongly  recurved,  lanceolate  from  an  ovate  base,  taper- 
pointed ;  petals  rather  shorter,  obliquely  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  5-nerved;  lip  much 
shorter  than  the  sepals.  Capsule  f  in.  long. — Bentham  in  Flora  of  Hong  Kong  has 
referred  Schauer's  Ftychochilus  septemnervis  of  China  to  this,  but  according  to 
Schauer's  figure  it  differs  in  the  much  smaller  flowers  with  ovate  acute  sepals,  and 
a  lip  without  the  reflexed  tip.  Wallich's  7386  B  from  Burma  is  a  different  species, 
but  in  too  imperfect  a  state  for  analysis. 

3.  T-  grraxninea?  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  124,  t.  41 ;  leaves 
lanceolate  strongly  3-5-nerved,  spikes  very  Small  and  few-fld.,  lip  obtuse 
with  short  intramarginal  lamellae  towards  the  middle,  tip  shortly  recurved. 
Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  747. 

Malay  Peninsula;  on  Mount  Ophir,  Griffith,  Lohh. — Distbib.  Java. 

Stem  18  in.,  slender.  Leaves  6-8  by  1-1^  in.,  acummate  as  in-  C.  cireuligoides. 
Spikes  \\w.\on^y  1-2-fld.;  bracts  ^  in.,  about  equalling  the  ovary;  flowers  \  in. 
long,  strongly  recurved ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved ;  petals  falcately 
gibbously  lanceolate,  1-2-nerved ;  lip  ovate,  subacute,  margins  undulate  towards  the 
apex  tip  recurved. — Described  from  a  single  specimen.  Blume's  figure  represents 
the  leaves  shorter  and  broader,  and  the  spikes  as  with  rather  more  flowers  and 
terminal  only. 

**  Flowers  in  peduncled  spikes. 

4.  T^  BZaingrayi;  Hook.  f. ;  spikes  terminal  and  axillary,  bracts 
subulate,  lip  with  a  median  and  intramarginal  lamellae  extending  from  the 
base  nearly  to  the  acute  tip.  ' 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  on  Mount  Ophir,  Maingay. 

Stem  12-18  in.  Leaves  4-6  by  |-1  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  5.nerved. 
Peduncle  1^-2  in.,  flexuous,  sheathed;  spike  short;  bracts  very  variable,  lower 
1|  in.,  upper  smaller;  flowers  i  in.  long;  sepals  oblong-ovate,  subacute,  lateral 
5-nerved,  dorsal  narrow;  petals  obliquely  oblong,  3-4-nerved ;  lip  with  no  reflexed 
tip. — Very  like  T.  pedunculala,  Blume,  of  Sumatra,  but  the  flowers  are  not  fur- 
furaceous,  the  sepals  are  5-nerved,  and  the  intramarginal  lamellae  of  the  lip  are 
continuous. 

5.  T'   Thwaitesiij    Sook.  /. ;    spike   terminal   subcapitate,   bracts 


94  cxLViii.  oRCHiDEJi.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Tropidia. 

subulate,  lip  ovate  intramarginai  lamellae  continuous  to  the  base  of  the 
reflexed  apex.  Cnemidia  circuligoides,  Thwaites  Enum.  315  {not  of 
Lindl.). 

Ceylon  ;  in  hot  dry  places,  Macrae,  Thwaites. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  sicuder.  Leaves  3-0  by  i— |  hi.,  narrowly  linear-lanccohito, 
acuminate,  3-5-nerved,  Peduncle  1  in.,  naked;  spike  ^  in.;  bracts  rather  longer 
than  the  smooth  ovaries ;  flowers  ^-\  in.  long ;  sepals  with  very  thick  midnerves, 
dorsal  oblong  S-nerved,  lateral  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  5-nerved ;  petals  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-nerved  ;  lip  rather  thick. 

IMPERFECiLY    KNOWN    SPECIES. 

Cnemidia.  bambus^folia,  Thwaites  Enum.  314 ;  stem  2-3  ft.,  leaves  iew  6-8 
by  li-2^  in.  elliptic-lanceolate  caudutc-aouininate  5-nerved,  spike  terminal  sessile 
I  in.  long,  bracks  crowded  lanceolate  lower  narrower  \  in.  long. 

Ceylon  ;  Sulfragan  district,  Thwaites. — Descript.  from  Thwaites, 

Tkopidia  sp.  {T.  curculigoides,  Kurz,  from  the  Andaman  Islands),  a  small  slender 
species,  with  lanceolate  subacute  3-nerved  leaves  2-3  by  |-f  in. 

Teopidia  sp. ;  from  Sikkim,  alt,  1500  ft.  (King  in  Herb.  Calcutt.). — Resembles 
T.  curculigoides,  but  is  much  larger,  with  7-9-nerved  leaves  7-11  in,  long  by  2-2^ 
broad,  and  small  fruit  ^  in.  long. 

79,  PKVSUZIUS^  Eichard. 

Terrestrial,  leafy  herbs ;  stem  below  creeping ;  roots  fibrous.  Leaves 
petioled,  membranous,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  spicate.  Sepals 
free,  dorsal  smaller  forming  a  hood  with  the  petals.  Lip  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  column,  spreading  or  recurved ;  spur  exserted  beyond  the 
bases  of  the  sepals.  Colmnn  very  short,  not  appendaged  in  front,  rostellum 
2-fid ;  stigma  anticous,  prominent  ;  anther  erect,  2-celled ;  polUnia 
2,  clavate. — Species  about  20,  Asiatic  and  American. 

1.  P.  Blumei,  Undl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7397;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  504; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i,  181 ;  bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  lip  short,  terminal 
lobe  transversely  oblong  entire,  spur  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  2-lobed, 
Thwaites  JEnwm.  814,     P.  humilis,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  t,  27,  f,  2, 

SiLHET,  Wallich.  Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  Macrae,  &c. — Disteib. 
Java. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  slender,  glabrous  bolow.  Leaves  scattered,  2i-3  in.,  petioled, 
obliquely  ovate  or  subcordate,  acute,  3-nerved.  Scape  pubescent ;  sheaths  distant, 
finely  acuminate;  spike  2-5  in.,  villous;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  brownish-red,  obtuse, 
1-nerved ;  petals  spathulate,  1-nerved ;  lip  white,  contracted  at  the  base  of  the  ter- 
minal lobe,  spur  subcylindric  or  inflated,  nerves  strong  hooked. 

2.  P-  hirsutus,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  180 ;  tall,  stout, 
villously  hirsute,  leaves  ovate  acuminate  7-nerved  subglaucous  beneath, 
base  acute.  Goodyera  hirsuta.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  393 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat. 
t,  347. 

Assam  ;  on  the  Burmese  frontier,  Griffith. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  goose  quill.  Leaves  4-5  in,,  oblique.  Sepals,  petals,  and 
lip  brownish,  blade  of  the  latter  white. — A  very  imperfectly  known  plant,  of 
which  there  are  no  specimens  in  Griffiths'  Herbarium  at  Kew. 

80.  ANSZCTOCKZIiUS,  Mume. 
Terrestrial  herbs ;    stem   below    creeping.      Leaves   petioled,  ovate   or 
lanceolate.     Flowers  in  glandular-pubescent  spikes.     Sepals  free,  dorsal 


Ancectochilus,'}     cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  95 

smaller  and  forming  a  hood  with  the  narrow  acuminate  petals,  lateral 
spreading.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  contracted  into  an  entire 
toothed  or  pectinate  claw  beyond  the  saccate  spurred  base,  and  having  two 
rarely  four  terminal  wing-like  lobes  ;  spur  exserted  beyond  the  bases  of 
the  sepals,  and  with  2  calli  within.  Column  short,  appendaged  in  front, 
stigmatic  lobes  lateral ;  anther  2-celled ;  pollinia  narrowed  into  short  or 
long  caudicles. — Species  8,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

*  Clem)  of  Up  deeply  fimbriate, 

1.  A.  regralis,  Blume  Orchid.  Arcliip.  Ind.  46,  t.  17  D ;  spur  as  long 
as  the  sepals,  terminal  lobes  of  the  lip  short  quadrate  much  shorter  than 
the  claw.  A.  setaceus,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  2010 ;  Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid. 
499  ;  Bot  Mag.  t.  6208 ;  i^L  des  Serres,  ii.  t.  15.  Satyrium  repens.  Linn, 
Sp.  PI.  1339. 

Ceyloin  ;  ascending  to  3000  ft.  • 

Stem  6-10  in.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  ovate-cordate,  acute,  usually  dark  velvety 
green  and  netted  with  golden  nerves.  Scape  stout  or  slender,  sheaths  2 ;  ^pike 
3-5-fld,;  bracts  lanceolate;  sepals  \  in.  long,  ovate,  subacute,  green;  petals  broadly 
falcate,  white  ;  fimbria}  of  white  lip  as  long  as  the  claw,  spur  inflated,  tip  subacute 
notched  ;  column  with  2  vertical  lamella}  in  front. — Without  an  examination  of 
living  plants  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  Bhime  is  correct  in  separating  the  Ceylon 
from  the  original  Javanese  A.  setaceus. — Var.  inornata,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5208  is 
a  variety  with  whole  coloured  coppery -purple  leaves. 

2.  A.  Roxburgrhii,  Undl  in  Wall.  Gat.  7387 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid, 
499  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  terminal  lobes  of  lip  cuneately  obovate  as 
long  as  the  claw.  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  50,  t.  12  B,  f.  2.  Chryso- 
baphus  Eoxburghii,  Wall.  Tent.  Fl.  Nep.  t.  27. 

TsoPiCAL  Himalaya  ;  from  Simla  to  Bhotan.  Assam,  Silhet,  and  Munni- 
PORE.— DiSTEiB.  China. 

Very  near  A.  regalis,  and  leaves  similarly  netted  with  golden  nerves,  and  has  a 
variety  (var.  /3.  Lobbia7ia,'R\\xmQ  I.  c),  with  nearly  whole-coloured  leaves  which  have 
a  rosy  disk  passing  into  yellowish-white. 

3.  A.  elatior^  Lindl.  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  178 ;  very  tall,  spur  of 
lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  base  of  claw  hastate,  terminal  lobes  of  lip  oblong 
shorter  than  the  claw  fringes  very  long. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills  ;  near  Walla  Ghaut,  M'lvor. 

Jjeaves  1^  in.  diam.,  orbicular-ovate,  shortly  petioled.  Scape  12  in.;  spike 
3-4  fld.,  bracts  \  in.,  broadly  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  much  larger  than  in  A.  JRox- 
hurffhii ;  lip  f  in.  long,  fimbriee  longer;  spur  inflated,  tip  subacute  emarginate; 
column  larger,  with  a  didymous  large  hatchet-shaped  appendage  in  front;  rostellum 
long  ;  anther  large,  lanceolate,  acuminate. — The  column  differs  a  good  deal  from 
that  of  regalis  and  Roxhurgliii.     Only  one  specimen  seen. 

4.  A.  Reinwardtii,  .BZwme  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  48,  t.  12,  f.  2  ;  spur 
of  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  terminal  lobes  of  lip  falcately  oblong,  base 
of  claw  cordate,  fringes  very  long. 

Penang-;  on  Government  Hill,  Curtis.  Peeak,  Scortecldni ;  on  Maxwell's  Hill, 
Wray. — D(steib.  Sumatra. 

Leaves  1^-2  in.,  orbicular-  or  elliptic-ovate,  netted  with  golden  nerves  or  not. 
Scape  4-6  in.,  often  very  stout;  flowers  as  in  A.  elatior ;  column  with  a  long 
process  descending  into  the  spur. 

6.  A.  brevilabris,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid,  499 ;  spur  of  lip  saccate 


96  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei'.)  [Ancectochilus, 

nmch  shorter  than  the  sepals,  terminal  lobes  obtusely  hatchet-shaped, 
claw  of  lip  very  short,  fringes  few.  A.  albolineatus,  Par,  Sf  Reichb.  /.  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  141.  Dossinia  marmorata,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  i.  185  {not  of  Morren). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  (7c.  Cathcart  Sf  J.  B.  H.).  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft., 
Mack,  &c.     Tenasserim,  Parish. 

Leaves  ovate,  green  with  a  white  mesial  band  and  golden  nerves,  red  beneath. 
Spilce  asm  A.  Reinivardtii;  sepals  and  petals  green  tinged  with  pink;  lip  white  j 
column  very  large  with  a  forcipate  appendage  projecting  from  the  base. 

**  Claw  of  lip  entire  or  nearly  so. 

6.  A.  Griffithii,  SooJc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  claw  of  lip  entire  or  with 
a  membranous  toothed  margin  and  a  trapeziform  base,  terminal  lobes 
hatchet-shaped  lobulate  or  toothed. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Griffith.     Naga  Hills,  in  Upper  Assam,  Frain. 

Leaves  l^-lf  in.,  orbicular-ovate,  apiculate.  Scape  4-6  in.  ;  spike  10-20-fld.  ; 
lobes  of  lip  equalling  or  longer  than  the  claw ;  column  short  with  a  broad  folded 
appendage  in  front  and  a  flap  over  the  mouth  of  the  very  short  saccate  2-ftd  spur ; 
anther  short. — -The  margin  of  the  claw  of  the  lip  is  broader  and  more  toothed  in  the 
only  Naga  specimen  I  have  seen. 

7.  A.  tetrapterus,  Sook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  claw  of  lip  quite 
entire,  terminal  lobes  each  2-partite. 

MuNNiPORE  ;  at  Eerung,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Clarhe. 

Leaves 2  in.,  shortly  petioled,  ovate,  caudate-acuminate.  Scape  2  in.,  and  fcw-fld. 
spike  tomentose;  sheaths  and  bracts  large;  claw  of  lip  arched,  narrow;  lobules 
cuneate-obovate,  terminal  pair  smallest ;  column  with  broad  auricles  in  front  that 
terminate  in  a  2 -fid  membrane  overhanging  the  mouth  of  the  very  short  conical 
obtuse  spur  ;  anther  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

81.  VRVDA6ZVNSA,  Blume. 

Terrestrial,  leafy  herbs ;  stem  below  creeping,  roots  fibrous.  Leaves 
petioled,  ovate,  i^/oicer*  small,  spicate,  suberect.  Sepals  subequal,  free, 
dorsal  smaller  forming  a  hood  with  the  petals.  Lip  included,  sessile  at  the 
base  of  the  column,  membranous,  concave,  entire  ;  spur  large,  inflated, 
exserted  beyond  the  base  of  the  sepals,  with  2  stipitate  calli  within. 
Column  short,  inappendiculate  ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral ;  rostellum  short ; 
anther  short,  cells  distant ;  pollinia  2,  sessile  on  a  large  gland. — Species 
8-10,  Indian,  Malayan  and  Pacific. 

This  genus  is  described  as  having  two  stipitate  calli  descending  from  the  base  of 
the  column  into  the  sac  or  spur  of  the  lip ;  the  stipites  appear  to  me  to  be  always 
more  or  less  adnate  to  the  walls  of  the  sac,  and  represent  two  vascular  bundles  or 
nerves. — The  name  is  variously  spelled.  All  the  species  want  revision  and  description 
from  living  plants. 

1.  V.  virldiflora,  Sooh.  f. ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  lip 
orbicular-oblong  tip  truncate,  disk  with  a  high  median  ridge  from  the  base 
to  the  middle,  spur  inflated.  ?  Physurus  viridiflorus,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  i.  180  {eoccl.  Syn.  Neottia  viridiflora,  Bl.,  which  is  a  Goodyera). 

Lower  Bengal  ;  Luckempore,  on  the  Megua,  Clarke.' — Distrib.  ?  Java. 
A  span  high.     Leaves  1^-2   in.,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membranous, 
shortly  petioled.     Scape  1-1|  in. ;  spike  few-fld.,  rachis  pubescent ;  bracts  *  in.  and 


Vrydagzynea.l          cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  97 

sheaths  membranous  ;  flowers  i  in.  long,  pale  yellow  and  pink;  blade  of  lip  as  long 
as  the  oblong  inflated  spur,  margins  incurved. — Only  one  specimen  seen. 

2.  V«  albida,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  75,  t.  19,  f.  2,  3 ;  bracts 
oblong  subacute,  lip  oblong  retuse  with  a  short  obtuse  tooth,  disk  with  a 
low  hispidalous  ridge  from  the  base  to  beyond  the  middle.  Etseria  albida, 
Blume  Bijdr.  410;  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  491. 

Peeak  ;  in  the  Padang  Valley,  Wray. — Disteib.  Java. 

Whole  plant  8-10  in.  high,  glabrous.  Leaves  1^-2  in.  long,  ovate  or  elliptic, 
subacute.  Scape  slender,  1-3  in. ;  sheaths  broadly  acuminate,  membranous  ;  spike 
very  many-fld,  ;  bi-acts  \  in.  long,  exceeding  the  pale  green  flowers  ;  sepals  ^  in. 
long,  obtuse ;  blade  of  lip  as  long  as  the  inflated  spur.  Capsule  \  in.  long. — The 
specimen  as  in  fruit,  but  the  withered  flowers  are  well  preserved.  A  drawing  appa- 
rently of  this  by  Scortechini  represents  the  leaves  as  more  lanceolate  with  waved 
margins. 

3.  V.  gracilis,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  72,  t.  17,  and  t.  20,  f.  1  ; 
bracts  lanceolate  acuminate,  lip  oblong,  tip  rounded  apiculate,  disk  with  a 
slender  ridge  from  base  to  apex. 

Peeak  ;  at  Horum,  Scortechini. — DiSTEiB.  Sumatra. 

Whole  plant  3-8  in.  high,  simple  or  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves  |-1  in.,  petioled, 
ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  subacute.  Scape  very  short;  spike  few-fld.,  papillose  ;  sepals 
A  in.  long,  acute,  agglutinate  to  the  narrow  petals;  spur  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
blade  of  the  lip;  anther  with  a  membranous  tip. 

82.  CVSTORCKZS,  Blume. 

Characters  of  Vrydagzynea,  but  lip  clawed  as  in  Zeuxine,  and  with  a 
large  exposed  didymous  sac. — Species  3  or  4,  Malayan. 

^theriafusca,  Lindl.,  referred  here  by  Bentham,  is  a  true  Qoodyera,  with  the 
shallow  sac  of  the  lip  partially  exposed.  It  must  be  by  oversight  that  its  habit  is 
described  as  altogether  that  of  Cystorchis,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  tufted  roots, 
radical  leaves,  robust  habit,  and  alpine  habitat.  Amongst  Scortechini's  drawings  of 
Perak  Orchids  there  are  several  probably  referable  to  Cystorchis,  but  unaccompanied 
with  specimens. 

1.  C«  javanica,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  87,  t.  24,  f.  1 ;  leaves 
dark  green  with  crenate  pinkish  margins,  lip  with  a  long  straight  claw  and 
dilated  tip.  Etaeria  javanica,  Blume  Bijdr.  410 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid.  491  {Mthtria). 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stem  a  span  long,  leafy  above.  Leaves  f-li  in.,  petioled,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
margins  entire  or  crenulate.  Scape  and  short  raceme  puberulous ;  sheaths  lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  bracts  equalling  the  ovary ;  flowers  ^  in.  long ;  lateral  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  1 -nerved,  puberulous;  petals  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved  ;  sac  of  lip 
membranous,  claw  rigid  grooved,  the  margins  being  inflexed ;  rostellum  ovate ; 
anther  sessile,  very  convex,  umbonate;  gland  of  pollinia  ovate,  acute. — Specimen 
not  good,  but  I  think  referable  to  Blume's  plant,  of  which  the  leaves  are  described 
as  undulate,  dark  purple  above  and  pale  flesh  coloured  beneath. 

2.  C.  varieg-ata,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  89,  t.  24,  f.  3,  and  36  C ; 
leaves  pale  green  with  dark  transverse  bands,  scape  slender,  raceme 
puberulous,  beak  of  lip  with  incurved  sides  and  a  small  dilated  tip. 

SiNGAPOEE,  Ridley. — Disteib.  Java. 

Leaves  2-2^  in.,  ovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate  acute  j  petiole  \  in.     Scape  with 
TOL.  VI.  H 


98  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE/E.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)         [CystorcMs. 

raceme  4-6  in.,  glandular-pubescent;  flowers  about  i  in.  long;  lateral  sepals  very 
gibbous  at  the  base. — Named  by  Mr.  Ridley.  The  flowers  in  the  specimen  he  has 
kindly  sent  are  far  too  young  for  analysis. 

83.  KSRPVSMA,  Lindl. 

A  terrestrial  leafy  herb  ;  stem  stout,  erect.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
petioled,  membranous  ;  sheaths  very  large,  hyaline.  Flowers  in  a  dense 
short  sessile  spike.  Sepals  subequal  free ;  dorsal  forming  a  hood  with 
the  oblong  petals.  Lip  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  spreading, 
spur  elongate,  straight,  exposed,  tip  2-tid.  Column  short,  not  appendaged 
in  front;  stigma  anticoiis  ;  rostelliim  short,  erect,  2-fid  ;  anther  sessile,  erect, 
linear-oblong,  2-celled;  pollmia  narrow,  tipped  with  2  hard  lanceolate 
appendages  or  glands,  pollen  grains  flattened. 

K.  longricaulis,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7389;  in  Bat.  Reg.  under 
t.  1618 ;  Ge7i.  Sc  Sjp.  Orchid.  506 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  178,  190. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Nepal,  Walliclu  Sikkim,  alt.  3-4O0O  ft.,  J.  D.  JI.,  &c. 
Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  4500  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  elongate  and  creeping  below,  then  ascending,  as  thick  as  a  swan's 
quill  or  less,  clothed  below  with  the  white,  truncate  leaf  sheaths  -|-1  in  long. 
Leaves  2-3  in.,  membranous,  shortly  petioled.  Spike  1-2  in.,  pubescent;  bracts 
i-f  in.,  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  with  ovary  rather  longer,  suberect,  pale  pink; 
sepals  :j  in.  long,  5-nerved,  and  shorter  petals- obtuse ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
subpanduriform,  reflexed  from  the  middle,  strongly  5-nerved,  disk  with  2  flattish 
calli  about  the  middle,  and  a  thick  lamella  extending  to  the  rounded  tip  ;  spur 
longer  than  the  blade,  strongly  nerved ;  base  of  white  column  contracted  below  the 
broad  pulvinate  stigma. — 1  do  not  find  the  two  lamellaj  in  the  spur,  which  is  longitu- 
dinally grooved  or  infolded  at  the  back. 

84.  ODOMTOCHXXiUS;  Blume. 

Habit  and  character  of  Ancectochilus,  but  sac  or  small  spur  of  the  lip 
hidden  between  the  more  or  less  connate  bases  of  the  lateral  sepals. — 
Species  about  12,  Indian,  Malayan  and  Pacific. 

The  pollen  varies  greatly  in  structure  in  this  genus.  The  species  are  most  difficult 
of  analysis  and  definition  from  dried  specimens.  Myrmechis,  Blume,  is  only 
distinguishable  by  the  fewer  often  erect  flowers  and  stem  with  numerous  small 
leases. 

*  Stem  stout,  leafy.     Flowers  solitary  or  very  few.     (Myrmechis,  ^Z.) 

1.  O.  xnacranthus,  RooJc.  f.  Ic.  PI.  ined.  ;  leaves  ovate  acnmi- 
nate,  flowers  very  large  solitary  erect,  claw  of  lip  entire,  margins  involute, 
limb  small  orbicular. 

Perak,  Scortechini ;  on  Maxwell's  Hill,  Wray. 

Stem  2-3  in.,  from  a  nodose  procumbent  base.  Leaves  f  in,,  shortly  petioled. 
Floioer  white,  nearly  1  in.  long,  with  a  sheathing  bract  on  the  very  short  peduncle  ; 
sepals  erect,  lateral  lineai'-oblong  from  a  gibbous  base,  1-nerved;  dorsal  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, loug-acutninate  ;  petals  falcately  dimidiate-ovate,  long-pointed  ;  sac  of  lip 
subglobose,  enclosed  calii  small ;  limb  shortly  exserted ;  column  very  short,  frontal 
appendage  erect  lanceolate;  rostellar  arms  very  long,  slender  ;  anther  linear-lanceo- 
late; pollinia  clavate,  united  caudicles  long  slender,  gland  elongate. — Resembles 
Myrmechis  glabra,  Blume  of  Java,  but  the  narrower  flowers,  long  anther,  pollen  and 
rostellar  arms  at  once  distinguish  it. 


Odontochilus.']       oxlvtii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  99 

2.  O-  calcaratus,  SooJc.f.Ic.Tlant.ined.-,  leaves  very  small  ovate 
acnminate,  flowers  1-3,  claw  of  lip  crenate,  lobes  small  quadrate  or 
rounded,  columu  with  a  linear  process  descending  into  the  cylindric  or 
incurved  spur. 

Perae,  ScortecUni';  alt.  3900  ft.,  Wray. 

Stem  3-5  in.,  slender,  flexuous,  leafy.  Leaves  ^-\  in.,  sessile  or  petioled, 
aristately  acuminate.  Peduncle  very  short,  and  bracts  lanceolate,  quite  glabrous ; 
flowers  white;  sepals  linear,  1-nerved,  lateral  with  the  outer  bases  connate  and 
enclosing  the  spur;  petals  linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved;  lip  ^  in.  long,  spur  half  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  with  a  columnar  caruncle  enclosed,  tip  straight  or  incurved  ; 
column  short  j  rostellar  arms  long,  slender  ;  ankher  ovate-lanceolate  ;  pollinia  short, 
each  attached  to  the  gland  by  a  long  stout  caudicle. — Wray  describes  the  leaves  as 
green  dashed  with  crimson,  veined  with  gold,  and  bordered  with  red,  the  flowers 
white.  ^cortechini  says,  leaves  dark  purple,  sepals  pale  carnation,  lip  white. 
This  is  a  Myrmechis  with  the  claw  of  lip  of  Odontochilus. 

3.  O.  pumilus,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  ^-|  in.  scattered 
petioled  ovate,  scape  1-3-fld.,  bracts  oblong  ciliate,  lateral  sepals  ovate 
subacute,  claw  of  lip  crenulate,  terminal  lobes  subquadrate.  Cheirostylis 
■puaiUa,  in  joart,.  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  188  {not  of  Gen.  &  8p. 
Orchid ). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  J.  L>.  H.,  Thomson,  King. 

Stem  with  .scape  2-3  in.,  ascending  from  a  prostrate  base,  stout  for  the  size  of  the 
plant.  Leaves  acute,  rather  thick;  nerves  obscure;  sheaths  very  short.  Scape 
with  one  membranous  ciliate  sheath  ;  flowers  subglobose,  -i  in.  diam.,  white;  dorsal 
sepal  broadly  ovate  with  an  obtuse  recurved  tip,  l-nerved,  lateral  triangular-ovate, 
very  oblique  at  the  base,  1-nerved;  sac  of  lip  simple,  internnl  calli  very  large; 
terminal  lobes  shortly  exserted,  thick. — So  like  Cheirostylis  pusilla  that  it  was  con- 
founded with  it  by  Lindley.  The  specimens  I  have  seen  are  very  few,  and  the 
flowers  very  difficult  of  analysis. 

**  Stem  elongate.  Leaves  1  in.  or  more  long.  Spikes  few-  or  many-jld. 
(Odontochilus,  Bl). 

4.  O.  crispus,  Hook,  f.',  leaves  few  ovate  acute,  bracts  shorter  than 
the  glabrous  ovary,  claw  of  2-winged  lip  quite  entire,  wings  toothed  much 
larger  than  the  sepals.  Ancectochilus  crispus,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  i.  180. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Ic.  Cathcart,  Clarke.  Khasia  Hills  ;  at 
Surureem,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stem  slender,  elongate  below  the  2-4  leaves.  Leaves  f  in.,  petiole i-1  in.  Spike 
4-8-fld.,  rachis  and  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  pubescent  ;  lateral  sepals  i  in.  long, 
dorsal  much  smaller  ;  petals  dimidiate-ovate,  falcate,  acuminate  ;  claw  of  lip  exceed- 
ing the  sepals,  slender  ;  2.winged  limb  ^  in.  diam.,  white;  aac  minute,  didymous, 
enclosed  caruncles  large  ;  column  and  rostellar  arms  very  short  indeed  ;  anther  very 
short,  tip  recurved  ;  pollinia  globose,  sessile  at  the  truncate  end  of  the  very  large 
fleshy  ?  cuneiform  caudicle  ;  gland  minute. — A  Sikkira  specimen  of  Clarke's  very  like 
this  has  pubescent  sepals,  and  a  few  minute  tubercles  on  the  claw  of  the  lip. 

5.  O.  pectinatUB,  Hook.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  leafy,  leaves  ovate 
acute,  spike  few-fid.  laxly  villous,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  claw  of  lip 
pectinate,  limb  Innate  or  broadly  2-winged,  sac  globose,  rostellar  arms 
long. 

Perak,  alt,  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector-,  Maxwell's  Hill,  Wray. 
Stem  6-12  in.    Leaves  1^-2^  in.,  light  green,  thick,  fleshy,  petiole  i-|  in.    Spike 

H  2 


100  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  lOdontochilus. 

6-8-fl(3.  ;  bracts  ^  in.  long,  pubescent,  laxly  villous,  ovary  glabrous ;  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  1- nerved,  softly  pubescent ;  petals  lanceolate,  unequal  sided,  long  pointed  ; 
sac  of  lip  with  2  large  caruncles  ;  column  very  short,  with  2  ascending  auricles  in 
front;  rostellar  arms  long  and  broad;  anther  lanceolate;  pollinia  obovoid,  much 
shorter  than  their  broad  thick  coherent  caudicles. 

6.  O.  brevistylis,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  towards  the  top 
of  the  stem  obliquely  ovate-lanceolate  acute,  spike  few-fid.  pubescent, 
bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  claw  of  lip  slender  with  few  curved  spinous 
teeth,  sac  globose,  limb  bipartite,  segments  semicircular,  rostellar  arms 
very  short. 

Pebak  ;  on  Gunong  Batu  Patch,  alt.  3400  ft.,  Wray.  . 

A  span  high.  Leaves  lg-2  in.,  pale  green  ;  petiole  \  in.  Sjuifee  short ;  flowers 
white ;  ovary  glabrous  ;  sepals  \  in.  long,  lateral  broadly  obliquely  ovate,  acute, 
hairy,  dorsal  much  smaller ;  petals  semicircular  with  long  points  ;  sac  of  lip  with  2 
large  caruncles,  claw  narrow,  limb  larger  than  the  sepals ;  column  exceedingly 
short,  frontal  appendages  obscure  ;  rostellar  arms  triangular,  subacute  ;  anther  short, 
ovate,  obtuse ;  pollinia  subglobose,  sessile  on  the  truncate  base  of  the  united  caudicles 
which  form  a  large  fleshy  triangular  plate  acute  at  the  top,  gland  minute.— The 
pollinia  and  their  caudicle  are  a  good  deal  Ike  those  of  0.  cris'pus. 

7.  O.  Elwesii,  ClarJce  mss. ;  stem  above  and  few-fld.  spike  hirsute, 
leaves  ovate  acute,  flowers  large,  bracts  as  long  as  the  hirsute  ovary,  sepals 
hairy,  claw  of  lip  broad  irregularly  toothed,  sac  scrotiform,  lobes  of  limb 
subquadrate,  rostellar  arms  subulate,  pollen  grains  lamellate.  HooJc.  f.  Ic. 
Plant,  ined. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  Clarice,  King.  Kuasia  Hills  ;  on  Shillong, 
alt.  6100  ft.,  Clarice.     Munnipore  ;  on  Kohima,  Praia. 

Stem  stout  below,  6-8  in,  high.  Leaves  l|-2  in.,  rather  crowded,  dark  green 
with  3  red  nerves.  Spike  2-4i-fld. ;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  l-nerved,  green 
purple-tipped  or  white,  dorsal  much  smaller  ;  petals  semicircular,  with  long  or  short 
points;  sac  of  lip  2-lobed,  claw  dark  purple,  centre  and  subquadrate  lobes  white; 
column  very  short,  frontal  appendages  triangular ;  anther  short,  apiculate,  con- 
nective very  thick ;  pollinia  broadly  elavate,  grains  flat,  caudicles  0,  gland  linear. — 
This  and  0.  grandijiorus  have  lamellate  ecaudiculate  pollen. 

8.  O.  grandiflorus,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  698 ;  tall,  leafy,  leaves 
3-5  in.  obliquely  elliptic  acute,  spike  stout  many-fld.,  rachis  pubescent, 
bracts  about  equalling  the  glabrous  ovary,  sepals  glabrous,  spur  of  lip 
decurrent  on  the  ovary,  claw  with  5-6  pair  of  long  recurved  spines,  wings 
large  cuneate,  anther  lanceolate,  pollinia  elavate,  grains  lamellate.  Anoecto- 
chilus  grandiflorus,  LindL  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  i.  179. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft. 
J.  D.  S.  c^  T.  T. 

Stem  with  spike  12-15  in.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  below.  Leaves  2-2^  in. 
diam.,  base  acute  or  rounded  ;  petiole  l|^-2  in.  Spike  4-6  in.  ;  bracts  ^  in.,  pink, 
slightly  pubescent;  lateral  sepals  ^  in.,  falcately  oblong-lanceolate,  subacute,  connate 
at  the  base  and  with  the  sac  of  the  lip,  and  dorsal  and  petals  mottled  with  pinkish 
white  and  green,  dorsal  much  smaller,  ovate ;  sac  of  lip  rather  long,  calli  within 
large  crenate,  limb  ^-f  in.  diam. ;  column  longer  than  in  its  congeners,  with  2 
ascending  frontal  wings;  rostellum  very  broad,  2-cuspidate;  pollinia  lamellate, 
without  caudicles,  narrowed  upwards,  the  narrowed  portion  lamellate  down  to  the 
small  gland. 

9.  O.  Clarkel,  HooTc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  ;  tall,  leaves  2-2|  in.  obliquely 
elliptic   acute,   spike    subtomentose    many-fld.,    bracts    longer   than   the 


OdontochiJus.]  cxlviii.  ORCHiDE-a;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  101 

pubescent  ovary,  sepals  glabrous  lateral  free  at  the  base,  sac  of  lip  small 
globose  didymous,  claw  with  broad  round  auricles  at  the  base  and  2-3 
pair  of  spines,  wings  hatchet- shaped,  anther  elongate,  pollinia  subglobose 
with  a  long  flexuous  thick  candicle,  grains  cuneiform. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Mongpo,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Clarke. 

A  foot  high  including  the  spike.  Leaves  as  in  grandijiorus,  but  much  smaller. 
Spike  5  in.,  very  many-fld.  ;  bracts  ^  in.,  pink,  pubescent ;  lateral  sepals  ^  in., 
broadly  ovate-oblong,  pink,  1-nerved,  dorsal  and  petals  coherent  in  a  small  deeply 
cordate  pink  cuspidate  hood ;  sac  of  lip  with  2  caruncles,  claw  expanding  just 
beyond  the  sac  into  an  orbicular  or  obcordate  plate,  wings  as  large  as  the  sepals ; 
column  with  2  ascending  frontal  appendages  ;  rostellum  broad,  bifid ;  long  caudicle 
of  the  pollinia  rather  stout  golden,  gland  small. — The  only  species  with  a  dilated 
ba«e  of  the  claw  of  the  lip.     The  specimen  is  a  solitary  one. 

10.  O.  lanceolatus,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  598  ;  leaves  2-3  in. 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  acute,  spike  many-fld.,  rachis  pubescent,  bracts  as 
long  or  longer  than  the  glabrous  ovaries,  flowers  small  glabrous,  sac  of  lip 
globose  didymous,  claw  with  3-4  pairs  of  recurved  spines,  wings  subquad- 
rate,  anther  very  short,  pollinia  globose  sessile  on  a  broad  fleshy  triangular 
caudicle.  0.  flavus,  (error  for  luteus),  Benth.  I.  c.  Anoectochilus  lanceo- 
latus, Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  499 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  179.  A. 
lutens,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Griffith's  Collectors  (Kew  Distrib.  5345, 
5354)",  &c.     Khasia  Mts.,  Mack,  Griffith  {Keio  Distrib.  5352),  &c. 

Stem  with  the  spike  6-8  in.,  few  or  many-leaved.  Leaves  green.  Spike  2-3  in. ; 
bracts  ^-|  in  ,  usually  broader  and  whiter  than  in  other  species,  nearly  glabrous; 
lateral  sepals  4  in.,  ovate,  obtuse,  green,  1-nerved  ;  dorsal  and  petals  connate  in  an 
obtuse  hood  broader  than  long ;  lip  golden  yellow,  sac  with  a  pair  of  curved  spurs 
within,  claw  not  dilated  at  the  base,  limb  ^  in.  diam.  ;  column  very  short  indeed, 
frontal  appendages  obscure  ;  rostellum  broad,  2-cuspidate  ;  anther  short,  thick,  with  a 
recurved  beak,  grains  of  pollen  cuneiform. — The  pollen  is  like  that  of  O.  breristylis 
&  crispus.  I  cannot  distinguish  dried  specimens  of  Lindley's  An.  luteus  from  his 
lanceolatus.  According  to  native  drawings  A.  luteus  should  have  much  the  largest 
flowers. 

85.  KAEXIIARZA,  Lindl. 

Terrestrial  herbs  ;  caudex  creeping.  Leaves  petioled.  Mowers  racemed. 
Sepals  subequal,  free  ;  dorsal  erect  forming  a  hood  with  the  petals ;  lateral 
broad,  widely  spreading.  Lip  adnate  to  the  base  and  sides  of  the  column, 
elongate  with  a  small  basal  sac  which  is  concealed  by  the  sepals  ;  sides 
winged  or  auricled,  blade  of  two  spreading  lobes,  sac  with  2  large  internal 
calli.  Column  very  large,  clavate,  stigma  anticous ;  anther  large,  sub- 
horizontal,  cells  distinct ;  pollinia  2,  clavate,  sulcate,  granular,  attached 
by  a  fleshy  gland  to  the  forked  rostellum. — Species  4,  Malayan  and 
Chinese. 

K.  discolor^  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  490;  Miq.  Choix.  PI.  t.  16. 
Ludisia  discolor ;  A.  Rich,  in  Diet.  Glass.  Hist.  Nat.  vii.  457;  Blume 
Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  113,  114,  t.  34,  f.  2,  3,  and  t.  42.  Goodyera  discolor, 
Eer  in  Bat.  Beg.  t.  271 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2056 ;  Lodd.  Bat.  Cab.  t.  143. 
Myoda  rufescens,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7390 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  489. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  at  Johore,  Eidley.  Penang,  Wallich. — Bistrib.  Hong 
Kong,  Cochin  China. 


102  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEJE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Haemaria. 

Caudex  very  short.  Stem  ascending  from  the  hase,  6-10  in.,  stout  or  slender, 
pubescent.  Leaves  subradical,  1-3  in.,  shortly  petioled,  elliptic  or  ovate,  apiculate, 
fleshy,  dark  red  beneath.  Baeemes  inany-fld. ;  rachis  and  ovary  tomentose  ;  bracts 
large,  concave,  niembranous,  acuminate,  coloured  ;  perianth  ^-f  in.  diam. ;  petals 
pinkish,  broadly  ovate,  apiculate,  1-nerved,  nerve  with  flexuous  nervules ;  sepals 
linear,  1-nerved  ;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  recurved  ;  sac  small,  2-lobed ;  claw  with 
dilated  sides;  lobes  of  limb  divaricate,  quadrately  oblong. — Reicbenbach's  var. 
Dawsoniana  from  Moulmein  (Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  142)  consists  of  leaves  only  and 
is  probably  an  Ancectochilus ;  it  may  or  may  not  be  his  var.  Dawsonianns,  Gard. 
Chron.  1872,  321  (AnectocMlus  Dawsonianus,  Low  in  Gard.  Chron.  1868,  1038) 
with  red  reticulations  on  the  leaves. 

86.  DOSSINZA,  Morr. 

A  Borneau  genus,  not  hitherto  found  in  British  India.  The  plant  referred  to  it 
by  Lindley  is  AncBctocMlus  hrevilabris  (see  p.  95). 

87.  SPZRANTKES,  JRich. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  roots  fibrons  or  tuberous ;  stem  leafy,  or  the  flowering 
leafless.  Leaves  various.  Floivers  small,  secund,  in  often  twisted  spikes. 
Sepals  subequal,  free,  or  more  or  1  j^h.3ria(^  with  the  petals  in  an  erect 
hood,  lateral  gibbous  at  the  base.  Lip  sessile  or  clawed,  erect,  entire  or 
3-lobed,  base  concave,  disk  callous  or  lamellate.  Column  short,  terete, 
base  often  decurrent  on  the  ovary ;  stigma  anticous,  broad,  rostellum 
erect  obtuse  or  elongate  and  2-fid  ;  anther  erect,  2-celled  ;  poUinia  pendulous 
from  the  gland  of  the  rostellum. — Species  about  80,  temperate  and 
tropical. 

1.  S.  australis,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  823  ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  464 ; 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  178 ;  tall,  pubescent,  root  of  many  fleshy  fibres,  leaves 
on  the  base  of  the  flowering  stem  linear-lanceolate  or  linear  obtuse  or  acute 
or  oblanceolate,  spikes  slender,  bracts  ovate  exceeding  the  ovary,  lip  oblong 
crisped,  base  saccate  2-glandular,  tip  dilated  retuse  or  apiculate,  disk  hairy. 
Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomh.  Fl.  270;  Wight  Id.  1724  {middle  and  right-hand 
Jigs.).  S.  longispicata,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  78.  S.  flexuosa, 
&  parviflora,  LindL  in  Bot.  Beg.  under  t.  823.  S.  pudica,  Lindl.  Coll.  Bot. 
t.  30.  S.  amoena,  Bunge  Eniim.  PI.  Chin.  63,  S.  novse  ZelandiciB,  Hook.  Fl. 
New  Zeald.  i.  243.  Neottia  australis,  Br.  Prodr.  319;  Bon  Prodr.  27. 
N.  crispata,  Blume  Bijdr.  406.  E".  flexuosa  &  parviflora,  Smith  in  Bees 
Cyclop.  N.  sinensis,  Pers.  Syn.  ii,  511.  N.  amcena,  Bieb.  Fl.  Taur. 
Gauc.  iii.  606.  G3a-ostachys  australis,  Blume  Fl.  Jav.  107,  t.  37,  38. — 
Spiranthes,  Griff.  Notnl.  iii.  384 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  348. 

Throughout  India  from  the  Panjab  and  W.  Tibet  to  Upper  Assam,  and  south- 
wards to  Ceylon  and  Chittagoxg  ;  ascending  to  7500  ft.  in  the  Sikkim  Himalaya, 
and  7000  ft.  in  the  Isilghiris. — Distrib.  AfTghanistan,  N.  Asia,  China,  Java,  Australia, 
N.  Zealand. 

Plant  6-18  in.  high,  stout  or  slender,  sometimes  almost  tuberous.  Leaves 
1-5  in.,  very  variable,  rarely  oblong  and  sessile,  often  scattered  and  lower  long- 
petioled ;  sheaths  rather  distant.  Spike  3-6  in.,  twisted,  glandular-pubescent ; 
flowers  secund,  close-set ;  perianth  -^-^-q  in.  long,  horizontal,  reddish  or  white ; 
sepals  obtuse,  tips  (and  of  truncate  petals)  recurved. — There  is  a  great  difference  in 
the  size  of  the  flowers  of  this  species,  but  the  large  and  small  fld.  seem  to  inhabit 
the  same  areas. 

Var.    Wightiana,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.    465 ;    very  stout,    sheaths   many   almost 


Spiranthes.']  oxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  103 

imbricating,  flowers  in  a  dense  cylindric  spike.  S.  Wightiana,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat. 
7378.  S.  densa,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  79 :  S.  australis,  Wi^/ht  Ic. 
t.  1724  (left-hand  Jig.).— m\ghiri  Mts. 

2.  S.  autuxnnalis,  Hick.  Orchid.  Hurop.  Ann.  67 ;  glandular-pnbes- 
cent,  root  of  elongate  stout  tubers,  leaves  in  a  tuft  at  the  side  of  the  flowering 
stem  ovate,  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  exceeding  the  ovary,  lip 
oblong-panduriform  glabrous,  base  2-glandular.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp. 
Orchid.  469 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  277 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  9U ; 
Beichl.  Fl.  t,  47. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  at  Lohoo  Ghat,  Thomson  (Fl.  May). — Distrib.  AfFghan- 
istan,  Caucasus  to  the  Atlantic. 

Root  of  2  fleshy  fusiform  or  subcylindric  tubers  \-l\  in.  long.  Leaves  1-1^ in., 
on  a  very  short  lateral  stem  that  flowers  in  the  following  year.  Scape  with  the 
rather  stout  raceme  4-6  in. ;  spike  twisted  :  flowers  secund  greenish  white,  variable 
in  size,  usually  larger  than  in  S.  australis. — This  common  European  species  has  not 
been  recorded  from  any  locality  between  the  Caucasus  and  Aff'ghanistan.  Boissier 
errs  in  describing  the  tubers  as  napiform.  In  Europe  it  flowers  in  October  to 
December  ;  in  India  and  Aff'ghanistan  in  April  and  May. 

88.  NEOTTZA,  Linn. 

Terrestrial  erect  brown  leafless  herbs ;  rootstock  with  fibres,  stem 
simple  laxly  sheathed.  Flowers  racemose.  Sepals  subequal,  free,  lanceo- 
late, concave  at  length  spreading,  lateral  falcate.  Petals  narrow.  lAp  pen- 
dulous from  the  base  of  the  column,  larger  than  the  sepals,  2-fid,  base  flat  or 
concave.  Column  erect  or  incurved,  subterete;  stigma  transverse  ;  anther 
erect  or  inclined  forwards,  cells  contiguous  ;  pollen  in  loosely  connected 
masses,  pendulous  from  the  gland  of  the  rostellum. — Species  3,  temperate 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Neottia  stkateumatica,  Br.  Prodr.  319  (in  note).  In  a  note  under  Neottia 
australis.  Brown  refers  the  Orchis  strateumatica  of  Linnaeus  (Flor.  Zeylan.  n.  319; 
Sp.  Plant.  1.  i.  943)  to  Spiranfhes,  on  the  faith  of  a  specimen  in  Hermann's 
Herbarium ;  but  Linnaeus'  character  of  "  spur  slender  as  Jong  as  the  ovary  "  is 
quite  opposed  to  this  determination.     I  do  not  know  what  it  is. 

N.  listeroldes,  Lindl.  in  Boyle  III.  368  ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  458  ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  176.  N.  Lindleyana,  Bene  in  Jacquem.  Voi/,  Bot. 
163,  t.  163. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  eastwards  to  Sikkim,  alt.  5-10,000  ft. 
in  Kumaon,  and  10-11,000  ft.  in  Sikkim. 

Stem  with  the  raceme  8-14  in,,  high,  stout  or  slender,  stiff",  flexuous  ;  sheaths  3-4, 
lax.  Raceme  6-12  in.,  lax-fld.,  laxly  pubescent;  bracts  ^5  in.,  sheathing,  mem- 
branous, as  long  as  the  erect  pedicels ;  flowers  ^  in.  long,  red  brown;  sepals  trun- 
cate, 1-nerved  ;  petals  much  narrower,  margins  convolute  ;  lip  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  linear-oblong,  cleft  into  two  ovate  or  linear-subacute  parallel  lobes  from 
a  third  of  the  way  up,  nearly  flat  with  a  dorsal  ridge  ;  ovary  pubescent.  Capsule 
\  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  erect. 

89.  X.ISTERA.  Br. 

Terrestrial  erect  2-leaved  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  from  a  short  root- 
stock.  Leaves  broad,  subopposite.  Flowers  rather  small,  racemed.  Sepals 
and  petals  subequal,  free,  spreading  or  reflexed.  lAp  pendulous  from  the 
base  of  the  column,  usually  longer  than  the  sepals,  narrow,  entire  or  2-fid. 


104  cxLViii.  OROHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Listera. 

Column  stout ;  rostellum  terminal ;  anther  inclined  forwards,  cells  2  con- 
tiguous;  pollinia  2,  usually  2-partite,  pendulous  from  the  gland  of  the 
rostellum. — Species  10,  N.  temperate  regions. 

1.  Xi.  ovata,  Br.  in  Horf.  Kew,  v.  201 ;  leaves  ovate,  lip  linear  2-fid. 
Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  455 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  iv.  92  ;  Ledeh.  Fl. 
Boss.  iv.  80 ;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  479. 

Nobth-West  Himalaya?,  Falconer. — Disteib.  Europe  to  the  Ural  and  the 
Caucasus. 

.  Whole  plant  12-18  in.  high.  Boot  of  fleshy  fibres.  Stem  2-4  in.,  naked. 
Leaves  2-4  in.,  sessile,  subacute.  Scape  with  raceme  6-10  in.,  with  1-2  small 
sheaths;  raceme  3-6  in.,  pubescent;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  membranous;  pedicel 
-i^  in. ;  flowers  ^  in.  long,  greenish ;  sepals  ovate  ;  petals  linear  ;  lip  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals,  very  narrow,  2-fid.  Capsule  ^  in.  long,  globosely  ellipsoid. — Falconer's 
is  the  only  Indian  Herbarium  in  which  this  plant  occurs,  and  as  it  has  not  hitherto 
been  found  eastwards  of  Long.  80°  E.  the  specimen  may  not  be  Indian,  but  have 
been  inadvertently  placed  by  him  in  his  Indian  Herbarium. 

2.  Ii.  tenuis,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  176;  leaves  ovate  acute, 
lip  cuneately  obcordate. 

SiKKFM  Himalaya;  Lachen  valley,  alt.  11,500  ft,  J.  D.  B. 

Whole  plant  4-5  in.  high,  very  slender ;  leaves  nearer  the  raceme  than  the  root, 
i-1  in.  long,  sessile,  3-5-nerved.  Scape  almost  filiform  ;  raceme  few-fld.,  puberu- 
lous ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  membranous  ;  pedicels  short ;  flowers  \  inong  ;  lip  twice 
as  long  as  the  petals,  lobes  rounded ;  column  short. 

3.  Xi.  pinetorum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  175  ;  leaves  orbi- 
cular cordate  acute,  lip  cuneately  broadly  obcordate  from  a  narrow  base, 
lobes  broad. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  in  pine  woods  of  the  Lachen  valley,  alt.  10-11,000  ft., 
J.  D.  H  ;  Chumbi,  King's  Collector. 

Whole  plant  4—8  in.  high,  slender.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  much  nearer  the  raceme 
than  the  root,  about  as  broad  as  long,  very  shallowly  cordate,  5-7-nerved.  Scape 
rather  stout,  very  short  and  few-fld.;  raceme  pabescent ;  bracts  appressed  to  the 
scape,  ovate,  acuminate,  herbaceous;  flowers  decnrved,  \  in.  long,  greenish  brown; 
lip  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  deeply  2-lobed,  sinus  obtuse ;  column  long, 
incurved. 

4.  Ii.  micranthaf  Lindl.  in  Journ.  LAnn.  Soc.  i.  176 ;  leaves  sub- 
radical  broadly  ovate,  lip  3-lobed  short. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachoong  valley,  alt.  10,000  ft.,  J.  B.  B. 

Whole  plant  3-5  in.  Leaves  \  in.  Scape  filiform,  and  lax-fld.  ;  raceme  pubes- 
cent ;  bracts  minute,  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  -^  in.  pedicels  ;  flowers  very 
minute,  J^  in  long ;  lip  very  much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  cuneate,  truncately 
3-lobed,  lobes  acute  ;  column  very  short.  —A  remarkable  little  species. 

90.  CKEZROSTVIiZS,  Blume. 

Terrestrial  herbs.  Leaves  membranous.  Flowers  small,  racemed. 
Segals  connate  in  a  gibbous  based  tube  to  the  middle.  Petals  narrow, 
Lip  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  column,  erect,  narrow,  base  saccate,  limb 
shortly  clawed  broadly  dilated  entire  toothed  or  crenate.  Column  short 
with  ^2  appendages  in  front,  rostellum  2-cleft ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral; 
anthe'r  erect,  cells  short ;  pollinia  2,  caudicle  short,  gland  oblong. — Species 
about  8,  Indian  and  Malayan. 


Cheirostylis.']         cxlviii.  oncuwam.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  105 

*  Appendages  of  column  as  long  as  the  rostellum. 

1.  Ci  pusilla,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  489;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
in.  188  {in part);  glabrous,  leaves  very  small  ovate,  raceme  2-3-fld.,  limb 
of  lip  2-lobed,  lobes  quadrate  deeply  toothed.  Etaeria  pusilla,  Wall.  Cat. 
7392.  Zeuxine  moniliformis,  GrtJ^.  JVotul.  iii.  397;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat. 
t.  350. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  WalLich,  &'c. 

Stem  3-6  in.,  prostrate  below,  often  moniliform  from  the  swollen  internodes. 
Leaves  J— |  in.,  scattered,  acute  acuminate  or  aristate ;  petiole  short.  Scape  1-3  in. ; 
sheaths  and  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  ciliate ;  flowers  inclined,  \  in.  long;  sepals 
pink,  obtuse  ;  petals  spathulate ;  lip  white,  base  shortly  saccate,  nerves  with  a  few 
fleshy  setae  within,  claw  finely  hairy  towards  the  tip  ;  colaranar  appendages  fleshy, 
as  long  as  the  rostellar  arras  ;  anther  lanceolate  ;  pollinia  pyriform,  gland  very  long. 
— Closely  resembles  Odontochilus  pumilus,  and  was  confounded  with  it  by  Lindley. 

2.  C  malleifera.  Parish  &  Reichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx. 
141 ;  glabrous,  leaves  very  small  ovate  acute,  raceme  3-5-fld.,  lobes  of  lip 
entire. 

Tenasserim  ;  on  Zwakabin,  Parish. 

Very  like  C.  pusilla,  but  there  is  no  appearance  in  the  specimens  of  a  moniliform 
stem,  leaves  rather  larger,  flowers  not  half  the  size,  lip  with  a  longer  and  shallower 
base,  and  quite  entire  somewhat  hatchet-shaped  lobes ;  anther  with  a  dilated 
membranous  apex. 

3.  C.  G-riffithii,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  188  ;  scape  pubescent, 
flowers  1-3  large,  limb  of  lip  reniform  laciuiate,  appendages  of  column  linear. 
Goodyera  No.  9,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  393. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Griffith,  LoU,  Clarke.  Pegu,  Kurz  (in  Herb. 
Calcutt.).     Tenasserim  ;  on  Mt.  Tungoo,  Pari*^. 

Stem  below  prostrate.  Leaves  1  in.,  shortly  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate;  sheaths 
very  large,  cupular,  hyaline.  Scape  3-8  in.,  slender ;  sheaths  and  bracts  large, 
loose,  lanceolate ;  "flowers  nearly  1  in.  long  with  the  ovary,  white  with  2  green  spots 
on  the  lip  ;  sepals  connate  to  the  middle  ;  petals  narrowly  spathulate  ;  base  of  lip 
elongate,  concave,  with  2  series  of  glandular  setae  within;  claw  short.  Capsule 
I  in.,  pedicelled,  pyriform. 

4.  C.  parvifolia,  Lindl.  in  Bat.  Beg.  1839,  Misc.  19 ;  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  488;  in  Journ.  Linn,  Soc.  i.  187;  raceme  puberulous  lax-fld., 
flowers  minute,  limb  of  lip  subquadrate  6-8-lobed,  appendages  of  the 
column  dilated  upwards  rather  short.     Thwaites  Enum.  313. 

Ceylon  ;  Ambagamowa  district  rare,  Thwaites. 

A  span  high.  Leaves  2-3  about  the  middle  of  the  slender  stem,  \-\.\  in.,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate.  Scape  slender,  puberulous  ;  raceme  8-10-fld. ;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  short  pedicels  ;  sepals  f  in.  long,  glabrous,  pink  ;  petals  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse,  white ;  lip  with  a  subsaccate  base  containing  2  small  forked  calli,  limb 
white  ;  column  very  short,  rostellar  arms  subulate  ;  anther  ovate-cordate ;  pollinia 
pyriform,  caudicle  very  short,  gland  linear. — The  specimens  are  very  poor,  and  the 
species  is  perhaps  better  placed  in  the  following  section. 

**  Appendages  of  column  shorter  than  the  short  rostellum,  rarely 
as  long. 

5.  C.  flabellata,  Wight  Ic.  v.  16  ;  scape  glandular-pubescent,  flewers 
subcorymbose,  limb   of  lip   suborbicular  deeply  2-cleft,  lobes   sub  5-fid, 


106  cxLViii.  OECHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        [Cheirostylis. 

appendages  of  column  subspathulate ;  lAndl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  i.  187 ; 
Thwaites  Enum.  313  {excl.  in  both  Syn.  Zeuxine)  ;  Dalz.  in  Hooh.  Journ. 
Bat.  iv.  (1852)  112;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  271.  Monochilus  flabellatus, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  1727.  Groodyera  flabellata,  A.  Rich  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2, 
XV.  79,  t.  12. 

Bhotan  Himalaya,  Griffith.  Tenasserim,  Parish.  The  Concan,  Dalzel. 
NiLGHiRi  Hills,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon;  Ambagamovva  district, 
Thwaites,  Beckett. 

Stem  sometimes  moniliform  below  as  in  C.  pusilla,  but  stouter.  Leaves  ^-f  in., 
petioled,  ovate,  acute.  Scape  6-8  in.  j  sheatbs  and  bracts  loose, acuminate;  flowers 
2-10,  white,  glandular-pubescent,  perianth  hemispheric ;  petals  linear-oblong,  falcate ; 
sac  of  lip  cymbiform,  with  2  calli  within;  base  hairy,  claw  short  with  2  green  spots  j 
column  very  short,  appendages  subterminal  and  rostellar  arms  both  subspathulate  ; 
anther  with  a  dilated  membranous  tip ;  pollinia  pyriform,  subsessile  on  the  elongate 
lanceolate  gland. 

6.  C.  pubescensj  Parish  Sf  Reichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc  xxx.  141 ; 
scape  pubescent,  limb  of  lip  2-lobed,  lobes  subquadrate  crenate,  appendages 
of  the  column  cuneately  obovate  much  shorter  than  the  subspathulate 
arms  of  the  rostellum. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  stout,  ascending.  Leaves  1^-3  in.,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ; 
petiole  slender.  Scapes-Gin.;  sheaths  and  bracts  lax,  acuminate  ;  raceme  3-10-fld.; 
perianth  ^  in.  long ;  sepals  connate  to  the  middle ;  lip  with  a  small  concave  3-nerved 
base,  lateral  nerves  with  one  slender  callus  j  claw  rather  broad  j  anther  truncate. 
Capsule  ^  in.,  pyriform,  pedicelled. 


91.  ZEUXZNS,  Lindl. 

Terrestrial  herbs  ;  stem  creeping  below.  Leaves  membranous.  Flowers 
small,  splcate.  Sepals  subequal,  dorsal  concave,  cohering  with  the  petals  ; 
lateral  free.  Lip  inferior,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column,  cymbiform  or 
saccate  with  a  shortly-clawed  or  sessile  entire  2-lobed  or  2-winged  terminal 
lobe ;  sac  with  2  calli  or  spurs  near  the  base  within.  Column  very  short, 
2-keeled  or  -winged  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  2,  marginal,  distant ;  anther 
membranous,  cells  contiguous  ;  polHnia  pyriform,  attached  by  an  oblong 
gland  to  the  erect  rostellum  with  often  an  intermediate  appendage  or  a 
linear  caudicle. — Species  about  20,  tropical  Asia  and  Africa. 

I  refer  to  Zeuxine  those  species  of  Hetceria  that  have  large  terminal  lobes  to  the 
lip.  The  appendage  between  the  gland  of  the  pollinia  and  the  pollinia  itself  is  a 
very  curious  organ,  and  its  real  nature  has  not  been  ascertained,  whether  rostellar  or 
pollinar ;  it  occurs  only  in  some  species,  and  in  these  under  very  various  forms,  so 
that  it  cannot  be  relied  on  as  a  generic  character.  It  is  further  so  difficult  of 
analysis  in  dried  specimens,  that  much  allowance  must  be  made  for  my  description 
of  it. 

Sect.  1.  EuzEUXiNE,  Lindl.    Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate. 

1.  Z.  sulcata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  OrcJiid.  485;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i. 
186;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  396  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  349;  Blume  Orchid.  Arcliip. 
Ind.  67  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  723.  Z.  bracteata,  brevifolia,  &  robusta, 
Wight  Ic.  1724  bis,  1725,  1726.  Z.  membranacea,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  486 ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c. ;  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  68.  Z.  Tripleura, 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.     7i.  integerrima,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  486; 


Zeuxine.l  oxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  107 

Blume  Fl.  Jav.  55,  t.  19  and  23  C  ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  67 ;  Miquel.  I.  c. 
Z.  emarginata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  I.  c.  Z.  procumbens,  Blume  Fl.  Jav.  56, 
t.  22,  f.  3  and  t.  23  B  ;  Orchid.  ArcJiip.  Ind.  68.  Tripleura  pallida,  Lindl. 
in  Wall.  Cat.  7391 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  452.  Adenostylis  emarginata  &  integerrima, 
Blume  Bijdr.  414,  t.  17.  Pterygodium  sulcatum,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  452. 
Coryciam  ?  humile,  Herh.  Sam. 

Throughout  India,  in  the  plains  and  lower  hills,  from  the  Panjab  and  Scinde  to 
Assam,  Chittagong,  and  southward  to  Ceylon.— Distkib.  Affghanistan,  Java, 
China,  Philippines. 

^tem  2-16  in.,  erect,  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  top.  Leaves  few  or  many,  1-2  in., 
erect,  acuminate,  margins  usually  recurved.  Spihe  \-%  in.,  dense-fld.,  nearly 
glabrous;  bracts  \-\  in.,  erect,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hyaline,  1-nerved ;  flowers 
white,  yellow,  or  very  pale  rose ;  sepals  \  in.  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  membranous; 
petals  oblong,  obtuse,  hyaline  j  lip  yellow,  equalling  the  sepals,  cymbiform,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  pubescent  claw  bearing  a  hammer-headed  terminal  lobe  or  2 
small  lobes;  column  short,  rostellum  short;  anther  short,  ovate;  poUinia  pyriform, 
attached  within  the  tip  of  a  linear  appendage  of  the  gland.  Capsule  ^  in.  long, 
ellipsoid.— The  commonest  Indian  Orchid,  very  variable  in  size.  The  tall  form,  Z. 
membranacea,  has  large  flowers,  and  may  prove  distinct,  but  there  appears  to  be  many 
intermediate  forms. 

Sect.  2.  MoNOCHiLUs,  Wall.  (Gen.).    Leaves  ovate. — All  scapigerous. 

*  Claw  of  terminal  lobes  short  with  involute  margins. 

f  Terminal  lobe  of  lip  very  smally  entire  or  subentire. 

2.  Z.  g-oodyeroides,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  486 ;  leaves  ovate 
green  with  a  median  pale  stripe,  spike  nearly  glabrous,  lip  cymbiform 
terminal  lobe  orbicular  or  oblong  concave  membranous.  Monochilus 
galeatus,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  i.  187. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  from  Sikkim,  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  to  Mishmi,  Griffith,  &c. 
Pegtj,  Kurz  in  Herh.  Calcutt. 

Stem  2-4  in.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  sessile  or  shortly  petioled,  obtuse  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, sheaths  short.  Scape  3-6  in.,  slender;  spike  lax-fld. ;  bracts  equalling 
the  glabrous  ovary  ;  sepals  *-  in.  long,  dorsal  ovate,  acute,  lateral  lanceolate  1-nerved  ; 
petals  falcate,  very  obtuse;  lip  wholly  included,  coriaceous,  with  2  short  spurs 
within  ;  rostellar  arms  small ;  stigmatic  lobes  distant ;  pollinia  pyriform,  attached  by 
a  slender  caudicle  to  the  oblong  gland. 

8.  Z.  reniformlS;  Sooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  ;  leaves  approximate 
ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  scape  short  pubescent,  bracts  longer  than  the 
pubescent  ovary,  sepals  ovate  3-nerved  subacute  glabrous,  lip  included, 
sac  hemispheric  with  2  toothed  calli  within,  terminal  lobe  reniform 
crenate. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  6-10  in.  below  the  leaves.  Leaves  2-3^  in.,  membranous,  base  rounded  ; 
petiole  ^  in.,  slender,  sheath  short  inflated.  Scape  2  in. ;  spike  about  as  long ; 
bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate,  hyaline ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  membranous,  ovate,  obtuse, 
3-nerved  ;  petals  |  in.,  orbicular,  long-beaked,  3-nerved  ;  limb  of  lip  with  2  small 
appendages  at  the  base;  column  2-winged  in  front;  rostellar  arms  long,  fleshy, 
trumpet-shaped  ;  anther  lanceolate  ;  pollinia  pyriform  attached  separately  to  the 
face  of  a  large  cuneately  quadrate  horny  appendage  which  is  continuous  with  the 
triangular  gland,  margin  of  gland  and  appendage  recurved. 

ft   Terminal  lobe  of  lip  2-winged. 

4.  Z.  longrilabriS;  Benth.  in  Gen,  Plant,  iii.  600 ;  spike  pubescent, 


108  cxLViii.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Zeuxine. 

lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  wings  of  terminal  lobe  elongate  toothed. 
Monochilns  longilabre,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  487  ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  i.  186.     M.  affinis,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1728  {not  of  Lindl.). 

Assam,  Lower  Bengal  and  Chittagong,  Clarke.  Western  Ghats  ;  in  the 
S.  Concan,  Stocks,  and  Travancore,  Wight.  Ceylon,  in  the  drier  parts  of  the 
island,  Macrae,  Thwaites. 

Leaves  1-lJ  in.,  near  the  base  of  the  short  stem,  shortly  petioled.  Scape  very 
slender  and  elongate,  lax-fld. ;  spike  glandular-pubescent ;  bracts  about  equalling  the 
ovary ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  broad,  obtuse,  green ;  lip  twice  as  long,  sac  with  2  spurs 
within,  wings  toothed  on  the  outer  margin,  variable  in  breadth  ;  anther  beaked  ; 
pollinia  clavate,  adnate  for  about  two-thirds  of  their  length  to  the  linear  appendage 
of  the  gland. 

6.  Z.  regria,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  GOO ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
with  a  median  pale  stripe  acute,  spike  pubescent,  sepals  and  petals  with 
recurved  tips,  lip  rather  longer  than  the  sepals,  wings  suborbicular  or 
cuneiform.     Monochilus  regium,  Lindl.  Gen.  S:  Sp.  Orchid.  487. 

Ceylon  ;  damp  woods  in  the  Central  Province,  ascending  to  4000  ft., 
Macrae,  &c. 

Stem  slender,  elongate.  Leaves  1^-2 a  in.,  dark  green,  variable  in  breadth ; 
petiole  and  sheath  short.  Scape  3-5  in.;  spike  few-fld. ;  bracts  as  long  as  the 
ovary;  sepals  a  in.  long,  very  obtuse;  lip  with  a  short  saccate  base;  anther  broadly 
ovate,  beaked  ;  pollinia  clavate,  pendulous  from  the  small  oblong  gland,  append- 
ages 0. 

6.  Z.  nervosa,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  600 ;  leaves  broadly  ovate 
acute,  sepals  ovate  obtuse  tips  straight,  spike  pubescent,  lip  rather  longer 
than  the  sepals,  wings  cuneate.  Monochilus  nervosum,  Wall,  in  Lindl. 
Gen.  So  Sp.  Orchid.  487 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  187.  Etaeria  nervosa, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7381. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  J.  L.  E.  Silhet,  Wallich.  Cahae, 
Keenan.     Bengal;  at  Comilla,  &c.,  Clarke. 

Stem  rather  stout.  Leaves  1-2  in.  Scape  2-5  in.,  stout  or  slender;  spike 
1-8  in.,  lax  or  dense-fld. ;  bracts  equalling  the  ovary  ;  sepals  i  in.  or  less,  green  or 
purplish  ;  anther  didymous,  apiculate ;  pollinia  and  their  appendages  as  in  Z.  reni- 
formis. — The  Ceylon  habitat  cited  by  Thwaites  is  an  error. 

7.  Z.  flava,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  600 ;  leaves .  ovate  acute,  spike 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  flowers  very  small,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
wings  broadly  obovate  or  hatchet-shaped,  Monochilus  flavum,  Wall,  in 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  487  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  187.  Etaeria  flava, 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7380  A,  B. 

Nepal,  Wallich.  Assam,  Griffith  ;  on  the  Naga  hills,  Prain.  Tenasseeim, 
Heifer,  Griffith.  Ceylon  ;  Central  Province,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Thwaites. — Disteib. 
Java,  Borneo. 

Stem  usually  elongate,  slender.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  usually  scattered,  petioled  or 
not;  sheath  usually  much  inflated,  h;) aline.  Scape  3-6  in.,  very  slender;  spike 
1-1^  in.,  lax-fld. ;  bracts  usually  exceeding  the  ovaries  ;  sepals  J^  in.,  obtuse ;  lip 
included,  sac  with  2  long  spurs  within ;  anther  ovate-lanceolate ;  pollinia 
subglobose,  attached  by  a  simple  caudicle  to  the  lanceolate  gland.^ — Much  the  smallest 
fid.  species.  A  drawing  in  Herb.  Peradeniya  represents  the  flowers  as  white  with 
a  red  lip. 

8.  Z.  affinis,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  600 ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  spike  and  ovaries  pubescent,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  wings 


Zeuxine.]  cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  109 

obovate-oblong  or  subcuneate.  Monochilus  affine,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp. 
Orchid.  487  {excl.  hah.  Gourtallum).  Etaeria  aflS.nis,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat. 
7383.  B.  flava,  Wall.  Cat.  7380  0.  ^Etlieria  mollis,  Lindl.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  i.  184, 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  in  the  Terai,  Gamble.  Khasia  Hills, alt.  5000ft.,  Griffith, 
&c.  Burma;  at  Taonj^  Dong,  Wallich.  Tenassekim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Lohb, 
Parish.     Penang,  Maingay. 

Very  like  Z.  jiava,  but  the  flowers  are  much  larger,  and  much  more  numerous, 
the  sepals  ^  in.  long,  and  the  pollinia  are  pyriform,  attached  by  an  elastic  caudicle 
to  the  oblong  gland. 

9.  Z.  abbreviata,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  lanceolate  acuminate,  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate  shorter  than  the  slender  erect  glabrous  ovaries,  sac  of  lip 
with  2  lamellae  on  the  midrib  and  2  large  calli  on  each  side,  wings  of 
terminal  lobe  obliquely  ovate  subacute  entire.  Etaeria  abbreviata,  Lindl. 
in  Wall.  Gat..  7385;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  491  (^theria).  E.  lanceolata, 
Eeichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  142.  Dossinia  lanceolata,  Lindl.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  186. 

Nepal,  Wallich.    Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  S.  S^  T.  T. 

Whole  plant  1  ft.  Leaves  2^  in.,  many  nerved;  petiole  ^-f  in.  Spike  puberu- 
lous  ;  sepals  pink,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petals  semi-orbicular  or  lunate  ;  column 
with  2  membranous  wings  on  the  face ;  rostellum  very  short,  2-fid. ;  anther  ovate, 
obtuse  ;  pollinia  elongate,  clavate,  lamellate  down  to  the  large  gland. 

**  Claw  of  terminal  lobe  of  lip  slender,  not  margined. 

10.  Z.  znoulmeinensis,  Hook.  f. ;  slender,  leaves  elliptic,  spike 
glandular-pubescent  few-fld.,  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  shorter  than  the 
slender  glabrous  ovaries,  sepals  and  petals  aristately  acuminate,  sac  of  lip 
large  globose  didymous  with  2  large  calli  within,  claw  straight  rigid,  lobes 
narrowly  f alcately  cuneate  lacerate.  Etseria  moulmeinensis,  Par.  Sc  Beichb. 
f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  142. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Lohh,  Parish. 

Stem  slender,  with  the  spike  12-18  in.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  elliptic,  acute  or 
acuminate,  membranous  ;  petiole  1  in.,  slender.  Spike  2-3  in.,  few-fld. ;  flowers 
not  secund,  spreading  ;  ovar^'  slender,  ^  in.  long ;  sepals  membranous,  l-nerved,  dorsal 
ovate,  lateral  much  broader ;  petals  broadly  dimidiate  ovate  with  recurved  points  ; 
sac  of  lip  with  caruncled  callous  sides,  sub-  4-celled  by  imperfect  transverse  and  lon- 
gitudinal septa,  claw  slender  pubescent,  lobes  divaricate  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 
lip;  column  very  short  and  stout  with  projecting  cheeks  on  the  anterior  face; 
rostellum  short,  2-fid ;  anther  short,  ovate,  obtuse  ;  pollinia  pyriform,  attached  to 
the  gland  by  very  short  caudicles. — Possibly  a  Cystorchis. 

11.  Z.  longrifolia,  Hook.  f. ;  tall,  very  robust,  leaves  large  lanceolate 
acuminute,  spike  elongate  laxly  many-fid.,  rachis  puberulous,  bracts 
shorter  than  the  long  slender  glabrous  ovaries,  sepals  and  petals  aristately 
acuminate,  lip  very  broad  saccate,  sac  with  trapeziforra  sides  two  caruncles 
within  towards  the  base  and  a  flattened  uncinate  one  on  the  midrib,  claw 
beyond  the  lobe  narrow  rigid,  wings  flabellate  lacerate.  Hetseria  longi- 
folia,  Benth.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  346.  Rhomboda  longifolia, 
Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  181. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  in  lower  valleys,  J.  I).  H. 

Stem  procumbent  at  the  base,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  branched.  Leaves  6-8 
by  1 J-2  in.,  many-nerved,  midrib  stout  ;  petiole  1-1^  iii'  J  sheaths  short.  Spilce 
7" in.  J    flowers  very  obliquely  gibbous,  not  secund ;  bracts   ovate-lanceolate  j  ovary 


110  cxLViii.  ORCHiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Zeuxine. 

f  in.,  very  slender  upwards;  sepals  1-nerved,  dorsal  ovate,  lateral  triangular-lanceo- 
late; petals  semi-lunate  with  long  points  ;  lip  when  spread  out  subtriangular,  truncate 
in  front  with  the  stout  straight  stiff  claw  projecting  from  between  the  lobes  and 
bearing  2  wings  ;  column  very  large,  hollow,  broadly  truncate,  almost  cupular,  with 
2  cuneate  ridges  down  the  face,  a  very  small  rostellum,  and  a  small  stigmatic  lobe  on 
each  side;  anther  sunk  in  the  column,  lanceolate;  pollinia  narrowly  clavate. — A 
/ery  singular  plant. 

92.  KVXiOPKZI«Aj  Lindl. 

Terrestrial  herbs ;  stem  elongate,  creepi*^.  Leave.?  petio led,  obliquely  ovate- 
lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  spicate,  subglobose ;  perianth  horizontal,  con- 
nivent.  Sepals  acuminate,  dorsal  with  the  petals  forming  a  hood ;  lateral  very 
broadly  ovate,  concave.  Petals  falcate  or  subspathulate.  Lip  a  subglobose 
sac  contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  a  very  small  linear  blade,  and  2  glands 
within  near  the  base.  Golumn  very  short,  appendages  0  or  minute  ;  stigma 
prominent,  frontal  under  the  very  long  forked  rostellum  ;  anther  elongate, 
cells  short ;  pollinia  shortly  caudicled. — Species  2,  Malayan. 

1.  K.  mollis,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7396;  61^6^.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  490; 
leaves  flat  acuminate,  bracts  subulate,  sepals  ^  in.  long  pubescent.  JBlume 
Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  115,  t.  35,  36  F. 

Singapore,  Wallich.  Malacca,  Qriffith  {Kew  Distrib.  5337).  Peeak,  Scot- 
techini. — Distrib.  Sumatra. 

Caudex  flexuous,  roots  very  thick.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  black  when  dry,  base  unequal, 
acute.  Scape  8-12  in.,  very  slender,  sheaths  }  in.,  scattered,  subulate ;  spike  4-6  in. ; 
bracts  ^  in.,  equalling  the  flowers;  sepals  3-nerved ;  petals  falcately  lanceolate, 
acute. 

2.  K*  lanceolata.  Hook,  f, ;  leaves  caudate-acuminate,  margins 
waved,  bracts  lanceolate,  sepals  |-  in.  long  nearly  glabrous.  Dicerostylis 
lanceolata,  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  116,  t.  38,  f.  1. 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Java. 

A  much  stouter  plant  than  ^.  mo^^z5 ;  leaves  larger,  4-5  in.,  petiole  1  in.,  red 
brown  when  dry ;  scape  in  the  only  specimen  seen  much  shorter  and  stouter, 
bracts  broader  and  more  concave,  flowers  twice  as  large,  ovary  twisted,  sepals 
5-uerved,  petals  dimidiately  obovate,  3-nerved.  Column  with  a  minute  subulate 
process  on  each  side  below  the  stigma. 

93.  GOODVERA,  Br. 

Terrestrial  leafy  herbs ;  stem  short,  or  elongate  and  creeping  below. 
Leaves  subradical,  petioled.  Flowers  small,  in  often  twisted  spikes.  Sepals  ' 
subequal,  dorsal  erect,  concave,  forming  a  hood  with  the  narrow  petals  ; 
lateral  free,  erect  or  spreading,  covering  the  sac  of  the  lip  or  not.  Ldp  in- 
ferior, sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column,  entire,  cymbiform  or  subsaccate, 
usually  acute,  naked  or  setose  within.  Golumn  various,  top  cupular ; 
stigma  broad,  anticous ;  rostellum  erect ;  anther-cells  distinct ;  pollinia 
granular,  caudicled  or  not,  pendulous  from  the  rostellar  gland. — Species 
25,  temp,  and  trop.  Europe,  Asia,  N.  America,  N".  Caledonia,  and  the 
Mascarene  Islands. 

*  Stem  tall,  stout,  18  in.-2  ft.  Leaves  large,  suberect,  petioled,  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic  lanceolate  acuminate. — The  species  of  this  group  are  not 
allied  inter  se,  agreeing  only  in  stature. 


Goodyera.']  oxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  11.1 

1.  C  procera,  TCooJc.  Exot.  Flor.  t.  39;  spike  dense-fld.,  flowers 
minute,  lip  saccate  softly  setose  within  and  with  2  large  calli  within  the  ob- 
tuse recurved  tip,  column  very  short,  anther  obtuse.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p. 
Orchid.  493 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  183  ;  Don  Prodr.  28 ;  Wight  Ic. 
t.  1729.  G.  carnea,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  80.  Cionisaccns 
lanceolatus,  Breda  Orch.  Kuhl  et  Hassk.  t.  1.  Cordylestylis  foliosa,  Fal- 
coner in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  iv.  (1842)  75.  ISTeottia  proct-ra,  Ker  in  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  639. — Leuco.stachys,  Hoffman  Preisverz.  Orch.  1842,  ex  Linnea,  xvi., 
Littlb.23i'. 

Tropical  Himalaya,   alt.    1-3000   ft.,   from    Garwhal  to  Upper  Assam,   the 
Khasia  and  Naga    Hills,   and    Pegu.    Nilghiei   Hills  and  Malabar  Ghats,  ». 
Wight.     Ceylon,  ascending  to  4000  ft. — Distrib.  Java,  Cliina. 

Hoot  of  tiii  k  tufted  fibres.  Stem  10-30  in.,  usually  many-leaved.  Leaves 
4-8  b)  1-2  in.,  thick,  petiole  very  stout.  Spike  3-8  in. ;  rachis  glabrous  or  pube- 
scent; bracts  equalling  the  subglobose  whitisli  fragrant  flowers,  which  are  -i  in. 
diam. ;  sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  1-nerved;  petals  spathulate ;  lip  not  longer 
than  tie  column ;  pollinia  broadly  pyriforra,  sessile  on  the  gland.  Capsule  ^  in. 
fusiforn. 

2.  ۥ-  rubens^  Blume  Orchid.  Archijp.  Ind.  t.  9  C,  D  ;  spike  rather 
lax-fld.  lip  saccate  beaked  densely  clothed  within  with  soft  tubercles  or 
short  s<tae,  column  long  slender,  anther  lanceolate,  pollinia  powdery  nar- 
rowed iito  one  slender  caudicle. 

Pee/K;  upper  part  of  the  Batang  Padang  Valley,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Wray.— 
DiSTRiE  Java,  Philippines. 

Habi  and  foliage  of  0.  procera,  but  leaves  obliquely  elliptic-lanceolate  and  petiole 
more  sleider.  Scape  sheathed;  spike  4-5  in.  ;  rachis  bracts  and  buds  pubtscent; 
bracts  la.ceolate,  longer  than  the  brownish-pink  flowers  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  1-3- 
nerved,  drsal  oblong-lanceolate,  lateral  broader  below,  not  covering  the  sac  of  the 
lip,  whichis  shorter  than  the  column  ;  column  keeled  in  front ;  rostellar  arms  large, 
erect,  stigaa  at  their  base  very  large  orbicular  ;  caudicles  of  pollinia  as  long  as  the 
clavate  bdy. — A  remarkable  plant,  with  the  exposed  sac  of  the  lip  of  Cystorchis, 
but  all  othr  characters  of  Qoodyera  except  the  very  long  column. 

3.  Gr.  fumata^  Thwaites  JSnum.  314  ;  spike  rather  lax.-fld.,  lip  con- 
cave rhoiboidly  orbicular  caudate-acuminate  glandular  within  column 
clavate,  a  ther  ovate  subacute. 

Ceylon    in  the  Central  Province,  rare,  Thwaites. 

Three  fet  high  and  very  stout.  Leaves  many,  6-10  by  3-4  in.,  obliquely  elliptic- 
lanceolate  ;  etiole  2-4  in.,  stout.  Scape  stout  and  spike  glandular-pubescent; 
bracts  shortc  than  or  equalling  the  greenish-red  flowers,  lower  sometimes  elongate; 
sepals  ^-\  in  long,  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved  ;  petals  dimidiate  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
falcate ;  lip  ,s  broad  as  lohg,  many-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  revolute 
ligulate  tailpolumn  almost  funnel-shaped,  rostellar  beaks  short. 

**  Stemir-^)  in.,  rarely  more.  Leaves  1-2  in,,  usually  rosulate,  ovate- 
cordate  or  la.ceolate. 

t'  Lijp  smoth  channelled  or  lamellate  within,  hui  with  no  hairs  or  soft 
setcB. 

4.  6.  reiBnS;  Brown  in  Hort.  Kew,  JEd.  2,  v.  198  ;  leaves  ovate  acute 
shortly  petioli,  spike  secuud  pubescent,  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the    . 
flowers,  lip  vutricose    shortly   beaked     channelled    within,    column  very 
short  ovate,      dndl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  492  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  183 ; 
Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.7erm.  xiii.  t.  482  ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  86  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient, 


112  oxLviii.  OROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Goody era. 

V.  90.  G.  marginata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7394;  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  4,93; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.     Satyrium  repens,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1339. 

Temepeate  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft.,  from  Simla  eastwards  to  Sikkim. — 
DiSTRiB,  Europe,  N.  Asia,  N.  America. 

Stem  4-8  m.  Leaves  dark  grey  or  mottled  with  paler,  |-1  in.  Spike  1-4  in., 
often  twisted,  sometimes  almost  glabrous;  flowers  whitish;  lateral  sepals  \  in., 
ovate,  acuminate,  1-iierved,, dorsal  narrow;  petals  linear,  falcate;  rostellar  arms 
short  J  pollinia  small,  pyriform,  sessile  on  the  small  gland. 

5.  G-.  fusca,  Hook.f.  Lc.  PI.  ined. ;  very  robust ;  leaves  radical  broadly 
ovate,  spike  secund  pubescent,  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers,  lip  deeply  sac- 
cate with  a  decurved  beak  strongly  ridged  within,  column  very  short, 
anther  very  small  stipitate  didymous.  JEtheria  fusca,  Lindl.  in  Journ. 
lAnn.  Soc.  i.  184.     Cystorchis  fusca,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  599. 

ScTBALPiNE  Himalaya;  Harung,  Munro ;  Garwhal,  alt.  13,000  ft.,  Dtthie ; 
Sikkim,  in  the  inner  ranges,  alt.  12-14,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Boots  densely  tufted.  Stem  6-12  in.,  often  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves 
revolute,  1-1^  in. ,  subacute,  coriaceous  ;  petiole  very  short  and  broad.  SpiTs  very 
many-  and  dense-fld. ;  sepals  i  in.,  obtuse,  dorsal  narrow,  1-nerved,  lateral  ovate- 
oblong,  sub-3-nerved  ;  petals  gibbously  falcate  ;  sac  of  lip  protruding  beyoad  the 
base  of  the  sepals,  5-7-ridged  within  ;  column  broad,  rostellar  arms  subulate  ;  anther 
apiculate. — Closely  allied  to  G.  repens,  though  much  larger.  Besides  differing  in 
habit  and  locality  it  wants  the  calli  in  the  lip  of  Cystorchis,  under  whicl  genus 
see  observation. 

6.  Gr.  recurva,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  283 ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  acute,  spike  secund  sharply  deflexed  glandular-pubescent  bracts 
filiform  exceeding  the  small  flowers,  lip  deeply  saccate,  beak  nearly  straight 
6-ridged  within,  column  with  long  slender  rostellar  arms,  antbr  acu- 
minate. 

Khasia  Hills,  Lohh  ;  at  Moflong,  alt.  6000  ft.,  on  mossy  trunks,/.  D.  H. 
^  T.  T. 

Stem  4-6  in.,  sheathed  by  the  leaves,  suddenly  decurved  at  the  top,  s  that  the 
spike  is  pendulous.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^-^  in. ,  thick,  acute,  nerveless,  not  "eticulate, 
narrowed  into  the  broad  petiole.  Spike  3  in.  long;  flowers  completeV  secund; 
sepals  ^  in.  long,  1-nerved,  acuminate,  dorsal  ovate-lanceolate,  lateri  broader, 
falcate  ;  petals  obliquely  linear-lanceolate ;  lip  rather  longer  than  the  olumn,  tip 
obtuse.     Capsule  pedicelled,  elUpsoid,  I  in.  long. 

7.  Cr.  Frainii,  Hook.f.  Ic.  PI.  ined. ;  leaves  ovate  acute,  spke  secund 
recurved  glandular-pubescent,  bracts  lanceolate  equalling  the  Jowers,  lip 
cymbif orm  obtuse  lamellate  within,  column  with  long  rostellar  ams,  anther 
acuminate. 

Naga  Hills  in  Upper  Assam;  on  Pulinabadya,  alt.  7200  ft.,  Prain 

Very  near  G.  recurva,  but  the  leaves  are  1-1^  in.,  ovate  and  stronglreticulately 

nerved,  the  spike  recurved,  but  not  deflexed,  the  sepals  are  broader,  tb  lateral  not 

falcate,  and  the  lip  is  less  saccate. 

8.  G-.  gracilis.  Hook.  f.  Ic.  PI.  ined. ;  leaves  few  petiied  elliptic- 
ovate,  stem  very  slender  nearly  naked,  spike  short  puberlous,  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flowers,  lip  straight  oblong  concave  beakd  below  the 
emarginate  tip,  with,  two  large  calli  at  the  base  within,  anca  very  thick 
channelled  lamella  on  the  disk,  column  short,  rostellar  arms  lender. 

Perak,  ScortecJdni.  , 

Whole  plant  8-10  in.  high ;  stem  slender,  with  2-3  distant  l^ceolate  sheaths. 


GoodyeraJ]  cxlviii.  orchidej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  113 

Leaves  1-1^  in.,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  nerves  obscure,  not  reticulate,  margins  minutely 
crenulate.  Spike  \-l  in.,  few-fld.,  twisted ;  flowers  crowded  j  sepals  i  in.  long, 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved ;  petals  linear,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal  ; 
lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  narrow,  margins  incurved,  very  thick ;  rostellar 
arms  slender;  anther  lanceolate,  pollinia  narrow,  sessile  on  a  long  gland. — In  a 
drawing  of  this  by  Scortechini  corresponding  to  his  specimens  the  leaves  are  repre- 
sented as  more  ovate,  acute  and  strongly  creuate. 

tt  Lip  within  setose  and  tuhercled. 

9.  G-.  foliosa,  Benth.  in  Herb.  Xew;  stem  witli  an  elongate  decumbent 
base  leafy  to  tbe  tip,  leaves  petioled  ovate-lanceolate,  spike  glandular- 
pubescent,  bracts  much  exceeding  the  flowers,  sepals  ^-j  in,  3-nerved,  lip 
saccate,  beak  rather  dilated,  base  within  copiously  setose,  column  short, 
rostellar  arms  very  long  slender,  anther  lanceolate.  Georchis  foliosa, 
Lindl  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  496.  G.  secundiflora,  Grif.  NotuL  iii.  393 
{excl.  PZa25e).— Goodyera  sp.  Griff.  It.  Notes,  36,  No.  591 ;  Notul  iii.  396, 
No.  11 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  346,  f.  1. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,'*/".  D.  H.,  &c.  Assam,  the Khasia  and  Naga 
hills,  ascending  to  5000  ft.,  common.  Burma,  Griffith.  Peeak,  alt.  7000  ft., 
Wray. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  rather  slender.  Leaves  l^-2i  in.,  oblique,  acute,  green,  3-5- 
nerved,  not  reticulate;  petiole  J-f  in.,  sheath  short.  Splice  2-3  in. ;  bracts  ^— |  in., 
nearly  glabrous;  flowers  pink;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  1-nerved;  petals 
dimidiate-oblong,  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal,  1-nerved  ;  pollinia  with  slender  united 
caudicles. — Distinguished  from  all  others  of  this  section  by  the  elongate  and  leafy 
stem,  except  G.  vittata,  which  has  a  glabrous  spike. 

10.  Gr.  secundiflora,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  i.  182  (excl.  cit. 
Griff.  Notul.  in  part  8f  Ic)\  leaves  few  subradical  ovate  acute,  mottled  with 
white,  spike  glandular-pubescent  lax-fld.  secund,  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  petals  oblanceolate,  lip  saccate  sparsely  setose  within,  beak  short 
lamellate  in  the  disk,  column  short,  rostellar  arms  slender,  anther  ovate 
acuminate.  Goodyera  sp.  No.  6.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  392 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat., 
t.  347,  f.  2. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.  Griffith,  &c.  Munnipoee,  alt.  9000  ft.,  Wati. 
— DiSTEiB.     China  {Herb.  Lindl.). 

Stem  strict,  with  spike  6-10  in.,  subtomentosely  glandular  above.  Leaves 
1^2  in.,  rarely  elliptic,  acute,  petiole  ^-^  in.  Spike  2-3  in. ;  flowers  all  secund, 
pubescent,  white;  sepals  1-nerved,  lateral  ^-i  in.  long,  ovate,  acute,  dorsal  much 
narrower ;  petals  subfalcate,  crenate  on  the  outer  edge,  1-nerved ;  lip  setose  on  the 
5-7  nerves  within. 

11.  G-.  robusta.  Soak.  /.  Ic.  Pla/nt.  ined. ;  very  robust,  leaves  sub- 
radical  ovate-lanceolate  acate,  spike  glaudular-tomentose  lax-fld.,  bracts 
shorter  than  the  secund  flowers,  petals  spathulate,  lip  saccate  sparsely 
setose  within,  beak  short  lamellate  in  the  disk,  rostellar  arms  slender, 
anther  lanceolate. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.    J.  L.  S.  Sf  T.  T. 

Closely  allied  to  G.  secundiflora,  but  three  times  the  size,  and  very  robust,  18  in. 
high,  including  the  spike,  which  is  7  in.  long ;  the  leaves  are  3-4  in.  long,  whole 
coloured,   the  lateral  sepals  ^^  in.  long,  aud  the    petals  are   clawed,   gibbously 
spathulate  and  acute.' — Named  by  Lindley    0.   secundiflora;  but  I  think  it  quite  ' 
different. 

12.  Gr.  vittata,  Benth.  in  Herb.  Kew ;  quite  glabrous,  leaves  sub- 
radical  ovate  acute  dark  green  with  white  nerves,  bracts  about  equalling 

VOL.   VI.  I 


114  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Goodyera. 

the  flowers,  lip  saccate  long-beaked  setose  within,  beak  2-lamellate  on 
the  disk.  SooJc.  f.  Ic  Plant,  ined,  Georchis  vittata,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  i.  184. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6-9000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Stout,  4-6  in.  high,  leafy  nearly  up  to  the  spike.  Leaves  1^-3  in.,  fleshy,  dark 
green  above,  purplish  beneath.  Splice  2-S  in.;  flowers  subsecund ;  sepals  3-nerved, 
white  with  pink  tips,  lateral  ovate  acuminate,  dorsal  oblong-lanceolate ;  petals  oblan- 
ceolate,  falcate,  3-nerved ;  lip  7-nerved,  acuminate ;  columnar  arms  elongate,  sub- 
ulate; antber  ovate-lanceolate;  pollinia  with  short  caudicles  and  a  long  gland. — 
The  only  perfectly  glabrous  Indian  species  of  this  group. 

13.  G.  hispi^S'?  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  183  ;  leaves  subsessile 
ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  spike  and  flowers  hispidly  glandular,  bracts 
shorter  than  the  small  flowers,  lip  saccate  shortly  obtusely  beaked  sparsely 
setose  within.     HooJc.  f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined. 

Khasia  Hills,  at  Churra,  alt.  4000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.  Sr  T.  T. 

Described  from  a  solitary  specimen,  by  Lindley,  who  observes  its  similarity  to  G. 
repens,  except  in  the  larger  leaves,  but  who  does  not  appear  to  have  examined  the 
lip,  which  differs  from  that  of  repens  in  the  setose  sac.  It  is  nearer  G.  secundijiora. 
— Whole  plant  only  5  in.  high.  Leaves  2  in.,  whole-coloured,  not  reticulate;  spike 
twisted  J  flowers  white;  sepals  1-nerved,  lateral  \  in.  long,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ; 
petals  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly  straight,  1-nerved  ;  columnar  arms  subulate  j  anther 
lanceolate ;  poUinia  narrow,  with  short  caudicles  and  a  large  gland. 

14.  Gr.  cor dSLta^  JBenth.  in  Herh.  Kew ;  leaves  subradical  ovate- 
cordate,  spike  puberulous  few  and  lax-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  large  suberect  flowers,  lip  rhomboid-ovate  obtuse  many-nerved  setose 
at  the  subsaccate  base  within.  HooJc.f.  Lc.  Plant,  ined.  Georchis  cordata, 
Lindl.  Gen.  8f  8p.  Orchid.  496  {eoccl.  habitat) ;  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron. 
1879,  ii.  520. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-4000  ft.  J.  D.  S.  ^  T.  T.  Uppee  Assam;  in  the  Na&a 
Hills,  Train.     ?  Pebak,  Scortechini. 

Bather  slender,  6-12  in.  high.  Leaves  l|-2^  in.,  variable  in  depth  of  basal  sinus, 
acute;  petiole  ^i  in.,  slender.  Spike  4-8-fld. ;  flowers  pubescent ;  sepals  f  in.  long, 
3-nerved,  subcqual,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse ;  petals  dimidiate-obovate,  2-3-nerved; 
column  stout,  with  projecting  cheeks;  rostellar  arms  and  anther  very  long  and 
slender ;  pollinia  slender,  with  long  slender  connate  caudicles. — The  largest  flowered 
Indian  species,  except  G.  hijiora.  In  the  Perak  specimen  the  front  row  of  setse  within 
the  lip  are  clavellate. 

15.  G-.  blflora,  Hook.f.  lc.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  short  stout  leafy,  leaves 
ovate,  spike  2-4  fld.  pubescent,  bracts  slender  shorter  than  the  very  large 
secund  flowers,  sepals  narrow,  3-nerved  lateral  cuneate  at  the  base,  lip  sac- 
cate at  the  base  with  a  long  recurved  beak,  sac  setose  within.  Georchis 
biflora,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7379 ;  Gct^.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  496. 

Temperate  Westeen  Himalaya,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  Nepal,  Wallich;  Garwhal, 
Ldgeworth  ;  Simla,  Gamble. 

Stem  2-3  in.,  leafy.  Leaves  1-2  in.,  obtuse  or  subacute,  petiole  ^-^  in.  Raceme 
hardly  exceeding  the  leaves,  rachis  stout ;  bracts  1  in. ;  sepals  1  in.,  dorsal  narrowly 
lanceolate  recurved,  lateral  nearly  straight;  petals  linear,  falcate,  3-nerved;  lip 
with  a  setosely  5-nerved  base,  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  sac,  margins  membranous 
waved ;  column  concave  in  front,  rostellar  arms  and  anther  very  long  and  slender. 
Capsule  nearly  I  in.  long. 

94.  KETaSRZA,  Blume.     (Et^eria). 
.^THEKIA,  LJndl. 
Characters  of  Goodyera^  but  lip  usually  superior,  and    adnate    to    the 


Goodijera.]  oxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  115 

sides  of  the  column,  and   stigma  with  2  lateral  lobes. — Species  about  13, 
Indian. 

1.  K.  Gardner!,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  604 ;  tall,  slender,  leaves 
elliptic  acute,  spike  very  long  glandular  pubescent,  bracts  equalling  the 
very  small  flowers,  petals  linear-spathulate,  lip  saccate  membranous  with 
a  few  small  calli  on  the  nerves  within.  Rhamphidia  Gardneri,  Thwaites, 
Enum.  313. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  Walker,  &c. 

Stem  12-20  in.,  stout  and  leafy  below.  Leaves  2-4  by  1^2  in.,  often  oblique, 
3-nerved,  membranous;  petiole  ^-1  in.,  sheath  large,  short.  Spike  4-10  in.,  very 
many-fld. ;  flowers  hardly  secund  ;  bracts  i  in. ;  sepals  i  in.  long,  obtuse,  dorsal 
ovate  1-nerved,  lateral  oblong  3-nerved  ;  petals  linear-spathulate,  1-nerved ;  lip 
cymbiform ;  column  very  short,  stigmatic  lobes  large,  lateral ;  rostellar  arms  and 
anther  short,  pollinia  subglobose,  each  caudicled. — Thwaites  describes  the  lip  as 
with  a  very  few  short  hairs  within. 

2.  K.  ovalifolia,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  164;  slender,  leaves 
elliptic  acute,  spikes  elongate  glandular-pubescent,  bracts  exceeding  the 
very  small  flowers,  petals  obovate-oblong,  lip  saccate  tip  obtusely  3- 
toothed,  nerves  with  tooth-like  calli  towards  the  base.  Goodyera  ovalifolia, 
Wight.  Ic,  t.  1730.  Rhamphidia  ovalifolia,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  i. 
181  {excl.  habitat). 

Malabar  ;  at  Courtallam,  Wight. 

Very  near  to  H.  Gardneri,  but  smaller,  10-14  in.  long,  leaves  the  same,  bracts 
rather  longer.  Flowers  tinged  with  pink ;  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate,  obtuse, 
1-nerved  ;  lateral  oblong,  3-nerved ;  column  very  short,  stigmatic  lobes  marginal, 
very  large':  rostellar  arms  minute,  pollinia  as  in  H.  Gardneri. — Lindley  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  whilst  wrongly  ascribing  a  Sikkim  specimen  of  H.  rubens  to  this,  rightly 
describes  the  lip  as  3-fid. 

3.  K.  rubens,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  164;  tall,  leaves  elliptic 
acute,  spike  puberulous,  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flowers,  petals 
hammer-shaped,  lip  subhemispheric  with  a  small  transverse  terminal  lobe 
and  a  jagged  callus  on  each  side  towards  the  base  within..  Hook.  f.  Ic. 
Plant,  ined.  Rhamphidia  rubens,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  182. 
Cerochilus  rubens,  Lindl.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1854, 87.  Goodyera,  No.  4,  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  390. 

SiEKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1500-3000  ft.,  J.  D.  R.,  Clarke.  Assam,  Mann.  Uppee 
BuEMA,  Grijith  (Keio  Distrib.,  5341  and  5342). 

Rather  stout,  10-18  in.  high.  Leaves  4-5  by  lf-2  in.,  as  in  ovalifolia,  retioulately 
nerved  in  the  Sikkim  specimen  ;  flowers  twice  as  large,  greenish-purple  ;  sepals 
1-nerved,  broadly  ovate  ;  petals  clawed,  very  gibbous  on  one  side ;  lip  short,  terminal 
lobe  sometimes  2-fid  ;  column  very  short  indeed,  with  two  small  wings  in  front; 
anther  ovate-cordate  j  pollinia  pyriform,  subsessile  on  the  gland ;  stigmatic  lobes 
large,  rostellar  arms  very  short. 

4.  ZZ.  Kelferi,  KooTc.f.  Ic.  Plant  ined. ;  slender,  leaves  elliptic,  spike 
puberulous  twisted,  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers,  petals  linear  falcate, 
lip  membranous  cymbiform  acuminate  with  a  few  fleshy  cilia  on  each  side 
towards  the  base  within. 

Tenasseeim  ;  Misses  Eider  Islands,  Heifer. 

Stem  6-10  in.  with  the  raceme.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  acute,  many-nerved,  mem- 
branous. Spike  3-6  in.;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  subequal, 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  hairy,  1-nerved ;  lip  small ;  column  short  with  2  membranous 
wings  in  front,  and  very  short  rostellar  arins  ;  anther  ovate -cordate. 

l2 


116  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Goody era. 

5.  K.  elongrata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7384  (Etaeria) ;  Gen.  <Sf  &p. 
Orchid.  494;  tall,  slender,  leaves  petioled  oblong  subacute,  scape  and 
elongate  lax-fid.  raceme  and  flowers  laxly  tomentose,  bracts  shorter  than 
the  erect  ovary,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  petals  broadly  obliquely  obovate 
apiculate,  lip  cymbiform  acute  5 -nerved,  nerves  with  1-2  soft  spines 
towards  the  base.  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  Goodyera  ?  elongata,  Lindl. 
Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  494. 

Malay  Peninsula,  Serb.  Finlayson. 

Stem  with  scape  and  racemes  18  in.,  lower  half  leafy.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  mem- 
branous, lower  obtuse ;  petiole  ^-|  in.,  slender ;  lower  sheaths  hyaline,  inflated. 
Scape  with  distant  lanceolate  sheaths ;  raceme  4  in. ;  bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate  j  sepals 
^  in.  long ;  lip  superior,  membranous,  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column ;  column 
short,  flat,  without  wings  or  membranes  in  front,  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  stigmatic 
lobes  lateral ;  rostellar  arms  subulate ;  anther  ovate-cordate ;  pollinia  subglobose, 
caudides  as  long  slender,  gland  rather  large,  oblong. 

6.  K.  elata,  JSook.f.  Ic.  Plant  ined. ;  spike  dense-fld.,  flowers  minute, 
lip  minute  hemispheric,  base  within  with  2  large  calli  on  each  side  and  with 
a  thickened  incurved  transverse  fold  towards  the  apex  which  is  tipped  with 
a  small  orbicular  membranous  appendage,  column  very  short,  anther 
obtuse. 

Perak,  Scortechini ;  or  Batang  Padong,  alt.  4900  ft. ,  Wray. 

Habit  of  Goodyera  procera,  but  petioles  more  slender,  flowers  rather  smaller, 
lateral  sepals  more  acute,  petals  broader,  denticulate,  and  lip  very  difierent ;  column 
very  short  and  broad,  with  short  distant  subacute  rostellar  arms,  and  two  marginal 
stigmatic  lobes. — The  structure  of  the  fleshy  lip  which  is  only  -^  in.  long  is  diflficult 
to  make  out,  it  is  no  larger  than  the  column. 

DOUBTFUL   SPECIES. 

H.  ANOMALA.  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  i.  185  j  leaves  ovate  acute,  spike  few- 
fid,  and  flowers  hispidly  hairy,  sepals  ovate-oblong,  petals  linear-spathulate  very 
narrow,  sac  of  lip  with  2-3  cellular  flattened  crenate  calli,  terminal  lobe  transverse 
white  wings  subquadrate.     Goodyera,  Qriff.  Notul.  iii.  394. 

Uppee  Assam  in  the  Tingree  Tea  forests,  Griffith. 

A  foot  and  a  half  high.  Leaves  petioled,  5-nerved.  JBuds  posticous;  bracts 
ovate -lanceolate  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  sepals  greenish -brown,  with  white 
tips,  hispid  with  reflexed  hairs ;  lip  continuous  with  the  base  of  the  short  column, 
which  has  a  membranous  tooth  on  each  side,  an  anticous  stigma,  subulate  rostellar 
arms,  and  with  a  crested  cellular  process  in  front  towards  the  centre ;  anther  ovate 
fleshy  ;  pollinia  narrow,  slender,  sectile,  sessile  on  the  lanceolate  gland,  grains  elon- 
gate scale-like. — Description  from  Griffith,  who  adds  a  notice  of  deformities  of  the 
column,  the  stigma  being  posticous,  i.e.  facing  the  anther,  &c. 

95.  APKVZiZiORCKXS,  Blume. 

Terrestrial  leafless  herbs,  caudex  tuberous  (or  of  fascicled  fibres  ?) ;  stem 
simple,  sheathed.  Flowers  small,  racemed  or subspicate.  Sepals  subequal, 
free,  erect  or  spreading.  Petals  narrower.  Lip  sessile  or  shortly  clawed, 
at  the  base  of  the  column,  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  base  2-auricled  or  not, 
blade  oblong,  entire  or  3-lobed.  Column  rather  long  ;  stigma  short,  ovate, 
concave ;  anther  shortly  stipitate,  cells  contiguous ;  pollinia  reniform. — 
Species  6  ?  Indian  and  Malayan. 

*  Flower  buds  straight. 

1.  A.  xa.OTit£iXi2k>^  Beichh.  f.  in  Linntea,  xli.  57;  sepals  and  petals 
linear-oblong  obtuse,  lip  narrowly  obovate-obloDg  contracted  beyond  the 


Aphyllorchis.]      oxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  117 

middle,  and  side  lobes  rounded  at  the  base,  claw  short  broad  witk  2 
linear-calli  tip  obtuse  thickened.  Apataria  montana,  Thwaitea  Enum. 
301  {not  of  Lindl). 

?  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  3500  ft.,  and  Sikkim  Himalaya,  Griffith.  Ceylon  ;  Am- 
bagamowa  district,  rare,  Thwaites. 

Stem  2  ft.,  with  8-10  loose  stout  basal  sheaths,  and  a  few  distant  higher  up ; 
yellowish  tinged  with  purple.  Raceme  4-8  in.,  lax-fid.  j  bracts  |—f  in.,  lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  pedicel  with  ovary  f-l  in. ;  sepals  ^— |  in.,  and  petals  straw-coloured, 
backs  and  tips  purple ;  lip  broader  than  the  sepals,  base  contracted  into  the  sub- 
saccate  short  blaw,  nerves  with  diverging  nervules  j  column  very  slender. — I  find  no 
sufficient  character  whereby  to  separate  the  Sikkim  and  Khasia  specimens,  but  these 
latter  are  quite  insufficient  for  identification. 

2.  A.  Pralnii,  SooJc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  sepals  and  petals  linear- 
oblong  obtuse,  lip  ovate,  claw  saccate  with  two  falcately  ovate  acute 
wing -like  auricles. 

Naqa  Hills  ;  Prain. 

Very  like  A.  montana  in  size,  habit,  and  inflorescence;  distinguished  by  the 
winged  claw  of  the  lip.     I  have  seen  but  one  specimen. 

3.  A.  ?  vagrinata,  HooTc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  stout  clothed  with 
lax  obtuse  sheaths,  lip  sessile  lanceolate  acuminate. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Mamloo,  in  woods,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. 

Stem  6  in.,  stout;  sheaths  \  in.,  loose,  membranous,  obtuse.  Raceme  few-fld. ; 
bracts  large  sheathing  ;  flowers  subsessile,  erect,  about"  ^  in.  across,  dingy  red;  sepals 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerved ;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-nerved  ;  lip  broader 
than  the  sepals,  as  long,  with  no  vestige  of  claw  or  caruncle  ;  column  shorter  than  in 
the  other  species  of  the  germ,  acuminate. — I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  of  this 
curious  plant  which  difilers  from  its  congeners  in  the  sessile  lip  and  shorter  column. 
The  flowers  are  young,  and  too  much  confidence  must  not  be  placed  in  the  diagnosis. 

**  Flower  buds  decurved.  ' 

4.  A.  pallida,  Blume  Bijdr.  t.  77;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  52,  t.  13,  f.  1 

&  17  D. ;  sepals  and  petals  falcate,  claw  of  lip  with  large  oblique  auricles, 
limb  3-lobed,  base  cordate,  side  lobes  oblong,  midlobe  oblong  obtuse 
caruncled. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  in  rocky  places,  alt.  800-1000  ft.,  Kin^f's  Collector,  alt.  3900 
ft.,  Wray. — Disteib.  Java. 

Root  of  long  tomentose  fibres.  Stem  12-18  in.,  rather  flexuous,  slender,  spotted 
with  brown -pink  ;  sheaths  few,  obtuse.  Racemes  2-6  in.,  lax-fid.;  bracts  oblong, 
upper  ovate ;  pedicel  erecto-patent,  with  the  ovary  \-\  in. ;  fiowers  4  in.  long,  decurved, 
pale  brownish-pink,  spotted  with  dark  brown;  sepals  linear -oblong,  obtuse,  concave; 
petals  strongly  falcate,  1-nerved;  lip  recurved;  column  subclavate;  anther 
didymous;  pollinia  {Ic.  Scortechini)  pyriform  (in  Ic.  Blume,  reniform). 

96.  CRVPTOSTYXiIS,  Br. 

Terrestrial  herbs;  caudex  short,  stout.  Leaves  basal,  long  petioled; 
membranous.  Scape  leafless.  Flowers  loosely  racemed  or  subspicate. 
Sepals  subequal,  and  petals  very  narrow,  widely  spreading  Lip  superior, 
erect,  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base  which  embraces  the  column,  con- 
tracted above  it,  entire.  Column  very  short;  stigma  stout;  rostellum 
broad,   thick,   erect,    acuminate ;    anther   obtuse   or    acuminate ;    pollinia 


118  oxLViii.  ORCHiDBJE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Cryptostilis, 

pyriform,  free,  or  fixed  to  the  rostellum. — Species  7,  Indian,  Malayan,  and 
Australian. 

C.  Arachnites^  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  132,  t.  45.  Zosterostylis 
Arachnites,  Blume  Bijdr.  419,  t.  32.  Z.  zeylanica,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp. 
Orchid.  446 ;  Thwaites  Enum.  312.     Z.  Walkerse,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1748  f .  4. 

Khasia  Hills,  Griffith  ;  at  Cburra,  alt.  4500  ft.,  Clarke.  Peeak,  Scortechini,  &c. 
Penang,  Hullett.  Ceylon,  Walker,  ascending  to  4000  ft.,  TAwai^es.— Disteib. 
Java. 

JRoot  of  long  fleshy  tomentose  fibres.  Leaves  1-3,  all  radical,  3-6  in.,  elliptic 
or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  many-nerved  and  trabeculate,  primary  nerves  3  in- 
distinct ;  petiole  rather  longer,  embraced  at  the  base  by  membranous  sheaths.  Scape 
8-18,  slender ;  sheaths  acuminate.  Eaceme  4-8  in. ;  bracts  convolute,  acuminate, 
equalling  the  ovary;  pedicel  with  ovary  decurved  ;  sepals  ^-|  in.,  greenish,  acuminate, 
margins  revolute ;  petals  rather  shorter,  reflexed  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  acumi- 
nate, purple,  mottled.  Capsule  ^  in.,  ellipsoid. — There  is  some  little  difierence  in  the 
breadth  of  the  lip  between  the  Ceylon  and  Malayan  forms,  broader  in  the  former, 
but  I  do  not  find  that  organ  to  be  pubescent  in  either,  or  in  the  Khasian. 

97.  CORYSilNTKES,  Br. 

Yerj  small,  terrestrial,  1-leaved,  1-fld.  herbs.  Leaf  snborbicular. 
Flowers  large,  red-purple.  Dorsal  sepal  falcate  ;  laterals  and  petals  fili- 
form, or  petals  0.  Lip  large,  erect,  base  tubular,  dilating  into  a  broad 
reflexed  toothed  or  fimbriate  limb.  Cohomn  short,  erect,  2-winged  at  the 
tip;  stigma  broad;  anther  erect;  pollinia  oblong,  free  or  sessile  on  the 
rostellum.  Capsule  erect  on  an  elongate  pedicel. — Species  about  15, 
Australian  and  Malayan. 

1.  C.  plcta,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.,  394 ;  lateral  sepals  and  petals 
much  longer  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  limb  of  lip  broadly  obovate  erose 
puberulous  within.  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  174s,  t.  64  f.  1.  .  Calcearia 
picta,  Blume  Bijdr.  417,  t.  33  right-hand  Jiffure. 

Peeakj  near  the  top  of  Tambak  Batak,  Scortechini. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stem  1-2  in.,  base  scaly.  Leaf  terminal,  ovate,  deeply  cordate,  acuminate, 
margins  waved.  Flower  sessile,  bracts  f  in.,  subulate-lanceolate ;  dorsal  sepal  with 
a  long  claw,  margined  with  white,  and  a  broad  deep  violet  cuneate  emarginate  hood; 
lip  strongly  recurved,  claw  embracing  the  column  produced  and  2-fid  at  the  base, 
limb  reflexed  deep  violet. 

2.  C.  fornicataj  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  394 ;  lateral  sepals  and  petals 
shorter  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  limb  of  lip  flabelliform  with  many  rough 
short  ridges.  Blume  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  175,  t.  64,  f.  2.  Calcearia 
fornicata,  Blume  Bijdr.  417,  t.  33,  left-hand  figure. 

Peeak,  Gunong  Enar  and  Tambok  Balak,  Scortechini. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stem  ^-2  in.  Leaf  ^-%  in,,  ovate-cordate,  margin  not  waved.  Flower  sessile; 
bracts  ^  in.,  subulate-lanceolate;  claw  of  dorsal  sepal  |  in.,  blade  spathulate, 
5-ribbed,  rose-coloured  ;  lip  with  a  long  erect  convolute  tube  produced  into  two  spurs 
at  the  base,  and  erose  recurved  glabrous  ribbed  limb  marked  with  short  blackish  purple 
rugose  concentric  nerves  that  end  abruptly  at  the  same  level  towards  the  claw,  and 
do  not  reach  the  margin. 

98.  FOGONXA,  Griffi,  Sect.  Neevilia. 
Terrestrial  tuberous  1-leaved  herbs,  leafing  after  flowering.     Leaf  very 


Fogonia.]  cxlviii.  orchidej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  119 

broadly  cordate  or  orbicular,  strongly  plicate.  Flowers  solitary,  few,  or 
many,  racemed,  horizontal  or  pendulous.  Sepals  smdpetals  subequal,  narrow, 
ccnnivent  or  widely  spreading.  Lip  inferior,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
column,  sessile  or  sub-clawed,  usually  narrow,  entire  or  2-jBd  or  3-lobed ; 
spur  a  very  short  sac.  Column  elongate,  tip  clavate,  stigma  oblong  or 
broader ;  rostellum  short ;  anther  substipitate ;  pollinia  2  or  4.  Capsule 
erect  or  pendulous. — Species  about  30;  of  Sect.  Nervilia  about  12. 

The  above  characters  apply  exclusively  to  the  section  Nervilia,  (genus  of 
Gaudichaud),  to  which  all  the  Old  World  species  of  Pogonia  belong;  and  which  all 
flower  before  leafing.  All  the  other  species,  except  one  Japanese,  are  New  World, 
and  their  flowering  stems  bear  leaves. — The  species  are  very  difficult  of  analysis 
from  Herbarium  specimens,  but  I  have  been  greatly  aided  by  the  drawings  in 
Herb.  Kew,  and  those  of  Herb.  Calcutt.,  kindly  lent  by  Dr.  King.  All  want 
revision. 

*  Stem  1-B-Jld. 

1.  P.  pllcata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  415 ;  leaf  orbicular-cordate 
hairy,  stem  1-3-fld.,  lip  embracing  the  column,  tip  dilated  2-lobed. 
Epipactis  plicata,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  454.  Arethusa  plicata,  Andr.  Bat, 
Rep.,  t.  321. 

LowEE  Bengal,  the  Goncan  &  Mysoee,  Roxburgh,  &c. 

TM^er  globose.  Leaf  2-4  in.  diam.,  very  many-nerved;  petiole  1-3  in.,  often 
rusty-purple  or  brown.  Flowering  stem  4r-6in. ;  bracts  small;  flowers  1^  in.  diam. ; 
sepals  and  petals  widely  spreading,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  greenish ;  lip 
embracing  the  column,  sides  convolute,  whitish  or  rose-coloured,  tip  pink.- — Roxburgh 
observes  and  figures  the  tuberiforous  suckers  propagated  from  the  apex  of  the  petiole 
under  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

2.  P.  toiflora,  Wight.  Ic.  7399;  leaf  unknown,  stem  2-fld.,  lip 
obovate  obtusely  3-lobed  about  the  middle,  embracing  the  column. 

Maiabae  ;  in  the  Wynaad  jungles,  Jerdon. 

Tuher  globose.  Flowering  stem  2-4  in. ;  bracts  slender ;  flowers  1^  in.  diam. ; 
sepals  and  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  white ;  lip  pink,  contracted  at  the  base,  s:de 
lobes  rounded,  midlobe  emarginate  crisped. — Amongst  Parish's  di'awings  is  one  of  a 
similar  Moulmein  plant  in  flower  only,  with  red-brown  stem,  pink  sepals  and 
petals,  and  a  more  clavate  column  than  in  Wight's  figure. 

3.  P.  Juliana,  Wall.  Cat.  7399;  leaf  ovate-cordate  glabrous,  stem 
1-fld.,  lip  with  2  narrow  falcate  side  lobes  near  the  base  which  embrace  the 
column,  and  a  longer  rhombic-lanceolate  acuminate  midlobe  which  is  hairy 
at  its  base.  Hoolc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.  Epipactis  Juliana,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
453. 

Assam  (Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt).  Silhet,  Clarke.  Lowee  Bengal,  Roxburgh, 
Clarke.     Ceylon  ;  in  the  Doombera  district ;  Thwaites. 

Tuher  globose.  Leaf  2-3  in. ,  5-7-nerved,  green  or  purple  beneath  ;  petiole 
short.  Flowering  stem  3-6  in.  ;  bracts  ensiform  ;  flower  about  2i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and 
petals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  green ;  side  lobes  of  lip  white,  midlobe 
spreading,  white  mottled  with  pink. — Amongst  Parish's  drawings  is  one  of  a  Moulmein 
plant  (P.  cuprea,  Par.  mss.)  Vike  Juliana,  but  with  purple-green  sepals  and  petals,  and 
the  hypochile  longer  than  the  epichile ;  it  is  in  flower  only. 

4.  P.  velutina,  Par.  Sc  Reichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  142; 
leaf  orbicular-cordate  velvety  on  both  surfaces,  stem  2-fld.,  lip  shorter 
than  the  sepals  embracing  the  column  oblong-ovate  obtuse. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 


120  CxLViii.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Pogonia, 

Leaf  5-6  in.  diam.,  many -nerved,  rust-coloured ;  petiole  very  short.  Flowering 
stem  4-12  in. ;  bracts  very  small ;  sepals  and  petals  1^  in.  long^,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
dirty  purple ;  lip  ventricose  towards  the  middle,  flushed  with  pink,  with  two  red 
purple  branching  nerves  down  the  middle ;  column  gibbously  clavate. 

5.  P.  znacrogrlossa,  HooJc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  leaf  untnown,  stem 
1-fld.,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  embracing  the  column  strap  shaped 
obtuse. 

SiKKiM  HiMAiATA;  in  hot  valleys,  J.D.R.;  at  Tumlong,  alt.  6500  ft.,  Clarice. 

Flowering  stem  3-6  in.  ;  bracts  small,  slender  ;  sepals  1-1|^  in.,  linear -lanceolate, 
acuminate,  white  flushed  with  pink ;  lip  1|  by  ^  in.,  of  the  same  breadth  from  the 
rounded  base  to  the  rounded  apex,  except  across  the  very  small  side  lobes  that 
project  beyond  the  middle,  nerves  very  slender  ;  there  is  an  appearance  of  lines  of 
roughness  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  opposite  the  side  lobes.  Column  very  slender, 
tip  clavate.— Near  Tclutina,  but  very  distinct  in  the  rather  broader  sepals,  and  shape 
of  the  remarkable  lip  which  exceeds  the  sepals. 

6.  P.  maculata,  Par.  &  Eeichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  xxx.  143 ; 
leaf  orbicular-cordate  glabrous,  stem  2-fld.,  lip  shortly  spurred  at  the  base 
embracing  the  column  ovate-lanceolate  3-lobed  about  the  middle  woolly 
within.     PLooTc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. 

Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Leaf  about  2  in.  diam.,  about  13-nerved,  green  with  a  black-purple  spot  at 
the  base  of  each  fold  beyond  the  middle  j  petiole  2-3  in.  Flowering  stem  5-6  in., 
slender;  bracts  minute;  sepals  and  petals  f  in.,  narrowly  'oblanceolate,  green; 
lip  equalling  the  sepals,  yellow  green  with  dark  green  veins ;  column  rather 
slender  j  anther  purple. 

**  Flowers  racemose.    Bracts  elongate,  linear-lanceolate,  rejlexed. 

7.  P.  Gammiena,  Jlook.f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6671 ;  leaf  orbicular-  or  ovate- 
cordate  acuminate  glabrous,  margin  waved,  sepals  and  connivent  petals 
spathulately  oblanceolate  acute,  lip  saccate  at  the  base,  hypochile  narrow 
much  longer  than  the  orbicular  waved  hairy  epichile. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal,  Falconer,  &c.,  to  Sikkim,  Oammie,  &c. 

Leaf  6  in.  broad  and  less,'  many-nerved,  pitted  between  the  folds  j  petiole  4-10  in., 
stout.  Flowering  stem  ^-12,  m.,  stout;  bracts  |-f  in.,  reflexed;  sepals  and  petals 
1  in.  long,  conniving,  concave,  pink  ;  lip  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  as  long  as  the 


8.  P.  Scottil,  Eeichh.  f.  in  Flora,  1872,  276 ;  leaf  large  reniform 
many-nerved  glabrous,  flowering  stem  tall  stout,  sepals  and  petals  conni- 
vent linear-lanceolate  acuminate,  lip  subclawed,  base  saccate,  3-lobed  about 
the  middle,  side  lobes  obtuse,  midlobe  suborbicular  velvety.  ?  Pogonia, 
No.  2,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  377 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  345. 

Sikkim  Himalaya;  at  Darjeeling  (ea;  ReicTih.).  Chittagong;  at  Seetakoond 
{Ic.  in  Herh.  Calcutt.).     ?  Buema,  Griffith. 

LeafS  in.  diam.,  abruptly  acuminate,  green,  margin  subundulate;  petiole  12  in., 
very  stout.  Flowering  stem  dark  brown,  with  raceme  18  in. ;  bracts  f  in.,  reflexed; 
flowers  horizontal,  almost  geniculate  with  thedecurved  ovary;  sepals  and  petals  |  in., 
connivent,  dull  green  with  red  nerves  ;  lip  as  long,  yellow-white  with  purple  nerves ; 
top  of  column  hairy  on  the  back. — Lindley  refers  Griflfith's  plant  to  P.  carinata,  but 
the  saccate  base  of  the  lip,  and  flowers  set  on  at  an  angle  with  the  ovarv, 
rather  indicate  P.  Scottii.  These  characters  are  not,  however,  shown  in  Griffith's 
drawing. 


Pogonia.]  cxlviii.  orohide^e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  121 

9.  P.  carinata,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sd  Sp.  Orchid.  414;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iii.  45  {e.rcl.  syn.  Griff.)  \  leaf  orbicular  or  cordate  7-9-nerved  glabrous, 
sepals  and  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate  acuminate,  lip  3-lobed  about  the 
middle  pubescent,  side  lobes  very  sbort,  midlobe  broadly  ovate  acute 
crenate,  nerves  rectangular.  P  Balz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  270.  Epipactis 
carinata,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  452. 

Plains  of  India  ;  from  Rohilcund  to  Lower  Bengal,  and  theDECCAN  Peninsula. 
Pegu,  Kurz. 

Leaf  1^-2^  in.  diam.,  cuspidate,  not  waved  ;  petiole  1-2  in.  Flowering  stem  with 
raceme  6-12  in.,  green  ;  bracts  ^  in.  j  sepals  and  petals  1  in.,  green ;  lip  not  saccate 
at  the  base,  white  with  red  or  purple  veins. — I  am  unable  to  discriminate  satis- 
factorily in  Herbarium  specimens  of  the  flower  (carefully  moistened  and  laid  out) 
between  this  and  flabelliformis. 

10.  P.  flabelliformis*  Lindl  in  Wall.  Oat.  7400 ;  Gen.  &  8p. 
Orchid.  415  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  45 ;  leaf  large  orbicular-cordate  many- 
nerved,  lip  3-lobed  about  the  middle,  side  lobes  obtuse,  midlobe  ovate  acute 
crisped  and  hairy.  ?  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  270.  P.  Nervilia,  Blume 
Mus.  Bot.  i.  32.  P.  carinata,  Wight  Lc.  1. 1720.  Nervilia  Aragoana,  Gaud, 
in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  422,  t.  35. 

Teopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal,  alt.  4-5000  ft,  Falconer,  &c.,  eastwards. 
?  Tenassekim,  Parish. — Disteib.  Marianne  Islands,  Timor. 

Leaf  4i-\0  in.  diam.,  cuspidate,  margin  waved;  petiole  4-8  in.  Flowering  stem 
stout,  6-12  in. ;  raceme  lax-fld.  ;  flowers  pale  green  ;  sepals  f  in.  long,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acute  ;  petals  rather  narrower,  obtuse ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  like  that 
of  P.  carinata,  but  white,  and  glabrous. — Differs  from  carinata  in  the  many-nerved 
leaf;  the  flowers  are  not  readily  distinguishable  in  dried  specimens.  In  a  drawing 
by  Parish  the  lip  is  represented  as  saccate  at  the  base,  truncate  at  the  apex,  with 
three  green  medial  nerves  meeting  in  the  apex,  and  many  red  side  nerves.  In  his 
specimen  the  tip  of  the  lip  varies  to  rounded,  the  side  lobes  are  rounded,  not  acute 
as  in  carinata,  and  its  nerves  are  not  rectangular  but  ascending, 

DOUBTPUL    species. 

Pogonia  No.  1,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  376  ;  stem  4  in.  1-fld.,  flower  1  in.  long, 
sepals  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  pale  purplish-brown,  petals  narrower,  lip  white  3- 
lobed,  side  lobes  rounded -oblong  denticulate,  midlobe  obovate  crisped  pubescent  white 
spotted  and  veined  with  purple  and  with  2  green  veins  and  a  yellow-green  crest  from 
the  middle  downwards,  margins  papillose. — Fields  at  Suddyah,  in  Upper  Assam,  smell 
of  violets. 


99.  DZDVIVEOPZiEXXS,  Griff. 

(Letjcorchis,  Blume.) 

Slender  (parasitic  ?)  leafless,  tuberous  herbs.  Scape  simple,  flexuous ; 
flowers  few,  small,  racemed;  pedicels  greatly  elongate  in  fruit.  Sepals 
dorsal  and  petals  connate  forming  a  3-fid  upper  lip,  lateral  connate  into 
an  entire  or  2-fid  lower  lip,  forming  a  small  mentum  with  the  foot  of  the 
column.  Lip  inserted  on  the  short  foot  of  the  column,  very  short,  broad, 
entire,  included,  base  and  disk  with  small  calli.  Column  long,  narrowly 
2-winged  above  and  2-toothed  ;  stigma  broad ;  anther  low,  shortly  stipitate  ; 
poUinia  2,  reniform,  bipartite,  4.P  Capsules  very  long  pedicelled.— Species 
2  or  3,  Indian,  Malayan  and  Pacific. 


122  oxLViii.  OROHiDBiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)       [Didymoplexis. 

D.  pallens,  Grriff.  in  Galcutt.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  383,  t.  17; 
Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  311,  t.  28 ;  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bat.  1866, 
40  {excl.  8yn.  Epihlema  &  Gastrodia).  Leucorchis  sylvatica,  Blume  Mus. 
Bat.  i,  31 ;  Orchid.  Archijp.  Ind.  147,  tvith  woodcut.  Apetelon  minutum, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  1758.  Arethusa  ecristata,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  378 ;  Ic.  Plant. 
Asiat.  t.  343,  344.  A.  bengalensis,  Sort.  Bot.  Gale.  Epiphanes  pallens, 
Eeichh.  f.  in  Seem.  Fl.  Vit.  296. 

Lower  Bengal  ;  from  the  foot  of  the  Sikkim  Himalaya  to  Calcutta.  KuEG  j 
in  bamboo  jungles,  Jerdon.     PeeAk,  Scortechini,  Wray. 

Boot  branching  and  tuberous ;  stem  4-6  in.,  sheaths  loose.  Racemes  terminal, 
4-8  fld. ;  bracts  broadly  ovate ;  flowers  shortly  pedicelled,  dull  yellow- white,  perianth 
I  in.  diam.  subcampanulate  ;  dorsal  sepal  ovate,  obtuse,  hooded  ;  petals  shorter  and 
broader  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  truncate,  3-nerved  ;  lateral  sepals  united  to  the  middle, 
free  portions  obtuse  ;  lip  stipitate,  transversely  or  obcuneately  oblong,  membranous, 
with  3-median  nerves  between  which  the  disk  is  papillose.  Capsule  1-1^  in.,  erect, 
fusiform,  pedicel  3-8  in. — Ridley  1.  c.  distinguishes  his  D.  pallens  from  Blume's 
sylvatica  by  the  entire  lower  lip  of  the  latter,  overlooking  Blume's  woodcut  of  the 
stflvatica,  which  represents  it  as  2-lobed. 


100.  GASTRODXA,  Br. 

Terrestrial  leafless  brownish  tuberous  herbs;  stem  erect,  sheathed. 
Flowers  in  lax  racemes.  Sepals  connate  with  the  petals  into  a  ventricose 
5-lobed  tube  slit  anteriorly.  Lip  short,  base  adnate  to  the  foot  of  the 
column  and  to  the  perianth,  blade  entire.  Column  usually  long,  narrowly 
2-winged,  foot  short  or  0;  rostellum  small;  stigma  prominent;  anther 
tumid;  pollinia  ecaudate,  free. — Species  7,  Asiatic,  Malayan  and 
Australasian. 

1.  G.  orobanclioides,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  617  ;  lip  adnate  to 
the  tube  of  the  perianth  with  a  short  sessile  ovate  obtuse  free  plane  blade. 
BLoolc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  1852.  Gamoplexis  Falc.  in  Royle  III.  364;  Lindl. 
Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  384 ;  G-.  orobancboides,  Falc.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx. 
293, 1. 13. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Garwhal,  Falconer, 
&c. 

Hoot  a  large  oblong  or  ellipsoid  annulate  tuber,  parasitic  by  a  small  fibrous  base 
to  roots.  Stem  10-24  in.,  usually  very  stout ;  sheaths  short,  loose,  truncate.  Raceme 
loosely  many-fld. ;  bracts  oblong,  acute,  variable  in  size  ;  flowers  suberect,  pedicels 
short;  ovary  turgid  ;  perianth  |— |  in.  long,  ventricose,  base  gibbous,  lobes  very  short 
obtuse,  sepaline  rather  longer  than  the  petaline ;  lip  longer  still,  sessile,  ovate, 
obtuscj  recurved.     Capsule  f  in.,  erect,  turgid. 

2.  G.  elata,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  ii.  174 ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  143, 
t.  53;  claw  of  lip  adnate  to  the  perianth  and  furnished  with  a  pair  of  large 
fleshy  prominent  calli,  limb  free  ovate-oblong. 

Chumbi  ;  a  Tibetan  province  east  of  Sikkim,  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Ohina, 
Japan. 

Habit,  inflorescence  and  flowers  of  Q.  orohanchoides,  but  differing  in  the  lip, 
the  adnate  claw  of  which  has  an  almost  reniform  callus  on  each  side,  whereas  in  the 
first-named  species  the  position  of  the  claw  on  the  perianth  is  marked  by  two 
thickened  lines.  The  Chumbi  specimen  is  a  bad  one,  but  having  examined  many 
flowers  of  it  and  of  the  Japan  plant,  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  their  identity. 


Gastrodia.]  oxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  123 

3.  Cr.  jeLVSinioB.,  JEndl.  Gen.  Plant.  212;  lip  free  from  the  tube  of  the 
perianth,  blade  broadly  hastately  cordate  with  two  thickened  ridges 
on  the  disk.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  384;  Thwaites  Enum.  311 ;  Blume^ 
Orchid.  Archip.  Ind.  145  ;  Mus.  Bot.  ii.  1^5.  Epiphanes  iavanica,  Blume 
Bijdr.  421,  t.  4. 

Ceylon  ;  near  Ratnapoora,  &c,,  'thwaites. 

I  have  seen  no  specimen  of  the  Ceylon  plant,  only  the  copy  of  a  drawing  in  the 
Peradeniya  Garden,  kindly  made  for  me  by  Thwaites,  but  it  gives  no  analysis.  This 
represents  a  slender  plant  with  few  flowers,  an  almost  globose  perianth  divided  to 
about  the  middle,  and  not  representing  a  specimen  of  what  may  be  the  Javan 
plant  in  Herb.  Kew  collected  by  Lobb. 

4.  Gr.  ?  Kasseltil,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  ii,  175 ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind. 
145,  t.  62,  f.  5-8;  stem  6  in.  rather  slender,  flowers  few  broadly  campanu- 
late  ^  in.  long,  lip  quite  free,  claw  slender,  limb  suborbicular  with  a  broad 
truncate  tip. 

Peeak,  Ic.  Scortechini. — Distkib.  Java. 

Without  specimen  either  of  Blume's  or  Scortechini's  plants  identification  is 
impossible. 

5.  G-.  exills,  B-ooTcf.  Ic.  Plant,  ined.;  very  slender,  flowers  minute, 
lip  free  sessile  by  a  very  small  point  ovate  with  2  long  wing-like  lamellae 
on  the  middle  of  the  disk. 

Khasia  Mis.  ;  at  Amwee  in  grassy  places,  alt.  3000  ft.,  J.  B.  H.  S(  T.  T. 

Tuber  -j-f  in.,  oblong;  stem  6-12  in.,  filiform.  Bacemes  few  Sind\sLX-M. ;  bracts 
ovate  ;  flowers  (with  ovary)  \-^  in.  long,  erect,  whitish ;  perianth  cylindric,  very 
shortly  5-lobed ;  sepaline  lobes  broad,  obtuse ;  petaline  much  smaller,  rounded, 
fimbriate  (or  glandular) ;  lip  as  long  as  the  column,  membi-anous,  faintly  5-nerved, 
base  rounded ;  column  acutely  toothed  at  the  truncate  top.  Capsule  (unripe) 
^  in.  fusiform. — A  very  singular  species  ;  diflBcult  of  analysis  after  having  been  dried. 


100/1.  VOANXA,  Maxim. 

A  low  stout  leafless  herb  ;  stem  with  cucullate  sheaths.  Flowers  race- 
mose, long  and  stoutly  pedicelled.  Sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  fleshy.  Petals 
broadly  ovate.  Lip  sessile  at  the  foot  of  the  column,  very  shortly  clawed, 
cymbiform,  obtusely  apiculate.  Column  short,  broad,  margined,  mid- 
lobe  triangular,  side  lobes  erect ;  stigma  concave,  transverse ;  anther  long- 
beaked,  2-celled ;  pollinia  4,  pulpy,  sectile,  attached  in  pairs  to  a  viscid 
gland. 

IT.  japonica,  Maxim,  in  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Petersh.  xviii.  68;  Mel. 
Biol.  viii.  647 ;  Benth.  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  1364. 

MuNNiPORE  ;  crest  of  Bareil  range  (S.  W.  of  Japoo),  alt.  about  7000  ft.,  and  on 
Kohima,  Prain. — DiSTEiB.  Japan. 

Brownish. white,  glabrous.  RootstocJc  stout,  branched.  Stem  3-6  in.,  tortuous 
in  the  Munnipore  plant,  erect  in  the  Japanese,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill ;  sheaths 
i  in.,  shortly  rounded  ;  raceme  short,  4-6  fld. ;  bracts  like  the  sheaths  ;  pedicel  with 
ovary  1-lf  in.  ;  sepals  f  in.  long,  and  oblique  obtuse  petals  many-nerved  ;  lip  very 
shortly  clawed,  almost  hemispheric,  with  a  thickened  apex  and  axis,  a  small  con- 
cavity within  the  lip  and  four  strong  flexuous  nerves  on  each  side.  Capsule  2-2J  in. 
lonf^,  stoutly  pedicelled,  erect,  narrowly  fusiform,  ribs  very  stout. — Except  in  that 
the  stems  are  sometimes  curved,  and  the  margins  of  the  lip  appear  to  be  abruptly 


124  oXLViii.  ORCHiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Yoania. 

thickened  towards  the  tip,  I  find  nothing  to  distinguish  this  from  the  Japan  plant  j 
the  column  and  anther  are  identical  j  I  failed  to  find  pollen.  The  flowers,  black 
when  dry,  are  so  fragile  that  I  had  great  diflaculty  in  making  out  their  structure. 

101.  EPZPOGUBI,  Gmelin. 

Terrestrial  leafless  brownish  herbs ;  root  tuberous  or  coralloid ;  stem 
erect,  sheathed.  Flowers  laxly  racemed.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  free, 
narrow,  erect  or  spreading.  Lip  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column,  superior 
or  inferior,  ovate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  spurred,  base  broad,  disk  with  rows  of 
papillae.  Column  short,  foot  0 ;  stigma  broad,  prominent ;  anther  thickened, 
dorsally  2-celled ;  pollinia  2,  separately  attached  by  a  filiform  strap  to  a 
small  gland. — Species  the  following. 

1.  E.  aphyllum,  Swartz  Summ.  Veg.  Scand.  1814 ;  root  branching, 
column  cylindric,  spur  very  large  as  long  as  the  superior  3-lobed  hp 
inflated  incurved,  JPalmstr.  Svensk.  Bot.  t.  512  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  93; 
Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  468  ;  JVees  Gen.  Fl.  Germ.  Monocot.  iii.  No.  23. 
E.  Gmelini,  Richard  Orchid,  Furop.  Annot.  36 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid. 
383  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  176  ;  Bot.  Mag,  t.  4821.  Satyrium  Epipogium, 
Linn.  Syst.  Veg.  676 ;  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr.  t.  84. 

Western  Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  6-8500  ft.,  Kashmir,  Clarke;  Simla, 
Thomson  ;  Garwhal,  DutJiie. — Distrib.  Europe,  N.  Asia. 

Stem  4-8  in.,  often  very  stout  and  swollen  at  the  base ;  sheaths  1-2,  short, 
appressed,  truncate  or  obtuse.  Racemes  3-6-fld.  ;  bracts  large,  membranous,  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acute  ;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  pinkish,  spotted,  ovary  turgid ;  sepals  ^-f  in. 
long  and  subequal  petals  lanceolate,  margins  involute  ;  lip  oblong,  whitish,  with  lines 
of  red  glandular  warts,  lateral  lobes  small,  very  variable  in  size  j  spur  obtuse. 

2.  E.  nutans^  Beichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  1857,  36;  root  an  oblong 
tuber,  spur  straight  shorter  than  the  inferior  entire  lip.  Lindl.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  i.  177  ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vi.  308 ;  E.  roseum,  Lindl.  I.  c.  Galera 
nutans,  Blume  Bijdr.  415,  t.  3 ;  3fus.  Bot.  ii.  187 ;  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind. 
139,  t.  52  &  54  E  ;  G.  rosea,  Blume  Mus.  Bot.  188,  &  Orchid.  Archip.  Ind. 
139;  Podanthera  pallida,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1759.  Ceratopsis  rosea,  Lindl.  Gen. 
Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  383.     Limodorum  roseum,  Don  Prodr.  30. 

Tropical    Himalaya;    Nepal,    WalUch;   Sikkim,  in   hot  valleys,   J.  D.  B. 
Clarice.    Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Mann.    Deccan  Peninsula,  in  the  Wynaad, 
Jerdon.     Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Distrib,  West  Africa,  Java,  Australia. 

Root  like  a  small  potato.  Stem  4-8  in.,  stout  or  slender ;  sheaths  several,  short, 
inflated,  truncate.  Racemes  few  or  many-fld.  j  bracts  large,  membranous,  oblong, 
acute;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  pinkish  white,  speckled  or  stained  with  pink;  sepals  and 
petals  narrowly  lanceolate,  i-f  in.  long ;  lip  entire,  disk  with  2  or  3  glandular 
ridges. 

102.  CEPKAXiANTHERA,  Richard. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  leafless  and  tuberous  rooted,  or  with  leafy  stem  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  sessile,  plicate.  Flowers  suberect,  spiked  or 
racemed.  Sepals  and  petals  subsimilar,  free,  conniving.  Lip  included, 
erect  from  the  base  of  the  column,  hypochile  concave  or  saccate  embracing 
the  column,  epicbile  short.  Column  semi-terete,  rostellum  short  or  obso- 
lete ;  stigma  anticous  ;  anther  erect ;  pollinia  2,  2-partite.  Capsule  erect. 
— Species  about  10,  north  temperate  regions. 


Cephalanthera.]    cxlviii.  orchideji.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  126 

C*  ensifolia,  Richard  Orchid.  Annot.  29 ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
bracts  of  the  upper  flowers  much  smaller  than  the  almost  glabrous 
ovaries,  epichile  triangular  obtuse  5-ridged.  Lindl.  Gen,  8c  Sp.  Orchid. 
412;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  172,  175;  JBoiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  85.  C.  Xypho- 
phyllum,  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  470.  0.  acuminata,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7405  ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  I.  c. ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1721  ;  Bene,  in  Jacquem.  Voy. 
Bot.  164,  t.  104. 

Tempebate  Himalaya  ;  alt.  6-12,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Bhotan. — DiSTBlB. 
Europe,  Western  Siberia,  and  from  Afghanistan  to  Northern  Africa. 

RootstoeJc  creeping ;  stem  6-18  in.  Leaves  lower  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  upper  linear.  Raceme  laxly  6-20-fld.,  glabrous  j  bi-acts  ovate,  acute  ;  flowers 
^-|  in .  long,  white  or  lip  spotted  with  yellow  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  elliptic, 
obtuse ;  ridges  of  lip  crested. 

SPECIES   UNKNOWN    TO    ME. 

C.  Thomsoni,  Reichh.f.  inLinncea,  xli.  54 ;  a  span  high,  leaves  (of  C.  grandiflora) 
oblong  acute,  upper  linear-lanceolate,  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  lower  much  longer 
than  the  flowers,  sepals  oblong-ligulate  acute,  petals  narrower,  lip  expanded  at  the 
base  into  a  very  short  conical  sac  trifid,  side  lobes  broadly  ligulate  crenulate,  midlobe 
oval  transverse  with  a  deflexed  apioulus,  keels  two  in  the  entire  base  lamellate,  with 
many  small  papillae  between  the  posticous  lacinise. — Sikkim,  T.  Thomson.,  1857. — 
C.  cucullata,  Boiss.  Held,  differs  in  the  shorter  hypochile  with  short  quite  entire 
lacinise,  in  the  median  nerves  of  the  epichile  keeled  to  the  tip,  in  the  keels  not 
lamelliform,  and  in  the  conico-cylindric  spur  being  thrice  as  long. — (The  above  is 
from  Reichenbach.  I  have  examined  no  Cephalanthera  answering  to  the  descrip- 
tion, nor,  as  I  am  informed  by  King,  is  there  any  in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium,  whence 
Reichenbach's  specimens  must  have  been  sent  to  him.) 

108.  EPXPACTZS,  Br. 

Terrestrial  leafy  erect  herbs.  Leaves  sessile,  plaited.  Flowers  racemose, 
pendulous ;  bracts  long,  leafy.  Sepals  and  |)e^aZ*  broad,  acuminate,  strongly- 
nerved.  Lip  sessile  on  the  base  of  the  column;  hypochile  concave  or 
saccate,  epichile  contracted  at  the  base,  entire.  Column  short ;  stigma 
anticous  ;  rostellum  broad,  prominent ;  anther  erect,  obtuse,  cells  contiguous  ; 
poUinia  2,  2-partite,  gland  globose. — Species  8  or  10,  of  the  temperate  N. 
hemisphere. 

Lindley  {in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  172)  is  disposed  to  refer  all  the  Himalayan 
species  to  states  of  ^.  latifolia,  in  which  I  do  not  concur. 

1.  B.  latifolia,  Swartz  in  Act.  Holm.  1800,  232 ;  flowers  subsecund 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  lip  short,  hypochile  subglobose,  epichile  as  long  or 
shorter  ovate-cordate,  base  with  2  calli.  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp..  Orchid.  461 ; 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  87;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  134-136.  E.  macro- 
stachya,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7404;  E.  consimilis,  Don  Frodr.  28.  E. 
Dalhousiee,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1723. 

Tempebate  Himalaya,  from  Kashmir,  alt.  6500-10,000  ft.,  to  Sikkim,  alt. 
10-11,000  ft. — DiSTEiB.  Europe,  N.  Africa,  N.  Asia  to  Japan, 

Siem  1-3  ft.,  stout,  puberulous  above.  Leaves  3-5  by  2-3  in.,  usually  from 
orbicular  to  ovate-lanceolate  rarely  lanceolate,  often  with  ciliolate  margins,  flowers 
^-|  in.  diam,  in  often  crowded  bractate  racemes,  green  variegated  with  yellow 
white  or  purple.     Column  very  short. 

Var.  herhacea;  smaller,  leaves  elliptic  acute,  raceme  dense-fld.,  flowers  ^  in. 
diam.  glabrous  pale  greenish  white.  E.  herbacea,  Lindl.  in  Boyle  III.  368 ;  Gen.  8f 
Sp.  Orchid.  462. — Western  Himaluya. 


126  cxLviii.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [EjjipacUs. 

Var.  Thomsoni  j  small,  slender,  leaves  lanceolate  recurved  margins  quite  glabrous, 
raceme  lax-fld.,  flowers  ^  in.  diam.  quite  glabrous.  E.  macrostachya,  Wight  Ic.  t. 
1722  {not  of  Lindl.)— Western  Tibet,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  Thomson.— Wight  does  not 
know  the  origin  of  his  specimen,  which  is  a  very  bad  one. 

Var.  intrusa  ;  very  slender,  leaves  few  small,  flowers  few  very  distant,  epichile 
without  calli,  E.  intrusa,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  175. — Sikkim,  alt.  11,000 
ft.,  J.  D.  H.  This  is  hardly  more  than  a  starved  state  of  JE?.  latifolia,  with  which  it 
grew. 

2.  E.  consimills,  Wall.  Cat.  7403  (not  of  Don) ;  raceme  lax-fld.,  flowers 
large  pubescent  or  tomentose,  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  hypochile 
narrow  oblong,  epichile  longer  lanceolate  inflexed  at  the  base  then  re- 
curved. E.  veratrifolia,  Boiss.  &  Hohen.  Diagn.  Ser.  1,  xiii.  11 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  87.     Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  174.     E.  amoena,  Serb.  Mam. 

Westeen  Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  Peshawur  and  Kashmir  to  Nepal. — 
DiSTEiB.  westward  to  Syria. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  rather  slender,  pubescent  above.  Leaves  4-7  in.,  lanceolate, 
acuminate.  Raceme  lax-fld. j  bracts  long,  rarely  short;  flowers  1-1^  in.  diam., 
distant,  long-pedicelled,  pubescent  or  ovary  tomentose,  greenish;  column  much 
longer  than  in  E.  latifolia. — Lindley-  is  no  doubt  right  in  referring  Don's  E.  con- 
similis  to  JE.  latifolia.  A  drawing  by  Jerdon  of  a  plant  grown  on  limestone  rocks, 
overhanging  water  at  Saugor  in  Malwah  closely  resembles  this.  ' 

3.  S.  Royleana^  Lindl.  in  Royle  Lll.  868 ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  461  ; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  174;  raceme  lax-fld.  puberulous,  hypochile  large  sac- 
cate very  much  broader  than  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  epichile.  ?  E. 
americana,  Lindl.  in  Ann.  8c.  Nat.  iv.  386 ;  Gen  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  462.  E. 
gigantea,  Dougl.  mss.  in  Sooh.  Fl.  Bot.  Am.  ii.  220,  t.  202.  Cephalanthera 
Royleana,  Begel  in  Act.  Sort.  Petrop.  vi.  490  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  85. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir,  alt.  7000  ft.  to  Sikkim,  alt.  8-12,000 
ft.— DiSTEiB.  Samarcand  ?  N.  America. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  from  lanceolate  to  orbicular,  4-7  by  1-1^  in.,  margins 
eciliolate.  Raceme  6-10  in.;  flowers  distant,  1  in.  diam.,  green  with  a  yellowish 
(or  reddish?)  lip;  bracts  long,  lanceolate. — The  very  broad  strongly  many-nerved 
hypochile,  broader  than  long,  with  rounded  erect  sides,  are  unlike  any  other  species 
but  B.  americana,  which  I  suspect  is  the  same,  and  if  so,  the  latter  is  the  earliest 
name.  Lindley's  description  is  taken  from  a  very  bad  specimen,  in  which  the 
epichile  is  constricted  in  the  middle,  probably  by  accident,  as  this  organ  contracts 
much  in  drying.  Eegel  cites  Lindley's  Bjpip.  Boyleana  for  his  Ceph.  Eoi/leana,  and 
gives  Samarcand  as  a  locality. 

Tribe  IV.  Opheyde^.    (See  Yol.  v.  p.  673.) 
104.  ORCHIS^ 


Terrestrial  erect  leafy  herbs,  with  entire  oblong  or  palmately  lobed 
tubers.  Leaves  sheathing,  not  plicate.  Floivers  racemed  or  spicate.  Sepals 
free,  subequal,  lateral  spreading,  or  conniving  in  a  hood  with  the  petals  and 
dorsal.  Petals  usually  smaller.  Lip  shortly  adnate  to  the  column, 
spreading  or  pendulous,  spurred,  entire  or  3-lobed.  Column  very  short, 
rostellum  cupular  or  saccate ;  anther  adnate  to  the  face  of  the  column, 
cells  parallel  or  converging  below ;  pollinia  2,  caudicles  adnate  to  1  or  2 
glands,  which  are  concealed  in  one  pouch  formed  by  the  rostellum. — Species 
about  80,  of  north  temperate  regions,  and  the  Mascarene  Islands. 

With  the  exception  of  0.  latifolia,  I  do  not  feel  confident  that  the  species  here 


Orchis.']  cxLviiT.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  127 

below  referred  to  Orchis  are  referable  to  that  genus.  This  is  owing  to  my  inability  to 
determine  satisfactorily  in  specimens  that  have  been  pressed,  the  structure  of  the 
minute  rostellum,  and  its  relation  to  the  glands  of  the  pollinia.  Moreover,  as  stated 
under  Sahenaria,  I  have  in  various  minute  flowered  species  of  that  genus  been 
unable  to  determine  whether  the  glands  are  hidden  between  folds  of  the  rostellum, 
or  are  covered  by  pouches  or  a  flap  of  that  organ.  Careful  drawings  of  the  column 
and  anther,  and  a  comparative  study  of  the  extra  Indian  species  are  wanted,  in  order 
to  describe  them  with  accuracy. 

1.  O."  latifolia,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1334;  tubers  palmate,  leaves  erect 
oblong  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  spike  cylindric  dense-fld.,  bracts  green 
acuminate  usually  much  exceeding  the  flowers,  lateral  sepals  ovate  reflexed, 
lip  oblong  or  rbomboid  crenate  entire  or  very  obtusely  3-lobed  sides  de- 
flexed,  spur  stout  equalling  or  shorter  than  tlae  ovary  pendulous.  Boiss. 
Fl.~ Orient,  v.  71 ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  50.  O.  latifolia,  B  indica, 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  260.  O.  Hatagirea,  Bon.  Prodr.  23 ;  Wall.  Cat. 
7062. 

Westehn  Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal  to  Kashmir,  and  in  Western 
Tibet,  alt.  8-12,000  ft.  (16,000  ft.,  Heyde.) — Distrib.  Westward  from  Afghanistan 
to  N.  Africa  and  the  Atlantic,  N.  Asia. 

Stem  1-3  ft.,  usually  fistular,  leafy  upward.  Leaves  many,  2-6  in.,  often  spotted 
in  Europe,  tip  flat  or  concave.  Spike  1-6  in. ;  flowers  about  f  in.  from  dorsal  sepal 
to  tip  of  lip,  dull  purple;  sepals  and  petals  acute  or  obtuse;  lip  spotted  with  darker 
purple,  midlobe  small  or  obsolete;  spur  straight  or  curved. — The  Himalayan  speci- 
mens  have,  as  far  as  I  can  make  out  from  dried  specimens,  the  leaves  unspotted  and 
tip^  concave,  and  are  therefore  referable  to  the  European  var.  incarnata{0.  incarnata, 
Linn.).  Lindley*s  var.  indica  is  characterized  as  having  larger  flowers,  a  rounded 
sub-lobed  lip  shorter  than  the  spur,  which  is  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Lindley  is  dis- 
posed to  refer  some  of  the  specimens  from  IJ'.-W.  India  to  0.  maculafa,  but  the  lip 
in  these  is  not  lobed  as  in  the  European  plant.  0.  latifolia  is  as  variable  in  India  as 
in  Europe,  from  slender  to  very  robust,  with  a  lax  or  dense-fld.  spike,  and  bracts 
equalling  to  or  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 

2.  O.  Chusua,  Don.  Prodr.  23  ;  leaves  few  linear  or  linear-lanceolate 
acute,  spike  very  short,  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries  green,  lateral  sepals 
reflexed,  dorsal  much  smaller  orbicular,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  broadly 
obovate  3-lobed,  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  stout  cylindric  obtuse.  Gymna- 
deria  Chusua,  Lindl  in  Wall.  Cat.  7058 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  280.  G. 
puberula,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7059. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  Kumaon,  Luthie ;  Nepal,  Wallich. 
SiKKIM,  J.  D.  TT.y  &c. 

Very  variable  in  height  and  stoutness,  3-18  in.,  flexuous.  Tubers  oblong, 
entii'e.  Leaves  1-3,  rarely  more,  3-6  by  ^-f  in.,  almost  filiform  in  very  alpine 
forms.  Spike  2-4  in.,  2-many.fld. ;  bracts  ^-f  in.,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers 
|~f  in.  diam.,  white  or  purple ;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  suberect ;  petals 
shorter,  spreading,  oblong,  obtuse ;  lip  variable  in  breadth,  often  broader  than  long, 
lobes  spreading,  broad,  rounded,  erose  or  crenate,  rarely  oblong  with  the  midlobe 
retupe ;  spur  thin-walled,  slightly  incurved,  tip  sometimes  clavate;  anther-cells 
parallel. 

3.  O.  spathulata,  Beichb.  f.  mss.  \  leaf  solitary  radical  elliptic, 
spike  few-fld.,  bracts  much  larger  than  the  flower,  sheaths  leafy,  sepals 
subequal  lateral  suberect,  lip  obovate  not  longer  than  the  sepals  entire  or 
obscurely  3-lobed,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary  stout.  Sook.f.  Ic.  Plant  ined. 
Gymnadenia  spathulata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  280. 


128  cxLViii.  OROHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Orchis. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  alt.  11-13,000  ft.  j  Kumaon  and  Garwhal,  Boyle,  Duthie, 
SiZKIM,  /.  D.  S. 

Stem  very  short,  sheathed ;  root  elongate,  stout,  branching  into  thick  fibres. 
Leafl-S  in,  sessile  or  petioled,  obtuse,  fleshy,  base  narrowed.  Scape  2-5  in.,  very 
stout,  flexuous  ;  flowers  2-4,  dark  purple,  ^  in.  diam. ;  bracts  f-1  in.,  ovate,  obtuse ; 
dorsal  sepal  ovate,  obtuse,  lateral  oblong,  subacute ;  petals  ascending,  elliptic,  obtuse ; 
lip  variable  in  breadth,  from  elliptic  to  cuneate-obovate,  crenulate,  spur  variable  in 
length,  stout,  obtuse  ;  anther -cells  parallel. 

4.  O.  Stracheyi«  Hooh.f.Ic.  PI.  ined.\  leaf  solitary  radical  elliptic 
or  obovate,  spike  few-fld.,  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  leafy,  sepals 
subeqnal  lateral  suberect,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  broadly  cuneate 
3-lobed  to  the  middle,  lobes  obtuse,  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  stout 
incurved  obtuse. 

Western  Himalaya;  Garwhal,  near  Kogile,  alt.  11,000  ft.,  Strachey  and 
Winterhottom  (No.  35  Gymnad.  puberula.) 

This  has  the  solitary  leaf  of  0.  spathulata,  and  the  flowers  of  0.  Chusua,  can 
it  be  a  hybrid  ? 

105.  KERMZNXUM,  Linn. 

Terrestrial  small  erect  tuberous  herbs  ;  tubers  oblong,  undivided.  Leaves 
solitary  or  few.  Flowers  small,  spicate.  Sepals  subequal,  1-nerved,  free 
or  conniving  in  a  hood,  the  lateral  spreading.  Petals  smaller  or  nearly  as 
large,  often  thick  and  fleshy.  Lip  continuous  with  the  base  of  the  column, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  sepals,  broad  or  narrow,  spreading  or  pendulous, 
entire  or  2-3-fid,  base  flat  concave  or  very  shortly  saccate.  Column  very 
short;  stigma  2-lobed  or  with  2  globose  or  clavate  processes;  rostellum 
short ;  anther  adnate  to  the  face  of  the  column,  cells  parallel  or  slightly 
diverging  below;  pollinia  2,  caudicles  very  short,  glands  naked,  small 
or  large,  or  with  each  gland  and  its  caudicle  sheathed  by  a  conical  naked 
coriaceous  extinguisher-like  shiny  brown  appendage. — Species  6  or  8, 
European  and  N.  Asiatic. 

There  is  no  character  by  which  Herminium  can  be  distinguished  from  Rahenaria, 
except  that  the  lip  has  never  a  spur,  only  a  gibbous  sac.  S.  fallax  &  Duthiei, 
and  some  other  species  appear  to  me  to  be  referable  to  either  genus,  but  these  from 
habit  and  locality  I  retain  here.  The  glands  of  the  pollinia  vary  extraordinarily  in 
the  several  species,  from  small  and  orbicular,  to  extinguisher-like  bodies,  truncate, 
hollow,  coriaceous,  brown,  shining,  and  sometimes  split  down  one  side.  The  caudicle 
appears  to  be  inserted  at  the  bottom  of  this  organ,  which  is  a  development  of  the 
gland  itself ;  it  is  exposed  at  the  base  of  the  anther-cell,  and  like  the  ordinary  gland, 
is  removable  with  the  pollinium.  The  Indian  Herminia  are  all  mountain  or  alpine, 
and  attain  the  greatest  elevation  of  any  orchids. 

*  Lip  d-lobed. . 

1.  K.  BKonorchis,  Br.  in  Sort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  v.  191 ;  leaves  2  rarely  3 
linear-oblong,  flowers  decurved,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary  or  shorter, 
petals  ovate  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals,  lip  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals 
3-fid,  lobes  narrow.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc'Sp.  Orchid.  305 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  82. 
Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  415.     Ophrys  Monorchis,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1342. 

Alpine  Himalaya  and  Westeen  Tibet,  alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to 
Sikkim. — Disteib.  Europe,  N.  Asia. 

Four  to  ten  in.  high  ;  root  ellipsoid.  Leaves  1-4  in.  Scape  naked,  rarely  2- 
leaved  or  1  sheathed;  spike  1-2  in.  ;  flowers  subsecund,  i- in.  diam.,  yellow-green  ; 


Herminium.'}  cxlViii.  ORCfliDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  129 

musky  at  night ;  sepals  and  petals  subconnivent ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse ;  petals  un- 
equal-sided towards  the  base,  tips  fleshy ;  lobes  and  lip  narrow,  base  concave ; 
rostellum  prominent  between  the  base  of  the  anther-cells. 

2.  K.  angrustifoliuiu,  Bentk.  mss. ;  tall,  leaves  elongate  linear,  spike 
very  long  slender  many-fld.,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary  or  shorter,  flowers 
decurved,  petals  linear  very  narrow  1-nerved,  lip  linear  equalling  the 
sepals  in  length  or  longer  narrow  trifid  beyond  the  middle,  side  lobes 
filiform,  midlobe  very  short.  Aceras  angustifolia,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat. 
7061 ;  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  232  ;  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1525  ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  iii.  43 ;  Boi/le  III.  t.  87  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1691.  H.  longicrnris,  Wright  in 
Mem.  Acad.  Philad.  Ser.  2,  vi.  411. — Thisbe,  Falc.  in  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd. 
183,  c  (name  only). 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  4-8000  ft.  in  the  North  West,  and  6-15,000  ft. 
{Clarice)  in  Sikkim.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  6-6000  ft.  Upper  Assam,  in  the  Naga 
Hills,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Clarke^  Frain.  Tenasserim  Parish. — Distrib.  China,  Man- 
churia, Japan. 

Stout  or  slender,  1-3  ft.  high,  1  or  several  leaved.  Leaves  scattered,  2-8  in.,  acute, 
rarely  ^  in.  broad.  Spike  2-10  in. ;  flowers  often  very  many,  subsecund ;  perianth 
connivent,  xtj-|^  in.  diam.,  green  ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse  ;  petals  membranous,  acute ; 
lip  from  as  long  to  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  more,  base  not  concave,  lateral  lobes 
very  slender.  Anther-cells  parallel,  poUinia  clavate,  glands  large,  staminodes  large 
spreading ;  stigmatic  lobes  obscure  or  0  ;  rostellum  minute,  2-lobed.  Capsule  ^  in., 
erect,  oblong,  turgid. — Has  in  Sikkim  an  extraordinary  range  in  altitude. 

3.  H.  fallax,  Sook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  slender,  leaves  1-2  towards 
the  middle  of  stem  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  spikes  many-fld.  subsecund, 
bracts  longer  than  the  short  decurved*  ovaries,  sepals  spreading  oblong- 
or  ovate-lanceolate  broader  than  the  erect  narrow  fajcate  petals,  lip  shorter 
than  the  sepals  obtusely  3-lobed,  sac  incurved  subdidymous  subglobose  or 
clavellate  with  an  inflated  tip.  Peristylns  fallax,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp. 
Orchid.  298.  Herminum  fallax,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7412.  Cybele,  JFalc. 
in  Lindl.  Veg.  JKingd.  193,  c.     C.  alpina,  Falc.  mss. 

Alpine  and  Sub-Alpine  Himalaya,  alt,  7-12,000  ft.,  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim. 

Very  variable  in  height,  from  4-18  in.  ;  stem  with  long  tubular  sheaths  at  the 
base,  and  one  or  two  lanceolate  sheaths  above  the  leaf.  Leaves  usually  solitary  about 
the  middle  of  the  stem,  2-5  by  ^-1  in.,  acute,  sometimes  two  subopposite  towards 
the  base  of  the  stem.  Scape  naked;  spike  2-5  in.,  lax  or  dense  fld.  j  lower  bracts 
f  in.  or  less,  lanceolate ;  ovary  ^-^  in.,  shortly  beaked ;  sepals  i  in.,  1-nerved,  and 
petals  variable  in  absolute  and  relative  breadth  ;  lip  short  and  fleshy  or  narrower, 
thin,  and  with  distinct  nerves,  base  of  limb  truncate  at  the  short  broad  concave  claw  ; 
anther  very  small,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  ovoid,  of  few  very  large  grains, 
sessile  in  the  large  solid  shining  glands  which  are  exposed,  one  on  side  of  the 
inconspicuous  rostellum  j  stigmatic  processes  very  short,  subglobose. 


** 


Lip  entire.     Bracts  short  in  all  hut  H.  gramineum. 


4.  H.  Josephl;  EeichJ).  f.  in  Flora  ly.  (1872)  276 ;  stout,  leaves  2 
rarely  3  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  bracts  minute,  flowers  large  ^  in.  diam. 
suberect,  sepals  and  petals  erect,  lip  broadly  ovate  acute.  H.  grandiflorum, 
Lindl.  in  Herl.  Ind.  Or.  E.f.  Sc  T. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  11-14,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Plant,  5-12  in.  high.     Leaves  3-5  by  ^1  in.,  obtuse  acute  or  acuminate.     Spike 

1-4  in. ;    flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  not  secund  ;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the   gibbous 

ovary  ;  sepals  3-nerved,  lateral  falcately  ovate,  base  rounded;  petals  as  long,  ovate, 

tips  narrowed  thickened  obtuse  ;  lip  larger  than  the  sepals,  flat,  with  a  thickened 

VOL.  IV.  K 


130  cxLYiii.  OBCHiDEJi:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Ilerminium. 

midrib  and  point ;  anther-cells  spreading  at  the  base,  pollinia  clavate,  terminating 
in  horn-shaped  or  conical  rigid  truncate  pouches,  which  embrace  the  caudicle  gland 
and  base  of  the  pollinium  ;  stigmatic  processes  obsc^tre ;  rostellum  small.  — 1  do  not 
find  the  single  lanceolate  sheath  under  the  spike  described  by  Reichenbach. 

5.  Hi  Duthiei^  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  2  towards  the 
middle  or  base  of  the  stem  linear  or  oblanceolate,  spike  many-fld.  sub- 
secund,  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  short  ovaries,  sepals  obtuse,  dorsal 
broadly  oblong,  lateral  smaller,  subfalcate  petals  ovate-lanceolate  fleshy, 
lip  as  long  triangular  or  orbicular-ovate  entire  subacute  or  obtuse,  sac 
globose. 

Western  Himalaya;  Garwhal,  near  the  Khasi  Pass,  alt.  11-12,000  ft.,  Duthie. 

Whole  plant,  with  the  spike,  4-6  in.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  scape,  acuminate. 
Scape  stout,  curved,  naked  ;  spike  2-4  in.  ;  ovaries  ^  in.,  turgid,  curved,  almost 
beaked ;  perianth  i  in  diam.  ;  lip  variable  in  form,  as  large  as  the  sepals,  sometimes 
orbicular  with  a  contracted  point,  base  with  a  narrow  chink  opening  into  the  spur ; 
anther  oblong,  cells  parallel,  pollinia  clavate  sessile  on  the  conical  truncate  horny 
glands  or  caps  of  the  glands  ;  staminodes  large,  spreading ;  stigmatic  processes 
clavate,  large ;  rostellum  subulate,  erect. 

6.  K.  congrestum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7068 ;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid. 
305  ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  43  ;  leaves  1-3  oblanceolate,  scape  elongate, 
spike  many-fld.,  bracts  minute,  flowers  minute  decurved,  sepals  obtuse, 
dorsal  broadly  ovate,  lateral  oblong,  petals  rather  longer  acute,  lip  ovate 
or  triangular-ovate  fleshy  acute,  base  saccate.  H.  unalaschcense,  Beichh. 
f.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  107,  t.  418.  Habenaria  Schischmareffiana.  Ghamiss. 
in  LinncBa,  iii.  29.  Platanthera  Schischmareffiana,  Lindl.  Gen.  et  Sp. 
Orchid.  286.  Neottia  macrophylla,  Don  Prodr.  27.  Spirantbes  macro- 
phylla  &  unalaschcensjg,  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  708. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich  j  Sikkim,  alt.  11-16,000  ft.,  J.  B.  H. 
DiSTRiB.  Aleutian  Islds. 

Stem  6-18  in.,  leafy  towards  the  base  or  upwards.  Leaves  3-6  by  ^-f  in.  Scape 
rather  stout,  naked  above  ;  spike  2-4  in.  ;  ovary  short,  gibbous,  longer  than  the  ovate 
bracts ;  flowers  ^-^  in.  diam.  ;  dorsal  sepal  orbicular,  lateral  broadly  oblong  ;  petals 
ovate,  equalling  the  sepals,  fleshy ;  lip  fleshy,  variable  in  breadth  j  sides  some- 
times almost  dilated  into  lobes,  base  very  distinctly  saccate ;  anther-cells  parallel, 
pollinia  subglobose,  caudicles  short  inserted  in  large  spur-like  corneous  body  split  on 
one  side  ;  stigma  obscure  ;  rostellum  minute,  erect.     Capsule  \  in.  erect,  twisted. 

7.  H.  pug'ioniforxne,  Lindl.  mss. ;  leaf  solitary  elongate-spathulate 
obtuse,  spike  few-fld.,  bracts  minute  orbicular,  flowers  minute  suberect, 
petals  oblong- ovate,  lip  dagger-shaped,  base  dilated. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  Kashmir,  alt.  12,000  ft.,  AitcMson  ;  Garwhal,  alt.  14-15,000 
ft.,  Duthie  ;  Sikkim,  alt.  15-16,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Plant  2-5  in.  high.  Leaf  shorter  than  the  scape,  ^-f  in.  broad.  Scape  rather 
stout;  bracts  very  small;  flowers  minute,  -y\  in.  diam.;  dorsal  sepal  orbicular, 
lateral  very  broad  obtuse  ;  petals  smaller  ;  lip  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals. — Very 
near  congestum,  but  I  think  ditterent,  the  flowers  appear  to  be  nearly  erect. 

8.  K.  orbicularej  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stem  very  slender  1-2- 
leaved  and  with  minute  subulate  sheaths,  bracts  minute,  flowers  very 
minute  secund,  sepals  orbicular-oblong  obtuse  dorsal  smaller,  petals  broadly 
oblong,  lip  orbicular  fleshy  with  a  pit  towards  the  centre  and  gibbous 
beneath. 

Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  Rungboo  in  the  Chumbi  Valley,  King's  Collector. 


Herm.mium,']         cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D,  Hooker.)  131 

Stem  with  spike  4-6  in.  Leaves  2,  towards  the  base  of  the  stem,  1-1^  in.  long, 
oblanceolate  ;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  ovaries  which  are  i  in.  long,  curved ; 
flowers  -Jg-  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  and  petals  1-nerved,  all  membranous  ;  anther-cells  rather 
divergent,  [oUinia  clavate,  gland  orbicular  translucent;  stigiuatic  processes  obscure  ; 
rostellum  minute. — A  very  distinct  little  species,  but  the  flowers  are  so  minute  that 
I  cannot  satisfactorily  analyze  the  column. 

9.  K.  g-ramineuxn,  lAndl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7418 ;  Gen.  Sc.  Sp.  Orchid. 
305 ;  very  slender,  1-leaved,  spike  lax-fid.,  flov^rers  minute  secund  saberect, 
bracts  subulate  equalling  the  ovary,  petals  erect  linear  subfalcate,  lip 
ovate  acuminate  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Royle  III.  t.  87. 
Neottia  monophylla,  Don  Prodr.  27.  Spiranthes  monophylla,  Spreng. 
8yst.  Veg.  iii.  709. 

Western  and  Central  Himalaya  j  Nepal,  Wallich;  Kuraaon  and  Garwhal,  alt. 
5-8000  ft. 

Plant  2-6  in.  Lea/ linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  scape  or  longer.  Sjpilce  1-3 §  in. ; 
rachis  striated  with  rough  ridges  ;  perianth  y^^-^  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  oblong  or 
broadly  ovate,  lateral  ovate  obtuse  spreading ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtuse, 
tbick;  lip  flat,  with  a  concave  base,  variable  in  breadth,  slightly  saccate  beneath  ; 
anther-cells  parallel,  pollinia  subglobose,  caudicles  short,  glands  large  shining  coria- 
ceous brown  ;  stigmatic  processes  low ;  rostellum  very  large,  as  long  as  the  anther, 
recurved,  retuse,  fleshy. 

106.  KABENARZA,  Willd. 

Terrestrial  leafy  Kerbs  with  undivided  or  lobed  tubers,  and  fleshy 
radical  fibres.  Leaves  not  plaited,  bases  Sheathing.  Flowers  spicate  or 
racemed.  Sepals  subequal  or  the  dorsal  shortest,  lateral  ascending  spread- 
ing reflexed  or  deflexed.  Petals  smaller  or  larger,  simple  or  cleft  (sect. 
Ate).  Lip  continuous  with  the  base  o£  the  column,  entire  3-lobed-  or 
3-partite,  base  spurred.  Anther  adnate  to  the  very  short  column,  cells 
parallel  or  divergent  below,  bases  often  produced  into  a  long  or  short 
tube ;  pollinia  clavate  or  pyriform ;  caudicle  long,  short,  or  0,  somt-times 
winged,  glands  exposed,  rarely  overlapped  by  the  rostellum  ;  staminodes 
granular  surfaces  on  the  side  of  the  anther,  rarely  elongate  ;  stigma  a 
single  or  double  viscid  area  on  the  column  below  the  anther,  or  two  globose 
or  clavate  processes ;  rostellum  usually  small  and  erect  between  the  cells 
of  the  anther,  rarely  wholly  obsolete. — Species  about  400,  temperate  and 
tropical. 

After  devoting  many  months  to  the  examination  of  the  Indian  species  of 
JSdhenaria,  I  propose  the  following  grouping  of  them  into  sections  as  tentative  only. 
1  accept  Bentham's  view,  tbat  the  genera  wliich  be  has  brought  under  it  (in  Gen. 
Plant.)  cannot  be  separated  from  one  another  by  natural  or  artificial  characters. 
To  these  Herminium  should  be  added,  were  it  not  for  the  consequent  disturbance  of 
much  nomenclature  and  the  multiplication  of  synonyms ;  and  so  should  also  be 
Diplomeris  and  Hemipilia,  which,  though  they  have  recognizable  differential  charac- 
ters, these  are  of  less  importance  than  those  of  the  four  last  sections  here  adopted. 

Of  all  the  floral  organs  of  the  genus,  that  of  the  rostellum  is  the  most  difficult  of 
analysis  ;  and  in  the  minute  flowered  species  especially,  of  definition  also.  In  respect 
of  its  relation  to  the  glands  of  the  pollinia  it  is  often  in  moistened  herbarium  specimens 
impossible  to  determine  whether  the  rostellum  nearly  overlaps  these,  or  holds  them 
exposed  between  its  folds,  or  forms  pouches  beneath  them,  or  a  flap  over  them.  By 
means  alone  of  careful  drawings  of  the  rostellum  of  all  the  species  made  from  living 
plants,  can  its  modifications  of  form  be  understood  ;  but  1  doubt  whether  even  this 
will  help  much  towards  the  classification  of  the  spebies,  for  I  think  its  value  in  this 
respect  has  been  greatly  overrated  in  both  Ophr^/dca  and  Vandece. 

K  2 


132  oxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Habenaria. 

The  structure  of  the  stigma  has  been  compendiously  described  by  Bentham  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Linnsean  Society  (xviii.  356),  and  I  agree  with  him  in  thinking  that 
to  found  genera  on  the  modifications  or  even  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  processes, 
would  lead  to  a  violation  of  affinities. 

For  observations  on  the  Indian  species  referred  to  Orchis,  see  that  genus. 

The  characters  which  I  have  taken  for  the  primary  groups,  marked  A  and  B, 
of  lateral  sepals  reflexed  spreading  or  deflexed,  and  erect  or  ascending,  are  in  most 
cases  obvious ;  but  in  dried  specimens  of  some  species  placed  in  Sect.  V.  it  is 
difficult  to  say  whether  the  lateral  sepals  are  reflexed  naturally  or  accidentally,  or 
whether,  though  erect  in  early  flowering,  they  afterwards  spread.  The  root  and  its 
tubers  require  investigation  throughout  the  genus. 

The  staminodes  present  great  variety  ;  in  most  species  they  are  mere  warts  on 
the  sides  of  the  anther,  but  in  several  not  otherwise  allied  they  are  linear  or  styliform 
processes,  attached  either  to  the  anther  or  base  of  the  column,  as  in  Diphylax  and 
Dithrix. 

At  the  end  of  the  genus  I  have  placed  four  monotypic  sections  founded  on  plants 
differing  remarkably  in  habit  from  any  of  their  congeners  ;  some  of  these  will,  I 
expect,  eventually  be  regarded  (and  rightly)  as  monotypic  genera,  but  in  my  present 
imperfect  knowledge  of  any  but  the  Indian  species  of  this  very  large  genus,  I  prefer 
keeping  them  as 'sections,  awaiting  their  confirmation  as  genera  under  the  authority 
of  a  monographer  of  the  whole  tribe  of  Ophrydece. 

Key  to  the  Sections. 

A.  Lateral  sepals  spreading  deflexed  or  reflexed. 

In  some  small -flowered  species  of  Sect.  v.  Peristylus,  the  lateral  sepals  appear 
to  be  spreading  or  deflexed  during  or  after  flowering,  and  might  hence  be  placed  in 
Sect.  iii. 

Sect.  I.  Ate.  Petals  truncate  2-fid  or  2-partite.  lAp  3-lobed  or 
-partite.     (Sp.  1-14.) 

Sect.  II.  Platyglossa.  Petals  entire.  Lip  3-lobed  or  -partite,  side 
lobes  broad  (narrow  in  H.  platypJiylla)  petaloid,  mid-lobe  narrow.  (Sp. 
15-34.) 

Sect.  III.  Trimeroglossa.  Petals  entire.  Lip  3-partite,  side  lobes 
very  narrow,  entire,  usually  filiform  (lip  entire  in  Peloria  forms  of  If. 
Mandersii  and  reniformis).     (Sp.  35-66.) 

Sect.  IV.  HoLOGLOssA.    Petals  entire.    Lip  entire,  linear.    (Sp.  37-66.) 

B.  Lateral  sepals  erect,  or  ascending  parallel  to  the  dorsal  and  petals,  or 
forming  a  hood  with  these,  rarely  at  length  spreading  or  dejlexed. 

Sect.  Y.  Peristylus.  Petals  entire.  Lip  usually  3-fid  or  3-partite 
(entire  in  S.  breviloba). — Flowers  usually  very  small,  and  petals  broader 
than  the  lateral  sepals  and  often  fleshy  ;  spur  rarely  exceeding  the  ovary, 
usually  very  short  or  saccate.     (Sp.  67-99.) 

Sect.  YI.  Phyllostachta.  Petals  entire.  Lip  broad,  entire,  petaloid  ; 
spur  conico-infundibular.  Flowers  large,  in  the  axils  of  sheathing  leaves  ; 
stigmatic  processes  0;  rostellum  obscure.  (See  also  32.  S.  trijlora.)  (Sp. 
100-102.) 

aberrant  species  (or  genera?)  of  group  b. 

YII.  Plectoglossa.  Flowers  large,  in  the  axils  of  imbricating  leaves. 
Lip  coriaceous,  clawed,  3-fid,  longitudinally  3-plicate  in  bud,  spur  long 
slender.  Stigmatic  processes  large,  rhomboid ;  rostellum  broad,  triangular. 
(Sp.  103.) 


Hahenaria.']         o?:lviii.  orchidea     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  133 

YIII.  DiPHYLAX.  Flowers  small,  secund ;  lip  entire  ;  spur  short,  fusi- 
form. Anther  with  a  setiform  staminode  on  each  side  as  long  as  itself. 
(Sp.  104) 

IX.  DiPYLA.  Flowers  small,  secund.  Lip  S-^d,  spur  inflated.  Pol- 
linia  sessile  on  a  single  large  obcordate  gland  seated  in  a  sinus  of  the  broad 
2-lobed  rostellum.     Stigmatic  jprocesses  %msu\\.     (Sp.  105.) 

X.  DiTHRix.  Flowers  small,  secund,  tubular;  sepals  petals  and  lip 
coherent  at  the  base.  Lip  oblong,  3-fid,  base  saccate.  Staminodes  2, 
filiform,  capitate,  inserted  on  the  back  of  the  anther.  Stigma  a  transverse 
cushion;  rostellum  a  transverse  plate  below  the  anther.     (Sp.  106.) 

Sect.  1.  Ate.     See  p.  132. 

*  Petals  truncate  or  2-fid. 

1.  K.  lucida,  Wall.in  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  314 ;  leaves  fascicled 
towards  the  base  of  the  tall  scape,  sepals  cymbiform,  petals  subpanduriform 
truncate.     Platanthera  lucida,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7047. 

Pbgit;  at  Rangoon,  Wallich.  Tenasserim,  at  Moulmein,  FarisA. — Distrib. 
Siam. 

Leaves  4-8  by  2-2^  in.,  petioled,  obovate  or  oblanceolate.  Scape  with  the  very 
lax-fld.  raceme  12-20  in.  ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  half  as  long  as  the  slender  pedicelled 
beaked  ovary,  or  longer,  tips  subulate ;  flowers  J  ip.  diam.,  greenish;  lateral  sepals 
reflexed,  obtuse ;  petals  smaller  and  narrower,  contracted  below  the  truncate  end ; 
lip  subequally  3-partite,  midlobe  narrow  3-nerved  thick,  rather  longer  than  the 
sepals,  lateral  as  long  spreading  and  incurved  j  spur  slender,  curved,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  ovary  or  longer,  mouth  with  a  short  ligulej  anther-cells  short,  erect, 
approximate,  tubes  short  upcurved ;  pollinia  pyriform,  gland  long  narrow  j  stig- 
matic  processes  short,  clavate  j  rostellum  minute. 

2.  K.  barbata,  Wight  in  Wall.  Cat.  7034;  stem  leafy,  petals  2-fid 
pubescent.  Ate  virens,  Lindl.  Gen.  &^  Sp.  Orchid.  327;  Wight  Ic.  t.-928; 
Thwaites  Enum.  309. 

Travancore  ;  in  the  Pulney  and  Dindyghal  Mts.,  Wight.  Ceylon  ;  in  the 
Maturatta  district. 

Stem  10-12  in.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  erect,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Bacemes  few- 
fld.  J  bracts  large,  sheathing,  as  long  as  the  flowers,  or  longer ;  flowers  f  in.  diam., 
green ;  lateral  sepals  narrowly  falcate,  acuminate ;  petals  much  broader,  base 
rounded,  upper  lobe  much  the  longest,  tips  filiform,  lower  broad  acuminate,  sinus 
rounded ;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  scabrid,  limb  linear,  trifurcate  at  the 
end,  the  segments  subulate ;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary,  mouth  with  a  very  long 
recurved  ligule  ;  anther-cells  parallel,  tubes  as  long  as  the  cells  upcurved,  pollinia 
clavate,  caudicles  very  long,  glands  small ;  stigmatic  processes  very  long  spreading ; 
rostellum  minute.     Capsule  |  in.  long,  linear-oblong. 

3.  K.  acuminata  J  Thwaites  in  Trim.  Cat.  Geyl.  PL  91 ;  stem  leafy, 
petals  2-fid  glabrous.     Ate  acuminata,  Thwaites  Enum.  309. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  central  province,  Walker^  Thwaites. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  erect,  lanceolate,  and  as  well  as  the  large  cymbiform 
bracts  setaceously  acuminate.  Racemes  elongate,  lax-fld. ;  flowers  subsecund, 
^  in.  diam.,  green;  lateral  sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse;  upper  lobe  of  petals 
slender  exceeding  the  dorsal  sepal  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the  subulate  lower ; 
lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  broadly  3-lobed,  dark  purple,  lobes  broad  fleshy  obtuse  very 
variable  in  length  ;  anther -cells  spreading  below,  tubes  recurved,  pollinia  clavate,  as 
long  as  their  caudicles,  glands  minute  j  stigmatic  processes  large,  globose  ;  rostellum 
small,  triangular. 


134  cxLviii.  OR0HIDEJ8.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Habenaria, 

**  Petals  2-partite. 

f  Stem  leafy  upwards.    Eacemes  many-fld. 

§   Sepals  with  filiform  tips. 

4.  K.  stenopetala,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  319  (not  324) ;  tall, 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  base  narrowed  or  broad  and  amplexicanl, 
raceme  dense-fld.,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovaries,  segments  of  petals  slender 
equal  or  the  lower  shorter,  segments  of  tripartite  lip  filiform,  spur  long 
slender  equalling  the  ovary. 

North  West  India;  road  to  Kashmir,  Royle.  Sikzim  Himalaya,  alt.  3-6000 
ft.,  J.  B.  S.  &c.  Upper  Assam;  thel^agahills,  Griffith,  Prain.  Lower  Bengal; 
at  Mymensing,  Clarke.     Oeissa  ;  at  Singboom,  Clarke.     The  Concan  ;  Stocks,  &c. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  stout.  Leaves,  6-8  in.,  base  contracted  into  a  broad  petiole  or  sessile. 
Raceme  short,  4-6  in.  ;  bracts  membranous;  flowers  very  variable  in  size,  greenish  ; 
sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  i-J  in.  long,  membranous,  3-nerved,  filiform  tips  as  long 
as  the  blade  or  shorter  ;  lou'er  segment  of  the  petals  sometimes  obsolete  ;  segments  of 
lip  very  variable,  the  lateral  sometimes  as  long  or  longer  than  the  middle  one,  at 
others  they  are  much  shorter  and  subulate  ;  spur  equalling  the  ovary  ;  anther-cells 
narrow,  parallel,  tubes  nearly  as  long  as  the  cells;  caudicles  of  pollinia  slender, 
glands  small ;  stigmatic  processes  elongate,  clavate ;  rostellum  large,  triangular, 
erect.  Capsule  ^-f  in.,  linear-oblong. — A  very  variable  plant ;  the  flowers  of  the 
Orissa  and  Bengal  specimens  are  remarkably  small ;  of  some  Sikkim  ones  also  very 
small. 

5.  K.  xnacrostachya,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  307 ;  leaves  large 
crowded  above  the  middle  of  the  robust  stem,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts  equal- 
ling the  ovary,  segments  of  petals  subequal  filiform,  segments  of  3-partite 
lip  subequal  filiform,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary.     Thwaites  Enum.  309. 

Teavancore  ;  on  the  Anamallay  hills,  Beddome  (in  Herb.  Calcutt.).  Ceylon, 
Macrae,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Stem  2  ft.  Leaves  5-7  in.,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  broadly  petioled. 
Raceme  6-8  in. ;  bracts  and  ovary  very  narrow;  sepals  f  in.  long;  petals  and  lip 
spotted  with  red  ;  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  spur  very  slender,  thickened  down- 
wards ;  anther-tubes  as  long  as  the  parallel  cells,  suberect,  pollinia  pyriform,  glands 
minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  long,  slender,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  lip ;  ros- 
tellum small. — The  spur  is  stoutest  in  the  Travancore  specimen. 

6.  K.  andamanica,  Koolc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  leaves  crowded 
towards  the  middle  of  the  stout  stem,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts  rather  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  upper  segment  of  petals  very  slender,  lower  broader  divided 
above  the  middle  into  3  filiform  laciniEe,  side  lobes  of  lip  palmately  multifid, 
midlobe  linear  3-fid,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

Andaman  Islands  ;  Parish. 

Stem  12-18  in.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  Raceme  6-8  in.; 
bracts  lanceolate;  ovary  1:^  in.,  very  slender;  sepals  ^  in.  long;  laciniaj  of  mid- 
lobe  of  lip  filiform ;  anther-cells  parallel,  tubes  rather  shorter  than  the  cells  ;  glands 
of  pollinia  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  subcyl^ndric,  elongate;   rostellum  erect. 

§§  Sepals  without  filiform  tips. 

7.  H.  digritata,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  307  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  raceme  laxly  many-fid.,  lateral  sepals  ovate  acute,  dorsal 
Fuborbicular,  petals  bipartite,  segments  subequal  or  the  upper  broader,  lip 
tripartite  segments  linear,  spur  equalling  the  ovary.     Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb. 


Hahenana^  cxlviii.  oROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  135 

Fl.  267.  H.  trinervia,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1701.  Bonatea  punduana,  Lindl.  in 
Wall.  Cat.  7063.  B.  benghalensis,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Mist.  iv.  382. 
B.  herbacea,  Wall,  ttiss. 

Kashmir,  Falconer.  Assam,  Simmons.  Silhet,  Wallich.  Bengal,  Griffith^ 
Tenasserim,  Parish.     The  Western  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  southwards. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  leafy.  Leaves  2-5  in.,  very  variable,  acute  or  acuminate,  rarely 
narrowed  into  a  petiole,  from  orbicular  to  lanceolate.  Raceme  3-5  in. ;  bracts  large, 
lanceolate,  often  almost  foliaceous  and  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  pedicels  very  short ; 
flowers  ^-f  in.  broad,  green  ;  segments  of  petals  variable  in  length,  sinus  between  the 
Fegments  narrow  or  rounded  ;  midlobe  of  lip  shorter  or  longer  than  the  side  lobes ; 
spur  subclavate,  sometimes  inflated,  with  an  erect  ligule  at  the  mouth  ;  anther-cells 
parallel,  tubes  short  upcurved  ;  glands  of  pollinia  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes 
clavate ;  rostellum  erect,  triangular.  Capsule  shortly  pedicelled,  ^  in.,  fusiform, 
ribs  thick. 

Var.  foliosa  ;  smaller,  6-12  in.  high,  leaves  shorter  broader  imbricating,  raceme 
dense-fld.,  bracts  shorter,  segments  of  lip  filiform.  H.  foliosa,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc, 
Nat.  Ser.  2.  xv.  71 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1700  ;  Dalz.  ^  Gihs.  JBomh.  Fl.  267.  H.  laciniata, 
Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Sot.  ii.  (1850)  261.  Platanthera  marginata,  Wall.  Cat. 
7038  B.  Orchis  mysorensis,  Herh.  Set/ne.—lsSUghiri  Mts.,  alt.  6-8000  ft.  Bombay, 
at  Salsette,  J)alzeU. — I  have  not  seen  the  Salsette  plant  {H.  laciniata)  of  Dalzell, 
which  he  describes  as  having  the  posticous  segment  of  the  petals  spirally  twisted, 
and  the  mid  segment  of  the  lip  bronder  than  the  others  ;  he  refers  it  to  H.  foliosa 
quoting  Wight's  plate,  and  adds  that  it  is  allied  to  JT^  lancifolia,  A.  Rich. 

8.  K.  travancorlca,  Hoolc.f. ;  leaves  scattered  ovate-oblong  araplexi- 
caul,  raceme  lax-fld.,  lateral  sepals  ovate  acute  pubescent  within,  petals 
bipartite,  segments  narrow  lower  shortest,  lip  tripartite,  segments  subeqnal 
filiform,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary.  H.  Lindleyana,  Wight  Ic.  t.  922 
{not  of  Steudel). 

Tpavancoee  ;  on  the  Pulney  Hills,  Wight. 

Stem  slender,  12-18  in.  Leaves  1-2  in.  Raceme  3-5  in. ;  bracts  as  long  as  the 
beaked  ovary  or  longer ;  flowers  :5-^  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  orbicular ;  lip  longer 
than  the  sepals. — The  pubescent  sepals  (not  observed  by  Wight)  and  habit  distinguish 
this  from  all  forms  of  H.  digitata,  of  which  however  it  may  prove  to  be  a  variety. 
The  leaves  and  flowers  are  much  smaller,  and  the  ligule  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur 
very  short. 

9.  K>  G-ibsonl,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  very  stout,  leafy,  leaves 
linear-oblong,  raceme  few-fld.,  bracts  equalliog  or  exceeding  the  ovary, 
flowers  1  in.  diam.,  petals  bipartite,  segments  narrow  subequal,  lip  tripar- 
tite segments  linear-subulate  subequal  fleshy,  mouth  of  clavate  spur 
broad  without  a  ligule. 

The  Concan  j  near  Kyieswur  and  at  Kandalla,  Gibson. 

Stem  8-12  in.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  base  sheathing.  Raceme  short,  6-8-fld.;  bracts 
1-1^  in.,  membranous,  broadly  lanceolate,  the  lower  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  flowers 
white  ?  as  in  H.  digitata,  but  twice  as  large;  upper  segment  of  petals  broadest,  fleshy, 
and  anther  broad,  stigmatic  processes  adnate  to  the  back  of  the  broad  mouth  of  the 
spur ;  rpstellum  small,  triangular,  exposed. — Much  like  a  gigantic  state  of  PC. 
digitata,  but  very  robust,  with  much  longer  leaves,  narrower  for  their  length,  and 
few  very  large  flowers,  and  no  ligule  at  the  very  broad  mouth  of  the  spur. 

10.  K.  dolichostachya^  Thwaites  Enum.  309  ;  stem  leafy  upwards, 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  amplexicaul,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts  as  long  as  the 
flowers,  lateral  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  acute,  petals  bipartite,  lower  seg- 
ment short  subulate,  lip  tripartite,  segments  filiform  the  middle  longest, 
spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  slender. 


136  cxLTiii.  ORCHiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Hahenaria, 

Cbtlok  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  alt.  5000  fb.,  Gardner,  Thwaites. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  leafless  below,  slender.  Leaves  2-3  in.  Raceme  1  ft.  ;  flowers 
subsessile,  about  i  in.  broad  ;  dorsal  sepal  orbicular,  mucronate  ;  lip  longer  than  the 
sepals,  side  segments  spreading  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  hardly  beaked  ovary,  mouth  with 
a  short  ligule  ;  anther  broad,  cells  parallel,  tubes  long  upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia 
small ;  stigmatic  processes  clavate,  incurved  round  the  mouth  of  tbe  spur ;  ros- 
tellum  short,  triangular. — Nearly  allied  to  if.  digitata,  but  the  flowers  are  smaller 
and  the  base  of  the  leaves  amplexicaul. 

11.  K.  corymbosa,  Parish  Si  Beichb.f.  in  Trans,  Linn.  Soc.  xxx. 
141 ;  very  stout,  leaves  lanceolate,  raceme  dense-fld.,  bracts  longer  than 
the  long-pedicelled  beaked  ovary,  sepals  broad  acute,  petals  bipartite,  seg- 
ments slender  lower  subulate  half  the  length  of  the  upper,  lip  3-partite, 
segments  subulate  subequal  or  lateral  smaller. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  leafy  upwards,  but  naked  below,  and  with  only  sheaths  for  the 
upper  half.  Leaves  3-6  in*,  base  contracted.  Raceme  3-4  in.,  very  dense-fld. ; 
pedicels  filiform ;  bracts  f-1  in.,  lanceolate;  flowers  ^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  3 -nerved  j 
lip  not  longer  than  the  sepals,  spur  equalling  the  ovary,  tip  clavate ;  anther -cells 
divaricate  below,  tubes  as  long  as  the  cells ;  pollinia  narrow,  glands  minute ;  stig- 
matic processes  elongate,  clavate ;  rostellum  triangular,  acute. 

12.  K.  dichopetala,  Thwaites  JEnum.  309 ;  leaves  crowded  about 
the  middle  of  the  stem  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  lateral  sepals  ovate  acute, 
dorsal  orbicular,  petals  bipartite,  segments  divaricate  elongate  lowest 
narrowest  and  longest,  lip  tripartite,  segments  equal  elongate  setaceous, 
spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  slender  pendulous. 

Ceylon  ;  Bintenne  district,  Thwaites  {in  Herb.  Lindl.). 

Stem  1~1\  ft.  Leaves  dark  green  with  a  red  midrib,  petioled.  Raceme  lax-fld. ; 
bracts  lanoeolate ;  flowers  greenish  about  ^  in.  diam. — The  above  description  is  from 
"  Thwaites'  Enum."  There  are  two  specimens  from  Thwaites  in  Lindley's  Herba- 
rium which  differ  somewhat  from  that  description,  the  leaves  are  linear-oblong  erect 
and  sheath  the  stem  all  the  way  up,  the  bracts  i-|,  ovary  with  pedicel  |-1  in., 
segments  of  petals  subequal  on  the  lower  rather  than  longest,  mid  segment  of  lip 
the  shortest,  anther-cells  distant,  stigmatic  processes  globose ;  rostellum  short. 

ft  Stem  leafy  at  or  near  the  base  only. 

13.  H.  g-randiflora,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7032;  leaf  solitary 
radical  orbicular-  or  ovate-cordate,  flowers  few  long-pedicelled,  petals 
bipartite  upper  segment  obliquely  evate  acuminate  lower  longer  filiform, 
lip  tripartite  lateral  segments  filiform  terminal  linear  or  elongate  lanceolate, 
spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  Dalz.  8f  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  267.  H.  rotundi- 
folia,  Lindl.   Gen.   S(  Sp.  Orchid.  806.     Orchis  grandiflora,  Serb.  Heyne. 

The  CoNCAN ;  on  the  Ghats  at  Belgaum,  Mahabuleshwar,  &c.,  Heyne,  &c. 

Xeq/'l-2  in.  Scape  3-6  in.,  naked  or  with  1-2  sheaths,  2-  or  more-fld. ;  bracts 
sheathing,  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  which  with  ovary  is  1-1^  in. ;  flowers  i-1  in. 
broad,  white;  sepals  broad;  petals  rather  smaller ;  margins  of  mid-segment  of  lip 
recurved,  spur  obtuse  or  thickened  at  the  tip,  mouth  with  a  caruncled  callus  ; 
anther  3-cuspidate,  cells  parallel,  tubes  rather  short  broad  spreading,  glands  of  polli- 
nia large  orbicular;  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate;  rostellum  elongate,  erect. 

14.  K.  rariflora,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  70,  t.  2  ; 
leaves  radical  or  subradical  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  acute,  flowers  few 
long-pedicelled,  upper  segment  of  petals  ovate  acuminate  lower  usually 
much  longer   filiform,  lip  tripartite,  lateral  segments   filiform,   median 


Eahenaria.']         cilviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  137 

linear,  spur  very  long  and  stout.     Wight  Ic.  t.  924 ;   Dalz.  &  Gihs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  269.     H.  uniflora,  Dalz.  in  SooJc.  Journ.  Bot.  iii.  (1857)  344. 

The  Deccan  Peninsui-a;  on  the  Ghats,  ascending  to  6000  ft.,  from  Canara  to 
Travancore. 

Leaves  very  variable,  in  small  specimens  2-3  by  ^-\  in.  and  linear,  in  others  3-4 
by  1  in.  and  elliptic-oblong,  in  some  cauline  3-5  by  i-f  in.,  or  ovate  complicate  and 
recurved.  Sea'pe  2-10  in.,  with  1-2  sheaths ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  stiff  erect 
pedicels,  which  are  as  long  as  the  ovary,  together  1-2  in.  j  flowers  very  variable  in 
size  and  length  of  lip,  white;  dorsal  sepal  i-|^  in.  broad,  lateral  5 -nerved ;  upper 
segment  of  petals  3-4-nerved;  spur  1-3  in.,  upcurved  ;  anther  large,  apiculate,  cells 
parallel,  tubes  short  upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia  orbicular;  stigmatic  processes 
clavate  ;  rostellum  erect  slender.— In  Dalzell's  R.  unijlora  the  segments  of  the  petals 
are  described  as  subequal. 

Sect.  II.  Plattglossa.    (See  p.  132.) 

*  Side  lobes  of  the  lip  lacerate  to  the  middle  or  inner  margin,  midlobe 
linear. 

15.  K.  Susannae,  Br.  Prodr.  312 ;  tall,  rebnst,  leaves  ovate-oblong 
upper  sheathing,  flowers  few  very  large,  lateral  sepals  subquadrately 
oblong  ascending,  petals  linear  acute,  lip  not  longer  than  the  sepals,  side 
lobes  very  broad  pectinate,  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Blume  Bijdr. 
402.  H.  gigantea,  Don  Prodr.  24 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3374 ;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb. 
PI.  201.  Pla^tanthera  Susannas,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  295 ;  Wight 
Ic.  t.  920  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  PL  269.  P.  gigantea,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7052.  P.  robusta,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7036  ;  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
295.  Orchis  Susannas,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  No.  939.  O.  gigantea,  8m.  Pxot. 
Bot.  t.  100.     0.  altissima.  Herb.  Sam. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  from  Garwhal  eastwards ;  the  Khasia,  Naga  and 
MuNNiPoEE  Hills,  Buema  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula  to  Travancore. — Disteib. 
China,  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  2-4  ft. ;  tubers  3-4  in.  long.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  imbricating  up  to  the 
flowers,  upper  cucullate.  Raceme  3-5-fld. ;  bracts  leafy  ;  flowers  3-4  in.  diam.,  sub- 
sessile,  white,  fragrant;  sepals  spreading,  lateral  obtuse,  dorsal  very  broad  rhomboid 
spreading;  petals  small ;  side  lobes  of  lip  truncate;  midlobe  linear,  or  dilated  down- 
wards ;  anther  very  broad  and  large,  cells  slightly  divergent,  tubes  adnate  to  the 
sides  of  the  column  ;  pollinia  linear,  about  as  long  as  their  caudicle ;  stigmatic  s\ir- 
faces  obscure;  rostellum  confluent  with  the  face  of  the  column. — This  is  a  true 
Platanthera,  in  wanting  the  produced  stigmatic  processes,  and  the  obscure  rostellum, 
which  is  marked  by  a  triangular  line  only. 

16.  K.  pectinata,  Don  Prodr.  24;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  spike 
dense- fid.,  bracts  leafy,  flowers  large,  dorsal  sepal  lanceolate,  lateral  ovate- 
lanceolate,  petals  linear  falcate  glabrous,  lip  not  longer  than  the  sepals, 
spur  rather  longer  than  the  ovary.  Wall.  Cat.  7029  A,  and  B  in  part. 
H.  Gerardiana,  WalL  Gat.  7031.  H.  ensifolia,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
321.     Orchis  pectinata.  Smith  Pxot.  Bot.  t.  99. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  Simla,  alt.  5-8000  ft.,  eastwards,  ascending  to 
9000  ft.  in  Sikkim.     Khasia  Hills. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  robust,  very  leafy.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  strongly  3-nerved,  upper  or  all 
sheathing,  rarely  linear-lanceobite.  Spike  3-8  in.  ;  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  flowers  which  are  1-2  in.  diam.  white  or  greenish;  sepals  5-nerved,  dorsal  erott; 
petals  obtuse,  variable  in  breadth,  somewhat  dilated  on  the  outer  margin,  3-5-nerved  ; 
lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  spur  ^-f  in.,  tip  subclavate ;  anther   very  broad  and  large, 


138  ciLviii.  oRCHiDEJi.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Habenaria. 

cells  rather  divergent,  tubes  short,  g-lands  of  poUinia  small ;  stigmatic  processes 
elongate,  tips  often  falcate  dilated  and  upcurved ;  rostellum  obscure.  Capsule  fin., 
sessile,  fusiform,  ribs  thick. — Black  when  dry. 

17.  ZZ.  arietina,  Hook,  f. ;  habit  and  foliage  of  H.  pectinata,  but 
petals  pubescent  broader  than  the  dorsal  sepals  gibbously  dilated  on  the 
outer  (lower)  margin,  spur  rather  longer  than  the  ovary.  H.  pectinata, 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  341 ;   Wall.  Vat.  7029  B  in  part,  and  0. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Simla  eastwards,  alt.  5-8000  ft.  and  to  10,000  ft. 
in  Sikkim.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

So  similar  in  a  dried  state  to  S.  'pectinata  as  to  be  with  difficulty  distinguish- 
able, and  though  separated  by  Lindley,  perhaps  only  a  variety.  Unfortunately 
Lindley  in  describing  both  species  gave  Don's  name  to  the  wrong  plant,  as  I  have 
proved  by  examining  Smith's  original  specimen  of  O.  pectinata  in  his  Herbarium  at 
the  Linnean  Society,  which  is  of  a  very  small  state. — Black  when  dry. 

18.  K.  intermedia j  Don.  Prodr.  24  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  acumi- 
nate, flowers  few  very  large,  dorsal  sepal  recurved,  lateral  reflexed  narrower 
than  the  dimidiate  obovate  falcate  glabrous  petals,  lip  longer  than  the 
sepals,  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  322  ; 
Wall.  Cat.  7030;    Beichb.f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1879,  136. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim,  alt.  5-7000  ft. 

Stem  8-10  in.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  scattered,  5-7-nerved,  base  rounded  or  cordate. 
Racemes  few-fld.;  bracts  broad,  equalling  the  ovary  ;  flowers  2  in.  diam.,  white  or 
greenish ;  lateral  sepals  falcately  lanceolate,  acuminate,  reflexed,  5-nerved  ;  petals 
strongly  5-nerved;  spur  very  stout;  anther-cells  with  long  erect  filiform  tubes, 
glands  of  poUinia  small ;  stigmatic  processes  long,  slender,  incurved  ;  rostellum  adnata 
to  the  face  of  the  column  between  the  anther-cells.  Capsule  1^-2  in.,  pedicelled, 
fusiform,  beaked,  terete. 

19.  H.  trichosantha,  Wall.  Cat.  7028 ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, spike  lax-fid.,  bracts  shorter  than  the  long-decurved  narrow  ovary, 
lateral  sepals  ovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate  acuminate  puberulous,  petals 
linear  falcate  acuminate,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  side  lobes  capillaceo- 
multifid,  spur  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Burma,   at   Taongdong,    Wallich  ;    Moulmein,  Parish  ;     Attran,  JBrandis  {in   "■ 
Serb.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  8-18  in.  Leaves  few,  3-6  in.,  5-7-nerved.  Raceme  4-10-fld. ;  ovary  1  in, 
sessile;  lateral  sepals -^  in.,  deflexed  ;  petals  dilated  upwards,  entire  or  serrulate, 
1-nerved ;  spur  1^  in.;  anther-cells  short,  with  short  free  tubes,  pollinia  much 
shorter  than  their  caudicles,  glands  small;  stigmatic  processes  short,  globose;  rostel- 
lum an  obscure  plate  between  the  anther-cells.  Capsule  1  in.,  fusiform,  shortly 
beaked,  deeply  channelled. 

**  Side  lobes  of  lip  petaloid,  outer  margins  entire,  toothed,  or  fimbriate, 
midlobe  narrow. 

t  Lip  deeply  3-lobed  or  -partite,  not   or  hardly  longer  than  the  lateral 


20.  K.  greniculata^  Don  Prodr.  25;  stem  tall  leafy  with  many 
slender  sheaths  above,  lateral  sepals  acute,  petals  linear- oblong,  lip  sub- 
orbicular,  side  lobes  cuneate  or  rounded  fimbriate  or  crenate,  spur  longer 
than  the  beaked  ovary  geniculate.  Platanthera  geniculata,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7042.— Habenaria,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  406  ;  Bin.  notes,  31,  No.  494 ; 
Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  340. 


Habenaria.]  cxlviii.  oeohideje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  139 

Stjbteopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal  eastwards.  Khasia  and  Naqa  Hills, 
alt.  2-5000  ft.    BuEMA,  Wallich. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  stout.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate.  Spike  4-20-fld. ; 
bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  flowers  f-1  in.  long,  white  ;  lateral  sepals  \  in. ;  lip  often 
f  in.  broad  ;  spur  subclavate  below  the  knee  ;  anther-cells  broad,  divaricate,  tubes  elon- 
gate, upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia, small ;  stigmatic  processes,  clavate,  incurved,  mar- 
gining the  mouth  of  the  spur ;  rostellum  low,  broad.  Capsule  1  in.,  shortly  pedicelled, 
beaked,  deeply  grooved  and  thickly  ribbed. 

21.  K.  Richardiana,  Wight  Ic  1. 1713 ;  stem  rather  slender  sheathed 
above,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  few-  and  lax-fld.,  sepals  ovate 
acuminate  glabrous,  petals  gibbously  triangular  subacute,  lip  cuneate 
strongly  nerved,  side  lobes  narrow  deeply  toothed,  spur  stout  twice  as  long 
as  the  beaked  ovary. 

NiLGHiEi  and  Travancore  Hills,  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  6-8  in.  Leaves  often  subradical,  4-6  in.,  cauline  much  smaller,  or  reduced 
to  sheaths.  Spike  8-10-fld. ;  bracts  large,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  curved 
ovaries,  which  are  f  in.  long;  flowers  obscurely  puberulous,  about  f  in.  diam. ;  dorsal 
sepal  smaller  than  the  5-nerved  lateral ;  side  lobes  of  lip  recurved,  acuminate,  longer 
or  shorter  than  the  linear  3-nerved  midlobe,  spur  1^  iit.,  slightly  thickened  down- 
wards ;  anther-cells  distant,  tubes  short  upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia  cupular;  stig- 
matic processes  large,  clavate ;  rostellum  triangular. 

22.  K.  cephalotes,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  322;  stem  short 
stout  closely  sheathed  above,  leaves  short  broad,  spike  dense-fld.,  lateral 
sepals  obliquely  ovate  and  shorter  broad  gibbous  petals  and  lip  scurfily 
pubescent  within,  lip  cuneately  obovate,  side  lobes  fimbriate,  spur  shorter 
than  the  beaked  ovary.     Wight  Ic.  t.  1711. 

NiLOHiRi  and  Tbavancore  Hills,  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  Wight. 

Habit  and  foliage  of  H.  Richardiana,  but  stouter,  stem  more  densely  sheathed, 
and  flowers  smaller,  crowded  in  a  cylindric  or  oblong  spike ;  dorsal  sepal  very  broad, 
obtuse ;  petals  in  Wight's  figure  with  a  deep  sinus  on  the  lower  margin ;  midlobe  of 
lip  rather  longer  than  the  side  lobes  ;  anther-cells  broad,  nearly  parallel,  tubes  rather 
long  upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  long  clavate  ;  rostellum 
short  broad. 

23.  S.  polyodon,  Hooh.  f. ;  stem  short  stout  sheathed  above,  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts  sheathing  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
sepals  obtuse  glabrous,  petals  triangular-ovate  obtuse,  lip  broadly  obcor- 
date,  side  lobes  erose  or  pectinately  fimbriate,  spur  very  stout  exceeding 
the  stout  curved  ovary.     H.  timbriata,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1712. 

NiLGHiRi  Hills,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  8-10  in.,  leafy  to  the  top;  tubers  large.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  sheathing,  upper 
cymbiform.  Spike  3-4  in.,  lax-  or  dense-fld. ;  flowers  f  in.  diam. ;  bracts  cymbiform  ; 
sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  dorsal  smallest ;  petals  smaller,  triangular,  fleshy ; 
midlobe  of  lip  short,  oblong,  spur  clavate;  anther  broad,  cells  subparallel,  tubes  short 
ascendmg,  pollinia  longer  than  their  caudicles,  gland  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  very 
large,  short,  stout ;  rostellum  very  short,  broad. 

24.  H.  longicornu,  Lindl.in  Wall.  Cat.  7027 -,  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid. 
322  (longicornis) ;  leaves  subradical  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  acuminate, 
spike  lax-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  ovate  acute 
glabrous,  petals  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  lip  tripartite,  side  lobes  re- 
curved cuneate  fimbriate  or  crenate,  spur  stout  twice  as  long  as  the  very 
long-beaked  ovary.  H.  montana,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  8c.  Nat.  Ser.  ii.  xv.  73; 
Wight  Ic.  t.  925  and  t.  1714,  centre  figure  and  lower  right-hand  flower. 
Orchis  longicornu,  Serb.  Heyne. 


140  cxLviii.  OROHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [^Hah^naria, 

NiLGHiEi  and  Teavancore  Mts.,  Heyne,  &c. 

Stem  6-12  in.  Leaves  2-5  in.,  usually  linear-oblong,  rarely  {as  figured  hy 
Wight)  shorter  and  broader.  Spike  3-6-fld. ;  upper  half  of  ovary  almost  filiform ; 
flowers  nearly  1  in.  long  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  longer  than  the  linear  midlobe ;  mouth  of 
spur  caruncled ;  anther-cells  broad,  parallel,  tubes  rather  long  spreading,  pollinia 
as  long  as  their  caudieles  j  stigmatic  processes  short,  clavate  ;  rostellum  low,  broad. 

25.  XZ.  platyphylla,  Spreng.  Si/st.  Veg.  iii.  690;  scapigerous,  leaves 
sessile  orbicular  or  elliptic,  spike  short  dense-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the 
long-beaked  ovary,  sepals  broadly  oblong  obtuse,  petals  linear  narrow,  lip 
3-lobed,  side  lobes  small  rounded,  midlobe  lanceolate,  spur  longer  than  the 
ovary  slender.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  323 ;  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  201 ; 
Wight  Ic.  1. 1709.  Orchis  platyphyllos,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  10 ;  0.  plantagiaea, 
Roxb.  Gor.  PI.  32,  t.  37 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  450.  O.  Roxburghii,  Pers.  Syn.  ii. 
503. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  and  the  Circars  to  Travancore. 

Leaves  3-6,  appressed  to  the  earth,  fleshy,  3-5  in.  long,  and  as  broad  or  narrower. 
Scape  6-18  in. ;  stout,  strict ;  sheaths  many,  erect,  narrowly  subulate  ;  spike  2-4  in., 
round-topped,  flowers  white,  sweet-scented;  sepals  concave ;  ovary  1  in.,  beak  slender, 
as  long  as  the  body ;  lip  much  less  deeply  lobed  than  in  others  of  this  group,  margins 
erose,  spur  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary,  mouth  funnel-shaped,  with  a  short 
tooth;  anther-cells  divergent,  tubes  long,  polliniar  glands  small;  stigmatic  processes 
subglobose  ;  rostellum  short  triangular. 

26.  K.  Ziindleyana,  Steud.  Nomencl.  Ed.2,71Q;  leaves  snbradical 
large  ovate-oblong  acute,  scape  tall  with  a  few  lanceolate  sheaths  at  the 
tip,  raceme  few-fld.,  flowers  large,  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate  shorter  than 
the  very  long  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  much  smaller  than  the  large  oblong  acute 
entire  lateral,  petals  small  falcate,  side  lobes  of  lip  narrow  linear  much 
shorter  and  narrower  than  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  midlobe,  spur  filiform 
longer  than  the  ovary.     H.  latifolia,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid  323. 

Malay  Peninsula  [Ic.  Mnlayson  in  Herb.  Kew). 

Leaves  5-6  by  2-2^  in.,  membranous,  almost  petioled,  many-nerved.  Scape 
12  in. ;  bracts  f  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  membranous ;  ovary  1:^  in. ;  flowers  white,  spur 
green ;  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  reflexed,  lateral  f  in.  long,  subfalcate, 
5-7  -  nerved  ;  petals  much  smaller,  acuminate;  lip  1  in.,  rather  longer  than  the 
sepals,  midlobe  S-nerved;'  tube  of  anther-cells  long,  slender;  stigmatic  processes 
elongate. — A  noble  species.  Lindley  gives  "  Ceylon,  Macrae  "  as  its  origin,  but  as  a 
fine  drawing  by  Finlayson  (who  collected  only  in  the  borders  of  Siam)  is  in  Herb. 
Kew,  and  Thwaites  never  saw  the  plant  in  Ceylon,  this  is,  no  doubt,  one  of  several 
plants  in  Herb.  Lindley  wrongly  attributed  to  Ceylon.  It  is  evidently  nearly  allied  to 
JET.  platyphylla. 

27.  K.  suaveolens,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850)  263 ;  leaves 
subradical  linear  or  linear-oblong  acuminate,  scape  slender,  spike  few-fld., 
flowers  secund,  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary  narrowly  cymbiform  acumi- 
nate, sepals  subequal,  petals  as  long  but  broader,  lip  cuneately  flabellate, 
side  lobes  broad,  midlobe  as  long  narrow,  spur  as  long  as  the  curved  beaked 
ovary,  tip  subclavate.     Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  268  {excl.  syn.). 

The  CONCAN  ;  between  Vignorla  and  Malwan,  rare,  Dalzell. 

Leaves  4-6  by  ^-f  in.,  rather  thick.  Scape  6-12  in.,  often  flexuous ;  sheaths 
1-3  in. ;  bracts  f  in.  long,  finely  acuminate,  herbaceous ;  flowers  3-6,  ^  in.  broad, 
white,  jasmine-scented ;  dorsal  sepal  orbicular-ovate,  obtuse,  lateral  subfalcate, 
ovate-oblong,  acute  ;  petals  triangular -ovate,  subacute ;  lip  as  long  as  the  lateral 
sepals,  as  broad  as  long,  side  lobes  toothed  or  entire  ;  anther  narrow,  erect,  apiculate, 
cells  contiguous  narrow,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  clavate,  as  long  as  their  stout  caudieles; 


Hahenaria.']        oxLTiii.  ORCHiDSiE.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)  141 

glands  large  orbicular,  lying  close  together  on  each  side  of  the  erect  acute  rostellum ; 
(stigmatic  processes  short,  truncate,  Dalzell). — A  very  anomalous  species  of  this 
section. 

tt  Lip  deeply  3-lobed  or  -partite,  much  longer  than  the  lateral  sepals. 

28.  K.  longrifolia^  Ham.  in  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  324;  stem  tall 
slender  leafy,  leaves  very  narrow,  spike  few-  and.  lax-fld.,  bracts  slender 
longer  than  the  slender  beaked  ovaries,  sepals  small,  petals  gibbously 
ovate,  lip  flabelliform,  side  lobes  semi-circular  quite  entire,  spur  slender 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Gymnadenia  longifolia,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat. 
7060. 

Western  Himalaya  ;   Kumaon,  Boyle ;  Nepal,  at  Nathpur,  Hamilton. 

Stem  10-18  in.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  scattered,  erect,  linear;  acuminate.  SpiJce  2-3 
in. ;  bracts  |-1  in.  ;  ovary  ^-|  in.,  curved  ;  flowers  white  ;  lateral  sepals  ^  in.,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  dorsal  smaller;  petals 3-nerved,  as  long  as  the  dorsal;  lip  ^-f 
in.  long  and  broad,  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  lateral  sepals,  midlobe  linear, 
shorter  than  the  side  lobes  ;  anther  beaked,  cells  parallel,  tubes  upcurved ;  stigmatic 
processes  short,  clavate,  incurved,  surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  spur ;  rostellum  long, 
subulate,  erect. 

29.  K.  plantagrinea,  I^n^L  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  323;  scapigerons, 
leaves  narrowly  oblong,  scape  slender,  spike  lax-fld.,  bracts  half  as  long  as 
the  beaked  ovary,  sepals  small,  petals  linear-lanceolate,  lip  flabelliform, 
side  lobes  semi-ovate  entire  or  toothed,  midlobe  as  long  linear,  spur  as 
long  as  the  ovary  very  slender.  Wight  Ic.  t.  1710.  Gymnadenia  platy- 
phylla,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7053.  Orchis  platyphyllos,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
609.     O.  tenuis,  Rerh.  Bottl. 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  3-7000  ft.,  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim.  Behae, 
Central  India,  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  southwards, 
Heyne,  &c.     Ceylon,  in  the  hot  drier  parts  of  the  Island. 

Leaves  3-6  in.,  radical,  horizontal,  acute  or  obtuse,  membranous.  Scape  8-12  in., 
slender ;  sheaths  small,  acuminate ;  spike  2-3  in. ;  flowers  subsecund,  white  j  bracts 
setaceous  or  lanceolate;  ovary  f  in.,  curved;  sepals  i  in.  long,  subequal,  acute, 
3-nerved,  dorsal  ovate-oblong,  lateral  falcately  oblong ;  lip  i-i  in.  broad,  twice  as 
long  as  the  lateral  sepals,  puberulous,  spur  1-1^  in.  green  ;  anther  rather  broad,  cells 
divergent,  tubes  short  upcurved,  pollinia  as  long  as  their  caudicles,  glands  elongate  j 
stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate;  rostellum  triangular,  broad.  Capsule  f  in., 
turgidly  fusiform,  curved,  beak  short  slender. — In  this  species  the  caudicles  of  the 
pollinia  are  at  first  inserted  in  the  hollow  of  a  single  concave  2-lipped  or  incurved 
gland  of  a  lanceolate  form,  which  afterwards  splits  longitudinally,  each  pollinia 
carrying  away  one  half. 

30.  K.  long-icalcarata,  A.  Bich.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  71,  t. 
3 ;  subscapigerous,  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  flowers  1-4,  bracts 
long  convolute  much  shorter  than  the  long-pedicelled  beaked  ovaries,  sepals 
broad  obtuse,  petals  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate,  side  lobes  of  lip  dimi- 
diate-ovate acuminate  fimbriate  or  toothed,  spur  several  times  longer  than 
the  long  narrow  ovary.  Wight  Ic.  t.  925  ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  268. 
H.  decipiens,  Wight.  Ic.  v.  Pt.  i.  14.  H.  montana,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1714  {upper 
right  and  left  hand  figures)  {not  of  A.  Bichard.)  H.  longicorniculata, 
Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  202.     H.  macroceratitis,  Serb.  Bottl. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  Western  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore, 
ascending  to  6000  ft. 

Stem  or  scape  10-18  in.  ;  sheaths  few,  distant.  Leaves  2-4  in.  Flowers  white, 
asmine-scented ;  bracts  f-1  in. ;  ovary  1  in.,  suberect,  its  pedicel  sometimes  as  long ; 
sepals  ^  in.  long,  3-nerved;  lip  %-\  in.  long,  spur  thickened  from  below  the  middle  to 


142  oxLviii.  OBOHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Hahenaria. 

the  tip  ;  anther  very  broad,  tubes  as  long  as  the  cells,  pollinia  narrowly  pyriform 
shorter  than  their  slender  caudicles,  which  are  narrowly  winged  on  one  side,'  glands 
very  small ;  stigmatic  processes  surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  spur  ;  rostellum  obscure. 
— Allied  to  H.  longicornu,  but  much  more  slender,  leaves  longer,  flowers  much 
larger,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  its  side  lobes  broader,  and  spur  very  much  longer. 

31.  K.  crinifera,  Lindl.  Ge.n.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  323 ;  scapigerous,  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts  much  shorter  than  the 
pedicelled  ovary,  sepals  broad  obtuse,  petals  linear  acuminate,  lip  clawed 
sub  4-partite,  side  lobes  cuneate  or  dimidiate-ovate  crenate  caudate,  mid- 
lobe  2-lobuled,  spur  very  slender  incurved  much  longer  than  the  filiform 
beaked  ovary.  Wight  Ic.  t.  926;  Dah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  269.  H. 
schizochilus,  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  282.  Symmeria  schizochilus,  Grah. 
I.  c.  on  last  {unnumbered)  jpage. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore.     Ceylon. 

Leaves  1-6  in.,  very  variable  in  breadth.  Scape  1-18  in.,  very  slender  ;  sheaths 
scattered,  subulate:  bracts  lanceolate;  flowers  white,  f-H  in.  long;  dorsal  sepal 
orbicular,  subacute,  lateral  broadly  ovate  ;  lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  as  it  were 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  tailed;  spur  with  a  long  erect  ligule  at  the  mouth;  anther 
tubes  long,  straight ;  caudicles  of  pollinia  winged  as  in  H.  Longiealcarata,  glands 
minute;  stigmatic  processes  clavate,  adnata  to  the  mouth  of  the  spur;  rostellum 
very  short,  obtuse. 

32.  K.  triflora,  Bon  Trodr.  25;  stem  leafy  1-2-fld.,  leaves  short 
sheathing,  bracts  long  embracing  the  ovaries  of  the  large  erect  flowers, 
dorsal  sepal  oblong-ovate,  lateral  oblong-lanceolate,  petals  small  linear- 
subulate,  lip  very  large,  side  lobes  semi-oblong  hatchet-shaped  crenulate, 
midlobe  shorter  linear,  spur  very  slender  as  long  as  ovary  straight. 
Platanthera  Candida,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7035 ;  Gen.  &  S;p.  Orchid.  295. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  alt.  5000  ft.,  8trachey  ^  Winterhottom ;  Nepal, 
Wallich.     Lower  Bengal  ;  at  Mymensingh,  Clarke. 

Stem  8-12  in.,  rather  slender.  Leaves  1-3  in. ^oblong,  acute,  sometimes  all  im- 
bricating, or  the  lower  larger  and  spi-eading,  upper  acuminate.  Flowers  shortly 
pedicelled ;  bracts  and  slender  ovary  1-1^  in.  long  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  suberect ; 
petals  1-nerved  ;  lip  1-1^  in.  broad,  sessile  on  the  mouth  of  the  spur,  and  tbere 
l)igibbous ;  spur  slightly  thickened  at  the  tip,  mouth  funnel-shaped  ;  anther  very 
broad,  quadrate,  truncate,  cells  marginal,  tubes  short  free,  glands  of  pollinia 
minute ;  staminodes  prominent ;  stigmatic  surface  inconspicuous  ;  rostellum  broad 
obscure. — The  suberect  lateral  sepals,  and  sheathed  stem  recall  the  species  of  the 
Phyllostachya  section. 

***  Lip  short,  34obed  at  the  broad  apex. 

33.  IS.  Orchidis^  Hook.  f. ;  stem  stout  leafy,  leaves  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong  erect  acute,  spike  short  cylindric  very  dense-fld.,  bracts  longer 
than  the  short  curved  ovaries,  flowers  small,  sepals  puberulous,  dorsal 
elliptic,  lateral  oblong,  petals  shorter  rhombic-orbicnlar,  lip  cuneately 
obovate,  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  slender  incurved.  Gymnadenia 
cylindrostachya,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7056;  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  278.  G. 
Orchidis,  and  violacea,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  I.  c.  Platanthera  Orchidi", 
Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7039  A. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  Garwhal,  alt.  8-9000  ft.,  Duthie;  Kumaon,  Wallich', 
Sikkim,  alt.  8-1000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Stem  1-2-ft.  Leaves  2-6  in. ,  hro&d  or  narrow,  sheathing,  sometimes  short  and 
imbricating.  Spike  2-5  in.;  bracts  lanceolate,  herbaceous;  ovary  ^  in.  long,  in- 
curved, subrostiaie;  flowers  ^-^  in.  diam.,  pink,  odoriferous,  perianth  spreading; 


Habenaria.']  oxLviii.  ORCHiDEJi;.     (J.D.Hooker.)  143 

dorsal  sepal  oblong ;  lobes  of  strongly  neryed  lip  very  short,  obtuse,  eqnal  or  the 
midlobe  longest  and  broadest ;  anther  short,  broad,  cells  parallel  contiguous,  tubes 
0,  pollinia  clavate  almost  sessile  on  the  large  oblong  gland,  grains  very  large  and 
loose ;  stigmatic  processes  very  large,  globose,  placed  close  under  the  anther,  and 
swelling  up  after  fertilization  so  as  almost  to  cover  it ;  rostellum  minute.  Capsule 
small,  sessile,  ^  in.  long,  broadly  ellipsoid  or  subglobose. — A  very  anomalous  member 
of  the  section. 

34  K.  xnonophylla,  Gollett  &  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  ined. ; 
leaf  solitary  subradical,  stem  and  many-fld.  raceme  scurfily  pubescent, 
bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  shorter,  sepals  and  petals  subequal  oblong 
obtase  glabrous,  lip  much  larger  than  the  sepals  clawed  cuneately  obovate 
3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  broad  erose,  midlobe  smaller  ovate  obtuse,  spur  as 
long  as  the  lip  incurved  obtuse. 

Upper  Burma,  Collett. 

A  foot  high,  rather  slender.  Leaf  2  in.,  oblong,  obtuse,  sheathing  the  base  of 
the  stem.  Stem  flexuous  ;  sheaths  2-3,  ^  in.j  and  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Raceme  2  in.,  rather  dense-fid.;  bracts  ^  in.;  flowers  about  as  broad  as  long;  side 
lobes  of  lip  as  broad  as  long,  diverging,  disk  puberulous,  speckled ;  anther  ovoid  or 
globose,  cells  parallel  contiguous,  tubes  0,  glands  of  pollinia  contiguous  orbicular. — 
Closely  allied  to  S.  Orchidis.     Described  from  a  single  indifferent  specimen. 

Sect.  III.  Trimeroglossa.     (See  p.  132.). 
*  Tubes  of  the  anther-cells  long. 

t  Perianth  membranous ;    lateral  sepals  with  deeply  looped  or  arched 

nerves. 

35.  S.  commelinifolia,  Wall,  in  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  325 ; 
tall,  robust,  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  bracts  longer  than  the  long- 
beaked  ovary  slender,  dorsal  sepal  orbicular  much  smaller  than  the  gib- 
bously  hatchet-shaped  beaked  lateral,  petals  oblong,  lip  vs-ith  a  linear  blade 
dividing  into  3  very  long  filiform  segments,  spur  very  long.  Griff.  Notul. 
iii.  372 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  339.  Platanthera  commelinifolia,  Lindl.  in 
Wall.  Gat.  7037.  Orchis  commelinifolia,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  451 ;  Grah. 
Cat.  Bomb.  Pi.  201.     0.  stylosanthes.  Herb.  Ham. 

Tropical  Western  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  alt.  3500  ft.,  Rot/le,  Strachey  Sf 
Winterbottom.     The  Concan  and  Canara,  Stocks,  Law,  &c. 

Stem  2-3  ft. ;  tubers  ellipsoid  (2-9  in.  long,  Roxh.).  Leaves  3-6  in.,  upper  or 
sheaths  lanceolate.  Spike  4-8  in.  ;  ovary  \-l\  in.,  upper  two-thirds  filiform ; 
flowers  ^-f  in.  diam.,  white,  inodorous ;  mid  segment  of  lip  deflexed,  scaberulous, 
lateral  widely  spi-eading;  spur  1-2^  in.,  incurved,  green,  mouth  funnel-shaped; 
anther  refiexed,  tubes  long  straight  erect ;  staminodes  seated  on  the  long  arms  of  the 
column;  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate,  incurved;  rostellum  short,  triangular. 
Capsule  ^  in.,  sessile,  fusiform,  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body. 

36.  K.  xnalleifera,  HooJc.  f. ;  tall,  stout,  leaves  clustered  large  ob- 
lanceolate  acute,  spike  long  many-fld.  furfuraceous,  dorsal  sepal  orbicular 
cucullate  much  smaller  than  the  large  deformed  lateral,  petals  very  small, 
lip  longer  than  the  sepals  tripartite  to  the  base,  segments  filiform  subequal 
or  central  longest,  spur  half  as  long  as  the  long-beaked  ovary,  tip  involute 
globose  or  clavate. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  at  Senadah,  alt.  6000  ft.,  King  {Herb.  Calcutt.).  Khasia 
Hills,  Lobh ;  at  Myrung,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  J).  U.  ^  T.  T. 


144  cxLVili.  oncHiDE^.     (J.  U.  Hooker.)         [Habenaria. 

Stem  with  raceme  12-18  in. ;  hairs  cellular,  scattered.  Leaves  clustered  below 
the  middle  of  the  stem,  5-8  by  1^-2^  in.  Eaceme  4-6  in.,  lax-fld.  j  sheaths  large, 
ovate,  finely  acuminate;  bracts  |-1  in.,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  ovate-lanceolate ; 
flowers  greenish,  about  ^  in.  diam.  ;  ovary  |-1  in.,  beak  very  slender ;  dorsal  sepal 
embracing  the  anther,  lateral  reflexed  triangular-oblong  in  outline  but  with  the 
lower  margin  so  gibbous  as  to  form  an  obtuse  false  apex  to  the  5-nerved  sepal,  the 
true  apex  in  which  the  looped  nerves  end  being  close  to  the  base  of  the  sepal ; 
petals  gibbously  triangular ;  staminodes  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  anther ;  anther 
recumbent,  tubes  very  long  decurved  ;  poUinia  clavate,  caudicle  very  long,  glands 
minute ;  stigmatic  processes  very  long  ;  rostellum  obscure. 

37.  K.  I^urtoni,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  petioled  crowded  towards  the  base 
of  the  stem  oblanceolate,  spike  puberulous,  dorsal  sepal  orbicular  hooded 
much  smaller  than  the  deformed  lateral,  petals  small  triangular,  lip  much 
longer  than  the  sepals  tripartite  to  the  base,  segments  filiform  subequal 
or  lateral  shorter,  spur  longer  than  the  long-beaked  ovary  slender. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  on  limestone  rocks,  Scortechini,  Kunstler.  Singa- 
pore, Murton. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  with  rather  close-set  ovate-lanceolate  leafy  sheaths,  1-2  in.  long 
above  the  leaves.  Leaves  6-10  by  2-3  in.,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole.  Spike 
lax-fld.  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  equalling  the  decurved  ovary  ;  flowei's  i-f  in.  diam.  j 
upper  margin  of  lateral  sepals  very  short  straight,  tip  lateral,  nerves  forming  deep 
loops;  anther-cells  very  much  as  in  H.  malleifera,  tubes  very  long;  poUinia  shorter 
than  their  long  caudicles,  glands  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  globose ;  I'ostellum 
obscure. 

38.  K.  XLingrii,  Hooh.  f. ;  robust,  leaves  large  crowded  towards  the 
base  of  the  stem  petioled,  spike  puberulous,  dorsal  sepal  obovate  cucullate 
as  long  as  the  cultriform  beaked  strongly  falcate  lateral,  petals  linear- 
lanceolate  obtuse,  lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals  tripartite  to  the  base, 
segments  very  slender  subequal,  spur  as  long  as  the  slender  long-beaked 
ovary. 

Perak  ;  on  limestone  rocks,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  1-2^  ft.  Leaves  5-10  in.,  acute  or  acuminate.  Spike  lax-fld. ;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  ovaries ;  .flowers  pale  silvery  green ;  sepals  about 
i  in.  long,  acuminate,  5-nerved  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  1-nerved  ;  spur 
slightly  thickened  downwards ;  anther  closely  embraced  by  the  hooded  dorsal  sepal, 
tubes  very  long  stigmatic  processes  and  rostellum  as  in  S.  Murtoni. — Diifers  from 
S.  Murtoni  in  the  form  of  the  lateral  sepals,  the  long  dorsal,  and  in  the  petals 
and  spur.  Both  these  and  H.  furfuracea  are  near  S.  ciliolaris,  Kranzlein  of  China, 
and  H.  muricata,  Vidal,  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

39.  K.  furfuracea,  Hooh.  f. ;  tall,  leaves  large  obovate  or  oblanceo- 
late clustered,  spike  lax-fld.  f  urfuraceous  with  short  cellular  hairs,  dorsal 
sepal  broadly  ovate  acuminate  hooded  as  long  as  the  cultriform  strongly 
curved  lateral,  lip  subequally  tripartite  to  the  base,  spur  shorter  than  the 
long-beaked  ovary  tip  fusiform. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Nunklow,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  J.  B.  H.  Sf  T.  T. 

Closely  allied  to  S.  Kingii,  but  more  slender,  with  a  furfuraceous  spike  and  a 
shorter  spur  with  a  fusiform  tip.  The  anthers  stigmatic  apparatus,  &c.,  are  nearly 
the  same  in  both.  This  and  Kingii  differ  remarkably  from  H.  malleifera  &  Murtoni 
in  the  less  deformed  lateral  sepals. 

40.  H.  pubescenSj  Lindl.  Gen.  8f  Sp.  Orchid.  322;  stem  leafj 
towards  the  base  and  elongate  many-fld.  raceme  pubescent,  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate  base  narrowed,  dorsal  sepal  hemispheric  nearly  as  long  as  the 
dimidiate-ovate  obtuse  lateral,  petals  linear,  lip  much  longer  than  the 


Mahenana.'i         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  I).  Hooker.)  l45 

sepals  tripartite,  segments  linear  obtuse  central  broadest,  spur  slender  as 
long  as  the  curved  beaked  ovary  tip  acuminate. 

Western  Himalaya;  Kumaon  or  Garwhal,  Eoi/le,  Falconer. 

Stem  12-18  iu.,  stout ;  upper  sheaths  free,  ovate-laaceolate.  Leaven  4-6  by 
1-li  in.,  not  margined.  Spike  8-10  in.  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliolate,  shorter 
than  the  ovary  which  is  curved,  i  in.,  pubescent,  beak  slender;  lateral  sepals -i—:?-  in. 
long ;  tubes  of  anther-cells  long,  straight ;  staminodes  large  j  stigraatic  processes 
globose. — Much  the  smallest  flowered  of  its  subdivision. 

41.  H.  spatuleefolia,  Par.  &  Beichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  xxx. 
140;  leaves  2-3  subradical  obovate-spathnlate,  scape  slender  2-fld.,  sheath 
and  bracts  large  broad  cymbiform,  dorsal  sepal  hemispheric  as  long  as  the 
hatchet-shaped  lateral,  petals  linear-oblong  falcate,  lip  tripartite  to  the 
base,  segments  filiform  side  ones  short  central  very  long  incurved,  spur 
longer  than  the  ovary  tip  clavate. 

Tenassekim  ;  at  Mergui,  Parish. 

Leaves  4-5  by  1-1|-  in.,  not  margined,  subpetioled.  Scape  as  long  ;  sheath  sub- 
solitary  ;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  filiform  straight  beaked  pedicelled  ovary 
which  is  li  in.  long;  sepals  i  in.  long;  tubes  of  anther-cells  very  long,  slender; 
stigmatic  processes  short. — Habit  of  I)iplomeris. 

ft  Lateral  sepals  curved  or  nearly  straight,  nerves  straight  or  moderately 
arched. 

42.  K.  pterocarpa,  Thwaites  Enum.  309 ;  stem  leafy,  leaves  long 
linear-lanceolate,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  flowers  few  very  large,  dorsal 
sepal  ovate-oblong  rather  shorter  than  the  falcate  oblong-lanceolate  acumi- 
nate lateral,  petals  linear-oblong  falcate,  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals 
3-cleft  to  above  the  middle,  side  lobes  subulate-lanceolate  falcately 
recurved  longer  than  the  straight  midlobe,  spur  very  large  thrice  as  long 
as  the  beaked  ovary  thickened  from  below  the  middle. 

Ceylox;  at  Kandy,  Walker;  at  Ramboddi,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Stem  6-18  in.  Leaves  4-10  in.,  base  contracted.  Spike  3-10-fld. ;  bracts  large, 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  ovary  narrowly  winged,  shortly  pedicelled  ;  flowers  1^-2  in.  diam., 
white  ;  ovary  1-i  in.  long ;  lateral  sepals  spreading  or  deflexed,  dorsal  rather  shorter 
acute  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  spur  3^  in.,  green,  narrowly  clavate,  mouth  with  a 
tooth  ;  midlobe  with  deflexed  sides ;  anther-cells  divaricate ;  caudicles  of  pollinia 
exactly  as  in  E.  longicalcarata ;  stigmatic  processes  elongate^  clavate ;  rostellum 
triangular. 

43.  K.  rhynchocarpa^  SooTc.  f. ;  stem  leafy,  leaves  lanceolate, 
spike  short  dense-fld.,  dorsal  sepal  cymbiform  half  as  long  as  the  broadly 
ovate-oblong  lateral,  petals  linear,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  3-lobed  to  the 
middle,  lobes  linear-lanceolate  acute  mid  one  longest,  spur  much  longer 
than  the  long  slender  beaked  ovary.  PH.  stenopetala,  Lindl.  Gen.  & 
Sp.  Orchid.  324  {not  of  p.  319).  Platanthera  rhynchocarpa,  Thwaites 
JEnum.  310. 

Ceylon  ;  above  Galagama,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  leafy  below  the  middle.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  sessile.  Spike  2-3  in., 
dense-fld. ;  bracts  slender,  equalling  the  ovary  or  longer  ;  flowers  white,  i-|  in. 
diam.;  lateral  sepals  deflexed,  subacute;  spur  1-li  in.,  cylindric,  green,  obtuse; 
anther-cells  divaricate,  tubes  straight ;  glands  of  pollinia  minute  ;  stigmatic  pro- 
cesses elongate,  incurved,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  lip;  rostellum  minute. — 
Lindley's  S.  stenopetala  of  p.  324  (not  of  p.  319)  is  1  think  a  starved  specimen  of 
rhj/nchocarpa. 

VOL.  VI  L 


146  cxLviii.  0RCHIDEJ5.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Hahenaria. 

44  K.  vidua,  Far.  &  Reichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn,  Soc.  xxx.  140,  t.  27, 
f.  2  ;  lea^ves  subbasal  elliptic-lanceolate  acute,  scape  above  and  flowers 
paberulous,  raceme  lax-fld.,  bracts  much,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  dorsal 
sepal  orbicular  pubescent  rather  smaller  than  the  oblong  subacute  lateral, 
petals  hatchet-shaped,  lip  tripartite,  segments  filiform  subequal  longer 
than  the  sepals  side  ones  recurved  over  the  flower,  midlobe  deflexed,  spur 
longer  than  the  long-beaked  ovary  acute. 

Tenasserim  ;  at   Moulraein,  Parish. 

Stem  short,  stout,  with  1-2  spreading  sheaths  above  the  leaves.  Leaves  3-5  by 
-^-li  in.  Raceme  4-6  in. ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  green  and 
white,  sweet  scented  ;  pedicel  with  ovary  f-1  in.,  nearly  straight ;  lateral  sepals 
reflexed,  margins  revolute  j  spur  thickened  below  j  tubes  of  anther-cells  divaricate  ; 
pollinia  much  shorter  than  their  slender  caudicles,  glands  small  ;  stigniatic  processes 
short,  clavate,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  spur  ;  rostellum  short,  broad.  Capsule 
f  in.,  shortly  pedicelled,  straight,  fusiform,  beak  short. 

45.  K.  Mandersii,  Semsl.  &  Collett  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  ined.  ;  tall, 
lower  leaves  linear-oblong  upper  narrow  lanceolate,  raceme  glabrous, 
bracts  as  long  as  the  slender  pedicelled  long-beaked  ovaries,  dorsal  sepal 
ovate  obtuse  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  lateral,  petals  as  long  as  the 
sepals  linear-oblong  obtase,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  entire  or  tripartite 
nearly  to  the  base  lateral  segments  0  or  shorter  than  the  linear  midlobe 
and  recurved,  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary  geniculate  tip  clavate. 

BuKMA  ;  at  Mandalay,  Anderson  {in  Herb.  Calcutt.),  Collett. 

Stem  with  raceme  18  in.  Leaves  (imperfect)  3  in.,  upper  narrow  ones  erect, 
1-1^  in.  Raceme  4  in.  ;  bracts  1  in.,  ciliolate,  lanceolate  ;  ovary  narrowly  winged  ; 
sepals  i  in.,  3-nerved,  lateral  subfalcate  ;  petals  usually  straight,  3-nerved  ;  mar- 
gins of  midlobe  of  lip  revolute,  spur  1-2  in.,  mouth  with  a  large  obtuse  ligule 
with  revolute  sides,  the  convex  face  (towards  the  mouth)  has  2  short  conical  spurs 
side  by  side  and  a  median  tooth  above  them  ;  anther  very  large,  tubes  long  erect ; 
pollinia  much  shorter  than  their  long  narrowly  winged  caudicle ;  glands  ovate ; 
sligmatic  processes  clavate. — The  organ  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur  is  very  curious. 

46.  K.  rostrata,  Wall,  in  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  325;  leaves 
lanceolate  acuminate,  upper  passing  into  many  slender  erect  sheaths, 
spike  many-  and  lax-fld.,  dorsal  sepal  cymbiform  much  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovate  falcate  lateral,  petals  broadly  oblong  obtuse,  lij)  much 
longer  than  the  sepals  segments  very  long  filii'orm,  spur  shorter  than  the 
very  long-beaked  ovary,  tip  pyriform.  Platanthera  rostrata,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Gat.  7051  A. 

Pegu  and  Temasseeim,  Wallich. 

Stem  6-12  in.  Leaves  4-6  by  ^-|  in.  Spike  2-4  in. ;  bracts  very  slender, 
ciliolate,  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  flowers  yellow  spotted  with  brown,  about  i-^  in. 
diam. ;  sepals  coriaceous  lateral  dimidiate  oblong,  deflexed,  5-nerved,  tips  turned 
Tip  ;  petals  oblong,  pubescent,  falcate,  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  tubes  of  anther-cells 
elongate,  caudicles  of  pollinia  long,  glands  linear;  stigmatic  processes  forming  a 
ring  round  the  mouth  of  the  ovary  ;  rostellum  very  short,  triangular.  Young  fruit 
with  the  beak  as  long  as  the  body. 

47.  K.  acuifera,  Wall,  in  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  325 ;  slender, 
leaves  scattered  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  upper  setaceous,  spike  short, 
bracts  longer  than  the  beaked  ovary,  sepals  obtuse,  dorsal  broadly  oblong 
shorter  than  the  concave  oblong  lateral,  petals  much  smaller  linear-oblong, 
lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  side  lobes  short  subulate,  midlobe  linear,  spur 
half  as  long  as  the  ovary.     H.  linguella,  Lindl.  I.  c.  325  {excl.  hah.  Ceylon). 


Hdbenaria,  cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  147 

Platanthera  acuifera,  Lindl.  in  Wall.   Cat.  7045.     P.  rostrata,   Lindl.  in 
Wall.  Cat.  7051  B. 

Khasia   Hills,   alt.   4-5000  ft.,    common.      Naga   Hills,   Prain.      Tavot, 

Wallich.' — DiSTRiB.  China. 

Stem  10-18  in.,  flexuous.  Leaves  2-4  by  i-i  in.,  erect,  base  sheathing,  upper  and 
linear  lanceolate  ciliolate  bracts  very  finely  acuminate  ;  ovary  ^-f  in.,  rugose,  beaked 
for  half  its  length ;  flowers  golden,  f  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  strongly  3- lateral  5- 
nerved  ;  petals  1-nerved;  margins  of  midlobe  of  lip  revolute,  spur  slightly  clavate  ; 
anther  large,  apiculate,  tubes  long  erect,  caudicles  of  pollinia  long  very  slender,  glands 
minute  ;  stigmatic  processes  clavate,  incurved. — Lindley  errs  in  describing  the  leaves 
as  all  radical,  and  in  giving  Ceylon  as  a  habitat. 

48.  K.  chlorina,  Reichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  140;  habit 
and  character  of  H.  acuifera,  but  rather  stouter,  leaves  broader,  spike 
longer,  sepals  and  petals  3-nerved,  side  lobes  of  lip  large  and  spur  incurved 
below  the  middle  with  a  large  clavate  ellipsoid  tip. 

Tenasserim;  at  Moulmein,  Zobb,  Parish.  Shan  States,  alt.  4400  ft., 
Collett. 

Leaves  ^-|  in.  broad.  Spike  2-3  in.  long ;  flowers  at  first  yellow-green,  then 
spotted  with  brown,  at  last  brown. — Probably  a  form  of  H.  acuifera^  but  besides  the 
above  difl'erence  the  flowers  are  smaller. 

**  Tubes  of  anther-cells  short. 

t  Stem  leafy  upwards. 

§  Bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate.     Flowers  not  or  hardly  secund. 

49.  K.  elliptica,  Wight  Lc.  t.  1706 ;  leaves  all  linear-oblong  or 
lanceolate  acuminate  narrowly  margined,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts  longer 
than  or  equalling  the  ovaries,  dorsal  sepal  shorter  than  the  broadly  oblong 
obtuse  lateral,  petals  triangular-ovate  ciliolate,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals 
trifid  beyond  the  middle  lobes  oblong  obtuse,  spur  stout  equalling  the 
shortly  beaked  incurved  ovary. 

Iravancore;  on  the  Pulney  Mts.,  Wight. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  rather  stout.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^-f  in.,  upper  short  sheathing, 
erect  or  incurved.  Spike  2-4  in.,  cylindric ;  bracts  finely  acuminate  j  flowers 
greenish-white,  about  gin.  diam.  ;  perianth  thick  subpuberulous ;  sepals  3-nerved, 
dorsal  ciliolate  almost  orbicular,  lateral  ovate-oblong  j  petals  ^  shorter,  fleshy ;  lobes 
of  lip  parallel ;  anther  broad,  cells  distant  divaricate,  tubes  short  j  pollinia  longer 
than  their  stout  caudicles,  glands  small  j  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate ;  rostellum 
broad,  triangular. 

50.  K.  fusifera,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  oblong  acute  narrowly  margined, 
spike  many-fld,,  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  suborbicular 
nearly  as  long  as  but  broader  than  the  oblong  obtuse  lateral,  petals  larger 
than  the  sepals  triangalar-ovate,  lip  larger  than  the  sepals  3-partite  to  the 
base,  side  segments  filiform  longer  than  the  linear  mid  segment,  spur 
shorter  than  the  curved  ovary  fusiform  with  a  short  narrow  neck. 

Travancorb  ;  on  the  Annamallay  Hills,  Beddome  {in  Herh.  Calcutt.). 

Habit  of  H.  elliptica,  but  very  diff'erent  in  the  shorter  not  beaked  ovary,  larger 
doi'sal  sepal,  and  petals,  3-partite  lip,  and  spur;  flowers  yellow ;  anther  broad, 
cells  divaricate,  tubes  short;  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  short,  glands  small;  stigmatic 
processes  clavate,  incurved,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  spur. — I  have  seen  only  one 
specimen. 

l2 


148  CXLViii.  oRCHiDE-S.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)         [^Hahenaria. 

51.  IK.  trifurcata^  Hook.  f.  ;  leaves  petioled  elliptic-lanceolate 
acuminate,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  sepals  subequal 
ovate-lanceolate  acute,  petals  narrowly  linear,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  3- 
partite  to  near  the  base  segments  subulate,  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  or 
longer  slender. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Nowgong  {Herh.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  10-12  in.,  rather  slender,  leafless  below.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  alternate,  mem- 
branous, not  margined,  upper  or  sheaths  lanceolate.  Spike  many-fld.;  bracts 
slender,  lanceolate;  ovary  ^— J  in.,  slightly  curved  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  membranous, 
3-nerved ;  petals  as  long,  1-nerved  ;  anther  oblong,  cells  contiguous,  tubes  short 
divaricate ;  stigmatic  processes  elongate,  clavate,  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  lip  ;  ros- 
tellum  narrow,  erect. — The  petioled  scattered  leaves  and  petals  distinguish  this  at 
once  from  H.furcifera,  and  the  petals  and  spurs  from  fusifera, 

52.  Hi  avana,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  acuminate,  spike 
many-M.,  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  dorsal  sepal  very  broad,  lateral 
obloDg  acute,  petals  as  long  triangular,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  tripartite 
from  beyond  the  base,  segments  linear-subulate  lateral  incurved,  spur  as 
long  as  the  short  not  beaked  ovary. 

Burma;  at  Ava,  Mrs.  Burney  {Herh.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  6-10  in.  Leaves,  lower  2  in.,  with  long  tubular  sheaths,  upper  many  erect 
very  narrow.  Spike  dense-fld. ;  lower  bracts  f  in.;  ovary  |  in.,  curved;  sepals 
rather  shorter,  dorsal  broadly  ovate  obtuse  5-nerved,  lateral  deflexed  3-nerved ; 
petals  2-nerved  ;  lip  hardly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  linear  before  forking ;  anther 
short,  rather  broad,  tips  of  cells  recurved  hardly  tubular  ;  caudicles  of  pollinia  very 
short,  glands  large ;  stigmatic  processes  long,  clavate,  adnate  to  the  lip ;  rostellum 
broad,  acute,  flat. — The  specimens  are  indifterent. 

§§  Bracts  large,  cucullate.    Flowers  secund. 

53.  K.  Keyneana,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  320;  stem  stout,  leaves 
subimbricate  short  sheathing  acute,  bracts  cymbiform  acuminate  sheathing 
the  flowers,  sepals  subequal  obtuse,  petals  as  long  narrow,  lip  equalling 
the  sepals  3-partite  side  lobes  linear  obtuse  midlobe  longer  and  broader, 
spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  shorter  straight  subclavate.  Wight  Ic.  t.  923, 
1703-4;  Bah.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  268.  H.  glabra,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc. 
Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  75,  t.  5  A.  Platanthera  Heyneana,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat, 
7044. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  southwards,  ascending 
to  7500  ft.  on  the  Nilghiris. 

Stem  6-10  in.  Leaves  1-1^  in.,  ovate,  erect  or  recurved,  rarely  scattered  and 
narrower.  Spilce  2-4  in.;  bracts  imbricating,  lower  1  in.  long;  ovary  ^  in. ,  not 
beaked;  flowers  greenish -yellow  ;  sepals  ^-^  in.,  thick,  nerves  obscure,  dorsal  ovate- 
oblong,  lateral  narrower  ;  petals  linear-oblong ;  lip  thick,  variable,  midlobe  oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  anther  short,  cells  rather  spreading,  tubes  0  ;  caudicles  of  pol- 
linia very  short  stout,  glands  very  close  together,  large,  orbicular ;  stigmatic  pro- 
cesses very  large,  spreading,  clavate ;  rostellum  short,  triangular,  acute. — Turns 
black  in  drying. 

54.  Kt  subpubens,  A.  Ricli.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  75,  t. 
4  C ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong  scattered,  bracts  narrowly  boat-shaped 
acuminate,  sepals  subequal,  petals  as  long  falcate,  lip  spathulate  clawed 
3-fid,  as  long  as  the  sepals,  side  lobes  linear  midlobe  broader,  spur  as  long 
as  the  ovary  acute.  H.  Candida,  I>alz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850),  262 ; 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  267. 


HahenariaJ]        cxlviii.  oechide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  149 

The  Southern  Concan,  Perrottet,  Jacquemont,  Dalzell,  and  Nilghiei  Hills, 
&c. 

Very  near  H.  Heyneana,  and  perhaps  only  a  form  of  it,  but  more  slender,  leaves 
scattered  linear  2—2.\  in.,  bases  narrowed,  bracts  narrower,  flowers  white,  lip  very 
different,  spur  more  slender,  anther  apiculate,  glands  of  the  poUinia  approximate  and 
even  cohei-ing  oblong  with  recurved  sides,  stigmatic  processes  longer,  adnata  to  the 
claw  of  the  lip. — Does  not  turn  black  in  drying. 

ft  Leaves  more  than  three,  clustered  towards  the  middle  or  base  of  the 
stem. 

55.  K.  furcifera,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  8p.  Orchid.  319;  leaves  elliptic, 
spike  long  many-fld.,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  sepals  snbeqnal  dorsal 
ovate-oblong  obtuse,,  lateral  falcately  oblong-lanceolate  subacute,  petals  as 
long  oblong  retuse,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  trifurcute,  side  segments 
filiform  longer  than  the  linear  mid  sesrment,  spur  longer  than  the  ovary 
very  slender  involute.  H.  hamigrera,  Chriff.  in  Gale.  Journ,  Nat.  Hist.  iv. 
380,  t.  20.     H.  tenuicornis.  Wall.  onss. 

TfiOPiCAL  Himalaya  ;  Garwhal,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  Royle,  Edgeworth.  Bhotan, 
King.     Assam,  Wallich.     Okissa,  Clarke.     East  Bengal,  Griffith. 

Stem  10-18  in.,  stout,  with  distant  small  sheaths  above  the  leaves.  Leaves  4-6 
by  1^-2  in.,  acute  or  acuminate,  base  contracted,  not  petioled.  Spike  5-7  in., 
narrow;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate;  ovary  ^  in.,  curved,  hardly  beaked;  sepals  i  in. 
long,  3-nerved,  lateral  reflexed ;  petals  as  long,  membranous,  2-nerved  ;  anther 
rather  small,  tubes  upcurved  ;  stigmatic  processes  short.  Capsule  i  in.,  fusiform, 
turgid,  decurved,  ribs  thick,  beak  I  as  long  as  the  body. 

56.  ZX.  affinls,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1707;  leaves  large  elliptic-lanceolate 
acuminate,  spike  elongate  cylindric,  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
curved  beaked  ovary,  sepals  subequal  or  dorsal  longest  ovate-oblong  ob- 
tuse, petals  as  long  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse,  lip  longer  than  the 
sepals  3-partite,  side  segments  narrow  longer  than  the  linear  obtuse  mid 
segment,  spur  half  as  long  as  the  ovary  slender  incurved. 

Central  India;  at  Singboom,  Clarke.  The  Concan  and  Canaea,  Law, 
Ritchie,  &c.  Teavancore  ;  on  the  Anamallay  Hills,  Beddome  {in  Herb. 
Calcutt.) 

Stem  stout,  1-2  ft. ;  clothed  above  the  leaves  with  many  erect  lanceolate 
sheaths.  Leaves  4-6  by  2-2^  in.,  hardly  petioled,  not  margined.  Spike  4-10  in., 
rachis  stout ;  bracts  -^-f  iu. ;  flowers  green  ;  ovary  i  in.,  beak  short ;  sepals  \  in., 
3-uerved  ;  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  anther  broad,  cells  parallel,  tubes  shortly 
upcurved,  glands  of  pollinia  small;  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate.— The 
Travancore  specimen  has  broader  segments  of  the  lip  than  the  northern  ones. 

57.  K.  ovalifolia,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1706 ;  subscapigerous,  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate  acute,  scape  tall,  raceme  elongate  slender  lax-fld.,  bracts  as  long 
or  half  as  long  as  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  orbicular  as  long  as  the  ovate 
obtuse  lateral,  petals  as  large  as  the  lateral  obtuse,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals 
3-partite  side  lobes  linear-oblong  obtuse  incurved  shorter  than  the  ovate 
fleshy  midlobe,  spur  slender  rather  longer  than  the  slender  beaked  ovary 
incurved  tip  thickened  acute. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  to  the  Nilghiris. 

Tall,  1-2  ft.  Leaves  2-3,  6-8  by  2-4^  in.,  sessile  or  subpetioled,  acute  or  acu- 
minate. Scape  with  a  kafy  sheath  below  and  slender  ones  above  the  leaves;  spike 
10  in.  and  under ;  flowers  distant,  -^  in.  diam,  greenish  ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  nerves 
of  sepals  and  petals  obscure  ;  spur  straight,  pendulous  ;  anther  short,  cells  diverging, 
tubes  short  upcurved,  caudicles  of  pollinia  short,  glands  small ;  stigmatic  processes 
clavate  ;  roslellum  short,  bruad. 


160  cxLViii.  ORCHiDB-ffi.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Hahenaria. 

58.  H.  marg'inata,  Coleh.  in  SooJc.  Fl.  Exot.  t.  ]36 ;  subscapigerons, 
leaves  few  subradical  sessile  oblong  or  linear-oblong  margins  yellow,  spikes 
many-fld,,  bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate  as  long  as 
the  oblong-lanceolate  lateral,  petals  ovate  falcate,  lip  longer  than  the  sejjals 
tripartite  side  segments  slender  longer  than  the  linear  obtuse  central,  spur 
stout  equalling  the  curved  ovary  or  shorter  inflated  below.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf 
Sp.  Orchid.  320  ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gils.  Bomb.  Fl.  268 ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  371 ;  Ic. 
Plant.  Asiat.  t.  341 ;  in  Calcutt.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  382.  Platanthera 
marginata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7038.  H.  promensis,  Wall.  Cat.  7033; 
Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  320.  Orchis  mysorensis  and  clavata.  Herb. 
Heyne. 

Westebn  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmh-  to  Kumaon,  alt.  5-7000  ft.  Behar  and 
Bengal  (wild  in  Bot.  Gard.  Calc).  Burma,  Wallich.  The  Deccan  Peninsula, 
common  on  the  Western  Ghats. 

Leaves  |-5  in.  Scape  4-10  in. ;  sheaths  many,  erect,  lanceolate,  broad  or  narrow. 
Spike  2-6  in.,  cylindric;  bracts  ciliolate;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  yellow-green  ;  lateral 
sepals  3-5-nerved,  deflexed ;  petals  as  long,  2-nerved;  spur  clavate  or  fusiform 
below  the  middle;  anther-cells  distant,  tubes  short  spreading  funnel-shaped; 
caudicles  of  pollinia  short,  glands  large;  stigmatic  processes  long,  adnate  to  the  lip; 
rostellum  triangular,  acute.  Capsule  ^  in.,  fusiform,  turgid,  curved,,  obscurely 
beaked. 

69.  ZI-  flavescens,  Hook.f. ;  scape  slender,  leaves  few  radical  linear- 
oblong  yellowish  when  dry  margined  with  yellow,  scape  slender  few-fld., 
bracts  equalling  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate,  lateral  oblong-lan- 
ceolate acute,  petals  larger  than  the  sepals  ovate-oblong,  lip  rather  longer 
than  the  sepals  3-partite  side-segments  slender,  mid-segment  linear-oblong 
margins  recurved,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary  tip  clavate. 

The  CoNCAN,  Xaw,  &c. 

A  much  more  slender  plant  than  H.  marginata,  turning  yellow  when  dry,  with 
fewer  smaller  flowers,  and  a  more  distinctly  beaked  ovary ;  but  perhaps  only  a  form 
of  that  plant, 

60.  K.  viridiflora,  Br.  Prodr.  312  ;  scapigerous,  leaves  shorter  than 
the  scape  linear-lanceolate  not  margined,  raceme  many-fld.,  bracts  much 
shorter  than  the  beaked  ovaries,  dorsal  sepal  orbicular-ovate  much  shorter 
than  the  broadly  oblong  lateral,  petals  broadly  obliquely  ovate  as  long  as 
the  dorsal  sepal,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite,  segments  slender, 
spur  as  long  as  the  beaked  ovary  thickened  below.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  319  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  1705.  H.  graminea,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  be. 
Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  73  {not  of  Lindl.).  H.  tenuis,  Grijf'.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nut. 
Hist.  iv.  379,  t.  20;  Noinl.  iii.  369;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  342.  Orchis 
viridiflora,  Swartz.  in  Act.  Holm.  1800,  206  ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  13. 

Lower  Bengal,  Griffith,  Clarice.  The  Deccan  Peninsula;  in  rice  fields, 
Het/ne,  &c.     Cetlon,  alt.  5-7O0O  ft..  Walker,  &c. 

Tubers  ovoid,  f-1  in.  long.  Leaves  many,  2-4  by  i-^  in.,  acuminate,  nerves 
obscure.  Scape  4-14  in,,  slender,  sheaths  many  and  bracts  lanceolate ;  raceme 
rather  close-fld.  ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  greenish-yellow;  sepals  3-nerved,  lateral  re- 
flexed  ;  segments  of  lip  variable  in  length ;  ovary  f  in.  long  ;  anther-cells  short, 
divaricate,  tubes  short  upcurved,  caudicles  rather  shorter  than  their  pollinia  ;  stigmatic 
processes  clavate;  rostellum  short,  broad.  Capsule  f  in.,  fusiform,  straight  or 
curved,  beak  short,  pedicel  i  in, 

Var.  Dalzellii ;  leaves  radical  linear  3-5  in.,  scape  very  slender  wiry,  flower 
rather  smaller,  spur  longer  than  the  ovary  slender  incurved.     Caeloglossum  luteum 


Sahenaria.']         cxlviii.  OROHiDEa;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  151 

Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850),  263;  Balz.  ^  Gibs.   Bomb.  Fl.  269  {excl. 
syn.). — The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Malwan^  Dalzell,  &c. 

61.  K.  khasiana,  SooJc.f. ;  scapigerous,  leaves  linear  not  margined, 
scape  slender,  raceme  elongate,  bracts  mucli  shorter  than  the  ovarj,  sepals 
3-nerved,  dorsal  nearly  as  long  as  the  rather  narrower  lateral,  petals  as 
long  ovate-lanceolate,  lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  side  segments  much 
the  longest  filiform,  spur  as  long  as  the  beaked  ovary  rather  stout  slightly 
incurved.  H.  graminea,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp-  Orchid.  318  {not  of  Sprengel). 
Platanthera  linifolia,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7041  {the  Silhet  plant). 

Khasia  Hills  ;  in  grassy  places,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  common. 

Leaves  3-4  by  -J— |-  iu.,  acute  or  acuminate.  Scape  with  elongate  raceme  8-12  in. ; 
sheaths  very  few  and  bracts  lanceolate  ;  ovaries  i— |  in.,  suberect,  curved,  shortly 
pedicelled  and  beaked ;  flowers  sweet-scented,  yellow,  narrow  ;  the  strictly  deflexed 
lateral  sepals  and  erect  dorsal  sepal  are  in  one  line,  i  in.  long;  anther  broad,  cells  sub- 
parallel,  tubes  short;  caudicles  of  pollinia  short  stout,  gland  rather  large  ;  stigmatic 
processes  clavate,  aduate  to  the  mouth  of  tlie  spur  ;  rostellum  very  short,  broad. 
Capsule  \  in.,  subsessile,  fusiform,  not  beaked.- — Very  near  H.  viridiflora,  from  which 
the  narrower  leaves,  shorter  pedicels,  subequal  sepals,  of  which  the  dorsal  is  narrower 
and  erect,  and  stout  spur  distinguish  this. 

62.  K.  ditricha,  LCook.f.;  scapigerous,  leaves  linear  acute  not  mar- 
gined, spike  few-fid.,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  sepals  1-nerved  dorsal 
broadly  ovate  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  lateral,  petals  as  long  ovate- 
lanceolate  acute,  lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite,  side  segments 
capillary,  spur  longer  than,  the  beaked  curved  ovary  slender  incurved. 

Tenassebim  j  at  Moulmein,  Lobb. 

Leaves  as  in  H.  khasiana.  Scape  with  few-fld.  raceme  2-4  in.  ;  sheaths  few, 
membranous  ;  bracts  ^-^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  few,  ^  in.  broad  ;  ovary  \  in., 
sessile,  curved  ;  dorsal  sepal  obtuse,  obscurely  5-nerved  ;  mid  segment  of  lip  shorter 
than  the  lateral ;  spur  hardly  thickened  at  the  tip;  anther-cells  divaricate,  tubes 
short ;  pollinia  and  stigmatic  processes  as  in  H.  Tchasiana. — Very  near  JI.  khasiana, 
but  the  scape  is  very  short,  the  bracts  different,  the  ovary  shorter,  and  the  flowers 
smaller.     Lobb's  specimens  have  all  short  scapes. 

ttt  Leaves  2,  rarely  3,  radical  or  opposite  on  the  stem,  sessile,  broadly 
ovate-cordate  or  oblong. 

63.  K.  crassifolia,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.72,  t.  3  C  ; 
leaves  radical  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate-cordate  margined  fleshy,  raceme 
many-fid.,  bracts  large  exceeding  the  ovary,  sepals  and  petals  short  broad, 
lip  subequally  3-fid  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals,  lobes  linear-oblong 
obtuse,  spur  equalling  the  beaked  ovary.  H.  brachyphylla,  Eeichh.  f.  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Ser.  2,  iii.  113.  Platanthera  brachyphylla,  Lindl.  Gen. 
cy  8p.  Orchid.  293 ;   Wight  Lc.  t.  1694 ;  Balz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  269. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  from  the  Concan  to  the  Nilghiris,  common. 

Leaves  2-3, 1-1^  in.  diani.  Sca'pe  6-12  in.,  stout ;  sheaths  many,  finely  acuminate. 
Spike  6-8  in.,  narrow;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  sheathing;  flowers  i  in.  diam., 
greeuish-white,  rather  fleshy  ;  sepals  3-nerved  ;  petals  1-nerved  ;  side  lobes  of  lip 
liardly  spreading  ;  bases  of  anther-cells  distant,  tubes  very  short  spreading  ;  stig- 
matic processes  short;  rostellum  small,  erect.— The  Khasian  habitat  taken  by 
Keichenbach  from  Lindley's  Herbarium  is  an  error. 

64.  K.  diphylla,  Dalz.  in  Book.  Journ,  Bot.  ii.  (1850)  262 ;  leaves 
radical  orbicular  cordate  margined,  raceme  many-Hd.,  bracts  much  shorter 


152  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Hahenaria. 

than  the  ovary,  sepals  ovate-oblong  subequal,  petals  as  long  linear,  lip 
mncli  longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite,  segments  filiform  lateral  longest, 
spnr  about  equalling  the  ovary  inflated  acute.  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
268.  H.  Jerdoniana,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1715.  H,  Sutleri,  JReichh.f.  in  LinncBa 
XXV.  229.  Platanthera  canarensis,  Lindl.  in  Plant.  Hohenach  exsicc. 
No.  142.     Liparis  diphyllos,  Nimmo  in  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  252. 

Western  Himalaya;  Ga.Ywha\,  Falconer.  Eastern  Bengal;  Daccsi,  Olar&e. 
The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Coucan  to  Malabar. 

Leaves  1-2  in.  diani.,  thinly  fleshy.  Scape  4-lU  in.,  slender  ;  sheaths  many, 
small.  Spike  2-4  in.,  narrow  ;  bracts  ^  in.,  acute  ;  flowers  about  ^  in.  diam, ;  ovary 
^  in.,  hardly  beaked ;  dorsal  sepal  ovate,  lateral  oblong,  acute,  3-nerved ;  anther 
broad,  cells  diverging,  tubes  very  short;  stigmatic  processes  elongate,  clavate, 
adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  spur  ;  rostellum  obscure. 

65.  K.  Aitchisonl,  Peichb.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Ser.  2,  Pot.  iii. 
113 ;  leaves  opposite  orbicular  cuspidate,  scape  tall,  spike  elongate,  flowers 
subsecund  erect,  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  ovary,  sepals  subequal  oblong- 
ovate  obtuse,  petals  as  long  ovate-lanceolate,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  3- 
partite  above  the  base,  side  segments  longest  spreading  and  recurved,  spur 
shorter  than  the  short  curved  ovary  clavate.  H.  brachyphylla,  Aitcli.  8f 
Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  118. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  Kashmir,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Falconer,  &c. ;  Kumaon, 
alt.  9-12,(J00  ft.,  Buthie  j  Sikkim,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  if.— Distrib.  Aff- 
ghanistan. 

Very  variable  in  size  and  stoutness,  10-18  in.  high.  Leaves  inserted  above  the 
base  of  the  stem,  1-3  in.  broad,  not  margined.  /S'cape  sometimes  as  thick  as  a  goose- 
quill  ;  sheaths  few,  small ;  spike  rather  dense-fld. ;  bracts  J  in.,  acute  or  acuminate  ; 
flowers  \  in.  diam.,  greenish  ;  sepals  3-nerved,  lateral  spreading,  dorsal  erect ;  petals 
1-nerved;  mid-segment  of  lip  straight;  anther  short,  broad,  cells  parallel,  tubes  very 
short  upcurved  ;  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate  ;  rostellum  minute. 

Var.  Josephi;  smaller,  2-4  in.  high,  leaves  1-1^  in.,  spike  few-fld.  H.  Josephi, 
Reichb.f.  I.  c.  114.— Kumaon,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  Luthie  ;  Sikkim,  alt.  12-14,000  ft., 
J.  D.  JEL.,  King's  Collector. 

66.  K.  reniforxnis,  Hooh.  f. ;  leaves  1-2  radical  orbicular  or  oblong, 
scape  slender  few-fld.,  bracts  mush  shorter  than  the  ovary,  sepals  and  petals 
subequal  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  acute,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  entire 
or  3-partite  with  slender  segments,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary  or  0. — 
Herminium  reniforme,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7C67.  Aopla  reniformis,  Lindl. 
in  Bot.  Peg.  undei^  t.  1701;  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  304,  457;  Penth.  Fl. 
Honglc.  363.     Listera  reniformis,  Don  Prodr.  28. 

Nepal,  Wallich.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5003  ft.,  Lohb,  &c.— Distrib.  China. 

Leaves  \-^  in.  long,  fleshy,  very  variable  in  form,  sessile,  obtuse.  8cape  with 
4-6-fld.  spike  3-6  in.,  wiry;  sheaths  few,  small;  bracts  lanceolate;  flowers  about 
■J  in.  diam.,  green  ;  sepals  3-nerved,  lateral  deflexed  ;  lip  (in  the  Peloria  state)  entire 
and  linear-oblong,  or  with  two  small  basal  teeth  ;  in  the  perfect  state  with  three 
very  narrow  often  tortuous  divaricate  segments  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  spur  usually 
wholly  absent,  if  present  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary,  slightly  incurved  ; 
anther-cells  nearly  parallel,  tubes  very  short ;  caudicles  of  pollinia  short,  glands  large  ?  ; 
stigmatic  processes  large,  subcylindric  or  clavate  ;  rostellum  short,  triangular,  acute. — 
A  puzzling  little  plant,  which  in  the  Khasia  usually  and  in  Nepal  has  been  collected 
only  in  the  Peloria  form,  without  spur,  and  with  an  entire  lip.  Bentham  (in  Gen. 
Plant.)  retains  it  in  Herminium  from  which  it  differs  in  being  normally  spurred.  It 
is  obviously  allied  to  H.  Aitchisoni. 


Habenaria.']         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  153 

Sect.  IV.  HoLOGLOSSA  (see  p.  132).     See  also  H.  Mandersii  and  reni^ 
formis. 

*  Stigmatic  processes  large. 

t  Stem  leafy  upwards. 

67.  K.  latilabris,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  sessile  ovate  or  oblong  acumi- 
nate, spike  many-fld.,  bracts  green  longer  than  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal 
broadest,  lateral  broadly  ovate,  petals  dimidiate-ovate  or  broadly  ovate, 
lip  linear  or  lanceolate,  spur  tiexuous  longer  than  the  curved  beaked  ovary. 
Platanthera  acuminata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7040 ;  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid. 
289.     P.  latilabris,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  I.  c.     P.  orchidis.  Wall.  Cat.  7039  B. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir,  alt.  5-10,000  ft.,  to  Sikkim, 
alt.  7-12,000  ft.     Central  India,  Hope  (Herh.  Clarke). 

Stem  6-18  in.,  stout  or  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  usually  sheathing-. 
Spike  3-10  in.,  lax-fld.  j  hracts  ovate-lanceolate,  lower  leafy  ;  ovary  ^-^  in.,  curved  ; 
flowers  yellow -green,  ^-^  in.  diam.  or  more  ;  sepals  3-'S -nerved,  glabrous  or  ciliolate, 
lateral  spreading  or  deflexed,  dorsal  orbicular  concave ;  petals  as  long  as  the  lateral 
sepals,  variable  in  shape,  fleshy,  lower  base  gibbous ;  spur  stout  or  slender,  often 
involute  and  upcurved  ;  anther-cells  contiguous,  tubes  0  ;  caudicles  of  pollinia  very 
short,  glands  small ;  stigmatic  processes  large,  subglobose ;  rostellum  short,  tri- 
angular, obtuse.  Capsule  i  in.,  sessile,  fusiform,  shortly  beaked,  more  or  less  curved 
or  twisted. — A  very  common  and  variable  species  in  the  Himalaya. 

68.  K.  stenantha,  Hooh.f. ;  leaves  many  sessile  oblong,  spike  many- 
fld.,  bracts  green  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  dorsal  sepal  oblong,  lateral 
linear  deflexed,  petals  erect  as  long  as  the  sepals  linear,  lip  linear  obtuse, 
spur  flexuous  longer  than  the  straight  obtuse  ovary.    ' 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;   Sikkim,  alt.  8-12,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarke. 

Very  near  to  H.  latilabris,  differing  in  the  form  of  the  lateral  sepals  and  petals, 
which  are  very  narrow,  and  straight ;  and  the  former  being  sharply  deflexed,  whilst 
the  latter  are  erect ;  the  flower  hence  looks  as  if  laterally  compressed.  The  lip 
iilso  is  very  narrow,  but  more  so  than  in  forms  of  acuminata,  with  which  stenantha 
agrees  in  the  column,  anthers,  pollinia,  stigma  and  rostellum. 

69.  K.  densa,  Wall,  in  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  326;  tall,  stout, 
leaves  many  ovate  or  oblong  acuminate  base  sheathing,  spike  very  long 
narrow  stout,  bracts  sheathing  and  exceeding  the  very  short  ovaries,  flowers 
very  small,  sepals  obtuse  puberulous,  lip  linear  obtuse  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
spur  clavate  shorter  than  the  ovary.  Platanthera  densa,  Lindl.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  7046.     P.  clavigera,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  289. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Simla  to  Sikkim,  alt.  5-9000  ft. 

Stem  1-3  ft.  usually  much  stouter  than  in  any  form  of  S".  ac%min«^a  or  its  allies. 
Leaves  3-5  by  1-2  in.  Spike  8-14  in.,  rather  dense-fld.  ;  rachis  stout;  bracts 
•i~|  in.,  finely  acuminate;  ovary  i  in.,  stout^  curved,  shortly  beaked;  flowers  erect, 
^  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  subequal,  thick,  3-nerved;  petals  nearly  as  long,  obliquely  ovate 
or  narrower,  obtuse,  fleshy  ;  lip  with  a  tooth  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur  ;  anther  short, 
broad,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  subglobose,  almost  sessile  on  the  large  orbicular 
gland;  stigmatic  processes  large,  shortly  clavate;  rostellum  small,  erect. — Varies 
greatly  in  size;  a  Wallichian  specimen  from  Nepal  is  3  ft.  high,  with  leaves 
6  by  2  in.,  and  a  fruiting  spike  nearly  18  in.  long.  The  most  distinct  species  of  its 
group. 

tt  Leaf  solitary  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  stem  {rarely  2).  Flowers 
suhsecund.     Rootstock  or  roof  branching  {I  think  in  all). 


154  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Sahenaria. 

70.  K.  oligrantha,  Sooh.  f. ;  stem  slender  naked  above  the  usually 
solitary  oblong  leaf,  bracts  lanceolate  herbaceous  much  longer  than  the 
flower  usually  divaricate,  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  spur  stout  about  as 
long  as  the  shortly  beaked  ovary  incurved  clavate. 

SiKZiM  Himalaya  ;  in  the  interior  valleys,  alt.  10-12,000  ft.,  J.  D.  S. 

Stem  5-10  in.  Leaf  sessile,  2-4  by  f-l^  in.,  obtuse  or  subacute.  i:)pike  1^-4  in., 
lax-fld.  ;  bracts  spreading,  lower  f-1  in.,  green,  upper  gradually  smaller,  uppermost 
hardly  exceeding  the  short  sessile  curved  ovary;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  subacute,  obscurely  3-nerved,  subciliolate ;  petals  as  long,  triangular- 
lanceolate,  base  of  lower  margin  gibbous ;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  fleshy ;  anther-cells 
parallel,  tubes  0  j  pollinia  pyriform,  caudicles  short,  glands  minute  ;  stigmatic  processes 
short ;  rostellum  fleshy,  triangular,  obtuse. 

71.  K.  leptocaulon,  Sooh.f. ;  stem  slender,  with  2-3  narrow  distant 
sheaths  above  the  linear-oblong  acute  leaf,  spike  slender  few-fld.,  bracts 
equalling  the  erect  curved  ovary,  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  spur  slender 
as  long  as  the  ovary  incurved. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachen  Valley,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  K. 

Stem  8-12  in.  Leaf  below  the  middle  of  the  stem,  l|-4  by  f  in.;  sheaths  above 
the  leaves  1-1^  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  erect.  Spike  3-8-fld.,  1-2  in.,  rachis  slender; 
bracts  ^-^  in.,  erect,  slender;  sepals  \  in.  long,  l-nerved,  lanceolate,  acute;  petals 
broader  than  the  sepals,  triangular-lanceolate  from  a  broad  gibbous  base,  fleshy ; 
anthers  as  in  H.  oligantha,  but  rostellum  shorter,  and  glands  of  pollinia  large,  oblong, 
resting  on  the  sides  of  the  rostellum;  stigmatic  processes  short. — Near  H.  oligantha, 
but  distinguished  by  the  narrow  leaves,  the  sheaths  above  them,  small  bracts,  and 
long  slender  spur. 

72.  K.  pachycaulon,  Hooh.  /. ;  stem  short  very  stout  with  2  or  3 
large  herbaceous  sheaths  above  the  solitary  oblong  leaf,  spike  short 
dense-fld.,  bracts  herbaceous  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  sepals  and 
petals  subequal,  lip  ovate-lanceolate,  spur  equalling  the  ovary  incurved 
clavate. 

SiKZiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachen  Valley,  alt.  12,000  ft.,  /.  D.  H. ;  Nattong,  King's 
Collector. 

Rootstock  branched ;  roots  thick,  fleshy.  8tem  4-6  in.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill 
or  less.  Leaf  2A^-3i  by  f-l|-  in.,  thick,  obtuse ;  sheaths  1-1^  in.,  lanceolate.  tSpike 
1^-2  in.  ;  bracts  f-i  in.,  many-nerved;  flowers  purple;  ovary  ^  in,,  hardy  beaked; 
sepals  thick,  linear-oblong,  l-nerved,  ciliolate  ;  petals  shorter,  ovate-oblong,  fleshy  j 
lip  fleshy,  subacute ;  anther-cells  parallel;  glands  of  pollinia  oblong  resting  on  the 
sides  of  the  short  acute  rostellum  ;  stigmatic  processes  obscure. 

73.  H.  nexnatocaulon^  HooTc.f. ;  stem  very  slender  naked  or  with 
one  or  two  sheaths  above  the  small  oblong  subacute  leaf,  spike  very 
slender  lax-fld.,  bracts  half  the  length  of  the  erect  ovary,  flowers  minute, 
sepals  erect  and  petals  subequal,  lip  oblong-lanceolate,  spur  very  short 
clavate. 

SizziM  Himalaya  ;  alt.  10-12,000  ft.  J.  JD.  R.,  Clarke. 

Stem  3-8  in.  iga/ towards  the  base  of  the  stem,  1-li  in.  ;  sheaths  usually  very 
small,  rarely  green  and  leaf-like.  Spike  2-4  in.  long;  bracts  membranous;  ovary 
^-^  in.,  hardly  beaked  ;  flowers  -^^  in.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  l-nerved  ; 
petals  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal,  triangular-ovate,  acute,  l-nerved ;  lip  not  fleshy, 
5-nerved,  obtuse;  spur  not  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  neck  contracted;  anther 
short,  broad,  cells  parallel,  glands  of  pollinia  rather  large,  resting  on  the  sides  of  the 
erect  fleshy  rostellum  ;  stigmatic  processes  globose.  Capsule  ^  in.  long,  sessile,  erect, 
fusiform,  beaked. — The  erect  lateral  sepals,  minute  flowers  and  short  spur,  are  those 


Sahenaria^         cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  165 

of  Sect.  Perisft/lus,  to   which   this  species  is   perhaps   referable,  but  the  branched 
rootstock,  habit,  and  habitat  induce  me  to  refer  it  here. 

**  'No  stigraatic  processes. 

74.  K.  arcuata.  Hook.  f. ;  stem  very  robust  leafy,  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  bracts  herbaceous  narrow  longer  than  the  large  flowers,  dorsal 
sepal  beaked,  petals  small  linear  membranous,  lip  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals  linear,  spur  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary.  Platanthera  ar- 
cuata,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  OrcJdd.  289. 

Western  Himalaya,-  Royle-,  Naini  Tal,  Davidson. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  oblong,  subacute,  upper 
lanceolate,  bases  sheathing.  Spike  many-fld. ;  lower  bracts  l-li  in.,  linenr-lanceolate  ; 
ovary  l-^  in.,  hai'dly  beaked,  curved  ;  sepals  i  in.  Icng,  dorsal  cuculiate,  lateral  larger, 
oblong,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  deflexed ;  petals  very  narrow,  1-nerved  ;  lip  large,  linear, 
with  rounded  shoulders  at  the  b  ise,  puberulous,  sides  reflexed,  spur  2-2|^  in.,  in- 
curved, acute;  anther  large,  broad,  cells  divergent,  tubes  erect;  pollinia  with  stout, 
short  caudicles,  glands  very  large,  ovate  ;  rostellum  broad,  flat,  acute. — A  very 
remarkable  species,  with  the  lip  of  Hologlossa,  but  anther  of  the  larger  Trimero- 
glossce.  I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  from  Col,  Davidson,  and  a  rude  tracing  in 
Herb.  Lindl.,  of  Royle's  plant. 

75.  K.  sikkiznensis.  Hook.  f. ;  stem  stout  leafy,  spike  elongate  lax- 
fld.,  bracts  herbaceous  longer  than  the  large  flowers,  petals  as  large  as  the 
sepals  triangular-lanceolate,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  linear,  spur  rather 

onger  than  the  ovary  very  stout  obtuse  strongly  incurved. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  on  Sinchal,  alt.  8-9000  ft,,  Thomson. 

Stem  with  spike  10-12  in.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  narrowly  oblong.  Spike  3-4  in.; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  lower  1^  in.,  spreading  and  reflexed ;  ovary  f  in.,  strongly 
curved,  hardly  beaked  ;  sepals  3-nerved,  green,  dorsal  broadly  ovate  obtuse  rather 
shorter  than  the  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  spreading  lateral;  lip  linear;  anther 
broad,  cells  narrow,  distant,  tubes  short ;  pollinia  rather  shorter  than  their  stout 
caudicles,  glands  small  ;  rostellum  obscure,  very  broadly  triangular. — Closely  allied 
to  H.  acuminata,  but  flowers  much  larger,  and  there  are  no  stigmatic  processes  or 
rostellum.  The  broad  anthers  and  its  cells  are  those  of  H.  arcuata.  Only  one 
specimen  seen. 

76.  K.  concinna.  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  small,  stem  many-leaved, 
leaves  small  sessile  erect  ovate  or  oblong,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts  longer  than 
the  small  flowers  herbaceous,  lateral  sepals  linear  longer  and  much  narrower 
than  tbe  dorsal  and  petals,  lip  linear  from  a  broad  base  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary  slender  incurved  acute. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Kala-pane,  ait.  5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. ;  Clarice. 

Root  of  thick  tuberous  fibres.  Steyn  with  spike  4-8  in.  Leave.i  almost  imbrica- 
ting, amplexicaul,  lower  1-1^  in.  obtuse,  upper  gradually  smaller  acute  ;  spike  2-4 
in.,  rather  dense-fid.;  bracts  ^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  ovary  \  in.,  suberect ; 
dorsal  sepals  3-nerved,  ovate,  obtuse  ;  lateral  ^  in.  long,  refiexed,  obtuse,  1-nerved  ; 
petals  as  long  as  the  dorsal  sepal,  1-3-nerved  ;  lip  narrow  ;  anther  large,  cells  distant, 
bases  slightly  divergent,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  as  long  as  their  caudicles,  glands  small  ; 
rostellum  triangular. — The  habit  is  that  of  Sect.  Peristylus. 

77.  ZZ.  zosterostyloides.  Hook.  f. ;  radical  leaves  long-petioled 
elliptic  acute,  cauline  sessile  ovate-cordate  amplexicaul,  racemes  long 
sparse-fid.,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong 
obtuse  rather  longer  than  the  rounded  ovate  dorsal,  petals  as  large  as. 
the  dorsal  sepal  triangular-ovate,  lip  linear  as  long  as  the  sepals,  spur  as 
long  as  the  ovary  slender  acute. 


156  cxLviii.  ORCHiuE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [^Habenaria. 

Malayan  Peninsula  ;  ou  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith  {Kew  Dlstrih.,  5359),  Lohh,  Perak, 
ScortecMni,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Wray. 

Root  of  thick  tomentose  fibres  spreading  from  the  crown,  which  gives  off  one  or 
more  long-petioied  leaves  and  a  tall  rather  slender  scape.  Radical  leaf  4-6  in.  Scape 
with  the  raceme  12-18  inches  high,  with  membranous  basal  sheaths,  and  bearing 
one  pr  more  sessile  or  oblong  leaves  about  the  middle,  and  with  2-8  small  distant 
ovate  herbaceous  sheaths  above  them.  Spike  4-6  in,;  flowers  distant ;  bracts  |  in. long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sepals  dorsal,  3-nerved,  nearly  orbicular,  lateral  ^  in.  subacute, 
reflexed ;  lip  elongate,  linguilorm,  obtuse;  anther  broad,  cells  distant  divergent, 
tubes  hardly  any  ;  pollinia  shorter  than  their  stout  caudicles,  glands  large  orbicular  ; 
stigmatic  processes  0  ;  rostellum  very  obscure.  Capsule  (immature)  sessile,  curved. — 
A  remarkable  species,  in  habit  unlike  any  other.  The  solitary  loug-petioled  radical 
leaf,  sometimes  distant  from  the  flowering  stem,  is  very  peculiar,  and  closely  resembles 
that  of  Crypto&tylis  (Zosterostylis,  Blicme),  zeylanica. 

Sect.  VI.  Peristylus.  (See  p.  132.) 

*  Spur  as  long  the  sepals,  or  longer,  or  shorter  in  H.  aristata. 

t  Leaves  scattei^ed  along  the  stem,  or  radicoJ.    [See  also  83.  H.  Gardneri.) 

78.  K.  bicornuta^  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
spike  long  many-fld.,  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ovary,  lateral 
sepals  linear  obtuse,  petals  as  long  elliptic,  lip  tripartite,  segments  fili- 
form, lateral  longer  than  the  sepals  recurved  over  the  flower,  mid-seg- 
ment shorter,  spur  longer  than  the  sepals  clavate  or  fusiform  incurved. 
Peristylus  Richardianus,  Wic/ht  Ic.  t.  1097. 

The  Westeen  Ghats  ;  on  the  Nilghiri  and  Pulney  hills,  ascending  to  6500  ft. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  rather  stout.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-7- 
nerved.  Spike  6-10  in.,  rather  dense-fld.  ;  bracts  herbaceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
lower  ^-f  in.  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long,  dorsal  oblong  obtuse  sub  5-nerved,  lateral  erect  at 
length  spreading ;  petals  1-nerved ;  lip  with  a  large  concave  claw,  mid-segment 
variable  in  length  from  triangular  to  linear,  straight,  obtuse  ;  spur  stout  ;  anther 
minute,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0,  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  short ;  stigmatic  processes 
long,  lying  in  the  claw  of  the  lip  ;  rostellum  truncate,  plicate,  concealing  the  base  of 
the  cells  and  pollen  glands  ? — Blackens  when  dry.  Differs  from  stenostachya  in  the 
larger  flowers,  long  side  lobes  of  the  lip,  and  spur. 

79.  K.  Stenostachya,  Benth.  Ft.  Hongk.  362  ;  leaves  lanceolate 
acuminate,  spike  narrow  lax-  or  dense-fld.,  flowers  small,  bracts  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  linear  obtuse,  petals  larger  than 
the  sepals  triangular-ovate  or  oblong  fleshy,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  3-fid, 
side  lobes  subulate,  midlobe  usually  shorter  broader  and  obtuse,  spur  straight 
about  as  long  as  the  ovary.  H.  peristyloides,  Wight  Ic.  1. 1702.  Platan- 
thera  stenostachya,  Lindl.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  vii.  (1855)  37.  Gymna- 
denia  ?  tenuis,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  70b7.  Coeloglossum  densnm,  Lindl. 
Gen.  tSc  Sp.  Orchid.  302.  C.  peristyloides,  Beichb.  f.  in  Bonpland.  1856, 
321.     C.  cernuum,  Bf.  I.  c.  1855,  250. 

SiKSiM  Himalaya,  Kiny  (Berb.  Calcutt.),  the  Khasia  Hills,  Tenasseeim, 
and  the  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  Southward. — Distrib.  China. 

Stem  with  the  spike  6-30  in.,  usually  slender,  with  many  small  sheaths  above  the 
leaves.  Leases  1-4  in.,  sometimes  all  subradical,  erect,  buses  sheathing,  5-7-nerved, 
Spike  3-5  in. ;  flowers  small,  erect,  greenish  yellow  or  white,  about  \  in.  diam. ; 
bracts  ^-\  in.,  broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  acuminate;  ovary  \  in.;  sepals  a  in. 
long,  feubequal,  concave,  lateral  suberect,  at  length  spreading,  nerve  very  thick, 
produced  into  a  point  under  the  apex  of  the  sepal;  lip  with  a  large  excavate  base, 
very    variable  in  the   length   of  the   lobes,  lateral  spreading  or  recurved;   anther 


Hahenaria.]         CXLVtii.  ORCnlDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hool^er.)  157 

minute,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  short,  grains  large,  caudicle  and  gland 
obscure ;  stigmatic  processes  clavate ;  rostellum  erect,  truncate,  toothed,  plicate,  con- 
cealing the  glands  of  the  pollinia. — Habit  of  H.  viridiflora.  In  the  Khasia  specimens 
the  midlobe  of  the  lip  is  much  longer  than  in  the  Peninsular.  1  have  had  diffi- 
culty in  choosing  a  specific  name,  for  Bentham,  in  adopting  stenostachya,  overlooked 
the  older  published  one  of  tenuis.  That  of  peristyloides  may  be  objected  to  from  the 
plant  being  sectionally  a  Peridylus,  though  Wight  did  not  recognize  it  as  such,  and 
it  is  preoccupied  by  A.  Richard  for  an  Abyssinian  species. 

80.  K.  cubitalis,  Br.  Prodr.  312  ;  tall,  slender,  leaves  scattered  or  sub- 
radical,  linear  oblong  or  lanceolate  acute,  spike  long  narrow,  flowers 
minute,  bracts  as  long  as  the  curved  ovary  or  shorter,  sepals  linear-oblong 
concave  keeled,  petals  larger  ovate-obloag,  lip  not  exceeding  the  sepals 
3-fid,  side  lobes  spreading  and  recurved,  midlobe  shorter  broad  obtuse, 
spur  straight  as  long  as  the  sepals  nearly  cylindric.  Platanthera 
cubitalis,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  292;  Thwaites  Enum.  310.  Orchis 
cubitalis,  Linn.  Fl.  Zeyl.  320. 

The  Kfasia  Mts.,  Ten asserim,  Park's 7i,  &c.  Ceylon  ;  Hermann,  at  Pasdoon 
Corle,  Thwaites. 

Stem  with  the  slender  spike  1-3  ft.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  sessile,  flat,  nerves  obscure. 
Spike  8-12  in.  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  i  in.;  ovary  ^^  in.,  erect, 
tip  decurved ;  sepals  ^^2  ^"'j  obtuse,  1-nerved,  nerve  produced  beneath  the  tip, 
dorsal  longest  and  broadest;  petals  obliquely  oblong,  obtuse;  lip  with  a  short 
concave  claw,  lateral  lobes  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  sepals  ;  anther  minute,  cells 
parallel,  tubes  0,  pollinia  short  granular,  caudicles  and  glands  obscure  ;  stigmatic 
processes  clavate  ;  rostellum  erect,  truncate,  toothed,  plicate,  concealing  the  glands 
of  the  pollinia. — Near  H.  stenostacJiya,  but  flowers  much  smaller.  There  are  two 
forms  in  Ceylon,  one  with  leaves  scattered  along  the  stem,  and  another  also  found  in 
Tenasserim  with  radical  leaves  ;  the  latter  is, — 

Var.  hrevifolia;  leaves  very  short  I-I5  in.  radical  linear-oblong.  Cceloglossum 
brevifolium,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  302  (exel.  hah.  Nepal). — Tavoy,  Wallick. 
Ceylon,  Walker  Sf  Oardn.  Wallich's  specimen  in  Herb.  Linn.  Soc.  are  not  numbered 
by  him,  but  are  ticketed,  "  Tavoy,  Dec.  16,  1827."  The  number  7041  which  has 
been  put  on  the  sheet  by  another  hand,  Wallich  gave  only  to  the  Khasian  plant,  his 
linifolia  (H.  khasiana,  p.  151).  To  var.  brevifolia  he  gave  the  mss.  name  of  com- 
melinifolia  (not  micrantha,  as  Lindley  states  in  his  Herbarium). 

ft  Leaves  clustered  round  the  middle  of  the  stem  (sometimes  scattered 
in  H.  Grardneri.)     Slender  species;  spike  long,  lax-fid. 

81.  K.  tipulifera,  Far.  &  Beichh.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  139; 
leaves  4-6  linear-lanceolate  acuminate,  bracts  very  slender  equalling  the 
slender  ovaries,  lateral  sepals  linear  obtuse,  petals  broader  ovate-oblong 
obtuse  membranous,  lateral  segments  of  lip  many  times  longer  than  the 
sepals  capillary,  mid  one  short  subulate,  spur  clavate  as  long  as  the 
sepals.     ?  Peristylns  gracilis,  Blume  Bijdr.  406. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  with  appressed  sheaths  below  the  leaves,  and  1-2  lanceolate  ones 
above  them.  Leaves  5-8  by  |-1  in.,  clustered  about  the  middle  of  the  stem,  mem- 
branous, sessile.  Spike  6-10  in.;  flowers  erect,  small,  distant;  bracts  ^-|  in.; 
ovaries  as  long,  straight;  sepals  i  in.  long,  1-uerved,  dorsal  ovate-oblong  broad  or 
narrow,  lateral  erect ;  lip  divided  close  to  the  narrow  concave  claw  ;  anther  minute 
cells  parallel,  tubes  0,  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  very  short,  glands  oblong;  stigmatic 
processes  margining  the  claw  of  the  lip ;  rostellum  broad,  plicate,  concealing  the 

bases  of  the  anther-cells  and  glands.     Capsule^  in.,  very  slender,  straight,  erect. 

Very  near  ^.  aristata,  differing  in  the  long  narrow  leaves,  and  much  longer  very 
slender  ovary. 


158  cxLviii.  OROHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Sabenaria. 

82.  K.  aristata,  JELooh.  f. ;  very  slender,  leaves  8-5  elliptic-lanceolate 
membranous,  spike  very  slender  lax-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the  shortly 
beaked  ovaries,  sepals  subequal  linear  obtuse,  petals  broader  oblong  mem- 
branous, lip  longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite  lateral  segments  longest 
filiform  or  capillary,  spur  clavate  or  fusiform  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
sepals.  Peristylus  aristatus,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  300;  Thivaites 
JEnum.  310  {in  part  excl.  syn.).     P.  exilis,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1698. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.  /.  B.  H.  Sc  T.  T.  Travancoke  j  on  the  Palney 
Mts.,  Wight.     Ceylon;  at  Nevvera  Elia,  Thwaiies.' 

Stem  with  spike  18-20  in.  Leaves  2-3  iu.,  clustered  around  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  sessile  or  subpetioled.  Scape  with  a  few  narrow  sheaths  ;  bracts  -|  in. ,  ovate- 
lauceolate  ;  flowers  distant,  :^  in.  diam,,  greenish;  ovary  ^  in.,  erect;  sepals  and 
petals  membranous,  1-nerved,  ^  iu.  long;  lip  with  a  retrose  spur  over  the  concave 
claw,  lateral  segments  broad  at  the  base  sometimes  very  long  and  circinnate,  spur 
variable;  anther  minute,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0,  poUinia  minute  of  few  graius, 
caudicles  and  glands  obscure ;  stigmatic  processes  clavate ;  rostellum  obscure. 
Capsule  ^  in.,  fusiform. — The  very  minute  column  is  so  distorted  by  pressure  that  I 
have  failed  to  detect  the  relations  of  the  rostellum  to  the  gland  of  the  pollinia. 

83.  K.  G-ardneri,  Hook.  f. ;  tall,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  acute, 
spike  narrow  many-fid.,  bracts  as  long  as  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  linear- 
oblong  falcate  obtuse,  petals  larger  broadly  oblong  obtuse,  lip  rather 
longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite  lateral  segments  subulate  recurved  mid- 
segment  shorter  obtuse,  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals  incurved  tip  globose 
didymous.     Peristylus  aristatus,  Thwaites  Enum.  310  {in  part). 

Gwi-LQ-^,  Gardner,  Walker;  Adam's  Peak,  Thioaites  {C.V,  3081.  Zc.  m  Serb. 
Peraderuya,  2373  iii  Herb.  Lindl.). 

Stem  with  spike  14-30  in.,  stout  or  slender,  naked  below  and  above  except  for  a 
few  sheaths.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  usually  clustered  towards  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
spreading  or  suberect,  strongly  5-7-nerved  beneath,  bases  sheathing.  Spike  6-14  in. , 
rather  stout  ;  lower  bracts  ^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  ovary  erect,  ^-f  in.  j 
sepals  \  in.  long  and  petals  spreading,  lateral  sepals  falcate  linear  obtuse ;  lip  thick, 
claw  concave ;  anther  small,  cells  parallel,  tubes  0,  pollinia  pyriform  grains  large, 
caudicles  and  glands  obscure  ;  stigmatic  processes  clavate ;  rostellum  erect,  truncate, 
toothed,  plicate,  concealing  the  glands  of  the  pollinia.  Capsule  ^  in.,  erect,  fusiform, 
hardly  beaked,  very  shortly  pedicelled. — Differs  from  H.  aristata  in  the  large  size, 
robust  habit,  less  membranous  leaves  with  strong  nerves,  larger  flowers  and  longer 
ovary  and  capsule.  Near  H.  stenostachya,  but  the  spike  and  ovaries  are  much 
longer,  the  stem  naked  below  for  several  inches,  and  the  spur  shorter. 

84.  K>  Stocksii,  Hook.  f. ;  rather  stout,  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic 
obtuse  acute  or  acuminate,  spike  strict  twisted,  flowers  secund,  bracts 
longer  than  the  ovaries,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong,  dorsal  elliptic,  petals 
larger  ovate  obtuse  fleshy,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  obtusely  3-Jid,  spur 
as  long  as  the  sepals  straight  or  incurved  subclavate. 

The  CoNCAN  and  Mysore,  Stocks,  Ritchie,  &c. 

Stem  with  spike  6-18  in.  Leaves  more  or  less  clustered  towards  the  middle  of 
the  stem,  4-6  iu.  long,  usually  petioled.  Spike  3-6  in.  ;  lower  bracts  often  f  iu. 
long,  finely  acuminate;  ovary  \-\  in.,  curved;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  yellowish; 
lateral  sepals  at  length  reflexed  ;  lateral  lobes  of  lip  incurved,  claw  broad  concave ; 
anther  minute,  cells  parallel,  pollen  clavate;  stigmatic  lobes  clavate;  rostellum 
minute,  erect,  2-fid. — Very  like  H..  Lawii,  but  spur  quite  ditferent. 

**  Spur  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  globose  or  ellipsoid. 


Habenaria.]         cxlviii.  OROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  159 

f  Siem  leafy,  leaves  scattered  or  siohimhricate. 

85.  K.  breviloba,  SooJc.f. ;  slender,  leaves  o})long-laiiceolate  acumi- 
nate, spike  short  dense-fid.,  bracts  about  equalling  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals 
lanceolate,  petals  broadly  oblong,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  obcordate  sub- 
flabelliform,  spur  minute  inflated  incurved.  Peri  stylus  brevilobus,  Thwaites 
Enum.  311. 

Cexlon  ;  near  Ratnapoora,  Thioaites. 

Stem  with  spike  10-18  in.,  naked  below.  Leaves  2-3  by  |-|  in.,  bases  sheathing, 
nerves  very  slender.  Spike  (young)  1  in.  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  finely  acuminate  ; 
ovary  i  in. ;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  subacute,  1-nerved ;  petals  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-nerved ;  lip  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column  ;  anther  oblong,  truncate, 
cells  parallel,  tubes  0  ;  stigmatic  processes  0 ;  rostellum  3-ficl,  concealing  the  small 
polliniar  glands. — A  very  anomalous  species,  the  flowers  are  too  young  for  satis- 
factory analysis.     Thwaites  describes  the  lip  as  having  a  minute  midlobe. 

86.  ZZ.  malabarica,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  leafy,  leaves  many  ovate  or 
lanceolate  acuminate  upper  passing  into  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers, 
spikes  many-fld.,  ovary  very  short,  lateral  sepals  linear,  petals  obliquely 
ovate-oblong  obtuse,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  deeply  trifid,  lateral  seg- 
ments subulate  recurved,  mid  one  straight,  spur  a  small  globose  didymous 
or  ellipsoid  sac.  Peristylus  brachyphyllus,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser. 
2,  XV.  70,  t.  2  A. 

NiLGHiEi,  and  Bababudan  Hills  in  Canaea,  Heyne,  Perrottet,  Siocks. 

Stem  rather  stout,  6-12  in.  Leaves  1-2^  in.,  bases  sheathing,  nerves  very 
slender.  Spike  2-4  in.,  rather  dense -fid.  ;  bracts  herbaceous,  lower  -i-f  in.  or 
longer,  often  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sheathing  ; 
ovary  ^  in. ;  lateral  sepals  as  long,  erect  or  spreading,  1-nerved,  apiculate  below  the 
tip,  dorsal  elliptic  obtuse  faintly  3-nerved;  base  of  lip  3-lobed  above  the  concave 
claw,  contracted  at  the  base  of  the  segments  ;  spur  incurved  or  not ;  anther-cfeUa 
parallel,  glauds  of  pollinia  concealed  by  the  3 -fid  rostellum;  stigmatic  processes 
clavate. — Habit  of  R.  peristyloides  &  concinna. 

87.  K.  torta.  Hook.  f.  ;  small,  slender,  subbasal  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late upper  passing  into  narrow  sheaths,  spike  very  slender  lax-fld.  twisted, 
bracts  longer  than  the  very  small  secund  flowers,  lateral  sepals  linear 
obtuse,  petals  linear- oblong,  lip  equalling  the  sepals  8-cleft  beyond  the 
middle,  lobes  short  obtuse  lateral  spreading  or  incurved  midlobe  straight, 
spur  a  minute  sac.  Peristylus  spiralis,  A.  Uicli.  in  Ann.  8c.  Nat.  Ser.  2, 
XV.  69,  t.  2  B  ;   Wiffht  Ic.  t.  1696. 

On  the  Western  Ghats  ;  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore,  Wight,  ^c.  Ceyxon, 
in  the  Central  Province,  alt.  4-7000  ft. 

Stem  with  the  spike  6-18  in.,  often  flexuous.  Leaves  1-2^  in.,  obtuse  acute  or 
acuminate,  nerveless,  passing  into  the  sheaths  of  the  scape.  Spike  2-4  in.,  rachis 
often  flexuous  ;  bracts  \-\  in.,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  decurved,  greenish 
white;  lateral  sepals  reflexed,  y^q-|^  in.  long,  dorsal  linear-oblong  obtuse;  lip  very 
variable,  fleshy,  broader  or  narrower  than  long,  base  truncate  above  the  short 
concave  claw;  anther  minute,  cells  parallel;  stigmatic  processes  clavate;  ros- 
tellum between  the  cells,  3-fid. — The  Ceylon  plant  has  larger  flowers  than  the 
Peninsular. 

88.  K.  Prainii,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  slender  naked  above  or  with  one  or 
two  sheaths,  leaves  few  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  acute,  spike  many-fld.,  bracts 
as  long  or  longer  than  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse,  petals 


160  CXLVilt.  orch1de;r.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)         [JSabenafia. 

broadly  ovate  fleshy  obtuse  or  apiculate,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  broad 
obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  spur  a  minute  globose  sac. 

Naga.  Hills  in  Uppeb  Assam  ;  on  Kohima,  Train.  Upper  Burma  {in  Hrrh. 
Calcutt.). 

Stem  12-18  in.,  naked  below,  and  above  except  for  a  few  lanceolate  sheaths. 
Leaves  \\~2  in.,  obtuse  or  acute,  sessile,  nerves  obscure.  Spike  2-3  in.,  rather 
dense-fld.  ;  bracts  subulate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  herbaceous,  lower  ^  in. ;  ovary 
|-i  in.  ;  flowers  nearly  horizontal ;  sepals  f— i  in.  long,  apiculate  behind  the  tip, 
1  nerved ;  lip  with  a  broad  concave  claw ;  anther  small  short  broad,  cells  parallel  ; 
stigmatic  processes  rather  long ;  rostellum  minute,  3-fid. 

89.  K.  robiistior,  Hook,  f. ;  stem  tall  slender  naked  below,  leaves 
close  set  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  passing  into  foliaceous  imbricating 
bracts  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  spike  many-fld.,  flowers  erect,  lateral 
sepals  linear  acute,  petals  oblong  obtuse,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  3-partite 
lateral  segments  elongate  subulate  recurved  over  the  flower,  mid  one  shorter 
straight  obtuse,  spur  very  small  ellipsoid  or  fusiform.  Peristylus  lancifo- 
lius,  A.  Rich,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  69,  t.  2  C.  P.  robustior,  Wight 
Ic.  t.  1699.  Gymnadenia  secunda,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7054.  Coelo- 
glossum  secundum,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  303.  Satyrum  foliosum, 
Herh.  Seyne. 

Malabar  ;  in  the  Bababm'an  Hills,  Keyne.  Nilghiri  Hills,  Ferrottet,  Lobh. 
Travancoke  ;  in  the  Pulney  Hills,  Wight. 

Stem  1-2  tt.,  sometimes  naked  for  a  foot,  then  leafy,  the  leaves  gradually 
diminishing  upwards.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  subereet  or  spreading,  bases  sheathing, 
nerves  obscure.  Spike  2-6  in.  ;  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lower  %-l  in. 
long,  green;  ovaries  ^  in.  long,  nearly  straight;  lateral  sepals  5-  in.,  1-nerved, 
reflexed  ;  petals  nearly  as  long,  2-3-uerved  ;  lip  2-auricled  at  the  small  concave 
claw;  anther-cells  parallel ;  stigmatic  processes  long;  rostellum  3-fid,  between  the 
cells.  Capsule  ^  in.,  oblong,  erect. — Wight's  figure  of  P.  robustior  has  the  flowers 
large,  bracts  shorter  and  side  segments  of  lip  much  larger  and  more  slender  than  in 
his  specimens,  which  bear  the  mss.  name  of  P.  persimilis. 

90.  K.  Kamiltoniana,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  tall  slender  naked  below, 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  acuminate,  spike  dense-fld.,  bracts  flliform  much 
longer  than  the  minute  flowers,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse,  petals 
broadly  oblong,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  broad  shortly  obtusely  3-lobed, 
spur  globose.  Herminium  Bamiltonianum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7069. 
Peristylis  Hamiltonianus,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sj).  Orchid.  299.  Orchis 
micranthema,  Herh.  Ham. 

Nepal  ;  in  the  Morung,  Hamilton.  Sikkim  Himalaya,  Griffith's  Collectors 
(Keio  Distrih.  5356).     Khasca  Mts.  ;  on  Shillong,  Clarke. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  stout  or  slender,  elongate  and  sheathed  below  the  leaves,  and  with 
one  or  two  filiform  sheaths  a))ove  them.  Leaves  4-6  by  ^-i  in.,  or  broader,  some- 
times overtopping  the  spike,  nerves  obscure.  Spike  3-6  in. ;  bracts  .^-f  in.,  often 
tortuous  (when  dry)  ;  ovary  ^-^  in.,  slender,  subereet ;  sepals  |-  in.,  l-nerved,  nerve 
strong,  excurrent  below  the  tip,  dorsal  oblong;  lip  broadly  cuneate,  base  broad, 
concave,  lobes  variable ;  spur  large  for  the  size  of  the  flower,  bladdery  ;  anther- 
cells  parallel,  glands  of  pollinia  exposed  on  each  side  of  the  minute  rostellum  ; 
stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate. — Habit  of  H.  robustior,  but  the  flowers  are  much 
smaller,  the  lateral  sepals  obtuse,  and  the  spur  globose. 

ff  Leaves  clustered  ahout  the  middle  of  the  stem. 

91.  K.  grig'as,  Hook.f.;  stem  very  stout  and  tall,  leaves  elliptic 
acuminate,  spike  very  many  and  dense-fld.,   bracts  membranous  longer 


Hahenaria.]         cxLviii.  ORCiiiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  161 

than  the  flowers,  lateral  sepals  ^  in.  long  lanceolate  acuminate,  petals  as 
long  gibbously  ovate  obtusely  acuminate,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  obtusely 
tritid  lobes  subparallel,  spur  very  shortly  oblong. 

Peeak  ;  in  the  Eatong  Padang  Valley,  Wray. 

Stem  4-5  ft.,  hoi  low  at  the  base,  nearly  an  inch  diam.,  nearly  3  ft.  before  leafing  j 
sheaths  above  the  leaves  few.  Leaves  8-10  by  3-4  in.,  narrowed  into  a  petiole. 
Spike  8  in.,  cylindric.  lax-fid.  below;  bracts  f  in.,  lanceolate  ;  ovaries  ^  in. ;  flowers 
pale  green;  sepals  l-newed,  f  in.  long,  dorsal  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  petals  with 
fleshy  tips;  lip  rather  oblong,  lobes  subequal ;  spur  an  incurved  sac;  anther  orbi- 
cular, cells  parallel,  tubes  upcurved,  pollinia  clavate  subsessile  on  the  large  oblong 
glands  which  have  recurved  sides ;  stigmatic  processes  large,  clavate,  adnata  to  the 
sides  of  the  lip;  rostellum  small.  Capsule  f  in.,  sessile,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  not 
twisted. — Resembles  a  huge  H.  goodyeroides,  but  leaves  petioled,  flowers  smaller,  lip 
shorter,  capsule  much  longer. 

92.  H.  groodyeroides,  Don  Prodr.  25;  stem  1-2  ft.  stout*,  leaves 
elliptic-oblong  or  -lanceolate  acute,  spite  elongate  dense-fld.,  flowers  sub- 
secund,  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals  ^  in.  linear- 
or  ovate-oblong  obtuse,  petals  gibbously  ovate,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals 
trifid,  spur  minute.  Peristylus  goodyeroides,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  8p.  Orchid. 
299  ;  Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  270  :  Royle  III.  t.  87,  f.  2.  P.  grandis, 
Blume  Bijdr,  405.     Herminium  goodyeroides,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7066. 

Subtropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  to  Bhotan,  alt.  2-5000  ft.  The 
Khasia  Mts.  and  Silhet,  Munnipoee,  Tenasseeim  and  the  Andaman  Islands. 
The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  Behar  (on  Parusnath)  and  the  Concan  to  Travancore. 
— DiSTElB.  Java,  Philippine  Islands. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  stout.  Leaves  6-10  by  2-3  ft.,  base  contracted,  hardly  petioled. 
Spike  4-12  in. ;  bracts  lanceolate,  membranous ;  flowers  about  ^  in.  diam.,  very 
variable  in  size,  yellowish  green  ;  sepals  |-i  in. ;  lip  recurved,  sessile,  lobes  very 
variable,  spur  subglobose  fusiform  or  clavate;  anther  small,  tubes  very  short, 
pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  hardly  any ;  glands  small ;  stigmatic  processes  short 
clavate;  rostellum  erect,  toothed.  Capsule  ^  in.,  sessile,  fusiform,  acute. — The 
Ceylon  habitat  given  by  Thwaites  no  doubt  refers  to  if.  TFightii,  which  has  been 
confounded  with  this. 

93.  II .  constricta,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  stout  tall,  leaves  elliptic  acute 
or  acuminate,  spike  dense-fld.  cylindric,  bracts  as  long  or  longer  than  the 
flowers,  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  petals  larger  ovate-oblong  gibbous 
on  the  lower  side,  lip  rather  longer  than  the  sepals  3-tid  to  the  middle 
side  lobes  slender  longer  than  the  midlobe,  spur  globose.  Platanthera  con- 
stricta,  Liyidl.  in  Wall.  Gat.  7043.  Herminium  constrictum,  Lindl.  in 
Bot.  Beg.  under  t.  1449.  Peristylus  constrictus,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
300.     Orchis  leucantha,  Herb.  Ham. 

Subtropical  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  E.  S'' 
T.  T.,  &c.     Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Heifer  {Kew  Dlstrib.  5357),  &c. 

Stem  with  spike  2-3  ft.  Leaves  4-6  by  2|-4  in.,  narrowed  at  the  base  or  broadly 
petioled.  Spike  4-8  in.  ;  bracts  large ;  flowers  yellowish ;  sepals  ^-|  in.,  dorsal 
lanceolate ;  lobes  of  lip  very  variable,  claw  hardly  any ;  anther  minute,  cells 
parallel,  tubes  short ;  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  short,  glands  large  ;  stigmatic  pro- 
cesses clavate  j  rostellum  2-fid,  erect. 

94.  K.  Parishii,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  short  stout,  leaves  sessile  ovate- 
oblong,  spike  narrow  elongate,  bracts  linear-lanceolate  longer  than  the 
small  flowers  both  erect,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse,  petals  broader 
ovate-oblong,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  shortly  3-lobed  beyond  the  middle, 

VOL.  VI.  M 


162  cxLviii.  OECHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Hahenaria. 

spur  very  short  fusiform.     Peristylus  Parishii,  BeicJib.  /.  in  Trans.  Linn. 
tSoc.  XXX.  139. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Stem  below  the  leaves  very  stout,  3-4  in.,  laxly  sheathed,  above  the  stem  3-6  in., 
with  2-3  lanceolate  sheaths.  Leaves  3-5  by  l|-2  in.,  acute  or  acuminate.  SpiJce 
4-6  in,  ;  bracts  ^-|  in,  with  filiform  tips  and  flowers  appressed  to  the  rnchis  ;  ovary 
^  in, ;  sep'.ils  i  in,  ;  petals  ovate-cordate,  obtuse  ;  lip  very  variable  in  form,  broad  or 
narrow,  lobes  short  obtuse,  or  the  middle  one  narrower  and  longer, — Turns  black  in 
drying.     The  specimens  are  not  good.     Perhaps  a  form  o£  goodyeroides. 

95.  K.  Wlg*htii,  Trimen  Cat.  Ceyl.  PI.  91;  tall,  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  acuminate,  spike  elongate  narrow  dense-fid,,  bracts  longer  than 
the  ovary,  flowers  small,  lateral  sepals  oblong  obtuse  dorsal  shorter 
orbicular  or  very  broadly  ovate,  petals  very  broad  obliquely  orbicular 
nerves  branched,  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  broad  entire  or  shortly 
3-lobed,  spur  small  scrotiform,  H.  goodyeroides,  Hook.  Bat.  Macf.  t,  3397 
(not  of  Lindl.).  Peristylus  plantagineus,  Lincll.  Gen.  S(  Sp.  Orchid.  300  ; 
Wight  Lc.  t.  921 ;  Thioaites  Enum.  310,  P.  elatas,  Dalz.  in  Hooh.  Journ. 
Bot.  iii.  (185)  3-14, 

The  CoNCAN,  Nimmo;  Malwan,  Balzell,  &c.  Travancore  ;  at  Paul  Ghat, 
Wight.     Ceylon,  Macrae. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  rather  stout,  loosely  sheathed  below^  the  leaves  and  with  lanceolate 
sheaths  above  them.  Leaves  5-7  by  2^-3  in.,  acute  or  acuminate.  Spike 
4-8  in, ;  bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate ;  ovary  ^-J  in, ;  flowers  greenish  white  ;  sepal:^ 
l-nerved,  lateral  }  in.,  apiculate  below  the  lip,  dorsal  ^  in.  shorter  ;  lip  contracted 
beyond  the  very  short  broad  concave  base  ;  anther  rounded,  cells  parallel  with 
short  recurved  tubes  j  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  very  short,  glands  small  solid  ; 
stigmatic  processes  short ;  rostellum  short,  acute. — Dalzell  describes  the  petals  as 
longer  than  the  sepals,  I  do  not  find  the  erect  long  narrow  processes  on  each  side 
of  the  anther  figured  in  Bot,  Mag. — The  Travancore  plant  figured  by  Wight  pre- 
cisely resembles  the  Coucan  one. 

96.  XE.  Xiawiiy  Hooh.  f. ;  stem  slender  not  tall,  leaves  few  elliptic  or 
lanceolate,  spike  slender,  flowers  few  or  many  distaut  very  small,  bracts 
longer  than  the  ovary,  sepals  obtuse,  dorsal  elliptic,  lateral  linear-oblong, 
sepals  very  broad  obtuse,  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals  broadly  obtusely  3-fid, 
spur  small  globose  or  clavate.  Peristylus  Lawii,  Wight  Lc.  t.  1695  ;  Dalz. 
Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  270, 

Behar;  on  Parusnath,  alt.  4200  ft.,  OlarJce.  The  Concan  and  Maisor, 
Laio,  &c. 

Stem  6-10  in,,  loosely  sheathed  below  the  leaves.  Leaves  3-5,  membranous,  3-4 
by  1-2  in.,  subpetioled,  acute.  SpiJce  narrow,  strict,  2-3  in.,  lax-fld, ;  bracts  ^-^  iu,, 
ovate-lanceolate,  membranous ;  ovavy  ^  in.,  straight  or  curved,  almost  beaked  ; 
flowers  i  in,  diam.,  yellow  ;  sepals  ^— i  in,,  l-nei-ved,  at  length  spreading  ;  petals 
thick ;  lip  broad  with  a  concave  claw  ;  anther-cells  parallel,  tubes  0,  poUinia  clavate, 
caudicleO,  glands  small,  stigmatic  processes  clavate ;  rostellum  short,  acute, — Wight's 
figure  is  of  a  very  indifierent  few-fld.  specimen. 

97.  Ka  Brazidisii,  Hook.  f. ;  very  slender,  leaves  scattered  towards 
the  middle  of  the  stem  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate  acute,  spike  very  long 
laxly  many-fld.,  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  erect  not  beaked  ovary,  lateral 
sepals  linear  obtuse,  petals  broader  ovate-oblong,  lip  clawed  3-partite, 
segments  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  lateral  segments  capillary,  midlobe 
short,  spur  very  short  globose. 

Pegu,  Brandis  (Rerh.  Bort.  Calcutt.). 


Hdbenaria.']  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  163 

Stem  with  spike  20  in.  Leaves  3-5  iu.,  membranous,  upper  smaller.  Spike 
8  in.,  very  slender ;  bracts^  in.,  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and 
petals  membranous,  1-nerved,  lateral  sepals  deflexed  ;  long  segments  of  lip  1  in. ; 
spur  sub  2-lobed,  with  a  very  short  contracted  neck;  oyary  small,  with  a  thick 
dorsal  ridge  and  terminal  beak,  cells  parallel  (tubes  short  upcurved  ?) ;  pollen  grains 
few,  large,  glands  not  seen  j  stigmatic  processes  clavate  j  rostellum  erect  between 
the  cells.— Closely  allied  to  H.  aristata^  though  with  so  different  a  spur. 

ftt  Leaves  few  radical^  or  solitary  and  cauline. 

98.  K.  lacertifera,  Benth.  Fl.  Hongk.  362 ;  stem  or  scape  stout  or 
slender  with  few  or  many  erect  sheaths,  leaves  usually  radical  ovate  or 
oblong,  spike  elongate  few-  or  many-fld.,  bracts  narrow  longer  than  the 
erect  very  small  flowers,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse,  lip  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  sepals  trifid  tripartite  or  obtusely  3-toothed,  lobes  or 
segments  short  subequal  or  the  lateral  long,  spur  minute  ovoid  or  globose. 
Coeloglossum  lacertiterum  &  acuminatum,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  /Sp.  Orchid.  302. 
Peristylus  chloranthus,  Lindl.  in  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  vii.  (1855)  37.  Gymna- 
denia  F  tenuiflora,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7055.  Chaeradoplectron  Spiranthes, 
Schauer  iu  PI.  Meyen.  436,  t.  13  0. 

Khasia,  Naoa  and  Munnipore  Hills,  alt.  2-4500  ft.,  Tenasseeim,  Tavoy 
and  Penano,  TFa^ZicA.— Disteib.  Hong  Kong. 

^tem  6-10  in.  ;  sheaths  ^-1  in.,  lanceolate.  Leaves  few,  1-2  in.,  spreading, 
acute  or  obtuse,  ^pike  3-10  in.,  slender,  lax-  or  dense-fld. ;  lowenbracts  often  f  in. ; 
ovary  \-\  in.,  slender,  erect,  not  beaked;  sepals  i-i  in.,  1-nerved,  dorsal  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse ;  petals  variable,  rather  thick ;  lip  very  variable  in  length,  and  in 
length  of  lobes  or  segments,  limb  with  a  short  spur  over  the  short  broad  claw ; 
anther  minute,  cells  nearly  parallel,  tubes  0 ;  pollinia  ovoid,  grains  large,  glands 
obscure ;  stigmatic  processes  small ;  rostellum  a  plicate-membrane  stretched  across 
the  base  of  the  anther  but  not  ?  concealing  the  glands.  Capsule  f  in.,  sessile, 
oblong,  obtuse. — Both  this  and  the  following  var.  are  found  in  Penang.  Lindley 
errs  in  giving  *'  Nepal,  Wallich,"  as  a  habitat.  I  suspect  that  Lindley's  Glossula 
tentaculata  (Bot.  Ptcg.  t.  862),  of  Hong  Kong,  is  only  a  form  of  this  with  elongate 
filiform  side  lobes  of  the  lip. 

Var.  rohusta;  very  stout,  12-18  in.,  leaves  3-5  by  f-1  in.,  spike  very  long 
many-fld.,  lateral  segments  of  lip  slender  exserted  much  longer  than  the  middle 
one. — Penang,  Wallich,  Maingay  {Kew  Distrib.  1662,  Spiranthes),  Curtis. 

99.  K.  gracillima,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  long  filiform,  leaves  subradical 
narrowly  linear,  spike  elongate,  flowers  few  minute  distant,  bracts  shorter 
than  the  curved  ovaries,  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  broader  ovate 
obtuse  fleshy,  lip  very  short  fleshy  trifid  lobes  obtuse,  spur  very  short 
inflated  2-lobed.     Coeloglossum  Mannii,  Beickb.  f.  in  Linneea  xli.  54. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  on  grassy  hills,  common.     Munnipoee,  ClarJce. 

Stem  6-16  in.,  with  a  few  subulate  sheaths.  Leaves  1-3  by  |— 5-  in.,  alternate, 
acuminate.  Spike  2-6  in. ;  flowers  \  in.  apart ;  bracts  ^  in. ;  ovary  \  in. ;  sepals 
-^T  in.,  1-nerved  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  claw  as  broad  as  and  hardly  shorter 
than  the  blade,  midlobe  rather  the  longest ;  pollinia  most  minute,  broadly  pyriform, 
subsessile  on  one  large  flat  ovate  (2-fid  ?)  gland,  grains  large. 

Sect.  yi.  Phyllostachya.    (See  p.  132.) 

100.  H.  graleandra,  Benth.  Fl.  Songlc.  263;  leaves  oblong  obtuse 
or  subacute  base  contracted,  bracts  ovate,  flowers  \  in.  diam.,  lip  broadly 
cuneiformly  obovate  or  obcordate,  spur  a  short  conical  sac.  Platanthera 
obcordata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7050 ;  Gen.  8f  Sp.   Orchid.  290.     P.  gale- 

M  2 


164  cxLViir.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hoolicr.)         IHalenana. 

erndr a,  Beu/ib.  f.  in  Linncea,  xxv.  226.  P.  Championi,  Lindl.  in  HooTc. 
Journ.  Bot.  vii.  (1855)  38.  G^ranadenia  obcordata  &  galeandra,  Reichb.f. 
Ot.  Baynh.  32,  33.  Orchis  obcordata,  Don  Prodr.  230.  O.  Susannge, 
Serb.  Seyne. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallieli ;  Kuraaon,  Blinkworth,  alt.  7000  ft., 
Strachey  ^  Winterlottom.  Central  India;  Hawalbagh,  Clarke. — Distrib. 
China. 

Tubers  small,  globose  or  oblong.  Stem  6-8  in. ,  rather  slender,  glabrous  or 
puberulous.  ieaves  1-2  in.,  rarely  subacute  ;  bases  not  sheathing.  Spike  2-4  in.  ; 
bracts  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  lower  twice  as  long  as  the  pale  purple  flowers, 
upper  shorter;  ovaries  -|  in.  long,  glabrous  or  puberulous;  dorsal  sepal  ovate, 
lateral  falcately  lanceolate;  petals  rather  narrower,  obtuse;  lip  shortly  clawed, 
base  puberulous  ;  anther-cells  approximate ;  rostellum  very  minute. — I  do  not  find 
the  difference  between  the  spurs  of  the  Indian  and  Chinese  plant  that  Lindley 
indicates. 

Var.  nilagirica;  leaves  broader  acute,  bases  sheathing.  Platanthera  aflBnis, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  1693. — Travancore,  on  the  Pulaey  Mts.,  Heyne,  Wight. 

Yar.  major ;  stem  12-18  in.,  leaves  and  larger  flowers  more  remote. — Khasia 
Hills  J  at  Myrung,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Sr  T.  T. 

101.  K.  jantha,  JBenth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  626  ;  leaves  imbricate 
ovate  or  lanceolate  amplexicaul  acuminate,  flowers  J  in.  diam.,  lip  broadly 
flabelliform  or  orbicular-obovate  retuse  crenulate,  spur  very  short  conical 
obtuse.     Platanthera  jantha,  Wight  Ic.  v.  11  {?  1. 1692). 

Malabar  and  Travancore  ;  on  the  Nilghiri  and  Pulney  Mts,,  Wight. 

Except  in  being  more  robust  and  having  much  larger  flowers,  this  hardly  diff'ers 
from  H.  obcordata.  Wight  gives  the  larger  flowers  as  a  character,  but  in  his  figure 
t.  1692  they  are  represented  as  even  smaller.  In  his  specimen  the  lip  is  f  in.  diam.  ; 
he  describes  the  flowers  as  deep  lilac,  and  the  leaves  as  of  the  same  colour  and 
streaked  with  a  darker  shade. — Probably  a  large  state  R.  obcordata. 

102.  K.  Kelferl,  jffbo^./. ;  stem  pubescent,  leaves  and  bracts  linear- 
or  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers  1-1^  in.  diam.,  lip  very  large 
orbicular  cucullate,  spur  infundibular  acute.     Gynmadenia  Helferi,  Beichb. 

f.  in  Flora  1872,  276  ;  in  Trans.  Linn.  8oc.  xxx.  139. 

Assam  (Serb.  Wight)  Khasia  Mts.,  Simons.  Tenasserim,  at  Moulmein,  Lohh. 
jffelfer.  Parish. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  rather  stout ;  tubers  oblong.  Leaves  4-8  in.,  sessile,  acuminate, 
base  narrowed.  Flowers  shortly  pedicelled ;  sepals  falcately-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
nearly  1  in.  long,  green,  lateral  at  length  recurved  ;  petals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
green  ;  lip  twice  as  large  as  the  sepals,  very  concave  with  recurved  edges,  folded  down 
the  centre,  purple;  anther  obtusely  apiculate,  cells  narrow  parallel,  tubes  very  short, 
pollinia  clavate,  as  long  as  their  broadly  winged  caudicles,  glands  approximate,  rather 
large;  stigmatic  processes  obscure;  rostellum  small,  fleshy,  3-lobed,  erecb  between 
the  gland.  Capstde  f  in.,  linear-oblong,  sessile,  erect,  ribs  thick.— Reichenbach 
describes  the  lip  as  broad  or  narrow. 

Sect.  YII.     Plectoglossa.     (See  p.  132.) 

103.  K.  Perrottetlana,  A.  Hick,  in  Ann.  8c.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  74, 
t.  4  B.  Platanthera  lutea,  TFight  Ic.  t.  919.  H.  lutea,  Benth.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Sac.  xviii.  354  ;   Gen.  Plant,  iii.  626. 

Teavancoee  ;  as  the  Pulney  Mts.  amongst  long  grass,  Wight.  Nilghiri  Hills, 
Perrottet. 

Stem  1-2  ft,  very  stout;  clothed  with  short  imbricating  amplexicaul  sheathing 
acuminate  leaves  2-3  in.  long  that  pass  upward  into  the  bracts.     Spike  6-8  in.  ; 


Hahenaria.']         cxLViii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  165, 

bracts  foliaceous,  broadly  ovate,  1^-2  in.  lon^,  cymbiform,  acuminate ;  ovary  -|  in. 
long,  erect,  slender,  beaked,  narrowly  winged;  sepals  erect,  f  in.,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  concave ;  petals  erect,  as  long,  linear,  obtuse ;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  very 
^coriaceous,  triplicate  in  bud,  being  folded  longitudinally  down  the  middle,  with  the 
side  lobes  appressed  to  the  midlobe,  and  each  also  folded  down  the  middle  with  the 
concavity  inwards,  long  clawed,  cuneately  obovate,  obtuse,  claw  geniculate ;  side  lobes 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  incurved,  shorter  than  the  triangular  ovate  midlobe ;  spur 
pendulous,  subclavate ;  anther  broad,  bases  of  cells  shortly  upcurved  ;  pollinia  large, 
pyriform,  grains  large,  caudicles  short,  glands  small  orbicular. — The  stigmatic  pro- 
cesses differ  from  those  of  any  other  Indian  Hahenaria,  A.  Richard  figures  them 
as  clavate  as  in  most  Hahenaria;,  but  I  have  never  found  them  so,  though  I  have 
examined  many  flowers.  The  rostellum  ?  forms  a  broad  triangular  acute  plate 
extending  across  the  column,  and  reaching  to  the  bases  of  the  anther-cells. 

Sect.  YIII.    DiPHYLAX.    (See  p.  133.) 

104.  K«  urceolata,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xxv.  73,  t.  30. 
Dipliylax  urceolata,  Sooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant.  1. 1866. 

SiKZiM  Himalaya;  Yakla,  alt.  10,000  ft.,  and  Naga  Hills,  alt.  9000  ft., 
Clarice. 

Root  unknown.  Stem  very  slender,  recurved,  with  the  raceme  4-6  in.  high. 
Leaves  one  large  (2-4  in.)  subradical,  ellipticlanceolate,  acute,  and  several  small 
scattered  ones  alternate  higher  up,  all  membranous,  5-7-nerved.  Racemes  2-3  in., 
decurved ;  flowers  secund,  \-\  in.  diam.,  very  shortly  pedicelled  ;  bracts  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  short  ovary ;  sepals  white  and  rosy  ;  petals  1-nerved ;  lip 
recurved,  lanceolate,  terminal  half  solid  terete  acuminate  green,  spur  inflated,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  sepals ;  anther  beaked,  cells  contiguous,  parallel,  pollinia  oblong, 
grains  large,  caudicles  very  short. 

Sect.  IX.    DiPYLA.    (See  p.  133.) 

105.  K.  secundiflora,  HooJc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. 

Sub- Alpine  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  alt.  9-10,000  ft.,  DutUe.  Sikkim,  alt.  14,000 
ft.,  J.  D.  H. ;   in  Chumbi,  King's  Collector. 

Tubers  globose,  small.  Stem  3-5  in.,  erect  or  recurved.  Leaves  2-5  in.,  linear, 
acuminate,  sides  complicate,  bases  sheathing.  Spike  1-2  in.,  more  or  less  recurved, 
dense-fld.;  flowers  secund,  pink;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  lower  -i-|  in.  longer  than 
the  flowers  ;  ovary  i  in.,  curved  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  1-nerved ;  petals  much  narrower, 
acuminnte  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  sessile,  linear-oblong,  trifid  to  about  the  middle, 
puberulous,  strongly-nerved,  lobes  parallel,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  spur  nearly  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  conoidal,  slightly  contracted  at  the  base,  inflated,  apex  subacute ; 
anther  membranous ;  pollinia  clavate,  grains  very  large,  caudicles  short,  glands  large, 
cordate,  membranous. — The  resemblance  to  H.  urceolata  is  remarkable  ;  lobes  of  the 
rostellum  inflected  over  the  glands  of  the  pollinia  like  two  flaps  or  doors,  whence  the 
name. 

Sect.  X.    DiTHRix.    (See  p.  133.) 

106.  H.  (Dithrix)  decipiens,  Sooh.f.,  Ic.  Plant,  ined. — Herminium, 
Griff.  Notul  iii.  270  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  285  f.  1. 

Nokth-West  India  ;  Ldgeivorth,  alt.  3000  ft. ;  Lahul,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Thomson.— 
DiSTRiB.  Afghanistan,  Griffith,  (Keio  Distrih.,  5326.)  Kurrum  Valley,  Aitchison 
No.  322. 

Tubers  small,  oblong.  Stem  5-8  in.,  rather  slender,  erect  or  flexuous,  laxly 
leafy.  Leaves  1-2^  in.,  lower  larger,  elliptic-  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  mem- 
branous, lower  subpetiolate,  upper  sessile,  bases  sheathing.  Spike  1-2  in. ;  flowers 
close-set,  decurved ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  ovary,  membranous ; 
ovary  ^-^  in.,  curved,  and  sepals  about  as  long,  soft,  1-nerved ;  dorsal  ovate-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  lateral  linear-oblong,  tip  rounded,  petals  as  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  sub 


166  cxLViii.  OECHiDEJ!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)       '  [Hahenaria. 

3-nerved ;  lip  as  lon^  as  the  sepals,  obscurely  3-nerved,  narrowed  from  the  base  up- 
wards, terminal  teeth  acute,  middle  one  longest. — The  analysis  of  the  dried  flowers 
has  been  very  difficult,  and  repeated  many  times ;  the  capillary  stamnodia  long 
escaped  detection.  Resembles  a  small  Spiranthes  of  the  S.  (Bstivalis  type,  with 
which  it  was  coufounded  in  Griffith's  Herbarium. 

IMPEEFECTLY   KNOWN  SPECIES. 

H.  APPiNis,  Don  Prodr.  25 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid,  is  a  small  state  of 
H.  goodyeroides. 

H.  CARANJENSIS,  Bolz.  in  HooJc.  Journ.  JBot.  ii.  (1850)  262;  Dalz.  ^  Gibs. 
Bomh.  PI.  267;  lower  leaves  somewhat  rounded,  upper  oblong-lanceolate  3-nerved, 
bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary  3-nerved,  flowers  small,  yellow,  dorsal  sepal  rounded, 
petals  half  ovate  obtuse,  lip  tripartite,  midsegment  oblong  rather  obtuse,  lateral 
shorter  cuneate  truncate,  spur  clavate  shorter  than  the  ovary. — The  Concan  ;  Island 
of  Caranjah,  Dalzell. 

H.  GRACILIS,  Coleh.  in  Hooh.  Uxot.  Fl.  t.  135,  a  Silhet  plant,  figured  and 
described  by  Colebrooke  {in  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.),  and  to  which  he  attributes  an 
articulated  fibrous  root.  I  know  of  no  plant  in  this  least  like  the  figure.  Lindley 
{Gen.  fb  Sp.  Orchid.  302)  suggests  its  being  possibly  his  Coeloglossum  brevifoUum 
(H.  cubitalis,  P).     It  is  possibly  a  bad  drawing  of  H.  peristyloides. 

H.  LoBBii,  ReicTih.  f.  in  Linncea,  xli.  50;  leaf  cuneately  oblong  ligulate 
acuminate,  raceme  2  ft.  lax-fld.,  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  pedicelled  ovary 
oblong  acuminate,  dorsal  sepal  ovate  apiculate  cucullate  3-nerved,  lateral  triangular 
retrorse  3-nerved,  petals  linear  falcate  1-nerved,  lip  tripartite,  lateral  segments 
linear  retrorse,  midsegments  twice  as  long  linear  obtusely  acute,  spur  filiform  shorter 
Ihan  [the  pedicelled  ovary  tip  clavate,  anther  erect  emarginate,  tubes  ascending, 
ptaminodes  triangular.— E.  Indies,  T.  Lohh.  Flowers  rather  larger  than  those  ot 
H.  leptoceras.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.y  t.  2726  (a  Brazilian  species). 

H.  LONGIBEACTEATA  ;  Hoo^.  f.  ;  stem  stout  leafy  2-3  ft.,  leaves  6  by  f-1  in. 
linear-oblong  acute  margins  thickened,  bracts  2-3  in.  narrowly  linear-lanceolate 
finely  acuminate,  lip  3-partite,  segments  linear  lateral  shorter,  spur  short  obtuse. 
Platanthera  longibracteata,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7048  ;  Gen  Sf  Sp.  Orchid.  293. — 
Burma,  on  the  banks  of  the  Irawaddy  at  Seendya,  Walliah.  Wallich's  specimens 
are  in  very  young  bud  only,  and  the  description  of  the  flowers  taken  from  Lindley 
cannot  be  depended  on.     It  is  a  noble  species,  and  should  be  sought  for  in  Burma. 

H.  modesta,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850)  262;  Dah.  i^  Gihs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
267  ;  stem  leafy  at  the  base,  naked  above,  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  ovary,  flowers 
greenish  white,  lip  3-fid,  lateral  divisions  linear  lanceolate  free  spreading,  mid  one 
shorter  ovate  obtuse  cohering  with  the  tips  of  the  petals  and  upper  sepal  and  con- 
cealing the  column,  spur  filiform  hardly  clavate  a  little  longer  than  the  ovary. — The 
Concan,  at  Salsette,  Dalzell.  Description  from  Dalzell,  who  does  not  appear  to  have 
seen  leaves ;  it  is,  perhaps,  H.  stenostachya. 

H.  PELORioiDES,  Par.  4;  Eeichb.f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxs.  139,  t.  27,  f.  A ; 
tall,  robust,  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  passing  into  copious  sheaths,  spike 
many-fld.,  bracts  large  equalling  the  ovary  ciliolate,  sepals  subequal  lanceolate 
acuminate,  lip  linear,  spur  0.  Tenasserim  ;  Amherst  by  the  seaside.  Parish.  Stem 
a  foot  high.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  largest  subradical ;  upper  sheaths  slender,  passing 
into  the  bracts  the  lower  of  which  are  1^  in.  long.  Spike  2-3  in.,  many-fld.  ; 
sepals  -I  in.  long,  membranous  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals,  lanceolate,  1-nerved  ;  lip 
very  narrow ;  anther-cells  elongate,  with  very  long  erect  tubes,  stigmatic  processes 
long.  Capsule  f  in.,  sessile,  fusiform. — An  anomalous  plant,  clearly  a  Peloria  form. 
I  have  seen  but  one  indifferent  specimen. 

H.  UNIPLORA,  Don  Prodr.  25.  Platanthera  uniflora,  Lindl.  Oen.  4f  Sp.  Orchid. 
2957  is  probaby  a  state  of  S.  tri flora, 

107.  DXPI.OAISRIS,  Don. 
Terrestrial  small  2-fld.   and  l-2*leaved.     Leaves  ensiform  or  oblong". 


Diplomeris.]  cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J,  D.  Hooker.)  167 

Flowers  large.  Sepals  subequal,  free,  lanceolate,  spreading.  ^Petals  longer 
and  broader.  Lip  sessile  at  tlie  base  of  the  column,  spreading,  very  broad, 
entire,  spurred.  Column  very  short;  rostellum  broadly  dilated,  mem- 
branous, beneath  which  is  a  broad  oblong  lamina  from  the  column  ;  anther- 
ceils  thick,  parallel,  tubes  very  long  incurved  ascending;  caudicks  of 
pollinia  very  long  slender,  glands  small  naked;  stigmatic  processes  0; 
rostellum  prominent  between  the  anther-cells. 

1.  D.  pulchella,  Don  Trodr.  26  (excl.  hab.) ;  glabrous,  leaves  ensi- 
form,  lip  broadly  obcordate.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  330 ;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Sac.  iii.  44.  Diplochilos  longifolium,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7064;  in 
JBot.  Beg.  under  1. 1499.  Orchis  uniflora,  Moxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  452  ;  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  368.  Habenaria  uniflora.  Griff.  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  338,  f.  2. 
Paragnathis  pulchella,  Spreng.  Si/st.  Veg.  iii.  694. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Roxburgh,  Wallich,  &c. 

Bootstock  creeping,  stibtuberous  and  fibrous ;  stem  short.  Leaves  usually  2, 
erect,  3-4  by  ^-^  in.,  acute.  Scape  about  equalling  the  leaves,  naked,  1-fld.  ; 
bract  cymbiform,  green,  acuminate ;  flower  1-1|  in.  diam.,  white  ;  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  much  lai'ger,  broadly  obovate  rounded  or  ovate-oblong  ; 
lip  f  in.  diam.,  sinus  cuspidate  ;  spur  1^  in.,  incurved  or  upcurved,  thickened  be^'ond 
the  middle,  tip  acute. — Don  gives  "  Nepal,  Wallich,"  as  the  habitat,  but  Wallich's 
specimens  are  from  the  Silhet  Mts.  (Khasia  hills).  Don's  generic  description  is  unintel- 
ligible, and  he  erroneously  describes  the  flowers  as  rose  purple. 

2.  D.  hirsuta,  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  331 ;  hirsute,  leaf  oblong, 
lip  cuneately  orbicular.  Diplochilos  hirsutum,  Lindl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7065  ; 
in  JBot.  Reg.  under  t.  1499. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  WalUch;  Western  Bhotan,  alt.  1500  ft.,  Gammie. 

Tubers  globose.  Leaf  2-2^  in.,  radical,  with  sometimes  a  small  second.  Scape 
1-1|  in. ;  flowers  1|  in.  diam.  ;  bract  oblong,  sheathing  ;  sepals  5-nerved,  ovate- 
oblong,  subacute  ;  petals  very  much  larger,  orbicular  ;  lip^with  a  short  slender  claw, 
apex  retuse  or  rounded,  apiculate  or  not ;  spur  1|  in.,  very  slender,  incurved  and 
ascending. 

108.  KEMXPZZ.XA,  Lindl. 

Terrestrial  1-leaved  tuberous  herbs.  Leaf  radical,  broad.  Flowers 
laxly  racemose.  Sepals  equal  in  length,  lateral  spreading.  Fetals  hroadlj 
ovate,  entire.  Lip  continuous  with  the  column,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed, 
spreading;  spur  trumpet-shaped.  Column  very  short;  rostellum  broad 
projecting  from  between  the  anther  cells,  complicate ;  stigmatic  processes 
0 ;  anther-cells  subdivergent,  tips  produced  into  grooves  of  the  rostellum  ; 
pollinia  2,  caudicles  long,  glands  distant  exposed. 

1.  K.  cordifolia,  Lindl.  Gen.  <S;  Sp.  Orchid.  296;  leaf  ovate-cordate, 
lip  obovate-oblong,  spur  longer  than  the  sepals.  Platanthera  cordifolia 
Undl.  in  Wall.  Cat.  7049 ;  Gen.  6c  Sp.  Orchid.  296. 

Western  Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  alt.  4-500-7000  ft.,  from  Nepal,  WalUch,  to 
Simla,  Gamble. 

Tubers  oblong.  Leaf  2-4:  in.,  amplexicaul,  acute,  many-nerved.  Scape  with  few  or 
many-fld.  racemes,  4-10  in.;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  flowers  |-f  in.  diam. ; 
dorsal  sepal  oblong  obtuse,  lateral  falcately  oblong ;  petals  subacute ;  lip  with  low 
rounded  side  lobes  and  a  broad  subcrenate  midlobe,  spur  recurved ;  anther  sessile, 
cells  nearly  parallel,  pollinia  clavate,  caudicles  short,  glands  rather  distant. 

2.  K.  calophylla,  Par.  &  Beichh.f.  in  Journ.  Bat.  xii.  (1874)  197; 


168  cxLvni.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  IHemiptlia. 

leaf  orate  or  ^blong,  lip  obcordate,  spnr  shorter  than  the  sepals,  Reickh.  f. 
im  Ot.  Hamb.  38 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6920. 

TsvAssssnc ;  oa  limestone  rocks  at  Moohneiii,  OSberi,  Parish. 

Leaf  ^5  in.,  from  almost  orbicolar-OTate  to  linear-oblong'  acnte,  and  deader  scape 
and  bracts  dark  green  mottled  with  brown.  Scape  with  few-fld.  racemes  6-8  in. ; 
flowers  distant,  f  in.  diam. ;  bncto  shatter  than  the  orary  ;  dorsal  t epal  oblong,  and 
lateral  and  petals  white ;  lip  porple,  nde  lobes  low,  roaoded,  midlobe  broad,  2<^bed ; 
poUinia  small,  oblong,  adnate  to  the  elongate  spathnlate  candides. 

109.  SATT&ZTJaC,  Sirarfz. 

Terrestrial  leafy  erect  herbs,  tabers  nndivided.  Leaves  broad  or  narrow. 
'lowers  in  dense  spikes.  Sepals  and  petals  snbsimilar,  free,  spreading 
or  deflexed.  Lip  snperior,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  colnmn,  erect,  broad, 
hooded,  2-8pnrred  or  -saccate  behind.  Column  erect,  terete ;  stigma  terminal, 
broad,  concave,  or  forming  with  the  rostellnm  a  2-Iipped  body ;  anther 
dorsal,  cells  snbparallel ;  poUinia  2,  candicles  recnrved,  glands  large  naked 
sometimes  connate. — Species  50,  African  and  Indian. 

S.  nepalense,  Dan  Prodr.  26 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  340 ;  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  44;  Wight  le.  t.  929;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6625  ;  Wall.  Cat. 
7*r2o.  S.  Perrottetiannm,  A.  JSich.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  rr.  76,  t.  53 ; 
Wight  Ic.  t.  1716.  S.  albiflomm,  A.  Mich.  I  c. ;  Wight  Le.  t.  1717.  S. 
pallidum,  A.  Rich.  I.  c. 

TzMPEaATB  HiiiALATA,  from  Kashmir,  alt.  4-6000  fl.,  eastwards,  ascending  to 
14,000  ft.  in  Sikkim.  Khasta  H£LLS,alL  4-6000  ft  The  Deccax  Pefupsula,  from 
Conrsn  to  Trarancore.  Cetloh,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  ?Bcb]CA;  Shan  states,  alt.  4000 
ft ,  Maaders. 

Stem  with  ^He  6-30  in.,  nsnally  rery  stont,  sheathed  above.  Leaves  few,  from 
oblong  to  linear-oblong,  4>10  by  2-4  in.,  rather  fleshy,  sessile,  base  sheathing. 
Spike  1-6  in.,  dense-fld. ;  bracts  mnch  larger  than  the  flowers,  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
erect  spreading  or  recurved  ;  ovary  tni^d,  \  in.  long ;  flowers  from  dark  pink  to 
white,  fragrant;  sepals  linear-oblong,  obtnse,  spreading  and  recurved  ;  petals  rather 
narrower ;  lip  snperior,  broadly  oblong,  concave,  strongly  keeled  on  the  back,  spurs 
variable  in  length  and  stoutness,  about  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  column  contracted  and 
terete  at  the  base  ;  anther  broad,  cells  turgid,  tubes  short,  pollinia  clavate,  eaudicles 
f-hort,  glands  orbicular;  stigma  lar^,  concave.— A  very  common  and  variable  plant. 
The  Burmese  specimen  has  orbicular  leaves  at  the  very  base  of  the  stem. 

Var.  WigJui/ina ;  radical  leaves  few  broad,  spike  short  dense-fld.  S.  Wighti- 
7num,  Lindl.  Oen,  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  340;  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.  ;  WigU  Ic.  1. 1718. 
— Nilghiri  Mts. 

Yar.  ciliata,  Lindl.  1.  1.  c.  ;  a  small  plant  with  spurs  hardly  longer  than  the 
sepals.— Sikkim,  alt.  7-12,000  ft,  J.  B.  H.     Bhotan,  alt  10,000  ft.,  Grijith. 

110.  BZSPSRZS,  Sicartz, 

Terrestrial  leafy  herbs ;  tnbers  entire.  Leaves  2  or  more,  scattered,  sessile, 
cordate.  Flotcers  solitary  or  few.  Dorsal  sepal  very  narrow,  coherent 
with  the  broad  petals  into  a  snbglobose  hood ;  lateral  spreading  or  deflexed, 
free  or  bases  connate,  disk  with  a  depression  within  answering  to  a  cone 
withont.  Lip  confluent  with  the  column  to  above  the  anther,  appearing  as 
if  it  surmounted  the  column.  Column  short  in  the  Indian  species,  terete 
below,  stigmas  on  a  transverse  hyaline  membrane,  the  ends  of  which  form 
twisted  tubular  processes   that    sheath  the   eaudicles   and  glands  of  the 


Dispei'is.']  cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  169 

poUinia ;  anther  oblong,  obtuse,  completely  2-celled ;  grains  of  pollinia  3-4- 
seriate,  secund  on  the  rachis,  cuneiform,  caudicles  rather  long,  twisted, 
glands  large  naked.  Capsule  fusiform. — Species  20,  Africa  and  the 
following. 

The  above  description  applies  to  the  two  Indian  species  of  this  highly  interesting 
genus,  the  fertilization  of  which  deserves  a  careful  study.  The  analysis  of  dried 
specimens  is  so  difiicult  that  I  advance  the  description  of  the  membrane  of  the 
column  and  its  appendages  (which  differs  from  that  of  others)  with  hesitation. 

1.  D.  zeylanlca^  Trimen  Cat.  PI.  Ceyl.  91 ;  lateral  sepals  concave 
not  waved,  petals  semilunate  obtuse.  D.  tripetaloides,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp. 
Orchid.  371  {in  part) ;   Thwaites  Enum.  311 ;    Wight  Ic,  t.  930  Sf  v.  15. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Provinces  alt.  3-5000  ft..  Walker,  &c.  The  Malabab 
&  Canara  Ghats,  &c.,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  6-10  in.  erect  from  the  subglobose  tubers,  1-3-leaved.  Leaves  *-l  in.,  dis- 
tant, axnplexicaul,  acute.  Floivers^  in.diam., subcorymbosely,  spicate  ;  bracts  leafy; 
ovary  ^  in.,  straight  ;  lip  included  under  the  hood,  erect  from  the  top  of  the  column, 
2-partite  from  a  narrow  cuneate  base,  arras  falcately  recurved,  papillose ;  a  pendu- 
lous linear  appendage,  with  a  rounded  dilated  papillose  apex  bearing  a  central  cone, 
is  inserted  on  the  cuneate  base  of  the  lip.     Capsule  ^  in. 

2.  D.  neilg-herrensls,  Wight  Ic.  t.  1719;  lateral  sepals  strongly 
waved,  petals  lunate  cuspidately  acuminate. 

NiLQHiEi  Hills,  Wight. 

Larger  and  stouter  than  D.  zeylanica,  with  larger  reddish  white  flowers  spotted 
Avith  crimson  ;  the  lateral  sepals  are  free  or  connate,  and  pubescent  at  the  base. — 
Perhaps  a  form  of  D.  zeylanica. 

Tribe  V.  CYPRiPEDiEiE.    (See  vol.  v.  p.  668.) 

111.  CYPRZPSDXUBI,  Linn, 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with  a  leafy  stem,  plaited  leaves,  and  terminal  flowers, 
or  stemless  with  distichous  radical  coriaceous  often  tessellately  coloured 
leaves  and  1-  co-fld.  scapes.  Floivers  large,  solitary  or  few.  •  Sepals  spread- 
ing, free  on  the  lateral  connate  and  placed  under  the  lip.  Petals  free,  very 
various.  Lip  sessile,  side  lobes  small,  spredlding  or  inflexed,  midlobe  very 
large  saccate,  inflated  oblong  or  helmet-shaped.  Column  short,  terete; 
anthers  2,  globose,  together  with  the  disciform  deflexed  stigma. hidden  under 
a  large  disciform  staminode ;  ovary  1  celled. — Species  about  40,  Europe, 
temp,  and  trop.  Asia  and  America. 

In  describing  the  Scapigerous  species  I  have  largely  availed  myself  of  published 
plates  and  the  description  in  Veitch's  excellent  Manual,  made  from  living  plants.  I 
have  made  no  attempt  to  enumerate  even  the  multitude  of  named  hybrid  forms  that 
have  been  produced  by  crossing  the  Indian  species  with  one  another.  They  are  well 
systematized  in  Veitch's  Manual,  where  nearly  50  are  assigned  to  their  parents.  C. 
harbatum  alone  has  been  crossed  with  upwards  of  15  other  species, 

*  Leaves  2,  opposite  on  the  stem,  plicate. 

1.  C.  elegrans,  Reichb.  f.  in  Flora,  1886,560;  villous  with  cellular 
hairs,  leaves  orbicular-ovate  or  oblong,  flowers  solitary. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1000  ft.,  Paniling.  Easteen  Tibet  j  North  of  Phari, 
King's  Collector^ 

Stem  1-2  ft.  high  below  the  leaves.  Leaves  1-2  in.  broad.  Scape  shorter  than  the 
leaves  ;  bract  elliptic;  flower  about  1  in.  diam. — A  very  interesting  plant,  the  nearest 
ally  of  which  is  C.  japonicum.     I  have  seen  only  a  single  small  specimen. 


170  cxLviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)      [Cypni^edmm. 

*  Leaves  several,  alternate,  plaited. 

2.  C.  cordigrerum,  Bon  Prodr.  37 ;  sepals  and  narrower  petals 
spreading  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  green  or  white,  lip  oblong  white, 
staminode  ovate-  or  oblong-cordate.  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  527 ; 
Dene  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  JBot.  165,  t.  166. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  from  Kaslmiir,  alt,  9-11,000  ft.,  Clarke,  to  Kumaon, 
alt.  7-9000  ft.,  Roi/le. 

Stem  10-24  in.,  robust  or  slender,  and  ovary  puberulous.  Leaves  3-6  by  2-4 in., 
approximate  or  scattered,  from  nearly  orbicular  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 
Flower  solitary;  bract  1-4  in.,  leafy  ;  sepals  l|-2  in.,  longer  than  the  lip,  the  con- 
nate lateral  entire  or  split  at  the  apex  j  column  yellow.  Capsule\\  in.,  erect,  clavate. 
— As  Lindley  observes,  this  is  not  distinguishable  except  by  colour  from  the  European 
C.  calceolus,  which  extends  from  Britain  to  Dahuria.  It  would  be  well  to  compare 
living  specimens  before  uniting  them. 

3.  C.  macranthon,  Sivarfz  in  Act.  Holm.  1800,  251 ;  dorsal  sepal 
from  linear-  to  ovate-oblong  acute,  connate  lateral  narrower,  lip  subglobose 
much  inflated  purple,  staminode  ovate-oblong.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp.  Orchid. 
528 ;  in  JBot.  Reg.  t.  1534 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2938 ;  Reichh.  Fl.  Exot.  ii.  t.  16, 
No.  99;  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  498;  Fl.  des  fi'erre^,  t.  1118  ;  III.  Hortic. 
1857,  t.  147 ;  Belg.  Hortic.  vii.  353,  t.  61 ;  Gartenfi.  1863,  t.  409 ;  Trans. 
Buss.  Hort.  Soc.  1863,  t.  135  ;  OrcUdoph.  1887,  t.  75,  f.  1 ;  Ledeh.  Fl.  Ross. 
iv.  87. 

Alpine  Himalata  ;  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim,  alt.  11,500-14,000  ft. — Disteib. 
Northern  and  Subarctic  Europe  and  Asia  to  Japan. 

Stem  1-1 5^  ft.,  usually  very  stout,  pubescent.  Leaves  3-6  by  2-4  in.,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acute,  puberulous.  Flowers  1-2,  1^-2  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  very 
variable  in  length  and  breadth,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  lip,  yellowish  or  greenisli 
with  dark  purple  stains,  or  all  purple  ;  combined  lateral  acute  or  bidentate ;  lip 
inflated,  light  or  dark  purple,  mouth  small  crenate,  sides  of  ten  grooved  concentrically. 
— In  Sikkim  specimens  gathered  by  myself,  the  dorsal  sepal  is  broadly  oblong  1  in. 
long,  and  the  petals  as  long  but  narrower  and  lanceolate,  both  yellow-green  and 
striped  with  dark  red. 

Var.  ventricosa ;  Carridre  in  Rev.  Hortic.  1877,  310 ;  dorsal  sepal  broader, 
and  petals  usually  much  longer,  often  2  in.  long,  lip  very  large  l-l-^-  in.  diam.  C. 
ventricosum,  Swartz  in  Act.  Balm.  1800,  251 ;  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  529 ;  Sioeef 
Fl.  Gard.  iv.  t.  1;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  xiii.  t.  497.— Chumbi,  in  Tibet,  N.E.  of 
Sikkim,  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Siberia.' — In  King's  Tibetan  specimen,  of  which 
he  has  lent  me  a  drawing,  the  dorsal  sepal  is  broadly  ovate,  1^  by  f  in.,  the  petals  2 
by  f  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,  both  white  striped  with  red. 

**  Leaves  radical,  distichous,  oblong  or  lorate,  coriaceous,  not  plaited. 
Scape  1-3-ild.,  pubescent  or  villous. 

a.  Petals  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal,  short,  sessile^  hroadly  oblong, 
margins  not  iindiUate  nor  icarted. 

4.  C.  concolor,  Batem.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5513  ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong  tessellated,  scape  short  1-2-fld.,  sepals  suborbicular  and  elliptic- 
oblong  petals  yellow  ciliate,  sac  of  lip  subcylindric,  staminode  subrhora- 
boidly  ovate  apiculate.  III.  Hort.  1865,  t.  444  ;  Gartenfi.  1874,  t.  803  ;  Fl. 
des  Serres,  t.  2321  ;  Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  t.  302 ;  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1865,  626  ;  1883,  i.  19,  fig.  3  ;   Veitch  Man.  17,  loithfig. 

Tenasseeim  ;  near  Moulmein,  Parish,  Upper  Burma  ;  in  the  Shan  hills', 
Prayer. — Distrib.  Cambodia. 


Cypripedium.]        cxlviii.  orohidej).     (J.  D,  Hooker.)  171 

leaves  3-5  in.,  crowded,  obtuse,  pals  green  above,  fascicled  with  undulate  bands 
of  dark  green,  purple  or  purple  spotted  beneath.  Scapes  1-2  in.  and  cymbiform 
bract  dark  purple;  flowers  2-3  in.  diara.,  pale  yellow,  sparsely  dotted  with  purple; 
petals  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  lip  small,  mouth  slightly  dilated. — Reichb.  f. 
describes  (Gard.  Chron.  1886,  294)  a  var.  chloropht/Ua  with  an  interrupted  line 
of  purple  spots  along  the  midribs  of  the  sepals  and  petals,  and  var.  sulphurina  (1.  c. 
1888,  ii.  264)  with  unspotted  sulphur  coloured  flowers.  Other  vars.  are  tonhinensis, 
Lindenia,  ii.  t.  77,  and  Regneri,  Orchidoph.  1886,  226.— The  C.  Godefroyi  of  Siam 
is  very  closely  allied,  but  has  dorsal  sepals  and  petals  broader  than  long,  copiously 
spotted,  and  a  3 -toothed  staminode. 

5.  C.  niveum,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1869,  1038 ;  Xen.  Orchid. 
ii.  155 ;  leaves  linear-oblong  tessellated,  scape  elongate  1-2-fld.,  sepals 
orbicular  and  broadly  oblong  petals  ciliate,  sac  of  lip  ovoid  mouth  con- 
tracted, staminode  large  transversely  oblong.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5922;  III. 
Sort.  1871,  t.  83  ;  ¥lor.  Mag.  1871,  t.  543  ;  Jennings  Orchid,  t.  28  ;  Beichen- 
bachia,  i.  t.  34;  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  ii. ;  fig.  1.  Veitch  Man.  39,  withfg. ;  0. 
concolor,  var.  nivea,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  I.  c. 

Straits  of  Malacca  ;  Langkawi  Islands,  §£»«i  of  Penang. — Disteib.  Tambilan 
Island,  between  Singapore  and  Borneo,  and  W.  coast  of  Siam. 

Leaves  4-6  in.,  green  above  with  darker  blotches,  lurid  purple  beneath.  Scape 
1-2-fld.  ;  bracts  very  short ;  flowers  3  in.  diam.,  pure  white  more  or  less  dotted  with 
purple ;  dorsal  sepal  very  broad,  stained  with  purple  on  the  back ;  petals  rather 
longer,  variable  in  size  and  breadth  ;  staminode  closing  the  mouth  of  the  lip. 

jS.  Petals  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal  or  nearly  so,  spathulate,  clawed, 
margins  not  warted. 

6.  C.  villosum,  Lindl.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1854, 125  ;  leaves  loriform,  not 
tessellate,  scape  elongate,  villous  bract  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary,  dorsal 
sepal  suberect  obovate-oblong  with  the  lower  margins  revolute  and  spathu- 
late petals  ciliate,  lip  helmet-shaped,  staminode  obovate  base  cordate.  III. 
Hort.  iv.  t.  126 ;  Pescator.  t.  48  ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  t.  1475.  Lindenia,  iii. 
t.  132 ;  Warner  Sel.  Orchid,  ii.  t.  30.  Veitch  Man.  54,  with  Jig.  C.  Boxalli, 
Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1877,  i.  367 ;  III.  Hort.  xxvi.  345. 

Tenasserim  ;  Moulmein,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Lohh,  Parish. 

Leaves  10-18  in.,  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Scape  1-fld.  ;  bract  spathaceous 
and  ovary  villous  ;  flowers  5-6  in.  diam.,  glossy  ;  dorsal  sepal  green  with  brown- 
purple  base  and  white  margins,  keel  hirsute  ;  petals  hirsute  towards  the  base,  and 
lip  brownish  yellow,  mouth  and  staminode  tawny  yellow. —  C.  Boxalli  is  a  var.  with 
black  spots  on  the  dorsal  sepal  and  more  tessellated  petals.  Var.,  aurea  (Gard. 
Chron.  1883,  i.  374)  has  a  bright  yellow-green  dorsal  sepal  margined  with  white 
and  golden  yellow  petals  and  lip. 

7.  C  hirsutlssimum,  Lindl.  in  Pot.  Mag.  t.  4990;  leaves  lorate 
acnte  not  tessellate,  bract  small  and  flower  hirsute,  dorsal  sepal  erect 
orbicular-ovate  obtuse,  petals  horizontal  spathnlate  claw  crisped  or  undu- 
late, lip  helmet- shaped,  staminode  quadrate  angles  rounded.  Warner  Sel. 
Orchid,  i.  t.  15  ;  Belg.  Hortic.  vii.  353,  t.  61 ;  III.  Hort.  iv..  Misc.  QT -,  Xen. 
Orchid,  ii.  107, 1. 132 ;  Bev.  Hortic.  1859, 182  ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  1. 1430  ;  Veitch 
Man.  29,  with  Jig. 

Khasia  Hills;  on  the  Assam  face,  Simons. 

Leaves  9-12  in.,  green.  Scape  12  in.,  green,  hairs  of  bracts  and  flowers  dark 
purple  ;  flowers  4  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  green  with  a  dull  purplish  spotted  disk ; 
petals  nearly  as  broad  as  the  dorsal  sepal,  violet-purple,  the  lower  half  with  green 
sides  and  midrib  and  copious  dark  spots,  and  hairs ;  lip  green  flushed  with  dark 
purple,  minutely  warted,  mouth  green  within ;  staminode  green,  base  white. 


172  cxLViii.  OECHIDE^].     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     {^Cypripedium. 

y.  Petals  nairoiuer  but  not  mucJi  longer  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  sometimes 
waj'ted  on  the  surface,  but  not  on  the  Tnargins,  which  are  glabrous. 

8;  C.  Drurii,  Beddome  Ic.  Plant.  Ind.  Or.  23,  t.  112 ;  leaves  lignlate 
glabrous  not  tessellated,  scape  tall  1-fld.  pubescent,  bract  much  shorter 
than  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate  ciliolate  arched,  petals  linear- 
oblong  obtuse  surface  warted  and  hirsute  towards  the  base,  lip  helmet- 
shaped  mouth  open,  staminode  subquadrate.  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1876,  68 ;  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  223 ;  III.  Sort.  1877,  t.  265 ;  Lindenia,  i.  t.  6  ; 
Plor.  Mag.  N.  S.  t.  425 ;   Veitch  Man.  22,  with  Jig. 

Travancore  Mts.,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Drury. 

Leaves  7-10  in.,  bright  green.  Scape  9-12  in.  and  small  obtuse  bracts  and  ovary 
pubescent ;  flowers  3  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  greenish  yellow  with  a  broad  dark 
median  band  and  a  dorsal  keel  with  black  hairs  ;  lower  connate  sepals  smaller ; 
petals  incurved  tips  rounded,  bright  ochreous  yellow,  with  a  dark  median  baud, 
warts  and  hairs  blackish  ;  staminode  much  smaller  than  the  mouth  of  the  lip,  which 
is  bright  yellow  dotted  with  purple  within,  and  with  acute  margins. 

9.  C-  Insigrne,  Wall.  mss.  in  Lindl.  Goll.  Bot.  t.  32 ;  leaves  ligulate 
glabrous  not  tessellated,  scapes  elongate  1-2-fld.,  bract  equalling  the  ovary, 
dorsal  sepal  large  arched  orbicular-ovate  margins  subrecurved,  petals 
linear-oblong  glabrous  margin  undulate,  lip  broadly  helmet-shaped,  stami- 
node subquadrate.  Lindl.  Gen.  S{  Sp.  Orchid.  530 ;  Hook.  Fl.  Exot. 
t.  34 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1321 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3412 ;  Williams  Orchid.  Alb. 
iv.  t.  155  ;  Griff .  Notul.  344 ;  Ic.  PI.  '  Asiat.  t.  322 ;  Veitch  Man.  32  ; 
Flore  des  Serres,  1564. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Wallich,  &c. 

Leaves  8-12  in.,  acute,  pale  green.  Scape  12  in.,  1-2-fld.  and  large  oblong  com- 
pressed bracts  and  ovary  pubescent;  flowers  4-5  in.  diam,,  glossy;  dorsal  sepal 
apple-green,  purple -spotted,  tip  white,  lateral  smaller,  paler  ;  petals  rather  longer 
than  the  sepals,  margins  subcordate,  green  with  white  tips  and  purple  veins ;  lip 
broad  yellow  or  green  sufi'used  with  purple,  tawny  yellow  within  ;  staminode  pubes- 
cent with  a  central  callus. — The  above  description  is  of  the  wild  form ;  cultivated 
specimens  vary  greatly  in  colour,  and  have  numberless  synonyms,  the  principal  given 
by  Veitch  are 

Var.  Chantinii,  Rafar.  in  Rev.  Hort.  1866,  249 ;  1878,  130,  with  fig. ;  dorsal 
sepal  margined  with  white  purple  spotted,  lower  combined  sepals  longer  more  acute, 
petal  veined  with  amber,  lip  chesnut  brown.  Fl.  des  Serres,  xxi.  72;  Orchiduph. 
1885,  36;   Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  vi.  t.  278;   Gard.  Chron.  1882,  ii.  717,  Jig.  127. 

Var.  Maulei,  Moore  in  Flor.  Mag.  1861,  t.  57 ;  flowers  larger,  margins  of  dorsal 
sepal  revolute  towards  the  base  white  at  the  tip,  petals  paler,  lip  longer  narrower 
paler.     Fl.  des  Serres,  xv.  t.  1564;    Gard.  Chron.  1882,  ii.  7lQ,fg.  126. 

Var.  Sanderae  ;  flowers  primrose  yellow,  except  the  white  margins. 

Other  vars.  are  aspera ;  aurea,  Fl.  &  Pomol.  1882,  75,  and  albo-marginata, 
Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  v.  t.  232,  178.  For  figures  of  the  flowers  of  many  varieties 
see  ^ard.  Chron.  1882,  ii.  716,  f.  126. 

10.  C.  Spicerlanuxn,  Beichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1880,  i.  40,  74, 
fig.  7 ;  leaves  ligulate  subacute  not  tessellated,  scape  tall  1-2-fld.,  bracts 
much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  very  large  erect  rhombic-obovate 
hirsute  sides  strongly  recurved  below,  petals  shorter  deflexed  ligulate 
margins  undulate  and  crisped,  lip  helmet-shaped  mouth  dilated,  stami- 
node orbicular.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6490 ;  III.  Hort.  1883,  t.  473  ;  the  Garden, 
1883,  t.  378  ;  Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  iii.  1. 119  ;  Belg.  Ilortic.  1883,  289, 1. 18  ; 
Orchidoph.  1890, 415 ;  Gard.  Chron.  1880,  i.  41,  f.  7  j  Veitch  Man.  46,  vjithfg. 


Cypripedium.']      cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  173 

Assam  (Low's  and  Sander's  Collectors). 

Leaves  6-9  in.,  dark  green,  margins  more  or  less  waved,  beneath  purple-spotted 
near  the  base.  Scape  9-12  in.,  slender,  pubescent ;  bract  narrow  ;  flowers  about 
3  in.  diam.;  dorsal  sepal  horizontal,  sides  at  the  base  so  stoutly  reflexed  as  to 
appear  clawed,  white  base  purple  dotted  on  a  green,  ground,  midline  purple  ;  petals 
shorter  than  the  lip,  obtuse,  yellow-  or  olive-green  with  a  red  median  band  and 
spots ;  lip  brown,  tinged  with  crimson  ;  staminode  red,  edged  with  white,  base 
contracted  into  auricle-like  folds. 

h.  Petals  narrotver  than  the  dorsal  sepal,  very  long  in  0.  Parishii, 
margins  bearded  or  hirsute  and  tvarted. 

11.  C.  venustum,  Wall,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2129;  Cat.  7023;  leaves 
elliptic- oblong  or  loriform  tessellate,  scape  1-2-fld.,  bracts  half  as  long  as 
the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  petals  linear-oblong 
bearded  sparsely  warted,  lip  subcylindric  reticulate,  staminode  semi-lunate. 
Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  530 ;  Hook.  Exot.  Flor.  t.  35  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2129  ; 
Bot.  Beg.  t.  788;  Beichh.  Fl.  Exot.  100 ;  Lodd.Bot.  Cal.  585;  Warner  8el. 
Orchid,  ii.  t.  24;  Veitch  Man.  53.  C.  pardinum,  Beichh.  f.  in  Gard. 
Ghron.  1869,  554,  and  1887,  i.  382,  fig.  76  (pardinum  var.) ;  Flor.  Mag. 
N.  S.t.^1. 

Teopical  vSikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarice.  Silhet  and 
Assam,  Wallich,  Griffith,  &c. 

Leaves  4-10  in.,  dark  green,  marbled  with  pale  green  above  and  dull  purple 
beneath.  Scape  6-9  in.,  pubescent ;  flowers  2-2^  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  white  with 
dark  stripes ;  petals  spreading,  subspathulate,  green  and  purplish,  warts  blackish  ; 
lip  yellow  green,  flushed  with  pink,  and  with  green  reticulations,  inflexed  lobes 
yellow  nearly  closing  the  mouth. — The  var.  pardina  has  larger  flowers,  whiter 
sepals,  and  larger  and  more  scattered  wart  on  the  petals. 

12.  C*  Pairieanum,  Lindl.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1857,  740  ;  leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  loriform  not  tessellate,  scape  slender  1-fld.,  bracts  half  as  long  as 
the  glandular  hairy  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  large  erect  suborbicular  obtuse, 
petals  linear-lanceolate  falcately  upcurved  margins  crisped  bearded  and 
with  black  tubercles,  lip  slipper-formed  pubescent,  staminode  orbicular 
with  a  deep  notch  and  included  spur  in  front.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5024;  Fl.  des 
Sevres,  t.  1244;  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  108,  t.  133;  Orchid.  Alb.  ii.  t.  70;  Veitch 
Man.  24,  v-itlijig. 

Assam,  Tronson  (Ic.in  Hart.  Calcutt.). 

Leaves  4-6  in.,  acute,  bright  green.  Scape  4-6  in.,  green  ;  bract  green;  ovary 
purple ;  flower  2-2—3  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  greenish  white  with  broad  purple  reticu- 
lated nerves,  ciliate,  margin  waved,  keel  hairy  j  petals  yellow-  or  greenish-white 
with  purple  nerves  and  margins ;  lip  green  with  purple  veins  and  spots ;  staminode 
deeply  notched  and  3-fid  in  front,  side  lobes  acute  incurved,  midlobe  as  long,  straight 
acute. 

13.  C.  superbiens,  Beichh.  /.  in  Bonpland.  1855,  227 ;  in  Algem. 
Gartenzeit,  1856,  323 ;  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  9,  t.  103 ;  leaves  elliptic-oblong 
tessellate,  scape  1-fld.,  bract  much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  dorsal  s'epal 
orbicular-ovate  acute,  petals  broadly  linear  deflexed  fringed  with  black 
hairs  and  warted,  lip  helmet-shaped,  staminode  suborbicular  notched  in 
front,  base  2-lobed.  Gartenfl.  1863,  49 ;  Warner  Sel.  Orchid,  ii.  t.  12  ;  Fl. 
des'  Serres,  t.  1996  ;  Veitch  Man.  51,  with  Jig. ;  Gard.  Ghron.  1886,  ii.  405, 
f.  83,  84.  C.  Veitchianum,  III.  Hart.  xii.  t.  429 ;  De  Puydt,  Les  Orchid, 
■frontisp.  p.  267  ;  Bev.  Hortic.  1871,  h^o,fig.  78,  79.  C.  barbatum  Veitchii, 
Fl.  des  Serres,  t.  1453.     C.  barbatum  superbum,  Belg.  Hortic.  1883,  97. 


174  cxLViii.  ORCHiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hookei.}     \_Cypnpedium 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Mt.  Ophir,  Loll. 

Leaves  5-7  in.,  pale  or  dark  green  with  dull  blotches.  Scape  9-12  in.,  1-fld,  ; 
flowers  ciliolate,  4  in.  ditim.;  dorsal  sepal  white  striped  with  green;  petals  longer 
than  the  dorsal  sepal,  white  veined  with  green  j  lip  brownish  purple,  inflexed,  lobes 
crimson,  warted. 

14  C*  barbatum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1841,  Misc.  53 ;  1842,  t.  17 ; 
leaves  oblong  to  liuear-oblong  acute  tessellate,  scape  1-2-fld.  pubescent, 
bract  much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular 
acute  or  obtuse,  petals  longer  linear-oblong  spreading  and  decurved  ciliate 
and  with  a  few  black  warts  along  the  upper  or  both  margins,  lip  helmet- 
shaped  mouth  dilated,  staminode  hypocrepiform.  Bot.  Mag.  4234;  Fl. 
des  Serves,  iii.  t.  190,  and  xviii.  t.  1879  (var.  grandiflorum) ;  Belgique 
Sortie,  xxxiii.  96,  t.  7 ;  Warner  Sel.  Orchid.  Ser.  3,  t.  11  (var.  Warneri) ; 
Veitch  Man.  12,  Gard,  Ghron.  1886,  ii.  308,  f.  63.  C.  purpuratum,  Wight 
Ic.  t.  1760  {not  of  Lindl.).  C.  Warnerianuu),  Reichb.  f.  in  Gart.  Z'eit. 
1883,  fasc.  ix.  C.  orbum,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1887,  ii.  778.  C. 
Crossii,  Belg.  Sortie,  xv.  227  ;   Veitch  Man.  12,  with  Jig. 

Penang-,  Maingay.  Malacca;  on  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith,  &c,— Disteib.  W. 
Siam. 

Leaves  4-8  in.,  pale  green  above  with  darker  oblong  spots.  Bcape  10-12  in. ; 
flowers  2-3  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  folded  in  the  middle,  white  with  purple  veins  and 
greenish  base,  lower  connate  sepals  much  narrower ;  petals  greenish  brown  towards 
the  base,  purple  towards  the  tip ;  lip  dark  purple.  Variable  in  the  size  and  colour 
of  the  flowers.  Veitch  retains  two  varieties,  1,  Crossii,  leaves  paler  with  more 
scattered  deep  green  spots,  under  which  are  G.  Warneriana  and  orha,  and  2, 
Obrieni,  with  leaves  paler,  spots  smaller,  petals  and  lip  deeper  coloured. —  C.  orhum 
is  described  as  a  hybrid  by  Reicheubach,  but  Veitch  regards  it  as  a  synonym  of  var. 
Crossii. 

15.  C.  Parishii,  Reichb.  f.  in  Flora,  1869,  322 ;  in  Gard.  Ghron. 
1869,  814,  tvithfig. ;  leaves  ligulate  2-fid  not  tessellated,  scape  stout  4-7-fld., 
bracts  spathaceous,  dorsal  sepal  suberect  broadly  elliptic-ovate  with  the 
basal  margins  revolute,  petals  very  long  linear  pendulous  twisted  margin 
sparsely  warted  below,  lip  helmet-shaped,  staminode  obovate-oblong 
obtusely  2-fid,  base  spurred.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5791 ;  Williams  Orchid.  Alb. 
ii.  t.  86  ;  Be  Puydt.  Orchid.  188 ;  OrchidopJi.  1887,  t.  91.  Ill  Hort.  1875,  t. 
214;  Gard.  Ghron.  1869,  814;  Veitch  Man.  41.  Selenipedium  Parishii, 
Rev.  Sort.  1885,  132. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Moulmein,  Parish. 

Leaves  9-15  by  1^-2^  in.,  glossy  green.  Scape  12-18  in.,  pale  green,  hairy ; 
bracts  and  hirsute  ovary  green  ;  flowers  3-4  in.  diam. ;  dorsal  sepal  arched,  keeled,pale 
yellow  green;  petals  4-6  in.  long,  spreading,  at  length  pendulous,  basal  half  green 
with  pale  undulate  margin  and  a  few  bristly  marginal  tubercles,  the  other  half  dark 
purple,  tip  obtuse  pubescent;  lip  green  or  stained  with  purple,  mouth  green  within; 
staminode  greenish  yellow,  margins  white. 

112.  APOSTASXA,  Blume. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with  a  short  caudex  and  leafy  rigid  stems.  Leaves 
narrow,  strongly  nerved.  Floivers  small,  in  terminal  or  axillary  simple  or 
panicled  often  decurved  or  defiexed  spikes.  Sepals,  petals  and  lip  all  equal 
and  alike,  free,  spreading  or  recurved.  Ovary  very  slender,  3-celled. 
Column  short;  anthers  2,  at  the  sides  of  the  rostellum,  shortly  stipitate, 
narrow,  erect,  2-celled,  cells  parallel ;  staminode  erect,  behind  the  stigma. 


Apostasia.']  cxlviii.  oncHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  175 

or  0 ;  stigma  terminal  long  erect,  tip  discoid. — Species  6,  Indian,  Malayan 
and  Australian. 

1.  A.  Wallichii,  Br.  in  Wall.  Cat.  4448 ;  in  PI.  As.  Bar.  i.  75,  t.  84 

(A.  odorata) ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  5-7-nerved,  spikes  panicled,  peduncle 
naked  below,  anthers  versatile  cell  bases  unequal,  staminode  adnatetothe 
style.  Blume  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  ii.  93  ;  Miquel  Ft.  Ind.  Bat  iii.  748; 
Thwaites  Fnum.  315  ;  Rolfe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  237,  t.  48,  f.  22-24. 
Mesodactylus  deflexa,  Wall.,  ex.  PI.  As.  Bar.  I.  c.  74. 

Tropical  Nepal,  Wallich.  Khasia  Hills,  J.  B.  H.  Sf  T.  T.  Assam,  Grifith. 
PENANa,  Curtis.  Peiiak,  Scorf echini,  King's  Collector,  Ceylon  ;  in  the  Suffragan 
district,  Thtoaites. — Uistrib.  Sumatra,  Java,  N.  Guinea. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  4-8  in.  Panicle  decurved,  4-10  in. ;  bracts  subulate ; 
flowers  subsecund,  i  iu.  diain.,  yellow  ;  ovary  ^-f  in.     Capsiile  ^-f  in. 

2.  A.  nuda,  Br.  in  Wall.  Gat.  4449;  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.l  76,  t.  85; 

leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  3-5-nerved,  spikes 
panicled  many-bracteate  at  the  base,  anthers  erect  cell-bases  equal,  stami- 
node 0.  Blume  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  ii-  93  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
748  ;  Bolfe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  239,  t.  48,  f.  20,  21.  A.  Brunonis,  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  243 ;  Ic.  PL  Asiat.  t.  282. 

Khasia  Hills  and  Chittagong,  /.  D.  S.  ^  T.  T.  Tenasserim  ;  at  Mergui, 
Griffith  (Kew  JDistrib.  5604).  Malacca,  Maingay,  top  of  Mt.  Ophir,  Hullett. 
Singapore,  Lohb.     Peeak,  Wray. — Distrib,  Sumatra,  Java. 

Stem  10-12  in.  Leaves  4-10  in.  Panicle  decurved,  much  shorter  than  in  A. 
Wallicliii,  as  are  the  ovaries. 

3.  A.  latifolia,  BoJfe  in^  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  242 ;  leaves  petioled 
elliptic-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  very  many  nerved,  spikes  panicled, 
peduncle  naked  at  the  base,  anther  erect  bases  equal  staminode  0. 

Peeak,  ScortecJiini,  Wray. 

Stem  3  ft.  Leaves  4-6  by  1-1 J  in.,  nerves  very  close;  petiole  1-1-| in.  Panicle 
stouter  tban  in  nuda  and  Wallichii,  bracts  broader  ;  ovaries  f  in.,  curved  j  flowers 
very  small. 

113.  NSUWZZSDIA,  Blume. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with  a  short  caudex  and  leafy  stiff  stems.  Leaves 
elongate,  petioled,  strongly  nerved.  Floivers  small,  in  a  terminal  simple 
erect  dense  raceme,  clothed  with  long  bracts.  Sepals  and  petals  equal 
and  similar,  free,  or  the  latter  rather  broader.  Lip  subspathulate. 
Golumn  short ;  stigma  terminal,  long,  erect,  tip  discoid ;  anthers  3,  erect, 
narrow,  stipitate,  one  on  each  side  of  the  stigma,  and  one  dorsal,  cells 
parallel.     Ovary  8-celled. — Species  6,  Malayan. 

1.  M.  Ziindleyi,  Bolfe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  232,  t.  48,  f.  10-12  ; 
peduncle  elongate,  raceme  elongate  many  and  dense-fid.  and  flowers 
puberulous,  bracts  1-1^  in.  membranous,  erect  and  recurved. 

Penang,  Curtis. — DiSTRiB.  Borneo. 

Stem  very  short,  stout.  Leaves  many,  1-2  ft.  by  2-3  in.,  oblanceolate,  mem- 
branous, many-nerved,  stoutly  petioled.  Raceme  1-2  ft.,  stout,  erect,  i*achis  stout ; 
bracts  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  narrowly  lanceolate;  flowers  1  in.  long, 
horizontal,  pedicelled;  ovary  ^  in. 

2.  N.  Curtisii,  Bolfe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  233,  t.  48,  f.  13,  14 ; 


176  cxLViii,  OROHiDE^.     (J.  D,  Hooker.)        [Nemciedia. 

peduncle   short,   raceme   short  many-fld.    and  flowers  pubescent,   bracts 
\-%  in.  erect. 

Penang;  on  West  Hill,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Curtis. — DiStrib.  Sumatra. 
Leaves  as  in  N.  Lindleyi,  but  peduncle  and  raceme  very   short,  and  bracts 
glandular-pubescent. 

3.  N.  Griffithil,  Eeichh.  f.  Xen.  Orchid,  ii.  215;  peduncle  short, 
spike  short  many-fld.  and  flowers  subhispidly  pubescent,  bracts  |-f  in. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrib.  1682).     Peeak,  Kincf's  Collector. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  4-10  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  finely  acuminate,  many- 
nerved,  petioled.  Raceme  2-3  in. ;  flowers  white,  very  shortly  pedicelled,  ^  in.  long, 
deeurved.     Capsule  \  in.  long,  turgid,  trigonous. 

SUPPLEMENT  TO    ORCKIDSHS,   WITH    ADDITIOISTS    AND 
COREECTIONS. 

During  the  elaboration  of  the  Orchidece  for  this  Flora,  very  large  collections  of 
species,  from  many  parts  of  India,  were  being  received  at  intervals  by  the  Herbarium 
of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  especially  from  the  rich  stores  of  the  Royal  Gardens  of 
Calcutta,  together  with  the  loan  of  a  magnificent  series  of  original  drawings  of  Orchids 
from  the  same  source.  The  most  important  of  these  collections  were  Malayan,  abound- 
ing in  novelties,  from  Penang,  Perak,  Singapore  and  Malacca,  made  by  the  late  Father 
Scortechini  (presented,  together  with  the  loan  of  the  Rev.  father's  pencil  drawings 
of  many  species,  by  the  Government  of  Perak),  by  Kunstler,  a  collector  sent  from 
the  Calcutta  Bot.  Gardens  by  Dr.  King,  by  Curtis,  Hullett,  Wray  and  Ridley. 
Important  collections  were  also  sent  by  Mann,  from  Assam,  Bhotan,  and  the  Khasia 
hills;  by  Gamble  (on  loan)  from  various  parts  of  India  ;  by  Duthie  from  Garwhal ; 
by  Clarke  from  Sikkim,  the  Khasia  hills,  and  Bengal,  together  with  a  few  frcm 
Central  India;  and  (on  loan)  by  Dr.  Trimen  from  Ceylon.  These  successive  arrivals 
necessitated  many  consecutive  revisions  and  emendations  of  the  work  already  pre- 
pared, some  printed,  some  in  the  press,  and  some  in  mss.,  besides  adding  many 
species  and  some  genera  to  the  Indian  Flora. 

Vol.  v.  p.  667.    Key  to  the  Teibes  and  Sfbtribes. 

The  Key  to  the  Indian  Genera  Subtribes  and  Tribes  was  extracted,  with  a  few 
modifications,  from  that  prepared  by  Bentham  for  the  Genera  Plantarum ;  which, 
whether  as  regards  the*  difficulties  that  attend  the  analysis  of  the  plants  of 
this  most  complicated  Order,  or  the  chaotic  state  into  which  the  family  had  fallen 
since  Lindley's  days,  is  a  masterpiece  of  research  and  scientific  taxonomy.  As  may 
be  supposed,  the  detailed  examination  of  so  many  Indian  genera  and  species  as  are 
contained  in  this  Flora  (about  1400),  and  of  a  large  proportion  of  which  Bentham  had 
no  knowledge,  or  only  a  superficial  one,  has  suggested  a  few  emendations  in  his 
classificatiou,  but  these  are  very  slight,  and  I  shall  notice  them  in  their  order,  in  the 
following  pages. 

Sub-order  MALAXED.  I  have  departed  from  Bentham,  in  including  LiPAEiEiE 
and  Malaxeje  under  one  sub-order.  The  essential  character  of  Lipariem,  the 
incumbent  anther,  fails  in  a  great  measure  when  Oberonia  is  placed  in  it,  for  the 
pollinia  of  this  genus  are  as  Griffith  points  out  (Notul.  iii.  273)  in  0.  anthropophoj-a 
and  trilohata  (ensiformis,  Lindl.)  at  first  accumbent ;  and  in  these  and  others  he 
describes  them  as  "  accumbenti-iucumbentia,"  Added  to  this  the  habit  of  Micro- 
stylis,  which  is  placed  in  Malaxece,  is  that  of  Liparis  ;  and  of  Oberonia,  which  is 
placed  in  Lipariece,  is  that  of  Malaxis.  The  clinandrium  is  so  minute  in  Oberonia 
and  Microstylis,  that  I  have  little  confidence  in  my  own  results  obtained  by  softening 
these  parts  in  dried  specimens,  but  my  impression  is  that  in  iliicros/^/is  the  anther 
will  be  found  to  both  accumbent  and  incumbent,  very  much  as  in  Oberonia.  Lastly 
the  pollinia  of  Oberonia  are  variously  described  and  figured   as   2  or  4.     I  think 


Supplement  J  ^c]     cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  177 

that  4  is  the  rule,  but  one  of  each  pair  is  often  much  smaller,  and  I  suspect  sometimes 
suppressed. 

In  line  3  of  the  character  of  subtribe  MalaxecB  for  not  incumbent,  read  accum- 
bent  or  incumbent. 

P.  667.  Subtribe  ERiEiE.  The  inflorescence  is  often  subterminal  in  JEJna,  and 
appears  to  be  truly  terminal  in  the  anomalous  genus  10/2  Claderia.     (See  p.  810.) 

P.  668.  The  Subtribe  Cyrtopodie^  of  Bentham,  is  here  included  as  far  as  the 
Indian  genera  are  concerned  in  Eulophiece,  though  by  oversight,  it  is  introduced  at 
p.  671.  EutophiecE  are  described  in  the  "  Genera"  as  pseudobulbous,  and  having  a 
spurred  lip,  but  very  few  indeed  of  the  Indian  species  are  pseudobulbous,  many  have 
a  mere  sac  to  represent  the  spur,  in  many  the  so-called  spur  is  a  true  mentum,  and 
Bolus  "  Orchid  of  Cape  Peninsula  '*  describes  species  that  have  neither  a  spurred 
nor  saccate  lip.  The  only  character  given  for  CyrtopodiecB,  as  distinctive  from 
UulophiecB,  is  that  of  the  column  being  produced  into  a  foot ;  but  this  is  invalidated 
by  my  having  to  follow  Blume,  Bolus  and  others  in  replacing  Ct/rtopera,  which  in 
the  •'  Genera  "  is  referred  to  Ct/rtopodium,  in  Eulophia ;  and  as  I  find  no  character  by 
which  Plocoglottis,  the  only  other  Indian  genus  of  Bentham's  Ct/rtopodiece,  can  be 
excluded  Eulophiece,  I  propose  as  a  character — 

Subtribe  Edlophie^.  Terrestrial,  never  epiphytic.  Stem  rarely  pseudo- 
bulbous.    Lip  usually  spurred  saccate  or  forming  with  the  lateral  sepals  a  mentum. 

39.  Eulophia.  Lip  free  from  the  sides  of  the  column,  adnate  to  its  base  or 
foot. 

48.  Plocoglottis.     Lip  adnate  by  a  membrane  to  the  sides  of  the  column. 

Suborder  Cymbidieje.  Terrestrial  or  epiphytic.  Lip  neither  spurred  nor  con- 
spicuously saccate ;  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  column. — Genera  as  at  p.  671,  including 
Cremastra,  which  has  to  be  added. 

Suborder  Vanillej:.  The  free  often  hippocrepiform  poUinia,  without  caudicle  or 
gland,  distinguish  the  Indian  species  from  Corymbeee  and  Spiranthea. 

Subtribe  Corymbe^,  differs  from  all  other  Indian  Neottieje  in  the  hard  almost 
woody  stem,  and  rigid  leaves,  in  which  respect  the  species  resemble  Apostasia. 

Tribe  Ophetde.^.     In  ith  line  insert  "long  or"  before  short. 

Subtribe  Euophryde^.  If  I  am  correct  in  my  analyses  of  the  rostellum  in  some 
of  the  smaller  Sahenarice,  it  may  prove  diflicult  to  separate  this  subtribe  from 
Habenarieee.  Under  any  circumstances  the  modifications  of  the  rostellum  are  so 
great  in  both,  that  I  doubt  its  forming  a  subtribal  character. 

After  Subtribe  Dise^  should  follow  (as  at  p.  675) — 

Subtribe  Coeycieje,  to  include  110  Disperis,  This  genus  and  Satyrium  are  the 
solitary  Indian  representatives  of  the  extensive  S.  African  Subtribes  Disece  and 
Coryciea,  which  are  distinguished  from  one  another  by  Bentham,  and  more  recently 
by  Bolus  (the  Orchids  of  the  Cape  Peninsula)  by  the  former  having  the  sepals  and 
petals  all  free,  and  the  lip  at  the  base  of  the  column,  whilst  in  the  latter  the  dorsal 
sepal  and  petals  cohere,  and  the  lip  is  adnute  to  the  column  nearly  to  its  tip. 

Tribe  Cypeipedie^.  This  tribe  I  think  includes  two  subtribes,  if  not  two 
tribes;  namely — 

Cypeipedie^.  Flowers  very  irregular.  Lip  inflated.  Anthers  2,  one  on  each 
side  of  a  large  dilated  rostellum.     Staminode  very  large. 

AP0STASIEJ3.  Flowers  regular.  Lip  like  the  sepals  and  petals.  Anthers  2  or  3 
on  the  sides  of  a  small  erect  rostellum  ;  staminode  very  small  or  0. 

Key  to  the  Genera. 
P.  669.  After  9.  Bulbophyllum,  insert — 

9/1.  Henosis,  see  Vol.  v.  p.  771,  and  for  amended  characters  p.  189  of  this 
volume. 

P.  670.  After  18.  CflRYsoaiossuif,  irfsert— 

VOL.  VL  N 


178  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)     [Supplement,  ^c. 

18/2.  CoiLABlUM.  Scape  tall,  raceme  long.  Lip  jointed  on  to  the  trumpet- 
shaped  foot  of  the  column.  Pollinia  2,  2 -cleft,  united  by  a  viscus.  (See  Vol.  v. 
p.  784.) 

After  19.  Eeia,  insert— 

19/1.  Claberia.  Terrestrial,  subscandent.  Leaves  plicate.  Inflorescence  ter- 
minal.    Lip  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  long  sigmoid  column.     Pollinia  2  ? 

21.  Pachtstoma,  add  to  description.     Flowers  small ;  and  insert  after  it — 

21/1.  Tpsea.  Scape  leafless.  Flowers  large.  Sepals  spreading.  Column  elongate, 
foot  0.     Pseudobulb  1-2-leaved. 

28.  For  JosEPHA  read  Josephia. 

29.  Glomera.     Cancel  this  genus.     (See  "Vol.  v.  p.  823.) 

P.  671.  ErLOPHiA.  See  remarks  under  Subtribes  Eulophie^,  at  p.  177  of  this 
volume.  The  character  of  "petals  like  the  dorsal  sepal,"  is  subject  to  many 
exceptions. 

41.  Cyperoechis,  though  removed  in  "  Gen.  Plant.  "  from  proximity  to  (Tym- 
Udium,  should  stand  next  to  it.  The  two  genera  are  hardly  separable.  After  it 
insert — 

41/1.  Cremastea.  Sepals  and  petals  and  lip  very  narrow  and  conniving  in  a 
tube.  Leaf  solitary  on  a  tuberous  rhizome.  Scape  leafless,  sheathed ;  flowers  race- 
mose, secund. 

Subtribe  3.  Ctrtopodie^  and  48;  PlocoglotUs.  For  remarks  on  these  see 
Subtribe  Eulopldecc,  at  p.  177  of  this  volume. 

Subtribe  4.  Sarcanthe^.  The  classification  of  the  genera  of  this  subtribe 
presents  great  difficulties.  In  so  far  as  the  Indian  genera  are  concerned  I  have  not 
been  able  to  improve  upon  Bentham's  arrangement ;  though  I  find  numerous  excep- 
tions to  the  characters  given  under  the  three  subdivisions  marked  by  stars. 

49.  LiJisiA.  The  Cristaria  section  of  Vanda  unites  that  genus  with  this. 
The  incurved  sepals  and  petals  of  Sect.  Cristaria  are  those  of  Luisia,  but  the  foliage 

,  and  habit  are  those  of  most  Vandce.  The  lip  of  one  species  of  Sect.  Cristaria 
is  spurred  or  saccate  as  in  Vanda,  of  another  it  is  flat  as  in  Luisia,  without  spur  or 
sac. 

50.  CoTTONiA.  Eeplace  the  character  by, — Sepals  and  narrower  petals  spreading. 
Lip  sessile,  not  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  column,  flat.  Stipes  of  pollinia  long, 
narrow.     Raceme  very  long-peduncled, — and  follow  it  with — 

50/1.  DiPLOPEOEA.  Sepals  and  broader  petals  spreading.  Lip  with  the  sides 
adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  cymbiform,  with  a  compressed  bicaudate  tip. 
Stipes  of  pollinia  short,  narrow.     Raceme  very  shortly  peduncled. 

P.  672.  53.  Phal^engpsis.  Add  to  character  of  .lip,  disk  with  a  forked  callus 
or  plate,  and  after  foot  short,  add — or  long  or  0. 

54.  DoRiTis.  In  this  genus  the  foot  of  the  column  forms  a  conical  mentum 
with  the  lateral  sepals. 

55.  Rhynchostylis  is  placed  by  Bentham  in  a  division  of  Sarcanthea>  with  a 
foot  to  the  column  and  a  mentum,  but  appears  to  me  to  have  these  characters  very 
obscurely  if  at  all.     The  lip  and  spur  are  exactly  those  of  Saccolahium. 

56.  Saechochiltjs  is  inconstant  as  regards  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  foot  to  the 
column,  and  in  having  a  mentum  or  spur  or  neither.  It  is  a  truly  polymorphous 
genus,  incapable  of  precise  definition. 

58.  Brides.  I  do  not  find  the  lip  to  be  truly  articulate  with  the  foot  of  the 
column  as  described  in  "  Gen.  Plant."  The  species  of  the  first  section  with  terete 
leaves  closely  approach  the  terete  leaved  Vandce,  and  those  of  Section  II.  ** 
resemble  Saccolahia.     The  stipes  of  the  pollinia  is  sometimes  short  and  broad, 

60.  Vanda.  See  above  under  58  JErides,  and  49  Luisia  for  remarks.  The  Sect. 
Anota  {V.  densijlora)  has  so  short  a  foot  to  the  column  that  it  might  well  be  placed 
in  Saccolahium.    The  stipes  of  the  pollinia  varies  greatly  in  lenj^th  and  breadth, 


Supplement,  ^c,']     cxlviii.  orchidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  179 

61.  Saccolabium.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  often  incurved.  To  the  character 
should  be  added — Spur  without  a  callus  under  the  column  within,  or  a  septum. 

62.  ScHCENORCHis.  As  stated  at  p.  54  of  this  volume  this  genus  was  inserted  by 
oversight,  Saccolabium  filiforme  having  been  mistaken  for  it  by  Thwaites. 

63.  Uncifera  and  64  Acampe  I  have  been  obliged  to  include  under  Saccola- 
bium:.    See  remarks  under  the  latter  genus  in  this  volume,  p.  54. 

65.  Saecanthus  and  QQ.  Cleisostoma,  are  separated  from  Saccolabium,  and 
from  one  another,  by  characters  so  minute  and  trivial,  that  they  might  well  rank  as 
sections  of  that  genus,  to  which  67.  Ornithochilus  might  be  added. 

P.  673.  Subtribe  3.  Spieantheji:.  The  Indian  genera  of  this  subtribe  are  most 
difficult  of  classification.  The  following  attempt  which  may  aid  the  student,  requires 
critical  revision  with  living  specimens  ;  the  characters  of  the  minute  fleshy  column 
and  stigma  being  extremely  difficult  of  accurate  analysis  in  herbarium  specimens, 
however  carefully  their  organs  may  be  moistened  or  laid  out. 

Key  to  the  Indian  Geneea  of  Spieanthej;. 

*  Spur  or  sac  of  the  lip  exposed  beyond  the  base  of  the  lateral  sepals.  (See  also 
a  few  species  of  Qoodyera.) 

79.  Phtsueus.  Lip  not  clawed  beyond  the  spur,  limb  broad  abruptly  con- 
tracted  at  the  base  j  spur  eglandular  within  j  column  not  appendaged  in  front  j 
stigma  anticous. 

80.  An^ctochilus.  Lip  clawed  beyond  the  spur,  limb  2 -winged;  spur  2 -glan- 
dular within  ;  column  appendaged  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

81.  Vrtdagzynea.  Lip  not  clawed,  limb  oblong  membranous  entire;  spur 
2 -glandular  within  j  column  not  appendaged  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

82.  Cystoechis.  Lip  saccate,  contracted  into  a  beak  with  a  small  dilated  tip ; 
sac  2-glandular  within  (or  not?);  column  not  appendaged  in  front;  stigma 
anticous. 

83.  Herpysma.  Lip  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  column,  limb  spreading ;  spur 
long,  naked  within ;  column  not  appendaged  in  front  j  stigma  anticous. 

**  Lip  if  spurred,  with  the  spur  or  sac  covered  by  the  bases  of  the  lateral  sepals 
(except  in  a  few  Ooodyerce). 

f  Lip  clawed  heyond  the  spur  or  sac, 

84.  Odontochilus.  Lateral  sepals  connate  at  the  base ;  claw  of  lip  crenate 
toothed  or  fimbriate,  limb  usually  2«winged;  sac  2-glandular  within;  column 
appendaged  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

85.  Hjsmaeia.  Sepals  free ;  lip  adnate  to  the  base  and  sides  of  the  column,  claw 
winged,  limb  2 -winged;  sac  2-glandular  within;  column  large,  clavate;  stigma 
anticous. 

90.  Cheieosttlis.  Sepals  connate  to  the  middle  in  a  tube  ;  lip  with  a  saccate  or 
cymbiform  base  and  2-lobed  toothed  or  pectinate  limb,  sac  2-  or  multi-glandular 
within  ;  columnar  appendages  long,  fleshy  ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

91.  Zeuxine.  Sepals  free ;  lip  with  a  cymbiform  or  saccate  base,  a  short  broad 
entire  toothed  or  crenate  claw,  and  broadly  dilated  limb  ;  sac  2-glandular  within  ; 
column  with  two  linear  appendages  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

ft  Lip  saccate  or  spurred,  not  claioed  heyond  the  sac  or  spur, 

92.  Hylophila.  Lip  a  large  globose  sac  with  a  narrow  linear  inflexed  blade ; 
sac  2-glandular  within  ;  column  minutely  appendaged  in  front;  stigma  anticous. 

93.  GooDYEEA.  Lip  cymbiform  or  subsaccate,  naked  or  setose  within ;  column 
not  appendaged  in  front;  stigma  anticous. 

94.  Het^ria.  Sepals  free  at  the  base  or  connate,  Up  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the 
column,  limb  entire  or  2-lobed ;  sac  2-glandular  or  setose  within ;  column  winged 
or  not  in  front ;  stigmatic  lobes  lateral. 

N  2 


180  cxLViii.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     [Sujpplemeiit^  ^'c. 

fit  Lip  fiat,  neither  clawed  spurred  or  saccate.  {Suhsaccate  in  Spiranthes,  and 
see  also  some  Goodyerae.) 

87.  Spieanthis.    Leaves  several. 

88.  Neottia.     Leafless  herbs. 

89.  LiSTEBA.     Two-leaved  herbs. 

P.  674.  After  100.  Gastrodia,  insert— 

100/1.  YoANiA.  Sepals  and  petals  free.  Lip  shortly  clawed,  cymbiform.  Column 
3-Iobed.     A  stout  leafless  herb. 

P.  675.  105.  Herminium.  The  Herminia  will  with  a  saccate  base  of  the  lip 
differ  in  no  way  from  Habenaeia. 

P.  675.  1.  O.  IRIDIFOLIA,  Lindl.  is  not  the  iridifoUa  of  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4517,  which 
is  O.  tahitensis. 

P.  676.    After  4.  0.  Geifpithiana,  insert— 

4/1.  INSECTIFEEA,  Book.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2004 ;  stem  0,  leaves  2-4  in.  ensiform 
straight  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  tip,  scape  very  short,  spike  about  equalling 
the  leaves,  flowers  subwhorled  sessile,  sepals  ovate  subacute  and  linear  petals  reflexed, 
lip  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  side  lobes  2-3-partite  segments  elongate,  midlobe 
with  2  long  slender  tails. 

Perae  ;  at  Larut,  King's  Collector. 

Leaves  ^  in.  broad,  coriaceous,  acute,  shortly  sheathing.  Scape  minutely  bracteate ; 
bracts  with  subulate  tips,  minutely  erose  ;  flowers  about  ^V  ^^-  from  the  tip  of  the 
dorsal  sepal  to  that  of  the  lip  ;  sepals  hyaline,  obscurely  3-nerved  ;  petals  1-nerved  ; 
lip  papillose,  like  a  minute  2-tailed  insect,  the  3-partite  side  lobes  representing  its  legs. 
Capsule  very  shortly  pedicelled. — The  flowers  closely  resemble  those  of  O.  Qriffithiana, 
from  which  this  differs  in  the  absence  of  stem,  short  scape,  ensiform  leaves  narrowed 
from  the  base  to  the  tip,  and  longer  lip. 

4/2.  0.  LUNATA,  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  17 ;  stemless,  leaves  ensiform  erect 
straight  or  falcate  acuminate,  scape  and  spike  stout  nearly  as  long  us  the  leaves, 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  flowers  in  crowded  whorls  sessile,  sepals  ovate  acuminate  nerve- 
less, petals  linear -lanceolate,  lip  semilunar  erosely  fimbriate.  Malaxis  lunata,  Blume 
Bijdr.  394. 

Singapore;  at  Selitan,  Ridley. — Disteib,  Java. 

Leaves  3-5  by  ^-^  in.,  not  very  fleshy,  broadest  about  the  middle.  Peduncle 
1-1^  in.,  with  many  subulate  bract-like  scales  ;  spike  2-3  in.,  straight  or  decurved ; 
flowers  ,^jj  in.  diam.,  whitish,  sepals  and  petals  membranous  ;  lip  with  the  broad  sides 
or  lateral  lobes  sometimes  drawn  up  into  large  auricles  (like  a  Microstylis  of  Sect.*), 
tip  notched  or  retuse,  smooth.     Capsule  (young),  sessile,  tripterous. 

P.  678.     12.  O.  Falconeri.     After  HooJc.  f.  insert— /c.  Plant,  t.  1780. 

P.  680.     After  19.  0.  eecueva,  add— 

19/1.  0.  EOSEA,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2005 ;  stem  short,  leaves  narrowly 
ensiform,  scape  very  short,  spike  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  bracts  lanceolate, 
flowers  sessile,  petals  elliptic  erose,  lip  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals,  side  lobes 
quadrate,  midlobe  cuneiform  retuse. 

Malay  Peninsula,  Norris.  Peeakj  Gunong  Batu  Patch,  Wray;  Larut, 
alt.  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  sometimes  flexuous.  Leaves  2-3^  by  ^-^  in.,  slightly  curved,  acuminate. 
/Sca^^e rather  stout,  naked  j  flowers  about  -g^y  in.  diam.,  pink;  sepals  rounded-ovate, 
obtuse,  nerveless ;  petals  as  long  ;  side  lobes  of  lip  incurved  or  spreading.  Capsules 
subsessile. 

19/2.  0.  Mannii,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2003 ;  stem  elongate,  leaves  linear- 
ensiform  subacute  recurved,  spike  very  slender,  flowers  very  minute  subfascicled,  bracts 
ovate  erose,  petals  ovate-oblong  erose,  lip  longer  than  the  sepals  quadrately  oblong, 
side  lobes  small  subulate-lanceolate  divaricate,  tip  bifid  with  a  minute  lobule  in  the 
sinus,  segments  subulate. 


Supplement  J  ^c]     cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  181 

Jtntea  Hills,  north  of  Silhet,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Mann. 

Stem  3-4  in.  Leaves  alternate,  1  in.  long,  ^  in.  at  the  base.  Spike  2  in. ; 
flowers  ^^^  in.  broad,  green;  sepals  rounded -ovate,  obtuse;  petals  obtuse,  nerveless; 
side  lobes  of  lip  decurved,  terminal  segments  diverging  or  dependent.  Capsules 
minute,  shortly  pedicelled. — Habit  of  0.  angustifolia,  which  has  more  obtuse  shorter 
leaves,  an  obcordate  midlobe  and  linear-oblong  side  lobes  of  the  lip.  It  would  be 
better  to  transfer  angustifolia  and  place  it  with  Mannii,  in  the  broad  petaled  division 
with  a  3-lobed  lip. 

P.  681.     23.  0.  PACHYRACHis,  add  to  habitats— Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,Mann. 

P.  682.  29.  O.  CAULESCENS,  may  be  easily  confounded  with  36.  0.  angustifolia 
from  which  the  many  straight  acuminate  leaves  narrowed  to  the  base,  and  pedicelled 
ovaries,  at  once  distinguish  it. 

P.  684.  36.  0.  ANGUSTIFOLIA,  add  to  collectors*  names  in  the  Khasia — Griffith, 
— As  mentioned  under  O.  Mannii,  0.  angustifolia  had  better  be  referred  to  the 
division  f  5  at  p.  680,  and  placed  next  to  that  plant. 

P.  686.     After  40  insert— 

41/1.  O.  ciLiOLATA,  Sook.  f  ;  caulescent,  leaves  broadly  equitant  short  broadly 
ensiforni  obtuse,  spike  dense-fld.,  bracts  minute  lanceolate,  sepals  ovate  acute  nerve- 
less and  narrow  petals  ciliate  with  long  hairs,  lip  quadrately  oblong  truncate 
pectinately  irregularly  toothed. 

SiNGAPOEE  ;  at  Krangi,  Midley. 

Stem  1^-3  in.,  f  in.  broad  across  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  erecto-patent, 
1-1|  by  \-\  in.,  straight,  rather  broadest  at  the  base,  not  very  coriaceous.  Scape 
shorter  than  the  leaves  j  spike  2-3  in. ;  flowers  hardly  whorled,  J^  in.  diam.,  shortly 
pedicelled,  sparsely  hairy  externally,  as  are  the  bracts  and  young  fruit.  Capsules 
pedicelled,  y^  in.  long,  turgid,  thickly  3-winged. 

After  *  Sides  of  the  lip  produced  upwards  into  large  auricles,  add — (Crepiditjm, 
Blume). 

2.    M.  KHAsiANA,  after  HooTc.f.  insert-— Jc.  Plant,  t.  1831. 

P.  687.     6.  M.  ScoTTii,  add— Jc.  Plant,  t.  2001. 

P.  688.    8.  M.  POLTODON,  add— Jc.  Plant,  t.  2002. 

P.  689.  Under  synonyms  of  15.  Microstylis  congeSta,  enter — Neottia  planta- 
ginea,  Don  Frodr.  26,  fid.  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  458 ;  and  under  habitats, 
enter — Penang,  Singapore,  and  Malacca,  Eidley  in  litt. 

P.  691.  22.  Microstylis  crenulata,  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  the  lip  is  much 
more  rounded  than  in  any  other  species,  that  it  is  a  much  smaller  plant  than 
M.  Rheedii,  and  that  it  may  be  a  curious  form  of  M.  versicolor. 

P.  692.    3.  L.  Thwaitesii,  add— Ic.  Plant,  t.  2006. 

P.  696.     20.  L.  ACUMINATA,  add— 7c.  Plant,  t.  2007. 

21/1,  L.  Wrayii,  Hooh.  f  ;  leaves  3-4  large  elliptic.acuminate,  scape  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  bracts  minute,  sepals  subequal  linear-oblong  3 -nerved,  lip  deflexed  from 
above  the  2-tubercled  base  cuneately  flabelliform  beyond  the  contracted  middle  trun- 
cately  2-lobed,  lobes  fimbriately  toothed. 

Upper  Pebak,  alt.  300  ft.,  Wrat/  (in  Berl.  Calcutt.). 

Stem  stout,  3-5  in.,  base  swollen;  roots  stout.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  sessile  or  con- 
tracted into  a  broad  petiole.  Scape  rather  stout ;  raceme  2-4  in.,  glabrous;  pedicels 
^-i  in.  ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  pale  green  with  2  claret-coloured  stripes  on  the  lip ; 
sepals  flat,  at  length  revolute  ;  petals  very  narrow,  margins  revolute  ;  lip  as  long  as 
the  sepals  ;  column  stout,  incurved,  not  winged. 

P.  697.    24.  L.  deflexa,  after  Hook.  f.  insert— Jc.  Plant,  t.  2008. 

26.  L.  PARADOXA.  Mr.  Eidley,  who  finds  this  species  at  Singapore,  informs  me 
that  there  are  two  forms,  one  with  pure  yellow  flowers,  the  other  with  the  sepals  and 
petals  deep  blackish-purple,  and  the  lip  green  with  a  purple  centre,  which  latter  is 


182  cxLViii.  ORCHTDBiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     ISu^pIementj  ^c. 

the  L.  nervosa,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  8p.  Orchid.  24;  Benth.  Fl.  Honqh.  vi.  352;  Francli. 
et  Sav.  Bnum.  Fl.  Jap.  ii.  21 ;  Ridley  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xxii.  262  Oplirys  nervosa, 
Thunh.  Fl.  Jap.  27  ;  le.  PI.  Jap.  1. 10.  Malaxis  nervosa,  Swartz  in  Act.  Holm.  1800, 
235.     Sturmia  nervosa,  Heichb.f.  in  Bonpland.  iii.  250. — DiSTRiB.  China,  Japan. 

P.  698.  E.  PARADOX  A,  var.  Farishii.  Additional  specimens  of  this  collected  in 
Upper  Burma  (Herb.  Calcutt.),  appear  to  prove  this  to  be  a  distinct  species,  which 
may  be  characterized  as  follows  : — 

26/1.  L.  Paeishii,  Hooh.f. ;  leaves  2-3  narrowed  to  the  base  or  broadly  petioled 
lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers  fleshy,  bracts  small  ovate  acuminate,  sepals  oblong 
obtuse  S-nerved,  lip  recurved  obovate  retuse,  base  with  2  teeth,  sides  flat,  column 
Buberect  not  winged.     L.  paradoxa,  var.  Parishii,  Hooh.  f.  I.  c. 

Tenasseeim,  Lohhf  Parish.    Uppeb  Burma,  Herh.  Calcutt. 

Leaves  2-3  in.  Scape  6-8  in.,  naked,  few-fld. ;  bracts  ^  in. ;  pedicels  \  in. ;  ribs 
of  ovary  not  wrinkled ;  flowers  -i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  spreading,  dorsal  longest ;  petals 
deflexed,  margins  revolute ;  lip  thick,  minutely  erose  beyond  the  middle  ;  basal  teeth 
united  by  a  curved  ridge,  nerves  faint  subconcentric. — Very  near  L.  paradoxa  but 
pedicels  longer,  bracts  smaller  and  sides  of  lip  not  erect. 

P.  701.  After  37.  L.  obscura,  insert — 

37/1.  L.  LATiFOLiA,  Lindl.  Gen.  Sc  Sp.  Orchid.  30.  L.  Scortechinii,  Hoolc.  Fl. 
Brit.  Ind.  v.  703,  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2009.  L.  robusta,  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2012. 
Malaxis  latifolia.  Plume  Bijdr.  393. — I  have  now  little  doubt  but  that  the  two  species 
which  I  proposed  as  L.  Scortechinii  &  robusta  are  forms  of  the  Javanese  L.  latifolia  ; 
the  former  of  which  was  taken  from  a  drawing  of  a  specimen  in  an  advanced  state  of 
flowering.  L.  latifolia  should  be  referred  to  the  subsection  of  Coriifolia,  with  single- 
leaved  pseudobulbs  and  3-nerved  sepals.  L.  robusta  is  a  native  of  Maxwell's  Hill, 
Peeak  {Wray). 

P.  701.  After  41.  L.  obscura,  insert  the  two  following : — 

41/1.  L.  TORTA,  Hooh.f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2014  ;  pseudodulbs  small,  leaf  sessile  ellip- 
tic-lanceolate acute  9-nerved,  scape  terete,  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  long  decurved 
pedicels,  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse  1-nerved  revolute,  margins  recurved,  lip  shorter 
than  the  sepals  cuneate-obovate  angles  rounded,  tip  rounded  obscurely  crenulate, 
callus  basal  2-lobed. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Mann. 

Pseudobulbs  f  in.,  conical-ovoid.  Leaf  4-5  by  li-l|  in.,  thinly  coriaceous. 
Scape  rather  stout,  with  few  lanceolate  bracts,  sometimes  flexuous  ;  bracts  ^\  in., 
lanceolate,  membranous,  spreading ;  pedicel  with  ovary  |  in. ;  sepals  i  in.  ;  lip  \  in. 
broad. — A  very  distinct  species,  perhaps  nearest  to  L.  bootanensis,  but  diflering  in 
the  1-nerved  sepals  and  the  wings  of  the  column  not  being  hooked. 

41/2.  L.  tenuifolia,  Hook,  f  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2013 ;  pseudobulbs  small  narrow, 
leaf  elongate  very  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate,  scape  naked  with  the  elongate  raceme 
as  long  as  the  leaf,  bracts  setaceous  equalling  the  short  capillary  pedicels,  flowers 
minute,  sepals  deflexed  flat  1-nerved,  lip  with  a  suberect  sessile  lunate  hypochile  and  a 
rhomboidly  orbicular  convex  puberulous  deflexed  epichile,  calli  0,  column  not  winged. 

Upper  Assam  ;  on  the  Mikir  Hills,  alt.  1000  ft.,  Mann. 

Pseudobulbs  ^-f  in.,  narrowly  pyriform.  Leaf  6-8  by  i-i  in.  at  the  broadest 
part,  narrowed  downwards,  1-nerved.  Scape  and  raceme  very  slender  ;  bracts  |  in., 
as  long  as  the  pedicel  and  ovary  ;  flowers  pale,  i  in.  diam. ;  sepals  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  margins  slightly  recurved,  nerve  faint ;  lip  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
lobes  of  the  hypochile  incurved,  subacute,  half  as  long  as  the  epichile ;  column 
rather  slender. — A  very  distinct  species. 

P.  703.    45.  L.  Scortechinii,  see  L.  latifolia,  above. 

After  46.  L.  elaccida,  insert — 

46/1.  L.  GRACILIS,  Hooh.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2011 ;  pseudobulbs  narrow,  leaves  2 
oblanceolate,  scape  long  slender  terete,  raceme  long  lax-fld.,  bracts  as  long  as  the 


Supplement y  ^c]    oxlviii.  orchidej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  183 

very  short  pedicels,  sepals  linear-oblong  obtuse  revolute  3-nerved,  lip  sharply  reflexed 
from  above  the  middle  subclawed  quadrately  oblong  nerveless  truncate  shortly  bifid 
and  toothed  with  a  minute  entire  obtuse  interposed  tooth,  calli  obscure  or  0. 

Peeak  ;  on  Waterfall  Hill,  Wray. 

Pseudobiilhs  1  in.,  sheathed.  Leaves  3-7  in.,  acute,'rather  thin,  5-nerved.  Scape 
with  raceme  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  ^  in. ;  flowers  distant,  about  J  in. 
diam.,  pale  green ;  margins  of  sepals  not  recurved ;  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals,  con  - 
cave  towards  the  base  with  thickened  involute  margins,  blade  smooth  red,  no  calli, 
but  an  obscure  thickened  ridge  at  the  very  base  j  column  obscurely  winged  above. — 
A  very  distinct  species. 

P.  704.    After  49.  L.  distans,  insert— 

49/1.  L.  DoLABELLA,  Sook.f.  Ic.  Fl.  t.  2010;  pseudobulbs  narrow,  leaves  2  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  scape  narrowly  winged,  raceme  erect  lax-fld.,  bracts  small 
subulate,  flowers  small,  sepals  oblong  obtuse  spreading  1-nerved,  margins  not  recurved, 
lip  axe-shaped  reflexed  from  a  short  broad  claw  anterior  margin  crenulate,  disk  with 
a  depressed  3-carinate  ridge  which  is  truncate  posteriorly  and  vanishes  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  lip  and  a  branched  nerve  on  each  side. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Mann. 

Fseudohulbs  1-2  in.  Leaves  6-14  by  |-1  in.,  acute,  subpetioled,  5-7-nerved. 
Scape  with  raceme  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  i  in.,  longer  than  the  bracts ; 
flowers  ^  in.  diam. ;  lip  broader  than  long,  exactly  the  shape  of  an  axe  or  chopper, 
anterior  margin  slightly  rounded  ;  column  incurved,  slender,  not  winged. 

P.  705.  53.  L.  eestjpinata.  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  the  Nilghiri  habitat 
is  no  doubt  an  error,  taken  up  from  the  late  N.  B.  "Ward's  Herbarium  (at  the  British 
Museum).     The  specimen  was  collected  by  Griffith,  and  no  doubt  in  the  Khasia. 

P.  707.  LiPAEis  DECUESiVA.  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  this  is  absolutely 
identical  with  L.  refiexa,  Lindl.,  an  Australian  species. 

P.  708.  LiPAEis  ZEYLANICA.  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  he  cannot  guess  what 
Loddiges'  Liparis  from  Ceylon  is,  and  that  the  additional  name  of  zeylanica  is  a 
misprint  in  his  monograph. 

In  generic  character  of  Plattclinis,  after  sepals  and  petals,  add  subequal. 

1.  P.  GEACiLis,  in  fourth  line  of  character,  for  linear-oblong  read  ovate-lanceolate  ; 
and  after  tip  rounded,  add  or  acute.     Add  at  end,  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2016. 

2.  P.  KiNGii }  after  HooJc.f.y  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2015. 

P.  709.  Oeeoechis  indica;  at  end  of  character  dele  {not  of  Dene). 

P.  710.  In  character  of  Sect.  1.  Saecopodium  after  "  Leaves  2  "  insert  in 
brackets  (Leaf  solitary  in  I>.  longicolle). 

P.  711.  Line  6,  after  Aporum  add,  and  Strongyle. 

P.  712,  5.  Dendeobium  longicolle.  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  this  species 
occurs  in  New  Guinea,  and  that  Reichenbach's  D.  inauditum  Reichb.  f.  (Lindenia 
ii.  66)  is  a  synonym  of  it ;  as  also  that  the  pseudobulbs  are  constantly  1-leaved,  in 
which  respect  it  differs  from  all  other  Indian  Sarcopodia,  and  approaches  BulhO" 
pliyllum. 

6.  D.  PEEAZENSK,  after  KooJc.  f.  insert,  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2019. 

P.  713.  7.  D.  MACEOPODTJM,  add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2020 ;  and  for  *'  pedicels  very 
short  '*  read  "  pedicels  with  ovary  very  long." 

8.  D.  GEMINATUM,  for  "  Lindl.  mss.,"  read  Lindl.  Oen.  S(  8p.  OrcTiid.  77,  and 
add  as  synonym  Desmotrichum  geminatum.  Plume  B/jdr.  332. 

9.  D.  LONGiPES,  add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2017,  and  in  line  2  add,  pedicel  with  ovary  very 
long. — A  fine  suite  of  specimens  from  Mr.  Wray  offiers  great  variations ;  a  small  form 
from  the  top  of  Gunong  Batu  Patch,  alt,  67O0  ft.,  has  close -set  polished  pseudobulbs 

iin.  long,  and  leaves  only  ^-^  in.,  scape  1^  in. ;  another  has  a  3-leaved  pseudobulb 
nearly  1  in.  long,  and  petioled  leaves  3  in.,  the  flowers  of  these  are  white  tinged  with 


184  cxLViii.  oRCHiDE^.    (J.  D.  Hooker.)     [Supplement,  ^c, 

yellow  in  the  centre,  veined  with  red  brown  ;  a  third  form  has  3  sessile  elliptic  leaves 
2-2|^  in.  long,  and  a  very  stout  3-4-fld.  scape,  the  flowers  are  straw  coloured,  finely 
lined  with  dull  pink  ;  a  fourth  form  from  a  lower  elevation  has  leaves  1-2^  in.,  and 
a  slender  2-fld.  scape,  the  flowers  are  large  white.  The  breadth  of  the  midlobe  of  the 
lip  in  this  species  varies  from  almost  orbicular-ovate  to  dagger-shaped.  The  sheaths 
of  the  rhizome  and  pseudobulb  are  very  membranous,  red-brown. 

10.  D.  PUMiLUM.  "  Common  at  Singapore,  with  flowers  yellow  or  cream 
coloured  ;  lip  with  a  dark  spot  at  the  tip,  or  veined  with  red.  The  two  forms  look 
totally  different,  but  I  can  find  no  structural  difference.  I  never  saw  so  many 
flowers  in  a  head  as  in  D.  quadrangular e."     Ridley  in  litt. 

P.  714.     13.  D.  Macraei,  in  line  2,  for  peduncled  read  pedicelled. 

13.  D.  LONCHOPHTLLUM,  add  le.  Plant,  t.  20X8. 

14.  D.  KuNSTLEEi,  add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2023,  and  in  line  1  for  leaves  read  leaf. 
"  Common  in  mangrove  swamps  at  Singapore,  flower  very  fugacious,  lip  superior.'* 
Ridley  in  litt. 

P.  723.  49.  D.  Leonis.  After  the  habitats  insert,  Disteib.  Java.  *'  Flowers 
exquisitely  scented  of  Vanilla."     Ridley  in  litt, 

P.  724.     51.  D.  GEANDE.     Add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2024. 

P.  724.  52.  D.  ATROPUEPUBEUM.  "  I  think  that  the  yellow  fld.  D.  carnosum 
is  distinct.  D.  atropurpureum  is  smaller,  shabbier-looking,  and  the  flowers  dark 
claret-coloured  as  in  Blume's  drawing."     Ridley  in  litt. 

P.  725.  After  Sect.  VII.     Steongtle.    Dele  "  Flowers  terminal.*' 

59.  D.  ZENTBOPHYLLTrM.  Add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2021,  and  in  line  2  for  flowers 
terminal,  read  **  terminal  or  lateral." 

P.  726.  62.  D.  SUBULATUM,  for  EooU.f.  read  Lindl.  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  91,  and 
add  as  synonym  Onychium  subulatum,"  Blume  Bijdr.  328. 

63.  t).  ACEEOSUM.  Add  to  Syns.,  D.  subteres,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  iii.  4, 
"  Flowers  all  white  or  veined  with  red,  leaves  curiously  grooved  on  each  side." 
Ridley  in  litt. 

P.  727.    68.  D.  Cathcaetii.    After  PLooTc.f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2022. 

P.  728.    72.  D.  LoBBii,  add  Syn.  D.  Teysmanni,  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bot.  iii.  640. 

73.  D.  TUBERIPEEUM.  After  Sook.  f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2025,  and  in  the 
habitats,  for  Singapore  read  ''Perak."  The  Singapore  and  Chittagong  plants 
are  probably  different  species. 

74.  D.  podageaeia.     After  Hook./,  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2C26. 

75.  D.  CLAViPES,  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2027. 

P.  729.    After  76.  D.  ceumenatttm,  insert— 

76/1.  D.  tenuicaule.  Book.  f. ;  stem  tall  very  slender  above,  basal  internode 
minute  globose,  2nd  and  3rd  elender,  4th  and  6th  thickened  elongate  conical,  5th 
stout  1  in.  thickened  cylindric  ribbed,  leaves  3-4  in.  very  narrowly  linear,  flowers 
few  terminating  the  leafless  stems,  dorsal  sepal  oblong  7-nerved,  petals  oblong  with 
one  branched  nerve,  mentum  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  lateral  sepals  straight,  lip 
cuneate  side  lobes  short  rounded  as  broad  as  the  sessile  orbicular  midlobe,  disk 
pubescent. 

Andaman  Islands  {Ic.  in  Hart.  Bot.  Cole). 

Stems  10-12  in.,  sheathed  at  the  upper  nodes.  Leaves  -^^  in.  broad,  acute. 
Bracts  minute,  pedicel  with  ovary  slender  ^  in. ;  flowers  ^-f  in.  long,  pure  white ; 
petals  as  long  as  the  dorsal  sepal ;  mentum  trumpet-shaped  tip  acute  yellowish  ;  lip 
sessile  at  the  base  of  the  mentum,  membranous,  delicately  veined  ;  column  very  short, 
3-toothed ;  anther  hemispheric. — Described  from  a  drawing  (that  will  be  published 
in  King's  Annals  of  the  Calcutta  Garden)  and  dried  flowers. 

78.  D.  BOLBOFLOETTM.  To  end  of  specific  character  add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2028.  The 
spurs  at  the  base  of  the  column,  figd.  and  observed  by  Mr.  C'arke,  are  not  apparent 
in  dried  specimens. 


Supplement,  ^c]      cxltiii.  orohidb^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  185 

P.  730.  79.  D.  ADrNCUM.  Dele  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6784.— Two  very  closely  allied 
Bpecies  are  confounded  under  this  name.  D.  aduncum  and  D.  heecoglossum, 
agreeing  in  habit,  foliage,  inflorescence,  and  very  nearly  in  flowers,  but  dis- 
tinguished  by  the  lip,  which  in  aduncum  has  a  glabrous  area  on  the  disk,  its  flowers 
too  are  paler,  the  sepals  less  acuminate,  and  the  arras  of  the  column  more  notched. 
Until  quite  recently  the  native  country  of  aduncum  was  unknown,  and  it  was  sup- 
posed to  be  specifically  the  same  as  a  Chinese  plant  which  Reichenbach  described  as 
hercoglossum,  and  which  in  Veitch's  "  Manual  "  is  cited  as  a  synonym.  The  lip  in 
both  is  very  shortly  clawed.  Lindley  regarded  D.  aduncum  as  closely  related  to  D, 
mosehatum,  but  to  me  it  seems  widely  difierent. 
*     The  following  are  the  characters  of  the  two  species  : — 

79.  D.  ADUNCUM;  flowers  pale  pink,  lip  with  a  broad  naked  area  on  the 
pubescent  disk. — Sikkim  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  Assam. 

79/1.  D.  HERCOGLOSSCM,  Eeiclib.  f.  in  Haml.  Gartenzeit.  xliii.  558,  in  Oard. 
Chron.  1886,  ii.  487  ;  flowers  bright  rose-red,  disk  of  lip  villous  all  over.  D. 
aduncum,  RooJc.f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6784. 

SiNGAPOEE,  Ridley  in  litt.     China. 

79/2.  D.  FLAyiDtrLUM,  Ridleg  mss. ;  stems  slender  pendulous,  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  racemes  on  the  leafless  stems  short,  bracts  subacute,  dorsal  sepal  ovate- 
oblong  obtuse,  tip  thickened,  lateral  ovate  acute  deeply  keeled  from  the  middle 
to  the  tip,  petals  oblong  obtuse  5-nerved,  mentum  large  obtuse  shorter  than  the 
lateral  sepals,  lip  ovate-oblong  3-fid  beyond  the  middle,  lobes  ciliate,  midlobe 
thickened. 

Singapore  ;  at  Kranji,  in  Mangrove  swamps,  common,  Ridley. 

Stems  12-18  in.,  rather  flexuous,  soft,  internodes  about  1  in.  Leaves  2^-3  in., 
acuminate  with  a  notch  on  one  side,  membranous.  Raceme  with  the  slender 
peduncle  i-2  in. ;  bracts  i  in. ;  flowers  i  in.  long;  sepals  and  petals  rigid;  lip 
7-nerved,  lobes  ovate-oblong  obtuse, — A  very  distinct  species.  Mr.  Ridley  informs 
me  that  there  are  2  forms  of  it,  one  with  flowers  all  yellow,  the  other  with  white 
sepals  and  petals. 

81.  D.  COBNTJTUM.     Insert  after  Ic.  Riant,  t.  2029. 

P.  731.  82.  D.  CUMULATIJM.  I  have  examined  specimens  preserved  in  spirits 
sent  by  Dr.  King  (collected  by  Mr.  Lister  in  Bhotan).  The  claw  of  the  lip  is  not 
short,  but  may  be  traced  down  the  spur,  and  is  as  long  as  the  blade ;  and  what 
appeared  as  a  small  tubercle  in  the  dried  specimen  is  an  elongated  grooved  callus 
much  raised  towards  base  of  the  claw,  the  mentum  is  more  or  less  laterally  com- 
pressed, sometimes  longer  than  the  sepals.  The  Perak  plant  doubtfully  referred  to 
D.  cumulatum  is  very  different,  but  not  in  a  state  for  description. 

P.  731.  81/1.  D.  CEOCATUM,  HooTc.f.;  stems  terete,  leaves  4  by  1  in.  lanceo- 
late acuminate,  racemes  on  leafless  stems  slender  few-fld.,  dorsal  sepal  and  petals 
broadly  oblong  subacute  7-nerved,  mentum  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  sub- 
acute lateral  sepals  slender  spur-like  acute,  lip  large  spathulate,  claw  as  long  as  the 
obovate  entire  crenulate  limb,  with  an  obtuse  oblong  reversed  callus  at  the  base.  , 

Perak  ;  at  Larut  (Ic.  in  Sort.  Calcutt.). 

Stems  2-3  ft.,  narrowed  to  the  base,  which  is  not  tuberous,  internodes  1  in.,  ^  in. 
diam.  Leaves  bright  green,  many-nerved.  Raceme  1  in.;  bracts  small,  ovate; 
pedicel  with  ovary  slender,  ^-|  in. ;  flowers  1^  in.  long,  bright  orange  yellow  with 
red  specks  on  each  side  of  the  lip  towards  the  base  of  the  limb ;  mentum  nearly 
straight. — Described  from  dried  flowers  and  a  drawing  that  will  be  published  in 
King's  Annals  of  the  Calcutta  Garden. 

84.  D.  KENTEOCHiLTJM,  after  HooJc.f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2030. 

85.  D.  MEGACEEA8,  after  SooTi.f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2031. 

^  P.  732.  87.  D.  HTMENANTHUM,  after  Hook,  f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2032.  There 
being  an  earlier  D.  hymenanthum  (Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orchid.  86),  I  have  named  this 
species  hymenopteeum  in  the  "  Icones  Plantarum." 


186  cxLVin.  ORCHiDBJE.    (J.  D,  Hooker.)     [Supplement,  ^c. 

After  89,  D.  Peeula,  insert — 

89/1.  D.  PANDUEiFEEFM,  HooJc.  f.;  stems  elongate  cylindric  grooved,  leaves 
(on  3'oung  stems  only)  lanceolate,  racemes  short  6-8-fld.,  dorsal  sepal  broadly  ovate 
obtuse,  petals  orbicular  crenate,  mentum  many  times  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate 
subacute  lateral  sepals  tip  swollen,  claw  very  long  and  slender,  limb  small  deeply 
constricted  in  the  middle  forming  lateral  auricle-like  side  lobes  and  an  obcordate 
midlobe,  disk  with  a  large  transverse  lamella  between  the  side  lobes. 

Pegu  ;  at  Rangoon,  Gilbert  (Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Stems  2-3  ft.,  narrowed  at  the  base  j  internodes  1-1|  by  |  in.,  nodes  often 
rooting  j  sheaths  membranous,  white,  young  green  and  speckled.  Leaves  few, 
1-1^  in.,  acuminate.  Racemes  1-2  in.;  bracts  small;  pedicel  with  ovary  ^  in,*; 
flowers  1  in.  long ;  sepals  and  petals  green  with  streaks  of  red  dots  along  the 
numerous  nerves  ;  mentum  incurved,  thickened  towards  the  rounded  tip,  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  green  streaked  with  red ;  claw  of  lip  3-4  times  as  Iqng  as  the  dull 
yellow  limb,  margins  incurved  above,  below  united  to  the  walls  of  the  mentum  ; 
anther  stipitate  on  the  top  of  the  column. — Nearly  allied  to  D.  tropceoUJiorum. 
Also  near  88,  D.  ionopus,  R.f.,  but  the  flowers  are  not  yellow  with  red  blotches,  nor 
is  the  claw  of  the  lip  thick  and  keeled.  This  will  be  figured  in  King's  Annals  of  the 
Calcutta  Garden. 

Var.  serpens.  In  the  Calcutta  Garden  collection  of  drawings  is  one  of  a  variety 
of  panduriferum,  or  of  a  very  closely  allied  species,  marked  as  from  Perak  (Ktcnstler), 
with  longer  flexuous  stems  tuberous  at  the  base,  yellow  sepals,  and  petals  streaked 
rather  than  dotted  with  red  along  the  nerves,  and  a  mentum  as  long  but  not  thick- 
ened  towards  the  tip  ;  the  limb  of  the  lip  is  less  constricted  in  the  middle.  This 
may  be  Reichenbach's  D.  ionopus. 

89/2.  D.  TROPCEOLiFLOEUM,  HooTc.  f. ;  stem  flexuous  thickened  upwards  deeply 
grooved,  leaves  linear-oblong,  raceme  slender  6-fld.,  dorsal  sepal  ovate  acute,  petals 
very  broad,  mentum  straight  cylindric  many  times  longer  than  the  triangular-ovate 
acute  lateral  sepals,  lip  with  a  very  long  slender  claw  and  small  panduriform  limb 
disk  with  a  large  semilunar  callus. 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  Kunstler  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt,). 

Stem  a  foot  long,  incurved,  internodes  -|-1  in.,  the  thickest  \  in.  diam.  Le(tf  2^ 
by  f  in.,  acute.  Raceme  2  in.,  rachis  pink ;  bracts  minute  ;  pedicel  with  ovary 
•I  in.,  green  ;  flowers  1  in.  long ;  sepals  and  petals  \-l  in.  long,  dark  red-purple ; 
mentum  |  in.,  yellow-green,  tip  rounded  ;  limb  of  lip  with  a  rounded  retuse  apiculate 
tip. — A  remarkable  species,  described  from  a  drawing,  which  will  be  published  in 
King's  Annals  of  the  Calcutta  Garden.  According  to  a  note  by  Mr.  Brace  which 
accompanies  the  drawing,  the  sides  of  the  claw  of  the  lip  adhere  to  the  sides  of  the 
mentum  (as  in  panduriferum  and  probably  other  species  of  Sect.  Fedilonum).  The 
flowers  very  much  resemble  in  form  those  of  Tropceolum  pentaphyllum ,  Lamk. 

P.  732.  91.  D.  BiFAEiuM;  after  Wall.  Cat.  2002,  add  [in  part),  for  one  of  the 
specimens  is  a  var.  of  AppendAcula  lifaria.     (See  p.  83.) 

P.  737.  108.  D.  SPHEGIDOGLOSSFM.  D.  STUPOSUM  being  the  earlier  name 
should  be  adopted. 

P.  741.  124.  D.  PENDUITTM.  Dele  Syn.  D.  Wardianum  (see  No.  127).  D. 
melanantJium  is  considered  to  be  a  hybrid  with  D.  Wardianum. 

\  P.  743.    130.  D.  Devonianum  ;  under  Syns.,  after  "  not  of  Lodd."  add,  nor  of 
Uoxb. ,  or  of  Bot.  Mag. 

131.  D.  DALHOTJSiEAifUM,  must  take  the  name  of  pttlchellttm,  Roxb.  in  Lindl. 
Gen.  Sf  Sp.^  Orchid.  82 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  486,  a  species,  which,  misled  by  Lindley's 
reference  to  it  of  D.  Devonianum,  I  had  hitherto  failed  to  recognize.  Reverting  to 
it  for  this  supplement,  I  find  nothing  in  Roxburgh's  description  and  drawing  to 
distinguish  it  from  Dalhousieamim  (also  a  native  of  Silhet)  except  the  drawing  of 
the  lip,  which  is  too  obcordate,  and  does  not  represent  the  villous  tip,  or  the 
pectinate  lobes  on  the  disk  which  are  so  conspicuous  in  the  latter  plant.  On  the 
other  hand,  Roxburgh  describes  the  lip  as  "  beautifully  marked,  ciliate  and  ramenta- 
ceous,^'  characters  that  apply  to  Dalhousieanum  and  to  no  other  species  at  all  like  it. 


Supplement^  ^c]     oxlviii.  orchidej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  187 

In  short,  as  with  Ccelogyne  nitida  &  Geodorum  recurvum,  the  faulty  drawings,  all 
by  the  same  native  artist,  of  the  lips  (probably  in  a  withered  state)  have  retarded 
the  recognition  of  otherwise  well  marked  and  described  species.  In  this  view  Mr. 
Rolfe  is  disposed  to  agree  with  me. 

With  regard  to  Loddige's  pulchellum,  (Bot.  Cab.  t.  1935,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5037), 
Rolfe  (Gard.  Chron.  1887,  ii.  155)  has  shown  that  it  is  a  Chinese  plant  (D.  Loddigesiiy 
Rolfe),  and  neither  'Koxhxxrgh' s,  pulchellum  nor  Detonianum. 

P.  745.  137.  D.  Brtmerianum.  Dr.  Trimen  has  sent  me  a  fine  drawing  from 
the  Peradeniya  Herbarium  of  a  cultivated  specimen  of  D.  criniferum,  showing  that 
has  no  affinity  with  J>.  Brymerianum,  but  belongs  to  the  Sect.  Cadetia.  It  is 
probably  a  Philippine  species. 

P.  746.  D.  MOULMEINENSE,  is  perhaps  only  a  stsite  o(  D.  dixanthum.  At  the 
end  of  the  specific  character  add  Ic.  Flant.  t.  2033. 

P.  748.  146.  D.  CHRTSEUM,  as  stated  at  vol.  v.  p.  751,  this  name  must  give  place 
to  D.  aurantiacum,  R.f. 

P.  752.  D.  Httghii.   Dele,  said  to  be  a  form  of  D.  cnimenatum ;  and  add  to  species 

UNKNOWN  TO  ME  — 

D.  Andersonii,  Scott  in  Journ.  Agrie.  Soc.  Ind.  iii.  (1872)  117,  from  Burma, 
collected  by  Dr.  J.  Anderson  in  1868,  and  described  from  a  plant  that  flowered  in  the 
Calcutta  Bot.  Gardens.  It  resembles,  according  to  its  author,  a  dwarfed  form  of  D. 
formosmn,  from  which  species  the  description  does  not  enable  me  to  distinguish  it. 
It  is  stated  to  be  highly  aromatic. 

P.  753.  2.  B.  CLANDESTINUM.     Common  at  Singapore,  Midley  in  litt. 

3.  B.  MACRANTHUM,  in  last  line  after  "lip "add  "strongly  recurved,"  and  to^ 
citations,  Ridley  in  Ann.  Bot.  iv.  (1890),  335,  t.  22,  f.  1-6.  The  flowers  smell  of 
cloves,  Midley. 

P.  754.  After  4.  B.  megalanthum,  add — 

4/1.  B.  PATENS,  King  mss. ;  scape  very  short  1-fld.,  pedicel  longer  than  the 
pseudobulb  of  the  elliptic-oblong  leaf,  flower  1\  in.  diam.,  petals  linear-lanceolate 
and  broader  lateral  sepals  widely  spreading  and  falcately  decurved,  hp  shortly 
stipitate  linear-oblong  quite  straight,  column  truncate  without  apical  teeth. 

Perak,  Kunstler  (le.  in  Serb.  Galeutt.) 

Bhizome  stout,  crinite  at  the  nodes  j  pseudobulbs  1-1^  in.,  ellipsoid.  Leaf  6-8 
in.  by  2-2 §  in.,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole.  Scape  \-^  in.,  close  to  the 
pseudobulb,  clothed  with  short  imbricate  scales  ;  pedicel  1^-2  in.,  yellowish  speckled 
with  red ;  sepals  and  petals  yellowish,  closely  mottled  with  red-purple,  |-1  in.  long, 
dorsal  erect  and  incurved,  linear-lanceolate,  lateral  ovate -lanceolate  ;  lip  i  in.  long, 
obtuse,  base  truncate;  column  very  short. — Described  from  the  drawing  in  Herb. 
Calcutt.,  and  dried  flowers.  The  straight  lip  is  remarkable  in  the  genus,  and 
distinguishes  it  from  JB.  macranthum. 

P.  755.  9.  B.  LoBBii,  add  to  habitats,  Chittagong  hills,  (Ic.  m  Herb.  Calcutt.) 

P.  756.  17.  B.  membranipolium:.     After  Ic.  Flant.  insert  t.  2034. 

P.  757.  19.  B.  MEDUSA.  Mr.  Ridley  informs  me  that  there  are  two  forms  of 
this ;  a  Bornean  with  pale  hardly  spotted  flowers,  and  a  Singaporean  with  much  larger 
thickly  spotted  flowers. 

21.  B.  CONPERTUM.    After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  2035. 

P.  758.  24.  B.  CAULIPLORUM    „  „  „     2036. 

25.  B.  PROTRACTUM      „  „  „      2037. 

P.  759. 29.  B.  MODESTUM         „  „  „     2038  B. 

29/1.  B.  CONCINNUM,  HooJcf.  Ic.  Flant.  t.  2038  A ;  scape  shorter  than  the  oblong 
leaf  slender  few-fld.,  flowers  very  small,  sepals  ovate-l.mceolate  acute  3 -nerved 
cellular,  3  times  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  obtuse  1-nerved  petals,  mentura 
rounded,  lip  minute  recurved,  columnar  spurs  slender. 

Singapore,  at  Chang  Chu  Rang.     Ridley. 

Rhizome  very  slender,   sheathed  j  pseudobulbs  ^— |  in.,  narrow  terete  curved. 


188  oxLViii.  ORCHiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     [Supplement,  ^c. 

Leaf  %-].  in.,  acute  or  obtuse,  coriaceous.  Scape  |-1  in.,  3-5-fld.,  sheaths  few  small, 
bracts  lanceolate  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  shorter,  flowers  orange-yellow  ; 
sepals  about  ^  in.  long,  dorsal  rather  the  shortest ;  lip  tongue-shaped. 

30.  B.  LEPTANTHUM.  After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  2039  A,  and  in  line  4  for  3- 
nerved  sepals  read  1-nerved  petals. — Var.  ?  Gamhlei.  After  a  further  comparison 
of  specimens  with  JS.  leptanthum,  I  am  convinced  of  the  specific  distinctness  of  this 
variety,  which  I  have  figured  in  the  "  Icones  Plantarum"  as  B.  Gamhlei  t.  2039  B. 

P.  760.  3.  B.  KiNGii.     ^fter  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2053  ined. 

P.  761.  Under  37.  B.  cupreum.  Dele  the  synon.  var.  stenopetala.  Two  very 
closely  allied  species  are  here  confounded,  both  natives  of  Tenasserim ;  one  is  the 
true  cupreum  var.  stenopetalum,  which,  as  Mr.  Rolfe  has  pointed  out  to  me  is  also 
that  author's  £.  rujinum,  a  plant  referred  by  me  by  oversight  to  58.  B.  conchipe- 
EUM  (which  has  no  pseudobulb  and  no  auricles  to  the  lip).  The  following  are  the 
characters  of  the  two  species  : — 

37.  B,  CUPREUM,  I/indl.  I.  c. ;  pseudobulb  1  in.  subglobose,  scape  slender 
inclined  slightly  curved,  sheaths  small  distant,  raceme  1-2  in.,  flowers  uniformly 
coppery  yellow,  bracts  ovate-oblong  much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  lateral  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate  acute,  petals  triangular-ovate  acuminate,  lip  narrow  obtuse  auricles 
large,  columnar  spurs  short  slender.  Tenasserim,  Parish. — Very  like  B.  Carey- 
anum,  but  the  rhizome  and  scape  are  much  more  slender,  the  flowers  fewer  and  less 
dense,  and  the  petals  are  not  aristate.  Lindley's  description  is  wholly  insufficient. 
In  his  specimen  the  petals  and  auricles  of  the  lip  are  serrulate,  in  others  that  flowered 
at  Kew  they  are  entire.     The  Manilla  habitat  is  no  doubt  an  error. 

37/1.  B.  RUPINUM,  Beichh.  f.  Xen.  OrcJdd.  iii,  45  t.  219  ;  pseudobulb  2  in. 
oblong,  scape  long  stout  decurved,  sheaths  large,  raceme  6-10  in.  lax-fld.,  bracts 
lanceolate  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  flowers  dirty-yellow  with  red  streaks  on  the 
sepals,  lateral  sepals  and  small  petals  narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate,  lip  narrow 
obtuse,  auricles  small  entire,  columnar  spurs  slender.  B.  cupreum  var.  stenopetalum, 
Ueichh.  f.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  152. — Tenasserim,  Parish. — The  large  pseudo- 
bulb, stout  large  scape,  long  raceme  and  bracts,  narrow  eepals,  and  colour  of  the 
flowers  readily  distinguish  this  from  cupreum  and  Careyanum. 

P.  764.  32.  B.  GYMNOPUS.       After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2040. 

53.  B.  Thomsoni  „  „  ,,    t.  2041. 

54.  B.  SECUNDUM  ,,  „  ,,     t.  2042. 

P.  766.  58.  B.  CONCHIFERUM,  dele  B.  rufinum,  &c.     See  above,  No.  37/1. 

61.  B.  APODUM.     After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2043. 

62.  B.  Wrayi  „  „       t.  2044. 
P.  767.   63.  B.  LEPTOSEPALUM            „          „       t.  2045. 

64.  B.  HTMENANTHUM  „  „       t.  2046,  and  after  it  place — 

64/1.  B.  ADENOPETALUM,  Lindl.  in  Sot.  Ueg.  1842,  Misc.  85;  pseudobulbs 
obsolete,  leaves  petioled  oblong  obtuse  base  scarcely  pseudobulbous,  spike  rather 
longer  thau  the  leaf  many-sheathed  below  many-fld,,  sepals  acuminate,  petals 
spathulate  acute  glandular  within,  lip  narrowly  ovate  obtuse  ciliate  base  channelled. 
Walp.  Ann.  vi.  255. 

.  Singapore  ;  Hort.  Loddiges, 

Flowers  yellowish,  slightly  sweet-scented. — Described  from  Lindley  j  there  is  no 
specimen  in  his  Herbarium,  only  a  sketch  of  the  flower,  in  which  the  ovate  sepals 
are  narrowed  into  long  capillary  points. — Two  diff^erent  Philippine  species  in  Herb. 
Hook,  and  in  Herb.  Lindley,  both  labelled  by  that  author  B.  adenopetalum,  led  me 
to  suppose  that  the  latter  had  been  erroneously  attributed  to  Singapore,  whence  my 
exclusion  of  it  from  the  Flora. 

64/2.  B.  VERMICULARE,  HooJc.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t:  2054;  rhizome  very  slender 
tortuous,  leaves  small  linear-oblong  obtuse  base  narrowed,  scape  short  slender  few- 
fld.,  sepals  1-nerved  dorsal  linear,  lateral  ovate -lanceolate  uncinately  falcate,  petals 
narrowly  linear  1-nerved,  lip  linear-oblong  obtuse  3-nerved  hairy. 


Supplement y  ^c]     cxlviii.  orchide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  189 

Singapore  ;  at  Kranji,  Ridley. 

Rhizome  as  thick  as  a  sparrow's  quill ;  psendobulb  0.  Leaf  l^-lf  in.,  narrowed 
into  a  short  petiole.  Scape  with  the  spike  shorter  than  the  leaves,  2-sheathed  ;  bracts 
half  as  long  as  the  flower;  ovary  very  short ;  flowers  ^  in.  long;  lateral  sepals  finely 
acuminate,  decurved ;  petals  half  as  long,  obtuse ;  lip  thin,  sessile,  almost  as  long  as 
the  petals,  hairs  long  flexuous ;  column  with  short  spurs. — Near  B.  adenopetalum, 
differing  in  the  petals  not  being  spathulate  or  glandular  within,  and  in  the  sepals  not 
having  long  filiform  apices,  and  in  the  linear  3-nerved  lip. 

66.  B.  Globulus.    After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2047. 

P.  768.  71.  B.  MICRANTHUM     „  „  „     t.  2018. 

P.  769.  75.  B.  ciRRHATUM        „  „  „    t.  2049. 

P.  770.  79.  B.  CANDiDUM         „  „         ,,    t.  2050. 

P.  770.  B.  ADENOPETALUM.     See  above.  No.  64/1. 

P.  771.  B.  siLLENiANUM,  should  be  sillemianum. 
After  B.  Sillemianum,  add — 

B.  STRIATELLUM,  Ridley  in  Ann.  JBot.  iv.  (1890)  335  {excl.   fig.)  ;  very  small, 
rhizome  filiform,  pseudobulbs  conic  curved,  leaf  lanceolate  acute,  scape  very  short 
filiform  1-fld.  sepals  subequal  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  caudate,  petals  ovate-oblong 
obtuse,  lip  very  short  narrow  recurved  pubescent  beneath,  columnar  arms  obtuse. 
Singapore,  on  trees,  Char  Chu  Raang,  Bidley. 

Fseudobulbs  hardly  |  in.  long.  Leaf  erect,  2  by  ^  in.  Scape  hardly  longer  than 
the  pseudobulb,  1-2-sheathed  at  the  base;  pedicel  1  in.,  red;  perianth  closed;  sepals 
^  in.  long  and  petals  yellow  with  3  red  keels;  petals  l-nerved;  lip  yellow,  tip  .dotted 
with  red  and  with  2  red  dots  at  the  base;  column  short.' — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 
Description  from  Ridley,  who  describes  the  arms  of  the  column  as  short  and  obtuse. 
The  petals  he  describes  as  being  rather  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  sepals  (that  is 
without  the  tails).  The  figure  which  he  gives  (t.  22  f.  7,  8,  9)  must  belong  to  a 
different  species,  for  the  columnar  arms  are  represented  as  very  slender.  I  do  not 
know  where  to  place  this  curious  1-flowered  species  which  certainly  does  not  naturally 
belong  to  the  l.fld.  section.  It  may  be  a  depauperated  state  of  a  plant  of  either  the 
racemose  or  capitate  section. 

9/1.  Henosis.  I  have  erred  in  the  description  of  this  remarkable  plant.  The 
real  petals,  which  form  a  minute  broad  low  wing  on  each  side  of  (what  is  not  a 
column  with  adnate  petals  but)  the  enormous  2-winged  column,  along  the  naked  foot 
of  which  they  extend  as  a  membranous  boarder  to  the  insertion  of  the  lateral 
sepals,  they  are  perfectly  hyaline,  and  were  so  appressed  to  the  sides  of  the  very  base 
of  the  column  that  (though  they  are  indicated  in  a  rude  sketch  by  Liudley),  I  over- 
looked  them,  and  I  am  indebted  to  my  artist,  Miss  Smith,  for  pointing  them  out  to 
me ;  they  are  not  triangular-ligulate,  as  described  by  Reichenbach,  but  low  and 
very  broad. — It  may  be  a  question  whether  this  plant  should  not  be  restored  to 
BulbopTiyllum,  in  which  Reichenbach  placed  it ;  if  it  is  to  be  retained  it  must  be 
on  account  of  the  remarkable  very  large  2-winged  column,  like  none  other  in  the 
genus  known  to  me;  the  long  pedicels  too  are  quite  peculiar.  If  referred  to  Bulho- 
phyllum  it  should  be  to  the  racemose  section  with  pseudobulbs  and  glabrous  eciliate 
sepals  and  petals,  though  very  unlike  any  member  of  that  group.  It  might  with  52. 
£,  gymnopus  and  62.  B.  Wrayi,  form  a  group  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the 
lateral  sepals  being  inserted  at  the  apex  of  the  naked  foot  of  the  column. 
H.  longipes,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2051  ined. 

P.  773,  after  3.  C.  vaginatum,  insert — 

3/1.  C.  LONGESCAPUM,  Teysm.  ^  Binn.  in  Batav.  Natur.  Tijdsch.  xxiv.  (1862) 
311 ;  pseudobulbs  subovate  obtuse  4-angled  2-leaved,  leaves  oblong  obtuse  emargi- 
nate  coriaceous  glabrous,  scapes  long  cylindric,  flowers  capitate  densely  crowded 
horizontal,  bracts  short,  lateral  sepals  subserrulate,  dorsal  smaller  linear-lanceolate 
erect,  petals  obtuse  ciliate  with  long  hairs  5-nerved,  lip  tongue-shaped  obtuse  reflexed 
channelled  base  cordate.     Penang,  Lohb. 


190  cxLviii.  OROHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)     {^Supplement J  Sfc. 

Pseudohulh  2  by  IJ  in.  Leaves  6  by  1^  in.  Scape  15  in.  j  flowers  20-25, 
brown. — Description  from  the  authors.  I  know  nothing  like  it.  The  2.1eaved  pseudo- 
bulbs  are  remarkable. 

P.  774.  9.  C.  EoxBiTRGHii.  After  Ic.  Plant.  2057  A.  insert — From  a  drawing- 
lately  received  from  Calcutta,  I  suspect  that  C.  Andersonii  should  be  referred 
to  0.  Roxhurgliii. 

9/1.  C.  coNCiNNUM,  Soolc.  /.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2060  B.  ;  very  small,  rhizome  slender, 
pseudobulbs  conico-ovoid,  lateral  sepals  i  in.  linear-oblong  acute  nearly  flat,  twice  as 
long  as  the  ovate  caudate  long-ciliate  dorsal,  petals  as  long  as  the  dorsal  sepal 
ovate-lanceolate  caudate  acuminate  long  ciliate,  lip  fleshy  strongly  recurved,  column 
winged  shortly  2-toothed. 

SiNGAPOEE  ;  Bidley. 

Pseudobulbs  ^  in.  ;  close  set,  curved.  Leaf  1-1^  in,,  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 
coriaceous,  hardly  petioled.  Scape  from  the  base  of  the  pseudobulb,  with  membranous 
sheaths  at  the  base,  very  slender,  shorter  than  the  leaf ;  flowers  6-8,  whorled ;  bracts 
minute;  pedicels  very  short ;  sepals S-nei'ved ;  petals  3-nerved. 

P.  775.     15.  CiERHOPETALUM  ELATUM,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert — t.  2052 
P.  777.    20.  C.  Andeesoni,  „  „  „        t.  2055 

21.  C.BREVIPES,  „  „  „  t.  2056 

22.  C.  AUREUM,  „  „  „        t.  2057  B 
P.  778.    26.  C.  Gamblei,                          „           „            „        t.  2058 

27.  C.  Thomsoni,  „  „  „        t.  2059 

29.  C.  parvulum,  „  „  „        t.  2060  A 

P.  779.     32.  C.  viRiDiPLOEUM,  „  „  „        t.  2061 

P.  780.  33.  C.  BLEPHARISTES.  In  a  fine  drawing  of  this  lately  received  from 
the  Calcutta  Gardens,  the  leaves  are  often  2-nate,  the  scape  long  and  decurved, 
and  the  sepals  and  petals  7-9-nerved. 

34.  C.  Macraei.     Under  Synonyms,  for  Bulb.  Walkerianum,  read  Macraei. 

P.  782.  32.  DENDROCHiLUMLiNEAEiPOLiirM,  after  7c.  PZan^.  add  t.  1859  tnec?.  J 
and,  confer  D.  fuscum,  Teijsm.  ^  Binn.  Bat.  Natur.  Tijdsch.  xxix.  (1867)  242. 

P.  784.       2.  Chetsoglossum  eeeaticum,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert— t.  2062 

3.  „  ASSAMICUM,         „  „  „         t.  2063 

4.  „  MACULATiJM,  t.  2064,  and  add  Syn.  Tainia  maculata, 

p.  821. 
CoLLABiuM  Weati,  After  Ic.  Plant,  insert —  t.  2085 

P.  788.    11.  Eriaexilis,  „  „        „       t.  2074  A 

P.  789.  15.  E.  MuscicoLA.  The  Ceylon  form  referred  to  at  the  end  of  the 
description  is  var.  ohlongja,  Trim.  Cat,  Qeyl.  PI.  88. 


P.  790. 

18. 

5) 

KiNGII, 

After  Ic. 

Plant. 

insert- 

-t.  2066 

19. 

)> 

IRIDIFOLIA, 

)) 

)> 

t.  2067 

20. 

J> 

LONGIPOLIA, 

}j 

jj 

t.  2068 

P.  795. 

38. 

}} 

Andeesoni, 

>> 

j> 

t.  2069 

P.  797. 

46. 

eecuevata, 

j> 

t.  2070 

48. 

»5 

saccipeea. 

jj 

t.  2071 

P.  798. 

50. 

J> 

Maingati, 

» 

j> 

t.  2072 

P.  801. 

63. 

»> 

ANDAMANICA, 

» 

j> 

t.  2073 

64.  E.  PULCHELLA.  I  have  lately  received  more  specimens,  and  from  Cal- 
cutta drawings  of  this  plant,  from  which  I  conclude  that  Lindley  was  right  in  dis- 
tinguishing E.  discolor  from  IE.  pulchella,  though  he  assigns  no  good  reasons  for 
doing  so.  The  chief  differences  are  the  very  large  stout  articulate  pseudobulbs  of  U. 
discolor,  its  much  stouter  rhizome,  and  stouter  more  glabrous  scape  with  more 
numerous  cochleate  coriaceous  bracts. 

JE.  pulchella  is  a  Malayan  species,  from  Tenasserim  to  Java.  U.  discolor  has 
been  found  only  in  Sikkim.  Both  have  nearly  orbicular  lips  articulate  with  the 
pulvinate  purple  shining  foot  of  the  column  by  a  very  narrow  short  claw. 


Supplement,  ^c]     cxLViii.  orohide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  »     191 

P.  803.     71.  E.  Thwaitesii.    For  SooTc.  /.,  read  Tnmen  Cat.  Qeyl,  J?l.  88. 

P.  804.     After  72.  E.  pannea,  insert— 

73/1,  E.  CALAMiroLiA,  Hook.  f. ;  stems  very  short  from  a  creeping  rootstock 
3-4-leaved,  leaves  linear  terete  acuminate,  scape  terminal  3-4.fld.  and  flowers 
densely  woolly,  bracts  large  ovate  acuminate,  mentum  short  obtuse,  petals  linear- 
oblong  puberulous,  lip  ovate-oblong  obtuse  very  thick  concave  about  the  middle, 
quite  smooth  and  naked. 

Uppee  Assam  ;  Makum  forest,  Mann. 

Rhizome  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  and  short  leaf  sheaths  sparingly  woolly; 
pseudobulbs  0.  Leaves  3-6  in.,  about  ^  in.  diam.,  obscurely  channelled  above  when 
dry,  acuminate,  quite  smooth,  glabrous.  Scape  terminal,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  slender,  densely  white,  silkily  woolly  as  are  the  backs  of  the  bracts  and  sepals ; 
bracts  -i  in. ;  sepals  \  in.  long,  dorsal  oblong,  lateral  triangular-ovate  acute ; 
petals  much  smaller  ;  lip  straight,  jointed  on  the  broad  foot  of  the  column,  which  is 
short  broad  puberulous  with  an  ovate  subacute  apex  and  incurved  sides  j  anther 
mitriform,  obtuse. — Probably  the  Sikkim  &  Khasian  IE.  pannea. 


P.  804. 

75. 

Eeia  pygm^a. 

After  Ic.  . 

Plant. 

insert- 

-t.  2074B 

76. 

,,      LANCIFOLIA, 

,, 

5> 

5> 

t.  2075 

P.  805. 

78. 

„      CRASSICAULIS, 

3> 

>> 

JJ 

t.  2076 

79. 

„      LEPTOCARPA, 

JJ 

)> 

» 

t.  2077 

P.  806. 

83, 

„      GRACILIS, 

J) 

5> 

t.  2078 

P.  807. 

84. 

„      OLIGANTHA, 

J> 

}t 

>> 

t.  2079 

87. 

„      TUBEROSA, 

>' 

JJ 

>> 

t.  2080 

P.  808. 

89. 

„      APORINA, 

J> 

51 

>) 

t.  2081 

P.  809. 

93. 

„     Scortechinii, 

>5 

)> 

J> 

t.  2082 

P.  810. 

Claderia  vieidiflora. 

>> 

if 

)» 

t.  2083 

P.  811. 

4. 

Phreatia  nana. 

>> 

>) 

t.  2084 

P.  813. 

2. 

Spathoglottis  aurea, 

after 

Walp. 

Ann. 

vi.  455,  insert  Eeic7i&. 

/.  in  Oard. 

Chr 

on.  1888,  92,  with  fig. ; 

Veitcli 

.  Man. 

Orcfdd.  Pt. 

vi.  6.    S.  Kimba- 

liana,  iTor^. 

3.  S.  Weati,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2086 

1. 

P.  814.      4.  S.  Bensoni,  „  „  „     t.  2087. 

5.  S.  LoBBii,  at  end  of  description  add  in  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pfc.  vi.  7  this 
species  is  described  as  a  native  of  Borneo.  Eeichenbach  gives  E*  Indies,  ?  Khasia. 
The  specimens  in  Kew  Herbarium  are  from  Tenasserim,  on  rocks  at  Akyab,  Parish. 

6.  S.  PUBESCENs,  var.  JBerkeJeyi,  specimen  of  this  in  Herb.  Calcutt.  from 
Upper  Burma  have  leaves  1  in.  broad,  the  scape  18  in.,  and  flower  as  in  Fortuni, 
except  that  the  midlobe  of  the  lip  is  very  thick,  and  its  wings  cuneately  oblong  and 
truncate. 

P.  816.  1.  Phajus  Wallichii.  Add  after  Walp.  Ann.  vi.  459,  :Bot.  Mag.  t. 
7023,  and  after  de  Vriese  Illust.  t.  8,  add  Kegel  Gartenfl.  1865,  t.  404.— Veitch  (Man. 
Pt.  vi.  15)  describes  P.  hicolor  as  a  var.  of  Wallichii,  with  small  knobby  rhizomes, 
and  smaller  flowers  having  a  tawny  yellow  spur  and  tube  of  the  lip,  and  white  mid- 
lobe  bordered  with  rose.  It  is  a  native  of  Ceylon.  He  retains  F.  grandif alius  as  a 
different  species,  including  Blumei  as  a  var.  of  it.  The  only  tangible  characters, 
except  colour,  by  which  he  distinguishes  grandifoliusivovo.  Wallichii  are,  that  in  the 
former  the  sepals  and  petals  are  oblong-lanceolate,  and  the  lip  broadly  obovate; 
whilst  in  the  latter  the  sepals  and  petals  are  linear-lanceolate  and  the  lip  broadly 
oval.  He  gives  the  Himalayas  as  habitat  for  both.  His  var.  Blumei  differs  from  the 
type  (grandifolius)  in  the  broader  deep  buff  yellow  petals  and  sepals  faintly  mottled 
with  red.  As  habitats  of  grandifolius  he  gives,  besides  the  original  one  of  China, 
the  Himalaya,  Cochin  China  and  Australia;  thus  following  Bentham  {Fl.  Austral. 
vii.  304),  who  includes  P.  australis,  leucoyhceus  and  Carronii,  of  F.  Muell)  under 
that  species. 

2.  P.  VEEATfiiFOLiUS.  Add.  Svn.  Dendrobium  veratrifolium,  Moxb.  Hart.  Seng. 
63. 


192      •  cxLviii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     [^Supplement,  ^c. 

P.  817.  3.  P.  MACULATFS.  After  Mus.  Bot  ii.  180  insert  Williams  Orchid. 
Alh.  t.  381,  and  place  Mum.  Orchid.  ArcMp.  Ind.  9,  after  Reichb.  Fl.  Exot.  t.  63. 

3/1.  P.  NANUS,  Hook.  f.  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2088  ined. ;  leaves  4-5  in.,  scape  very 
short  closely  sheathed,  raceme  dense-fld.,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  acuminate,  lip 
as  broad  as  long  puberulous  within,  side  lobes  rounded,  midlobe  short  broad  undulate, 
spur  0. 

Bengal;  in  the  Buxa  Doar,  Gamble  (in  Herb.  Calcuti.). 

Pseudobulbs  0.  Boots  tufted ;  rootstock  stoGt,  with  grass-like  sheaths  some- 
times much  longer  than  the  leaf.  Leaf  elliptic,  acute;  petiole  2  in.,  stout.  Scape 
from  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  shorter  than  it  is,  sheaths  subacute  ;  bracts  cymbiform, 
acuminate ;  sepals  1^  in.  long ;  column  short,  stout,  puberulous. — A  very  singular 
species,  of  which  I  have  seen  but  two  specimens,  kindly  lent  from  the  Calcutta 
Herbarium  by  Dr.  King.  The  long  grass-like  sheaths  or  primordial  leaves  are 
singular. 

P.  818.  7.  P.  albus.  Var.  Bensonice,  after  description  insert  Phajus  Bensonise, 
Hemsl.  in  Qard.  Chron.  1882,  565  j  and  after  Jenning^s  Orchid,  add  Williams 
Orchid.  Alb.  ii.  t.  67. — Veitch  {Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  19)  does  not  regard  Bensonice, 
alba  and  Marshalliana  as  specifically  distinct;  he  distinguishes  Bensonice  from 
alba  by  the  larger  differently-coloured  flowers,  with  the  midlobe  of  the  lip  larger  in 
proportion  to  the  whole  lip,  and  more  oblong,  and  by  the  wings  of  the  column  being 
toothed.  He  keeps  Marshalliana  as  a  form  from  being  usually  more  tall  and  robust, 
the  lip  shorter,  the  hairs  on  the  crests  of  the  lip  more  numerous  and  longer,  the 
column  shorter  and  stouter  with  the  apical  wings  more  dilated ;  and  as  a  subvar.  of 
this  he  maintains  Reichenbach's  var.  ionophlebia  {Oard.  Chron.  1885,  70),  with  the 
centre  of  the  lip  pale  yellow,  the  sides  streaked  with  purple. 

25.  Nephelaphtllum,  Blume. 

In  the  generic  description  in  the  2nd  line  after  leaf,  add,  or  elongate  and 
exserted ;  and  after  3.  N.  tenuiflorum,  add — 

4.  N.  NUDUM,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  ovate  acuminate,  scape  slender  much  longer  than 
the  leaves  few-fld.,  bracts  slender,  lip  elongate  narrowly  subpanduriform,  side  lobes 
small  acute,  midlobe  transversely  oblong  retuse  with  a  short  broad  semicircular 
lamella  on  the  mibrib  towards  the  tip. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  King. 

Stem  stout,  4  in.,  ascending.  Leaves  distant,  1-2  in.,  lower  petioled,  upper  sessile  ; 
sheath  short,  membranous.  Scape  6  in.,  with  a  basal  and  median  tubular  appressed 
sheath  nearly  1  in.  long ;  bracts  ^  in.,  as  long  as  the  pedicel  and  ovary,  deflexed ; 
sepals  and  petals  spreading,  subequal,  linear,  subacute,  3-nerved  :  lip  nearly  1  in.  long 
from  the  base  of  the  stout  truncate  spur  to  the  tip  of  the  dorsal  sepal,  membra- 
nous, 3-nerved  with  branching  side  nerves,  gradually  dilated  upwards  to  the  tooth-like 
side  lobes,  midlobe  broader  than  the  rest  of  the  lip,  margins  undulate. — Near  N. 
tenuifiorum,  which  has  also  a  tall  scape. 

5.  N.  grandifloeum,  SooJc.  f. ;  leaves  ovate  deeply  cordate  acuminate,  scape 
longer  than  the  leaves  2-fld.,  flowers  1  in.  diam.,  lip  oblong,  side  lobes  small  obtuse, 
midlobe  ovate  tip  rounded,  disk  with  3  keels  from  base  to  apex. 

Peeak  {Ic.  Scortechini).    Malaya,  Kunstler  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Leaves  3-5  by  2^-3^  in.,  strongly  nerved,  basal  lobes  rounded,  sinus  narrow ; 
petiole  3-4  in.,  stout.  Scape  with  raceme  8-10  in.,  pubescent,  sheaths  tubular, 
appressed,  membranous;  bracts  small,  lanceolate  ;  flowers  greenish  flushed  with  red, 
lip  purple;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  rather  broader,  elliptic;  lip  decurved, 
white  externally,  mentum  truncate;  column  white,  purple  at  the  base. — Described 
from  a  fine  drawing  in  Herb.  Calcutt.,  perhaps  (as  usual  with  native  artists) 
exag'gerated  in  dimensions. 

P.  820.      2.  Tainia  penangiana,  after  Eooh.f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2089  ined. 
5.  T.  latifolia,  add  Syn.  Cymbid.,  ariff,  Notul.  iii.  343;  Ic.  Plant. 
Asiat.  t.  319. 


Supplement,  tj-c]    cxlviii.  ORCHiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  193 

7.  T.  KH  A  SI  ANA,  after  le.  Plant,  insert  t.  2090 

8.  T.  MINOR,  „  „  t.  2091 

9.  T.  HAST  ATA,  „  „  t.  2092 

10.  T.  MACULATA  to  be  cancelled;   it  is    Chrysoglossum    viaculatum, 

p.  784. 

11.  T.  LATiLiNauA,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2093 

14.  T.  Maingayi,  after        „  „  t.  2094  and  add — 

15.  T.   COEData,  Book.  f. ;    leaf-blade  longer  than  the  stout  petiole  base  cor- 
date, scape  tall  many-fld.   slender,  sepals  linear  subacute  and  lanceolate  petals  1- 
nerved,  mentuin  very  short,  side  lobes  of  lip  short  acute,  midlobe  suborbicular,  disk 
with  2  lamellae  reaching  nearly  to  the  apex. 
SiKKiM  Himalaya  {Ic.  in  Horf.  Calcutt.). 

Rhizome  as  stout  as  the  middle  finger  or  stouter  and  pseudobulb  and  petiole  dark 
purple.  Leaf  ohont  12  by  4^  in.,  7-nerved,  base  oblique.  Scape  with  raceme  2  ft.  ; 
racemr  laxly  niany-fld. ;  bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  tlie  ovaries ;  sepals  and 
petals  I  in.,  dark  green  and  red;  lip  yellow,  midlobe  entire;  anther  with  two  purple 
nobs. — Described  from  an  excellent  drawing  made  in  the  Calcutta  Bot.  Gardens, 
where  there  is  also  an  outline  drawing,  by  Simons,  of  an  Assam  allied  species,  with  no 
pseudobulb,  a  petiole  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  a  suborbicular-cordate  acuminate 
9-nerved  leaf  71  by  6  in.,  a  scape  mu-'h  shorter  than  the  leaf  few-fld.,  sepals  lanceo- 
late 5-nerved,  petals  ovate-oblong  acute  5-nerved,  and  a  cuneiform  lip  with  small 
midlobe,  mentum  large  conical. 

P.  824.    3.  Ageostophtlium  giumaceum:,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2095 

4.  A.  majus  „        „        „        t.  2096 

5.  A.  PAUCIFLOBUM  „         „  ,,         t.  2097 
P.  825.    2.  Cebastostylis  malaccensis              „        ,,        „        t.  2098 

3.    C.  CLATHEATA  „  „  „  t.  2099 

p.  826.     4.  C.  TENDULA  „  „  „  t.  2L00 

5.  C.  HIMALAICA  „  „  J,  t.  2101 

6.  C.  LANCiroLiA  „        ,,        „        t.  2102 
p.  827.     7.  C.EOBUSTA  „        „        „        t.2103. 

33.  Teichosma  suatis,  for  1841  Misc.  83,  read  1842,  t.  21. 
P.  828.  34.  CcELOQYNE,     After  the  publication  of  Vol.  V.  of  this  work,  Veitcli's 
Manual  Pt.  vi.  appeared,  containing  the  cultivated  species  o^  Coelogyne  with  good 
descriptions,  and  with  figures  of  several  British  Indian  ones,  which  are  cited  below. 

1.  C(ELOGYNE  Gaedneeiana,  after  Paaji.Jffa^.  vi.  t.  73  insert  Williams 
Orchid.  Alb.  iv.  fc.  153. 
P.  829.    4.  C.  CEISTATA,  after  Coll.  Bot.  t.  32  insert  Gen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  39 
{excl.  Syn.  Cymbid.  strictum,  Bon) ;  and  add  to  citations,  Wall. 
Cat.  1958;    Gard.  Chron.  1877,  597,    with  fig.;    1888,  i.  488, 
fig.  68;   Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  34,  loithfig. 
P.  830.     6.  C.  TOMENTOSA,  add  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  57,  with  fig. 

7.  C.  Massangeana,  add    „  „  „  43,  with  fig. 

P.  831.     After  9.  0.  lentiginosa,  insert — 

9/1.  C.  RossiANA,  i2eicA&./.  i«  Gard.  Chron.  1884,  ii.  808;  pseudobulbs  large 
8-10-grooved,  leaves  elliptic -lanceolate  petioled,  scape  very  stout  decurved  then 
suddenly  upcurved  3-4-fld.  closely  clothed  with  short  densely  imbricate  sheaths, 
lateral  sepals  narrowly  linear-oblong  acute  and  very  narrow  petals  white,  lip  narrow 
side  lobes  with  rounded  angles  and  brown  sides,  midlobe  ovate  entire  revolute 
yellow,  di&k  with  2  crenate  lamellaa  from  base  to  apex  and  a  slender  median  one. 
' Veitch  Man.  Pt.  vi.  48;  Rolfe  in  Gard.  Chron.  18S9,  650;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7172. 

Burma  {Hort.  Ross). 

Pseudobulbs  2-3  in.,  oblong  or  subpyriform;  sheaths  0.  Leaves  8-12  by 
2-3  in.,  strongly  3-nerved,  petiole  1-1|  in.  Scape  from  the  base  of  the  pseudobulb, 
2-3  in.  long  along  its  curvature,  narrowed  from  the  stout  base  upwards ;  sheaths 
coriaceous,   green,   tips   rounded;    raceme  erect,   2-3  in.,  Blender,  lax-fld. ;   bracts 

VOL.  VI.  O 


194  cxLViii.  ORCHiDE^.     (J.  J).  Hookei.)  [Supplement,  4c, 

f  in.  lone:,  as  long  as  tbe  pedicel  and  ovary,  lanceolate,  concave,  caducous ;  flowers 
1^-2  in.  diam. ;  sepals  i  in.  broad  ;  midlobe  of  lip  not  contracted  at  the  base ; 
column  white. — The  strong  decurvature  of  the  scape  is  not  mentioned  by  Reichenbach 
or  Veitch. , 

P.  831.    11.  C.  COEYMBOSA,  afccr  Oard.  Chron.  1876,  insert,  88. 

P.  832.     16.  C.  OCCULTATA,  insert  after  Ic.  Plant.  2104. 

P.  834.  After  21.  C.  cynoches,  insert — 

21/1.  C.  LONGIBRACTATA,  Hooh.  f. ;  pseudobulbs  Small,  leaves  petioled  lanceolate, 
Fcape  very  long  stout  strict  erect,  raceme  erect  few-fld.  bracts  2  in.  persistent,  flowers 
white,  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate,  petals  narrowly  linear-oblong,  side  lobes  of  lip 
short  rounded,  midlobe  orbicular,  disk  with  3  crenate  yellow  ridges. 

Perak,  Kunstler. 

Rhizome  very  stout ;  pseudobulbs  1^-2  in.,  obovoid,  deeply  grooved.  Leaves  6-7 
t>y  1-1 2^  'I'  Scape  lateral,  6  in.,  clothed  with  cylindric  green  tubular  truncate 
sheaths  1^-2  in.  long,  and  with  2  leaves  emerging  from  the  upper  sheath  ;  bracts 
very  narrow,  at  length  deflexed ;  flowers  nearly  2  in.  diam. ;  midlobe  of  lip  yellowish 
towHrds  the  centre,  margins  at  the  base  crisped.  In  many  respects  allied  to 
C  Maingayi. 

22.  C  SPECIOSA.  Veitch  (Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  50)  gives  as  a  synonym  C.  sal- 
monicolor,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  328,  and  describes  a  Var.  albicans,  with 
larger  flowers,  sepals  and  petals  light  yellowish-green,  lip  3  in.  long,  white,  side  lobes 
freckled  with  red-brown,  midlobe  brown. 

24.  C.  ScHiLLEEiANA,  insert  after  the  description,  TenasSeeim,  at  Moulmein, 
Lohh. 

P.  835.  28.  C.  PANDURATA,  in  line  1  for  78  read  791,  and  add  to  citations, 
Veitch.  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  47,  with  Jig. 

29.  C.  ASPEEATA.  Veitch  [Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  31)  says  of  this,  "  Widely- 
distributed  over  the  Malay  Archipelago,  from  Sumatra  to  I^ew  Guinea." 

P.  836.    33.  C.  MiCRANTHUM  should  be  miceantha. 

P.  837.     34.  C.  Teeutleri,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2105. 

36.  C.  NiTiDA,  under  Syn.  C.  ocellata,  add  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  45. 

37.  C.  STENOCHiLA,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2106. 

^      P.  838.     38.  C.  CAENEA,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2107. 

39.  C.  ELATA.  This  is  said  to  inhabit  higher  regions  than  the  Tropical,  up  to 
9000  ft.  {Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  37). 

41.  C.  GEipriTHii.     After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2108. 

,P.  839.     42.  C.  BABBATA,  add  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  32,  with  fig. 

P.  840.  47.  C.  ANCEPS.  After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2109. 
48.  0.  PEiEcox.  In  line  1,  before  Fol.  Orchid,  insert  Qen.  ^  Sp.  Orchid.  43,  and 
to  syns.  add  Cymbidium  prsecox,  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop.  Veitch  {Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi. 
58)  distinguishes  his  Var.  Wallichiana,  by  its  deeper  colour,  more  strongly-marked 
veins,  the  midlobe  of  the  lip  toothed  rather  than  fringed,  and  the  shorter  teeth  of 
the  crests  ;  he  includes  C.  hirmania  under  it,  and  gives  a  figure  of  the  flower. 

49.  C.  HUMiLis.  Veitch  {Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  55)  gives  an  excellent  figure  and 
description  of  this. 

P.  841.  50.  C.  MACULATA,  add  Var.  Arthuriana,  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi. 
57  ;  pseudobulbs  smaller  angular,  flowers  smaller,  petals  with  purple  lines,  midlobe  of 
lip  margined  with  a  purple  band.  C.  Arthuriana,  Reichh.  f.  in  Oard.  Chron.  1881, 
i.40. — Kangoon. 

51.  C.  lagenaria,  Veitoh  {Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  57)  gives  a  good  figure  of  the 
flowers,  and  adds  that  it  was  introduced  by  Lobb  from  the  Khasia  Hills. 

52.  C.  Eeichenbachiana,  Veitch  gives  6-7000  ft.  as  the  elevation  at  which  this 
species  was  found. 

P.  842.  53.  C.  Hookeriana.  Veitch  {Man.  Orchid,  Pt.  vi.  53)  cites  a  var. 
brachgglossa,  Reichh.  f.  in  Oard.  Chron.  1887,  i.  833,  with  a  shorter  and  more  open 


Supplement,  tj-c]  cxLvrii.  orchide/E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  195 

lip,  white  with  a  light  yellow  disk  spotted  with  brown,  and  pale  rose  sepals  and 
petals.  It  is  a  native  of  Sikkiin  at  a  higher  elevation  than  the  type.  C.  Hooker- 
lANA  is,  as  stated  at  p.  828,  the  only  species  in  which  the  leaves  persist  after  flowering. 

55.  C.  ?  PUEPURASCENS,  after  jc.  Plant,  insert  2109. 

P.  843.  C.  RossiANA.     See  ante  p.  192. 

1.  O.  ALBA.  After  Wall.  mss.  add  Dipodium,  Griff.  Ic  PL  Asiat.  t.  329  (not  of 
Notul.  iii.  406). 

P.  847.  11.  Pholidota,  for  micrantha,  read  parvifloea. 

1.  Calanthe  teicarinata.  Add  to  citations  Veitch  Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  69; 
Franch,  S^  Savat.  Enum.  PL  Jap.  ii.  26 ;  and  after  habitat  add,  DiSTRiB.  Japan. — I 
have  not  compared  the  Japanese  with  the  Indian  plant. 

P.  849.     5.  C.  DIPLOXIPHION.     After  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2111. 

P.  850.     10.  C.  Mannii,  after  BooJc.f.  insert  Ic.  Plant,  t.  2113. 
11.  C.  Wrayi  „  „  „  t.  2114. 

P.  851.  15.  C.  yeratrifolia.  To  the  synonyms  of  this  species  add  Veitch  Man. 
Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  88  and  C.  Petri,  Eeichh.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1880,  326.  C.  colorans, 
i?/.  Z.  e.  1885,  360  ;  Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  v.  t.  218.  C.  australis,  Kort.  It  is 
well  figured  at  p.  69. 

P.  852.  16.  C.  VESTITA.  Under  Bot.  Zeit.  for  xvi.  128  read  1853,  493.  Veitch 
{Man.  Orchid.  Pt.  vi.  70)  enumerates  several  subvars.  ;  as  gigantea,  Williams 
Orchid.  Alb.  y.  t.  211,  (Syns.  grandiflora,  Hort.  Belg.  1889,  121,  and  rubro- 
oculata,  Paxt.  ]\[ag.  xvi.  129 ;  Regel  Oartenfl.  1873,  751) ;  also  Var.  Hegnieri,  0. 
Regnieri,  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  274,  with  its  Subvars.  Sanderii  and 
Stevenii,  Williams  Orchid.  Alb.  iii.  t.  134  ;  also  a  Var.  Turneri,  with  the  elongated 
pseudobulbs  of  Regnieri  and  the  flowers  of  rubro-oculata, 

16/1.  C.  EUBENS,  Ridlei/  in  Gard.  Chron.  1890,  i.  576  ;  pseudobulbs  6  by  1^  iu. 
conical  silvery,  scape  2  ft.  woolly,  sheaths  about  6,  raceme  14-fld.  flowers  pink 
smaller  than  in  C.  vestita,  bracts  1  in.,  pedicel  with  ovary  2  in.,  sepals  sub- 
similar  dorsal  f  in.  slender  lanceolate  mucronate,  lateral  longer-vnucronate,  petals 
shorter  more  spathulate,  lip  rose-pink  darker  at  the  base  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
column  erect  4-lobed,  side  lobes  oblong  erect  appressed  to  the  column,  midlobe 
deeply  divided  segments  rounded  with  an  interposed  tooth,  spar  I  in.  filiform  curved, 
column  as  in  C.  vestita. 

Langkawi  Island,  north  of  Penang,  Curtis. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

P.  854.     27.  C.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     To  Syn.  C.  phajoides  add  Ic.  Plant,  t.  1864. 

P.  855.     After  31.  C.  gracilis,  add— 

31/1.  C.  L0NGIPE8,  Hooli.f.  ;  Stems  tall,  scape  axillary  very  long  stout,  raceme 
very  short  and  flowers  pubescent,  lateral  lobes  of  lip  rounded  crenate,  midlobe 
flabelliform  margins  undulate  and  crenate,  disk  with  a  membranous  lamella  on  each 
side  from  the  base  to  that  of  the  midlobe,  spur  0. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  King. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  not  seen.  Scape  10-12  in.,  with  2-3 
inflated  sheaths  ;  raceme  8-10-fld. ;  flowers  ^  iu.  diam. ;  sepals  5-nerved  and  3-nerved 
petals  subequal,  elliptic,  acuminate  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  column. — I  have  seen  but  one  flowerin:^  specimen  of  this  plant,  which  is  leafless ;  its 
habit  is  that  of  C.  tubifera,  but  the  flowers  are  very  much  smaller,  the  sepals  broader. 

P.  856.  33.  C.  LABEOSA,  for  Hook.  f.  substitute  Reichb.  f.  in  Gard.  Chron. 
1883,  44. 

P.  858.     7.  Aeundina  Caittleti,  after  Ic.  Plant,  insert  t.  2112. 


Vol.  VI. 

P.  1.     Under  1.  E.  TIREks,  for  .^robrium,  read  JGrobrion. 
P.  5.     14.  E.  DECiPiENS,  in  line  1,  for  Griff,  read  Kurz. 

P.  3.     8.  E.  EXPLANATA  J  at  cnd  of  diagnosis  insert  Hook.  Ic,  Plant,  t.  1882. 

0  2 


196  cxLViii.  OKCHiDE-^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     [^Supplement,  ^c. 

P.  6.  After  E.  squalida,  insert — 

29/1.  E.  HOLoCHiLA,  Coll.  cf*  HemsL  in  Joiirn.  Linn.  8oc.  xxviii.  132;  raceme 
lax-fld.,  flowers  lar<:;e,  bracts  about  equiilling  the  ovary,  scupe  robust,  sepals  oblonj^ 
obtuse,  petals  obovate-oblong  tips  rounded,  lip  orbicular  entire  or  very  obscurely 
broadly  3-lobed,  disk  smooth.     Hook.f.  Ic.  Plant.  2116  ined. 

BuEMA ;  on  the  Shan  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  ColTett. 
Leaves  very  young  at  flowering  time.  Scape  12  in.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  with 
two  oi)long  ventricose  obtuse  sheaths  below  the  middle  ;  raceme  6  in. ;  bracts  slender, 
membranous;  pedicel  with  ovary  f  in.;  flowers  1|— 2  in.,  broad  ;  sepals  7-nerved, 
lateral  adnate  to  the  sides  of  the  spur  ;  petals  5-nerved,  the  outer  pair  branching 
outwards  ;  lip  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  nerves  very  many  parallel,  mentum  spur- 
like.— Only  one  specimen  seen  by  me. 

P.  8.  25.  E.  SANGUiNRA.  Add  Syn.  C  rufa,  Thw.  JEnum.  302,  and  to  the  habitats, 
Ceylon,  at  Hantani,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Cyrtopeea  rufa,  Thicaites.  'i  his  plant  was  unknown  to  me  till  I  was  shown  a 
living  specimen  that  was  sent  by  Dr.  Trimen  from  Ceylon,  and  which  flowered  in  the 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew.  It  is  identical  with  25,  Eulophia  sanguinea^  as  figured  in  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  6161.     The  colour  of  the  flowers  varies. 

Eulophia  Sp.,  Trimen  Cat.  PL  Cexfl.  89  (C.P.  3958).  Dr.  Trimen  has  kindly 
lent  me  the  Herb.  Peradeniya  species  of  this  ;  it  is  "E.  graminea,  L. 

To  the  species  of  Uulopliia  "  unknown  to  me"  add  ?  Hletia  bicallosa,  Don 
Frodr.  30  (Limodorum  bicallosum,  Ham.  mss.),  from  Nepal,  thus  described  by  Don. 
— Scape  li  ft.  erect  terete  scaly,  raceme  6-8-Hd.,  flowers  pule,  lip  3-lobed  subun- 
guiculate  anfractuously  articulate  and  saccate  at  the  claw,  lobes  rounded,  midlobe 
largest  crisped  glabrous,  sepals  and  petals  elliptic  mucronulate,  lateral  sepals  adnate 
to  the  unguiform  process;  poUinia  4,  parallel,  waxy.— Don  adds  that  it  is  hardly  a 
hletia,  under  which  genus  he  includes  an  Arundina^  a  Calanthe  and  a  Eulophia. 

P.  32.  After  2.  Doritis  Wightii  insert— 

3.  D.  Braceana,  Hook.f.  ;  scape  stout  elongate,  mentum  spur-like  acute,  side 
lobes  of  lip  ovate-lanceolate,  midlobe  spathulately  obovate. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Gamble. 

Roots  very  many,  broad,  flat.  Stem  very  short.  Leaves  oblong,  very  dark 
green.  Scape  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill  or  thicker,  very 
dark  green,  speckled  with  brown  ;  raceme  6-10-fld. ;  bracts  minute,  triangular ; 
peduncle  with  ovary  §-1  in.,  decurved  ;  flowers  1  in.  diam. ;  sepals  obovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  and  narrower  petals  fleshy  yellow  with  pinkish  midrib  ;  lip  membranous, 
violet-purple,  tips  of  the  forked  appendage  straight.  Column  very  large,  fleshy  ; 
pollinia  4  subglobose. — Described  from  a  drawing  and  notes  by  Mr.  Brace.  Much 
nearer  to  D.  tcenialis  than  to  Wightiana,  differing  in  the  many-fld.  long  remarkable 
stout  scape  and  much  larger  flowers  with  yellow  sepals  and  petals  and  a  longer  spur- 
like mentum. 

P.  40.     After  26.     Saecochilus  merguensis,  insert — 

26/1.  S.  (Fornicaria)  pugionIFOLIA,  Koolc.f.  Ic.  Plant,  ined. ;  stemless,  peduncle 
about  equalling  the  few  elongate-subulate  recurved  deeply  channelled  leaves,  bracts 
suberect,  lip  sessile  on  the  foot  of  the  column  saccate  truncately  3-lobe(i  ciliate. 

Ceylon;  at  Vamniya,  in  the  N.  Central  Province,  Trimen. 

Leaves  2-3  by  i  in.  at  the  thickest  part,  fleshy,  more  than  semi-terete  with  a 
rounded  back  and  very  deep  channel  in  front.  Peduncle  glabrous ;  bracts  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse.  Flowers  -^  in.  diam.,  pale  primrose  ;  lip  with  a  few  purplish  mark- 
ings;  sepals  ovate-oblong  obtuse,  lateral  gibbous  on  the  lower  margin  ;  petals  oblong 
obtuse  ;  lip  ciliate  on  the  lobes  and  diek  towards  the  broad  3-lobed  apex,  side  lobes 
rounded,  midlobe  not  longer  orbicular ;  a  small  caruncle  at  tlie  base  of  the  midlobe  ; 
column  short,  white. — I  have  to  thank  Dr.  Trimen  for  a  specimen  and  a  drawing. 

P.  40.  On  last  line  of  description  of  Saecochilus  filiform  is,  for  S.  Trimeniread 
S.  viridiflorus.  I  had  proposed  the  former  name  for  the  latter  plant  before  dis- 
covering (whilst  the  description  was  passing  through  the  press)  that  it  was  .brides 
viridifiorum,  Thw. 

P.  44.    To  habitats  of  3.  M.  cylindraceum,  add  Ceylon. 


Supplement,  ^c]     cxlviii.  orchide.t^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  197 

P.  55.     For  1.  S.  GEMiNATDM  read  gemmatum. 

P.  60.  Under  the  citations  for  20,  S.  calceolaee  ;  in  line  2,  for  Bot.  Reg.  1883, 
Misc.  130,  read  1838,  Misc.  75. 

P.  62.  To  syns.  of  29.  S.  longifolium  add  brides  rigidum,  Smith  in  Rees. 
Cyclop. 

30.  S.  WiGHTiANUM,  under  the  syns.  place  Thwaites  Unum.  303.  after  Lindl. 
Fol.  Orchid.  2. 

P.  88.  3.  G.  JAVANiCA,  add  to  habitats,  Ceylon,  on  roots  of  coffee  trees  in  the 
Central  Province,  Thwaites. 

P.  107.     1.  Z.  SULCATA,  add  to  syns.  Orchis  strateumatica,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  903. 

P.  116.  5.  H.  ELONGATA,  add  to  syns.  Rhamphidia  elongata,  Thwaites  Enum. 
313  ;  and  to  habitats,  Ceylon,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Thwaites.   • 

P.  141.  30.  Habenaria  longecalcarata.  Two  species  are  confounded  here,  having 
been  mixed  up  in   Wight's  descriptions,  Icones  and  Herbarium  ;  they  are — 

30.  H.  longecalcarata,  A.  Rich.  (Wight  Ic.  t.  925,  Dalz.  cf*  Oibs.  I.e.)  with 
few  (2-3)  very  large  flowers,  large  cucullate  sheathing  bracts  much  shorter  than  the 
long-pedicelled  ovary,  Hp  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

30/1.  H,  DECIPIENS,  Wight  Ic.  vol.  v.  pt.  i.  p.  14,  with  several  (4-8)  smaller  flowers, 
very  short  pedicels,  lanceolate  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary,  lip  rather  longer  than 
the  sepals.  H.  montana,  Wight  (not  of  A.  Rich.)  Ic.  t.  827,  and  1714  the  upper 
right  and  the  left  hand  figures  only.— This  much  resembles  H.  longicornu  Lindl. 
{mo^itana,  A.  Rich.)  but  has  a  longer  lip  and  much  longer  spur.  Wight  has  given  it 
both  names  in  his  Herbarium,  and  says  there  that  it  is  intermediate  between 
longicornu  and  longecalcarata. 

P.  147.     48.  H.  CHLORINA,  insert  Par.  Sf  before  Heichb.f. 

P.  151.  63.  H.  CBASSiFOLiA,  add  to  syns.  P.  canarensis,  Lindl.  Plant.  Hohenack, 
Hxsicc.  n.  142. 

P.  165.     106.  H.  DECIPIENS.    This  name  being  confirmed  for  Wight's  plant  (see 
above)  must  be  replaced  by  H.  Geiffithii. 

INDIAN   ORCHIDE^    OF   UNDETERMINED   AFFINITY. 

In  the  above  revision  of  the  Indian  Orchids  1  have  doubtless  overlooked  some 
species  that  have  been  published  in  one  or  other  of  the  multitude  of  works  I  have 
had  to  ransack,  and  iu  others  that  have  escaped  my  notice ;  and  for  which  I  must 
beg  indulgence.  There  are  further  some  published  ones,  of  which  from  the  incomplete- 
ness of  the  descriptions  in  respect  especially  of  the  pollinia,  I  have  been  unable  to 
determine  the  genera.  The  chief  of  these  are  Koeuig's  Indian  species,  referred  to 
Epidendrum  (a  genus  now  known  to  be  peculiar  to  the  New  World,)  and  published 
in  the  6th  Part  (p.  43  et  seq.)  of  Retz's  Observationes  (in  1791).  Of  these  few  have 
been  taken  up  by  subsequent  authors.  They  are  for  the  most  part  Peninsular  and 
probably  all  communicated  by  Heyne,  who  included  a  few  Malaccan  species  from 
his  correspondents.  The  descriptions  are  so  full  and  good  in  all  but  the  pollinia,  &c., 
that  local  botanists  may  in  time  recognize  many  of  thein.  It  is  unfortunate  that 
Koeuig  should  not  have  identified  any  of  tbem  with  llheede's  plates. 

Epidendrum  bidentatum.  Keen,  in  Retz.  Obs.  Pt.  vi.  54  =  Limodorum  bidentatum, 

Willd.  Sp.  PL  iv.  124. 
„  calceolaria         „  „  „     45 

„  Calceolaria  terrestre         „  „     63       Malacca. 

„  clavatum  „  „  „     50  =  ?  Saccolahitim  clavatum, 

Lindl.  Gen.  &Sp.  223. 
„  complanatum  „  „  „     50  =:  Sarcochilus     complana- 

tus,  Hook.  f.  ante  p.  41. 
„  Flabellura  Veneris  „  „     57 

„  Flor  seris  v.  Saaronicum  „  „     58  =  Renanthera  Arachnites, 

ex.  Lindl.  Gen.  <^  Sp.  217. 
Flos  seris  ?       ,,  ,,  „     64 


198 


cxLViii.  ORCHIDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 


Epidendrum  liexandrum,  Keen,  ia  Re:z.  Obs.  Pfc.  vi.  45  =-  Appendicula     Koenigii, 

H./.  ante  p.  84. 
„  liliiflorum         „  „  „     61  =  Liraodorura   liliiflorum, 

Willd. 


longiflorum  „ 

lycopodioides  „ 

nudum  „ 

ophrydis  „ 

orchideum  „ 


55 
55 

52 

46 
48 : 


Malacca,  on  Mangostia 
bark. 


„  plantaginifolium 

„  pusillum  „ 

„  sessile  „ 

„  spathulatum     „ 

„  subulatum        „ 

„  Supplex  minima 

„  tomentosura     „ 

„  variegatum       „ 
Serapias  Epidendrsea  „ 


60 

49 
60 
43 
51 

47 


„    53  = 

„     44 
„    65  = 


?  Ceratocliilus  orcbideua, 
ex.  Lindl.  Gen.  Sf  Sp. 
Orchid:  232. 
Malacca,  near  Tsing,  on 

top  brancbes  of  loltiest 

trees. 
Sarcocbilus  Wigbtii,  H, 

f.  ;  ante  p.  37. 
Bulbopbvlluua    clande?- 

tium,  L.  antex. p.  753. 
Vanda  spatbulataj  Spr. 

ante  p.  50. 
?  TErides      cylindricum, 

L.,  ex.  Lindl.  Gen.  ^ 

Sp.  240. 
Dendrobium       atropur- 
pureum,   Miq.  ante   v. 
p.  724. 
Eria  tomentosa,  Lindl. 

ante  v.  p.  803. 

Eulopbia      virens,     Bl. 
ante  p.  1. 

Order  OXLIX.  SCXTABIIN&2E.     (By  J.  G.  Baker,  F.E.S.) 

Herbs,  often  large,  rarely  witli  a  woody  caudex.  Leaves  cauline  or 
radical,  usually  membranous,  closely  pinnately  nerved  from  a  midrib. 
Flowers  bracteate  and  often  bracteolate,  solitary  or  spicate,  rarely  panicu- 
late, irregular,  hermaphrodite  (except  M'usa).  CaZya?  superior;  sepals  free 
and  imbricate,  or  connate  into  an  entire-  toothed  or  spathaceous  tube. 
Corolla-tube  long  or  short,  free  or  adnate  to  the  petaloid  staminciltes ;  limb 
3-partite,  segments  free  or  connate.  Stamens  either  5  s  ubequal  vv^th  a  6th 
imperfect,  or  one  perfect  with  the  rest  forming  petaloid  staminodes  ;  ^^TiSlTers 
linear,  2-celled,  or  of  one  cell  on  the  margin  of  a  petaloid  connective.  Ovary 
3-,  rarely  1-  or  2-celled;  style  usually  slender,  with  2  very  short  stylodes 
crowning  the  ovary  ;  stigma  entire  or  subentire  ;  ovules  many,  rarely  few, 
axile,  rarely  parietal,  anatropous.  Fruit  usually  crowned  with  the  remains 
of  the  perianth,  loculicidally  3-valved,  or  fleshy  or  membranous  and  inde- 
hiscent.  Seeds  various,  albumen  flowery ;  embryo  small. — Genera  about 
40,  species  4-500,  chiefly  tropical. 

The  Traveller's  tree,  Barenala  madagascariensis,  Sonnerat  (Urania  speciosa, 
Wall.  Cat.  5765),  is  frequently  planted,  especially  near  Singapore.  It  has  much 
the  leaves  of  a  Musa-  but  they  are  distichous. 

Tribe  I.  Zingriberese.  Calyx  tubular  or  spathaceous.  Stamen  1 ; 
anther  2-celled ;  lateral  staminodes  filiform  or  petaloid,  or  small,  or  0. 
Style  slender,  embraced  below  the  stigma  by  the  anther.  Embryo  central, 
straight. 


cxLix.  sciTi\MiNEj:.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  199 

*  Ovary  1-celled;  placentas  3,  parietal. 

1.  Mantisia.  Scape  leafless;  coroUa-tnbe  long;  lateral  staminodes 
filiform  or  spathulate,  in  the  middle  of  the  elongate  filament,  opposite, 
spreading. 

2.  Globba.  Stem  leafy;  corolla-tube  long ;  lateral  staminodes  petal- 
like ;  filament  slender. 

3.  Hemiorchis.  Oorolla-tube  short;  lateral  staminodes  petal-like; 
filament  short. 

**  Ovary  3-celled ;  placentas  axile. 

t  Lateral  staniinodes  broad. 

§   Connective  spurred  at  the  base. 

4.  EoscoEA.  Flowering  stem  leafy  ;  bracts  1-fld. ;  filament  long;  capsule 
Bubdehiscent. — Flowers  purple  or  white. 

5.  Cautleya.  Flowering  stem  leafy;  bracts  1-fld.;  filament  long; 
capsule  dehiscent  with  recurved  valves. — Flowers  yellow. 

6.  Curcuma.  Flowering  stem  leafy  or  not ;  bracts  cucuUate,  several-fld., 
forming  a  cone-like  spike ;  filament  petaloid ;  capsule  subdehiscent. 

§§  Connective  very  broad  or  crested,  not  spurred. 

7.  Gastrochilus.  Flowering  stem  short  or  erect ;  filament  short ; 
connective  broad  not  crested. 

8.  Kjempferia.  Flowering  stem  leafy  or  not ;  filament  very  short ; 
connective  crested. 

9.  HiTCHENiA.  Flowering  stem  leafy;  filament  long,  complicate; 
connective  broad  not  crested. — Inflor.  as  in  Curcuma. 

§§§  Connective  very  narrow,  neither  spurred  nor  crested. 

19.  Hedychium.     Flowering  stem  leafy  ;  filament  long,  slender. 

ft  Lateral  staminodes  small  or  0,  rarely  narrow  and  adaate  to  the  lip. 

§  Flowers  in  a  dense-Jld.  cone-like  spike. 

11.  Amomum.  Flowering  scapes  usually  leafless;  filament  short; 
anther-cells  diverging  above ;  connective  dilated  crested  or  2-lobed,  rarely 
simple. 

12.  Zingiber.  Spikes  terminating  leafy  stems  or  leafless  scapes; 
filament  short,  anther-cells  parallel,  connective  usually  produced  into  a 
long  appendage. 

13.  CosTUS.  Spikes  terminating  leafy  stems  or  leafless  scapes;  filament 
petaloid,  anther  adnatc  to  its  middle,  cells  parallel. 

§  §  F' Givers  in  lax-Jid.  sprites  or  panicles. 

14.  Cypijostigma.  Scape  leafless,  panicle  loosely  flowering  from  the 
base  upwards  ;  filament  short,  counective  with  a  o-lobed  crest. 

15.  Elettaria.  Scape  leafless,  panicle  loosely  flowering  from  the  base 
upwards;  filament  very  short;  anther-cells  parallel,  connective  hot  dilated. 

16.  Elettariopsis.  Scape  leafless;  spike  simple;  bracts  small;  fila- 
ment short,  anther  petaloid. 

17.  Scaphochlamys.  Scape  leafless ;  spike  simple ;  bracts  large,  per- 
sistent ;  filament  short,  connective  petaloid. 


200  CXLix.  soiTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.) 

18.  Ali'INIA.  Spike  or  panicle  terminating  a  tall  leafy  stem  ;  filament 
long,  connective  shorter  than  the  anther  or  longer  and  dilated. 

19.  Rhtncanthus.  Spike  terminating  a  leafy  stem  ;  filament  long, 
connective  not  dilated. 

Tribe  II.  Blaranteee.  Calyx  of  free  sepals,  rarely  loosely  cohering. 
Stamen  1 ;  anther  1-celled,  laterally  adnate  to  a  lobe  of  the  perianth  ; 
staminodes  petaloid,  connate  into  a  6-6-lobed  inner  perianth,  of  which  1  or 
2  lobes  are  lateral,  1  (the  lip)  anticons  ;  of  the  2  or  3  dorsal  one  or  two  are 
hooded  and  another  bears  the  anther.  Ovary  1-3-celIed,  cells  1-ovuled; 
style  excentric  incurved  or  involute.     Emhryo  curved. 

20.  Olinogynb.  Stem  leafy  with  terminal  panicled  scattered  flowers ; 
panicle  with  convolute  deciduous  sheaths  at  the  forks;  bracts  deciduous. 

21.  Phrymium.  Stem  with  one  broad  leaf,  and  a  lateral  head  or  spike 
of  flowers,  or  spike  radical  ;  bracts  and  bracteoles  persistent. 

Tribe  III.  Canneee.  Sepals  free.  Stamen  1 ;  anther  1-celled, 
adnate  to  lateral  petaloid  filament ;  staminodes  4.  Ovary  3-celled,  cells 
many-ovuled;  style  flattened  ;   stigma  terminal.     Embryo  straight. 

22.  Canna. 

Tribe  IV.  X^usese.  Sepals  free  or  connate  in  a  split  spathe.  Stamens 
5,  free  ;  anthers  linear,  2-celled;  staminode  1  or  0.  Style  central;  stigma 
2-3-fid.     Embryo  short. 

23.  MusA.  Stem  subarboreous,  stout,  simple;  flowers  in  a  stout 
terminal  spike ;    calyx  tube  short. 

24.  LowiA.  Stem  slender,  dichotomously  branched ;  flowers  clustered 
at  the  base  of  a  petiole  ;  calyx  tube  very  long. 

1.    BXANTZSZA,  Sims. 

Rhizome  short,  creeping;  leafy  stem  short.  Scape  short,  sheathed 
below.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  caudate.  Panicle  laxly-fld. ;  bracts  at 
the  forks  membranous,  coloured.  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  obtusely  3- 
lobed.  CoroZ/a-tube  slender,  lobes  subequal,  ovate ;  dorsal  erect,  concave. 
Lateral  staminodes  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  ex3erted  incurved  fila- 
ment, slender,  spathulate  ;  lip  deflexed,  2-fid  ;  filament  long,  curved  ;  anther- 
cells  linear-oblong,  broadly  winged.  Ovary  1-celled ;  ovules  3,  parietal ; 
style  filiform,  placed  in  a  groove  of  the  filament ;  stigma  turbinate. 
C'jpsule  globose,  dehiscing  at  the  apex.  Seeds  many,  minute,  oblong. — 
Species  the  following. 

1.  BI.  saltatoria^  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1320,  staminodes  linear- 
subulate.  Horan.  Prodr.  19.  Globba  saltatoria,  Rose.  Scitam.  t.  112.  G. 
purpurea,  Andr.  Bot. Rep.  t.  616.  G.  radicalis,  Boxb.  in'Asiat.  Res.  xi.  359; 
Corom.  PI.  t.  230.     G.  subulata,  Boxb.  Hort.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  81. 

Chittagong,  Roxburgh,  Lister. 

Mootstock  pereim  al.  Stems  annual,  1-2  ft.  Leaves  4-6  in. ;  sheath  1-2  in. ;  bract- 
leaves  sheathing,  oblong.  Panicle  hix,  3-6  in  ;  branches  simple,  usually  short  and 
ascending;  flowers  tew,  crowded  towards  the  tips  of  the  branches;  bracts  ovatt',.lilac, 
A-^in.,  lower  Howerless.  Ca/^^cainpanulate,  lilac,  iiu.;  lobes  suborbicular.  Corolla' 
tul)e  twice  as  long  as  the  calvx  ;  segments  ovate,  lilac,  |-  in.,  centi-al  rather  lai-ger 
and  clasping  the  lilauiint.  Staminudes  ^  in  ;  lip  n allow,  cuneate,  deeply  lobed  ; 
wings  of  anther  suborbicular.     Capsule  purple,  the  size  of  a  small  cherry. 


Maniisla.']  cxi.ix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  201 

2.  ZM[.  spathulata,  Schult.  Mant.  i.  49 ;  staminodes  with  a  narrow 
claw  and  flattened  petaloid  blade.  Koran.  Frodr.  19.  Globba  spathulata. 
Eoxb.  Hort.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  83. 

SiLHET,  Roxhurgh;   Chittagong,  Lister. 

Habit  and  foliage  of  M.  saltatoria,  but  panicle  larger,  branches  more  numerous, 
bracts  oblong,  uppermost  about  as  long  as  tbe  calyx,  corolla-segments  narrower, 
lip  less  deeply  bifid,  staminodes  much  shorter,  and  placed-  lower  down  on  the 
Elament. 

2.  GXiOBBA,  Linn. 

Rhizome  short,  creeping ;  stem  erect.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate. 
Floioers  in  terminal  panicles,  rarely  spikes  ;  bracts  usnally  deciduons,  buds 
often  replaced  by  bulbils.  Calyx  funnel-shaped,  3-lobed.  C'orowa-tube 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  lobes  ovate,  subequal.  Lateral  staminodes  petaloid, 
contiguous  to  the  corolla-segments;  lip  deflexed ;  filament  with  2  dorsal 
appendages,  long,  incurved  ;  anther  oblong,  connective  simple,  winged  or 
spurred,  produced  beyond  the  cells.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  placentas  3,  parietal; 
style  filiform,  placed  in  a  groove  of  the  filament ;  stigma  turbinate.  Ca'p- 
sule  globose,  finally  dehiscent.  Seeds  small,  ovoid;  aril  small,  white, 
lacerate. — Species  about  26,  Indian,  Chinese,  and  Malayan. 

Sect.  I.  Aplanthera,  Soran.    Anther  neither  winged  nor  spurred. 

*  Leaves  glabrous  beneath  {or  slightly  pubescent  in  G.  racemosa). 

1.  G-.  racemosa,  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  ii.  115  t.  117;  leaves  slightly  hairy 
or  quite  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  long  narrow,  lower  branches  2-3-fld.  at 
the  tip,  bulbils  0,  bracts  small  deoiduous,  corolla-segments  and  staminodes 
ovate  equal  in  length,  lip  longer  shortly  bifid,  capsule  smooth.  G.  orixensis, 
Wall.Gat.6bd6B,G,B..,notofBoxb. 

Central  and  Eastern  Himalaya,  ascending  to  6000-7000  feet  in  Kuraaon. 

Leafy  stems  1^-2  ft.  Leaves  6-9  in.,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  subcaudate, 
sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath  on  the  ribs  towards  the  bnse.  Panicle  ^-1  ft.  ; 
rachis  glabrous ;  branch-bracts  and  flower-bracts  caducous.  Calyx  ^  in.,  yellowish, 
shortly  lobed.  CoroZZa  bright  yellow;  tube  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  seg- 
ments I  in.,  reflexed  ;  filament  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  segments.  Capsule  ^  in. 
— The  name  racemosa  is  a  misleading  one. 

2.  G-.  orixensis,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  358 ;  Sort.  Beng.  2 ;  Corom. 
Fl.  t.  229 ;  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  78 ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  long  narrow, 
lower  branches  2-3-fld.  at  the  tip,  bulbils  0,  bracts  small  deciduous,  corolla- 
segments  staminodes  and  lip  equal  in  length,  capsule  warted.  Iloran. 
Frodr.  19. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  at  a  low  level,  Hook.  f.  et  Thorns.  {Herb.  Ind.  Or.  JS'o.  15). 
Northern  Circars,  Roxburgh. 

Nearly  allied  to  G.  racemosa,  but  flowers  smaller,  deep  orange,  with  a  shorter 
corolla- tube ;  lip  spotted  with  red-brown  at  the  throat;  capsules  smaller. 

3.  G-.  Clarkei,  Baker;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  long  narrow, 
lower  branches  2-3-fld.  at  the  tip,  bulbils  many,  bracts  small  deciduous, 
corolla-segments  and  staminodes  ovate  equal  in  length,  lip  longer  shortly 
2-lobed,  capsule  smooth. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  :  alt.  3000-7500  ft,  ( Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  ^  T.,  No.  9) ;  Khasia 
Hills,  J.  D.  R.  alt.  3000-5700  ft. ;  Munnipore,  Watt. 

NeaiK  allit'd  to  G.  racemom,  l)ut  racemes  loiigcr  and  laxer,  with  most  of  the 
tipper  flowers  chantred  into  bulbils,  calyx  less  corolline,  usually  brownish,  corolla 
yellow,  tinged  with  brown. 


202  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEJ).     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Glohha. 

4  Cr.  WallicMi,  Baker  \  leaves  small  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  very 
long  lax-fld.,  branches  1-2-fld.,  bracts  small  deciduous,  bulbils  few  or  0, 
corolla-segments  ovate,  staminodes  lanceolate  rather  longer,  lip  small 
placed  a  little  above  the  segments,  capsule  small  smooth.  G.  pendula, 
Wall.  Cat.  6533,  not  of  Boxb. 

Pbnang,  Wallich,  Curtis. 

Much  weaker  in  habit  than  other  species  of  the  section.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  caudate, 
pale  beneath.  Panicle  sometimes  1  ft, ;  rachis  and  slender  patent  branches  glabrous. 
Calyx  green,  -J^  in*  Corolla  pale  yellow;  tube  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
segments  reflexed,  i  in.,  upper  concave ;  filament  yellow,  |  in.,  bearing  the  small  lip  a 
short  distance  above  its  base.     Capsule  i  in.  diam. 

**  Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

5.  G-.  Kookerif  Clarke  mss. ;  leaves  very  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath, 
panicle  long  narrow,  lower  branches  2-3-fld.  at  the  tip,  bulbils  sometimes 
present,  bracts  small  deciduous,  corolla-segments  and  staminodes  ovate  and 
equal  in  length,  lip  longer  shortly  bifid,  capsule  smooth. 

Nepal,  Wallich;  Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  3000-5000 ft., /.  D.H.  (Herb.  Ind.  Or. 
No.  10).    Naga  Hills,  alt.  4500  ft.,  Clarke. 

Doubtfully  distinct  Irom  G.  racemosa,  but  more  robust  and  floriferous,  with 
broader  leaves.     Mowers  bright  yellow  j  lip  not  spotted. 

6.  G-.  ophiogrlossa,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2002;  leaves  finely  pubescent 
beneath,  panicle  narrow,  lower  branches  4-6-fld.,  bracts  small  deciduous, 
lower  nodes  with  a  lew  bulbils,  corolla-segments  ovate,  staminodes  longer 
lanceolate,  lip  longer  deeply  bifid,  capsule  smooth.  Horan.  Frodr.  19.  G. 
orixensis.  Wall.  Gat.  6535  A,  0,  D,  I,  not  of  Boxb.  Alpinia  ?  Missionis, 
Wall.  Cat.  6680. 

Travancore  Heyne;  Anamallay  hills,  &c.,  Wight^  Jerdon.  CoCHiN,  Qamhle. 
Behar,  on  Parasnath,  alt.  2500  ft.,  Vicafy,  Clarke. 

Leaf  conspicuously  caudate, .  6-9  in.  Fanicle  4-6  in.,  rachis  and  branchlets 
glabrous;  flower's  not  crowded  at  their  tips;  bulbils  ovoid,  deflexed.  Calyx  ^  m., 
broadly  funnel-shaped,  pule  green  ;  teeth  broad,  ovate.  Corolla  pale  yellow ;  tube  3 
times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  segments  ^  in.,  ovate;  lip  twice  the  length  of  the 
segments,  lobes  longer  and  narrower  than  in  others  of  the  section.  Capsule  \  in., 
globose. 

7.  G.  multiflora.  Wall.  Cat.  6537  A;  leaves  pubescent  beneath, 
panicle  long  narrow,  lower  branches  4r-6-fld.,  bracts  small  deciduous,  lower 
nodes  with  bulbils,  segments  of  corolla  and  staminodes  ovate  and  equal  in 
length,  lip  not  longer  shortly  bifid,  capsule  smooth.  G.  velutina,  Wall, 
in  Voigt  Sort.  Sub.  Calc.  573  {name  only). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  Silhet,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Munnipore. 

Leaves  conspicuously  caudate,  ^-1  ft.  Fanicle  ^-1  ft,  rachis  and  branchlets  very 
hairy;  branchlets  more  crowded  than  in  the  foregoing  species,  and  flowers  not 
crowded  at  their  tips.  Calyx  |  in.  Corolla-tuhe  3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
segments  and  lip  ^  in, ;  filament  ^  in. ;  anther  ^  in.,  sometimes  obscurely  margined. 

8.  Gr.  substriffosa,  Xing  mss. ;  leaves  very  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces,  panicle  lax  cernuous,  branches  few-fid.,  bulbils  0,  bracts  large 
foliaceous  persistent,  corolla-segments  ovate,  capsule  pubescent. 

Tenasserim,  Gallatly. 

Whole  plant  not  more  than  6-8  in.  Leaves  few,  oblong-caudate,  the  largest  3-4 
in.  Fardcle  l|-2  in. ;  branches  few,  short,  lower  spreading  or  reflexed ;  bracts 
oblanceolate-oblong,  pubescent.  Calyx-ixx^Q  i  in.  Corolla  yellow,  gland-dotted. 
Capsule  blackish,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

9.  G-.  Andersonl;  Clarke ^  mss. ;  leaves  slightly  pubescent  beneath, 


Globba.]  cxLix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  203 

panicle  lax,  flowers  crowded  at  the  tips  oE  the  branches  surrounded  by  a 
whorl  of  large  bracts,  corolla-segments  and  staminodes  equal  in  length, 
lip  longer  deeply  bifid,  capsule  warted. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1500-2500  ft.  (Ek.fil.  ^  Thorns.  Herh.  Ind.  Or.  12), 
Clarke,  Gamble,  King. 

Habit  and  leaves  of  O.  racemosa.  Leaves  sometimes  1  ft.,  caudate.  Panicle  3-4 
in.,  erect  or  spreading,  rachis  very  hairy,  branchlets  short,  spreading;  bracts^ in., 
dark,  ovate,  membranous.  Calyx  green,  tubular.  Corolla  bright  yellow;  tube  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  segments  i  in. ;  filament  nearly  1  in. 

10.  G-.  arracanensls,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxix.  pt. 
ii.  83 ;  leaves  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  panicle  short,  flowers  crowded  at 
the  tips  of  the  short  branches  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  large  bracts, 
corolla-segments  ovate  lilac,  lip  deeply  bifid,  capsule  smooth. 

Arracan  ;  forests  of  the  low  sandstone  hills,  Kurz. 

Habit  of  G.  racemosa.  Leaves  6-9  in.,  caudate.  Panicle  3-4  in.,  subsessile,  rather 
spreading,  bracts  ^  in.,  much  imbricate,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  membranous,  lilac. 
Calgs}  ^  m.  CoroUa-tube  short,  whitish;  lip  yellow  or  tinged  with,  lilac,  segments 
obovate-oblong ;  filament  long,  lilac. 

Sect.  II.  Careyella,  Horan.    Anther  with  a  narrow  entire  border. 

11.  G*.  sessiliflora,  8ims  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1428;  raceme  narrow  or 
subspicate,  bulbils  many  on  lower  nodes,  corolla-segments  ovate, 
staminodes  longer  lanceolate,  lip  long  deeply  bifid.  Koran.  Prodr.  19. 
G.  Careyana,  Boxb.  Sort.  Beng.  2;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  80;  Rose.  Scit.  t.  110; 
Lodd.  Bot.  Gat.  t.  691 ;  Wall  Cat.  6534 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  19.  G.  orixensis, 
Wall.  Cat.  6535  F.     Scitaminea  Finlaysoniana,  Wall.  Cat.  6623. 

Peqf,  Carey,  &c. 

Leafy  stem  l-\\  ft.  Leaves  6  in.,  oblong,  acuminate,  pale  and  finely  pubescent 
beneath.  Raceme  short,  erect  or  drooping ;  upper  half  bearing  flowers  on  the  rachis 
or  on  short  branches ;  lower  half  with  crowded  bulbils  sessile  in  the  axils  of  small 
ovate  scariose  spreading  or  ascending  bracts.  Calyx  \--\  in.,  narrowly  funnel-shaped. 
Corolla  yellow;  tube  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  segments  ^  in.;  filament 
yellow,  ^-f  in. ;  anther  cuspidate,  margin  very  narrow.  Capsule  globose,  warted,  the 
size  of  a  large  pea. 

12.  G-.  floribunda,  Baker;  panicle  long  lax,  branches  many-fld., 
bulbils  0,  staminodes  scarcely  longer  tJian  corolla-segments,  lip  long  not 
bifid. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Johore,  King. 

Habit  of  G.  multijlora,  2  ft.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  caudate,  nearly  1  ft., 
pubescent.  Panicle  erect,  6-8  in.  ;  rachis  very  hairy  ;  branches  1-1^  in.,  many, 
ascending,  6-8-fld. ;  bracts  small,  deciduous.  Calyx  -^^  in.  Corolla  pale  yellow ; 
segments  oblong,  ^  in.;  anther  narrowly  margined  ut  the  sides  and  base;  lip  inserted 
above  the  base  of  the  filament.     Ovary  glabrous. 

13.  G.  ulig'inosa,  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  613  ?  panicle  long 
very  lax  narrow,  lower  branches  1-2-fld.,  upper  flowers  sometimes  replaced 
by  bulbils,  corolla-segments  and  staminodes  ovate  and  equal  in  length, 
lip  small.    G.  elongata,  Xing  mss. 

Penang,  King.  Malacca,  Cuming^  Griffith  {Kew  Disirih.  5652),  &c.— Disteib. 
Malay  isles. 

Stem  very  weak.  Leaves  small,  membranous.  Panicle  sometimes  6-9  in. ;  bracts 
small,  deciduous.  Calyx  funnel-shaped,  ^V  ^"'  Corolla  yellow;  tube  i  in.; 
segments  ^-a  in.  ;  filament  §  in.;  lip  placed  a  little  above  its  base;  anther  obscurely 
margined.     Capsule  smooth.- — I  doubt  whether  Bentham's  Sect.  Careyella  should  be 


204  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Glohha, 

separated  from  Aplanthera.     Neither  Miquel's  description,   nor  liis  type  specimen, 
indicate  the  structure  of  the  anther  in  the  Malay  G.  uliginosa. 

Sect.  III.  Ceratanthera,  l/es^tZ».  (gen.)  Anther  with  a  membranous 
spur  from  the  base  or  side  of  each  cell. 

14.  G-.  XLingril,  Baker ;  panicle  narrow  subspicate,  bracts  small  deci- 
duous, bulbils  0,  corolla-segments  oblong,  staminodes  linear-oblong,  lip 
small  inserted  above  the  base  of  the  filament. 

Singapore,  King. 

Leafy  stem  a  foot  long.  Leares  oblong-caudate,  subglabrous,  3-4  in.  lou^. 
Peduncle  erect,  longer  than  the  panicle  j  panicle  very  lax,  erect,  4-5  in.  long  ;  branches 
very  short,  1-2-fld.  Cali/x  i  in.  long.  CoroZia-segments  orange-yellow,  i  in.  long. 
Spurs  as  long  as  the  anther-cells.     Otari/  glabrous. 

15.  G-.  stenothyrsa^  Baker;  panicle  erect  subspicate,  lower  nodes 
bearing  bulbils,  bracts  deciduous,  corolla-segments  oblong,  staminodes 
linear-oblong,  lip  small  emarginate  inserted  above  the  base  of  the 
filament. 

Tenasserim;  Moulmein,  PamA. 

Stem  1  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  6-8  in.,  oblong,  caudate.  JPanicle  peduncled,  8-9 
in.,  lower  half  with  small  sessile  bulbils  in  the  axils  of  small  bracts ;  flowering 
branches  short,  ascending,  1-2-fld.  Calt/x  funnel-shaped,  -J^  in.  Corolla  bright 
yellow,  tube  i  in.,  segments  ^  in. ;  staminodes  scarcely  longer  j  filament  nearly  1  in. ; 
spurs  membrauous,  as  long  as  the  anther-cells. 

Var.  ?  Cumingii ;  bulbils  0,  anther  spur  shorter.     Malacca,  Cuming  (No.  2370.) 

16.  G-.  pallidiflora,  Baker;  panicle  lax  erect,  branches  few-fld., 
bulbils  0,  bracts  small  deciduous,  staminodes  longer  than  the  whitish 
corolla-segments,  lip  inserted  above  the  base  of  the  filament. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Johore,  King,  716,  717. 

Stem  \\  ft.  Leaves  8-9  in.,  oblong,  caudate,  pubescent  beneath.  Panicle  2-3 
in.  j  peduncle  short ;  branches  less  than  1  in.,  ascending  or  spreading,  2-3-fld.  towards 
the  tip.  Calyx  J^  ^^'  Ooro Wa-segments  suborbicular,  -^^  in.,  tube  \  in. ;  filament 
1  in. ;  lip  with  a  spreading  base  ;  anther  spurs  subulate.     Ovary  glabrous. 

17.  G-.  bracteolataj  Wall,  ex  Voigt  JSort.  Sub.  Calc.  573  (name  only) 
panicle  short  dense  drooping,  bracts  oblong  or  obovate  yellow  subpersistent, 
bulbils  0,  corolla-segments  oblong,  staminodes  longer  linear-oblong,  lip 
small  emarginate.     G-.  expansa.  Wall.  Cat.  6536  D. 

Tavot,  Wallich;  Tenasserim,  Griffith,  Heifer;  Upper  Burma,  up  to  4000  ft., 
King. 

Stem  i-1  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  acuminate,  3-4  in.,  tinged  with  purple  beneath ; 
sheaths  broader  than  in  the  other  species.  JPanicle  oblong,  3-4  in. ;  lower  branches 
spreading,  about  1  in.,  3-4-fld. ;  branch-bracts  obovate;  flower-bracts  oblong,  ^-^  in. 
Calyx  funnel-shaped, -j^  in.  Corolla  bright  yellow;  tube  ^  in.;  segments  reflexed, 
^  in. ;  lip  with  a  red  spot  at  the  throat ;  filament  yellow,  ^-f  in. ;  anther-spurs  large 
curved.     Ocary  smooth. 

18.  Cr-  subscaposaj  Coll.  et  Semsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii.  135  ; 
panicle  sparse  erect,  bracts  small  deciduous,  bulbils  0,  corolla  segments 
obloug,  staminodes  longer  lanceolate,  lip  long  deeply  bifid  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  filament. 

Upper  Burma;  Shan  hills,  4000-5000  ft.,  Collett. 

Stem  including  panicle  not  above  1  ft.  Produced  leaves  few  and  small.  Raceme 
short,  lax ;  lower  branches  1  in.,  spreading,  3-4-fld.     Calyx  funnel-shaped,  -^  in. 


Glolha.']  cxLix.  sciTAiftiNE.B.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  205 

Corolla  ofreenisb-yellow ;  seorinents  i  in.  ;  lip  pale  yellow,  \  in. ;  filament  above  \  in. ; 
anther-spurs  from*  the  sides' of  the  cells. 

19.  G-.  pendula,  Roxh.  in  Asiat  Bes.  xi.  359  ;  Fl.  Incl.  i.  79  ;  Coromand. 
PL  t.  228;  panicle  lax  drooping,  bracts  deciduous,  bulbils  rarely  produced, 
corolla-segments  oblong',  staniinodes  rather  longer,  lip  small  attached 
above  the  base  of  the  filament.  Soran.  Prodr.  20.  G.  multifiora,  Wall. 
6W.  6537B, 

Tavoy,  Tenasseeim  and  Penang,  Hoxburgh,  &c. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  5-6  in.,  oljlong,  acumiuute.  Racemes  sometimes  1  ft. ; 
lower  branches  spreading-,  2-3-fld. ;  bracts  greenish,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  not  longer 
than  the  buds.  Calyx  funnel-shaped,  -^-^  in.  Corolla  greenish-yellow  ;  tube  3  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  segments  ^  in.  Staminodes  linear-oblong  ;  lip  not  longer 
than  the  corolla-se^jments  ;  anther  oblong,  spurs  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the 
cells.  Ovary  globose,  smooth. — I  doubt  the  specific  distinctness  of  the  Juvan  0. 
maculata,  Blume,  Enum.  i.  63. 

Sect.  IV.  Marantella^  Horan.  Anther  winged  on  each  side  by  a 
bifid  quadrate  membranous  process. 

20.  G-"  cernua^  .JBaJcer ;  panicle  very  lax  few-fld.  cernuous,  bracts 
minute  deciduous,  bulbils  0,  staminodes  longer  than  the  corolla-seg- 
ments, lip  placed  a  little  above  the  base  o£  the  filament,  anther-wings 
spreading. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Goping,  King's  Collector,  757. 

Stem  9-12  in.  Leaves  oblong,  caudate,  2-3  in.  long,  finely  pubescent  beneath. 
Panicle  1-1^  in. ;  branches  ascending,  1-2-fld.  Calyx  '-j\j  in.  Corolla  pale 
yellow  ;  segments  oblong,  i  in. ;  lip  with  two  spreading  lobes  at  the  base.  Ovary 
glabrous. 

21.  Cr.  pauclflora^  King  mss. ;  panicle  very  lax  few-fld.,  bracts 
minute  deciduous,  bulbils  0,  corolla-segments  oblong,  staminodes  not 
longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  lip  placed  a  little  above  the  segments, 
anther-wings  spreading. 

Andaman  Islands,  King's  Collector,  376. 

Whole  plant  ^-1  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  caudate,  2-3  in.,  minutely  pubescent  beneath. 
Panicle  short,  erect ;  lower  branches  1  in.,  ascending,  1-2-fld.  Calyx  glabrous, 
i  in.      Corolla  pale  yellow  ;  segments  ^-  in.     Capsule  glabrous. 

22.  Cr.  versicolor,  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  t.  117  A,  B,  0 ;  panicle  broad 
very  lax,  bracts  small  deciduous,  corolla-segments  oblong,  staminodes 
longer  lanceolate,  lip  small  placed  a  little  above  the  segments,  anther- 
wings  deflexed.  Koran.  Prodr.  20.  G.  Hura,  Moxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi. 
359 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  79.  G.  expansa,  Wall.  Cat.  6536.  Hura  siamensium, 
Koenig  in  jRetz.  Ohs.  iii.  49. 

Malay  Peninsula,  P.oxhnrgh.  From  Pegu  to  Sinoapoee,  Eoxhurgh,  and 
Penang.     South  Andamans,  Kurz. 

Stem  1-1^  ft.  Leaves  4-8  in.,  oblong,  caudate.  Panicle  3-6  in. ;  rachis  and 
branches  very  slender,  lower  2-3  in.,  flowering  only  in  the  upper  half.  Calyx  green, 
l  in.  Corolla  yellow  or  tinged  with  lilac;  tube  ^  in. ;  segments  half  as  long  as  the 
tube ;  filament  yellow,  ^-f  in. ;  anther-wings  1,  deeply  bifid,  yellow,  quadrate, 
deflexed.     Capsule  smooth,  \  in. 

23.  €!•■  hrachycarpa,  BaJcer\  panicle  lax,  bracts  small  leafy  per- 
sistent, lower  with  solitary  bulbils  in  their  axils,  staminodes  -longer  than 
the  oblong  corolla-segments,  lip  placed  at  the  base  of  the  filament,  anther- 
wings  spreading. 


206  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Glohha, 

Peeak,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  King's  Collector,  2414. 

{Stem  1  ft.  Leaves  about  5,  oblong-caudate,  4-5  in.,  finely  pubescent  beneath. 
Panicle  \  it. ;  main  bracts  5—5  in.;  lower  4-5  bulbilliferous;  branches  spreading, 
5-6-fld.  Calyx  i  in.  Corolla  segments  pale  yellow  ;  staniinodes  i  in.  Ovary 
rugose. — Very  near  Q,  Schomburgkii,  Hook.  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6298,  of  Siam.    ■ 

24.  e.  bulblfera?  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  358 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  78 ;  spike 
lax,  bracts  ovate  ascending  persistent,  lower  nodes  bearing  bulbils,  corolla- 
segments  ovate,  staminodes  rather  longer  oblong,  lip  small  deeply  bifid, 
anther-wings  spreading.  Thw.  Enum.  315.  G.  marantina,  Wall.  Gat. 
6532;  Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  272;  Blume  Enum.  i.  62.  G.  bracteata, 
Serb.  Seyne.  G.  bracteosa,  Horan.  Prodr.  20.  G.  marantinoides,  Wight 
Ic.  sub  t.  2001.  G.  strobilifera,  Zoll.  <Sf  Moritz.  Syst.  Verz.  84 ;  Miq.  El. 
Ind.  Bat.  in.  591. 

Eastern  Himalaya  and  Tropical  India;  Malabae,  the  Malay  Peninsula 
and  Ceylon. — Distkib.  Malay  Islands,  Timor. 

Stem  not  so  stout  as  in  0.  marantina;  leaves  smaller  and  sheaths  not  so  broad. 
Spike  3-4  in.  ;  bracts  ^-1  in.,  green,  not  touching  one  another,  many  of  the  lower 
enclosing  ovoid  bulbils.  Flower  and  stamens  as  in  G.  marantina ;  in  both  the 
quadrate  yellow  deeply  bifid  anther-wings  spread  horizontally  from  the  sides  of  the 
cells. 

25.  Gr.  marantina,  Linn.  Mant.  ii.  170;  spike  dense,  bracts  imbricate 
persistent,  lower  nodes  bulbilliferous,  staminodes  oblong  rather  longer 
than  the  corolla-segments,  lip  small  deeply  bifid,  anther-wings  spreading. 
Hose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  356  ;  Scit.  t.  Ill ;  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  ii.  85, 
t.  103 ;  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  358;  El.  Ind.  i.  77 ;  Miq.  El.  Lid.  Bat.  in. 
691.     Colebrookia  bulbifera,  Boxb.  in  Bonn  Hort.  Cant.  edit.  1. 

Khasia  Hills,  Griffith.- — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  Philippines. 

Stem  1  ft.  Leaves  5-6  in.,  oblong,  acuminate,  sheaths  broader  than  in  the  other 
species.  Spike  oblong,  strobiliform,  lJ-2  in. ;  bracts  ^1  in.  broad,  ovate,  green, 
bulbils  ovoid.  Calyx  short,  green,  teeth  ovate.  Corolla  yellow ;  tube  3  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx  ;  segments  ^  in. ;  lip  as  long  as  the  segments;  fihiment  i-^  in. 
Ocai-y  smooth. 

SPECIES  impebpeotly  KNOWN.     (Anthers  not  seen.) 

26.  G.  CANAEENSis,  Baker ;  leaves  small  thin  caudate,  panicle  narrow  erect  very 
few-  and  lax-fid.,  most  of  the  flowers  replaced  by  long  narrow  acuminate  bulbils, 
calyx  green  narrowly  funnel-shaped  \  in.,  corolla-tube  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  corolla-segments  oblong  i  in.— Canara,  Laio. 

27.  G.  PLATYSTACHYA,  Baker  ;  leaves  large  and  thin,  panicle  short  lax  and  very 
broad,  lower  branches  2-4  in.  ending  in  a  bulbil  and  bearing  numerous  close  flowers 
shortly  pedicelled  towards  the  end  each  subtended  by  a  small  persistent  ovate 
acutely-keeled  bract,  calyx  green  broadly  funnel-shaped  -^^  in.,  corolla-tube  3  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  segments  oblong  yellow  ^-a  in.— Canarn,  Law.  (Hk,  f.  «&; 
Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  14.) 

3.  KEBfXORCKIS,  Kurz. 

Bhizome  stout,  creeping.  Leafy  stem  distinct  from  the  flowering,  pro- 
duced after  it.  Elotvers  spicate ;  bracts  membranous,  deciduous.  Calyx 
short,  deeply  3-lobed.  Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  3-lobed,  lateral 
lobes  oblong,  midlobe  rather  longer,  ovate.  Lateral  staminodes  like  the 
corolla-lobes,  obovate  with  a  short  basal  spur  ;  lip  orbicular,  concave  ; 
filament  short;  anther-cells  contiguous,  connective  narrow  not  produced. 


Hemiorchis.']        cxlix.  scitaminej:.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  20? 

Ovary  1 -celled  ;   placentas  3,  parietal;  sty  le  filiform ;   stigma  small,  sub- 
globose.     Ca^swZe  small,  1-celled,  3-valved.     iSeerfs  conical,  aril  white. 

ZZ.  burmanicay  Kurz  in  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.  xlii.  pt.  ii.  108, 
t.  8-;  Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7120. 

Khasia  Hills,  Mann.    Pegu,  Maetaban  and  Tenasseeim,  Kurz. 

Habit  of  Gastrochilus.  Hhizome  white,  hypogoeous.  Leaves  few,  oblong,  acute. 
Peduncle  with  spike  \-\  ft.,  very  pubescent,  as  are  the  racliis  and  calyx.  Spike 
dense  upwards;  bracts  small,  lanceolate,  deciduous.  Calyx  funnel-shaped,  reddish- 
brown,  ^  in.,  cleft  below  the  middle.  Corolla-lobes  reddish-brown  j  staminodes 
about  ^  in.,  greenish-white ;  lip  whitish,  minutely  dotted  with  red-brown  ;  stamen 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments.  Capsule  globose,  10-grooved,  crowned  by  the 
persistent  acute  calyx-lobes. 

4.  BOSCOEA,  Smith. 

Boot  fibres  thick,  fleshy,  fascicled ;  rootstock  0.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes ;  bracts  persistent,  1-fld.  Galyx 
long,  tubular,  slit  down  one  side.  Corolla-tube  slender,  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  lateral  segments  spreading ;  upper  broad,  cucullate, 
erect,  hiding  the  staminodes  and  stamen.  Lateral  staminodes  oblanceolate, 
petaloid,  erect;  lip  large,  cuneate,  deflesed,  2-fid  or  emarginate;  filament 
short,  erect ;  anther-cells  linear,  contiguous,  connective  produced  at  the 
base  into  a  forked  appendage.  Ovary  3-celled,  cylindric  or  oblong  ;  ovules 
very  numerous,  superposed  ;  style  erect ;  stigma  turbinate,  margins  ciliate. 
Capsule  cylindric  or  clavate,  membranous,  tardily  3-valved.  Seeds  ovoid, 
minute,  arillate. — One  species  in  Cochin  China,  and  the  following. 

1.  B*  alplna^  Bo;i/le,  III.  361,  t.  89 ;  stem  short,  produced  leaves  2-3 
sessile  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  sessile  1-2-fld.,  corolla-tube  much  longer 
than  the  calyx,  limb  dark  purple,  upper  segment  orbicular,  lip  broad 
deeply  bifid.  Wight  Ic.  t.  2013  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  20.  K.  purpurea,  Bo;i/le 
I.  c.  t.  89,  f.  3.     E.  purpurea  var.  minor.  Wall.  Cat.  6528  D,  E. 

Tempeeate  Centeal  and  Westeen  Himalayas  ;  from  Kashmie  to  Nepal, 
ascending  to  11,000  ft. 

Whole  plant  4-6  in.  high.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  under  and  not  fully  developed  at  the 
flowering  time.  Calyx-tube  green,  1  in.  or  more,  slit  nearly  to  the  base.  Corolla- 
tube  white,  1  in.,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  upper  segment  orbicular-cuspidate,  erect, 
^-f  in.  long  and  broad;  lateral  §  in.,  linear-oblong,  deflexed.  Staminode  oblong- 
spathulate,  half  as  long  as  the  upper  segment ;  fertile  stamen  as  long  as  the  stami- 
node ;  lip  obovate-cuneate,  |-|  in.,  bifid  about  one-third  of  its  length. 

2.  R.  purpurea,  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  ii.  97, 1. 108  ;  leafy  stem  elongate, 
produced  leaves  5-6  lanceolate,  flowers  few  in  a  sessile  spike,  corolla-, 
tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  purple  rarely  pale  lilac  or  white, 
upper  segment  obovate-cuneate,  lip  broad  deeply  bifid.  Hook.  Exot.  Fl. 
t.  144;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4630;  Rose.  Scit.  t.  64;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cal.  t.  1404; 
Soran.  Prodr.  20  ;   Wall.  Cat.  6528  A,  B. 

Centeal  and  Eastern  Himalaya;  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkira,  ascending  to 
10,000  ft.    Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Burma. 

Leafy  stem  ^-1  ft.  long.  Leaves  6  by  ^-1  in.  at  flowering  time ;  sheaths  broad, 
imbricated.  Bracts  oblong,  hidden  in  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves.  Calt/x  green, 
1^  in.,  slit  deeply  down  one  side  as  the  flower  expands.  Corolla-tube  rather  dilated 
upwards ;  upper  segment  about  1  in.,  very  cucullate  ;  lower  lanceolate,  decurved, 
about  as  long.      Staminode  oblanceolate  unguiculate,   half  as  long   as   the   upper 


208  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Roscoea. 

segment ;  fertile  stamen  as  long  as  the  staminode  ;  anther-tails  ^  in.  ;  lip  1-1^  in., 
deflexed.  Capsule  cylindrie,  1-1|-  in. — Varies  greatly  in  robastuess,  breadth  of 
leaves  and  colour  and  size  of  flowers.  Var.  JR.  exilis,  "  Smith;"  Horun.  Prodr.  21, 
is  probably  a  d\vai-f  narrow-leaved  vaiiety. 

Var.  II  PEOCEKA,  TFalL  PL  As.  Ear.  t.  242;  JFall.  Cat,  6528  C.  ;  taller,  more 
robust,  with  broader  leaf-slieaths  and  larger  flowers.  /  K.  purpurea,  Lindl.  in  Bot. 
Reg.  xxvi.  t.  61. — Kumaon,  Nopal  and  Sikkim. 

Var.  R.  Bbandisii,  King  rass.  ;  leaf-sheaths  narrower  and  perianth-tube  longer 
than  in  the  type. — Khasia  Hills. 

3.  R.  capitata.  Smith  in  Trans.  Linn.  8oc.  xiii.  461  ;  stem  elongated, 
leaves  many  linear,  flowers  many  in  a  dense  oblong  peJuncled  spike, 
corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  pale  blue,  upper  segment 
oblong-cuneate,  lip  narrow  emarginate.  Wall.  Fl.  As.  Bur.  t.  255  ;  Cat. 
6529 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  20. 

Nepal,  Wallich,  Scully.  . 

Stem  ^-1  ft.  or  longer.  Leaves  erecto-patent,  ^-1  ft.  by  I  in.  Feduncle  erect, 
3-6  in.  Spike  1^-2  in.;  bracts  green,  Jancedlate,  l-l^'in.  Calyx  1  in.,  green, 
minutely  2-toothed,  slit  deeply  down  one  side.  Upper  corolla-segment  f  in,, 
arcuate,  very  concave ;  lower  rather  longer,  oblanceoLite  deflexed.  Staminode 
nearly  as  long  as  the  upper  segment;  lip  1  by  ^  in.,  oblong-spathulate.  Capsule 
1  in.,  clavate. 

IMPERrECTLT-KNOWN    SPECIES. 

4.  R.  LONGIFOLIA,  Baker ;  stem  short,  produced  leaves  about  6  outer  oblong 
inner  12  in.  linear  or  lanceolate,  flowers  1-3  in  a  sessile  spike,  calyx-tube  slender 
cylindrie  l^;  in.,  oorolla-tube  twice  as  long,  limb  not  seen,  capsule  shortly  pedicolled 
clavate  above  an  inch  long. — Simla,  on  Fagu,  Thomson. 

5.  CAVTZiGVA,  Boyle. 

Characters  of  Roscoea,  but  flowers  yellow,  dorsal  lobe  of  the  corolla 
narrow,  and  capsule  dehiscing  to  the  base  with  recurved  lobes  exposing  the 
seeds  in  a  columnar  mass. — Species,  the  following. 

1.  C-  lutea?  Boyle  III.  361 ;  spike  lax  few-fld.,  leaves  sessile  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  bracts  oblong  green  much  shorter  than-the  calyx, 
seeds  black  angular  exarillate.  Hook.  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6991.  Eoscoea 
gracilis,  Smith  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  460 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  Scit.  21.  R. 
elatior,  Smrth  I.  c;  Wall.  Cat.  6531  A,  B.  R.  lutea,  Boyle  III.  361,  t.  89, 
f.  2  ;   Wiffht  Ic.  t.  2013. 

Tempekate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim,  ascending  to  7-8000  ft. 
Khasia  Hills,  J.  D.  H.  <^  T.  T. 

IStem  12-18  in.,  slender.  Leaves  6-9  by  1-1^  in.  at  flowering  time,  usually 
purple  beneath.  Flowers  6-12  in  a  lax  peduncled  spike,  rachis  red  flexuose  ;  bracts 
^^-\  in.  Calyx  red,  above  i  in.,  minutely  toothed,  slit  deeply  down  one  side. 
Corolla-tube  slightly  exserted  ;  limb  bright  yellow  ;  upper  segment  -^-f  in.,  lower 
as  long,  oblong-cuneate,  deflexed.  Staminode  nearly  as  long  as  the  upper  segment, 
bases  minutely  spurred  on  the  inner  side;  lip  f  in.,  2-lobcd  to  below  the  middle, 
lobes  oblong.  Capsule  i  in.,  bright  red,  globose  ;  valves  ovate,  reflexed,  red  inside. 
Seeds  black,  angled,  top  flat. 

2.  C«  Cathcarti,  Baker ;  spike  dense  many-fld.,  leaves  sessile  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  bracts  green  oblong  shorter  than  the  calyx,  seeds 
black  angular  exarillate. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  Qriffith's  Collectors,  &c. 

Very  near   C.  lutea,  but  more  robust,  flowers  twice  or  thrice  as  many,  bracts 


I 

i 


Cautleija.']  CXlix.  scitamine^e.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  209 

larger,  calyx  louger  and  Up  broader,  with  crisped  margins;  capsule  aud  seeds  cjuite 
similar. 

3.  C-  spicata,  BaTcer\  spike  dense  many-fld.,  leaves  cblong  acuminate 
sessile  or  shortly  petioled,  bracts  red  as  long  as  the  calyx,  seeds  not 
angled  completely  enclosed  in  a  white  scariose  aril.  Roscoea  spicata, 
Smith  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  461  ;    IFall.  Gat.  6530 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  21. 

Centkal  and  Eastern  Himalayas,  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  ascending  to 
850O  ft. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  sometimes  3-4  in.  broad,  not  purple  beneath.  Spike 
shortly  p3duncled,  6-9  in. ;  bracts  oblong,  bright  red,  lower  1-li  in.  Calyx  1  in., 
tubular,  red,  minutely  obtusely  toothed,  finally  slit  deeply  down  one  side.  Corolla- 
tuhe  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  about  1  in. ;  lip  bright  yellow.  Staminodes 
nearly  as  long  as  the  upper  segment  of  the  corolla,  obltinccolate-oblong.  Capsule 
small,  red,  globose.     Seeds  ^  in.,  black,  ovoid  or  flattened  by  pressure. 

4.  C>  robusta,  Baker  ;  spike  dense  many-fld.,  leaves  sessile  oblong 
acute,  bracts  linear-oblong  reddish  as  long  as  the  calyx,  seeds  pink  not 
angled  enclosed  in  a  red  or  yellow  arillus. 

SiZKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5500-6500  ft.,  Clarke. 

Leaves  1  ft.  or  less  by  3  in.  or  more.  Spikes  peduncled,  6-9  in. ;  bracts 
1  in.  Corolla  not  seen.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  |-  in.  diam.  Seeds  ovoid  or 
compressed,  forming  a  dense  mass  ^  in.  diam.,  entirely  enveloped  in  the  scarious 
aril. 

5.  C.  petiolataj  Baker;  spike  dense  many-fld.,  leaves  petioled 
obloug-lanceolate  caudate,  bracts  oblong  reddish  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Roscoea  petiolata,  Boyle  mss. 

Gaevthal  Himalaya  ;  between  Dehra  and  Landour,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Eoyle. 

Stem  1  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  6  by  li-2|  in.,  shortly  petioled,  erecto-patent. 
Spike  3-4  in.,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  oblong,  reddish,  nearly  1  in.  Calyx  1  in., 
reddish,  obscurely  bidentate,  slit  deeply  down  one  side.  Upper  coralla-segment  and 
lip  pale  sulphur-yellow,  under  1  in.  Staminode  and  stamen  nearly  as  long  as  the 
upper  segment. — Known  only  from  an  unpublished  figure  of  Royle's  artist. 

6.  CURCUMA,  Linn. 

Rootstock  tuberous,  bearing  sessile  and  long  stipitate  tubers ;  stem 
none.  Leaves  usually  oblong,  often  very  large.  Flowers  in  dense  com- 
pound spikes  (except  in  G.  Kunstleri)  crowned  by  a  coma  of  coloured 
enlarged  bracts  ;  lower  bracts  ovate,  membranous,  enclosing  several  brac- 
teolate  fugitive  flowers  which  open  in  succession.  Galyx  short,  cylindric, 
minutely  toothed.  GoroUa-tube  funnel-shaped  ;  segments  usually  ovate  or 
oblong,  upper  longer  and  more  concave.  Lateral  staminodes  oblong, 
petaloid,  connate  with  the  short  filament;  anther  not  crested,  cells  con- 
tiguous, spurred  at  the  base ;  lip  orbicular,  tip  deflexed.  Ovary  3-celled, 
many-ovuled  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  2-lipped,  lips  ciliate.  Gapsule  ^lobose, 
membranous,  finally  3-valved.  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong,  usully  arillate. — 
India,  Siam,  Malay  Islands  and  IsT.  Australia. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  very  difl&cult  of  determination   and  the  charsicters 
are  taken  almost  without  exception  from  published  or  unpublished  drawings. — Many 
of  Sect.  I.  are  probably  varieties,  but  this  can  be  determined  only  by  a  comparison  . 
of  living   specimens.      I  have  failed  in  my  endeavours  to  subdivide  the  species  of 
the  several  sections. 

Sect.  I.  Ezantlia,  Koran'     Flower-spike  vernal  or  eestival,  distinct 

VOL.   VI.  P 


210  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Curcuma. 

from   the   leaves,    aud   usually  developed    bofore  they  appear ;    peduncle 
sheathed  by  scariose  bract-leaves. 

1.  C.  ang"ustifolia,  JRoxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  338,  t.  3 ;  Sort.  Beng.  1 
Fl.  Ind.  i.   31 ;    dwarf,  rootstock  small  globose,  leaves  lanceolate  plain 
green  shortly  petioled,  bracts  of  the  coma  pink,  lobes  of  the  corolla  pale 
yellow.     Boyle,  III.  357,  359;    Horan.  Prodr.  22.      C.  longa,  Wall.- Cat. 
6605  E,  F,  G. 

Teopical  Himalaya;  from  Kumaon  to  Nepal,  alt.  3-4000  ft.     Xorth  Oudh. 

Rootstock  s,\\va\\;  tubers  111 auy,  oblong,  at  the  end  of  long  fibres.  Leaves  with 
petiole  l-\\  ft.  ;  blade  lanceolate,  plain  green,  \-l  ft.  by  2-3  in.  Spike  with 
peduncle  aistival, -^-1  fr,,  3-6  by  2  in.  diam.;  Hower-bracts  1  in.,  green,  ovate; 
pink  ;  bracts  ot  coma  few  or  many.  Corolla-tube  \  in. ;  upper  segment  ovate,  lateral 
shorter,  oblong.  Staminode  and  lip  bright  yellow,  the  latter  orbicular-cuneate, 
cniarginate. — Similar  plants  in  flower  and  not  distinguishable  in  a  dried  state  are 
found  in  Upper  Burma,  ult.  4000  ft.,  CoUett,  Frain,  and  in  Muunipore,  alt.  5O0O  ft. 
JFatt. 

2.  G.  neilg-herrensis,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2006 ;  dwarf,  rootstock  small, 
white  inside,  leaves  lanceolate  pale  green  shortly  petioled,  bracts  of  coma 
pink,  lobes  of  corolla  pale  ovate.  Horan.  Prodr.  22.  C.  longa,  Wall. 
Cat.  6605  C.     C.  angustifolia,  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274,  not  of  Boxb. 

CoNCAN  ;  at  Kamghaut.  Malabae  ;  abundant  on  the  S.W.  slope  of  the  Nilghiris, 
alt.  4500-6000  ft. 

Very  near  C.  angustifolia.  Leaf  s^ndi  petiole  together  12  in,  or  more;  blade 
glabrous  beneath,  narrowed  gradually  from  the  middle  to  both  ends.  Spikes  vernal, 
2-4  by  I2-2  in.  diam. ;  flowering  bracts  pale  yellowish  green,  1-1^  in.  Flowers 
1  in.,  bright  yellow;  lip  orbicular,  deflexed,  eraarginate. 

3.  C.  aromatica,  Salisb.  Parad.  t.  96  ;  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  285  ; 
rootstock  large,  tubers  sessile  yellow  and  aromatic  inside,  petiole  long 
green,  leaves  large  oblong  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  of  the  coma  pink, 
lobes  of  corolla  pinkish  white.  Bosc.  Scit.  t.  103;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2005; 
Thw.  Enum.  316 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  23.  C.  Zedoaria,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes. 
333 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  23  ;  Wall.  Cat.  6601  A  ;  Bah.  &  Gibs. 
Bomh.  Fl.  274;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1546;   Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  209. 

Throughout  India  from  the  Easteen  Himalaya  to  Ceylon,  wild  and  frequently 
cultivated. 

Rootstock  tuberous,  biennial,  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-4  ft. ;  petiole  as  long  as  the 
blade,  which  is  1-2  ft.  by  4-8  in.,  caudate,  base  deltoid,  plain  green  above  or 
variegated  with  lighter  aud  darker  green,  clothed  beneath  with  fine  persistent 
pubescence.  Spike  with  peduncle  1  ft.,  produced  from  April  to  June  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  the  later  half  as  long,  3-4  in.  diam. ;  flower-bracts  ovate,  pale  green, 
1^-2  in. ;  those  of  the  coma  larger  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  pink.  Floioers 
shorter  than  the  bracts.  Corolla-tube  1  in.,  upper  half  funnel-shaped ;  lateral 
segments  oblong,  upper  longer  ovate,  concave.  Staminode  obtuse,  as  long  as  the 
corolla-segments ;  lip  deflexed,  orbicular,  yellow,  obscurely  3-lobed.  Stigma 
obscurely  ^-lobed. 

4.  C.  Zedoaria,  Bosc  Scit.t.  109 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  pale 
yellow  or  whitish  inside,  petiole  long  green,  leaves  large  oblong  glabrous 
beneath  clouded  with  purple  down  the  middle,  bracts  of  the  coma  bright 
red,  lobes  oE  corolla  whitish.  Wall.  Cat.  6601  B  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  23.  0. 
Zerumbet,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  333 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  20  ; 
Coromand.  PL  t./Ol ;   Wall.  Cat.  6600  A,  B ;.  Grah.   Cat.  PL  Bomb.  209 ; 


Curcuma.'}  cxlix.  scitaminetb.      (J.  G.  Baker.)  211 

Roi/le  Ill.8b9  ;  Thiv.  Enum.  316.  C.  officinalis,  SaUsh.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc. 
i.  285.  C.  speciosa,  Link  Enum.  ii.  3.  Amomum  Zedoaria,  Berg.  Mat. 
Med.  41;  Willd.  Sp,  Plant,  i.  7.  A.  Zerumbeth,  Kcenig  in  Retz.  Ohs.  iii. 
55.  A.  latifolium,  Lamk.  Ency.  i.  134. — Rumph.  Amboin.  v.  108  ;  Rheede. 
Sort.  Malah.  xi.  t.  7. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  wild;  cultivated  throughout  India. — Distrib.  Malay 
Islands. 

JRootstock  ovoid,  tubers  many,  some  1  in.  diara.,  sessile,  oylindric,  and  many 
oblong  terminating  long  fibres.  Leaves  1-2  ft.,  oblong,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  the 
base;  petiole  longer  than  the  blade.  Spikes  vernal,  ^  ft.  by  3  in.  broad  ;  flowering 
bracts  1|  in.,  ovate,  green,  often  slightly  tinged  with  red ;  bracts  of  the  coma  many, 
spreading,  bright  red.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  rather  shorter  than  the  bracts.  Calyx 
whitish,  obtusely  toothed,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube.  Corolla- 
tube  funnel-shaped ;  lateral  Fegments  oblong,  upper  rather  longer,  ovate,  convex. 
Lip  \  in.  broad,  orbicular,  deflexed,  obscurely  3-lobed  emarginate.  Capsule  ovoid- 
trigonous,  smooth,  dehiscing  irregularly.     Seeds  oblong,  aril  lanceolate  white. 

5.  C-  elata,  Roxh.  Hort.  Beng.  1  ;  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  25  ;  rootstock  large, 
sessile  tubers  pale  yellow  inside,  petiole  long  green,  leaves  large  oblong 
plain-green  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  of  coma  bright  red,  lobes  of  corolla 
whitish.     Rose.  Scit.  t.  1C4  ;  Wall.  Cat.  6610  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  23. 

Burma,  Caret/. 

Rootstock  and  numerous  sessile  tubers  large.  Leafy  tuft  6-8  ft. ;  blade  2-3  by 
1  ft.  Spike  vernal,  ^  ft.  by  3  in.  diam.  ;  flowering  bracts  1^  in.,  ovate,  green  ; 
those  of  the  coma  ovate-oblong,  larger,  spreading.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  shorter 
than  the  bracts;  lip  obscurely  3-lobed,  midlobe  broad,  emarginate. — Very  near  G. 
Zedoaria. 

6.  C.  comosa,  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  336  ;  Sort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  lnd. 
i.  29 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  few  pale  yellow  inside,  petiole  long 
green,  leaves  large  oblong  plain  green  glabrous  beneath,  bracts  of  coma 
bright  red,  lobes  of  the  corolla  pinkish  white.  Wall.  Gat.  6609  A  ;  Horan. 
Prodr.  23. 

Pegu,  Carey. 

Leajif  tuft  5-6  ft. ;  blade  2-3  ft.,  plain  green  except  in  the  earliest  leaves,  which 
are  clouded  with  faint  brown  down  the  centre.  Spike  vernal,  denser  and  thicker 
than  in  G.  Zedoaria ;  flower-bracts  pinkish  white ;  those  of  the  coma  many,  bright 
red,  2-3  in.,  spreading.     Floioers  pale  yellow. — Very  near  C.  Zedoaria. 

7.  C.  ornata.  Wall.  mss.  ex  Voigt  Hort.  Suhvrb.  Gale.  564  (name 
only) ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  0,  leaves  ovate  clouded  in  the  centre 
when  young,  bracts  all  white  tipped  with  mauve-purple,  lobes  of  the  corolla 
tinged  with  red. 

Pegu,  Wallich. 

Stalked  tubers  very  numerous.  Leafy  stem  produced  after  the  flowers.  Leaves 
young  only  seen,  perhaps  oblong  when  developed.  Spike  under  1  ft.  long,  3-4  in. 
diam. ;  bracts  all  whitish  tipped  with  mauve-purple,  the  upper  more  so,  2  in. 
Flowers  as  long  as  the  bracts;  expanded  limb  ^  in.  diam.,  white  tinged  with  yellow. 
— Closely  allied  to  C.  comosa. 

8.  C.  latjfolia,  Rose.  Scit.  t.  108  ;  very  tall,  rootstock  large,  sessile 
tubers  pale  yellow 'iaside,  petiole  long  green,  leaves  large  oblong  clouded 
down  the  middle  with  purple  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  of  the  coma  bright 
red,  lobes  of  the  corolla  whitish.'    Horan.  Prodr.  23. 

Bengal?,  Carey. 

P  2 


212  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEji].     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Curcuma. 

Very  near  C.  Zedoaria  &  aromatica.  Leafy  tuft  8-12  ft. ;  blade  3-4  by  1  ft.  or 
more.  Spike  produced  vernal,  6-8  in.,  3  in.  diam. ;  flow^r-bracts  green,  ovate, 
li  in.,  of  the  coma  many,  longer  and  more  oblong.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  rather 
shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  lip  obscurely  emarginate. — Sent  by  Oarey  from  Serampore 
to  the  Liverpool  Botanical  Garden ;  origin  unknown. 

9.  C.  leucorhlza?  Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  x\.  337;  Sort.  Beng.  1;  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  30  ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  nearly  white  inside,  petiole  long 
green,  leaves  large  oblong  plain  green  glabrous  beneath,  bracts  of  thecoma 
pink,  lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  white.  Rose.  Scit.  t.  102;  Wall.  Gat. 
6607  ;  Horan.  Frodr.  22. 

Behae;  jungles  south  of  Bhagulpore,  Glass. 

Very  near  C  Zedoaria  &  aromatica.  RootstocJc  large,  ovoid ;  sessile  tubers 
cylindric,  sometimes  nearly  1  ft.  Leafy  tuft  3-4  ft. ;  blade  1-2  ft.  by  5-6  in. ,  broad 
at  the  middle,  plain  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides.  Spike  vernal ;  coma 
nearly  as  long  as  the  fertile  portion  ;  flower-bracts  green,  obtuse,  1^  in.  ;  bracts  of 
the  coma  longer,  more  oblong.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  rather  shorter  than  the  bracts  j 
centra]  lobe  of  the  lip  distinctly  emarginate. 

10.  C.  csesia,  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  334;  Sort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  26 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  pale  grey  inside,  petiole  long  green, 
leaves  large  oblong  with  a  broad  purple-brown  cloud  down  the  middle, 
bracts  of  the  coma  and  corolla-limb  red.  Wall.  Cat.  6613;  Koran.  Frodr. 
22. 

Bengal,  Eoxhurgh. 

Rootstock  ovoid  ;  sessile  tubers  longer  and  not  so  thick  as  in  G.  ceruginosa. 
Leafy  tuft  about  3  ft. ;  blade  1-1^  ft.  by  5-6  in.,  glabrous  beneath.  Spike  produced, 
dense,  5-6  by  2i— 3  in.  diam.  j  flower-bracts  green,  ovate,  very  obtuse,  l^in. ;  bracts 
of  the  coma  rather  longer,  many,  bright  red.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  rather  shorter 
than  the  bracts ;  lip  i  in.,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed,  midlobe  emarginate. — 
**  Resembles  C.  Zerumbet,  Roxb.  {Zedoaria  supra  p.  210),  but  diflers  widely  in  the 
colour  of  the  root,"  Roxb. 

11.  C-  flBrugrinosa,  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  335 ;  Hart.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  27 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  palmate  verdigris-green  inside, 
petiole  long  green,  leaves  large  oblong  green  faintly  tinged  with  red- 
brown  down  the  middle,  bracts  of  the  coma  pink,  lobes  of  the  corolla  pale 
red.  Rose.  Scit.  t.  106 ;  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Sort.  Soc.  i.  285 ;  Wall.  Gat. 
6606 ;  Moran.  Frodr.  22. 

Burma,  Carey. 

Very  near  Q.  Zedoaria.  "Rootstock  ovoid;  sessile  tubers  short,  above  1  in.  thick, 
stipitate  tubers  purely  white  within.  Leafy  tvft  4-6  ft. ;  petiole  andblade  each 
2-3  ft.,  the  latter  6-9  in.  broad.  Spike  vernal,  6-8  by  2^-3  in.  diam. ;  flower-bracts 
green,  ovate,  obtuse,  2  in. ;  many  upper  longer  oblong,  pink.  Flowers  pale  yellow, 
shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  corolla- tube  an  inch  long ;  lip  deflexed,  ^  in.  broad. 

12.  C.  amarlssixna,  Rose.  Scit.  Fl.  t.  101 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile 
tubers  yellow  and  very  bitter  inside,  petiole  long  red-brown,  leaves  large 
oblong  plain  green,  bracts  of  the  coma  whitish  tipped  with  pink,  lobes  of 
the  corolla  red.     Horan.  Frodr.  23. 

Bengal  ?,  Carey. 

Rootstock  very  large,  yellow  in  the  centre,  aerugiuose  towards  the  outside. 
Leafy  tuft  3  ft. ;  blade  l-i^  ft.  by  5-6  in.  Spike,  bracts  and  flowers  as  in  C. 
Zedoaria. — Sent  by  Carey  in  1824  from  Serampore  to  the  Liverpool  Botanic 
Garden,  probably  a  native  of  Bengal. 


Curcuma,^  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  213 

13.  C  ferrugrinea^  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  336  ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl. 
Ind,  i.  27 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  pale  yellow  and  very  fragrant 
inside,  petiole  long  red-brown,  leaves  large  oblong  with  a  faint  red-brown, 
cloud  down  the  centre,  bracts  of  the  coma  bright  red,  lobes  of  the  corolla 
red.     Rose.  Scit,  t.  105 ;  Hot  an.  Prodr.  23. 

Bengal,  Eoxhurgh. 

MooUtock  ovoid  ;  sessile  tubers  very  stout.  Tuft  of  leaves  4-5  ft. ;  blade  1-1^  by 
5-6  in.  Spike  vernal ;  flowers  few,  large ;  fertile  bracts  tinged  with  red -brown,  those 
of  the  coma  few  bright  red ;  lip  above  \  in.  diam.,  obscurely  emarginate. 

14.  C>  rubescens,  Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  336 ;  Sort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  28 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  white  inside,  petiole  long  red- 
brown,  leaves  large  oblong  green  with  a  red-brown  midrib,  bracts  of  the 
coma  few  pale  red,  limb  of  the  corolla  reddish.  Rose.  Scit.  t.  107  ;  Soran. 
Prodr.  23.  C.  erubescens,  Wall.  Cat.  6608.  C.  longiflora,  Salish.  in  Trans. 
Hort.  8oc.  i.  286.     C.  rubricaulis,  Link.  Fnum.  i.  3. 

Bengal,  Eoxhurgh. 

Rootstock  ovoid-cylindric ;  tubers  sessile  and  many  on  long  fibres.  Leafy  tuft 
4-5  ft. ;  blade  dark  green,  1-2  ft.  by  5-6  in.  Spikes  vernal,  produced  apart  from 
the  leaves,  and  sometimes  also  from  the  centre  of  the  leaves  in  September,  5-6  in., 
under  2  in.  diam  j  flower-bracts  pale  green,  1^  in. ;  those  of  the  coma  few,  ovate, 
pale  red.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  protruding  beyond  the  bracts;  lip  ^  in.  diam., 
emarginate. 

Sect.  II.  Mesantha^  Soran.  Flower-spike  autumnal,  in  the  centre 
of  the  tuft  of  leaves  ;  bracts  not  recurved  at  the  tip. 

15.  C-  attenuata^  Wall.  Cat.  6602 ;  rootstock  small,  petiole  long 
slender,  leaves  lanceolate,  flower  bracts  small,  those  of  the  coma  oblong 
tinged  with  red,  flowers  ? 

BuEMA  ;  banks  of  the  Irrawaddy,  Wallich. 

Bootstock  globose  ;  sessile  tubers  oblong.  Leafg  tuft  2|-3  ft. ;  petiole  as  long  as 
the  blade,  which  is  firmer  in  texture  than  is  usual  in  the  genus,  quite  glabrous, 
1-1^  ft.  by  1  in.,  tapering  gradually  to  the  base  and  a  long  point.  Peduncle  1  ft., 
slender,  erect ;  spike  dense,  3-4  in.  by  1  in.  diam. ;  flower-bracts  under  1  in., 
membranous,  very  obtuse  ;  bracts  of  the  coma  few,  1  in.,  bright  coloured.  Flowers^ 
withered  only  seen. 

16.  C.  pllcata,  Wall.  Cat.  6611 ;  rootstock  small,  petiole  slender  long 
or  shorter,  leaves  firm  oblong-lanceolate,  flower-bracts  green,  those  of  the 
coma  much  tinged  with  red,  flowers  small  pale  yellow. 

BuBMA  and  Pegu,  Wallich^  J.  Anderson. 

Rootstock  globose  ;  fibres  bearing  small  tubers.  Leafy  tuft  9-18  in.  ;  petiole  as 
long  as  the  blade,  which  is  6-8  in.  by  1^-3  in.,  firm,  tapering  gradually  to  both  ends, 
bright  green,  with  a  brown  dorsal  cloud  the  centre.  Peduncle  slender,  2-4  in. 
Spike  ^-4i  in.  by  1\  in.  diam. ;  flower-bracts  1  in.,  pale  green,  very  obtuse;  those  of^ 
the  coma  few,  rather  longer  and  more  oblong.  Flowers  rather  longer  than  the  bracts. ' 
Corolla  whitish,  ^  in.  diam.  ;  upper  lobe  ovate  j  lip  obscurely  3-lobed,  midlobe 
emarginate. 

17.  C-  Amada,  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  341 ;  Sort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  33  ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers  pale  yellow  inside,  petiole  long,  leaves 
large  oblong-lanceolate,  flower-bracts  pale  green,  those  of  the  coma  pinkish, 
flowers  pale  yellow.  Rose.  Scit.  t.  99 ;  Boyle  III.  359  ;  Orah.  Cat.  PI. 
Bomb.  209 ;  JDalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  275 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  23. 


214  ,  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEii:.     (J.G.Baker.)  [Curcuma. 

Bengal  and  the  Concans  ;  native  and  widely  cultivated,  under  the  name  of 
Mango  Ginger. 

Kootsfock  ovoid ;  sessile  tubers  thick,  cyHndric.  Leafy  tuft  2-3  ft. ;  petiole  as 
long  as  the  blade,  which  reaches  1-1^  ft.  by  6  in.  or  more  in  breadth,  plain  green, 
tapering  gradually  to  the  base  and  apex.  Peduncle  \  ft.  or  more,  hidden  by  the 
sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves.  Spike  autumnal,  3-6  in.  by  1^  in.  diam.;  flower- 
bracts  about  1  in.,  those  of  the  coma  tinged  with  pink.  Floivers  about  as  long  as 
the  bracts.  Corolla  whitish,  lip  pale  yellow. — Not  distinguishable  in  Herbarium 
specimens  from  C.  longa. 

18.  C.  longra,  Zinn.  Sp.  Plant.  2 ;  rootstock  large,  sessile  tubers 
bright  yellow  inside,  petiole  long,  leaves  large  oblong  narrowed  to  the  base, 
flower-bracts  pale  green,  those  of  the  coma  tinged  with  pink,  flowers  pale 
yellow.  Koeniff  in  Ketz.  Obs.  iii.  71 ;  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi,  340;  Hort. 
Reng.l;  FLInd.i/62',  Boyle  III.  358;  Wall.  Cat.  6605  D  ;  Grah.  Cat.  Pi. 
Bomb.  209;  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Peg.  t.  886;  Bentl.  &  Trim.  Med.  PI.  t.  269; 
Horan.  Prodr.  23.  Amomum  Curcuma,  Jacq.  Hort.  Find.  iii.  t.  4. — Rheede 
Sort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  11.    Bumph.  Amboin.  v.  t.  67. 

Widely  cultivated  in  Bengal  and  other  parts  of  India.  Clarke  considers  it  to 
be  indigenous  on  Parasnath,  in  Behar,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Clarke. — Disteib.  Cultivated 
through  the  Tropics. 

Rootstock  ovoid ;  sessile  tubers  thick,  cylindric.     Leafy  tvft  4-5  ft. ;  petiole  as 

Jong  as  the  plain  green  blade,  which  is  1-1^  ft.  by  4-8  in.  broad.     Peduncle  ^  ft.  or 

more,  hidden   by   the  sheathing  petiole.     Spikes  autumnal,  4-6  in.  by  2  in.  diam.  ; 

flower-bracts  pale  green,  ovate,  1^  in.;  those  of  the  coma  pale  pink.     Flowers  ^'s, 

long  as  the  bracts,  like  those  of  C.  Zedoaria  &  aromatica  in  structure. 

19.  C.  montana*  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  355 ;  rootstock 
large,  sessile  tubers  pale  yellow  ii^side,  petiole  long,  leaves  oblong  narrowed 
to  the  base,  tlower-bracts  pale  green,  those  of  the  coma  pink,  flowers  pale 
yellow.  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  342 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Corom.  PI.  t.  151  ; 
Fl.  Ind.  i.  35  ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  415  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  352,  fig.  1 ;  Horan. 
Prodr.  23.  C.  pseudo-montana,  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  210 ;  JDalz.  &  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  275 ;  Lisboa  in  Journ.  Boinb.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  144. 

Concan  and  the  Circars,  Roxburgh,  &c. 

Rootstock  ovoid,  perennial.  Leafy  tvft  2-3  ft.;  blade  1  ft,  or  more  by  6-8  in., 
plain  green,  narrowed  to  the  base ;  petiole  green,  deeply  channelled,  as  long  as  the 
i)lade.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spike  autumnal,  |  ft.  by  2  in.  diam.; 
flowel-bracts  ovate,  1^  in.  Floivers  about  as  long  as  the  bracts.  CoroHa-segments 
subequal,  lip  longer,  deflexed,  obscurely  3-lobed. — C.  Kuchoor,  Royle  ZZZ.  359  (name 
only),  which  is  cultivated  on  tlie  hills  above  the  Dehra  Boon,  is  said  to  be  nearly 
allied.  A  fiowerless  specimen  from  Mussoorie,  sent  by,  Mr.  Duthie,  furnishes  no 
distinctive  characters. 

20.  C>  ILuntsleri,  Baher ;  petiole  long,  leaves  oblong  narrowed  to 
the  base,  bracts  very  broad  all  pale  green,  coma  0,  flowers  yellow. 

Pegu,  Kunstler  (Sort.  Calcutt.  1882). 

Rootstock  not  seen.  Leaf-blade  under  1  ft.,  4-6  in.  broad,  acute,  green  above, 
tinged  with  purple  beneath  ;  petiole  5-6  in.,  robust,  deeply  channelled.  Peduncle 
very  short ;  spike  short,  2  in.  diam.,  without  any  coma  of  coloured  bracts ; 
flower-bracts  1^  in.  long  and  broad,  CoroZia-tube  as  long  as  the  bract;  segments 
lanceolate,  \  in. ;  lip  obovate-cuueate,  rather  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  yellow 
throughout,  emarginate, — Near  G.  montana. 

21.  C-  reclinata,  Eoxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  342;  Hort.  Beng.  1;  Fl. 

Lnd.  i.  36 ;  ro:>tstock  small,  sessile  tubers  0,  petiole  short,  leaves  thin  oblong 


Curcuma.]  cxLix.  scitamixe^:.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  215 

obtuse,  flower-bracts  green  tinged  with  red,  those  of  the  eoma  reddish, 
flowers  reddish-yellow.     Jforan.  Prodr.  24. 

Central  India,  ColehrooJce. 

Hootstock  oblong,  bearing-  many  subglobose  tubers  at  the  end  of  fibres.  Leaves 
plain  green,  obtuse,  rounded  at  base,  6-8  by  3-4  in.  ;  petiole  shorter  than  the 
blade.  Peduncle  very  short.  S-pike  autumnal,  oblong,  3-4  by  2  in.  diam. ;  bracts 
1  in. ;  those  of  the  coma  oblong,  ascending,  similar  to  flower-bracts  in  colour. 
Flowers  small,  dull  red,  except  the  yellow  orbicular  emarginate  lip. 

22.  C.  decipiens,  Balz.  in  Kew  Journ.  ii.  (1850),  144 ;  rootstock  small, 
sessile  tubers  0,  petiole  short,  leaves  thin  cordate-ovate  cuspidate,  bracts 
and  flowers  purple.     Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274;  lloraii.  Prodr.  23. 

The  CoNCAN,  JDalzell,  Law. 

Rootstock  bearing  numerous  small  almond-like  tubers  at  the  end  of  fibres. 
Leaves  thin,  6-8  in.  by  3-4.,  base  rounded  tip,  deltoid  with  a  small  cusp;  petiole  as 
long  as  the  blade.  Spikes  aestival,  earlier  lateral,  later  central,  4-6  by  li^-2  in.  ; 
peduncle  short;  lower  bracts  ovate,  1  in.;  many  upper  sterile,  longer,  oblong; 
flower  shorter  than  the  bract ;  lip  bifid,  margins  curled. 

23.  C-  albiflora,  T/iw.  Enum.  316;  rootstock  small,  sessile  tubers  0, 
petiole  short,  leaves  small  oblong  rounded  at  the  base,  flower-bracts  green 
all  fertile,  flowers  white  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  lip.  Hook.  f.  in  Bat. 
Mag.  t.  5909. 

Ceylon  ;  MaskelHa,  in  the  Ambagamowa  district,  at  a  low  elevation. 

Rootstock  bearing  a  few  small  tubers  at  the  end  of  fibres.  Leaves  bright  green, 
6-8  by  2|-3  in.,  acute,  base  rounded  or  cordate  ;  petiole  deeply  channelled,  as  long 
as  or  rather  longer  than  the  blade.  Peduncle  very  short ;  spike  oblong,  3-4  in. ; 
lower  bracts  2  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,- acuminate,  upper  shorter,  ovate.     Flowers 

1  in.   long.     Coro^Za-lobes  oblong.     Staminode  broad ;  lip    f    in.   broad,  shallow, 
emarginate,  pure  white,  with  a  yellow  spot  at  the  throat. 

24.  C.  olig'antha,  Trimeu  in  Journ.  Bot.  1885,  245;  rootstock  small, 
sessile  tubers  0,  petiole  short,  leaves  small  ovate  narrowed  to  the  base, 
flower-bracts  green  all  fertile,  flowers  white  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the 

lip. 

Ceylon;  Central  Province,  near  the  Mahaweli  river,  T^imen. 

Near  C.  albijlora.  Leaves  5-7  in.,  thin,  bright  light  transparent  green,  with 
distinct  veins  and  transverse  veinlets.  Peduncle  short,  slender;  spike  4-6  in.; 
bracts  green,  appressed,  acuminate;  flowers  few,  erect,  large  for  the  genus. 
CoroZZa-tube  1  in.  ;  segments  long,  pinkish.  Staminode  subacute,  crisped,  pure 
white ;  lip  broad,  deeply  bitid,  with  a  yellow  stain  at  tht>  throat.  Seeds  oblong, 
grey,  shining,  exarillate. 

Sect.  III.  Hitcheniopsis,  Baker.  Spike  autumnal,  from  the  centre 
of  the  tuft  of  leaves  ;  bracts  very  obtuse,  adnate  at  the  sides  and  sj^reading 
at  the  tip. 

25.  C.  parviflora,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Ear.  i.  47,  t.  57;  rootstock  small, 
leaves  small  oblong  rounded  to  the  base,  fertile  bracts  green,  those  of  the 
coma  greenish-white,  lip  violet.     Horan.  Prodr.  24. 

Burma;  banks  of  the  Irrawaddy,  near  Prome,  Wallich. 

Rootstock  oblong,  fibres  bearing  a  few  small  fusiform  tubers.  Leaves  about  six 
to  a  tuft;  petiole  4-8  in.  ;  blade  green,  cuspidate,  i  ft.  by  2-3  in.,  veins  darker 
green.     Peduncle  short,   slender,  hidden   by  the  clasping  petioles ;  spike   oblong, 

2  in.  by  1  in.  diam. ;  fl.)wcr-bracts  f-1  in.,   very  obtuse,   tips  spreading.     Flowers 


216  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiK.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Carcuma. 

as  long  as  the  bracts.      CoroZ/a-segments  small,  ovate  ;  staminodia  oblong,  whitcy,, 
as  long  as  the  corolla-segments  ;  lip  longer,  obovate-cuneate,  obscurely  emarginate. 

26.  C-  strobilifera,  Wall.  Cat.  6599 ;  rootstock  small,  leaves  small 
oblong,  bracts  all  green,  flowers  pale  yellow.  C.  strobilina,  Wall.  mss. ; 
Grah.  Cat.  PL  Bomb.  210. 

Pegu  ;  near  Rangoon,  Wallich. 

Rootstoch  bearing  a  few  globose  sessile  tubers.  Leaves  about  six  to  a  tuft; 
petiole  green,  deeply  channelled,  6-8  in.  ;  leaves  6-8  by  2^-3  in.,  bright  green, 
acute,  base  rather  roundi-d,  darker  green  along  the  veins.  Peduncle  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  spike  oblong,  3-4  in.  by  2  in.  diam. ;  bracts  all  similar,  green, 
very  obtuse,  spreading  at  the  tip.  Flowers  about  as  long  as  the  bracts.  Corolla- 
segments  small,  whitish  ;  lip  short,  deflexid,  orbicular,  distinctly  emarginate. 

27.  C.  grandifiora,  Wall,  ex  Voigt  Hort.  Suburh.  Calc.  565  {name 
only) ;  rootstock  small,  leaves  small  oblong  acute,  bracts  all  pale  green, 
flowers  pale  yellow. 

Malay  Peninsula,  TFallicli. 

Rootstock  oblong ;  fibres  not  bearing  tubers.  Leaves  6-8  to  a  tuft ;  petiole 
deeply  channelled,  6-10  in.  :  blade  6-8  by  3-4  in.,  cuspidate,  base  rounded,  darker 
green  along  the  veins.  Peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Spike  oblong, 
3-4  in. ;  bracts  all  similar,  very  obtuse,  spreading  at  the  tip.  Flowers  rather 
longer  than  the  bracts.  Corolla- segments  ovate  or  oblong ;  staminode  short  and 
broad;   lip  a  in.,  broad,  obscurely  emarginate,  both  primrose-yellow. 

28.  C.  petiolata,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  37;  rootstock  small,  leaves  oblong 
base  rounded,  flower-bracts  green,  those  of  the  coma  purple  or  lilac,  flowers 
yellowish-white.  Rose.  Scit.  t.  100 ;  Koran.  Vrodr.  23 ;  Hook.  f.  in  Bat. 
Mag.  t.  5821.  C.  cordata,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Par.  i.  8,  t.  10;  Cai.  6598 ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  23 ;  Sook.  Pot.  Mag.  t.  4435.  C.  cordifolia,  Poxb.  Sort. 
Ben<j.  1. 

Burma,  Pegu,  and  Tenasseeim,  Roxhurgh,  &c. 

Rootstock  with  a  few  sessile  tubers,  pale  yellow  inside,  and  many  at  the  end  of 
fusiform  fibres.  Leaves  4-6  to  a  tuft ;  petiole ^-1  ft.;  blade  6-9 in.,  chin,  cuspidate. 
Peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  spike  \  ft.  by  2  in.  diam. ;  flower-bracts 
1|  in.,  very  obtuse,  spreading  at  the  tip;  those  of  the  coma  similar  in  size  and 
shape,  but  brightly  coloured.  Flowers  nearly  as  long  as  the  bracts.  Corolla-i\x\)e 
nearly  an  inch  long ;  upper  segment  convex,  cuspidate  j  lip  suborbicular,  deflexed, 
emarginate. 

29.  C.  Roscoeana,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Bar.  i.  8,  t.  9;  Cat.  6597; 
rootstock  small,  leaves  oblong  rounded  at  the  base,  bracts  of  the  flowers 
and  coma  both  bright  red,  flowers  yellowish  white.  HooJc.  in  Pot.  Mag.  t. 
4667  ;  Lem.  Jard.  Pleur.  t.  327 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  24.  C.  coccinea,  Wall,  mss, 
Hitchenia  Roscoeana,  Penth.  in  ffe7i.  Plant,  iii.  643. 

BuEMA  and  Peg-u,  Wallich. 

Roostoch  without  sessile  tubers,  but  with  many  small  ones  at  the  end  of  the  fibres. 
Leaves  6-8  to  a  tuft;  petioles  \-ll  ft.;  blade  6-12  in.,  cuspidate,  bright  green, 
darker  along  the  veins.  Peduncle  short,  hidden  by  the  sheathing  petioles  ;  spike 
6-8  in.,  by  2-3  in.  diam. ;  bracts  very  obtuse,  adnate  at  the  sides  and  spreading  at 
the  tip;  those  of  the  coma  similar  in  size,  shape  and  colour  to  the  Jower  ones. 
Floioers  about  as  long  as  the  bracts.  Corolla  \  in.  diam.,  segments  oblong,  sub- 
equal  ;  limb  ^  in.  diam. ;  staminodes  oblong ;  lip  orbiculai*,  entire. 

imperfectly  e:nown  species. 
C.  KuRZir,  King  mss.;  nearly  allied  to  C.  pet iolata,  hut  leaves  larger,  petioles 
longer,    scape  longer,    bracts   more  imbricating,   and   their    tips     less    'spreading. — 
S.  Andaman  Islds. 


GadrocUlus,']        cxlix.  soitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  217 

7.  GASTROCKXZiUS,   Wall 

Perennial,  rarely  annual ;  rootstock  0  or  creeping;  root-fibres  cylindric 
or  slender.  Leafy  stem  absent  or  present.  Leaves  oblong,  acute.  Flowo^s 
solitary  or  spicate,  often  secund.  Calyx  short,  spathaceous.  Corolla-txuhe 
slender;  segments  equal,  connivent,  linear- oblong,  ascending;  lateral 
staminodes  petaloid,  broader  than  the  corolla  lobes,  oblanceolate-obloug; 
filament  very  short ;  anther-cells  parallel,  connective  neither  crested  nor 
f^purred;  lip  oblong,  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  entire.  Ovary 
oblong,  3-ceiled;  ovules  few,  or  many,  superposed ;  style  filiform;  stigma 
subglobose.  Capsule  oblong.  Seeds  ovoid,  aril  small  basal. — India  and 
one  other  species  from  China. 

1.  G.  longriflora,  Wall.  Pla^it.  Asiat.  Bar.  i.  22,  t.  25 ;  Cat.  6589 ; 
perennialj  stemless,  leaves  large  long-petioled  often  cordate,  flowers  1-2 
in  radical  spikes,  corolla-tube  much  longer  than  the  bracts,  staminodes 
white  rather  longer  than  the  white  corolla-segments.  Hook,  in  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  4010;  Horan.  Prodr.  22.  Alpinia  Hamiltoniana,  Wall.  Cat.  6579. 
Banglium  sulphureum.  Ham.  mss. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Khasia  Hills,  Assam,  and  from  Pegu  and  Uppee  Burma 
to  Malacca. 

Root-fibres  tufted,  cylindric.  Leaves  about  4  in  a  tuft ;  petiole  long,  erect, 
channelled  ;  blade  ^^—1  ft.  or  more,  base  cordate  or  cuneate,  often  tinged  purple 
beneath.  Scape  radical;  bracts  about  2  in.,  many,  imbricate,  scarious,  oblong- 
lanceolate.  Calyx  much  shorter  than  the  bract.  Corolla-tuhe  2-3  in.,  very  slender; 
segments  :^-l  in.  Stamen  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments ;  lip  hai£-  as  long 
again  as  the  corolla-segments,  oblong-cuneate,  sometimes  1  in.  broad,  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red  and  crisped  on  the  incurved  margins.— Perhaps  more  than  one  species 
is  included.  The  Bot.  Mag.  plant  is  G.  Jenlcinsii,  Wall.  mss.  and  has  larger  flowers 
than  that  figured  by  Wallieh,  of  a  purer  white,  the  lip  tipped  with  bright  red.  G. 
speciosa,  Kurz  mss.  has  still  larger  flowers  of  a  dull  sulphur  yellow,  with  the  sides  of 
the  lip  clouded  with  purple. 

2.  Cr.  minor,  Sing  mss. ;  perennial,  stemless,  leaves  oblanceolate- 
oblong  long-petioled,  corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  bract,  staminodes 
and  lip  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 

Peeak,  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Leaves  1-4  in  a  tuft  j  petiole  3-4  in. ;  blade 
4-5  in.,  glabrous,  moderately  firm,  narrowed  to  the  base.  Flowers  several  in  a 
sessile  spike;  bracts  2  in.,  lanceolate,  membranous.  Corolla-ixxhe  slender  to  the 
apex;  segments  1  in.,  oblong, whitish  ;  lip  oblong,  marked  with  red  and  yellow,  with 
a  decurved  tip  and  incurved  margins. 

3.  G-.  pulcherrima?  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Bar.  i.  22,  t.  24 ;  perennial, 
leafy  stem  usually  produced,  leaves  sessile  or  shortly  petioled,  flowers  many 
in  terminal  spikes  with  imbricate  bracts,  corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the 
bract,  staminodes  white  not  longer  than  the  white  corolla-segments. 
Paxt.  Mag.  Bot.  vii.  75,  idthfig. ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3930  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  22. 

Pegu,  Wallieh;  Tavoy,  Gomex;  Tenasseeim,  Heifer,  Lobb,  Parish;  Penang, 
Maingay. 

i2oo<s^ocfc  creeping;  root -fibres  thick,  fleshy.  /Stem  6-12  in.,  rarely  0.  Leaves 
4-6  in.,  oblong,  caudate,  ^pifee  sessile,  2-3  in. ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  green,  about 
1^-  in.  Calyx  spathaceous,  rather  shorter  than  the  bract.  CoroZia-segments  linear- 
oblong,  ^  in.  Stamen  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments  j  lip  1  in.,  obovate-cuneate, 
white  tinged  with  pink. 


218  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  BakcT.)      [Gcutrochilm. 

4.  Cr.  tillandsioides,  Baker;  perennial,  stem  0,  leaves  distinctly 
petioled,  flowers  many  in  a  long  subsessile  spike  with  imbricate  bracts, 
staminodes  linear-obloog  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 

?Perak  ;  Kunstler. 

Leaves  6-8  in.,  oblong,  subacute,  base  rounded,  green  above,  purplish  beneath, 
petiole  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  blade.  Spike  6  in. ;  bracts  20-30,  oblong,  about 
1  in.  Staminodes  l-l  in.,  whitish,  similar  to  the  corolla-segments  in  shape  and 
size  ;  lip  orbicular-cuneate,  ^  in.  long  and  broad,  pure  white  with  a  faint  yellow  spot 
at  the  throat;  stamen  half  as  long  as  the  lip;  filament  as  long  as  the  anther.— t_ 
Described  from  a  specimen  cultivated  in  Sort.  Calcutt. 

5.  G.  rubrolutea,  Bake?",  perennial,  leafy  stem  produced,  leaves 
oblong  caudate  sessile  or  shortly  petioled,  flowers  many,  spike  very  narrow 
terminal  on  the  stem  or  on  a  radical  scape,  corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the 
bract,  staminodes  yellow  rather  longer  than  the  red  corolla-segments. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  J.  D.  H.  8^  T.  T.,  Clarle. 

Leafy  stem  \-l  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  6-S  in.  narrowed  to  the  base.  Spihe  2-3  in., 
as  long  as  its  peduncle  or  scape,  much  narrower  and  fewer  flowered  than  in  G. 
pulcherrima ',  bracts  few,  small,  closely  sheathing  the  scape.  Coro/^a-segments 
1  in. ;  staminodes  yellow,  \  in.  broad  ;  stamen  nearly  as  long  as  the  staminodes  ; 
Hp  oblong-cuneate,  panduriform,  upper  half  red,  lower  yellow. 

6.  G--  parvula,  Wall.  Cat.  6590 ;  annual,  stem  short,  leaves  small 
shortly  petioled  oblong,  flowers  solitary  from  the  centre  of  the  leaves, 
corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  bract,  staminodes  longer  than  the  corolla- 
segments. 

Tavoy,  Gomez. 

A  dwarf  annual,  with  3-4  acute  membranous  leaves  1^-2  in.  long  at  the  top  of  a 
short  stem.  Root-fibres  all  slender.  Bract  green,  under  1  in.,  wrapped  tightly 
round  the  corolla-tube,  its  base  hidden  by  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf.  Corolla- 
segments  linear-oblong,  greenish,  -^  in.;  lip -5^  in.,  obovate-cuneate ;  stamen  arquate 
half  as  long  as  the  lip.     Habit  of  a  Kcempferia  of  the  Sincorus  section. 

IMPEllFECTLT   KNOWN   AND    trNDESCRIBED    SPECIES. 

G.  ?  TiLi^FOLiA',  Baker ;  annual,  root-fibres  slender  ftiscicled,  leafy  stem  short, 
leaves  4-5  by  3  in.  distinctly  petioled  ovate  cuspidate,  base  oblique,  spike  4-5  in,, 
terminal,  sessile  dense-fld.,  bracts  1-1^  in.,  oblong-lanceolate  scariose  imbricate, 
corolla-tube  as  long  as  the  bract,  segments  lanceolate  under  an  inch,  staminodes 
not  longer  than  the  segments,  lip  oblong-cuneate  1^  in. — Khasia  Hills,  tropical 
region,  Bk.f.  S^  Thomson  (Monoloplms  6,  Herh.  Ind.  Or.).  I  have  not  been  able  to 
make  out  the  structure  of  the  anther. 

G.  AFFiNis,  Wall.  mss.  ex.  Voigt  Hort.  Suburb.  Calcutt.  372 ;  Horan.  Prodr. 
22). — Assam. 

G.  Jenkinsii,  TFall.  mss.  I.  c. — Assam.     (See  under  G.  longifiora.) 

8.  XLSSBIPFSRIA,  Linn. 

Root  stock  often  tuberous,  fibres  various.  Stem  short  or  0.  Leaves  few. 
Flowers  spicate,  on  radical  scapes,  or  terminating  a  leafy  stem.  Calyx 
short,  cylindric,  splitting  down  one  side.  Corolla-tnbn  long,  slender ; 
segments  equal,  usually  spreading.  Staminodes  broad,  petaloid ;  stamen 
short,  arcuate ;  anther-cells  separated  on  a  broad  connective,  which  is  pro- 
duced above  into  a  petaloid  crest,  not  spurred  below;  lip  broad,  usually 
bifid.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style  long,  filiform  ;  stigma  turbinate.  Capsule 
oblong;  pericarp  thin.  Seeds  subglobose,  aril  small  lacerate. — Tropics  of 
the  Old  World. 


Kcdmpferia.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.G.Baker.)  219 

SuBGEN.  I.  Sincorus,  Horan.  Stemless.  Leaves  contemporary  with 
the  flowers.     Spikes  central,  radical.     Lip  usually  bifid. 

*  Anther  crest  2-lohed,  2-Jld,  or  toothed. 

1.  K.  CS-alang-a^  Linn.  8p.  PI.  3;  Hort.  Cliff,  t.  3;  leaves  sub- 
orbicular  subsessile,  corolla-segments  lanceolate,  staminodes  obovate- 
cuneate  white,  lip  white  with  a  lilac  throat  deeply  bitid,  anther-crest 
quadrate,  lobes  two  rounded.  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  351 ;  Scit. 
PL  t.  92 ;  Boxh.  in  rAsiat.  Bes.  xi.  327 ;  Hart.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  15 ; 
Wall.  Cat.  6581;  Wight.  Ic.  t.  899;  Grah.  Cat.  Fl.  Bomb.  208  ;  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  21.  K.  sessilis,  Koenig  in  Petz.  Obs. 
iii.  67.  K.  humilis,  Salisb.  Prodr.  6.  K.  plantaginifolia,  Salisb.  in  Trans. 
Hort.  Soc.  i.  286.  Alpinia  sessilis,  Kcenig  in  Betz.  Obs.  iii.  62, — Pumph. 
Amboin.  v.  t.  69,  fig.  2.     Pheede  Malab.  xi.  t.  41. 

In  the  plains  throughout  British  India. — Disteib.  Malay  isles. 

Jtoolstock  tuberous;  root-fibres  cylindric.  Leaves  3-6  in.  long,  spreading  flat 
on  the  ground,  tip  deltoid,  thin,  deep  green,  10-12-ribbed,  margin  not  thickened 
nor  coloured ;  p^iole  short,  channelled.  Floioers  6-12,  fugitive,  sweet-scented, 
opening  successively ;  bracts  lanceolate,  green,  small.  Calyx  as  long  as  the  bract. 
CorollatuhQ  1  in. ;  segments  ^  in. ;  staminodes  ^  in.  long  and  broad  j  lip  1  in.  broad, 
bitid  below  the  middle,  lobes  obtuse;  anther-crest  small,  with  two  shallow  obtuse 
lobes. 

Var.  K.  LATIFOLIA,  Bonn.  Hort.  Cant.  ed.  vi.  p.  3  ;  lip  spotted  at  the  throat 
with  brown.     K.  Galanga,  Willd.,  Enurn.  i.  3 ;  Bat.  Mag.  t.  850. 

2.  K.  xnargrinata^  Carei/  in  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  i.  93 ;  leaves  orbicular  sub" 
sessile  edged  with  brown,  corolla-segments  lanceolate,  staminodes  lilac 
obovate,  lip  lilac  cut  deeply  into  two  orbicular  lobes,  anther  crest  bifid. 
Horan.  Prodr.  21. 

BuEMA,  Carey  ;  TeNasseeim,  Parish. 

Boot-fibres  oblong.  Leaves  spread  flat  on  the  ground,  4-6  in.  long  and  broad, 
firmer  in  texture  than  in  K.  Galanga,  tinged  reddish-brown  beneath,  and  with  a 
distinct  brown  margin.  Flowers  few  in  a  sessile  central  cluster ;  bracts  and  calyx 
under  1  in.  C'o7'o^/a-tube  1  in.;  segments  as  long,  white.  Staminodes  as  loug'as 
tlie  corolla-segments ;  lip  1  in.,  lobes  ^  in.  broad,  overlapping ;  anther-crest  deeply 
bifid,  lobes  bidentate. — Nearly  allied  to  K.  Galanga.  An  allied  plant  with  purple 
flowers  sent  by  Dr.  King  from  Quedah  in  the  Malay  reninsuLi,  is  probably  a  distinct 
species. 

3.  XL.  ang"UStifoliaj  Boscoe  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  351  ;  Scit.  PI. 
t.  94 ;  leaves  ascending  lanceolate,  corolla-segments  long  linear,  staminodes 
oblong  white,  lip  lilac  deeply  cut  into  two  obovate  lobes,  anther-crest  bifid. 
Poxb.  in  Asiat.  Pes.  xi.  328 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  17 ;  Ped.  Lil.  t. 
389;  Horan,  Prodr.  21.  K.  Eoxburghiana,  Schult.  Mant.  i.  33.  K.  undu- 
lata.  Link.  ;  Teysm.  and  Binnen.  in  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  598. 

Foot  of  the  Eastern  Himalayas.     Bengal,  JRoxburgh. — Disteib.  Malay  isles. 

Bootstock  tuberous ;  root-fibres  slender  or  cylindric.  Leaves  many,  6-8  by  1  in.' 
or  less,  sessile,  ascending,  lanceolate.  Flowers  few  in  a  central  sessile  spike  ;  bracts 
small.  Calyx  1  in.  Coro//a-tube  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  1  in., 
very  narrow,  white,  reflexing ;  staminodes  erect,  ^-|in. ;  lip  reflexed,  i  by  f  in,, 
bitid  about  halfway  down;  lobes  suborbicular;  anther-crest  quadrate,  shallowly 
bifid. 

4.  K..  ovalifolia,  Poxb.  Hort.  Beng.  1;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  19;  Corom.  PI. 
t.   278;  leaves  oblong  distinctly  petioled,  spike  sessile,  corolla-segments 


220  cxLix.  SCITAMINE2E.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [^Kcempferia. 

large  linear,  staminodes  oblong  white,  lip  lilac  deeply  cut  into  two  obovate 
emarginate  lobes,  anther- crest  3-4-dentatp,  Rose.  Scit.  PL  t.  95 ;  Wall. 
Cat.  6583;  Horan.  Prudr.  21.  K.  diversit'olia,  J^iw^.  in  Dlefr.  Sp.  Plant,  i. 
57 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  1.  c.  K.  Pcjrishii,  Hook.  /.  in  Bat.  Mag.  t.  5763.— 
Trilophus,  Lest lb.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  ser.  ii.  xv.  341. 

Tenasseeim,  Parish;  Malacca,  Farquhar. —  Distrib.  Siam. 

Rootstock  tuberous;  root-fibres  cylindric  or  oblong  at  the  tip.  Leaves  6  by  4  in., 
spreading,  thin,  pale  green,  acute;  channelled  petiole  in  the  wild  plant  2-3  in., 
sometimes  6  in.  in  the  cultivated.  Spike  few-fld.,  sometimes  produced  before  the 
leaves  ;  bracts  imbricate,  1-2  in.,  pale  green  striped  with  brown.  CoroZZa-tube  1^-2 
in.  long;  segments  narrow,  \\  in. ;  staininodes  erect,  1  by  i  in. ;  lobes  of  lip  short 
and  broad,  imbricate,  bright  lilac;  anther-crest  large,  quadrate,  usually  trifid. — 
Connects  the  sections  Sincorus  and  Protanthium,  and  is  included  by  Horaninov  in 
both,  under  different  names. 

5.  K.  speciosa,  Baker ;  leaves  suborbicnlar  erect  shortly  petioled, 
flowers  in  a  sessile  head  large  pure  white,  corolla-tube  very  long,  segments 
ovate,  staminodes  large  obovate,  lip  patent  broader  than  long  bifid. 

Burma  {Ic  in  Hort.  Calcut.) 

Petiole  2-3  in. ;  blade  5-6  in.  long  and  broad,  plain  green  or  variegated  deeper 
and  paler  green,  Corolla-inhe  3  in. ;  segments  nearly  1  in. ;  staminodes  and  lip 
1  in.,  the  expanded  limb  being  2  in.  diam. 

6.  K.  pandurata,  Eoxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  328,  t.  2 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ; 
Fl.  Ind.  i.  18 ;  leaves  oblong  petioled  large  erect,  corolla-segments  ascending, 
staminodes  oblong  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments  white,  lip  oblong- 
cuneate  twice  as  long  as  the  staminodes  entire,  anther-crest  quadrate  bifid. 
Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  96 ;  Bot.  Peg.  t.  173 ;  Wall.  Cat.  6586 ;  Grah.  Gat.  PI. 
Bomb.  208  ;  Dalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  Suppl.  87  ;  Thw.  Enum.  316  ;  Horan. 
Prodr.  21.  K.  ovata,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  351.  Curcuma 
rotunda,  Linn.  8p.  2. — Pheede,  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  10 ;  Bumph.  Aniboin.  v.  t. 
69,  fig.  2. 

CoNCAN  and  Guzerat,  Qraham.  South  Andaman  Isld.,  Kurz.  Tenasseeim, 
Heifer.     Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 

Rootstock  perennial,  tuberous,  bright  yellow  ;  root-fibres  cylindric.  Leaves  9-12 
in.,  acute,  narrowed  to  the  base ;  petiole  long,  channelled.  Spike  peduncled,  hidden 
in  the  dilated  bases  of  the  petioles;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  moderately  firm, 
1^2  in.  Calyx  shorter  than  the  bracts.  Corolla-tuhe  2-2^  in. ;  segments  whitish, 
above  ^  in.  ;  lip  1  in.,  white,  tinged  with  red,  margins  incurved  ;  anther-crest  small. 
• — Resembles  Gastrochilus  in  the  shape  of  the  flower,  especially  O.  longijiora,  but 
the  anther  is  crested.     Cultivated  for  its  ginger-like  rootstock. 

7.  TL'  Prainiana^  King  mss. ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  erect,  petiole 
as  long  as  the  blade,  corolla-segments  oblong  ascending,  lip  oblong- 
cuneate  much  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 

]\Jalay  Peninsula;  Goping,  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  small.  Leaves  about  4  in  a  tuft ;  petiole  6  in. ;  blade  8-9  by  2-2^  in., 
moderately  firm,  glabrous,  narrowed  to  the  base.  Flowers  in  a  sessile  cylindric 
spike  6  in.  long ;  bracts  many,  oblong,  imbricate,  membranous.  Corolla  whitish ; 
tube  1  in.,  slender,  segments  under  i  in.,  lip  the  same,  but  much  smaller. — Nearly 
allied  to  K.  pandurata. 

**  Anther- crest  entire. 

8.  SL.  Roscoeanaj  Wall,  in  Bot.  Beg.  1. 1212;  leaves  orbicular  sub- 
sessile  variegated  black  and  green ;  flower  entirely  white ;  corolla^segments 


Kmmpferia.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  221 

short  lanceolate ;  staminodes  obovate,  lip  deeply  cut  into  two  obo^^ate 
lobes,  anther-crest  ovate  entire.  Hook,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5600 ;  Horan. 
Prodr.  21.     K.  Roscoei,  Wall.  Cat.  6584. 

Burma,  Wallich  (not  Nepal,  as  stated  by  Horaninov). 

Root-fibres  many,  fascicled,  cylindvic.  Leaves  2,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground, 
obscurely  cuspidate,  4-5  in.,  firmer  in  texture  than  in  K.  Galanga,  margins  pale, 
obscurely  crisped.  Flowers  few,  in  a  sessile  central  tuft ;  bracts  and  calyx  under 
1  in.  Coro^Za-tube  1-1^  in. ;  segments  ^  in.  j  staminodes  ^  in.  long  and  nearly  as 
broad ;  lobes  of  the  lip  similar  in  shape  and  size  ;  crest  of  the  anther  small  and  not 
at  all  lobed. — Nearly  allied  to  K.  Galanga. 

9.  XL.  parviflora,  Wall.  Cat.  6587 ;  leaves  subsessile  ovate,  corolla- 
segments  short  linear-oblong,  staminodes  narrow,  lip  lilac  obovate-cnneate 
emarginate,  anther-crest  orbicular  entire. 

3uBMA  ;  banks  of  the  River  Attran,  Wallich. 

Root-fibres  slender.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  3-4  in.  long,  rounded  at  the  base,  plain 
green ;  petiole  short,  channelled.  Flowers  few  in  a  sessile  central  tuft ;  bracts  1  in., 
lanceolate,  green.  Calgx  not  longer  than  the  bract,  Corolla-tnhe  1^  in. ;  segments 
greenish,  i  in.,  upper  ascending,  rather  concave.  Lip  J-  by  ^  in.,  subemarginate ; 
anther-crest  obtuse,  as  broad  as  long.— The  flower  resembles  that  of  a  Qastrochilus, 
but  the  anther  is  crested. 

10.  XL.  Involucrata,  JS^ing  mss. ;  leaves  oblanceolate-oblong  long- 
petioled  erect,  flowers  several  in  a  head  surrounded  by  large  oblong  green 
bracts,  corolla-segments  ascending,  staminodes  rather  longer  than  the 
corolla-segments,  lip  orbicular  bifid  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments, 
anther-crest  orbicular  entire. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Jaffray.    Assam,  Jenkins. 

Stemless.  Fetiole  5-6  in. ;  blade  6-7  by  1^-2  in.,  green,  membranous,  nar- 
rowed gradually  to  the  base.  Peduncle  1-4  in. ;  outer  bracts  membranous,  1^-2  in., 
inner  small  lanceolate.  Coro//a-tube  1^  in.;  segments  small,  oblong,  whitish. 
Staminodes  crested,  oblong,  white,  \-\  in. ;  lip  -^  in.  long  and  broad,  white  with  a 
yellow  blotch  in  the  centre. 

11.  XL»  Andersonl,  Bakery  leaves  oblong  acute  shortly  petioled 
ascending,  flowers  several  in  a  head  surrounded  by  large  oblong  green 
bracts,  staminodes  small  obovate,  lip  orbicular  emarginate,  anther-crest 
orbicular  entire. 

Burma,  T.  Anderson  {in  Hort.  Bot.  Calc). 

Petiole  1-2  in.;  blade  3-4  in.,  light  green,  hot  mottled,  narrowed  to  the  base. 
Peduncle  0;  bracts  1^-2  in.  CoroZZa-tube  shorter  than  the  bracts;  segments 
small,  ovate ;  lip  above  a  in.  long  and  broad,  pure  white  with  a  yellow  spot  at  the 
^^hroat. — Nearly  allied  to  K.  involucrata. 

12.  XL*  concinna^  Baker ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  long-petioled 
ascending,  spikes  oblong  shortly  peduncled,  corolla-tube  rather  longer 
than  the  bract,  flower  white  blotched  with  red,  lip  oblong  margins  incurved, 
anther- crest  small  entire.  « 

Peeak,  alt.  4-600  ft.,  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  very  slender.  Leaf-blade  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  6-S  by  2  in. ; 
petiole  slender,  9-12  in.  Spikes  many-fld.  ;  bracts  1  in.,  ovate-lanceolate,  reddish. 
Calgx  very  short.  Corolla-tuhe  very  slender,  gradually  dilated  to  the  throat ; 
segments  oblong,  ^  in. — Habit  of  K.  pandurata. 

Subgen.  II.  Protanthiumj  JToran.  Stemless.  Zeaw*  not  produced 
till  after  the  flowers.     Spikes  radical.    Lijo  and  anther-crest  bifid. 


222  CXLIY.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [^Kcempferia. 

13.  2L.  rotunda,  Linn.  Sp.  3 ;  leaves  oblong  erect  petioled,  corolla- 
segments  long  linear,  staminodes  oblong  acute  white,  lip  lilac  or  reddisli 
deeply  cut  into  two  suborbicular  lobes,  anther-crest  deeply  bifid.  Eoxb.  in 
Asiat.  Res.  xi.  327  ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.Ind.  i.  16  ;  Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  97 ;  Bof. 
Mag.  i.  920  and  6064 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2029 ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  208 ; 
Dalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.,  Suppl.  86;  Thw.  JSnum.  ol6.  K.  longa,  Jacg. 
Hort.  Schoenb.  t.  317  ;  Red.  Lil.  t.  49.  K.  versicolor,  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort. 
Sac.  i.  286.—Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  9. 

Throuj^hout  India  from  the  Himalayas  to  Ceylon  and  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
often  cultivated. — DisTEiB.  Malay  Ishmds. 

Rootstock  tuberous  ;  root-fibres  many,  very  thick.  Leaves  erect,  petiole  short 
cliannelled;  blade  12  by  3-4  in.,  usually  variegated  with  darker  and  lighter  green 
above  and  tinged  purple  beneath.  Spikes  4-6-fld.,  produced  in  March  and  April 
before  the  leaves ;  bracts  oblong,  acute,  outer  short,  the  inner  2-3  in.  long.  Ca{i/x 
nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  minutely  toothed,  slit  down  one  side.  Corolla- 
tube  2-3  in.,  segments  spreading,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  Staminodes  1^-2  in. ; 
lip  rather  shorter,  reflexed,  2-lobed  to  below  the  middle  lobes  |-1  in.  broad,  deeply 
tinged  with  lilac  or  red-purple  ;  anther-crcst  cut  halfway  down  into  two  lanceolate 
lobes,  with  often  a  small  tooth  between  them. 

14  K.  Candida,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Rar.  i.  47,  t.  56;  Cat.  6585; 
flowers  white,  corolla-segments  lanceolate,  staminodes  obovate  obtuse,  lip 
orbicular-cuneate  shuUowly  bifid,  anther-crest  bifid. 

BuEMA,  WalUch,  &c  ;  Sbau  Hills,  3O0O  ft.,  ColleU. 

Rootstock  tnhevons ;  root-fibres  slender,  with  large  tubers  at  the  end.  Leaves 
not  known.  Spikes  6-8'fid. ;  bracts  broader  than  in  K.  rotunda,  inner  2-3  in.  long. 
Calyx  1  in.,  minutely  toothed.  Coro?Za-tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments 
1  in.  or  less  J  staminodes  1^  by  1  in.,  erect,  pure  white;  lip  reflexed,  1^  in.  long 
and  broad,  tinged  yellow  in  the  centre;  anther-crest  much  smaller  than  in  JT. 
rotunda. 

Subgen.  III.  Monolophus,  Wall.  Tgen).  Leafi/  stem  usually  pro- 
duced. Leaves  contemporary  with  tbe  flowers.  Spikes  terminal  on  the 
leafy  stem,     ii/?  bifid  or  entire.     Anther-crest  entire. 

15.  K.  siphonantha,  R^i7ig  mss.;  leafy  stem  none,  leaves  oblong 
oblique  at  the  base,  petiole  longer  than  the  blade,  flower  lilac,  staminodes 
oblong,  lip  broad  deeply  bifid. 

Andaman  Islands,  King^s  Collector. 

Annual,  stemless ;  root-fibres  slender.  Leaves  3  in  a  tuft ;  petiole  6  in.  ;  blade 
4-5  in.,  oblong,  acute,  membranous,  glabrous,  base  unequal-sided,  sides  rounded. 
Flotcers  solitary  at  the  end  of  a  long  very  slender  spike;  bracts  few,  narrow,  mem- 
branous. Corolla-iwhe  much  exserted  from  the  upper  bract ;  segments  ^  in.,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  greenish. 

16.  ZL.  elegrans,  Wall.  Cat.  6593 ;  leafy  stem  short  or  none,  leaves 
oblong,  petiole  rather  shorter  than  the  blade,  flowers  bright  lilac,  stami- 
nodes  obovate-cuneate,  lip  cut  nearly  to  the  base  into  two  obovate  lobes. 
K.  Crawfurdii,  Wall.  ined.  Monolophus  elegans,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Rar.  i. 
24,  t.  27 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  22. 

Pegu,  Martaban,  Tavoy,  and  Tenasseeim. 

Annual,  root-fibres  slender.  Leaves  2-4  to  a  tuft,  5-6  by  2-3  in.,  acute,  thin, 
green  above,  much  paler  beneath,  base  rounded ;  petiole  channelled,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  blade.  Cluster  of  flowers  shortly  peduncled ;  outer  bracts  2  in.,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  green.     Calyx  about  1  in.     CoroZ/a-tube  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the 


KcBinpferia.']         cslix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  223 

calyx  ;  segments  less  than  1  in.,  green,  lanceolate  ;  staminodes  spreading,  ^  in.  ;  lip 
f-1  in,  long  and  broad,  bifid  nearly  to  the  base ;  anther-crest  large,  suborbicular. 

17.  It.  macro chlamys,  Baker  \  stemless,  leaves  lanceolate  petioled, 
flowers  white,  staminodes  orbicular-cuueate,  lip  broad  cut  deeply  into  two 
orbicular  lobes. 

Tenasseetm,  Parish. 

Leaves  4-5  by  1  in.,  acute,  narrowed  gradually  into  a  channelled  petiole  2-3  in. 
long.  Cluster  of  flowers  shortly  peduncled  ;  outer  bracts  2  in.,  oblong,  purplish- 
brown.  CoroZ^a-segments  \  in.  ;  staminodes  a  little  longer  than  the  corolla-seg- 
ments ;  lip  1  in.  broad,  bifid  halt"  way  down,  yellow  and  pilose  below ;  anther-crest 
ovate,  entire. — Described  from  a  sketch  and  notes  made  by  Prof.  Oliver  of  a  plant 
that  flowered  in  Kew  in  May,  1871. 

18.  K..  linearis,  Wall,  in  Hocch.  Fl.  Ind.  cd.  Wall.  &  Carey,  i.  20 ;  leafy 
stem  elongate, leaves  sessile  lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers  white,  corolla-tube 
half  as  long  again  as  the  bracts,  corolla-segments  linear-oblong  whitish, 
staminodes  oblong-cuneate,  lip  broad  caneate  entire  or  slightly  emarginate. 
Monolophus  linearis,  Wall.  Cat.  6592  ;  Koran.  Prodr.  22. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Assam,  Siliiet  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-3500  ft. 

Annual,  root-fibres  slender.  Stem  simple ;  slender,  erect,  4-10  in.  Leaves 
ascending,  membranous,  green,  3— i  by  \-^  in.  Spikes  1-2,  sessile  or  shortly 
peduncled,  1-2-fld.;  outer  bract  1-1^  in.,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  green.  Corolla' 
tube  1^-2  in.  ;  segments  ^-^  in.  ;  staminodes  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments ;  lip 
about  f  in.  long  and  broad,  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  throat ;  anther-crest  large, 
orbicular. 

19.  XL.  sikkimensis,  Xing  mss. ;  leafy  stem  elongate,  leaves  sessile 
lanceolate-acuminate,  corolla-tube  twice  as  long  as  the  bract,  segments 
linear-oblong  dark  lilac,  staminodes  white  orbicular  euneate,  lip  suborbicular 
white  entire. 

SiKKiM  and  BH0TA?f  Himalaya,  King,  Ulwes. 

Stems  slender,  2-4  in.  long.  Leaves  reaching  2-3  in.  long,  ^-1  in.  broad. 
Spike  solitary  ;  1-flowered,  its  base  hidden  in  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf  ;  bract 
green,  i  in ^ long.  OoroZ/a-tube  slender,  an  inch  long;  segments  J  in.  long. — Very 
near  K.  linearis. 

20.  XL.  secunda,  Wall,  in  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ed.  Wall  &  Carey,  i.  19 ; 
leafy  stem  produced,  leaves  sessile  oblong  acute,  flowers  white  or  red,  corolla- 
segments  linear-oblong,  staminodes  oblong-cuneate,  lip  broad  euneate 
slightly  emarginata.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6999.  Monolophus  secundus.  Wall. 
Cat.  6591 ;  Koran.  Prodr.  22. 

SizKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  Silhet,  the  Khasia  Hills  and  Tenasseeim, 
ascending  to  4000  ft. 

Annual.  Leafy  stem  6-9  in.,  slender,  simple.  Leaves  3-4  by  1  in.  (or  more), 
membranous,  green,  ascending,  acuminate.  Spikes  1-4 ;  outer-bract  1-1^  in., 
oblong-lanceolate,  green,  moderately  firm.  Calyx  much  shorter  than  the  bract. 
CoroZZa-tube  1^-2  in. ;  segments  \-^  in.,  greenish,  membranous ;  staminodes 
scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla-segments  ;  lip  1  in.  or  more  broad  j  anther-crest 
large,  ovate. 

21.  XL.  parvula^  King.  mss. ;  leafy  stem  produced,  leaves  petioled 
oblong  acute,  flowers  small  white  solitary  in  the  axil  of  a  large  folded 
oblong  firm  green  bract. 

Malay  Peninsula  j  Gopiug,  King's  Collector, 


224  cxLix.   sciTAMiNEJS.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [^KcBinpferia. 

Habit  of  K.  secunda.  Leafy  stem  3-4.in.,  bearing  3-7  distiuctly-petioled  oblique 
oblong  acute  moderately  firm  glabrous  leaves  1-2  in.  long.  Bract  1  in.,  terminal,, 
solitary,  shortly  peduncled.  CoroZ^a-tube  very  slender,  much  shorter  than  the 
bract. 

Subgen.  IV.  Stachyanthesis,  Benth.  Leafy  stem  produced. 
Flowers  many  in  a  terminal  spike.  Lip  bifid ;  anther-crest  quadrate 
entire. 

22.  Ki.  scaposa»  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  642.  Hedychium  scaposum 
Nimmo  in  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  205  ;  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1853), 
375.  Monolophus  scaposus,  Da^ir.  in  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850),  143;  Dalz. 
&  Gibs.  Bomb.  PI.  273 ;   Wiffht  Ic.  t.  2030 ;  JPoran.  Prodr.  22. 

CoNCAN;  on  the  banks  of  rivulets,  Graham,  &c. 

TtootstocJc  tuberous,  oblique ;  root-tibres  long,  slender.  Leaves  12  by  2-3  in., 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  green  above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  narrowed  into  u 
deeply  channelled  petiole.  Spike  3-6  in.,  moderately  dense;  peduncle  long,  slender, 
naked  ;  bracts  1-1^  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,  persistent,  green.  Oa/^y a;  loosely  sheathing 
the  corolla-tube,  above  1  in.,  minutely  toothed.  Coro^Za-tube  slender,  2-3  in., 
segments  short,  lanceolate ;  staminodes  oblong,  white,  as  long  as  the  corolla  segments, 
shorter  than  the  broad  bifid  lip,  which  is  above  an  inch  long.  Capsule  obovoid,  red, 
pubescent,  the  size  of  a  sparrow's  egg. 

9.  KZTCKENZA,   Wall. 

Habit  and  inflorescence  of  Curcuma,  but  bracts  subcoriaceous.  Calyx 
short,  minutely  toothed.  CoroZ/a-tube  slender,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ; 
segments  oblong  or  lanceolate,  subequal.  Lateral  staminodes  petaloid, 
free  from  the  filiform  filament ;  lip  orbicular  or  cuneate  ;  filament  narrow 
as  long  as  the  lip ;  anther-cells  marginal  on  the  broad  connective,  not 
crested.  Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  many,  superposed ;  style  filiform,  stigma 
turbinate.  Capsule  oblong-trigonous,  finally  dehiscing.  Seeds  ovoid, 
arillate. — All  Indian. 

1.  K.  grlauca,  Wall,  in  Trans.  Med.  Phys.  Soc.  Calcutt.  vii.  215 ; 
bracts  all  with  flowers,  corolla-tube  twice  the  length  of  the  bract,  segments 
oblong,  staminodes  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments,  lip  ovate,  filament 
short.  Koran.  Prodr.  24.  Curcuma  glaucophylla.  Wall.  Cat.  6594; 
Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  210. 

BuKMA,  Wallich. 

Rootstock  bearing  only  small  tubers  at  the  end  of  long  slender  fibres.  Stem 
3-4  ft.  Leaves  oblanceolate-oblong,  1  ft.  or  more  by  4-5  in,,  narrowed  gradually 
from  the  middle  to  the  base.  Spike  5-6  in. ;  bracts  crowded,  orbicular-cuneate, 
1-1^  in.,  upper  third  spreading.  Flowers  white;  corolla-tube  2  in.;  segments 
small,  oblong,  concave ;  expanded  flower  1  in.  diam.  Staminodes  as  long  as  the 
corolla-segments;  lip  ovate,  not  clawed,  acute,  obscurely  emarginate ;  stamen  as 
long  as  the  corolla-segments. 

2.  K.  caulina,  Baker ;  upper  bracts  empty  and  enlarged,  corolla- 
tube  half  as  long  again  as  the  bract,  segments  ovate,  staminodes  as  long 
as  the  corolla-segments,  lip  orbicular,  filament  very  short.  Curcuma 
caulina,  Grah.  in  Gat.  PI.  Bomb.  210;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  275; 
Lisboa  in  Journ.  Bomb.  Nat.  Mist.  Soc.  ii.  140,  with  fig. 

The  CoNCAN  ;  abundant  on  the  table-land  of  Mahableshvvur, 

Uootstock  ovoid,  white  inside,  bearing  large  oblong  tubers  at  the  end  of  long 


/. 


Hitchenia.]  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  225 

fibres.  Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  1-1^  ft.  by  5-6  in.,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  often  tinged  red-brown.  Spike  ^  ft. ;  bracts  1  in.,  green,  obovate-cuneate, 
spreading  in  the  upper  third,  those  of  the  coma  longer,  whitish.  Flowers  yellow  j 
corolla-tube  slender,  1^^  in.  ;  expanded  limb  1  in.  diam. ;  staminodes  oblong,  ^  in. ; 
lip  i  in.  diam.,  deeply  bidd  ;  stamen  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments. 

3.  K.  Carey  ana,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  643  ;  bracts  all  flowering, 
corolla-tube  little  longer  than  the  bract,  segments  linear,  staminodes 
minnte,  lip  cuneate  with  a  long  claw,  filament  long.  Curcuma  Careyana, 
Wall.  Gat.  6595. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  subtropical  region.  Khasia  Hills,  Assam,  Cachae, 
SiLHET  and  Manipde. 

Stem  4  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  1-2  ft.  by  4-5  in, ,  narrowed  grati  ually  from  the 
middle  to  the  base.  SpiJce  6-8  in. ;  bracts  1-li  in.,  closely  imbricate,  obovate- 
cuneate,  squarrose;  bracteoles  1  in.,  lanceolate.  Flowers  purple;  corolla-segments 
■i  in. ;  staminodes  minute,  obovate-cuneate,  emarginate ;  lip  f  in.,  cuneate,  with  a 
long  claw  and  a  small  bifid  cusp ;  filiform  filament  \  in.  Capsule  small,  green, 
oblong -trigonous. — Resembles  H.  glauca  in  habit,  but  differs  so  much  in  structure 
that  probably  it  should  form  a  different  genus. 

IMPEEFECTLY  KNOWN   SPECIES. 

4.  H.  MTJSACEA,  Baker;  stemless,  leaves  like  Musa  in  texture,  1^  ft.  by  6-8  in., 
oblong,  base  rounded,  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade,  spike  central,  peduncle  ^  ft.  long, 
bracts  I5-II  in.  orbicular  coriaceous  slightly  squarrose  each  several-fld.,  flowers 
withered  and  imperfect.  Curcuma  musacea,  Wall.  Cat.  6596. — Singapore,  Wallich. 
Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay. 


10.  KBDVCKZUnC, 

HootstocJc  horizontal,  tuberous  ;  root-fibres  not  much  thickened.  Stem 
elongate,  leafy.  Leaves  distichous,  oblong  or  lanceolate.  Flowers  sub- 
solitary  or  in  terminal  spikes  ;  bracts  oblong,  subcoriaceous,  one-  or  more-fid. 
Calyx  tubular,  3  dentate.  OoroZZa-tube  long,  slender;  segments  linear, 
equal,  spreading.  Lateral  staminodes  linear  or  oblong-cuneate  ;  filament 
narrow  ;  anther-cells  contiguous,  connective  not  produced ;  lip  large,  bifid. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  many,  superposed ;  style  long,  filiform,  stigma 
subglobose.  Capsule  globose,  3-valved.  Seeds  many,  small,  aril  lacerated. 
— India  and  Malay  Islands. 

Sect.  I.  Gandasulium^  Horan.  Stamen  never  much  longer  than 
the  lip. 

*  Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

1.  K.  coronarium,  Koenig  in  Betz  Obs.  iii.  73;  leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  spike  dense-fid.,  bracts  large  oblong  imbricate  3-4-fld., 
flowers  white  or  tinged  with  yellow,  staminodes  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
lip  broad  shallowly  bifid  distinctly  clawed,  stamen  as  long  as  or  rather 
longer  than  the  lip.  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  325 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  10 ; 
JEd.  Wall.  Sf  Carey,  i.  9  ;  Bosc.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  343,.  t,  20,  f .  6  ;  Scit. 
PI.  *t.  51 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  708 ;  Smith  Exot.  Fl.  ii.  t.  107  ;  Blume  Enum.  FL 
Jav.  i.  56  ;  Wight  Lc.  t.  2010;  Wall.  Cat.  6539,  in  Eew  Journ.  v.  (1853),  325 ; 
Thw.  Enum.  319.  H.  spicatum,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cat.  t.  653,  not  of  Hamilt.  H. 
Gandasulium,  Prophetse  and  album,  Herb.  Hamilt.— Redychhim,  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  419  (the  2nd  species.) — Rumph.  Amboin.  t.  69,  fig.  3. 

VOL.   VI.  Q 


226  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEJj.     (J.  G.  Baker.)         [HedycJiium, 

Throughout  India  from  the  HIMALAYAS  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca,  ascending  to 
4000  ft.  in  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  6000  ft.  in  Ceylon. — Distbib. — Malay  Islands. 

EootstocTc  1  in.  thick.  Stem  4-6  ft.  Leaves  often  above  a  foot  by  3-5  in., 
usually  pubescent  beneath.  Spike  ^-1  ft.  ;  outer  bracts  1^-2  by  1  in.,  at  first  green, 
brown  in  age.  Calyx  green,  cylindric,  shorter  than  the  bract.  Flowers  fragrant, 
in  the  type  pure  white  or  tinged  with  yellow.  Corolla-tnhe  3  in. ;  segments  linear, 
reflexing,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  lateral  staminodes  l|-2  in.  by  about  ^  in. ;  lip 
1^-2  in.  broad,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  short  claw,  short  lobes  rounded ;  filament 
red ;  anther  about  ^  in.  Capsule  oblong,  glabrous,  orange  inside.  Seeds  with  a 
crimson  aril. 

Var.  H.  CHEYSOLEUCUM,  Hooh.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4516  (sp.) ;  lip  white  with  a  large 
yellow  patch  in  the  centre.     Lindl.  Sf  Paxt.  Fl.  Gard.  i.  110,  t.  77. 

Var.  H.  MAXIMUM,  Rose.  Scit.  PL  t.  52  (sp.);  leafy  stem  taller  than  in  the  type, 
flowers  pure  white  larger,  staminodes  f-1  in.  broad,  lip  2-2^  in.  broad.  Lindl.  in 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1022;  Horan.  Prodr.  24. 

Var.  H.  PLAVESCENS,  Carey  in  Rose.  Scit.  PL  t.  50  (sp.);  stature  of  the  type, 
flowers  sulphur  yellow.  Wight  Ic.  t.  2008-9  ;  H.  flavum,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2378  (not  of 
t.  3039).     H.  sulphureum.  Wall.  mss. 

Var.  H.  UROPHYLLTTM,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cat.  t.  1785  (sp.) ;  stature  of  the  type, 
flowers  bright  yellow.  Koran.  Prodr.  24. 

Var.  H.  PLAVTJM,  Boxh.  Hort.  Beng.  1;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  12  (sp.)  ;  dwarfer  than  the 
type,  flowers  smaller  bright  yellow.  Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  49  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3039  ;  Lodd.  Bot. 
Cat.  t.  604;  WaU.  Cat  6542  ;  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  y.  (1853),  326;  Soran.  Prodr.  24. 

2.  K.  Elwesii,  Baker ;  leaves  oblong  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  spike 
dense-fld.,  bracts  large  oblong  4-5- fid.,  calyx  shorter  than  the  bract, 
flowers  bright  yellow,  staminodes  lip  linear,  broad  shallowly  bitid,  stamen 
as  long  as  the  lip. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  Bishop's  fall,  near  Shillong,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Flwes. 

Leaves  1  ft.  or  more,  by  3  in.  SpiTce  ^  ft. ;  bracts  green,  subcoriaceous,  2-2^  in. , 
rather  diverging,  not  so  closely  imbricate  as  in  H.  coronarivm.  Corolla-tuhe  2|  in, ; 
segments  above  1  in. ;  staminodes  resembling  the  segments  in  size  and  shape ;  lip 
1^  in.  broad,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  broad  claw  ;  filament  bright  red ;  anther  linear, 
i  in. — May  be  an  extreme  form  of  jET.  coronarium. 

3.  K.  marg'inatuin,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  75,  t.  31 ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  very  hairy  beneath,  spike  short  dense-fld.,  bracts 
oblong  imbricated  1-fld.,  flowers  yellow,  staminodes  linear,  lip  small 
cnneate  distinctly  clawed  shallowly  bifid,  stamen  rather  longer  than  the 
lip. 

Naga  Hills  ;  Kohima,  alt.  4500  ft.  Clarke ;  Griffith  (5680),  without  locality. 

Jjeanesl  ft.  by  l|-2  in.,  pale  beneath.  Spike  ^-is  \n. ;  bracts  l|-2  in.,  not  so 
flrm  as  in  B.  coronarium,  glabrous,  with  a  pale  horny  margin  and  a  tuft  of  hairs 
at  the  tip.  Calyx  Wn.  Coro^Za-tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  segments  1  in,, 
staminodes  resembling  the  corolla-segments  in  size  and  shape ;  lip  1  in.  long,  claw 
long,  blade  \-\  in.  broad. 

4.  K.  venustum,  Wight  Jc.  t.  2012;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  nearly 
glabrous  beneath,  spike  lax-fld.  often  cernuous,  bracts  small  1-fld.,  flowers 
whitish,  calyx  exceeding  the  bract,  staminodes  linear,  lip  narrow  cuneate 
deeply  bifid  distinctly  clawed,  stamen  shorter  than  the  lip.  Wall,  in  Kew 
Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1863),  328.     H.  cernunm,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2011. 

NiLGHiRi  Hills,  Wight. 

Leaves  1  ft.  by  3-4  in.,  obscurely  pubescent  beneath.     SpiJce  6-9  in.,  cernuous 


Hedychlum.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  227 

or  erect ;  br.ict  thin,  at  most  1  in.,  glabrous,  rolled  round  the  calyx.  Cali/x  1^  in. 
long.  CoroHa-tube  2  in.;  segments  1|  in.;  staminodes  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
segments;  lip  rather  longer  than  the  staminodes,  cut  down  below  the  middle  into 
two  acute  segments ;  anther  linear.     Capsule  subglobose,  pubescent. 

**  Leaves  quite  glabrous  beneath. 

5.  H.  spicatuzn,  Hamilt.  ex  Smith  in  Rees  Cyclop,  xvii.  Ko.  3 ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  dense-fld.,  bracts  large  oblong 
1-fld,,  calyx  shorter  than  the  bract,  flowers  white,  staminodes  lanceolate, 
lip  cuneate  deeply  bifid,  stamen  rather  shorter  than  the  lip.  Rose.  Scit.  PI. 
t.  4S ;  ITook.  Exot.  Flora,  t.  46  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2300  ;  Roijle  III.  357  ;  Wall. 
Gat.  6553 ;  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853),  328 ;  Roran.  Prodr.  24. 

SuBTEoPicAL  Himalaya;  Nepal,  Wallich.  Kumaon,  alt.  5000-7000  ft., 
Royle,  Strachey  Sf  Winterbottom. 

Leaves  reaching  1  ft.  or  more,  very  variable  in  breadth,  glabrous.  Spike  some- 
times 1  ft. ;  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  green,  1-1^  in.  by  f  in.  broad,  flowers  ascending 
and  closely  imbricate  in  the  type.  Corolla-XAxhe  2,-2,^  in. ;  segments  1  in.,  linear  ; 
staminodes  1  in.,  lanceolate;  lip  ^-f  in.  broad,  not  at  all  clawed,  lobes  2  rounded; 
filament  pale  red ;  anther  linear,  \-\  in.     Capsule  glabrous,  globose. 

Var.  TEiLOBUM,  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853)  328 ;  spike  laxer,  bracts  narrower 
convolute  round  the  calyx,  corolla -segments  staminodes  and  lip  longer,  the  latter 
with  a  small  tooth  between  the  two  lobes.  H.  trilobum,  Wall.  Cat.  G554. — Nepal, 
Wallich. 

Var.  ACUMiNATDM,  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  I.  e. ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  spike 
laxer  and  flowers  fewer,  bracts  convolute  round  the  calyx,  flowers  white  or 
pale  yellow,  tube,  corolla-segments  staminodes  and  clawed  lip  longer  than  in  the 
type,  stamen  about  half  as  long  as  the  lip.  H.  acuminatum.  Rose.  Scit.  PL  t.  47  ; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2969 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cat.  t.  1795. — Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  ascending  to 
7000  ft. 

Var.  KiiAsiANUM,  Clarice;  like  the  last,  but  leaves  pubescent  beneath. — Khasia 
Hills,  Clarke. 

H.flavescens,  Jjodd.  Bot.  Cat.  t.  723  {not  of  Carey)  and  ^.  Sieholdii,  Wall,  in 
Kew  Journ.  v.  371  {H.  flavescens,  Lindl.  in  Hort.  Soc.  Journ.  vii.  281,  &  Paxt. 
Flow.  Gard.  iii.  164,  tig.  311.  S.  Roxhurghii,  Siebold  in  Hort.  Soc.  Journ.  1.  c.)  are 
probably  varieties  of  this  species. 

H.  bicornutum.  Wall,  mss.,  is  a  monstrous  form,  with  two  stamens,  each  with  a 
large  erect  spur  at  the  base  of  the  anther. 

6.  K.  densiflorum,  Wall.  Gat.  6552  ;  Xew  Journ.  (1853)  v.  368  ;  leav.es 
oblong,  spike  long  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts  small  oblong  1-fld.,  calyx 
longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  small  bright  yellow,  staminodes  lanceolate, 
lip  cuneate  deeply  bifid,  stamen  as  long  as  the  lip.     Scran.  Prodr.  25. 

Tempebate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich  ;  Sikkim,  alt.  6000-8000  ft.  Griffiths' 
Collectors ;  J.  D.  H. 

Leaves  1  ft.  by  4-5  in.,  glabrous  beneath.  Spike  sessile,  sometimes  1  ft. ; 
bracts  oblong,  -i-l  in.,  rolled  tightly  round  the  calyx.  Calyx  cylindrie,  about  1  in. 
Corolla-tMhe  1-1^  in. ;  segments  linear,  reflexing,  under  1  in. ;  staminodes  lanceo- 
late, under  1  in. ;  lip  about  \  in.,  not  clawed ;  stamen  just  exceeding  the  staminodes  ; 
filament  yellow,  anther  linear. 

Sect.  II.  Dlacrostexniuxn,  Soran.  Stamen  much  longer  than  the 
lip  (rather  longer  in  S.  Griffithianum). 

*  Lip  narow  2-fid  or  2-partite,  lobes  or  segments  narrow  (lip  emarginate 
in  H.  ellipticum.) 

q2 


228  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Hedycldum. 

f  Leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

7.  K.  crassifoliuxn,  Bakery  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  subcoriaceoas, 
bracts  short  oblong  1-fld.,  calyx  twice  as  long  as  the  bract,  flowers  bright 
yellow,  calyx-segments  very  long,  staminodes  lanceolate  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla-segments,  lip  narrow  long  clawed  bipartite  segments  narrow, 
stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Perak,  in  dense  jungle,  on  trees,  King*s  Collector. 

Epiphytic ;  leafy  stem  15-20  in.  Leaves  under  1  ft.  l-|-2  in.  broad,  glabrous, 
firmer  in  texture  than  in  any  other  species,  narrowed  gradually  from  the  midiile  to 
the  base.  Bracts  green,  glabrous,  -^  in.  rolled  tightly  round  the  calyx.  Corolla- 
tube  l^-in.  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  segments  linear-convolute,  2  in.  long ;  staminodes 
and  lip  about  1  in. ;  filament  bright  red,  2  in. ;  anther  large,  linear. 

8.  K.  longricornutuxn,  Griff,  mss. ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike 
short  dense-fld.  oblong,  bracts  oblong  hairy  imbricate  1-fld.,  calyx  longer 
than  the  bract,  corolla-segments  much  longer  than  the  oblanceolate 
staminodes,  lip  bipartite,  segments  narrow,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the 
lip. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay. 

Epiphytic.  Stem  slender,  1-1^  ft.  Leaves  1  ft.  by  2-2^  in.,  thin,  narrowed 
gradually  to  the  base  and  apex.  Spifce  1^-2  in. ;  lower  bracts  1  in.  Cahjx  pro- 
truded, \-\  in.  beyond  the  bract.  Corolla-tnhe  protruded  ^  in.  beyond  the  calyx  ; 
segments  bright  red,  1^-2  in.  ;  staminodes  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments  ;  lip 
a  little  shorter  than  the  staminodes ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla -segments  j 
anther  linear. 

9.  S.  G-omezianum,  Wall.  Cat.  6543,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853)  368 ; 
leaves  long  lanceolate,  spike  dense-fld.  curved,  bracts  1-fld.  cylindric,  calyx 
longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  white,  staminodes  linear,  lip  narrow  clawed 
bipartite,  segments  narrow,  stamen  much  longer  than  the  lip.  Horan. 
Prodr.  25.     Hedychium,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  419,  first  species. 

Tavoy,  Gmnez ;  Tenasserim,  Griffith. 

Epiphytic,  gland-dotted.  Leafy  stem  1  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  sometimes  above 
1  ft.,  2-3  in.  broad,  narrowed  gradually  from  the  middle  to  the  base.  Bpike  cernuous, 
3-4  in. ;  bracts  glabrous,  rolled  tightly  round  the  calyx.  Calyx  twice  as  long  as  the 
bract.  Corolla-t\xhQ  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  segments  linear,  1  in.  white  ; 
staminodes  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments;  lip  white;  filament  1^  in.; 
anther  linear,  orange  yellow. 

10.  K.  ellipticum,  ILamilt.  ex  Smith  in  Bees,  Cyclop,  xvii.  No.  2; 
leaves  oblong,  spike  short  dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  iinbricate  1-fld.,  calyx 
as  long  as  the  bract,  flowers  white,  staminodes  linear,  lip  narrow  nnguicn- 
late  faintly  bifid,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip.  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  55 ; 
Bot.  Cat.  t.  1881 ;  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853)  327 ;  Soran.  Prodr.  25. 
H.  fastigiatum.  Wall.  Cat.  6340. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Gaewhal,  Sikkim,  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2000- 
5000  ft. 

Leaves  \-\  ft.  by  3-5  in.  Spilce  very  dense,  3-4  in. ;  bracts  bright  green,  about 
1  in.  Corolla-inhe  twice  as  long  as  the  bract;  segments  1  in.^  linear;  staminodes 
rather  shorter  and  broader  than  the  corolla-segments ;  lip  oblong,  distinctly  clawed, 
shorter  than  the  staminodes,  only  emarginate  at  the  apex  ;  filament  1^-2  in.;  anther 
linear,  orange  yellow. 

11.  K.  villosuzu,  Wall,  in  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  12;  in  Keio  Journ.  y. 


Hedychium.]         cxlix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  229 

(1853)  329 ;  Gat.  6545  A,  B ;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  long 
dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  very  hairy  often  2-3-M.,  calyx  longer  than  the 
bract,  flowers  white,  staminodes  linear,  lip  narrow  clawed  bipartite  seg- 
ments narrow,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip,  anther  small  sagittate. 
Rose  Scit.  2^1.  t.  64 ;  Soran.  Prodr.  25. 

Nepal,  Silhet,  Assam,  Khasia  Hills,  Muniptje,  alt.  4000-6000  ft. 

Leaves  sometimes  1  ft.  2-4  in.  broad,  glabrous  beneath.  Spike  ^-1  ft. ; 
racbis  very  stout  and  bairy  ;  bracts  pale  green,  f -1  in.  Calyx  about  1^  in.  Corolla- 
tube  longer  tban  tbe  calyx  j  segments  linear,  1-1^  in. ;  staminodes  like  the  corolla- 
segments  ;  lip  1  in.  or  more  j  filament  l|-2  in.,  bright  red;  anther  much  shorter 
tban  in  any  otber  species. 

Var.  TENUIFLOEUM,  Wall.  Cat.  6546  C. ;  flowers  much  smaller  tban  in  the  type, 
corolla-segments  staminodes  and  lip  ^  in. — Assam,  Silhet  and  Kbasia. 

ft  Leaves  'more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

12.  S.  aureum,  Clarke  &  Mann  mss. ;  dwarf,  leaves  small  thin  lan- 
ceolate, spike  short  dense-fld.  oblong,  bracts  1-fld.  wrapped  tightly  round 
the  calyx,  calyx  as  long  as  the  bract,  flowers  very  small  golden  yellow, 
staminodes  linear,  lip  narrow  cuneate  deeply  bifid  segments  narrow,  stamen 
half  as  long  again  as  the  lip. 

NoRTHEEN  Khasia  Hills  j  alt.  5000-6000  ft.,  Clarice,  Mann, 
Epipbytic  ;  leafy  stem  sbort,  slender.  Leaves  6-8  by  1-1^  in,,  slightly  pubescent 
beneatb,  tapering  gradually  to  a  long  point.  Spike  1^2  in.  j  bracts  cylindric, 
green,  glabrous,  \  in.  Calyx  about  as  long  as  tbe  bract.  Corolla-twhQ  ^-|  in.  j 
segments  linear,  ^-^  in. ;  staminodes  as  long  as  tbe  corolla-segments ;  lip  \-\  in. 
long,  narrowed  gradually  to  a  sbort  claw  j  filament  as  long  as  the  lip ;  anther 
linear,  ^  in.     Capsule  globose,  glabrous,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

13.  K.  gracile,  Boxh.  Hort.  JBeng.;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  14;  Cor.  PI.  iii. 
48,  t.  251 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  long  moderately  dense-fld., 
bracts  1-fld.  wrapped  tightly  round  the  calyx,  calyx  longer  than  the  bract, 
flowers  small  greenish  white,  staminodes  linear,  lip  oblong-cuneate  2-par- 
tite,  segments  narrow,  stamen  half  as  long  again  as  the  lip.  Wall.  Gat. 
5546  B.  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853)  367,  in  part. 

Khasia  Hills  and  Chittagong,  Roxburgh,  Walllch. 

Leafy  stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  5-6  by  1^-2  in.,  thin,  caudate,  finely  pubescent 
beneath.  Spike  2-4  in. ;  bracts  ^  in.,  green,  cylindric,  thin,  glabrous.  Calt/x  a 
little  longer  than  the  bi-act.  Corolla-tnhe  1  in.,  very  slender;  segments  linear 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  staminodes  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  corolla-seg- 
ments ;  lip  ^  in,,  distinctly  clawed;  filament  1  in.,  bright  red;  anther  linear.  Capsule 
globose,  glabrous,  tbe  size  of  a  pea. 

Var.  H.  GLAUCUM,  Rose.  Scit.  Fl.  t.  53  (sp.)  More  robust  and  larger  in  all  its 
parts  ;  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  spike  often  6-9  in, ;  bracts  f  in, ;  parts 
of  the  flower  half  as  long  again  as  in  the  type.  H.  gracile,  Wall.  Cat.  6546  A,  in 
Kew  Journ.  v.  367,  in  part ;  Hook.  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6638. — Khasia  Hills, 
Bhotan,  and  Sikkim,  alt.  3000-6000  ft. 

14.  "h.  Griffithianum,  Wall,  in  Keiv  Journ.  v.  (1853),  369;  leaves 
lanceolate,  spike  lax-fld.,  bracts  1-fld.  cylindric,  calyx  longer  t|ian  or 
equalling  the  bract,  flowers  white  or  pale  yellow^  staminodes  Unear,  lip 
long  narrow  clawed  bipartite?  segments  narrow,  stamen  rather  longer  than 
the  lip.     Soran.  Prodr.  25. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4r-5000  ft.,  Griffit7i,  HooJc.f.  ^  Thorns. 

Leaves  sometimes  above  1  ft.,  2-3  in.  broad,  marked  above  with  glandular  lines 


230  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.G.Baker.)  IHedi/cJdum. 

finely  pilose  beneath.  Spihe  6-9  in. ;  bracts  1-1^  in.,  rolled  tightly  round  the  calyx, 
calyx  and  corolla  glandular.  Corolla-tuhe  2-3  in. ;  segments  1  in.,  linear.  Stami- 
nodes  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments;  lip  1  in.  long;  filament  bright  ruil, 
1-1^  in.  ;  anther  large,  linear.  Capsule  globose,  glabrous,  |  in.  diam. — Nearly 
allied  to  H.  spicatum. 

Var.  glanduligerum,  Clarke.  Leaves  glabrous  beneath.  Whole  plant  especially 
the  flower  very  glandular. — Khasia  Hills. 

15.  K.  thyrsiformej  Hamilt.  ex.  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop,  xiii.  No.  4; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  dense-fid.  oblong,  bracts  cylindric 
1-fld.,  calyx  not  longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  white,  staminodes  linear, 
lip  iiarrow  clawed  2-partite,  segments  narrow,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the 
lip.  Wall.  Cat.  6541 ;  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853),  327  ;  Bosc.  Beit.  Fl.  t.  56  ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  25.  H.  heteromallum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  767. 
H.  Tocncho,  Serb.  Hamilt. 

Teopical  Himalaya;  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  alt.  2-40C0  ft.,  and 
Chittaqong. 

Leaf  sometimes  1  ft.,  3-4  in.  broad,  finely  pilose  beneath.  Spike  very  dense, 
3-6  in.  ;  lower  empty  bracts  ovate;  flower-bracts  cylindric,  green,  1^  in.  Corolla- 
tube  not  much  longer  than  the  bract ;  segments  1  in.,  linear;  staminodes  as  long  as 
the  corolla-segments  ;  hp  as  long,  distinctly  clawed,  usually  cut  about  half  way  down 
into  two  linear-oblong  segments  ;  filament  whitish,  1^-2  in.  j  anther  linear. 


** 


Lip  cnneate  or  obovate. 


16.  K.  Hookeri,  Clarice  mss. ;  dwarf,  leaves  short  oblong,  spike 
short  oblong,  bracts  oblong  imbricate  1-fld.,  calyx  shorter  than  the  bract, 
flowers  very  small  sulphur-yellow,  staminodes  oblong-cuneate,  lip  obovate- 
clawed  bifid,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Hook.  f.  ^  Thomson.    Assam,  Griffith. 

Leafy  stem  slender,  I-I2  ft.  Leaves  5-6  by  2  in.,  thin,  glabrous,  caudate,  base 
cuneate.  Spike  1-2  in.,  resembling  that  of  Glohba  bulbifera,  few-fld.  ;  bracts  ^  in., 
oblong,  laxly  imbricate,  green,  glabrous.  Calt/x  ^  in.  Cordlla-tuhe  a  Httle  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  segments  linear,  ^  in. ;  staminodes  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments  ; 
lip  nearly  as  long,  distinctly  clawed;  filament  ^-^  in.;  anther  f  in.  Capsule 
globose,  glabrous,  ^  in.  diam. 

17.  K-"  G-ardnerianum,  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  62 ;  tall,  leaves  oblong 
white  pulverulent  beneath,  spike  long  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts  large 
oblong  1-2-fld.,  calyx  not  longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  bright  lemon-yellow, 
staminodes  oblanceolate,  lip  obovate-cuneate,  tip  2-fld  or  2-3-toothed,  stamen 
twice  as  long  as  the  lip.  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853),  369  {excl.  syns.  &( 
vars.) ;  Bot.  Beg.  t.  774";  Sook.f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6913  {excl.  syns.) ;  Horan. 
Prodr.  25 ;  Beichh.  Exot.  t.  183 ;  Gard.  Chron.  1875,  i.  461,  figs.  92,  93 ; 
Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  iii.  p.  3,  t.  9. 

Eastern  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Sikkim,  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-8000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  5-6  ft.  Leaves  1-li  ft.  by  4-6  in.,  white  pulverulent  beneath,  as 
are  the  young  bracts  and  rachis  of  the  spike.  Spike  1-1|  ft.  ;  bracts  1^-2  in., 
rolled  tightly  round  the  flowers,  glabrous.  Coro^Za-tube  a  little  longer  than  .the 
bract;  segments  greenish,  reflexing,  1-1^  in.  Staminodes  above  1  in.  by  |-f  in. 
broad  ;  lip  1  in.  or  more,  ^-f  in.  broad,  narrowed  gradually  to  a  short  claw  ;  filament 
bright  red,  2-2|  in.;  anther  linear,  i-i  in.  Capsule-valves  ovate,  orange-red 
within,  persistent,  f  in.     Seeds  brownish-crimson. 

Var.  H.  pallidtjm,  Kegel  in  Trans.  Russ.  Hort.  Soc .  1864,  t.  153  (sp.).  Lip 
narrower,  more  distinctly  clawed  and  distinctly  bifid.  Horan.  Prodr.  25. — Khasia, 
J.  D.  R. 


Hedijclimm.']         cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  231 

18.  H.  speciosunij  Wall,  in  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind  Ed.  Carey  8f  Wall.  i.  13 ; 
Cat.  6550  ;  IH.  As.  Bar.  iii.  51,  t.  285  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  long 
moderately  dense-flcl.  bracts  large  oblong  1-2-fld.,  flowers  pale  sulphur- 
yellow,  staminodes  linear,  lip  oblong-cuneate  entire,  stamen  twice  the 
length  of  the  lip.  H.  Giirdnerianum,  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853)  369,  in 
part.     Gamochilus,  Lestid.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  xv.  341. 

SiLHET,  Gomez. 

Leaves  above  1  ft.,  3-4  in.  broad,  glabrous  beneath.  Spike  a-1  ft. ;  lower 
bracts  1|  in.,  f  in.  broad.  Calyx  c^liudric,  about  as  long  as  the  bract.  CoroUa- 
tube  2  in.  ;  segments  linear,  1  in.  ;  staminodes  longer  than  the  segments  ;  lip  not 
dawt'd,  1  in.  by  ^  in.  broad  ;  filament  bright  red,  twice  as  long  as  the  lip;  anther 
linear,  yellow,  ^-^  in. 

19.  IZ.  stenopetaluxn,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1902 ;  very  tall,  leaves 
oblong  very  hairy  beneath,  spike  long  lax  or  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts 
large  oblong  often  2-fld.,  flowers  pure  white,  staminodes  oblanceolate,  lip 
oblong-cuneate  bifid,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip.  H.  barbatum,  Wall. 
Cat.  6544.  H.  coccineum  $,  in  part,  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  v.  (1853),  373. 
H.  elatum,  Clarke  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Sac.  xxv.  75.  H.  el-artum  var.  orgyale, 
Horan.  Prodr.  25. 

Assam,  Khasia,  the  Naga  Hills,  and  North  Burma,  alt.  1500-3000  ft. 

The  tallest  species.  Leaves  sohietimes  2  ft.  by  5-6  in.,  very  hairy  all  over  be- 
neath. Spike  1  ft.  or  more,  rachis  very  stout;  bracts  rigid,  often  2  in.  by  1  in. 
Calyx  shorter  than  and  corolla-tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  bract.  Corolla- 
segments  linear,  1^  in. ;  staminodes  shorter  than  the  coroUa-segments ;  lip  pure 
white,  1  in.,  narrowed  gradually  into  a  short  claw;  filament  pale,  1^-2  in.;  anther 
linear,  yellow,  5  in. 

***  Lip  orbicular. 

20.  K.  coccineum,  Hamilt.  ex  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop,  xvii.  5 ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  sjiike  long  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  1-2-fld.,  calyx 
not  longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  small  bright  crimson,  staminodes 
lanceolate,  lip  orbicular  distinctly  clawed  deeply  bifid,  stamen  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  lip.  Wall,  in  Kew  Journ.  y.  (1853),  372,  ea?joar^e ; 
Base.  Beit.  PI.  t.  58;  Hall.  Cat  6548;  Beichb.  Ic.  JExot.  t.  184;  Boyle  III. 
357 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  edit.  Wall.  ^  Carey,  i.  82,  in  note. 

Central  and  Eastern  Himalaya,  common  (under  one  or  other  form). 
Ceylon  (native  P). 

Leaves  1  ft.  or  more,  1^  in.  broad,  base  rather  rounded,  narrowed  gradually  from 
the  middle  to  the  point,  ^pilie  1  ft. ;  bracts  green,  1-1  ^  in.  CoroZZa-tube  scarcely 
longer  than  the  bract ;  segments  1  in.,  linear,  reflexing;  staminodes  under  1  in., 
\-\  in.  broad;  lip  above  \  in.  and  broad;  filament  \\  in.;  anther  linear,  \-\  in. — 
The  type  was  described  and  drawn  from  a  plant  in  the  Calcutta  Garden. 

Var.  H.  RoscoEi,  Wall.  mss.  (sp.).  Staminodes  bright  red;  lip  dull  brick  red. 
H.  coccineum,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1209. 

Var.  H.  SQUARROSUM,  Buck.  Hamilt.  mss.  fsp.)  ;  less  robust  with  smaller  bright 
crimson  flowers  and  very  long  glabrous  leaves  often  not  above  1  in.  broad.  H.  an- 
gustifoiium.  Wall.  Cat.  6547  ;  in  Kew.  Journ.  v.  (1853)  371,  in  gi-eater  part,  non 
Roxh. — Common  in  the  Eastern  Himalaya,  Khasia,  and  Upper  Burma,  alt.  8-9000  ft. 
Ceylon. 

Var.  H.  LONGIPOLITJM,  Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  59  (sp.) ;  flowers  bright  crimson,  leaves 
very  narrow  pubescent  beneath. — Same  range  as  the  last  variety. 

Var.  H.  ANGUSTiroLiUM,  Roxb.  Hart.  Beng.  1  ;  Cor.  PI.  iii.  248,  t.  251 ;  Fl.  Ind 


232  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Hedycliium. 

i.  13;  leaves  not  so  long  and  narrow  as  in  the  two  last,  spike  shorter,  flowers  dull 
brick  red  or  salmon-red  often  3-4  in  a  fascicle,  lip  obovate-cuneate  less  deeply 
bifid  under  i  in.  and  broad.  :Rosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  60;  JBot.  Mag.  t.  2078;  Kern.  Hort. 
t.  807. — Chittagoug  and  Silhet,  always  at  low  levels. 

Var.  H.  CABNEtTM,  Eose.  Scit.  PL  t.  57  (sp.)  ;  leaves  1^-2  in.,  flowers  white  tinged 
with  pale  red,  lip  orbicular  ^-f  in.  long  and  broad,  filament  pale  red  1^2'in.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  2637;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cah.  t.  693. 

21.  H.  auraxitiacuxn,  Wall.  Gat.  6551 ;  leaves  long  lanceolate,  spike 
long  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  often  2-3-fld.,  calyx  not  longer 
than  tbe  bract,  flowers  bright  orange-yellow,  staminodes  lanceolate,  lip 
orbicular  distinctly  clawed  deeply  bifid,  stamen  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
the  lip.  Hose.  ^cit.  PI.  t.  39.  H.  Gardnerianum,  var.  y,  Wall,  in  Kew 
Journ.  V.  (1853),  369 ;  Savi  Fl.  Ital.  iii.  t.  112.  H.  angustifolium,  Bot. 
Beg.  t.  157. 

KuMAON  and  Nepal,  alt.  5000  ft.  or  more. 

Leaves  1-1^  ft.  by  2-3  in.,  narrowed  gradually  to  the  base,  glabrous  beneath. 
Bpike  ^-1  ft.  ;  bracts  oblong,  green,  glabrous,  1-li  in.  CoroUa-tuhe  not  much 
longer  than  the  bract ;  segments  linear,  1  in.  or  more ;  staminodes  as  long  as  the 
corolla- segments  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  staminodes,  about  as  broad  as  long  ;  filament 
pale  bright  red ;  anther  linear,  yellow,  i  in. — The  aflfinity  is  stronger  with  some  forms 
of  coccineum  than  with  Gardnerianum.  ^ 

22.  K.  luteuxn,  Serh.  Calcut. ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  short 
dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  closely  imbricate,  flowers  lemon-yellow,  corolla- 
tube  twice  as  long  as  the  bract,  staminodes  lanceolate,  lip  orbicular  bifid 
distinctly  clawed,  stamen  half  as  long  again  as  the  lip. 

Assam,  Oldham. 

Intermediate  between  H.  flavum  &  aurantiacum.  Stem  slender.  Leaves  under 
1  ft.  Bracts  broad,  green,  1  in.  Corolla-tvihe  2  in. ;  segments  linear,  pale  yellow, 
above  1  in. ;  lip  under  1  in.  broad,  uniform  yellow  throughout,  narrowed  suddenly  to 
a  short  claw. — Described  from  a  drawing  in  the  Calcutta  collection. 

23.  H.  gratuxn,  Wall,  ex  Voigt.  Sort.  Suburb.  Galcutt.  570  (name 
only) ;  leaves  long  lanceolate,  spike  dense-fld.,  bracts  large  oblong,  corolla- 
tube  much  longer  than  the  bract,  flowers  whitish,  staminodes  oblong,  lip 
orbicular  clawed  deeply  emarginate,  stamen  a  little  longer  than  the  lip. 

Khasia  Hills,  WallicJi. 

Leafy  stem  long  and  stout.  Leaves  above  1  ft.,  3  in.  broad.  Spike  \  ft. ; 
bracts  2-3  in.  Corolla-segments  linear,  1^  in. ;  staminodes  1  in.,  narrowed  to  the 
base  ;  lip  1  in.  broad,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  short  claw. — Differs  from  coccineum 
by  its  whitish  flowers  and  shorter  stamens.  Described  from  a  drawing  in  the 
Calcutta  collection. 

24.  H.  elatuxn^  Br.  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  526;  leaves  large  oblong, 
spike  long  moderately  dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  1-2-fld.  moderately  large, 
calyx  as  long  as  the  bract,  flower  white  tinged  with  red,  staminodes  ob- 
lanceolate,  lip  orbicular  clawed  bifid,  stamen  twice  as  long  as  the  lip. 
Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  63;  Wall.  Gat.  6549  A,  B;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  856; 
Beichb.  PI.  Pxot.  t.  270 ;  PLoran.  Prodr.  26.  H.  coccineum,  var.  )3,  Wall, 
in  'Keio  Journ.  v.  (1853),  373,  in  jpart. 

Subtropical  Himalaya  j  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  alt.  about  5000  ft. 

Leaf  above  1  ft.,  3-4  in.  bi'oad,  glabrous  beneath.  SpiJce  1  ft.  or  more,  rachis 
very  stout;  bracts  oblong,  1-li  in.,  f  in.  broad.  Ca/ya;  cylindric,l-l^  in.  Corolia- 
tube  a  little  longer  than  the  bract;  segments  linear,  1;^  in. ;  staminodes  I-I5  in., 


HedycJihcm.']         cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  233 

distinctly  clawed;  lip  rounded  at  the  base  to  a  distinct  claw,  f -1  in.  broad,  white, 
with  a  patch  of  dull  red  in  the  centre ;  filament  pale  red,  2  in.  or  more ;  anther 
i_|  in. — This  and  S.  aurantiacum  are  so  difficult  to  distinguish  when  dried  from 
some  of  the  forms  of  coccineo^m,  that  I  have  purposely  abstained  from  citing  several 
of  Wallich's  numbers. 

11.  ATflOiaVT/L,  Linn.  ■    \^ 

RootsiocJc  perennial,  widely  creeping.  Leafy  stem  elongate.  Leave) 
usually  oblong-lanceolate.  Spikes  dense-fld.,  except  in  §  Genolophus  pro- 
duced direct  from  tbe  rootstock  ;  bracts  imbricate.  Calyx  cylmdric,  3- 
dentate.  Corolla-inhe  cylindric  ;  segments  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  upper 
often  broader  and  more  convex.  Lateral  staminodes  0  or  minate  teeth  ; 
lip  broad  or  lingulate;  filament  short,  arcuate;  anther-cells  divaricate, 
sometimes  hairy,  often  furnished  with  a  petaloid  crest.  Ovary  3-celled ; 
ovules  many,  superposed ;  style  filiform,  stigma  small  and  subglobose  or 
larger  and  gibbous  on  the  back.  Fruit  indehiscent  or  dehiscing  irregu- 
larly, sometimes  beaked,  winged  or  echinate.  Seeds  globose  or  truncate. 
Species  about  150,  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

Sect.  I.  G-eanthus,  Beinw.  (gen.).  SpiJce  radical.  Lip  broad. 
Anther  not  crested.     (Sp.  1 — k) 

1.  A.  graxnineuxn,  Wall.  Cat.  6558 ;  leaves  small  thin  lanceolate 
pubescent  beneath,  spike  small  globose,  peduncle  very  short,  outer  bracts 
lanceolate,  lip  small. 

Tavoy,  Gomez. 

Stem  slender,  2-3  ft.  Leaves  6  by  1  in.  Spihe  1  in.  -,  bracts  ^-f  in.  Calyx  i 
in.  CorolZct-tube  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  segnients  ^  in.  linear-oblong  j  lip 
rather  longer  than  the  corolla-segments.     Anther-ceWs  short,  glabrous. 

2.  A.  floribunduxn,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  644 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle  long  erect,  outer  bracts 
large  orbicular,  lip  small  obovate.     Elettaria  floribunda,  Thw.  JSnum.  319. 

CErLON  ;  forests  in  the  Ambagaraowa  district. 

Leafy  stem  3-6  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  18-24  by  3-5  in.  petioled. 
Peduncle  1-1^  ft.  ;  bract-leaves  sheathing,  obtuse.  Spike  2-3  in.  long  and  broad; 
flowers  very  numerous  ;  bracts  dark  red,  outer  1^  in.  long  and  broad.  Flowers  pale 
ochraceous  yellow.  Corolla  tube  f  in.;  segments  and  lip  much  shorter  than  the 
tube.    Fruit  small,  oblong,  smooth. 

3.  A.  nemorale,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  644;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  small  globose,  peduncle  very  short, 
outer  bracts  ovate  obtuse,  lip  small  orbicular  3-lobed.  Elettaria  nemo- 
ralis,  Thw.  Enum.  319. 

Ceylon  ;  forests  in  the  Reigam  and  Pasdoon  Corles. 

liootstock  slender.  Leafy  stem  2-4  ft.  '  Leaves  firm,  6-15  by  1^-2  in.  Spike  1- 
1^  in. ;  peduncle  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  spike ;  bracts  glabrous,  outer  ^-f  in., 
inner  lanceolate.  CoroUa-tube  under  1  in.,  segments  short,  oblong,  obtuse.  Lip 
yellow,  copiously  veined  with  purple ;  midlobe  smaller,  bifid.  Capsule  globose,  ^  in. 
shortly  beaked. 

4.  A.  involucratuxn,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  64A ;  leaves  large 
oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle  long  erect, 
outer  bracts  very  large  obovate  overtopping  the  flowers,  lip  small  obovate 
equally  3-lobed.    Elettaria  involucrata,  Tkio.  Enum.  319. 


234  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Amomum. 

Ceylon  ;  damp  forests  of  the  central  province,  alt.  4000-6000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  6-10  ft.  or  move.  Leaves  thin,  1^-3  ft.  by  4-7  in.  S'pilce  2-3  in.  long 
and  broad  ;  flowers  very  numerous  ;  bracts  bright  red,  outer  3  in. ;  inner  lanceolate, 
1^  in.  Corolla-twhe  as  long  as  the  inner  bracts ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse.  Lip 
pale  ochraceous  yellow.     Capsule  1^  in.,  ovoid-trigonous,  smooth. 

/.  Sect.  II.    Achasma,   G-riff.   (gen.).      Spike  radicg-l.      Zip  narrow, 
margins  incurved.     Anther  not  crested. 


i 


* 


Lip  not,  or  hardly  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 


5.  A.  Fenzlii,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Beng.  As.  Soc.  xlv.  pt.  ii.  154,  t.  12  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle  short  erect, 
bracts  ovate  densely  ciliated,  lip  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 

NicoBAR  Islands,  Kurz. 

Leafy  stem  6-7  ft.  Leaves  thin,  2-3  ft.  by  2^-3  in.,  green  and  glabrous  on  both 
surfaces.  Spike  very  dense-fld.,  2  in.  diam. ;  peduncle  6  in.,  its  bract-leaves  large, 
oblong ;  outer  bracts  very  large,  ovate  ;  inner  1  in.,  pale  red,  back  glabrous,  margin 
densely-matted  with  whitish  tomentum.  Corolla-tnhe  ^  iu.  ;  segments  1  in.  linear, 
pale  red.  Lip  1  in.,  red,  with  white  inflexed  margins.  Fruit  obovoid,  1  in.  Seeds 
obovoid,  black ;  aril  white. 

6.  A.  araneosuxn,  BaMr ;  spike  oblong,  peduncle  very  short,  bract 
ovate  densely  matted  on  the  edge,  lip  rather  longer  than  the  corolla- 
segments. 

Tenasserim,  Griffith,  Heifer  (Hook.  f.  &  Thoms.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  4.). 

Leaves  unknown.  Spike  oblong,  2  in.;  peduncle  2-3  in.,  bract-leaves  largo, 
crowded,  ovate ;  outer  bracts  large,  ovate,  backs  glabrous,  margins  densely  matted 
with  whitish  cottony  tomentum  ;  inner  lingulate,  li  in.  Corolla  as  long  as  the 
inner  bracts.    Anther-ceWs  glabrous. — Nearly  allied  to  A.  Fenzlii. 

7.  A.  stenogrlossuzn,  Baker;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath, 
spike  globose,  peduncle  longer  than  spike,  outer  bracts  large  oblong  acute 
glabrous,  lip  not  much  Jonger  than  the  corolla  segments. 

Perak,  alt.  500-1000  ft.,  King's  Collector. 

Leafy  stem  8-12  ft.  Leaves  2  ft.  or  more,  by  2  in.  Spike  globose,  3  in. ; 
central  bracts  li^-2  in.;  peduncle  4-5  in.,  bract-leaves  1  in.,  rigid,  oblong,  obtuse. 
CoroUa-tube  1^  in. ;  segments  shorter.     Anther-ce\l&  J  in.  glabrous,  linear. 

**  Lip  much  longer  than  the  corolla- segments, 
t  Spike  globose. 

8.  A.  sphserocephalum,  Baker;  leaves  large  oblong-lanceolate 
glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous,  lip  much  longer  than  the  corolla-segments. 

Penan G,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrih.  1581). 

Leafy  stem  long,  robust.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  1^-2  ft.,  by  3-4  in.  Spikes  1^- 
2  in.  long  and  broad ;  outer  bracts  I^  in.,  inner  1  in.,  lingulate,  glabrous.  Calyx 
cylindric,  shortly  3-toothed,  bearded  at  the  apex.  Corolla-tuhe  1  in. ;  segments 
oblong,  obtuse.  Lip  deep  crimson,  ^  in.,  bifid  \  of  its  length,  incurved  margin 
white.    Anther  truncate. 

9.  A.  metriocheiloSj  Baker;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath, 
spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous, 
lip  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments.  Achasma  metriocheilos,  Griff. 
JSoiul.  iii.  427  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  356. 


AmohtiiiJi.']  ox.Lix.  scitaminej:.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  235 

Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.,  57 o8).  Penang,  on  Governmeut  Hill,  Curtis, 
1530. 

Leaves  1-1 J  ft.  by  1^  in.,  bright  green.  Spike  2  in.  long  and  broad;  peduncle 
arcuate,  as  long  as  the  spike;  outer  bracts  bright  red,  1^  in.  j  inner  as  long,  lingu- 
late.  Cali/x  1  in.,  spathaceous,  cylindric ;  teeth  minute,  densely  pilose.  Corolla- 
tube  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  segments  1  in.  oblong,  glabrous.  Lip  scarlet,  with  a 
small  obovate  tip,  and  margins  incurved  more  than  half  way  up.  Anther-cella 
glabrous.— A  closely-allied  plant  from  Perak  {King's  Collector,  2933)  has  stems  12- 
15  ft.  and  leaves  3  ft.  by  4-5  Jn. 

10.  A.  IMEaingrayi,  Baker ;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike 
globose,  peduncle  long  erect,  bracts  glabrous  outer  orbicular,  lip  twice  as 
long  as  the  corolla-segments.  » 

Malacca,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrih.  1586). 

Rootstock  slender,  woody.  Leaves  thin,  12  or  more  by  2  in.,  narrowed  very 
gradually  to  the  base.  Spike  many-fld.,  1^2  in.  long  and  broad ;  peduncle  12  in. ; 
bract-leaves  several  distant  obtuse  small ;  outer  bracts  1  in.  orbicular ;  inner  Ungu- 
late. Calyx  1  in. ;  segments  lineai'-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  1  in., 
narrowed  to  an  obtuse  tip.  Filament  connate  with  the  lip  nearly  to  the  top ;  anther- 
cells  hairy.     Fruit  bright  red,  neither  ribbed  nor  echinate. 

ft  Sjoike  oblong. 

11.  A.  macro cheilos,  JBaker ;  spike  oblong  shortly  peduncled,  outer 
bracts  large  oblong  acute  glabrous,  lip  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
corolla-segments  bifid,  margins  ot  the  lower  third  incurved.  Achasma 
macrocheilos.  Griff'.  Notul.  iii.  429  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  357. 

Malacca,  Griffith. 

Leaves  unknown.  Spike  3  in. ;  peduncle  2  in.,  bract-leaves  small,  ovate,  imbri- 
cate; outer  bracts  brownish,  2-2^  in.  Calyx  cylindric,  spathaceous,  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube.  Coro^Za-segments  linear-oblong,  above  1  in. ;  upper  broader.  Flower 
greenish  red.  Lip  2^  in. ;  upper  half  linear,  deeply  bifid.  Anther  glabrous,  deeply 
emarginate. 

12.  A.  costatum,  JBenth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  644 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spike  oblong  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts 
oblong-lanceolate  glabrous,  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments. 
Alpinia  costata,  Poxh.  Corom.  PI.  t.  252.  A.  Cardamomum  medium, 
Roxb.  Ft.  Ind.  i.  74.  E.  costata,  Horan.  Prodr.  31.  Elettaria  media, 
lAnk  ex  Soran.     Cardamomum  medium,  Schult.  Mant.  i.  244. 

Eastern  Tropical  Himalayas  ;  Silhet,  Roxburgh. 

Rootstock  I  in.  diam.  Leafy  stem  stout,  5-6  ft.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  3-4  in. 
Spikes  2-3  in. ;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  spike;  outer  bracts  pink,  1^  in.  Corolla^ 
tube  2  in.,  cylindric ;  segments  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  2  in.,  deflexed, 
Ungulate,  red-yellow,  tip  entire,  flat  in  the  upper  half,  margins  below  the,  middle 
slightly  incurved.  Fruit  ^  in.,  ovoid,  strongly  ribbed,  smooth.  Seeds  many,  obovoid, 
truncate  acrid,  aromatic,  brownish. 

13.  A>  ling'uiforme,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  644 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  oblong  few-fid.  shortly  peduncled,  outer 
bracts  ovate  whitish  glabrous,  lip  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
segments.  Alpinia  Imguiforme,  Boxb.  PI.  Ind.  i.  75;  PI.  Coromand. 
t.  276.     Elettaria  linguiformis,  Schult.  Mant.  i.  24 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  31. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Tropical  region,  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H.  Khasia  Hills 
{Rook.  f.  Sc  Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.,  10),  Kin(^.     Bengal,  Roxburgh. 

Rhizome  stout,   copiously   stolon iferous.      Leafy   stem    4-6  ft.      Leaves  thin, 


236  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiR.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Amomiim. 

1-1^  ft.  by  3-5  in.  Spikes  about  3  in. ;  peduncle  as  long  or  shorter  ;  inner  bracts 
lanceolate,  pink,  2-2|  in.  Coro^^a-tube  cylinuric,  2  in, ;  segments  oblong,  bright 
red,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  bright  yellow,  deflexed,  above  2  in.  long,  bitid, 
margins  below  the  middle  incurved.  Stamen  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments. 
Ovary  hairy. 

14.  A.  gromphocheiloS)  Baker;  leaves  large  lanceolate  glabrous 
beneath,  spike  oblong  shortly-peduncled,  outer  bracts  oblong-lanceolate 
large  glabrous,  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments,  tip  cuneate. 

Pebak,  King's  Collector,  1897.-. 

Leafy  stem  12  ft.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  3  in.  Spike  3  in.  ;  outer  bracts  2  in. 
CoroWa-tube  2  in,  ;  segments  linear-oblong,  under  1  in.  Lip  twice  as  long  as  the 
corolla-segments,  with  a  cuneate-clawed  tip,  margins  incurved  to  the  tip  of  the 
corolla-segments.     Anther  emarginate  j  cells  glabrous,  tips  much  divaricated. 

15.  A.  megralocheilos,  Baker  \  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike 
oblong  very  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  ovate  glabrous,  lip  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments  tip  obovate.  Achasma  megalo- 
cheilos.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  426  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  355. 

Malacca  ;  foot  of  Mount  Ophir,  Griffith. 

Leafy  stem  stout,  12-16  ft.  Spike  3-4  in.;  outer  bracts  1^-2  in.  Calyx 
spathaceous,  cylindric,  above  2  in,  long ;  teeth  small,  lanceolate,  Coro/to-tube  as 
long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  1  in.,  linear-oblong.  Lip  3  in,,  bright  red  ;  margins  of 
the  lower  half  incurved,  yellow.     Anther-CQWi  glabrous,  tip  emarginate. 

Sect.  III.  Kornstedtia,  Eetz.  (gen.)  {Donacodes,  Blume;  Steno- 
chasma,  Griff.).  Spike  radical.  Lip  narrow,  margins  incurved.  Anther 
crested. 

16.  A.  macrodus,  Scortech.  in  Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  xviii,  309, 
t-  12  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  small  snbglobose  shortly  peduncled, 
bracts  small  ovate-lanceolate,  lip  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments 
oblong  margins  involute,  anther-crest  small  truncate. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Kihta,  Scortechini. 

Leafy  stem  slender,  2  ft.  Leaves  caudate,  6-8  by  2-3  in.  Spike  1  in.  diam. ; 
bracts  red,  glabrous,  ^  in.  Calyx  spathaceous,  ^  in.  Corolla-inhe  half  as  long 
again  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  oblong,  \  in.  Lip  bifid,  tip  yellow,  purple  inside 
towards  the  base ;  small  staminodes  developed  ;  anther-crest  entire ;  cells  parallel, 
glabrous. 

17.  A.  rubro-luteunif  Baker;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath, 
spike  globose  sessile,  outer  bracts  ovate  glabrous,  lip  much  longer  than 
the  corolla-segmentss 

Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  I>istrih.,  1588). 

Leaves  about  1  ft,  by  2  in.  Spike  2  in, ;  outer  bracts  1^  in.,  pink  ^  upwards. 
CoroUa-tuhe  1|  in, ;  segments  linear-oblong,  subequal.  Lip  lingulate,  deeply  cleft 
at  the  tip,  bright  crimson,  incurved  margins  yellow.  Filament  shortly  produced 
beyond  the  anther. 

18.  A.  Iieonurus,  Koenig  in  Eetz.  Ohs.  iii.  69;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  cylindric  subsessile,  outer  bracts  large 
ovate  pubescent,  lip  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments.  Hovnstedtia 
Leonurus,  Betz.  Ohs.  vi.  18.  Stenochasma  convoluta,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  433  ; 
Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  359. 


Amomum.']  oxlix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Eaker.)  237 

Malacca,  Koenig  ;  dense  woods  at  Rhim,  Griffith. 

Leafu  stem  6  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  above  1  ft.  Spihe  3-4  in.,  1  in.  diam.  ^  outer 
bracts  1^  in.,  ovate,  acute,  rigid,  reddish-green.  CoroUa-txxhe  3  in.;  segments 
linear,  red,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  with  an  obtuse  rigid  point  and  sides',  in- 
volute in  the  lower  third.  Anther-ceW^  hispid ;  crest  small,  emarginate.  Capsule 
large,  oblong-trigonous. 

19.  A.  scyphiferum,  Kcenig  in  Refz.  Ohs.  iii.  68 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spike  oblong  shortly  peduncled,  outer 
bracts  large  suborbicular  rigid  reticnlated,  lip  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
segments.  .  Hornstedtia  Scyphus,  Betz.  Ohs.  vi.  18.  Stenochasma  urceolare, 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  431 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  358. 

Malacca,  Kcenig,  Griffith,  Maingatf  (Kew  Distrib.,  1582).    Singapore,  Ridley. 

Leafy  stem  10-12  ft.  Leaves  1^-3  ft.  by  4-6  in.  Spihe  4  in.,  2  in.  diam. ; 
central  bracts  2  in.,  rigid,  tip  rounded,  vertical  ribs  raised  and  connected  by 
tomentose  cross  veinlets.  CoroUa-txxhe  2  in.  ;  segments  shorter,  linear-oblong.  Li'p 
bright  red,  concave  to  the  tip,  base  auriculate.  Anther-cells  pilose  ;  crest  orbicular- 
oblong.     Capsule  1  in.,  oblong-trigonous. 

20.  A.  trior g"y ale.  Baker ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  pubescent 
beneath,  spike  oblong  subsessile,  outer  bracts  large  suborbicular  not 
reticulated,  lip  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments. 

Pebak,  King's  Collector. 

Nearly  allied  to  A.  scyphiferum.  Leafy  stern  20  ft.  Leaves  above  2  ft.  by  6  in., 
distinctly  pctioled.  Spike  like  that  of  A.  scyphiferum,  but  the  bracts  less  rigid  and 
the  close  vertical  ribs  not  connected  by  raised  pubescent  cross-veinlets.  CoroWa-tube 
2  in. ;  segments  and  lip  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Sect.  IV.  Euamomum,  Benth.  Sjpike  radical.  Lip  broad.  Anther 
crested. 

*  Anther-crest  entire  or  crenate. 

t  Ant  her -crest  lunate. 

21.  A.  ILoenig-ii,  Baker;  leaves  oblong,  spike  ovate-oblong  shortly 
peduncled,  outer  bracts  obtuse,  lip  3-lobed  bifid  longer  than  the  corolla- 
segments,  anther-crest  semilunar.  Amomum,  l^o.  57,  Kcenig  in  Betz.  Ohs. 
iii.  54.     Meistera,  Giseke  Prcel.  Linn.  205. 

Coast  of  Tenassebim  ;  island  of  Junk  Seylan,  Kcenig. 

Leafy  stem  6-7  ft.  Outer  bracts  ciliate,  cymbiform,  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube. 
CoroZ/a-segments  obovate,  subequal,  white.  Lip  white,  broader  than  the  corolla- 
segments  ;  central  lobe  small ;  anther-crest  white. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

22.  A.  acuminatum,  TTiw.  Knum.  317;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
caudate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  bracts  small 
oblong  acute,  lip  broad  3-lobed  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther- 
crest  semilunar. 

Ceylon  ;  Ratnapoora,  at  a  low  elevation. 

Bootstock  wide-creeping.  Leafy  stem  2-4  ft.  Leaves  5-6  by  1^  in.,  shortly 
petioled.  Spike  1-li  in. ;  bracts  under  1  in.  Lip  yellow  tinged  with  red ;  central 
lobe  emarginate ;  anther -cells  ciliate ;  crest  crenulate. 

23.  A.  fulviceps,  Thw.  Knnm.  317  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous 
beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle  moderately  long,  bracts  oblong  pubescent, 
lip  3-lobed  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  semilunar. 


238  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Bakeu.)  [A^nomum. 

Ceylon  ;  Raxawa,  in  the  central  province,  Thwaifes,  Walker.  {Hoolc.  f.  Sf 
Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  11.) 

Leafy  stem  6-8  ft.  and  more.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  1-2  ft.  by  2§-3  in.  Spike 
very  dense,  2^-3  in.  diam. ;  bracts  dark  red,  1-1^  in.,  persistently  pubescent.  Corolla- 
tube  li  in.;  segments  oblong,  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube.  Lip  pale  yellow. 
AnthtT-cells  pilose. 

24  A.  masticatorium,  Thw.  Enum.  317  ;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous 
beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  bracts  small  obovate  pubescent, 
lip  broad  3-lobed,  anther-crest  semilunar,  capsule  small  globose  echinate. 

Ceylon  ;  common  in  the  forests  of  the  central  province  up  to  4000  ft. 

Rootstoclc  slender.  Leafy  stem  6-8  ft.  Leaves  sessile,  1  ft.  or  more  by  1-1-|  in. 
Spikes  li  in.  long  and  broad;  peduncle  2-3  in  ;  bract-leaves  many,  small,  scariose 
oblong;  bracts  under  1  in.,  ciliate.  Coro^Za-tube  hairy,  as  long  as  the  bract ;  seg- 
ments oblong,  obtuse.  Lip  orbicular,  dotted  with  red,  bidentate  at  the  base.  Cap- 
sule f  in.  diam.,  greenish-black. — Rootstock  a  native  condiment. 

+t  Antlier-crest  orbicular  or  transversely  oblong. 

25.  A.  pauciflorum,  BaJcer-,  spike  sessile  1-2  M.,  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  lip  orbicular-clawed  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther- 
crest  small  transversely  oblong  entire. 

Khapia  Hills;  near  Nunklow,  Hook.  f.  ^''  Thorns.     (Herb.  Ind.  Or.  1), 
Eoots^ocA;  slender.      Leafy  stem  unknown.     Spikes  several  from  one  rootstock; 

bracts  1-1^  in.,  several,  pinkish,  membranous.      Cj)rolla-tuhe  1|  in.  ;  segments  1  in. 

oblong,  obtuse,    white.      Lip  1^-2  in.,  blade  crisped  orbicular,  narrowed  suddenly 

to  a  broad   claw,  with  a   yellowish   middle,  and   radiating   red   veins;  anther-cells 

glabrous,  parallel. 

26.  A.  corynostachyuxn,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Ear.  i.  48  t.  58;  Cat. 
6561 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle 
moderately  long,  outer  bracts  oblong,  lip  small  broad  obscurely  3-lobed, 
anther-crest  orbicular. 

SiKEiM  Himalaya,  Kurz.    Martaban,  Wallich.     Pegu,  Kurz. 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  1-1^  ft.  by  2-3  in.  Spike  1^  in  diam.  ;  peduncle 
J-1  ft.,  bract-leaves  obtuse  and  imbricate;  outer  bracts  1  in.  oblong  navicular,  pale 
brown;  inner  oblanceolate,  obtuse.  Corolla-tuhe  under  1  in.;  segments  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  tube.  Lip  under  1  in.  suborbicular,  white,  tinged  with  yellow  in  the 
middle  ;  filament  very  short ;  anther-cells  glabrous  ;  crest  white,  entire,  petaloid. 

27.  A.  graxninifoliuxn,  Thw.  Enum.  430;  leaves  linear  glabrous 
beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  oblong  glabrous,  lip 
obovate  truncate  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  large 
orbicular  entire. 

Ceylon;  abundant  in  the  Singherajah  forest. 

Rootstock  slender.  Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  about  12  in.  under  1  in. 
broad,  firm,  linear,  very  acuminate.  Spike  few-fid. ;  peduncle  1-2  in.,  bract-leaves 
many,  small,  oblong,  scariose,  brown ;  bracts  1  in.  Corolla-tuha  as  long  as  the 
bracts ;  segments  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  1  in. ;  anther-cells 
glabrous,  i  in. ;  crest  as  long  as  the  cells. 

28.  A.  ciliatunij  Baker  ;  leaves  lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spike 
oblong  shortly  peduncled,  bracts  oblong  pubescent  densely  ciliate,  lip  short 
broad,  anther  crest  transversely  oblong.     A.  fulviceps  /3,  Thio.  Enum.  317. 

Ceylon  ;  Reigam  Corle,  Thwaites,  3704. 

Leaves  12  by  l5-2in.,  sessile,  caudate.     Spikel^-2  in.  diam. ;  peduncle  3-iin. ; 


Amomum.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  239 

bracts  I  in.,  dark  coloured,  back  pubescent  and  densely  ciliated  with  whitish  hairs. 
CoroZZa-tube  much  shorter  than  in  A.  fulvlceps ;  segments  |  in.  oblong. 

29.  A.  xnicrostephanum,  Baker ;  leaves  lar^e  lanceolate  or  oblona:- 
lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts 
oblong  glabrous,  lip  obovate  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest 
small  orbicular,  capsule  9-costate. 

CoNCAN,  Stocks;  near  Chandwar  (planted),  Ritchie.  {Hook.f.  8f  Thorns.  Herb. 
Ind.  Or.  4). 

Leafy  stem  4  ft.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  2-4  in.,  densely  softly  pubescent  beneath. 
Spike  2  in. ;  outer  bracts  1-1^  in.  Corolla-tnhe  1  in.  ;  segments  linear- 
oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Flower  white.  Lip  1  in.  ;  anther-cells  glabrous, 
i  in. 

30.  A.  zanthioides.  Wall.  Cat.  6557;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous, 
spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  small  oblong,  lip  cochleariform 
bifid  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  short  broad  entire, 
cipsule  echinate. 

Tavoy,  Gomez.     Tenasst?RTM,  Parish. 

Leafy  stem  5-6  ft.  Leaves  1-H  ft.  by  li-3  in.,  firm,  bright  green.  SpikeWn., 
few-fld. ;  peduncle  arcuate,  slender,  2-3  in. ;  outer  bracts  §-f  in.,  acute,  glabrous. 
Coroi^a -tube  under  1  in.  ;  segments  oblong,  ^-^  in.  Lip  with  an  orbicular  blade  ^ 
3  in,  broad,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  broad  claw ;  anther-crest  auricled  on  each  side. 
Capsule  r'l^'id,  oblong-trigonous,  pale  brown,  under  1  in.  long. — A  nearly  allied  plant 
from  Perak  {King's  Collector,  1839)  with  robust  leafy  stems  12  ft.  long  and  much 
longer  leaves,  is  doubtless  a  distinct  species,  but  the  materials  are  too  scanty  for 
description, 

ttt  Anther-crest  subquadrate  or  truncate. 

31.  A.  littorale,  Kcenig  in  Betz  Ohs.  iii.  52  ;  leaves  oblong,  spike 
globose,  peduncle  very  short,  outer  bracts  orbicular,  lip  broad  emarginate, 
anther-crest  truncate  emarginate. 

Coast  op  Tfnasseeim  j  island  of  Yunk  Seylan,  Koenig. 

Leafy  stem  taller  than  a  man  Leaves  1  ft.  Outer  tracts  orbicular-cordate; 
inner  linear-lanceolate,  white  ;  tip  ciliate.  CoroZZa-segments  unequal;  upper  erect, 
oblong  ;  lower  lanceolate,  approximate.  Lip  cordate,  bright  orange ;  margins 
crisped ;  recurved  lip  bidentate ;  stamen  half  as  long  as  the  lip.  Capsule  oblong- 
trigonous, — I  have  seen  no  specimens. 

32.  A.  dealbatuxn,  Roxh.  Ft.  Ind.  i.  43 ;  leaves  large  oblong- 
lanceolate  pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  spike  globose  short-peduncled, 
outer  bracts  ovate,  lip  large  obovate  emarginate.  anther-crest  small  sub- 
quadrate  entire,  capsule-ribs  winged.     Wall.  Gat.  6556 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  30. 

Eastern  Himalayas;  Sikkim,  Khasia  Hills,  Silhkt,  Eastern  Bengal  and 
Chittagong,     (HA;.  /,  ^-  Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  5,)     Roxburgh,  &c. 

■  Leafy  stem  4-5  ft.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  4-6  in.,  bright  green  above,  whitish 
beneath.  Spike  2  in.  diam.  ;  peduncle  vcy  short ;  outer  bracts  1  in,,  reddish. 
CoroWa-tube  1  in  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  white,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip 
obovate-cuneate,  1^  in. ,  white  with  a  yellow  line  down  the  centre  and  radiating  red 
veins.  Anther-crest  small,  subquadrate.  Capsule  globose,  reddish,  1  in.  diam,,  with 
9  winged  crenulate  vertical  ribs. — Nearly  allied  to  the  Malayan  A.  maximum, 
Roxb. 

Var.  A.  SERiCEUM,  Roxb.  Ft.  Ind.'i.  46  (sp.);  leaves  silvery  white  beneath, 
anther-crest  larger,  capsule  ovoid, — Sikkim,  Khasia  and  Cachar.  (Hk.  f.  &  Thorns. 
Herb.  Ind.-.  Or.  6,). 


240  cxLTx.  SCITAMINEJ3.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Amomum, 

33.  A.  hypoleucuxn,  Tim.  Mnum.  318;  leaves  large  oblong-lanceo- 
late silvery  beneath,  spike  1-3-fld.,  peduncle  very  short,  bracts  oblong 
membranous,  lip  broad  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest 
subquadrate  crenate,  capsule  9-ribbed. 

Ceylon  ;  damp  forests  of  the  central  province,  up  to  4000  ft. 
RooUtock  slender.  Leafy  stem  stout,  4-5  ft.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  3-5  in.,  per- 
sistently silky  beneath,  petiole  3  in.  Spikes  many  to  a  rootstock  ;  bracts  1^-2  in. 
Corolla-tnhe  as  long  as  the  bracts  ;  segments  1  in.,  oblong,  white,  subequal ;  lip 
orbicular-cuneate,  1^  in.,  entire,  white  with  a  yellow  disk  tinged  with  red.  Capsule 
1  in.  globose,  red. 

34.  A.  canneecarpuxn,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  644 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous,  spike  oblong  nearly  sessile,  outer  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  lip  broad  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest 
short  truncate,  capsule  globose  echinate.  Elettaria  cannsecarpa,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2007. 

NiLGHiRi  HiLLSj   Wight,  Gardner. 

Leafy  stem  4-6  ft.  Leaf  12  by  2|  in.  Spike  3  in.  ;  outer  bracts  1-1^  in.,  tips 
deep  pink,  paler  below.  Corolla-tuhe  1^  in. ;  segments  oblong,  half  as  long,  the 
upper  broader  ;  lip  obovate,  yellow,  emarginate  ;  filament  short ;  anther-cells  parallel, 
glabrous  ;  crest  very  small,  entire.  Capsule  rigid,  1  in.  diam.  Seeds  angled. — 
Wight's  description  and  figure  do  not  agree  with  one  another,  and  neither  is  quite 
accurate. 

35.  A.  subulatum,  Boxb.  Cor.  PI.  t.  277;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  44;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer 
bracts  obtuse  with  a  horny  cusp,  lip  obovate-cuneate  emarginate,  anther- 
crest  small  truncate,  capsule  echinate.     Soran.  Prodr.  29. 

Eastern  Himalayas  ;  Roxburgh. 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  3-4  in.  green,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces. 
^/)i^e  very  dense,  shortly  peduncled,  2-3  in.;  bracts  red-brown,  outer  1  in.,  ovate, 
inner  shorter  and  obtuse.  Calyx  and  corolla-tube  1  in. ;  segments  sobtuse,  shorter 
than  the  tube ;  upper  cuspidate.  Lip  yellowish  white,  rather  longer  than  the  corolla- 
segments.  Filament  very  short ;  anther-crest  entire.  Capsule  1  in.,  globose,  red- 
brown,  densely  echinate. 

**  Anther-crest  3-4-lobed. 

t  Spike  2-S-Jld. 

36.  A>  bifloruxn,  Jack  in  Mai.  Misc.  i.  2 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
glabrous  except  the  midrib,  spike  2-fld.  peduncled,  bracts  lanceolate,  lip 
obovate  white  with  a  yellow  centre,  anther-crest  3-lobed.  Sook.  Bot. 
Misc.  i.  274. 

Pbnang,  JacJc. 

Rootstock  not  thicker  than  a  goose-quill.  Leafy  stem  3  ft.  Peduncle  enveloped 
in  bracteal  sheaths  ;  bracts  reddish ;  bracteole  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Corolla 
white,  segments  subequal.     Lip  white,  tip  rounded. — Not  seen. 

37.  A.  elatterioides.  Baker -^  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  softly  pubes- 
cent beneath,  spike  sessile  2-fld.,  bracts  lanceolate,  corolla-tube  long 
slender,  lip  broad  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  3-lobed. — 
Amomum  sp.  Griff.  NotuL  iii.  417. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Keto  Distrib.  5753,  Maingay  (K.  d.  1573.) 

Rootstock  slender.     Leafy  stem  2-2.}  ft.     Leaves  9-12  by  1^—2  in.     Spikes  many 


Amomum.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.G.Baker.)  241 

to  a  rootstock  J  bracts  1  in.,  reddish,  membranous.  CoroZ?a-tube  2  in.,  very 
slender;  segments  \  in., linear-oblong, membranous.  Lip  white,  subcochleate,  twice 
as  long  as  tlie  corolla-segments,  with  a  broad  yellow  central  band  with  a  reddish 
border ;  anther-crest  large,  petaloid. 

ft  SpiJce  many-Jld.,  ohlong. 

38.  A.  King*!!)  Baher ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spike  oblong  pedun- 
cled,  bracts  ovate,  lip  small  broad  emarginate,  anther-crest  obscurely 
3-lobed,  fruit  neither  costate  nor  echinate. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  King. 

Leafy  stem  stout.  Leaves  above  a  foot  long,  3-4  in.  broad.  Spike  4-5  in.; 
bracts  pule  brown,  1-1^  in. ;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  spike.  OoroUa-tube  1  in.  ; 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  ^  in.  broad,  white  tinged 
with  yellow,  obscurely  3-lobed,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  broad  clav.r ;  stamen  shorter 
than  the  lip.     Capsule  globose,  1  in.  diam. 

39.  A.  uligrinosum,  Koenig  in  Betz  Obs.  iii,  56 ;  leaves  oblong 
glabrous,  spike  peduncled,  outer  bracts  oblong,  lip  broad  emarginate 
margins  rounded  ascending,  antber-crest  4-lobed,  capsule  globose  echinate. 
Wurfbainia,  Giseke  Frsel.  Linn.  206. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Raput  Nok,  Koenig. 

Eootstock  filiform.  Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  scarcely  1  ft.  Spike  distant 
from  the  leaves;  bracts  oblong,  membranous,  subrigid,  white.  CoroZZa-segments 
white ;  upper  oblong,  obtuse ;  lateral  lanceolate.  Lip  with  a  rigid  claw  and  a 
recurvato-ascending  cymbiform  hlside.^Descripi.  from  Koenig,  I.  c. 

<^ 

ftf  Spike  globose.  ^ 

40.  A.  xanthophlebium^  Baker ;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrons,  spike 
globose  shortly  pednncled,  outer  bracts  large  oblong  glabrons,  lip  broad 
3-lobed  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  trifid. 

Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  Distrih.  1585). 

Leafy  stem  long,  robust.  Leaves  above  1  ft.  Spikes  2-2^  in.  and  broad  ; 
peduncle  about  as  long  ;  outer  bracts  reddish,  1^  in.  Corolla-tuhe  as  long  as  the 
bract ;  lower  segments  oblong,  upper  broader  ovate.  Lip  dull  red,  paler  towards  the 
margin,  with  radiating  yellow  veins.     Anther-crest  broad  ;  lateral  lobes  decurved. 

41.  A.  aroxnaticum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  45 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracts  small  ovate, 
lip  large  obovate-cuneate,  anther-crest  trifid,  fruit  neither  costate  nor 
echinate.  Wall.  Cat.  6569  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  29  ?  Renealmia  fasciculata, 
Mosc.  Scit.  Fl.  t.  109.     Geocallis  fasciculata,  Horan.  Frodr.  33. 

Easteen  Himalayas,  tropical  region;  Nepal,  Wallich;  Sikkim,  Khasia 
Hills,  Silhet,  &  Northern  Bengal  ;  Roxburgh,  &c. 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  ^-1  ft.  by  2-4  in.,  and  glabrous  on  both  sides. 
Spike  small,  globose  ;  peduncle  generally  short,  rarely  longer  and  decumbent ;  outer 
bracts  1  in.,  ovate,  pale  brown.  C'oroZZa-tube  1  in. ;  segments  obtuse^  nearly  as  long 
as  the  tube,  white,  tinged  with  brown.  Lip  pale  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
segments,  outer  half  deflexed.  Anther-cre&t  large,  petaloid,  lobes  rounded.  Capsule 
1  in.,  oblong,  trigonous. 

Renealmia  fasciculata  is  founded  on  a  rough  drawing,  probably  of  this  species. 

42.  A.  pterocarpuxn,  Thw.  Enum.  317;  leaves  large  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled,  outer  bracta 

VOL.   VI.  R 


242  cxLix.  sciTiiMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  lAmomu7n: 

oblong  glabrous,  lip  short  broad,  anther-crest  short  3-lobed,  capsule  ovoid 
9-ribbed. 

Ceylon  ;  forests  of  the  central  province,  up  to  4000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  3-6  ft.  or  more.  Leaves  thin,  1-2  ft.  by  2-6  in.,  narrowed  gradually 
to  the  base.  Flowering  spike  globose;  bracts  1^  in.,  deciduous  and  fruiting  pedicels 
elongating.  Lip  round,  white,  shortly  bideutate  at  the  base  ;  disk  yellow,  tinged 
with  red.     Capsule  1  in. ;  ribs  crenulate. 

43.  A>  Benthamianum,  Trimen  Cat.  Ceyl.  PI.  92 ;  leaves  lanceolate 
glabrous  beneath,  spike  small  globose  shortly  peduncled,  bracts  oblong 
acute  glabrous,  lip  short  broad,  anther-crest  broad  3-lobed,  capsule  small 
echinate. 

Ceylon  ;  Reigam  Corle,  Thwaites. 

Bootstoch  slender.  Leafy  stem  short  and  slender.  Leaves  6-8  by  1-1^  in., 
shortly  petioled.  Spihe  1  in.  diam. ;  outer  bracts  greenish,  1  in.;  peduncle  rather 
longer  than  the  spike.  Corolla-tube  1  in. ;  segments  oblong  obtuse.  Anther-crest 
with  3  shallow  orbicular  lobes.     Capsule  ^  in  diam. 

44.  A.  aculeatum,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  344,  t.  6 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  40 ; 
leaves  oblong- lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  globose  shortly  peduncled, 
outer  bracts  ovate,  lip  broad  rather  longer  than  the  corolla-segments, 
anther-crest  broad  3-lobed,  capsule  echinate,  HoraTi.  Prodr.  30. 

South  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. — Disteib.  Malay  isles. 

Rootstock  tuberous.  Leafy  stein  5-10  ft.  Leaves  sessile,  l-l-^  ft.  by  2-4  in. 
Spike  2  in.  diam.  ;  bracts  brown,  acute,  1-1^  in.  Corolla-tuhe  1  in.  ;  segments 
oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  suborbicular,  pale  yellow,  tinged  with  red  in 
the  centre.  Anther- crest  short,  broad,  equally  3-lobed.  Capsule  brown,  rigid, 
densely  echinate,  1  in.  under. 

45.  A.  echinatuxn,  Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  8  ;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous 
beneath,  spike  globose,  peduncle  moderately  long,  bracts  small  oblong,  lip 
broad  rather  longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  anther-crest  transversely 
oblong  3-lobed,  capsule  globose  echinate.  Thw.  Enum.  316  ;  Horan.  Prodr. 
SO. 

Ceylon  ;  forests  of  central  province,  up  to  4000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  6-12  ft.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  2-3  in. ;  caudate  or  acuminate,  sessile. 
Bpilce  1^-2  in.  diam.;  peduncle  stout,  ^  ft.  bright  red  in  the  lower  part,  its  bract- 
leaves  very  obtuse  and  imbricate;  bracts  1  in.,  faintly  pubescent,  brown-black, 
convex.  Gorolla-tnhe  1  in. ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse.  Lip  yellow,  with  many  fine 
red  veins.  Anther-cre^t  short  and  broad,  with  three  subequal  orbicular  lobes. 
Capsule  1  in.,  purplish -black,  with  copious  curved  spines. 

SuBGEN.  Y.  Cenolophon,  Horan.  (gen.).  Sjpike  terminal  on  the 
leafy  stem.    (Sect.  46-48.) 

46.  A.  rufescens,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  645 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  spike  de^nse-fld.  globose,  lip  broad  3-lobed  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
segments.     Elettaria  rufescens,  Tliw.  JSnum.  430. 

Ceylon  ;  Ambagomowa  district,  alt.  3000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  l|-2  ft.  Leaves  |-1  ft.  by  1-2  in.  moderately  firm,  green  and 
glabrous  on  both  surfaces.  Spike  small,  globose,  terminal,  enveloped  at  first  in  a  large 
green  orbicular  cuspidate  bract ;  flower-bracts  obtuse,  under  1  in.  Corolla-segments 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments,  midlobe  retuse. 

47.  A.  vitellinum,  Lindl.  in  Journ.  Hort.  Soc.  ii.  245;  Bot.  Beg. 


Amoimtm.]  cxlix.  scit amines.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  243 

1847,  t.  52;  leaves  oblong,  spike  dense-fld.  globose  lip  orbicular  twice  as 
long  as  the  corolla-segments.     Cenolophon  vitellinum,  Horan.  Frodr.  36. 

Ceylon  ?  Hort.  Cbiswick. 

Leafy  stem  slender,  2  ft.  Leaves  6-8  by  3-4  in.,  bright  green,  glabrous.  Spike 
small,  shortly  peduncled ;  bracts  green,  oblong,  ^  in.  Calt/x  and  corolla-tube  about 
as  long  as  the  bract ;  corolla-segments  linear-oblong,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip  1  in., 
base  spurred,  bright  yellow,  with  red  veins.  Anthers  with  a  large  trifid  crest  j  cells 
glabrous,  tips  diverging. 

48.  A.  macrostephanunif  Baker ;  leaves  lanceolate  base  cordate, 
spike  elongate,  bracts  deciduous,  lip  obovate-cuneate  much  longer  than  the 
corolla-segments. 

Perak  ;  alt.  500-1000  ft..  King's  Collector. 

Leafy  stem  very  slender,  4-8  ft.  Leaves  l-lj  ft.  by  2-3  in.  thin,  glabrous, 
caudate,  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  cordate  base.  Spike  3-4  in. ;  peduncle 
long,  erect,  enveloped  in  the  sheath  of  the  topmost  leaf;  bracts  caducous.  Ovary 
densely  villous.  Calyx  loosely  tubular,  i  in.  Corolla-tuhe  rather  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  segments  linear-oblong.  Lip  1  in.  Filament  half  as  long ;  anther  glabrous  ; 
crest  large,  leafy,  crisped,  lacerate. 

12.  ZINGIBER,  Adans. 

Bootstoch  horizontal,  tuberous.  Leafi/  stem  elongated.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  long  sheaths.  Spikes  usually 
radical,  rarely  lateral  or  terminal  on  the  leafy  stem ;  peduncle  short 
or  long ;  bracts  persistent,  usually  single-fld.  Gali/x  cylindric,  shortly  3- 
lobed.  Coro^^a- tube  cylindric  ;  segments  lanceolate,  upper  concave.  Lateral 
staminodes  0  or  adnate  to  the  obovate-cuneate  lip  ;  filament  short ;  anther- 
cells  contiguous,  crest  narrow,  as  long  as  the  cells.  Ovar^  3-celled; 
ovules  many,  superposed ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  small,  subglobose. 
Capsule  oblong,  finally  dehiscing.  Seeds  large,  globose,  arillate. — Species 
30,  Tropics  of  Old  World. 

Sect.  I.  Crypt anthium,  Soran.  Spikes  produced  direct  from  the 
rootstock,  very  short  and  dense ;  peduncle  very  short. — (Sp.  1-11.) 

*  Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

1.  Z.  chrysanthuxn,  Base  Scit.  PI.  t.  86;  leaves  pubescent  be- 
neath, bracts  green  outer  ovate  inner  lanceolate  with  a  hairy  cusp,  corolla- 
segments  bright  red,  lip  bright  yellow  deeply  3-lobed,  midlobe  orbicular, 
lateral  ovate.  Soran.  Frodr.  27.  Z.  ligulatum,  Wall.  Cat.  6566,  non 
Hoxh. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon,  ascending  to  5500  ft.,  to  Sikkim  and 
Assam. 

Leafy  stem  6-8  ft.  Leaves  12  by  2-3  in.,  oblong-lanceolate.  Spike  very  dense, 
globose  or  oblong ;  peduncle  very  short;  inner  bracts  1^-2  in.  broad.  Corolla- 
tube  1^-2  in.;  segments  1  in.,  lanceolate.  Lip  1  in.,  unspotted ;  basal  auricles 
largest  of  any  species,  hence  the  lip  is  as  broad  as  long.  Stamen  shorter  than  the 
lip.  Capsule  oblong.  Seeds  brown,  nearly  as  large  as  a  pea,  wrapped  to  the  top  in 
a  .white  membranous  aril. — Z.  plavescens.  Link. ;  Lietr.  Sp.  i.  54,  is  probably  a 
form  of  this,  but  the  description  is  very  incomplete. 

2.  Z.  rubens,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Hes.  xi.  348 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  53;    leaves  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  bright  red  outer  ovate  inner 

B.  2 


244  cxLix.  sciTAJiiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Zingihei\ 

lanceolate,  corolla-segments  red,  lip  oblong  mucli  spotted  and  streaked 
with  red  on  a  pale  ground,  basal  auricles  small  rounded.  Bosc.  Scit.  t.  88; 
Soran.  Prodr.  28. 

Khasia  Hills, -ff. /.  ^  T.  {Herl.Jnd.  Or.  10),  Clarke.  Bengal;  Rungpore, 
Hamilton, 

Leafy  stem  stout,  6-8  ft.  Leaves  12  by  4-5  in.  or  more.  Spike  very  dense, 
globose  ;  peduncle  1-4  in. ;  inner  bracts  1^^  in.  Coro  /a- tube  as  long  as  the  bracts ; 
segments  1  in.,  lanceolate,  subequal,  bright  red.  Lip  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  corolla- 
segments,  yellowish-white,  copiously  spotted  and  streaked  with  minute  dots  and 
lines  of  red-purple.     Stamen  as  long  as  the  lip,  beak  of  the  anther  bright  red. 

3.  Z.  roseum.  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  348 ;  Scit.  PI.  t.  87 ; 
leaves  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  pale  red  outer  ovate  inner  lanceolate, 
corolla-segments  pale  red,  lip  oblong-cuneate  v^hitish  unspotted,  basal 
auricles  very  small  yellow  rounded.  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.,  347,  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  50 ;  Wall.  Gat.  6570 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  28.  Amomum  roseum, 
Boxh.  Coromand.  PI.  t.  126. 

Northern  Circaes,  Roxburgh. 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  8-12  by  3-4  in.  Spike  very  dense,  oblong ;  peduncle 
very  short;  inner  bracts  1^-2  in.  Corolla-txxhe  whitish,  2  in.;  segments  1  in., 
lanceolate,  subequal.  Lip  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments ;  margins  recurved, 
crisped.  Stamens  arching  over  the  lip  and  equalling  it  in  length  ;■  beak  as  long  as 
the  anther,  as  in  the  other  species. 

4.  Z.  Kimmonii,  Dalz.  in  HooJc.Kew  Journ.  Bot.  iv.(1852)  341 ;  leaves 
pubescent  beneath,  bracts  red-striped  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  corolla- 
segments  reddish-yellow,  lip  yellow  emarginate,  basal  auricles  small 
rounded.  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  273 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  28.  Alpinia  Nim- 
monii,  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  206. 

CoNCANS  ;  common  in  the  mountains,  Nimmo,  DaheU. 

Leaf  stem  4-5  ft.  Leaves  1-1^  fc,  6-12  by  2-3  in.  broad.  Spikes  subglobose  ; 
peduncle  very  short ;  bracts  glabrous,  1-1^  in.  CoroZ/a-tube  as  long  as  the  bracts  ; 
segments  lanceolate.  Lip  obovate-cuneate,  faintly  emarginate.  Capsule  the  size 
of  a  pigeon's  egg. — Nearly  allied  to  Z.  panduratum. 

5.  Z.  Wigrhtianum,  Thw.  Emim.  315 ;  leaves  pubescent  beneath, 
bracts  green  outer  ovate  inner  lanceolate,  corolla-segments  pale,  lip 
obovate-cuneate  pale  yellow  veined  and  spotted  with  purple,  basal  auricles 
small  ovate.     Z.  squarrosum,  Wight  Lc.  t.  2004,  non  Boxb. 

Travancohe  ;  abundant  in  the  Anamallay  forests,  &c.  Ceylon  j  common  in 
the  forests  up  to  4000  ft. 

Leafy  stem  4-6  ft.  Leaves  12-18  by  3-4  in.,  oblong-lanceolate.  Spikes  oblong 
or  subglobose ;  peduncle  very  short ;  flower-bracts  1^  in.,  pubescent.  CoroZZa-tube 
as  long  as  the  bract ;  segments  subequal,  under  1  in.  Lip  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla-segments,  emarginate.  Stamen  shorter  than  the  lip,  arching  over  it,  as  in 
the  other  species.  Capsule  1  in. — In  a  specimen  from  Thwaites  the  spike  is  terminal 
on  the  leafy  stem,  thus  connecting  sections  Cryptanthium  and  Dymczeioiczia. 

6.  Z.  barbatum,  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Bar.  t.  55;  Cat.  6567;  leaves 
pubescent  beneath,  bracts  reddish-green  ovate  cuspidate,  corolla-segments 
whitish,  lip  obovate-cuneate  white  emarginate,  basal  auricles  very  small. 
Soran.  Prodr.  28. 

Burma,  Wallich.     Pegu,  McClelland. 

Leafy  stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  6-8  by  1^-2  in.  SpiJce  1^-2  in.  very  dense, 
ovoid ;  peduncle  very  short ;  bracts  1  in.,  ovate  with  a  large  green  cusp,  hairy  all 


Zingiber.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  245 

over.  Corolla-iwhe  f-1  in. ;  upper  segment  larger  than  the  two  side  ones,  concave. 
Lip  \  in.    Stamen  as  long  as  the  lip. 

7.  Z.  squarrosum,  Roxh.  in  Asiat,  Res.  xi.  348 ;  Eort.  Beng.  1 ; 

Fl.  Ind.  i.  64;  leaves  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  green  lanceolate,  tips 
hooked,  corolla-segments  pink,  lip  ovate  emarginate  yellowish-white  tipped 
■with  lilac,  basal  auricles  small  spreading  rounded.  Wall.  Cat.  6568 ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  28. 

Burma,  Roxlurgh  ;  Prome,  Wallich.     Pegu,  F.  Carey. 

Leafy  stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  12  by  3-4  in.  Spike  globose,  very  dense;  peduncle 
very  short ;  outer  bracts  short,  ovate  ;  inner  about  1  in.,  pale  green,  tip  distinctly 
hooked.  CoroZZa-tube  1  in, ;  segments  lanceolate,  subequal,  about  as  long  as  the 
tube.  Lip  shorter  than  the  corolla. segments,  distinctly  emarginate,  margins 
dfcflexed.     Stamen  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip. 

**  Leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

8.  Z.  ligrulatum,  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  348 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl. 
Ind.i.bl;  Coromand.  PZ.  t.  253  ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  bracts  pink 
outer  ovate  inner  lanceolate,  corolla-segments  pink,  lip  obovate-cuneate 
yellowish-w^hite  unspotted,  basal  auricles  small  ovate.     Jdoran.  Prodr.  28. 

CoROMANDEL,  Eoxburgk. 

Leafy  stem  about  2  ft.  Leaves  12  by  2-3  in.,  oblong-lanceolate.  SpiTce  dense, 
subglobose ;  peduncle  2-3  in. ;  bracts  about  1  in.  Corolla-t\xhe  as  long  as  the 
bract ;  segments  subequal,  |  in. ;  lip  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments,  margin  crisped, 
not  distinctly  emarginate  ;  basal  auricles  niore  or  less  acute.  Stamen  yellow,  shorter 
than  the  lip.  Capsule  oblong,  1  in.  and  more,  bright  red  inside.  Seeds  blackish- 
brown,  with  a  nearly  complete  white  aril. — Very  near  Z.  roseum. 

9.  Z.  cernuum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Few  Journ.  Bat.  iv.  (1852)  342  ;  leaves 
glabrous  beneath,  bracts  yellowish-green  ovate  or  oblong  obtuse,  corolla- 
segments  bufi'-yellow,  lip  deeply  bifid  variegated  pink  and  white,  basal  auri- 
cles small  red  and  yellow.    Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  273  ;  Moran.  Prodr.  28. 

Con  CAN  ;  at  Ram  Ghat,  Dalzell., 

Leafy  stem  curved,  bright  light  green.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Spikes  ovoid ;  peduncle  very  short.  Lip  beautifully  coloured.  Capsule  smooth, 
yellowish-white.     Seeds  red,  striated,  aril  membranous. 

10.  Z.  panduratum,  Roxh.  Sort.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  55 ;  leaves 
glabrous  beneath,  bracts  red  outer  ovate  inner  lanceolate,  corolla-segments 
bright  red,  lip  obovate  yellowish-white  ninspotted,  basal  auricles  small 
rounded.     Wall.  Cat.  6569  ;  Horati.  Prodr.  28. 

Pegu,  F.  Carey.    Tavoy,  Gomez. 

Leafy  stem  3  ft.  Leaves  6-12  by  3-4  in. ;  ligule  very  large.  Spike  2  in.,  very 
dense,  oblong  ;  peduncle  very  short;  inner  bracts  1^  in.,  tip  not  hooked.  CoroUa- 
tube  li  in. ;  segments  1  in.,  subequal.  Lip  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments, 
unspotted,  not  emarginate.  Stamen  as  long  as  the  lip. — Nearly  allied  to  Z.  roseum 
&  ligulatum. 

11.  Z.  pardocheiluxn,  Wall,  ex  Voigt  Sort.  Suburb.  Galcut.  562 
(name  only) ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  bracts  obovate-cuneate  red-brown 
truncate,  corolla-segments  reddish,  lip  deeply  3-lobed  tesselated  with  dark 
lilac  on  a  yellowish-white  ground: 

Burma,  Wallich. 

Leafy  stem  stout.     Leaves  12  by  3-4  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.     Spikes  2-3  in. 


246  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Zin(jiber. 

long  and  broad,  very  dense,  globose,  subsessile ;  bracts  much  imbricate,  outer  1  in. 
Corolla-tuhe  as  long  as  the  bract ;  segments  ovate -lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  tube.  Lip  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments  ;  midlobe  obovate-cuneatc, 
lateral  orbicular.     Stamen  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Sect.  II.  Ziampuzium,  Soran.  Sjpihes  produced  from  the  root- 
stock  on  more  or  less  elongated  peduncles  with  sheathing  scariose  bract- 
leaves. — Species  12-21. 

*  Leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

12.  Z.  intermedium,  Baker;  spikes  glohose,  bracts  lanceolate, 
corolla-segments  pale  red,  lip  orbicular  reddish-black  finely  spotted,  basal 
auricles  oblong. 

North  Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Bhorlasa,  alt.  3500  ft.,  Clarke. 

Peduncle  slender,  2-6  in. ;  bract-leaves  several,  small,  sheathing,  obtuse.  S'piTce 
very  dense,  globose,  l|-2  in. ;  bracts  membranous,  convolute,  1^  in.  Corolla-txxhe 
as  long  as  the  bract ;  segments  1  in.,  lanceolate.  Lip  as  long  as  the  corolla-seg- 
ments. Anther  with  a  dark  red  beak.' — Spike  and  bracts  as  in  sect.  Cri/ptanthiuvi, 
with  a  produced  peduncle.  A  plant  from  Silhet  in  Herb.  Wallicli  under  Z.  Cassu- 
munar  may  be  this  species.  An  allied  plant  collected  by  Prain  in  the  Naga  hills  has 
oblanceolate- oblong  leaves  above  a  foot  long,  a  slender  erect  peduncle  as  long,  and 
bracts  rather  longer  than  in  Clarke's  plant*. 

13.  Z.  officinale,  Uosc.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  348;  Scit.  PI.  t  83; 
leaves  la,nceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  oblong-cj'lindric,  bracts  greenish 
suborbicular  cuspidate,  corolla-segments  greenish,  lip  small  purplish-black, 
mid-lobe  orbicular,  lateral  ovate.  JRoxb.  in  Asiat,  Res.  xi.  345 ;  Sort. 
Beng.  1;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  47;  Wall.  Gat.  6564;  Grah.  Gat.  PI.  Bomb.  207 -, 
Soran.  Prodr.  27 ;  Bentl.  &  Trim.  Med.  PI.  t.  270.  Z.  Missionis,  Wall. 
Gat.  6565.  Amomum  Zingiber,  Linn.  Sp.  1 ;  Jacq.  Sort.  Vind.  i.  t.  75. 
Curcuma  longifolia,  Wall.  Cat.  6612,  in  part. — Bheede  Soj^t.  Mai.  xi.  21, 
t,  12  ;  Bumph.  Amboin.  v.  t.  66,  fig.  1. 

Widely  cultivated  in  Teopical  Asia  ;  native  locality  unknown. 

Boot&toclc  biennial,  bearing  many  sessile  tubers.  Leaft/  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves 
6-13  by  1  in.,  tapering  gradually  to  the  point.  Spike  2-3  by  1  in.  diam. ;  peduncle 
^-1  ft. ;  bracts  about  1  in.  CoroZZa-segments  lanceolate,  subequal,  under  an  inch 
long.  Lip  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments.  Stamen  dark  purple,  as  long  as  the 
lip. — "Very  rarely  flowers,  and  have  never  seen  seeds,"  Roxburgh. 

14.  Z.  G-riffithii,  Baher;  leaves  oblong  glabrous  beneath,  spikes 
cylindric  shortly  peduncled,  bracts  ovate  obtuse  bright  red,  lip  yellowish- 
white  3-lobed. 

Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrih.  5731),  Maingay.     (K.  d.  1564.) 

Leafy  stem  2-3  ft.     Leaves  6-8  by  2-3  in.     Spike  4-6  in.,  1  in.  diam.  j  peduncle 

very  short ;  bracts  1  in.,  lower  orbicular,  1  in.  broad.     CoroZZa-tube  as  long  as  the 

bract  J  segments  obtuse,  under  1  in. 

15.  Z.  gracile,  JacJc.  in  Malay  Misc.  i.  1 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
glabrous  beneath,  spike  oblong-cylindric,  bracts  ovate  acute  red,  flowers 
yellowish-white,  lip  3-lobed,  midlobe  bifid.  Soran.  Prodr.  27  ;  Sooh.  Bot. 
Misc.  i.  273. 

Pena^g,  Jack. 

Leaves  6-7  in.,  bright  green.  Scape  a  foot.  CoroZZa-segments  longer  than  the 
lip. — No  authentic  specimens  of  Jack's  plant  exist,  but  King's  7954  and  1027  S.  from 
Perak,  and  Hullet's  854  from  Mount  Ophir  are  probably  the  same  species.     They 


Zu/'jiher.]  cxLix.  scitamine^.     (J.G.Baker.)  247 

have  11  spike  6-9  in.,  1  in.  diam.,  peduncle  about  as  long,  leafy  stem  2-3  ft.,  and  a 
pink  capsule. 

16.  Z.  Zerumbet,  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  ii.  105,  t.  112 ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  spike  oblong  very  dense,  bracts  orbicular 
green,  corolla-segments  whitish,  lip  sulphur-yellow  unspotted,  midlobe 
orbicular  emarginate,  basal  lobes  large  orbicular.  Bosc.  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  viii.  'M8  ;  8cit.  PI.  t.  84 ;  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  346 ;  Sort.  Beng.  1 ; 
Fl.  Ind.  i.  48 ;  Soran.  Prodr.  27  ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  207 ;  Bot. 
Mag.  i.  2000  \  Wall.  Cat.  Qb62  ;  Wight  let.  2003  ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  272.  Z.  spurium,  Kcenig  in  Betz.  Obs.  iii.  60.  Zingiber  sp..  Griff.  Notul, 
iii.  412  ;  Ic.  t.  351.  Amomum  Zerumbet,  Linn.  Sp.  i.  1  ;  Jacq.  Hart.  Vind. 
iii.  t.  54.  A.  spurium,  Gmel.  Syst.  i.  6.  A.  sylvestre,  Poir.  Ency.  Suppl. 
V.  548.  Zerumbet  Zingiber,  Lestib.  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  ser.  2,  xx.  329. — 
Bheede  Hurt.  Mai.  xi.  27,  t.  13  ;  Rumph.  Amboin.  v.  148,  t.  64,  fig.  1. 

From  the  Himalayas  to  Ceylon  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. — Distrib. 
"Widely  cultivated  in  tropics  of  Old  World. 

Rootstock  tuberous,  biennial,  pale  yellow  inside.  Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  12 
by  2-3  in.  Spikes  3-4  in.,  1|  in.  diam. ;  peduncle  |-1  ft.  j  bracts  I-I5  in.  long  and 
broad,  very  obtuse,  green  with  a  paler  edge.  Corolla-txxhe  as  long  as  the  bract  j 
segments  1  in,,  upper  broader.  Lip  with  a  midlobe  f  in.  broad.  Stamen  pale,  as 
long  as  the  lip.  Capsule  oblong,  above  1  in. — I  cannot  from  the  description 
distinguish  Z.  amaricans,  Blume  j  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  593. 

**  Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

17.  Z.  cylindricum,  Moon  Cat.  Ceyl.  PI.  1 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 

pubescent  beneath,  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  bracts  ovate  pale  or  reddish, 
corolla-segments  green,  lip  yellov«dsh-white  unspotted  obovate,  basal 
auricles  small  obtuse.     Thwaites  Fnum.  315. 

Ceylon  ;  in  forests  of  the  central  province. 

Leafy  stem  3-6  ft.  and  more.  Leaves  6-8  by  1-2  in.  Spihe  3-4  in.,  1^  in.  diam.  j 
peduncle  3-9  in.;  bract-leaves  obtuse,  imbricate;  bracts  about  1  in.,  closely  imbricate, 
upper  subacute,  lowest  obtuse.  Corolla'tnhe  as  long  as  the  bract;  segments  lan- 
ceolate.    Capsule  subglobose  red.     Seeds  black,  aril  white. 

18.  Z.  xnacrostachyum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Few  Journ.  Bot.  iv.  (1852) 
342 ;  leave-^  oblong- lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spike  cylindric,  bracts 
ovate  reddish,  corolla-segments  greenish- white,  lip  obovate  yellowish-white 
marked  with  purple  lines,  basal  auricles  small.  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  273. ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  27.     Alpinia  Neesana  (Mesuana),  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  207. 

Hills  of  the  Concan,  Graham,  &c. 

Stems  reddish,  pubescent.  Leaves  dark  green,  12-18  by  1^-3  in.  Spike  ^-1  ft., 
1^  in.  diam. ;  peduncle  elongate,  with  large  obtuse  sheathing  scariose  bract-leaves  ; 
bracts  1-1^  in.  Corolla-tnhe  as  long  as  the  bract ;  segments  lanceolate,  nearly 
1  in.     Capsule  red,  pubescent,  the  size  and  shape  of  a  sparrow's  egg. 

19.  Z.  spectabile,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  413 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
pubescent  beneath,  spike  dense  oblong-cylindric,  bracts  orbicular  sub- 
coriaceous  reddish  with  a  pale  margin,  corolla-segments  yellowish-white, 
lip  orbicular  blackish-purple,  basal  auricles  short  obtuse. 

Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  5762),  Maingay  (K.  d.  1567).  Peeak  ;  Larut, 
King's  Collector. 

Leafy  stem  long  and  stout.  Leaves  9-12  by  2-3  in.  Spike  i-1  ft.,  2^  in.  diam. ; 
bracts  1-1^  in.  long  and  broad,  more  coriaceous  and  more  spreading  than  in  the 


248  cxLix.  SCITAMINE.E.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Zingiber, 

other  species,  resembling  those  of  HitcJienia  glauca ;  peduncle  sometimes  1  ft. 
Corolla-tnhe  1^  in. ;  upper  segment  broader  than  the  two  others.  Lip  emarginate. 
Stamen  nearly"  as  long  as  the  lip.  Capsule  oblong.  Seeds  shining,  black,  and 
3-5  partite,  large,  white. 

20.  Z.  Casumunar,  Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  347,  t.  5 ;  Hort.  Beng.  2  ; 
Fl.  I7id.  i.  49 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spikes  oblong, 
bracts  ovate  reddish,  corolla-segments  whitish,  lip  yellowish- white  with  a 
deeply  bifid  midlobe,  basal  auricles  large  oblong  obtuse.  Bosc.  Scit.  t.  85  ; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1426 ;  Grah.  Cat  PI.  Bomb.  207 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  272  ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  27.  Z.  purpureum,  Bosc.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  348.  Z. 
Cliffordiae,  Andr.  Bot.  Bep.  t.  555.  Z.  montanum.  Link,  in  Dietr.  Sp.  i. 
52.  Amomum  montanum,  Koenig  in  Betz.  Obs.  iii.  51.  Casnmunar 
Roxburghii,  Colla  Nov.  Gen.  Scit.  in  Comm.  Taur.  1830. — Bumph.  Hort. 
Amboin.  v.  154,  tab.  65,  fig.  2. 

From  the  Himalayas  to  Cexlon  and  Malay  Peninsula.— Disteib.  "Widely 
cultivated  only  in  tropical  Asia. 

RootstocTc  perennial,  bright  yellow  inside.  Leafy  stem  4-6  ft.  Leaves  12-18 
by  2-3  in.  Spike  oblong,  4-6  m.,  IA-2  in.  diam.  ;  peduncle  3-12  in. ;  bracts 
1-li  in.  and  nearly  as  broad,  bright  red  or  greenish-red.  Corolla-twhe.  as  long  as 
the  bract ;  segments  1  in.,  upper  bi'oader  and  more  concave.  Lip  with  an  orbicular 
unspotted  midlobe  f  in.  long  and  broad.  Stamen  yellowish-white,  shorter  than  the 
lip.  Capsule  small,  globose. — Z.  Casumunar,  Wall.  Oat.  6663,  includes  three 
species,  none  of  them  the  true  one  and  not  in  a  slate  for  description. 

21.  Z.  Parishii,  Hook.  f.  in.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6019;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  pubescent  beneath,  spikes  oblong,  bracts  orbicular  usually 
cuspidate  pale  green  with  a  red  edge,  corolla-segments  yellowish- white, 
lip  obovate  sulphur-yellow  marked  with  brown  spots  and  lines,  basal 
auricles  short  obtuse. 

Tenasseeim,  Griffith^  Parish. 

Leafy  stem  3  ft.  Leaves  4-6  by  1-1^  in.,  thin,  bright  green.  Spike  2-4  in., 
1|  in.  diam. ;  peduncle  3-4  in.,  with  obtuse  oblong  sheathing  bract-leaves  j  bracts 
densely  imbricate,  about  1  in.  broad.  CoroiZa- segments  as  long  as  the  tube,  about 
1  in.  Lip  shorter  than  the  corolla-segments,  faintly  emarginate;  basal  auricles 
broad,  truncate.  Stamen  pale  yellow,  as  long  as  the  lip ;  beak  as  long  as  the 
anther. 

Sect.  III.  Pleuranthesis,  Benth.  Spike  peduncled  arising  from  the 
side  of  the  leafy  stem.     (Sp.  22.) 

22.  Z.  Clarkei,  King,  mss.  ex.  Benth.  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  646. 

Sie:e:im  Himalaya  ;  alt.  3000-5000  ft.,  Hooh.  f.  Thorns.  {Herh.  Ind.  Or.  3), 
Clarke,  King. 

Leafy  stem  5-6  ft.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  12-18  by  2-4  in.,  finely 
pubescent  beneath.  Spike  lateral,  oblong-cyhndric,  3-4  in.,  cernuous ;  peduncle 
3-6  in. ;  main  bracts  1  in.,  oblong,  obtuse,  green,  finally  reddish,  2-4-fld.  Corolla- 
tube  as  long  as  the  bract ;  segments  1  in.,  pale  yellow,  upper  one  broadest.  Lip  as 
long  as  the  corolla-segments,  oblong,  yellow  jftushed  with  purplish -brown.  Stamen 
pale  yellow,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip.  Capsule  subglobose,  membranous,  shorter 
than  the  bract.     Seeds  as  large  as  a  pea,  brown  ;  aril  small,  white. 

Sect.  IV.  Dymczewieyia,  Horan.  (gen.).  Spikes  terminal  on  the 
leafy  stem.     (Sp.  23,  24.) 

23.  Z.  capitatuxn,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  348;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  55 ;  leaves 


Zijujiber.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  249 

linear  ascending,  bracts  ovate.     Hose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  90 ;   Wall.   Cat.  6560. 
Djmczewiezia  capitata,  Horan.  Prodr.  26. 

Central  and  Eastern  Himalayas,  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim  the  Khasia 
Hills  &  Silhet. 

Leajy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  12-18  by  1-1^  in.,  tapering  gradually  to  the  point, 
erecto-portent,  usually  pubescent  beneath.  Spike  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  leafy 
stem,  dense-fld.,  erect,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindiical,  3-6  iu.,  1^-2  in.  diam.  j  bracts 
closely  imbricate,  subcoriaceous,  1^  in.,  green  with  a  narrow  brown  edge.  Corolla' 
tube  as  long  as  the  bract;  segments  1  in.,  pale  yellow.  Lip  pale  yellow,  unspotted, 
midlobe  orbicular  emarginate  f  in.  broad,  basal  auricles  large,  oblong,  obtuse, 
bright  red.  Capsule  bright  r6d,  the  size  of  a  small  olive;  valves  ovate.  Heeds 
black,  shining,  aril  large  lacerated  white. 

Var.  Z.  elatum,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  57  (sp.).  A  more  tropical  form,  with  taller 
stems,  stouter  spikes  and  larger  flowers.  Rose.  Scit.  PL  t.  91.  Dymczewiezia 
elata,  Eoran.  Prodr.  26. 

24  Z.  marg-inatum,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  349;i^Z.  Ind.  i.  57? 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  spreading,  bracts  oblong  obtuse.  Dymczev^iezia 
margiaata,  Horan.  Prodr.  26  ? 

Khasia  Hills  ;  Umwai,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Clarke.  . 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  4-6  by  1  in. ;  ligule,  very  large,  lanceolate,  brown. 
Spike  terminal,  sessile,  1-2  in.,  under  |  in.  diam.  ;  rachis  very  hairy  ;  bracts  J  in., 
closely  imbricate,  hairy,  brown  when  dried,  obtuse,  1-fld.  Corolla  and  lip  not  seen. 
■ — Roxburgh's  description  is  very  brief,  and  he  gives  no  locality.  Blume  and  Miquel 
give  the  species  as  Javan,  and  cite  for  it  Lampuzium  minus,  Rumph.  Hort.  Amboiu. 
V.  148  tab.  64,  fig.  2. 

I       IMPEEPECTLY  KNOWN    SPECIES. 

22.  Z.  (Lampuzium)  near  odoriferum,  Blume  Enum.  i.  14,  Leafy  stem  stout 
several  feet  long,  leaves  6-8  in.  oblong-lanceolate,  peduncle  6-8  in.  erect,  spike  5-6 
in.  long  2  in.  diam.  dense-fld.,  bracts  closely  imbricate  ovate  subacute  glabrous  lower 
1|  in.,  bracteole  1  in.  complicate,  flower  not  seen. — Andamans,  on  Mount  Haniot, 
Brain  59. 

23.  Z.  (Lampuzium)  near  coeollinttm,  Hance  in.Tourn.  Bat.  1880,  801.  Leafy 
stem  long,  leaves  10-12  by  1^-2  in.  lanceolate  glabrous,  spike  dense-fld.  a  foot  long 
3  in.  diam.,  bracts  l|-2  in.  subcoriaceous  oblong  obtuse  glabrous,  bracteoles  1  in., 
complicate;  flower  not  seen. — Great  Cocos  island,  Andaman  group.  Brain  713. 

13.  COSTVS,  Linn. 

Bootstock  tuberous,  horizontal.  Leafy  stem  long.  Leaven  oblong; 
sheaths  broad.  Sjpike  dense-fld.,  globose  or  ovoid,  usually  terminal, 
rarely  produced  direct  from  the  rootstock  on  a  short  peduncle.  Calyx- 
tube  short,  infundibular ;  teeth  ovate.  Corolla-ixihQ  not  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  segments  large,  oblong,  subequal.  Lateral  staminodes  0  or  minute. 
Lip  large,  obovate,  margins  incurved.  Filament  forming  with  the  con- 
nective an  oblong  petaloid  process,  in  the  middle  of  which  are  placed  the 
contiguous  linear  anther-cells.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  many,  superposed  ; 
style  filiform  ;  stigma  with  a  semilunar  foveole,  ciliated  round  the  margin. 
Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  finally  dehiscing  on  one  side  between  the  ribs. 
Seeds  obovoid  or  subglobose,  aril  short. — Species  25;  tropics  of  both 
hemispheres. 

1.  C.  speciosus»  Smith  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  i.  249  ;  spike  ovoid  or 
oblong  terminal  on  the  leafy  stem.     Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  349 ;  Hort. 


250  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Cudus. 

Beng.  ?  •  Fl.  Ind.  i.  58  ;  Wall.  Gat.  6555 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2014 ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI. 
Bomb.  208 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274> ;  Thwaites  Enum.  320.  Beichb.  Ic. 
Fxot.  t.  69 ;  Paxt.  Mag.  iv.  t.  245.  C.  arabicus,  Jacq.  Ic.  t.  1.  Hellenia 
grandiflora,  Betz,  Obs.  vi.  68.  Bauksia  speciosa,  Koenig  in  Betz.  Obs.  iii. 
75. — Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  8 ;  Bumph.  Amboin.  vi.  t.  64,  fig.  ^. 

Throughout  India  from  the  Centeal  and  Eastern  Himalayas,  ascending  to 
4000  ft.  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca.— Disteib.  Malay  islands. 

Leafy  stem  6-9  ft.  stout.  Leaves  ^1  ft.  or  more,  oblong,  acute,  thinly  silky  be- 
neath. Spike  very  dense-fld,  2-4  in. ;  bracts  ovate,  bright  red,  1-1|  in.  Calyx  1  in.  ; 
segments  3,  ovate  cuspidate.  CoroUa-segments  white,  oblong  1-1^  in.  Lip  white, 
suborbicular,  2-3  in.,  the  margins  incurved  and  meeting.  Filament  lJ^-2  in.  in- 
cluding the  oblong  petaloid  connective.  Capsule  1  in.,  globose,  red,  crowned  with 
the  persistent  calyx. 

Var.  C.  NiPALENSis,  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  80  (sp.)  leafy  stem  shorter,  leaves 
narrower  lanceolate,  spike  globose.  Wall.  Cat.  6555  p.  C.  speciosus.  Var.  angus- 
tifolius,  Ker  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  665— Central  Himalayas. 

Var.  AiiGYEOPnYLLTTS,  Wall.  Cat.  6655  G,  H.j  leaves  more  densely  silky  and 
paler  beneath,  spikes  globose,  bracts  pubescent. — Pegu  and  Penang. 

2.  C*  grlobosiis,  Blume  Fnum,.  PI.  Jav.  62  ?  leaves  glabrous  beneath, 
peduncle  produced  direct  from  the  rootstock,  bract-leaves,  very  short 
small  ovate,  corolla-segments  glabrous.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  610  ? 
Horan.  Prodr.  36  ? 

Malacca,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrih.  1578). — Disteib.  Java. 

Leaves  6-8  by  2^-3  oblanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  gradually  from  the  middle  to 
the  base.  Peduncle  about  2  in.  curved;  bract-leaves  ^  in.,  ovate,  densely  imbricate. 
Spike  1|  in.  globose ;  outer  bracts  ovate ;  inner  1  in,,  oblong,  back  scabrous  towards 
the  tip.  Calyx  1  in.  CoroZia-segments  1  in.,  ovate  or  oblong.  Lip  and  stamen 
G.  speciosus. 

3.  C.  XLingrii,  Baker;  leaves  pubescent  beneath,  peduncle  longer  pro- 
duced direct  from  the  rootstock,  bract-leaves  larger  oblong,  corolla- 
segments  villose. 

PeeAK  ;  Larut,  King's  Collector,  2104. 

Leaves  6-8  hy  S— 3^  in.,  oblanceolate-oblong,  subcoriaceous,  broadest  above  the 
middle,  narrowed  gradually  to  the  base.  Peduncle  4-5  in.  stout;  bracts  1  in., 
densely  imbricate,  oblong,  scariose.  Spike  2J-3  in.,  very  dense,  globose ;  outer 
bracts  above  1  in.,  ovate;  inner  lanceolate.  Calyx-txibe  1  in.,  villous;  segments 
ovate,  sharply  cuspidate.  CoroZZa-segments  1  in.,  hairy.  Lip  suborbicular,  2  in. 
long  and  broad. 


14.  CVPKOSTXGBIA,  Benth. 

BootstocTc  thick,  horizontal,  perennial.  Leafy  stem,  short.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate.  Inflorescence  a  panicle  distinct  from  the  leafy  stem, 
lax,  decumbent ;  flowers  1-2  to  a  bract,  bracteolate.  Galyx  cylindric, 
minutely  3-tootlied,  slit  down  one  side.  Corolla-tube  cylindric ;  seg- 
ments linear-oblong,  subequal.  Lateral  staTninodes  obsolete  ;  lip  orbicular- 
reniform,  emarginate ;  filament  short ;  anther-cells  distant,  crest  very  large 
petaloid.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  many,  superposed  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma 
large,  cylindric,  gibbous  at  the  base,  stigma  cup-shaped.  Capsule  and 
seeds  unknown. 


Cyphost'Kjma.']       cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.G.Baker.)  251 

C.  pulchellum*   Benth.  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  645 ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  1380. 

Araomum  pulcliellum,  Thwaites  JEnum.  318. 

Ceylon  ;  forests  of  the  central  province,  alt.  3000  ft. 

Leafy  tuft  1^-2  ft.  Leafy  stem  formed  from  the  connate  bases  of  the  petioles. 
Leaves  1-2  tt.  by  3-5  in.  broad  at  the  middle,  narrowed  to  the  base ;  petiole  ^-1  ft. 
Panicles  like  those  of  Elettaria,  decumbent,  sometimes  a  foot  long ;  .bracts  oblong, 
obtuse,  clasping  the  slender  rachis.  Calyx  under  1  in.  Corolla-tuhe  rather  longer 
than  the  xalyx ;  segments  under  an  inch  long.  Lip  1  in.  broad,  red  and  yellow ; 
anther-crest  orbicular,  crenulate,  rose-purple,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  lip. 

15.  EIiETTARIA,  Maton. 

Pootstock  thick,  horizontal,  perennial.  Leafy  stem  long.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate.  Panicle  produced  direct  from  the  rootstock,  long, 
flexuous,  decumbent ;  bracts  2-3-fld. ;  flowers  shortly  pedicelled,  bracteolate. 
Calyx  cylindric,  membranous,  shortly  lobed.  Coro Z Za-tube  cylindric ;  mid- 
segment  oblong,  convex  ;  lateral  narrower.  Lateral  staminodes  minute 
teeth  ;  lip  obovate-cuneate  ;  filament  very  short ;  anther-cells  contiguous, 
not  crested.  Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  many  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  small, 
turbinate.  Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  coriaceous,  iudehiscent.  Seeds 
small,' angled  by  pressure. 

IS.  Cardamoxnuxn,  3Iaton  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  x.  254;  Bentl. 
iSc  Trim.  Med.  PL  t.  267  ;  Thw.  Pnum.  318  ;  Horafi.  Prodr.  30.  Alpinia 
Cardamomum,  Roxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  355  ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Coromand.  PI. 
t.  226 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  70 ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  206 ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Flor. 
Swpjpl.  86.  Amomum  Cardamomum,  Linn.  Sp.  1 ;  White  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  X.  220,  t.  4^5.  A.  repens,  Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  9  ;  Woodv.  Med.  Botr. 
t.  131.  A.  racemosum,  Lam.  JEncyc.  i.  134.  Cardamomum  officinale, 
Salisb.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  232. — PJieede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  9,  t.  4-5. 

Malabae;  on  the  Western  Ghats,  from  Kurg  southwards  (wild  or  cultivated). 
Ceylon  (cult.). 

Leafy  stem  6-9  ffe.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  3  in.,  pubescent  beneath.  Panicles  several 
to  one  leafy  stem,  1-2  ft. ;  bracts  linear-oblong,  persistent,  1^-2  in.  Calyx  \  in. 
CoroZZa-tube  shortly  exserted  ;  segments  ^  in.  Lip  longer  than  the  corolla-seg- 
ments, white  sheathed  with  violet.  CopsMZe'subglobose  or  oblong,  marked  with 
many  fine  vertical  ribs. 

Var.  MAJOR,  Thw.  Enum.  318 ;  more  robust,  leaves  broader,  capsule  1  in. 
oblong-fusiform.  E.  major.  Smith  in  JRees.  Cyclop,  j  Horan.  Prodr.  31. — Ceylon, 
up  to  3000  ft.  (indigenous). 

16.  EZiSTTARZOPSZS»  Baker. 

BootstocJc  slender,  wide-creeping.  Leaves  1-2-nate  direct  from  the 
rootstock,  long  petioled.  Spike  radical  lax-fid. ;  bracts  small,  membranous. 
G aly x-\\mh  spathaceous,  clasping  the  flower-bud.  Corolla-ixihQ  slender, 
cylindric  ;  segments  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate.  Lateral  staminodes  0 ; 
lip  obovate-cuneate ;  filament  shorter ;  anther  with  a  small  orbicular 
petaloid  crest.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  ovules  many,  superposed;  style 
filiform ;  stigma  small,  globose.  Fruit  and  seeds  unknown. — A  Bornean 
species  and  the  following  : — 

1.  IS.  exserta^  Baker;  spike  erect,  corolla-segments  lanceolate,  tube 
very  long.  Cyphostigma  exsertum,  Seortech.  in  Nuov.  Gior.  Bat.  Ital. 
xviii.  310,  t.  13. 


252  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)       [Elettariojp8i&. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  Scortechini,  1947. 

Ltaces  usually  solitary,  erect ;  blade  oblong-lanceolate,  2-|-3  ft.,  narrowed  to 
the  base;  petiole  much  shorter.  Spike  6  in.  ;  lower  internodes  ^  iu.  ;  bracts  lan- 
ceolate. Calyx  1  ia.  CoroZZa-tube  2^-3  in.,  cylindric,  rather  dilated  towards  the 
top ;  segments  f  in.     Li^  1  in.,  yellow,  with  two  red  btreaks. 

2.  Zi.  Curtisii,  Baker;  spike  decumbent,  corolla-segments  linear- 
oblong,  tube  very  long. 

Penang  ;  West  hill,  iilt.  2500  ft.,  Curtis,  1578. 

Rootstock  sheathfd  with  imbricated  obtu.^e  scale-leaves.  Leaves  solitary,  erect ; 
petiole-i  ft.;  blade  8-9  by  2  in,,  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous.  Spike  1^-2  in.; 
rachis  very  slender;  bracts  lanceolate,  ^  iu.  Calyx  -^  in.  Corona-tube  i  in.,  very 
slender ;  segments  |  in.     Lip  deflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments. 

3r-E.  serpentina.  Baker ;  spike  decumbent  secund,  corolla- segments 
lineaf^oblong,  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-limb. 

PpNANG,  alt.  1000-1500  ft..  King's  Collector. 
'  Rhizome  very  slender,  sheathed  by  oblong  imbricated  scale-leaves.  Leaves  less 
than  12^n.  by  2  in.,  geminate,  erect,  lanceolate,  subcoriaceous,  glabrous;  petiole 
slender,  8-9  in.  Spike  2-3  in.,  shortly  peduncled;  bracts  small,  lanceolate,  mem- 
branous. Cal^x-tuhe  |  in.  CoroZ/a-tube  1  in, ;  segments  half  as  long  as  the  tube. 
Lip  white,  marked  with  red-brown  and  yellow  in  the  centre. 

17.  SCAPKOCKZiAlKIYS,  Baker. 

Rootstock  wide-creeping,  not  tuberous,  Ste7)i  0.  Leaves  erect, 
oblpng-lanceolate ;  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade.  Spike  lax-fld. ;  bracts 
several-fld.,  large,  lingulate,  persistent.  Calyx  oblique,  spathaceous. 
■OoroZZa-tube  slender,  cylindric,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  lip  obovate- 
cuneate,  emarginate ;  filament  short ;  anther-cells  slightly  divergent, 
•with  a  small  petaloid-crest.  Ovary  3-celled  ?  ;  ovules  few  in  a  cell ;  style 
filiform  ;  stigma  small,  globose.  Capsule  subglobose,  membranous.  Seeds 
ovoid,  with  a  large  white  aril  cut  down  to  the  base  into  subulate  processes. 

S>  malaccana^  Baker. 

Malacca  ;  Mount  Ophir,  Cuming,  Griffitli  {K,  d.  5761),  Maingay  {Ketv  Listrih. 
1579),  Hullett. 

iea/-blade  firm,  glabrous,  6-8  by  2-3  in.,  Spike  of  about  6  nodes ;  peduncle 
short,  slender  ;  bracts  1-H  in-)  green,  lingulate,  erecto-patent,  obtuse,  involute  in 
the  lower  half.  Calyx  ^  in.  Flowers  white.  CoroZZa-tube  under  1  in.,  slender, 
cjlindric;  segments  shorter  than  the  tube.  Lip  under  1  in.  Stamen  porrect, 
shorter  than  the  lip.     Capsule  J  in.,  3-seeded. 

18.  AXiPINZA;  Linn. 

Rootstock  horizontal.  Leafij  stem  elongated.  Leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate. Panicle  or  racem,e  terminal  (except  in  sp.  16-17) ;  bracteoles 
sometimes  enveloping  the  bud.  Calyx  laxly  tubular,  shortly  3-toothed. 
Corolla-ixxhQ  cylindric,  usually  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  segments  linear- 
oblong  or  oblong,  upper  usually  broader  and  more  convex.  Lateral 
staminodes  0  or  very  small ;  lip  patent,  often  orbicular  with  incurved 
margins,  sometimes  with  2  subulate  processes  at  the' base  of  the  claw; 
filament  flattened ;  anther-cells  divergent  at  the  apex,  furnished  rarely 
with  an  orbicular  crest.  Ovary  3-celled ,  ovules  few  or  many  in  a  cell ; 
style  tihform ;   stigma  subglobose.     Fruit  globose,  dry  or  fleshy,  usually 


Alpima.']  cxltx.  scitamine;e.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  253 

indehiscent.     Seeds  globose  or  angled  by  pressure. — Species   30,  in  the 
Tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

Sect.  I.  Bthanium^  Koran.  Anther  not  crested.  Bud  not  enclosed 
in  large  bracleoles.     Panicle  terminal. — (Sp.  1-9.). 

1.  A.  conchig-era,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  424;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  364; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  long  narrow,  flowers 
small,  corolla- segments  oblong  greenish,  lip  orbicular  yellowish  with  red 
lines  and  dots  with  two  small  teeth  at  the  base.  A.  Galanga,  Wall.  Cat. 
6572  E,  F.     Strobidia  conchigera,  Kuntze  inedit. 

Chittagong  and  the  Malay  Peninsula  to  Malacca.— Distrib.  Siam,  Cam-- 
bodia. 

Leafy  stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  5-I  ft.  by  2-3  in.  Panicle  6-9  in. ;  rachis  pubescent ; 
lower  branch  often  elongate,  the  others  short  ascending  ;  bracts  small,  brown, 
scariose,  ovate.  Calyx  i-^  in. ;  mouth  oblique,  obscurely  3-dentate.  Corolla-tnhe 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  segments  |  in.  Lip  with  incurved  margins,  not 
longer  than  the  corolla-segments,  not  clawed.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell.— I  do  not 
regard  Strobidia  as  generic-ally  distinct  from  Alpinia. 

2.  A<  IHanii,  King  MSB.  (under  Strobidia) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
glabrous  beneath,  panicle  long  narrow  subracemose,  flowers  small,  corolla- 
segments  oblong,  lip  narrow  cuneate. 

Andaman  Islands,  King's  Collector. 

Leafy  stem  elongate.  Leaves  shortly  petioled,  12  in.  or  more  by  3-4  in.,  bright 
green,  with  more  prominent  ribs  than  in  its  allies.  Panicle  6-9  in. ;  rachis  pubes- 
cent ;  branches  short,  erecto-patent,  usually  l-fld. ;  bracts  minute,  Calyx  ^  in., 
minutely  3-dentate.  Coro^Za-tube  bwice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  i  in.  Lip 
scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla-segments.  Capsule  globose,  ^  in.  diam.,  1-2 
seeded. 

3.  A.  G-alang-a,  Sw.  Obs.  Bot.  8 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous 
beneath,  panicle  copiously  compound,  flowers  small,  corolla-segments 
linear-oblong  greenish- white,  lip  obovate-clawed  emarginate  white  veined 
with  lilac,  with  a  pair  of  subulate  glands  at  the  base  of  the  claw.  Boxb. 
Hort.  Beng.  2 ;  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  352  ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  59 ;  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  viii.  345  ;  Wall.  Cat.  6572,  ex  parte ;  Grah.  Cat.  Fl.  Bomb.  206 ;  Dalz. 
&  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274 ;  Thw.  Enum.  319.  A.  viridiflora,  Griff.  Notul.  iii. 
423;  Ic.  Fl.  Asiat.  t.  353.  Maranta  Galanga,  Linn.  Sp.  Flant.  2.  Galanga, 
Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  1.  281. — Rumjph.  Amboin.  v.  t.  63. 

Throughout  India  from  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca. — 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  islands  and  widely  cultivated. 

Rootstock  perennial,  tuberous,  slightly  aromatic.  Leafy  stem  6-7  ft.  Leaves  1-2 
ft.  by  4-6  in.,  green  and  glossy  on  both  sides.  Panicle  dense-fld.,  i-1  ft.,  rachis 
densely  pubescent,  branches  numerous  short ;  pedicels  \ — I  in. ;  bracts  small,  ovate. 
Calyx  greenish-white,  ^  in.  oblique  at  the  throat.  Coro^Za-segments  i~|  in.'  Lip 
distinctly  clawed,  \  in.,  basal  glands  ascending,  reddish,  linear-subulate.  Stamen 
arcuate,  shorter  than  the  lip.  Ovules  1-2  in  a  cell.  Fruit  orange-red,  the  size  of  a 
small  cherry. — Probably  j4.  alba,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  346  {Hellenia  alba, 
Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  5.  Languas  vulgare,  Koenig  in  Retz.  Obs.  iii.  64 ;  Heritiera. 
alba,  Retz.  Obs.  vi.  18),  A.  carnea,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  420,  and  A.  zingiberina,  Hook, 
f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6944  are  forms.  The  drawing  of  Costus  arabicv^,  Linn,  in 
Hermann's  Ceylon  Herbarium  belongs  here. 

4.  A.  Allug'has,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  346  ;  Scit.  Fl.  t.  67 ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  narrow  copiously  com- 


254  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  lA^nnia. 

pound,  flowers  small,  corolla-segments  linear-oblong  greenish-white,  lip 
cuneate  pink  distinctly  emarginate  with  two  small  linear-subulate  glands 
at  the  base.  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  vi.  353  ;  Hort.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i,  61  • 
Wall.  Cat.  6571 ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  432 ;  GraJi.  Cat.  PI.  Bo)nb.206;I)alz.Sf  Gibs 
Bonib.  Fl.  273 ;  Thw.  Enum.  320 ;  Moran.  Frodr.  33.  A.  Eheedii,  Wight 
Ic.  t.  2026,  Hellenia  Allughas,  Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  4 ;  Andr.  Rot.  Rep.  t. 
501 ;  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  281.  Heritiera  Allughas,  Retz.  Obs.  vi. 
17,  t.  1.  Zingiber  nigrum,  Gaei^n.  Frwct.  t.  12. — Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi. 
t.  14. 

From  the  Himalayas  to  Cetlon  and  Malacca. — Distrib.  Malay  isles  and 
widely  cultivated. 

Rootstock  tuberous,  biennial  or  perennial.  Leafy  stem  3-6  ft.  Leaves  1-1 1  ft. 
by  3 — 6  in.,  smooth  and  glossy  on  both  surfaces.  Panicle  erect,  ^-1  ft. ;  branches 
pubescent,  fewer  and  more  ascending  than  in  A.  Galanga  ;  flowers  crowded,  shortly 
pedicelled ;  bracts  small,  ovate-amplexicaul.  Calyx  pubescent,  ^-\  in. ;  mouth 
oblique.  CoroZ/a-tube  aj  long  as  the  calyx;  segments  as  long  as  the  tube.  Lip 
clawed.  Stamen  arcuate,  shorter  than  the  lip.  Capsule  globose,  black,  \  in. 
diam. 

5.  A.  calcarata,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  347  ;  Scit.  PI.  t.  68  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  short,  slightly  compound 
flowers  middle-sized,  -corolla-segments  oblong  greenish-white,  lip  oblong 
striped  and  spotted  with  red  and  yellow  on  a  pale  ground  with  edges 
slightly  incurved,  base  spurred.  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  355  ;  Hort.  Beng.  2 ; 
Fl.  Lnd.  i.  69  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  141 ;  Wall.  Cat.  6577  ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb 
206;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2028;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  274;  Thw.  Enum.  320. 
A.  bracteata,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  381 ;  Scit.  t.  70,  non  Eoxb.,  A. 
cernua,  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1900.  Renealmia  calcarata,  Haw.  in  Andr. 
Bot.  Rep.  t.  421 ;  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  231.  Globba  erecta,  Red. 
Lil.  t.  174. 

SouTHEEN  Malay  Peninsula,  the  Concan,  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  China, 
and  widely  cultivated. 

Rootstock  perennial,  not  tuberous.  Leafy  stem  slender,  2-4  ft.  Leaves  6-12  by 
1-2  in.  acuminate,  green  and  glossy  on  both  surfaces.  Panicle  dense-fld.,  3-4  in.  ; 
rachis  pubescent ;  lower  branches  short,  bearing  3-4  crowded  flowers  ;  bracts  small, 
ovate.  Qalyx-tMha  funnel-shaped,  k-\  in.  ;  ovary  densely  pubescent.  Corolla-seg- 
ments  ^  in.  Lip  1-1^  in.,  beautifully  variegated  with  red  and  yellow,  emarginate. 
Anther-cells  minutely  margined.     Ovules  many  in  a  cell.     Capsule  globose,  red. 

6.  A.  Wrayi,  Xing  MSS. ;  leaves  lanceolate  glabrous  beneath, 
peduncle  scarcely  leafy,  panicle  short  slightly  compound,  flowers  middle- 
sized,  corolla-segments  oblanceolate,  lip  dark  yellow  obovate-cuneate. 

Penang,  alt.  2-3000  ft..  King's  Collector. 
Leafy  stem  elongate.  Leaves  12  by  2  in.  or  more,  acute,  moderately  firm. 
Peduncle  from  the  rootstock,  slender,  erect,  under  a  foot  long,  with  several  sheath, 
ing  bract-leaves,  only  the  uppermost  produced  into  a  small  lanceolate  blade.  Panic'e 
3-4  in.,  dense-fld.,  erect  ;  bracts  small,  deciduous.  Ovary  very  hairy.  Calyx  ^  in., 
narrowly  funnel-shaped.  Corolla- tube  as  long  as  the  calyx  j  segments  f  in.  Lip 
1  in. — May  be  an  abnormal  form  of  A.  calcarata. 

7.  A.  mutica,  Roxb.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  354 ;  Hort.  Beng.  2  ;  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  67 ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  glabrous  beneath,  panicle  slightly  com- 
pound, flowers  large,  corolla  segments  oblong  white,  lip  suborbicular 
variegated  red  and  yellow,  base  not  spurred,  margins  much  incurved.    Rose. 


Alpinia.']  cxlix.  scitamine^e.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  255 

Scit.  PL  t.  69 ;  Rooh.f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6908 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  34  Eenealmia 
mutica,  Salish.  in  Trans.  Sort.  Soc.  i.  280. 

Penang,  Roxhurgh.     Malay  Peninsula. — Disteib,  Malay  isles. 

Eootstock  perennial,  not  tuberous.  Leafy  stem  4-6  ft.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  2-4  in. 
Panicle  6-9  in.  ;  rachis  stout,  very  pubescent ;  lower  branches  short,  2-3 ;  bracts 
oblong.  CaJyx-tnhe  iin.,  funnel-shaped,  white  bordered  with  pink.  Corolla-seg' 
nients  1  in.  Lip  1^  in.,  nearly  as  broad,  beautifully  variegated  with  red  aiid  yellow. 
Capsule  globos^e,  1  in.  diam.,  bright  yellow.     Seeds  many  in  a  cell. 

8.  A.  petiolataj  Baker;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate  petioled.  glabrous 
beneath,  raceme  simple,  bracts  large,  flowers  large,  lip  obovate-cuneate. 

Peeak,  alt.  2500-4000  ft.,  Kimstler. 

Leafy  stem  2-3  ft.  Leaves  1-1 1  ft.  by  3-4  in.,  subeoriaceous,  dark  glossy  green, 
petiole  3-4  in.  Spike  moderately  dense-fld.,  erect,  3-4  in.  ;  rachis  slender,  pubes- 
cent ;  bracts  1  in.,  green  membranous.  Ovary  densely  villose.  Calyx  1  in.  Lip 
half  as  long  again  as  the  calyx,  bright  yellow  ;  filament  1  in. 

9.  A.  Rafflesiana,  Wall.  Cat.  6575;  leaves  lanceolate  finely  pubes- 
cent beneath,  panicle  dense  subglobose,  flowers  middle- sized,^  corolla- 
segments  oblong  reddish-yellow,  lip  suborbicular  margins  much  incurved. 
Hook.  Ic.  t.  1063.     A.  aurantiaca.  Wall.  mss. 

Penang,  Singapore  and  Malacca. 

Rootstock  perennial,  not  tuberous.  Leafy  stem  4-6  ft.  Leaves  1-1^  ft.  by 
2-3  in.  Panicle  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  stems,  congested  into  a  globose  head 
2  in.  long,  subtended  by  a  large  ovate  green  bract ;  pedicels  very  short ;  flower- 
bracts  small,  persistent,  orbicular,  subeoriaceous.  Calyx  funnel-shaped,  bright  red, 
,^-^  in.  Corolla-segments  concave,  5-^  in.  Li'p  f-1  in.  long  and  broad,  beautifully 
striped  with  red  on  a  yellow  ground.  Capsule  globose,  small. — Alpinia  vittala 
of  gardens  appears  to  be  a  form  of  this  very  distinct  species  with  leaves  variegated 
with  white. 

Subgen.  II.  Cat^Fmbiuxn,  Juss.  Anther  not  crested.  Bud  enclosed 
in  large  membranous  bracteoles.  Raceme  or  panicle  terminal. — Species 
10-13. 

10.  A.  bracteata,  Boxh.  Hart.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  63 ;  raceme 
simple,  bracteoles  green.  Wall.  Cat.  6578,  non  Boscoe.  A.  Roxburghii, 
Sweet  Hart.  Brit.  edit.  2,  493 ;  IToran.  Prodr.  34. 

East  Himalayas,  Bengal,  Assam,  Cachae,  Burma,  the  Shan  States  and 
Malacca. 

Leafy  stem  3-6  ft.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  1-1^  ft.  by  2-4  in.,  pubescent 
beneath.  Raceme  dense-fld.,  6-9  in.  ;  rachis  densely  pubescent ;  pedicels  very  short. 
Buds  not  so  short  and  more  acute  than  in  A.  malaccensis  ;  bracteoles  1  in.,  oblong- 
navicular.  CoroZ/a-segments  1  in.,  oblong,  pure  white.  Lip  ovate,  half  as  long 
again  as  the  corolla-segments,  emarginate,  edge  white,  centre  variegated  red  and 
yellow,  margins  incurved  ;  base  with  two  ascending  horn-like  processes.  Capsule 
large,  globose.     Seeds  many  in  a  cell. 

11.  A.  malaccensis,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  345  ;  raceme 
simple,  bracteoles  white.  Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  353 ;  Hort.  Beng.  2  ; 
Fl.  Ind.  i.  64;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  328;  Wall.  Cat.  6573  A.  Horan.  Prodr. 
34.  Maranta  malacoensis,  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  2 ;  Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  14. 
Costus  malaccensis,  Koenig  in  Betz.  Obs.  iii.  71. — Rumph,  Amboin.  v. 
t.  71,  fig.  1. 

Easteen  Himalayas,  Assam,  Khasia  Hills  and  Chittagong,  ascending  to 
5000  ft.    Malabar,  Law. 


256  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  Gr.  Baker.)  [Alpinia. 

Rootstock  perennial.  Leafy  stem  6-10  ft.  Leaves  2-3  ft.,  oblong -lanceolate, 
pubescent  beneath.  Raceme  erect,  ^-1  ft.  ;  rachis  very  stout,  densely  pubescent ; 
pedicels  all  very  short.  Buds  oblong,  obtuse  ;  bracteoles  oblong-navicular,  1  in. 
OoroZZa-segments  white,  oblong,  1  in.  Lip  ovate,  eraarginate,  1^-2  in.,  margin 
pale  ;  centre  beautifully  variegated  red  and  yellow ;  edges  much  incurved.  Capsule 
globose,  yellow,  1  iu.  diam.     Seeds  many,  ovoid. 

12.  A.  nutans,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  346 ;  Scit.  t.  73  ; 
panicle  cernuoua  sligbtly  compound,  bracts  deciduous,  peduncles  short, 
bracteoles  white  tipped  with  pink.  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  ii.  t.  306  ;  Roxb.  in 
Asiat.  Res.  xi.  354 ;  Kort.  Beng.  2 ;  Fl  Ind.  i.  65 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1903 ; 
Wall.  Cat.  6574  ex  parte ;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  206  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2027 ; 
Thiv.  Enum.  320.  A.  malaccensis,  Wall.  Gat.  6573  B,  0.  A.  cristata, 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  421.  Globba  nutans,  Linn.  Mant.  170;  Red.  Lil.  t.  60. 
Renealmia  nutans,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  360 ;  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Sort.  Soc. 
i.  279.  Zerumbet  speciosum,  Jacg.  Fragm.  t.  68 ;  Wendl.  Sert.  San. 
t.  19. 

Eastern  Himalayas  and  Malay  Peninsula. — Distrib.  Malay  islands. 

Rootstock  perennial.  Leafy  stem  8-10  ft.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  3-6  in.,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  finely  pubescent  beneath.  '  Panicle  -^1  ft.;  rachis  very  hairy;  lower 
branches  bearing  2-3  crowded  flowers.  Bracteoles  1  in.  or  more,  broad,  oblong- 
navicular.  Corolla-segments  oblong,  1  in.,  white  tipped  with  pink.  Lip  ovate, 
1^  in.  long  and  broad,  base  spurred,  margins  pale,  centre  beautifully  vai'iegated  with 
red  and  yellow,  margins  much  incurved.  Capsule  red,  globose.  Seeds  many  in 
a  cell. 

Var.  .  AsERicEA,  Moon  Cat.  Ceyl.  1  (sp.) ;  panicle  shorter,  flowers  smaller, 
bracteoles  and  corolla-segments  not  tipped  with  pink. — Ceylon, 

13.  A.  involucrata,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  422 ;  panicle  cernuous 
slightly  compound,  bracts  persistent  cupular,  bracteoles  white. 

Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Listrih.  5697),  Maingay  (K.  d.  1574).  Perak,  King^s 
Collector. 

Nearly  allied  to  A.  nutans,  of  which  it  may  be  only  a  variety.  Leafy  stem 
10-15  ft.  Lower  branches  of  the  panicle  elongated,  with  2-3  flowers  crowded  at 
the  lip,  enveloped  by  persistent  scariose  bracts.      Capsule  globose,  1  iu.  diam. 

Sect.  III.  Kellenia,  Willd.  Anther  furnished  with  a  small 
petioled  crest.     Panicle  terminal.     (Sp.  14r-17.) 

14.  A.  aquatica,  Rose,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii.  346 ;  leave":!  oblong 
not  scabrous,  anther  with  a  semi- orbicular  crest,  lip  obcordate.  Hellenia 
aquatica,  Soran.  Prodr.  35.  Heritiera  aquatica,  Retz.  Obs.  v.  18. 
Languas  aquaticum  vel  sylvestre,  Kcenig  in  Reiz.  Obs.  iii.  65. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  in  swamps,  Kmnig. 

Leafy  stem  4  ft.  and  more.  Leaves  coriaceous,  bright  green,  denticulate, 
glabrous  beneath.  Panicle  narrow,  oblong,  peduncled,  with  2-3  membranous  white 
bracts  at  the  base.  Caly x-Wmb  tubulose-campanulate,  glabrous,  tri dentate.  Corolla- 
segments  whitish  ;  upper  ovate-oblong  ;  two  lower  acute,  approximate.  Lip  shorter 
than  the  corollarsegments,  with  an  oblong  gland  on  each  side  at  the  base.  Anther 
with  a  coloured  crest.  Capsule  black.  Seeds  about  5,  trietrous.— Known  only 
from  Kcenig's  description. 

15.  A.  scabra,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  648 ;  leaves  lanceolate  very 
scabrous  above,  anther  with  an  obscure  truncate  crest,  lip  narrow  bilobed. 
Hellenia  scabra,  Blume  Enum.  i.  60  ;  Mig.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat,  iii.  603  ;  Soran. 
Prodr.  35. 


Alpinia.']  cxlix.  scitamine^e.    (J.  G.  Baker.)  257 

Peeak,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  Kinff'.%  Collector. — Disteib.  Java. 

Leafi/  stem  6-8  ft.  Leaves  albove  1  ft.,  2^-3  in.  broad,  very  scabrous.  Fanicle 
1  ft.,  erect,  with  a  few  short  spreading  compound  branches  at  the  base;  branchlets 
about  1  in.,  bearing  several  pedicelled  waxy  white  flowers  ;  bracts  minute.  Cali/x 
i  in. ;  teeth  minute.  Corolla-tnhe  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  oblong,  i  in. 
Lip  not  longer  than  the  corolla-segments.  Anther-cells  divaricate  upwards,  the 
truncate  connective  scarcely  overtopping  them.     Capsule  globose,  ^  in.  diam. 

Subgen.IV.  Geostachys, -Ba^er.  Anther  not  oresiedi.  Buds  enclosed 
in  large  bracteoles.     Spike  radical. 

16.  A.  ?  decurvata^  Baker ;  leaves  lanceolate,  racemes  not  secund. 
Peeak  ;  Larut,  alt.  3-4000  ft..  King's  Collector, 

Leafy  stem  4-5  ft.  Leaves  12-15  by  l-lj  in.,  narrowed  to  a  petiole  1  in.  long. 
Racemes  6  in.,  lax,  decnrved  ;  peduncle  short,  slender,  erect,  hidden  by  the  large 
imbricate  green  bract-leaves;  pedicels  deflexed,  ^  in.;  bracteoles  1^  in.,  green, 
oblong-navicular,  acute,  persistent.  Ooary  oblong,  shortly  pecluncled  within  the 
bracteole.  CWyx  ^  in,,  spathaceous.  CoroZ/a-tube  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  segments 
linear-oblong,  \  in.  Lip  obovate,  longer  than  the  corolla-segments.  "  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  tinged  with  red.     Fruit  glossy,  dark  red." 

17.  A.  7  secunda^  Baker;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  racemes  secund. 
Peeak,  alt.  3-4000  ft..  King's  Collector,  8047. 

Nearly  allied  to  A.  ?  decurvata,  with  which  it  entirely  agrees  in  habit  and  in  the 
flower  being  enclosed  in  large  persistent  oblong-navicular  green  bracteoles.  Leaves 
6-8  by  2  in.;  petiole  short.  Raceme  simple,  lax-fld.,  secund,  deflexed;  pedicels 
cernuous,  ^  in. ;  bracteoles  under  1  in.  Calyx  cylindric,  spathaceous,  ^  in.  "  Flower 
light  yellow.    Fruit  deep  red." 

19.  RKVNCKANTKUS,  Hooy&,/. 

BootstocJc  tuberous;  fibres  stout,  hairy.  Stemlesiij.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate.  Spike  terminal.  Calyx  cylindric,  minutely  toothed.  Gorolla- 
tube  long,  subcylindric  ;  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Lateral 
staminodes  obsolete;  lip  nearly  obsolete;  filament  long  linear,  margins 
incurved,  tip  filiform  ;  anther-cells  contiguous,  not  crested.  Ovary 
3-celled  :  ovoles  many,  superposed ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  small,  turbinate. 
Capsule  and  seeds  not  seen. 

R.  long-iflorus,  Rook.f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6861, 

Burma  {Rort.  Low). 

Rootdock  ovoid,  green,  1-1^  in.  diam.  Leafy  stem  1^-2  ft.  Leaves  6-8  by 
1^-2  in.  Spike  4-6  in.,  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  stem  ;  bracts  2  to  each  flower, 
hnear,  green,  1-i^  in.,  wrapped  round  the  calyx-tube.  Corolia-tube  1^2  in. ; 
segments  1  in.     Stamen  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube. 

20.  CZ.ZNOGYNE,  Salisb. 

Bootstock  tuberous  or  sublignose.  Stems  leafy,  copiously  dichoto- 
mously  branched.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate.  Panicle  lax-fld. 
terminal ;  flowers  in  pairs  ;  bracts  long,  narrow,  firm.  Sepals  short,  free. 
Betals  narrow,  connivent.  Staminal  tube  cylindric;  segments  obovate, 
petaloid,  unequal;  anther  1-celled,  adnate  to  the  margin  of  one 
segment.  Ovary  3-celled ;  cells  1-ovuled ;  style  adnate  below  to  the 
staminal  tube,  above   free,  hooked ;  stigma  capitate.     jFruit  indehiscent, 

VOL.    VI.  s 


258  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEii'],     (J.  G.  Baker.)  \_Clinogijne, 

1-3- seeded.     Seeds    aubglobose,  aril   lacerate ;    embryo    curved. — Species 
7-8  ;  tropics  of  Old  World. 

1.  Qp  dichotoma,  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i.  276 ;  leaves  broadly- 
rounded  at  the  base,  branches  of  panicle  few  short,  staminal  tube  elongate, 
fruit  2-3-lobed  2-3-seeded.  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  651.  Phrynium 
dichotomum,  Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Res.  xi.  324 ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  2  ; 
Horan.  Prodr.  11,  in  part.  Maranta  dichotoma,  Wctll.  Gat.  6614.  M. 
raniosissima.  Wall.  Cat.  6615;  PL  Asiat.  Bar.  t.  286;  Grah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb. 
212.  Donax  Arundinastrum,  Lour.  Fl.  Cock.  15.  Thalia  cannseformis, 
Willd.  8p.  Plant,  i.  16. — Bunipk.  Amhoin.  iv.  22,  t.  7. 

Eastern  Bengal  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. — Disteib.  Malay  islds. 

Shrub  15  ft.;  stem  short,  woody;  branches  slender.  Upper  leaves  ovate- 
oblong-,  3-6  in.  by -1^-2  in.  Branches  o{  panicle  at  most  3-4  in.;  outer  bracts 
lanceolate,  1|  in.  Floioers  white,  1  in.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Petals  oblanceolate, 
spreading  in  the  upper  half.  Staminal  tube  as  long  as  the  largest  lobes  j  lip 
flat.     Fruit  ^  in.  diam. 

2.  C.  grrandis^  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  651 ;  leaves  broadly  rounded 
at  the  base,  branches  of  the  panicle  many  and  moderately  long,  staminal 
tube  elongated,  fruit  globose  smooth  1 -seeded.  Maranta  grandis,  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  616.  Phrynium  dichotomum,  Korn.  in  Mem.  Mosc.  xi. 
t.  89 ;  Koran.  Prodr.  11,  in  part,  not  Boxh. 

Tenasserim,  Malacca,  PIerak,  Singapore,  and  the  Andaman  islds. — 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  islds. 

Habit  of  C.  dichotoma.  Upper  leaves  \-\  ft.  by  3-6  in.  Branches  of  the 
panicle  sometimes  6-9  in.;  outer  bracts  1|  in.  Flowers  as  in  C.  dichotoma.  Fruit 
glossy,  \-^  in.  diam. 

3.  C.  virgrata,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant.  ii\.  651 ;  leaves  slightly  rounded 
at  the  base,  branches  of  the  panicle  many  and  long,  staminal  tube  short, 
fruit  2-3-lobed  2-3-seeded,  Maranta  virgata,  Wall.  Cat.  6616 ;  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2015  ;  Thto.  Enum.  320.  Phrynium  virgatum,  Boxb.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi. 
324  ;  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  4. 

The  Deccan  peninsula  and  Ceylon. 

Stems  6-8  ft.  Upper  leaves  4-6  by  1-1|  in.  ;  lower  1-1^  ft.  Panicle  1  ft.  or 
more;  branches  very  slender,  flexuose ;  outer  bracts  about  1  in.  Floioers  vihite, 
inodorous,  much  smaller  than  in  C.  dichotoma.     Fruit  the  size  of  a  large  pea. 


•     21.  FKRVNIUBI,   Willd. 

Bootstock  creeping.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  radical ;  petiole  long, 
sheathing.  Spike  compound,  produced  from  the  side  of  the  petiole  or 
direct  from  the  rootstock ;  main  bracts  2-co.fld.  St-pals  3,  narrow. 
Corolla-iubQ  cylindric ;  segments  3,  linear-oblong,  subequal,  spreading. 
Staminal  tube  longer  than  the  corolla-tube ;  segments  unequal,  petaloid, 
one  bearing  the  1-celled  anther  on  its  margin.  Ovary  3-celled ;  cells 
1-ovuled,  rarely  2  cells  empty  ;  style  adnate  in  the  lower  part  to  the 
staminal  tube ;  free  portion  hooked ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  globose, 
indehiscent  or  finally  dehiscent.  Seeds  1-3  erect;  aril  short,  fleshy;, 
embryo  curved. — Species  20;  tropics  of  Old  World. 

1.  P.  capitatuxn,  Willd.  Sp.  Plant,  i.  17 ;  spike  globose  from  the 


Phryninm.']  cxlix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  259 

side  of  the  petiole  rarely  terminal,  maia  bracts  oblong  witk  an  inourvel 
scarions  tip  which  breaks  up  into  bristles,  corolla-segments  Ioniser  than 
the  tube,  fruit  usually  3  seeded.  Boxb.  in  Aslat.  Res.  xi.  325,  t.  1;  Hort. 
Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  8  ;  Wall.  Gat.  6619  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2016  ;  Tkw.  Etium. 
320.  Phyllodes  Placentaria,  Lour-.  Fl.  Cochin,  ch.  17.  Maranta  Placen- 
taria,  A.  Dietr.  Sp.  i.  30. — BkeedeSort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  34. 

Eastebn  Himalayas,  Malay  peninsula,  Malabab,  Teavancoee,  Ceylon. 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  islds. 

Rootstock  perennial,  tuberous.  Leaves  obloug,  1-1^^  ft/  by  6-8  in. ;  petiole 
longer  than  the  blade,  that  which  bears  the  spike  2-3  fc.  or  more.  Spike  sessile. 
li-2  in.  diam. ;  subtended  by  2-3  large  rigid  ovate  bracts ;  inner  main  bracts  1 
by  i  in.,  firm,  oblong,  several-fld.  Sepals  large,  linear.  Coro^/a-segmouts  linear- 
oblong  purple.  Capsule  turbinate,  3-lobed,  the  size  of  a  gooseberry,  smooth, 
3-valved. 

2.  P.  parviflorum,  Bocch.  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  7  ;  spike  globose 
from  the  side  of  the  petiole,  bracts  lanceolate,  corolla-segments  white 
shorter  than  the  tube,  fruit  usually  1-seeded.  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  31 ; 
Wall.  Cat.  6620;  Moran.  Prodr.  11.  Maranta  parviflora,  A.  Dietr.  Sp.  i. 
30. 

Eastern  Himalayas  and  Malay  peninsula,  and  the  Concan. 

Rootstock  tuberous,  perennial.  Leaves  oblong-cuspidate,  1-1|  ft.  by  6-8  in.  ; 
petiole  longer  than  the  blade,  the  one  that  bears  the  spike  2-2^  ft.  Spike  sessile, 
1-2  in.  diam, ;  bracts  1  in.,  pale  green,  acute,  2-3-fld.  Coro//a-tube  as  long  as 
the  bract ;  segments  linear-oblong.  Staminal  lobes  small,  orbicular,  white  tipped 
with  yellow. 

3.  P.  imbricatuxn^  Boxh.  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  6 ;  spike  oblong 
from  the  side  of  the  petiole,  main  bracts  oblong  obtuse,  corolla-segments 
shorter  than  the  tube,  fruit  usually  3-8eeded.  Horan.  Prodr.  11.  Maranta 
imbricata,  A.  Dietr.  Sp.  i.  30. 

Chittagong,  Roxburgh. 

Habit  of  P.  capitatum  and  parvijlorum.  Leaves  1^-2  ft. ;  oblong,  acute, 
petiole  longer  than  the  blade.  Spike  3-4  in. ;  main  bracts  1-1^  in.  long,  minutely 
toothed  at  the  obtuse  tip.  Calyx  and  corolla  of  P.  paruflorum.  Staminal  lobes 
small,  white.     Capsule  rugose,  oblong,  the  size  of  a  large  field  bean. 

A  flowerless  specimen  with  similar  but  terminal  spikes  aod  bracts,  much 
smaller  leaves  and  more  slender  petiole,  collected  at  Rangoon  by  McClelland, 
probably  represents  a  distinct  species. 

4.  P.  macrostachyum*  Wall.  Cat.  6612  A,  B;  spike  long  lax 
from  the  side  of  the  petiole,  main  bracts  lanceolate  complicate,  fruit 
1-seeded. 

Pegu,  WalUch.    Tavoy,  Gomez.     Tenasseeim,  Heljer. 

Rootstock  short,  with  copious  slender  fibres.  Leaves  nearly  4  by  3-4  in.,  thin 
oblong,  caudate  ;  petiole  twice  as  long  as  the  blade.  Spike  sessile,  9-12  in. ;  main-, 
bracts  2-4  in.,  spaced  out  on  the  rachis,  ascending;  finally  scarious.  Fruit 
small,  smooth,  oblong,  crowned  with  the  small  green  lanceolate  sepal?. — P. 
musaceum,  Wall.  Cat.  6612  C,  from  the  Trogla  hills,  known  in  leaf  only,  is 
probably  a  different  species. 

6.  P.  spicatum,  Roxb.  Hort.  Beng.  1 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  5  ;  spike  radical 
shortly-peduncled,  main  bracts  ovate  imbricate,  corolla-segments  shorter 
than  the  tube,  fruit  usually  3-seeded.  Wall.  Cat.  6617  ;  Horan,  Prodr. 
11.     Maranta  caespitosa,  A.  Dietr.  Sjj.  i.  30. 

s  2 


260  CXLTX.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Phryn'mm. 

Pegu,  Oarey,  Wallich,  R.  Scott     The  Concan,  Latv. 

Eootstock  -wide-creeping,  perennial,  not  tuberous.  Leaf  oblong,  6-10  by  2-3  in. ; 
petiole  slender,  longer  than  the  blade.  Spike  1-2  in. ;  bracts  not;  1  in.,  ovate,  green, 
several-fld.  Coroi^a-segments  white,  linear-oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  cylindric 
tube.  Larger  staminal  lobes  obovate,  as  long  as  the  corolla-segments.  Seeds  ^  in., 
dull  brown,  triquetrous  on  the  inner  face. — An  allied  plant,  with  subequal  crowded 
lanceolate  bracts  1^-2  in.,  collected  by  Griffith  and  Helt'er  in  Tenasserim,  is  no 
doubt  a  distinct  species,  but  all  the  specimens  are  very  incomplete.  P.  sumatranum, 
Miquel,  appears  to  be  specifically  distinct  from,  P.  spicatum. 

6.  P.  G-rifiELthii,  Baker;  spike  radical  long-peduncled,  bracts  bi- 
farious  with  tips  rounded  recurved,  corolla-segrments  unequal,  upper  erect 
oblong,  lateral  reflexed.     P.  spicatum,  Griff.  Notid.  iii.  418,  non  Roxh. 

Malacca,  in  wet  jungles  at  Ching,  Griffith. 

Leafy  stem  many-leaved ;  petiole  3-4  ft. ;  blade  oblong,  2  ft.  Peduncle  1  ft. 
Ca^^aj-segments  linear,  white,  shorter  than  the  tube.     Ovary  3-celled. 

7.  P.  zeylanicum,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  653  ;  spike  shortlj- 
peduncled  radical,  main  bracts  ovate  'imbricate,  corolla-segments  shorter 
than  the  tube,  fruit  1-seeded.  Trimen  Gat.  Geyl.  PI.  92,  Maranta  spicata, 
Thvj.  Enum.  320,  excl.  syn.  Boxh. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  central  province,  rare ;   Thwaites. 

Habit  exactly  of  P.  spicatum.  Leaves  oblong,  caudate,  |  ft.;  petiole  slender, 
twice  as  long  as  the  blade.  Spike  1^  in.  ;  main  bracts  few,  green,  not  1  in. 
JFruit  small,  smooth,  oblong,  crowned  by  the  small  green  linear  sepals; 

8.  P.  Cadellianum,  King  77iss.\  spike  shortly  peduncled  radical, 
main  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  fruit  1-seeded. 

Andaman  islds.,  Kinff's  Collector. 

Rootstock  short-creeping,  perennial,  slender.  Leaf  oblong,  9-10  in.  by  3-4  in., 
base  deltoid ;  petiole  slender,  2-2|  ft.  Spike  1^  in.  ;  bracts  1-1^  in.,  few,  closely 
imbricate,  thin,  glabrous.  Flower  not  seen.  Fruit  oblong,  smooth,  i  in.,  crowned 
with  the  short  sepals. 

22.  CANNA,  Linn. 

Bootstock  perennial.  Stem  simple,  leafy.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  acute. 
Flowers  a  lax  terminal  simple  or  branched  raceme;  bracts  small,  ovate. 
Sepals  3,  small,  oblong,  or  lanceolate.  Coro7?a-tube  cylindric,  segments 
3,  lanceolate,  equal.  Staminal  tube  cylindric;  segments  petaloid,  unequal, 
with  the  1 -celled  anther  adnate  to  tlie  margin  of  one  of  the  smaller  ones. 
Ovary  8-celled  ;  cells  many-ovuled;  style  adnate  at  the  base  to  the  staminal 
tube,  free  above ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  globose,  echinate,  indehiscent. 
Seeds  large,  globose  ;  embryo  straight. — Species  20-30  tropical  American 
and  the  following  : — 

C-  indica,  Lin7i.  var.  C.  ob,ientalis,  Bosc.  Scit.  PI.  t.  12 ;  corolla-ivibe 
much  shorter  than  the  segments,  petaloid  staminal  segments  of  the  outer 
row  3  oblanceolate  emarginate  bright  red,  lip  reflexed  emarginate  at  the 
truncate  apex.  Horan.  Prodr.  16.  C.  indica,  Linn.  Sp.  Plant.  1,  in  part ; 
Boxh.  in  Asiat.  Bes.  xi.  322 ;  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  1 ;  Wall.  Gat.  6621 ;  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  687;  Thw.  Enum.  320.  C.  chinensis,  Willd.  Enum. 
Berol.  i.  2  ? — Bheede  If  art.  Malah.  xi.  t.  48 ;  Bumph.  Hort.  Amhoin.  v.  t. 
71,  fig.  2. 

Throughout  India  from  the  Himalayas  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca. — Distrib. 
Malay  isles,  &c. 


Cauna.]  c^^lix.  scitamine^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  261 

Mootstock  tuberous,  with  mauy  fibres.  Stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  oblong,  acute, 
lower  1  ft.  or  more.  Bracts  ^  in.,  ovate,  green.  Sepals  small,  lanceolate.  Gorollob' 
tube  ^-J  in. ;  lobes  1  in.,  lanceolate,  greenish.  Outer  staminal  segments  3,  bright 
red,  oblanceolate,  \\  in.  by  i-^  in. ;  lip  rather  shorter ;  anther  \  in.  Capsule 
globose,  |-f  in.     Seeds  black,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

Var,  FLAVA,  Rose.  Scit.  JPl.  t.  13  ;  stature  of  the  type,  staminal  segments  plain 
bright  yellow.     C.  flavescens.  Link ;  Horan.  Prodr.  41. 

Var.  C.  NEPALEK3IS,  Wall.  Cat.  6622  (sp.);  stem  much  taller,  leaves  larger, 
corolla-segments  1\  in.,  outer  staminal  segments  usually  3  bright  red  not  emarginate, 
capsule  above  1  in.  jBouche  in  Linncsa,  viii.  158 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  15. — Nepal, 
Wallich. 

Var.  C.  SPECiosA,  Bosc.  Scit.  PL  t.  17  (sp.);  much  taller  than  the  type, 
leaves  larger,  outer  staminal  segments  2  acute  bright  red  with  a  channelled 
yellow  claw,  lip  variegated  with  red  and  yellow.  Serb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2317 ; 
Wall,  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1276 ;  Horan.  Prodr.  16. — Nepal  and  Kuraaon. 

Another  Indian  form,  unknown  to  me,  is  C.  exigua,  Bouche;  Horan.  Prodr. 
16.  The  American  form  to  which  Roscoe  and  Horaninow  restrict  the  name 
INDICA  is  figured  Rose.  Scit.  PI.  t.  1 ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  776. 

23.  MUSA,  Linn. 

Ste^n  subarboresceiit,  of  convolute  leaf  sheaths.  Leaves  very  large, 
oblong,  blowers  in  an  erect  or  decurVed  spike,  subunisexual,  lower  female, 
upper  male;  bracts  large,  spathaceous  ovate  or  orbicular.  Calyx  slit 
down  one  side  to  the  base,  3-5-lobed.  Corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx  or 
shorter,  wrapped  round  the  stamens  and  style.  Perfect  stamens  5,  sixth 
rudimentary  or  0;  filaments  stout,  filiform;  anthers  linear,  erect,  2-celled. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  many,  superposed  ;  style  filiform  from  a  thickened 
base ;  stigma  subglobose  6-lobed.  Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  oblong  or 
fusiform,  trigonous.  Seeds  subglobose  or  angled  by  pressure. — Species 
^  about  20  ;  tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

*  Not  stoloniferous,  dying  after  flowering.  Bracts  many-fld.  Fruit 
not  pulpy  and  edible. 

1.  JH.    superba,    Boxh.    Hort.  Beng.   19;    Corom.  PL  t.    223;  Fl. 

Ind.  i.  667 ;  stem  short  stout  ovoid,  leaves  sessile  on  the  sheath,  bracts 
large  orbicular  many-fld.  dull  red,  calyx  3-cleft,  petal  shorter  than  the 
calyx  obcordate  with  a  large  mucro,  fruit  oblong  subcoriaceous.  Wall. 
Cat.  5166;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2017  ;  Grah.  in  Bot.  .Mag.  t.  3849-3850  ;  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  272  ;  Horan.  Prodr.  41.  M.  textilis,  Grah.  Cat.  PI  Bomb. 
213,  non  Nee. 

Westeen  Ghats. 

Whole  plant  10-12  ffc;  Stem  covered  with  the  persistent  sheaths  of  the 
leaves.  Leaves  8-10  ft.,  narrowed  to  the  base.  Spike  drooping  ;  lower  bracts 
nearly  a  foot  long  and  broad  ;  upper  crowded,  persistent ;  flowers  biseriate,  20-30 
or  more  to  a  bract.  Cahj x  1-1^  in.;  lobes  three,  linear,  loosely  cohering.  Corolla 
^  in.  Fruit  trigonous,  3  by  1^  in.  Seeds  ^-^  in.  diam.  smooth,  brown,  sub- 
globose. 

2.  IW:.  nepalensis,  Wall,  in  Eoxb.  Fl.  Lid.  ed.Wall.  &  Carey, ii.  492  ; 
stem  short  stout  ovoid,  leaves  sessile  on  the  sheath,  bracts  large  ovate 
many-fld.  dull  purple,  calyx  3-cleft,  petal  obcordate  with  a  large  mucro 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  fruit  oblong  subcoriaceous.     Horan.  Prodr.  41. 

Lower  hills  of  Nepal,  Wallich. 


262  cxLix.  sciTAMiNEiE.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [3Iusa. 

Habit  of  M.  supcrba.  Trunk  5-6  ft.,  2  ft.  diam  at  the  base.  Leates,  as  in 
superba,  but  smaller  and  rather  glaucous,  upper  passing  gradually  into  the  bracts. 
Spike  short,  drooping  ;  lower  floriferous  bracts  6  in.  ;  flowers  2-seriate,  7-8  to  a 
bract.     Calyx  and  corolla  yellowish-white.     Fruit  and  seeds  as  in  M.  superba. 

3.  m.  grlauca,  Boa-b.  Hort.  Beng.  19;  Gorom.  PI.  t.  300;  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
669  ;  trunk  cylindric,  leaves  shortly  petioled,  bracts  ovate  greenish  many- 
fld.,  calyx  3-cleft,  petal  obcordate  with  a  large  macro  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  fruit  obovoid-oblong  subcoriaceous.     Horan.  Prodr.  41. 

Pegu;   Carey. 

Trunk  10-12  ft.  below  the  leaves,  8  in.  diam.  Leaves  4-5  ft.,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute.  Spike  drooping  from  the  base;  bracts  numerous,  imbricate,  the  lower  not 
\  ft.  ;  flowers  10-20  to  bract.  Calyx  pale,  about  1  in. ;  segments  3,  loosely  coherent, 
linear.  Corolla  not  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fruit  1-5  in.,  \^  in.  diam.  Seeds 
smooth,  globose,  nearly  black,  ^  in.  diam. 

**  Stoloniferous.     Bracts  many-fid.    Fruit  pulpy,  edible. 

4.  m.  sapientuxn,  Linn.  8p.  Plant.  1477  ;  stoloniferous,  stem  tall 
cylindrical,  leaves  petioled,  spike  drooping,  bracts  ovate  many-fld.  usually 
deciduous,  calyx  5-tootbed  at  the  tip,  petal  shorter  than  the  calyx,  fruit 
pulpy.  Roxb.  Sort.  Beng.  18 ;  Gorom.  PI.  t.  275 ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  663 ; 
Orah.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  212  ;  Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  Suppl.  88. ;  Thw. 
Fnum.  321;  Horan.  Prodr.  42— Bheede-  Hort.  Malab.  i.  17,  t.  12-14; 
Bumph.  Amboin.  v.  130,  t.  60  ;  Treiv  Fliret.  t.  21-23. 

Indigenous  in  Behar  and  the  Eastern  Himalayas,  ascending  to  4000  ft. 
Ceylon,  Thwaites;  cultivated  throughout  India  and  the  tropics. — Disteib.  Malay 
isles,  &c.  '  ^ 

Stem  8-12  ft.  Leaves  4-5  ft.  oblong,  bi^ht  green  above,  paler  beneath.  In- 
floresence  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  bra(^^Hvate,  nipre  or  less pruinose,  lower  6-8 
in.,  upper  much  shorter,  falling  before  the  wait  matures.  Calyx  yellowish -white, 
1-li  in.  Petal  oblong,  about  half  as  long,  f^ruit  oblong,  trigonous,  2-3  in.  in  the 
wild  form,  and  full  of  seed  (seedless  in  the  cult,  forms)  tapering  to  the  base  and 
apex,  yellowish  green  "when  ripe.  Seeds  angled  by  pressure,  brownish-black, 
rugose,  i  in.  diam.  The  principal  varieties  and  subspecies  wild  and  cultivated  in 
India  are' — 

M.  Dacca,  Horan.  Prodr.  41  ;  differs  from  typical  sapientum  by  leaves  paler 
green  above  white-pruinose  beneath,  pruinose  stem,  broad  red  border  of  the 
petiole  and  pale  yellow  fruit  about  4  in.  long  with  a  very  thick  skin. 

M.  Champa,  Hort.;  stem  and  midrib  of  the  leaf  red,  fruit  pale  straw-coloured 
about  6  in.  long, 

M.  SIKKIMENSIS,  Kicrz  in  Journ.  Agric.  Hort.  Soc.  Ind.  n.s.v.  164;  differs 
from  sapientum  by  its  duller  purple  spathes  and  angled  tubercled  seeds  4-5  lin. 
diam.— Wild  in  Sikkim.     Hook.f.  Sf  Thorns.  {Herb.  Ind.  Or.  5.) 

M.  PABADisiACA,  'Linn.  8p.  Plant.  1477 ;  stem  reaching  a  length  of  20  ft.,  leaf- 
blade  of  5-6  ft,  and  petiole  of  2  ft.,  fruit  larger  than  in  sapientum,  ^-1  ft.  long, 
with  firmer  pulp,  not  tit  to  eat  till  cooked,  bracts  and  male  flowers  more  persistent. 
Poxb.  Hort.  Beng.  19  ;  Trew  Ehret.  t.  18-20.  M.  Cliflbrtiana,  Linn.  Hort.  Cliff. 
i.  t.  1. — Commonly  cultivated  ;  wild  in  Ceylon,  according  to  Moon. 

M.  siMiARUM,  iLftrz  w.  Journ.  Agric.  Hort.  Soc.  Ind.  xiv.  297;  bracts  violet, 
only  one  opening  at  a  time,  those  of  the  male  flowers  convolute,  fruit  very  small. — 
Andamans  and  Malacca,  Kurz. 

M.  TEOGLODYTAEUM,  Linn. ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  Agric.  Hort.  Soc.  Ind.  n.  s.  v.  166  ; 
leavesi narrow  oblong,  flower-spike  erect,  bracts  greenish  imbricated,  fruit  3  in.  long 
dark  yellow  or  i-eddish  brown.- — Wild  in  Ceylon,  according  to  Moen. 


Miirta.']  cxLix.  ■  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  263 

M.  COENICULATA,  (Eumph.)  KuTz  in  Journ.  Agric.  Hort.  Soc.  Ind.  n.s.  v. 
166,  t.  2-3  ;  flower  larger  than  in  auy  other  form,  only  2-3  rarely  4  whorls  of 
flowers  produced,  fruit  as  large  as  in  paridisiaca. 

M.  TEXTiLis,  Nee  in  Cav.  Ann.  Cienc.  Nat.  iv.  123  ;  leaves  firmer  in  texture  " 
than  in  sapientum,  "yielding  a  useful  fibre,  bracts  polished,  seeds  very  small  and 
scarcely  at  all  angled.  — Native  of  the  Philippines,  cult,  in  India. 

M.  ARAKANENSis,  Ripley  in  Froc.  Agric.  Hort,  Soc.  Ind.  x.  51;  a  fihre- 
yielding  form  from  Arrakan. 

M.  ZEBBINA,  Flore  des  Serres,  t.  1081-2  and  M.  vittata,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3402, 
are  handsome  forms  with  variegated  leaves.  Other  forms  are  mentioned  by  Kurz  in 
Journ.  Agric.  Hort.  Beng.  n.s.  v.  (1878),  112-168  j  and  Sagot  in  Journ.  Soc. 
Nat.  Horticult.  France,  1887,  238,  285. 

***  Stoloniferous.  Stem  slender,  cylindric.  Bracts  few-fld,,  bright 
coloured.     Fruit  not  edible. 

5.  X^.  rosacea,  Jacq.  Fragm.  t.  132,  fig.  4 ;  Hort.  Schoen.  t.  445 ; 
stoloniferous,  leaves  petioled,  flower-spike  drooping  or  erect,  bracts  ovate 
lilac  or  pale  red,  lower  usually  3-fld.,  calyx  yellowish- white  5-toothed, 
petal  as  long  as  the  calyx,  fruit  oblong-trigonous  pulpy.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  706. 
Zodd.  Bot.  Gab.  t.  615.  M.  ornata,  Boxb.  Hort.  Beng.  19  ;  Fl.  Ind.  i.  6GQ ; 
Bah.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  272. 

Eastern  Himalaya  and  the  Concan. — Distrib.  Java. 

Stem  cylindric,  blender,  3-5  ft.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  firmer  in  texture  than  in 
M.  sapientum.  Spike  about  i  ft.,  drooping  in  the  cultivated  form;  bracts  oblong, 
about ^  ft.,  crowded;  male  fl.  5-6  in  a  cluster.  Calyx  about  1  in.  Fruit  and  seeds 
as  in  typical  sapientum. 

6.  B1-.  sang^uinea.  Hook.  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  t975;  stoloniferous, 
leaves  petioled,  spike  erect  or  finally  drooping,  bracts  ovate-lanceolate 
bright  red,  dower  usually  3-fld.,  rachis  pubescent,  calyx  bright  yellow 
5-toothed,  petal  as  long  as  the  calyx,  fruit  oblong-trigonous  pulpy. 

Assam,  Mann.  v^ 

Stem  4-5  ft.,  very  slender.  Leaves  2  ft.,  thin,  bright  green  ;  petiole  1  ft.  or 
more.  Spike  ^  ft. ;  bracts  crowded,  imbricate,  3-6  in.  Calyx  1^  in.  Fruit  2-3 
in.,  pale  yellowish  green,  variegated  with  red.  Seeds  irregularly  cubical,  black, 
tubercled. 

IMPEBPECTLT   KNOWN    SPECIES  ALLIBD   TO   M.    SANOUINEA. 

M.  ASSAMiCA,  Cat.  Hart.  Bull.  1871,  6;  leaves  about  1  ft.  very  unequal-sided 
bright  green. — Assam. 

M.  AURANTIACA,  Mann,  mss.,  from  Assam.  I  cannot  by  dried  specimen  of 
inflorescence  distinguish  this  from  M.  sanguinea. 

M.  DASYCAEPA,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Agric.  Mart.  Soc.  Ind.  xiv.  301  (s.p.);  fruit 
hairy. — Assam. 

M.  Mannii,  Wendl.  mss. ;  differs  from  M.  sanguinea  in  the  shorter  stein  and 
longer  leaves.— Assam. 

M.  UEANOSCOPOS,  Lour.  Fl.  Coch.  615  (M.  coccinea,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  47), 
Java,  China,  Cochin  China. —Cultivated  in  India. 

M.  VELUTINA,  Wendl.  and  Drude  in  Regel  Gartenfi.  xxiv.  65,  t.  823,  bracts 
densely  pubescent  externally,  male  fl.  6-9  in  a  cluster. — ^Assam,  Mann._ 

24.  XiOWZA,  Scort echini'. 

Stemless,  herbaceous.  Stem  dichotomously  branched.  Floivers  in  a 
cluster  from  the  base  of  the  petiole,  pedicelled,  with  a  large  persistent 


264  cxLix.  sciTAMiNE^.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Loivia- 

Ungulate  bract  folded  round  the  calyx  tube  and  others  from  the  pedicel. 
Gal_t/x-t\ihe  long,  very  slender ;  segments  3,  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Corolla  of 
3  petals ;  two  upper  small,  lanceolate ;  lower  large,  oblong,  clawed.  Fertile 
stamens  5 ;  filaments  short,  cylindric ;  anthers  linear,  acuminate,  2-celled. 
Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  many,  superposed  ;  style  long,  slender,  trifurcate  at 
the  stigmatose  apex.  Fruit  and  seeds  unknown.  Orchidantha,  N.  E. 
Br.  in  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  xxvi.  (1886)  519. — Also  Borneo. 

Xi.  longriflora,  Scortech.  in  Nuov.  Giorn.  Ital.  xviii.  308,  t.  11. 

Pebak,  in  the  province  of  Kinta,  Scortechini,  Kunstler. 

Wkole  plant  3-4  ft.;  flower-bearing  pe^ioZe  I2  ft.,  flowerless  much  shorter; 
blade  oblong,  2-3  ft.  Calyx-tnhe  4-5  in.;  segments  rather  shorter,  g  in,  broad. 
Upper  joeiaZ*  equal,  as  long  as  the  stamens;  lower  with  a  white  oblong  blade  2  in. 
long,  narrowed  suddenly  to  a  rather  shorter  purple  claw.  St^le  an  inch  longer  than 
the  calyx-tube ;  branches  of  stigma  channelled,  margins  toothed. 


Order  CL.  KflSMODORACESS. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  usually  radical,  distichous,  narrow,  nerve 
parallel.  Flowers  bisexual,  in  terminal  spikes  racemes  in  panicleS;  regular. 
Perianth  coroUine,  persistent ;  lobes  6,  biseriate,  imbricate  or  induplicate- 
valvate.  Stamens  6,  opposite  the  perianth-lobes  or  fewer  ;  anthers  erect  or 
versatile,  2-celled,  rarely  opening  by  pores.  Ovary  inferior  or  subinferior; 
3-celled;  stigma  simple  or  3-notched;  ovules  1-many,  on  the  inner  angles 
of  the  cells,  anatropous  or  semianatropous.  Fruit  superior  or  inferior, 
dehiscent  or  not.  Seeds  various;  embryo  small,  partially  enclosed  in  the 
fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  I.  Conostyleae.     Ovary -cells  many-ovuled. 

Flowers  in  a  long  simple  spike  or  raceme     .         .         .         .1.  Aletris. 

Tribe  II.  Ophiopogreneae.     Ovary-cells  1-2-ovuled. 

Filaments   connate   in  a   riog    closing   the    mouth    of   the 

perianth 2.  Peliosanthes. 

Filaments  short,  free.     Perianth  short  superior    .         .         .3.  Opuiopogon. 

Filaments  filiform.     Perianth  inferior  tube  slender        .         .     4.  Sanseviera. 


1.  AZiBTRXS,  Linn. 

Leaves  radical,  narrow.  iS'ra^e  leafless ;  flowers  small,  short,  spicate, 
or  racemed  ;  bracts  1-fld.  Perianth-tube  short,  subcampanulate,  lobes  sub- 
valvate.  Stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  filaments  very  short ; 
anthers  cvate  or  Bubglobose.  Ovary  half -inferior,  top  conic,  3-celled ;  style 
3-partible,  or  3-fid;  ovnles  many,  2-seriate  or  elongate  placentas.  Gojosule 
half  superior,  loculicidally  3-valvcd.  Seeds  minute,  oblong. — Species  8, 
N.  American  and  Asiatic. 

Aletris  Utoralis,  Keen.  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5082,  ifi  Aloe  vera,  L.  {A.  jperfoliata, 
Willd.). 

1.  A.  nepalensis,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  5-7-nerved,  flowers  glabrous, 
anthers  subglobose,  ovary  glabrous,  style  very  short,  capsule  globosely 
ovoid.  Tcfieldia  nepalensis.  Wall.  Cat.  5097  ;  Boyle  111.  385.  Stachyo- 
pogon  I  auciflorus  &  spicatus,  Khtzsoh  in  Pot.  Peise  Pr.  Wald.  49,  t.  94. 


Ale(ris.]  cl.  h.emodorace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  265 

Temperate  and  Alpine  Himalaya,  from  Kashmir  to  Bhotan,  alt.  10-15,000 
ft.— DiSTRiB.  China. 

Leaves  grass-like,  3-8  in.  long-,  strongly  nerved,  rarely  5-in.  diain.  Scape  4-12  in,, 
nearly  naked,  glandular-pubescent  or  woolly  above.  Spike  or  raceme  few  or  many- 
fid.,  1-4  in. ;  tomentose  flowers  \  in.  long,  greenish,  sessile  or  pedicelled  ;  bracts 
1-2,  close  under  the  flower,  linear,  green,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lower 
sometimes  f  in.  long ;  perianth-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  recurved,  3-nerved. — Bureau 
and  Franchet  (in  Morot,  Journ.  de  Bot.  V.  155,)  observe  that  Tofieldia  nepalensis. 
Herb.  Strachey  &  Winterb.  No.  1  appears  to  belong  to  their  ^.  lanuginosa;  adding 
that  Wallich's  plant  should  be  called  A.  nepalensis. 

2.  A.  sikkimensis,  Hook,  f.;  leaves  7-9-rierved  ensiform,  scape 
tall,  spike  very  long,  flowers  glabrous,  ovary  glabrous,  capsule  globosely 
ovoid. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachen  valley,  alt.  9-12,000  ft.  J.  D.  H. 

A  much  larger  plant  than  A.  nepalensis,  with  short  narrowed  leaves  ^-f  in.  broad, 
and  a  leafy  scape  with  the  raceme  1-2  ft.  high,  and  with  linear  smaller  and  much 
narrower  seeds. 

3.  A.  khasiana,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  many-nerved,  flowers  glandular- 
pubescent,  anthers  oblong,  ovary  puberulous,  capsule  ovoid-lanceolate. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6l!C0  ft.,  common,  Griffith,  &c. 

Leaves  gi*ass-like,  4-12  in., -rarely  |  in.  broad,  closely  striately  nerved.  Scape 
6—12  in.,  glandular-pubescent  above.  Floicers  usually  sessile,  i  in.  long,  yel- 
lowish-red, pinkish  or  purplish  ;  bracts  as  in  A.  nepalensis.  Seeds  very  minute, 
reniform. 

2.  PEZiZOSANTKES,  Andr. 
Scapifferous  herbs  ;  rootstock  horizontal.  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate, subplicately  nerved.  Scape  erect ;  flowers  small,  racemed,  bracts 
scarious.  Perianth  superior,  tube  short,  broadly  campanulate  ;  lobes  6, 
subequal,  spreading.  Stamens  6,  filaments  very  short  connate  in  a  ring 
almost  closing  the  mouth  of  the  perianth ;  anthers  subsessile,  slits  introrse. 
Ovary  inferior,  top  free  conical,  3-celled  ;  stigma  subsessile,  3-lobed  ;  ovules 
2  or  more,  erect  basal  in  each  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  indehisceut.  Seeds 
few,  bursting  through  the  pericarp  during  ripening,  and  resting  on  the 
base  of  the  withered  perianth,  tube  fleshy  or  succulent;  embryo  in  the  base 
of  the  hard  fleshy  albumen. — Species  about  8,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  far  from  well  defined.  Better  characters  than  those 
hitherto  en)ployed  for  distinguishing  them  may  perhaps  be  found  in  the  number  of 
ovules,  and  form  of  the  stamiual  tube  and  anthers. 

*  Bracts  many -fid. 

1.  P.  Teta,  Andr.  Bot.  Bep.  t.  605;  leaves  long  petioled  12-24  by 
l|-3  in.,  nerves  10-20,  scape  stout  shorter  than  the  leaves,  raceme  many- 
fld.,  Brown  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  1817,  8;  Kunth  Enum  v.  307;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  1302  ;  Bedoute  Liliac.  t.  415,  Beichb.  Mag.  t.  14;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xvii.  505.  P.  violacea,  Wall.  Gat.  5084  (in  part  ?)  Teta  viridiflora, 
Boxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  ii.  165. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Assam,  Chittagong  and  BrKMA. 
Penang,  Curtis. 

Leaves  2-7  ;  petiole  variable  in  length  ;  cross-neryules  distinct  when  dry.  Scape 
naked  or  with  a  few  scales  above  and  large  membranous  sheaths  at  the  base ; 
raceme  6-12  in. ;  bracts  1-3  to. every  fascicle  of  flowers,  variable  in  length  ;  pedicels 
short ;  flowers  j-5  in.  diam.,  purplish  or  bluish-green.  Seeds  as  large  as  a  pea, 
olive-blue. 


266  CL.  HiEMODORACE-a;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Peliosanthes, 

2.  P.  G-riffithii,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  506  ;  leaves  long- 
petioled  6-8  by  l|-2^  in.  strongly  5-nerved,  scape  very  short. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Griffith's  Collectors ;  alt.  1500  ft.  Clarice. 

Leaves  5-6,  with  5-distaut  nerves  much  stronger  than  the  numerous  others  ; 
petiole  8-10  in.,  very  slender.  Raceme  many-fid. ;  pedicels  short,  stout ;  bracts  long ; 
flowers  not  seen.     Seeds  globose,  about  \  in.  diam. 

**  Bracts  1-  rarely  2-fld.     Flowers  cernuous. 

3.  P.  violacea,  Wall.  Cat.  5084;  leaves  6-12  by  l|-3  in.,  long- 
petioled,  nerves  very  many,  racemes  usually  shorter  than  the  petiole  many- 
fid.,  flowers  violet-blue.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xvii.  502.  P.  Teta, 
Wall.  Gat.  5083  A  in  part.     P.  campanulata,  Wall.  mss. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Burma. 

Habit  of  P.  Teta  and  with  Howers  of  the  same  size  and  colour,  but  solitary  in  the 
bracts.  Seeds  |-  in.  long,  oblong. — Baker  has  three  varieties.  1.  minor,  with 
smaller  fewer  5-7-nerved  leaves  and  smaller  green  flowers ;  2.  Clarkei,  with  more 
conspicuous  transverse  nervules  and  a  darker  purple  flower  ;  3.  Princeps,  more 
robust,  leaves  broader,  4-4^  in.  diam,,  racemes  longer,  flowers  greenish. — Moulmein, 
Lobb. 

4.  P.  xnacrophylla,  Wall.  mss. ;  Balcer  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii. 
505;  leaves  petioled  10-18  by  3-4|  in.  elliptic-lanceolate  nerves  13-15 
strong,  scape  long  or  short,  raceme  many-fld.,  flowers  greenish  or  purple. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Sikkim  alt.  3-600  ft.,  J.  D.  H.;  Clarke;  Mishmi  Hills, 
Griffith. 

The  largest  and  stoutest  Indian  species,  but  I  suspect  only  a  further  development 
of  P.  violacea  var.  Princeps.     Seeds  globose  or  obturbinate. 

5.  P.  neilg'herriensis,  Wight.  Ic.  t.  2052 ;  leaves  long-petioled  4-8 
by  f-1^  in.  with  5-10  stronger  nerves,  scape  about  equalling  the  leaves, 
bracts  short,  flowers  small.  Balcer  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  503.  P. 
longifolia,  Steudel  PI.  Canara  Exsicc.  n.  1306. 

Malabae  and  Canara  ;  in  the  Ghats,  Wight.y  Sfc. 

Leaves  few,  membranous,  transverse  nervules  conspicuous  ;  petiole  6—9  in.,  very 
slender.  Scape  4-6  in.;  raceme  as  long;  lower  bracts  many,  ^  in.,  upper  very 
short ;  perianth  dark  purple,  i  in.  diam.     Seeds  obturbinately  ovoid. 

6.  P.  courtallensis,  Wight.  Ic.  t.  2057 ;  leaves  long-petioled  8-12 
by  1^-2  in.  with  5  strong  nerves,  scape  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  bracts 
longer  than  the  flowers.  Baker  in  Jo  am.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  504.  P.  Teta, 
Wall.  Cat.  5083  B. 

Teavancoee  ;  at  Courtallum,  Wight.,  Sfc. 

A  much  larger  plant  tlian  P.  neilgherriensis,  with  leaves  twice  as  long  as  the 
scape  and  raceme,  and  long  lanceolate  bracts  much  exceeding  the  flowers. — In  a 
coloured  drawing  of  this  by  Jerdon,  the  flowers  are  blue-purple,  ^  in  diam. 

7.  P.  humilisj  Andrews  Bot.  Bepos.  t.  634  {not  of  Baker) ;  dwarf, 
leaves  sessile  or  very  shortly  petioled  elliptic-lanceolate  5-nerved,  scape 
short  stout,  raceme  short,  bracts  ovate  about  equalling  the  small 
crowded  very  shortly  pedicelled  flowers.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1532  ;  Kunth  JEnum. 
V.  307. 

Fenang,  Maingay. 
Leaves  about  3  in.  long  :  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade  or  0.     Flowers  about 
^  in.  diam. ;  segments  of  perianth  green  margined  with  white,  obtuse  and  tmargi- 


Pelioeanihcs.]        cl.  h^.modoeace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  267 

Date  iu  Andiews*  drawing,  acute  in  that  of  the  "  Botanical  Magazine." — A  very 
little-known  plant.  Maingay's  specimens  accord  with  the  figures  but  they  are 
flowerless. 

8.  P.  Bakeri,  Hook.  f. ;  dwarf,  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  5-7-nerved, 
petiole  slender,  scape  very  short,  raceme  short,  bracts  subulate-lanceolate 
all  or  the  lower  much  longer  than  the  small  pedicelled  flowers.  P.  humilis, 
Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xvii.  605  {excl.  Penang). 

Eastebn  Himalaya,  alt.  1-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  ;  Clarke;  Mishmi  Hills, 
Griffith.    Kb  ASIA  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  J.  B.  E.  &  T.  T, 

Leaves  4-7  by  1-2  in.,  thin,  subcaudatcly  acuminate;  petiole  as  long.  Haceme 
hardly  exceeding  the  petiole;  pedicels  sometimes  \  in.  long,  and  lower  bracts  nearly 
i  in. ;  perianth  ^  in.  diam.,  green  or  lurid  purple  (Ol^arhe).  Seeds  small,  oblong. — 
There  are  cultivated  specimens  in  Wallich's  Herbarium  from  the  Calcutta  Botanical 
(jarden  under  No.  5083  D. 

9.  P.  albida,  Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7110;  leaves  stoutly  petioled 
5-8-nerved,  scape  very  short,  raceme  very  long  many-fid.,  bracts  subulate- 
lanceolate  longer  than  the  small  white  shortly  pedicelled  flowers. 

Penang  ;  Curtis. 

Leaves  12  by  1^-2  in.,  elliptic-lanceolat#  caudate-acuminate,  nerves  strong  ; 
petiole  about  half  as  long  as  the  blade.  Raceme  longer  than'  the  petiole,  stout, 
strict,  white  ;  lower  bracts  \  in.  long,  narrow ;  flowers  deflexed  ;  perianth  \-^  in. 
diam. ;  outer  segments  broadly  ovate,  inner  orbicular-obovate  ;  anthers  very  small 
within  the  much  contracted  mouth  of  the  low  truncate  stamiual  tube.  Ovarian  cells 
about  5.ovuled.     Style  short,  columnar,  stigma  3-lobed. 

3.  OPIZIOPOGON,  Ker. 

Scapigerous  herbs.  Stem  short  from  a  short  rootstock  or  elongate 
subscandent.  Leaves  lineaT  or  lanceolate  parallel-nerved.  Scape  leafy  or 
leafless,  flowers  racemed ;  bracts  scarious,  usually  many-fld.  Perianth 
superior,  segments  spreading.  Stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the  segments, 
filaments  short,  erect ;  anthers  basitixed.  Ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  crown 
fiat  or  depressed;  fctyle  columnar,  stigma  3-toothed  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell, 
collateral,  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Seeds  few,  as  in  Pelio- 
santhes,  testa  fleshy  or  succulent. — Species  8  or  10,  East  Asiatic. 

O'phiopogon  was  established  in  1807  by  Ker-Gawler  (Bot.  Mag.  t.  1063)  on 
the  figure  of  a  plant  supposed  to  be  tbe  Convallaria  japonica  j8  minor  of  Thunberg 
(Fl.  Jap.  140),  and  to  which  Gawler  gave  the  name  of  0.  japonicus,  referring  to  it 
the  C.  japonica  of  Decandolle  in  Eedoute's  Liliac.  ii.  t.  80  (Gawler's  description  is, 
however,  that  of  a  third  plant).  Judging  from  the  figures,  Gawler's  and  Decandolle's 
are  not  of  the  same  species.  Gawler's  has  blue  flowers,  iinear-oblong  perianth  seg- 
ments, and  liuear-oblong  obtuse  anthers;  Eedoute's  has  much  smaller  white  flowers, 
ovate  perianth-segments,  and  longer  acute  anthers.  Both  differ  from  any  Indian 
species  (except,  perhaps,  that  mentioned  at  the  end  of  the  genus  of  which  there  are  no 
flowers)  in  their  small  size,  very  short  scape,  and  above  all  in  the  very  short  fusiform 
6-grooved  stj  le,  which  was  observed  by  Don  (Prodr.  48)  but  overlooked  by  subsequent 
authors.  Specimens  of  both  are  in  Kew  Herb. ;  that  of  Gawler,  from  Japan,  is  0. 
japonicus  Gawl.  genuinus  of  Maximovicz ;  the  other  is  a  continental  garden  specimen 
hom  Herb,  Gay  of  what  is  clearly  the  plant  figured  in  Iledoute,  and  which  is  also 
figured  in  Schrader's  Neues  Journ.  t.  1  as  Fluggea  japonica,  Rich. 

0.  japonicus  hence  disappears  from  the  Flora  of  British  India;  all  the  Indian 
species  having  slender  styles;  but  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  whether  or  no  any 
other  Indian.species  may  be  identical  with  Japanese.   They  are  extremely  variable  and 


268  CL.  H^MODORACEiii;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)     \_Opliiopogon. 

difficult  of  definition,  and  I   am    not   satisfied  that    all  the    species  here  proposed 
will  prove  distinct  from  one  another. 

*  Stem  cree2)ing  and  rooting ;  roots  not  iuheriferous. 

1.  O.  dracaBnoideSjJTooA;./. ;  stem  stout,  leaves  oblanceolate  acumi- 
nate very  many-nerved,  petiole  slender,  racemes  about  equalling  the  leaves. 
Fluggea  dracienoides,  Baker  in  Trimen  Journ.  Bat.  1874,  174;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  iSoc.  xvii.  502. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Stems  prostrate,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  closely  jointed,  clothed  at  first  with 
green  sheaths  that  have  broad  scarious  margins,  rooting  and  with  short  tufts  of 
leaves  and  flowery  scapes,  leaves  3-6  in.,  including  the  petiole,  |-li  in.  broad. 
Racemes  2-3  in. ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flower,  which  are  solitary  or  fascicled, 
white  or  pale  lilac,  ^-^  in.  diam.  Perianth  segments  ovate-oblong  j  anthers 
lanceolate,  filaments  very  short ;  style  filiform,     ^eed*  oblong. 

2.  O.  Clarkei,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  prostrate  with  a  terminal  tuft  of 
secundly  curved  linear  leaves  which  are  8-12  by  \  in.,  scape  short  few- 
fld.,  flowers  §  in.  diam.,  filaments  one-third  the  length  of  the  lanceolate 
anther.  ^ 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  J.  D.  H.;  at  Rungbee,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stems  8-10  in.  long,  rigid,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill  or  thicker,  bearing  one 
rather  slender  terminal  tuft  of  very  long  slender  leaves,  which  are  faintly  rough 
beneath.  Scape  with  the  3-5-fld.  raceme  curved,  3-4  in.  long;  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  at  or  near  the  base. — 
In  this  species  the  stem  is  a  long  runner  beai-ing  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves  and 
scape. 

3.  O.  reptans,  Hook.  f.  ;  st«m  prostrate  with  distant  tufts  of  linear 
leaves  which  are  6-8  by  j^-^  in.,  scape  very  short  slender  few-fld. 

Khasia  Hills,  at  Nurtiung,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  J.  D.  U.  Garkow  Hills,  alt. 
4000  it.,  Clarke. 

Stems  2-3  tt.,  prostrate,  rather  stouter  than  in  0.  Clarkei,  rigid.  Leaves  quite 
smooth.  Scape  with  fruiting  raceme  2-3  in.  iSeecls  ^-^  in.  diana.,  subglobose. 
— Very  different  from  0.  Clarkei  in  habit,  the  numerous  tufts  of  very  narrow 
shorter  leaves,  and  the  very  short  slender  scapes.  It  closely  resembles  a  Tonkin 
plant  (Balansa  n.  4155  bis.). 

**  Stems  tufted.     Hoots  often  iuheriferous. 

4.  Oi  Wallichianus,  Hook.  f. ;  rootstock  short  very  stout,  leaves 
6-24  in.  by  ^-\  in.,  scape  stout  usually  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
flowers  usually  fascicled  ^-f  in.  diam.,  anthers  lanceolate,  filaments  very 
short  broad.  O.  japonicus,  Wall.  Cat.  5139  A,  O.  japonicus,  var.  Walli- 
chianus,  Maxim,  in  Bull.  Acad.  N.  S.  St.  Petersh. ;  Mel.  hiol.  vii.  321.  0. 
longifolius,  Decne  in  Fl.  dts  Serres,  xvii.  182  {ex.  Maxim.  1.  c).  Fluggea 
Wallichiana,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  303.  F.  japonica,  var.  Wallichiana,  Baker 
in,  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xvii.  501  {excl.  syn.  Blume  &  Boyle). 

Tempebate  and  Subteopical  Hiaialaya;  from  Kumaon  eastward,  alt. 
6-9000  ft.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft. 

Distinguished  from  the  following  by  the  rootstock,  usually  as  thick  as  the 
thumb,  sometimes  4-6  in.  long,  the  stout  scape  longer  or  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
and  the  large  flowers.  Roots  of  long  cylindric  tubes.  Leaves  often  distichous 
and  recui  ved,  nearly  quite  smooth.  Raceme  lax  or  dense-fid.,  sometimes  cylindric, 
with  flowers  nearly  1  in.  diani.;  bracts   usually  shorter  than  the  flowers ;   pedicels 


OphiopogonJ]        cl.  h^emodoeace^.     (J.  I).  Hooker.)  269 

jointed  about  the  middle;  perianth  white  or  pale  lilac,  segments  variable  in 
breadth,  obtuse  ;  anthers  oblong-lanceolate,'  filaraent  short  and  broad  ;  style  slender. 
Seeds  -^-^  in.  long,  oblong. — Kunth's  observation  that  the  raceme  is  flexuous 
makes  me  suspect  that  the  Wallichian  plant  which  he  describes  (distributed  as 
5139  of  Herb.  Wallich.)  is  a  Nepal  specimen  6f  5139  A. 

Var.  paucifiora  ;  more  slender,  leaves  narrower,  flowers  fe^v  not  fascicled.-^ 
Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.     Intermediate<betweeft  Q.  Wallichianus  &  intermedins. 

6.  O.  intermedius;  Don  Prodr.  48 ;  rootstock  short  not  very  stout, 
leaves  6-24  by  ^-5  in,,  margins  minutely  erose,  scape  slender  as  long  ^. 
the  leaves  or  shorter,  flowers  solitary  or  fascicled  ^-^  in.  diam.  white, 
anthers  linear-oblong,  filaments  very  short  or  0.     Royle  III.  382,  t.  96,  f.  1. 

0.  japonicus,  Wall.  Cat.  5139  C.  O.  japonicus,  var.  intermedins,  Maxim. 
Mel.  Biol.  vii.  321.  0.  indicns,  R.'  W.,  HotfL? ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2050. 
Fluggea  Jacquemontiana,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  304.  F.  japonica,  var.  in- 
termedia, Schultesf.  in  Boem.  &  Sch.  S^st.  vii.  310.     F.  intermedia,  Kunth 

1.  c.  306. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  eastwards,  alt.  5-9000  ft.  Khasta  and 
MuNNiPOEE  hills,  alt.  5-7000  ft.  Ghats  of  Malabar,  Mysoee,  &c.,  WigM. 
Ceylon. 

Except  by  the  usually  much  smaller  flowers  and  always  narrow  leaves,  and 
more  oblong  anthers,  this  cannot  be  distinguished  from  small  states  of  0.  WaU 
lichianus  (however  widely  different  the  extreme  states  of  each  are).  The  following 
are  the  most  marked  forms  selected  from  some  hundreds  of  specimens.  They  pass 
into  one  another,  and  I  fear  into  O.  Wallichianus.  The  bracts  are  so  variable 
that  I  have  omitted  describing  them. 

Var.  1.  occidentalis  ;  raceme  suberect  many-fld,,  flowers  white  about  ^  in.  diam,, 
pedicels  often  ^^  in. — Western  Himalaya,  Khasia  hills  and  Munnipore. 

Var.  2,  macrantha ;  scape  stout,  raceme  erect  many-fld,,  flowers  ^-f  in.  diam. 
white. — Western  Himalaya. 

Var.  3.  parvifiora  ;  leaves  very  narrow  secundly  curved,  scape  very  slender 
decurved,  flowers  l-^  in.  diam.  white  or  pale  purplish,  pedicels  very  short. — Sikkim 
Himalaya,  Khasia,  and  Munnipore  hills. 

Var.  4.  paucifiora ;  leaves  long  i-i  in.  broad  not  secund,  scape  usually  very 
long,  raceme  short  decurved  few-fld.,  pedicels  short,  flowers  ^-^  in.  diam.  (Wall. 
Cat.  5139  C). —  Kha?ia  hills,  Munnipore,  Western  Ghats  and  Ceylon. 

Var.  5.  grailipes  ;  leaves  long  very  slender  ^-^  in,  broad  narrowed  into  almost 
filiform  petioles,  scape  slender,  rticeme  few-fld.  cernuous,  flowers  ^-i  in.  diam. 
white. 

6.  O.  Malcolmsoni;  Boyle  III.  382  {name  only) ;  leaves  6-14  by  i  in. 
flaccid  petioled  tip  obtuse,  scape  erect  and  raceme  very  slender,  flowers 
^  in.  diam.  solitary  or  in  distant  pairs,  pedicels  very  short,  filaments 
distinct,  anthers  lanceolate  acute.     O.  japonicus.  Wall.  Cat.  5139  O. 

Pegu  ;  at  Rangoon,  ili'CZeZZawd,  iutr^.     Attean,  Wallich. 

The  flaccid  elongate  linear -lanceolate  obtuse  leaves  and  long  slender  racemes  seem 
to  distinguish  this.— RooZsi^oc/.;  stout;  roots  fascicled,  fleshy;  bracts  usually  longer 
than  the  flowers  ;  pedicels  jointed  below  the  middle;  perianth  rather  membranous, 
white  ?,  style  very  slender.  Seeds  \  in.,  long,  ellipsoid.  — I  assume  this  to  be  Ro^le's 
O.  Malcolmsoni,  a  native  of  Rangoon,  of  which,  however,  1  have  seen  no  authentic 
specimen, 

7.  O.  micranthus,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  10-20  by  -^-i  in.  flaccid  petioled, 
tip  obtuse,  scape  rather  stout  long  or  short,  raceme  suberect  elongate, 
flowers  subsolitary  \  in,  diam.,  anthers  sessile  oblong  obtuse. 


270  CL.  H^EMODORACEJJ.     (J.  D.  Hookcr.)  [Ophiojoogon, 

Assam  ;  Mrs.  MacJc. 

In  foliage  this  resembles  0.  Malcolmsoni,  but  the  flowers  are  minute,  with  much 
shorter  perianth-segments,  and  very  different  anthers,  the  seeds  also    are  smaller  and 


8.  O.  G-riffithii,  Hook,  f.;  leaves  very  narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate 
6-10  by  i-f  in.  many-nerved  narrowed  into  a  very  slender  petiole,  tips 
obtuse,  scape  stout  compressed,  raceme  lax-fid.,  pedicels  very  short. 
Flugffea  Griffithii,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  xvii.  502. 

Upper  Assam;  on  the  Patkoye  hills,  alt.  4:500  ft.,  Griffith. 

A  very  distiuct-lookiug  species,  from  the  elliptic  petioled  leaves  but  not  in 
flower.     Baker  describes  the  seeds  as  solitary  oblong  ^  in.  long,  blue. 

9.  O.  prolifera,  Lindl.  in  Juurn.  Hort.  Soc.  1  (1846),  76 ;  rootstock 
climbing  and  rooting,  leaves  f  in.  broad  ensiform  decnrved  bright  green, 
scape  bright  purple,  flowers  subsessile  clustered  obovate  between  fleshy 
and  spongy,  stamens  united  by  a  short  fleshy  ring,  ovary  thin-skinned 
adherent  but  not  growing  to  the  ovary  o-celled,  ovules  2  erect  in  each  cell, 
style  pyramidal,  stigmas  3  point-like.  Maxim.  Mel.  Bat.  vii.  129.  Fluggea  ? 
prolifera,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  502. 

Penang.     T.  Lewis  (Cult,  in  Hort.  Soc.  Gardens,  1845). 

I  have  seen  no  specimen. — A  sketch  of  that  in  the  Lindley  Herbarium  (now  at 
Cambridge)  represents  fragments  of  two  strongly  striated  leaves  6-10  in.  long, 
without  apices  and  a  stout  scape,  with  clusters  of  flowers  about  i  in.  diam.  sub- 
tended by  broad  ovate  bracts.     It  a  good  deal  resembles  Liriope. 

Doubtful  and  impeefectlt  known  Species. 

O.  INDIQUS,  Royle  mss.  III.  382  (name  only). 

O.  MINOR,  Ro]jle  mss.  I.e.  (name  only),  from  Turanda  in  Kumaon,  is  probably 
intermedia,  var.  pauo'flora. 

O.  MOLLIS,  Roi/le  mss.  I.e.  (name  only),  "common  in  the  Himalaya  from  the 
Ganges  to  the  Sutlej,"  is  probably  Theropogon  palUdus. 

O.  ?  PALLiuus,  Wall.  Cat.  5138,  is  Theropogon  pallidus. 

O.  SPiCATUs,  Ker-Gawl. ;  said  by  Don  {Prodr.  47)  to  be  from  Nepal,  JFallich, 
is  Liriope  spicata,  a  native  of  Japan  and  China,  not  hitherto  found  In  India. 

Ophiopogon,  sp.  ?  Munnipore,  Watt,  a  small  species  not  in  flower,  possibly 
the  Japanese  0.  japonicus, 

4.  SANSS VJCBZII^,  Thurle. 

Stout  herbs  with  a  short  often  stoloniferous  rootsfco„..  ;  -^  narrow, 

cartilaginous  or  fleshy  flat  or  terete,  nerves  immersed.  bcape  stout^; 
flowers  racemose.  Perianth-tuhe  long,  slender,  lobes  narrow.  Sfa^nens  6, 
on  the  leaves  of  the  lobes  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  dorsilixed.  Ovary 
superior,  attached  by  a  broad  base,  3-celled;  style  filiform,  stigma  simple  ; 
ovules  solitary,  erect  in  each  cell.  Fruit  membranous,  iudehiscent.  Heeds 
1-3  ripening  outside  the  pericarp  globose,  all  large,  or  1-2  imperfect ;  testa 
long,  fleshy  or  succulent.-7-Species  10,  Indian  and  African. 

1.  S.  zeylanica,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  159 ;  leaves  1-2  ft.  ensiform  semi- 
terete  attenuate  from  the  base  to  the  acuminate  lip,  deeply  channelled 
above,  barred  with  green  and  edged  with  red,  raceme  short,  flowers  1|-  in. 
long.  Eedoute  Liliac,  t.  290  ;  Bot.  Reg.  t.  160  ;  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  v.  18  ; 
Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  548.  Aletris  zeylanica,  3Iill.  diet.  No.  4. 
A.  hyacinthoides,  var.  zeylanica,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  i.  456.  Aloe  zeylanica, 
Jacq.  Enum.  Stirp).  Agu.  Vindot.  310. 


Snnsevieria.]         cl.  H^MODORACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  271 

?  Ceylon. — Disteib.  ?  Tropical  Africa. 

Leaves  1-1 J  i^-  broad  at  the  base,  very  thickly  fleshy  and  hard,  margins  searious. 
Scape  1-2  ft.,  with  distant  searious  sheaths;  bracts  i  in.  long  ;  pedicels  short; 
perianth  1^  in.  diara. — The  above  description  accords  with  Baker's,  and  with  the 
plant  figu)-ed  in  The  Botanical  Register,  of  which  th-j  origin  is  uncertain,  but  which 
has  long  been  cultivated  as  a  native  of  Ceylon.  It  is  stated  to  inhabit  also  Tropical 
and  South  Africa  ;  which  is  more  probably  its  native  country. 

2.  S.  Roxburg-hiana,  Sc.hult.fil.  Syst.  vii.  357;  leaves  1-2  ft.  nar- 
rowly linear-ensiform  narrowed  towards  the  bise  seiniterete  channelled 
above  green  faintly  clouded  with  black,  scape  slender,  raceme  elongate, 
flowers  \  in.  long.  Kunth  Enwrn.  v.  18  ;  Baker,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv. 
549.  S.  zeylanica,  Roxh.  PL  Cor.  ii.  45,  t.  184 ;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  161.—.?  Eheede 
Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  42. — Moorva,  As.  Res.  iv.  271. 

COEOMANDEL  COAST,  EoxhuTgh. 

According  to  Roxburgh's  drawing  (at  Kew)  this  is  a  very  different  species  from 
8.  zeylanica,  with  fewer  very  much  longer  and  much  narrower  leaves  reaching  4  ft. 
in  length,  1  in.  broad,  narrower  at  the  base  and  not  nearly  so  deeply  channelled; 
the  scape  is  more  slender  with  few  narrowly  lanceolate  sheaths,  the  raceme  much 
longer  and  the  flowers  smaller. — Whether  it  is  Rheetle's  xi.  t.  42,  which  grows  in 
sandy  places  on  the  Malabar  coast,  is  doubtful.  Roxburgh  describes  it  as  cultivated 
for  its  fibre.  I  suspect  that  it  is  the  only  species  indigenous  to  India  and  is  confiaed 
to  the  "Western  Peninsula  and  Ceylon,  wild  or  cultivated. 

Order  CLI.  ZXIZDES:. 

Perennial  herbs;  rootstock  various,  Leaves  narrow,  often  distichous 
and  equitant.  Flowers  2-bracteate.  Perianth  superior,  petaloid,  segments 
6-biseriate,  imbricating.  Stamens  3,  epigynous,  or  adnate  to  the  outer 
perianth-segments  ;  anthers  often  narrow,  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style 
simple  ;  stigmas  3,  simple  or  petaloid  or  variously  cleft ;  ovules  many, 
2-seriate  in  the  inner  angles  of  the  cells,  anatropous.  Capsule  trigonous, 
3-celled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  testa  thin  or  coriaceous ;  embryo 
immersed  in  the  albumen,  short,  cylindric. — Genera  57,  species  about  700, 
chiefly  temperate. 

Tribe  I.  Moe,e^.  ,  Stamens  opposite  to  and  shorter  than  the  petaloid 
style -arms. 

Stigmatie  surface  on  the  back  of  the  petaloid  style-arms     ....     1.  Ieis. 

Tribe  II.  Sisyrinchie^.     Stamens  alternating  with  the  style-arms. 
Rootstock   a  tunicate    corm ;    stem  0 ;    perianth-tube  long 

slender 1.  Ceocus. 

Rootstock  creeping ;  stem  erect ;  perianth-tube  very  short    .    2.  Belamcanda. 

1.  IRIS,  Linn. 
Eootstoch  bulbous  or  creeping.  Leaves  equitant,  ensiform.  PeriantJi- 
tube  long  or  short,  segments  large,  outer  (sepals)  largest,  stipitate,  reflexed, 
inner  (petals)  usually  smaller,  suberect  or  reflexed.  Stamens  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  outer  segments;  anthers  linear,  basifixed.  Ovary 
3-gonous;  style  stout ;  stigmas  petaloid,  arching  over  the  stamens,  2-ti'd 
and  with  a  transverse  dorsal  crest,  stigmatic  surface  a  point  below  the 
crest.  Capsule  coriaceous,  3-  or  6-ribbed.  Seeds  flat  or  globose,  testa 
coriaceous  or  fleshy.— Species  about  100,  North  temperate  regions. 


272  CLi.  iRiDE/E.     (J.  D,  Hooker.)  [/m. 

The  Himalayan  species  of  Iris  are  very  imperfectly  known  ;  g^ood  specimens  and 
drawings  are  much  wanted,  with  descriptions  from  the  living  plants.  The  common 
I.  Xiphion  of  Europe  and  the  East  advances  into  Affghanistan,  but  has  not  been 
collected  in  British  India,  and  Prof.  Foster  informs  me  that  he  suspects  that  the 
European  and  Eastern  I.  Sisgrinchium,  L.,  a  species  with  the  filaments  united  be- 
low, occurs  in  the  Punjab.  It  is  a  native  of  AfFghanistan.  The  character  of  bearded 
and  crested  sepals  is  artificial  and  inconstant  in  this  genus. 

*  Bootstock  a  coated  bulb  or  corm  (Xiphion). 

1.  I.  Aitchisoni,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  123;  leaves  slender  sub  terete, 
spathes  1-tld.,  sepals  shortly  clawed  obovate,  petals  linear  spreading, 
stamens  adherent  to  the  style-arms.  Xiphion  Aitchisoni,  Baker  in  Gard. 
Ghron.  1876,  i.  723  ;  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  xiii.  (1873)  108 ;  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xvi.  124. 

The  Panjab;  Salt  range,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Vieary,  Aitchison.  —  Distsib.  Aif- 
ghanistan. 

Corm  2  iu.  long,  ovoid  ;  coats  brown,  shining.  Stem  ^-1^  ft.,  slender,  1-3'fld. 
ie«res  as  long,  ^  in.  broad.  Sjoa^Aes  2-2^  in.,  lanceolate,  green.  Perianth  lilac  or 
yellow;  tube  1-1^  in.;  blade  ^  in.;  petals  much  shorter,  spreading,  limb  small 
3-cuspidate.  I.  Stochsii,  Boiss.  Fl,  Orient,  v.  123,  of  Beluchistan,  is  closely  allied 
to  I.  Aitchisoni,  but  is  a  dwarf  species  with  lanceolate  plicate  leaves. 

Var.  chrysantha,  Baker,  has  the  stem  2  ft.,  and  much  stouter  and  flowers 
yellow. 

**  Rootstock  stout,  prostrate  and  creeping. 
§  Sepals  neither  crested  nor  bearded. 

2.  X.  ensata,  Thwnh.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  328  ;  leaves  linear  rigid 
grooved  glaucous,  sheaths  shorter  than  the  fusiform  ovary,  flowers  lilac, 
perianth-tube  0,  blade  of  sepals  rhomboidly  ovate  obtuse  entire  shorter  than 
the  claw,  petals  oblanceolate  erect,  style-arms  linear  tip  acutely  2-fid. 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  129  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvi.  139  ;  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1876,  ii.  323;  Begel  Gartenfl.  t.  1011.  I.  biglumis,  Vahl  Fnum.  ii. 
149;  8weet  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  Ser.  ii.  t.  187.  I.  triO^orsi,  Balbis  Misc.  Bot. 
vii.  t.  1 ;  Redouts  Lil.  t.  481.  I.  Doniana,  Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  xiii.  34. 
I.  Pallasii,  Fisch. ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  469  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2331.  I.  fra- 
grans,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  xxvi.  1. 1.  I.  longispatha,  Fisch.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
2528.  I.  Moorcroftiana,  Wall.  Cat.  5021 ;  Don.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii. 
315.  I.  pabulina,  Naud.  in.  Rev.  Hortic.  1888,  338  (name).  Xiphion  Doni- 
anum,  Alefeld  in  Bot.  Zeit.  (1863)  297.  loniris  Doniana,  fragrans,  tri- 
flora  &  Pallasii,  Klatt  in  Bot  Zeit.  1872,  502. 

Western  Himalaya  and  Western  Tibet,  alt.  5-9000  ft.,  B^oyle,  &c.*— Distrib. 
Temp.  Asia. 

Stems  tufted,  short,  or  1^-2  ft.,  stout  or  slender,  sheaths  fibrous.  Leaves  1|  ft. 
by  \~\  in.  Spathes  3-4  in.,  1-3-fld. ;  valves  lanceolate,  green.  i^Zoioer*  pedicelled  ; 
ovary  1  in.,  cylindric  ;  blade  of  sepals  l|-2  by  ^f  in.,  claw  rather  longer;  petals 
;^  in.  broad;  style-arms  1  in.,  crests  large,  deltoid.  Capsule  l|-3  in.,  by  ^-|  in., 
6-ribbed,  beaked,  ribs  rounded. 

3.  I.  spuria,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  58;  leaves  1-3  ft.  ensiform  coriaceous 
strongly  striate,  spathes  2-3-fld.,  flowers  lilac,  perianth-tube  long,  blade 
of  sepals  orbicular  half  as  long  as  the  claw,  petals  oblanceolate,  style-arms 
deflexed.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  58,  1131,  1314-5  ;  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr.  t.  4 ;  Eeichb.  f. 
Fl.  Germ.  ix.  t.  345.  I.  Notha,  M.  Bieh.  Gent.  PI.  Ross.  t.  77  ;  Reichh.  Ic. 
crit.  X.  t.  915.  I.  halophila,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  875  {not  of  Pallas) ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  128.  Xyrldion  Nothum  and  spurium,  Klatt  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1872, 
499. 


Iris.]  CLi,  iRiDEJi.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  273 

Kashmir,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Clarke. — Distbib.  Westward  to  Russia. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  sheathed.  Leaves  |-1^  in.  broad.  Spathes  2-3  in.,  linear-oblong, 
firm,  green.  Flowers  2-3  in.  diara.,  bright  lilac  ;  sepals  ^  in.  broad,  claw  keeled  ; 
petals  i-J  in.  broad;  style-arins  1  in.  long,  crests  small,  deltoid.  Capsule  1-2  in., 
6-ribbed,  long-beaked. — A  very  common  Oriental  plant.  Baker  refers  the  Kashmir 
specimens  to  I.  Notha  as  a  variety  with  very  stout  stems,  broad  leaves  and  large 
flowers. 

4.  Z.  aurea,  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  xxxiii.  t.  69 ;  tall,  stout,  leaves 
ensiform,  spathes  2-3-fid.,  flowers  long-pedicelled  yellow,  ovary  as  long  as 
the  perianth-tube,  blade  of  crisped  and  crenulate  sepals  oblong  as  long  as 
the  claw,  petals  shorter  oblanceolate,  style-arms  with  entire  broad  incurved 
lobes.  Baker  in  Gard.  Ohron.  1876,  ii.  584.  I.  crocea,  Jacquem.  mss. 
Xyridion  aureum,  Klatt  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1872,  501. 

Western  Himalaya  j  Kashmir,  Royle,  Jacquemont. 

Stem  3-3i  ft.,  stout,  terete,  with  leafy  sheaths.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  f-1  in. 
Spathes  3-4  in. ;  valves  lanceolate,  green.  Flowers  bright  yellow ;  sepals  2^3^  in., 
blade  1  in.  broad;  style-arms  It-li  in.  long,  crests  deltoid.  Capsule  1^  in.  long, 
oblong,  6-angled,  beaked.' — Differs  from  I.  spuria,  chiefly  in  the  yellow  flowers. 

5.  I.  Wattii,  Baker  mss. ;  tall,  stout,  leaves  broadly  ensiform,  flower- 
heads  racemose  on  stout  long  peduncles,  spathes  2-3-fld.,  perianth-tube 
short  infundibular,  sepals  obovate-spathulate,  blade  as  long  as  the  claw, 
petals  rather  shorter  obovate- oblong,  style-arms  with  2-fid  laciniate  tips. 

•     MuNNiPOEE  ;  summit  of  Kongui,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Watt. 

Stem  with  5-6  flower-heads  on  erecto-patent  peduncles.  Leaves  thin,  18  by 
1^-2  in.,  as  long  as  the  stem.  Spathes  with  the  outer  valve  1-1^  in.,  lanceolate, 
thin,  green ;  inner  much  shorter,  oblong,  obtuse ;  pedicels  short,  jointed  with  the 
ovary.  Floioers  pale  lavender  blue,  tube  i  in. ;  blade  of-  sepals  f  in.  broad,  striped 
and  spotted  with  purple,  throat  yellow  j  petals  ^  in.  broad ;  style-arms  \  in.  long, 
crest  deltoid  laciniate.  Capsule  small,  oblong,  obtusely  trigonous. — Baker,  from 
whose  description  much  of  the  above  is  taken,  says  of  the  sepals,  "  apparently  not 
crested." — Bhotan  specimens  from  Griffith  of  this  or  an  allied  species  have  stout  com- 
pressed grooved  stems  and  firmer  spathe- valves. 

§§  Sepals  crested. 

6.  Z.  Blilesii,  M.  Foster  in  Gard.  Chron.  1883,  i.  231 ;  tall,  stout, 
leaves  very  broadly  ensiform,  flower-heads  branched,  spathes  many-fld., 
perianth-tube  rather  short,  sepals  spreading,  blade  as  long  as  the  claw 
obovate,  crests  sharply  toothed,  petals  as  large  spreading  oblong  undulate, 
style-arms  with  a  large  fimbriate  crest.     Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6889. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Kullu  and  Parbutta  valleys,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Brandis. 

Stem  3  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  leafy  upwards  ;  sheaths  at  the  forks 
4-6  in.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  1-2  in.  broad,  pale  green,  firm,  strongly  curved. 
Spathes  1-1^  in.,  valves  oblong,  obtuse ;  pedicels  short,  jointed  at  the  tip ; 
flowers  2-4  in.  diam.,  large ;  ovary  clavate ;  perianth-tube  ^  in. ;  blade  of  sepals 
l|-2  in.,  disk  whitish  with  dark  radiating  purple  blotches,  margins  purple,  crest 
yellow ;  style-arms  1  in.,  blue-purple,  crest  square. — Possibly  this  is  the  tall  Iris 
mentioned  by  Stewart  (Panjab  Plants,  241)  as  found  in  the  Beas  valley,  alt. 
5-12,000  ft.,  and  used  for  thatching. 

7.  Z.  nepalensis,  Don  Prodr.  54  (not  of  Wall.) ;  stem  slender,  leaves 
linear,  spathes  1-3-fld.,  flowers  shortly  pedicelled,  perianth-tube  slender, 
blade  of  sepals  oblong  as  long  as  the  claw,  crests  narrow,  petals  oblong, 

VOL.   VI.  T 


274  CLT.  iRiDEiB.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Iris. 

crests  of  style-arms  large  toothed,  capsule  3-gonous  with  broad  flat  sides 
and  a  long  slender  beak.  Sweet  JSrit.  Fl.  Gard.  Ser.  ii.  t.  11  ;  Baker  in 
Journ.  Linn,  Soc.  xvi.  143  ;  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1876,  ii.  37.  I.  decora.  Wall. 
PI.  As.  Bar.  i.  77,  t.  86  ;  Bon  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  313 ;  Roi/le  III. 
372.  I.  sulcata.  Wall.  Cat.  5049.  Neubeckia  decora  and  sulcata,  Klatt 
in  Linnvea,  xxxiv.  588,  590. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  the  Panjab  and  Western  Tibet  eastwards, 
alt.  5-10,000  ft.     Khasia  Hills,  ult.  5-8O0O  ft. 

Bootstock  with  densely  fibrous  sheaths,  and  copious  fleshy  finger-like  roots  ;  stem 
^-1  ft. ;  flower  heads  1-2.  Leaves  Gin.  long  afc  flowering-  time,  elongating  to  24 
by  i  in.,  streaked  with  purple  lines  and  dots.  Spathes  1^-2  in.  long,  outer  valves 
thin,  green,  persistent  ;  pedicels  very  short.  Ferianth-tuhe  1^  in.,  limb  1-1^.  in., 
pale  lilac  ;  blade  of  sepals  I  in.  broad,  crest  yellow  ;  petals  ^  in.  broad  ;  style-arms 
1  in.  and  less.  Capsule  oblong,  trigonous,  1-1^  in.,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  spathes. 
— Prof.  Foster  informs  me  that  the  roots  are  characteristic,  resembling  those  of  a 
Semerocallis.  Hemsley  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii.  136)  mentions  a  starved  form  of 
this,  3-4  in.  high,  as  having  been  collected  in  the  Shan  hills  by  General  Collett  at 
4000  ft.  elevation. 

§§§  Sepals  bearded. 

t  Dwarf  species ;  stems  12  in.  or  less. 

8.  I.  grilgritensis^  Baker  tnss. ;  dwarf,  leaves  linear,  flower-heads 
solitary,  spathe  2-fld.,  pedicels  short,  perianth-tube  long,  blade  of  sepals 
small  narrow  oblong  much  shorter  than  the  strongly  bearded  claw,  petals 
oblong. 

Western  Tibet  ;  at  Gilgit,  alt.  12,000  ft.,  Giles. 

Stems  tufted,  4—6  in.,  basal  sheaths  entire.  Leaves  flaccid,  6-9  by  |-i  in. 
Spathe  1^-2  in.,  valves  lanceolate  green,  margins  pale.  Perianth-tube  less  than  1  in., 
limb  1^  in.,  bright  lilac  ;  blade  of  sepals  ^  in.  broad  ;  petals  clawed  ;  style  branches 
f  in.,  crests  small,  deltoid. — Difliers  from  I.  kumaonensis  by  the  small  blade  of  the 
sepals.     A  single  specimen  only  seen. 

9.  Z-  kuxnaonensis,  Wall.  Cat.  5052 ;  dwarf,  leaves  linear,  flower- 
head  solitary,  spathes  1-fld.,  pedicels  very  short,  perianth-tube  very  long, 
blade  of  sepals  spreading  cuneate  obovate  as  long  as  the  bearded  claw, 
petals  erect,  blade  oblong,  capsule  ellipsoid  or  subglobose  beaked.  Don  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  311 ;  Royle  III.  372 ;  Balcer  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1876, 
ii.  709.  I.  Kingiana,  M.  Foster  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1887,  i.  611 ;  Baker  in 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  6957.     I.  tigrina,  Jacquem.  mss. 

Western  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaou,  alt.  8-12,0C0  ft. 

Stems  2-12  in.,  crowded;  outer  basal  sheaths  fibrous,  ieai'es  12-14  by  -^  in. 
Spathes  2-3  in.,  valves  lanceolate,  ventricose.  Perianth-tube  2-2^  in, ;  limb  1^2  in., 
bright  lilac  ;  blade  of  sepals  |  in.  broad,  blotched  with  darker  lilac,  beard  of  claw  of 
yellow-tipped  hairs  on  a  white  crest,  blade  of  petals  ^  in.  broad  ;  style-arms  f  in. 
long,  crests  deltoid  acute.  Capsule  1-2  in,,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  trigonous, 
angles  obtuse. — Don  describes  the  sepals  us  blood-red  with  black-purple  spots. 

10.  I.  g'oniocarpa^  Baker  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1876,  ii.  710  ;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xvi.  145 ;  dwarf,  slender,  leaves  narrow  linear,  flower-heads 
solitary,  spathes  1-2-fld.,  flowers  subsessile,  perianth-tube  long,  sepals 
cuneately-oblong,  keel  strongly  bearded,  petals  erect,  blade  oblong,  capsule 
trigonous  with  broad  flat  sides  and  a  long  slender  beak. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 
Stem  6  in,,  1-leaved,  sheaths  fibrous.     Leaves  6-8  by  -j%  in.       Spathes  1  in.  long, 
valves  lanceolate  persistent.     Perianth-tuhe  g— f  in. ;  blade  of  lilac  ?  sepals  \  in.  broad ; 


Iris,]  OLi.  iRiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  275 

style-arras  ^  in. ;  crests  large,  deltoid,  acute.     Capsule  exactly  as  in  I.  nepalensis,  of 
which  this  may  be  a  variety,  but  the  sepals  are  strongly  bearded. 

11.  1.  Duthieil,  Foster  in  Gard.  Chron.  1887,  i.  611 ;  dwarf,  leaves 
linear,  flower-heads  solitary,  spathes  1-fld.,  perianth-tube  very  long,  blade 
of  spreading  sepals  cuneate-obovate  gradually  narrowing  into  the  bearded 
claw,  petals  oblong  obovate  red  lilac. 

Western  Himalaya;  Kuraaon,  Duthie  {Hort.  Foster). 
Seems  to  differ  from  /.  Tcumaonensis,  of  which  it   is  probably  a   variety,  in  the 
reddish  lilac  flowers,  with  darker  veins.     Capsule  1^  by  1  in.,  trigonous.     As  in 
kumaonensis  the  flowering  precedes  the  mature  leafing. 

12.  I.  Kookeriana,  Foster  in  Gard.  Chron.  1887,  i.  611;  dwarf, 
leaves  linear,  flower-head  solitary,  spathes  three  2-fld.,  persistent  perianth- 
tube  short,  blade  of  sepals  obovate-cuneate  gradually  narrowing  into  the 
thickly  bearded  claw,  blade  of  erect  petals  narrowly  obovate,  capsule 
small  trigonous  beaked. 

Westeen  Himalaya;  Lahul  {Hort  Foster). 

Stem  5-6  in.,  sheaths  torn.  Leaves  immature  at  the  flowering  season,  at  length 
24  by  |-f  in.,  pale  green.  Spathes  about  5  in.  long ;  valves  lanceolate,  ventricose. 
Perianth-tube  ^  in.,  limb  1^-2  in. ;  blade  of  sepals  cuneate-obovate,  |  in.  broad, 
purplish  blue  blotched  with  darker ;  claw  white  with  violet  veins,  hairs  of  beard 
white  yellow-tipped  ;  blade  of  petals  \  in.  broad,  suddenly  narrowed  into  the  chan- 
nelled claw ;  style-arms  very  convex  dorsally,  crests  revolute  deltoid,  coarsely  ser- 
rulate.    Capsule  oblong. 

tt  Stem  1  ft.  or  more. 

13.  Z.  Clarkei,  Baker  mss. ;  stem  tall  stout,  leaves  linear  or  ensiform 
strongly  striate,  flower-heads  1-2,  spathes  1-2-fld.,  valves  green  to  the 
tips,  pedicels  nearly  equalling  the  spathe,  perianth-tube  short  infundibular, 
blade  of  sepals  oblong-cuneate  with  a  bearded  erect  claw,  blade  of  petals 
small  oblong,  claw  long,  capsule  oblong  obtuse  at  both  ends. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-11,500  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarice. 

Rootstock  very  stout,  creeping,  sheaths  long,  fibrous.  Stem  10  -24  in.,  fruiting 
very  stout,  2-leaved.  Leaves  not  membranous  at  the  tips,  at  length  1^-2  ft.  by 
i-J  in.  Spathes  2^-3  in.,  valves  lanceolate,  persistent.  Perianth  bright  lilac 
blotched  with  violet,  throat  yellow ;  tube  ^  in. ;  limb  2  in. ;  blade  of  sepals  |  in. 
broad,  style-arms  1  in.  long,  bright  lilac,  crests  square.  Capsule  1^—2  in.,  oblong, 
trigonous,  valves  thick,  rigid,  keeled  at  the  back. — The  leaves  are  very  variable, 
linear  and  \  in,  broad  in  small  fld.  specimens. 

LOUBTFUL   SPECIES. 

Of  the  following,  except  I.  longifolia,  all  are  supposed  to  be  either  garden  plants 
or  originally  garden  escapes,  and  probably  identical  with  Persian  species.  The 
attention  of  Indian  botanists  should  be  given  to  them. 

I.  deflexa,  Knoivles  and  Westc.  Flor.  Cah.  ii.  19,  t,  57  (Lindl.  Bat.  Reg.  1840, 
Misc.  25,  34;  Baker  in  Qard.  Chron.  1876,  ii.  774  (in  part).  I.  germanica,  var. 
nepalensis,  Herh.  in  Bat.  Reg.  1.  c,  34.  Baker,  who  characterizes  the  plant  of 
the  Floral  Cabinet  by  the  scarious  tips  of  the  spathes  and  deflexed  stem,  considers  it  to 
be  intermediate  between  germanica  and  pallida,  but  as  he  has  included  under  it  the 
nepalensis  of  Royle  &  Wallich,  some  of  which  are  certainly  different,  his  view  is 
perhaps  not  correct.  Herbert,  who  cultivated  authentic  specimens,  says  that  the 
deflexed  stem  was  due  to  its  being  grown  in  heat,  and  that  it  is  a  var.  of  germanicaf 
and  is  I.  nepalensis,  Wall,  in  Bat.  Reg.  t.  818. 

I,  kashmiriana,  Baker  in  Gard.  Chron.  1877,  ii.  744  (Kashmir  to  Kumaon). 
Differs,  according  to  Baker,  from  /.  fiorentina,  in  the  sweet-scented  pure  white 
flowers  with  the  spathe-valves  scarious  at  the  tips  only,  and  the  pure  milk  white 
stigmas  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth  with  large  crests. 

T  2 


276  CLi.  iRiDE.-E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Iris. 

I.  LONG-IFOLIA,  Soyle  III.  372,  t.  91,  f.  2 ;  Baker  is  disposed  to  regard  this  as  a 
long-leaved  form  of  I.  nepalensis,  Don  Prodr.  (not  of  Trans.  Linn.  Soc).  Prof. 
Foster  thinks  it  is  an  entirely  different  plant,  apparently  allied  to  I.  ruthenica, 

I.  NEPALENSIS,  Wall.  Cat.  5050  in  'part,  a  native  of  Nepal  and  Kumaon.  There 
are  two  plants  under  this  number  in  Herb.  Wall.,  one  a  solitary  specimen,  with 
spathes  scarious  throughout,  the  others  with  them  green  throughout.  Of  this  latter 
there  is  an  excellent  drawing  by  Wallich's  article  made  in  Nepal.  Except  in  the 
very  pale  flowers  it  may  be  a  f.  germanica ;  but  Royle  (111.  Him.  PI.  p.  372) 
says  that  he  perceived  a  distinct  smell  of  Orris-root  (as  o(I.florentina)  in  Wallich's 
specimen,  which  is  against  its  being  germanica.  The  specimen  with  scarious  valves 
looks  more  I.  Jiorentina,  but  it  has  no  roots. 

I.  NEPALENSIS,  Wall.  mss.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Meg.  t.  818  (from  Nepal,  Wallich). 
This  has  the  dark  blue  flowers  of  I.  germanica,  very  unlike  the  Wallichian  drawing 
of  I.  nepalensis,  it  may  or  may  not  agree  in  colour  with  some  of  his  specimens. 
Herbert  makes  it  a  var.  of  germanica,  but  gives  no  varietal  character.  Baker 
cites  it  under  deflexa. 

I.  NEPALENSIS,  Wall,  ex  I.  Don. ;  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  310.  This  is  a 
mixture  of  Wallich's,  Royle's  and  the  Bot.  Eeg.  nepalensis;  in  consequence  of 
which  the  root  is  described  as  fragrant,  as  in  I.  Jiorentina,  and  used  for  similar 
purposes.  Don  distinguishes  it  from  germanica  by  the  shorter  scarious  ventricose 
spathes  (while  they  are  not  in  Wallich's  plant !)  entire  sepals,  longer  slenderer 
tube,  and  more  coarsely  serrated* stigmatic  lobes.  Don  has  a  variety  with  the  scape 
undivided,  sub  2-fld.  shorter  than  the  leaves,  but  these  are  characters  of  Wallich's 
drawing  of  his  type. 

I.  NEPALENSIS,  Wall,  ex  Royle  111.  372,  t.  90,  f.  2.  I  have  seen  no  specimens 
of  this,  which  is  a  native  of  Garwhal,  on  the  ascent  to  Surkunda.  It  has  a  pale 
flower  and  *'  orris  "  scented  roots. 

Crocus,  Linn, 
Rootstock  a  sheathed  corm ;  stem  0.  Leaves  radical,  narrowly  linear, 
channelled,  margins  recurved.  Flowers  solitary  or  fascicled,  subsessile ; 
basal  spathes  1-3  or  0  hyaline,  floral  embracing  the  ovary  and  sometimes  a 
narrow  hyaline  bract.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  tube  very  slender  ;  limb 
subequally  6-lobed  in  two  series.  Stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth, 
filaments  short,  anthers  longer,  basifixed.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  filiform, 
arms  slender  subentire  lobed  or  laciniate  ;  tips  stigmatic.  Capsule  oblong, 
membranous,  loculicidal.  Seeds  subglobose. — Species  about  70,  European 
and  E.  Asian. 

C.  sativus,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  36 ;  sheaths  of  corm  closely  reticulate, 
basal  spathes  embracing  the  scape  2-valved,  flowers  violet  autumnal  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves,  throat  of  perianth  bearded,  anthers  yellow,  style-arms 
exserted  orange-red  snbclavate  tips  entire  or  lobulate.  Maw  Gen.  Croc. 
t.  20.  C.  sativus  var.  kashmeriana,  Eoyle  111.  374,  t.  91,  f.  1 ;  Stewart, 
Panjab  PI.  239  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient.  V.  100;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  360  ; 
JBenth.  &  Trim.  Med.  Bot.  274. 

Kashmir,  cultivated  only.     Native  of  South  Europe. 

Tlie  Kashmir  safl'ron  is  regarded  by  Eoyle  as  a  variety  of  that  cultivated  in 
England,  distinguished  by  the  very  dark  violet  blue  flowers,  yellow  anthers 
and  brick-red  stigmas,  but  this  accords  exactly  with  the  common  form  figured 
by  Bentley  and  Trimen. 

Belamcauda,  Adams. 
Bootstock    creeping ;    stem   erect,  leafy.      Leaves    ensiform,    equitant. 
Inflorescence  branched,   sheaths   membranous;     spathes    several-fld.,    sub- 
scarious ;  bracts  scarious  ;  flowers  pedicelled.     Perianth-tube  very  short  j 


Iris.]  CLii.  iRiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  277 

segments  oblong,  spreading,  subequal.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
perianth,  filaments  filiform,  anthers  linear  basifixed.  Ovary  obovoid; 
style  filiform  arms  elongate,  tips  reniform  stigmatic.  Capsule  obovoid, 
membranous,  loculicidal,  valves  reflexed,  leaving  the  seed-bearing  axis 
persistent  and  free.     Seeds  snbglobose,  testa  lax  shining  fleshy  within. 

1.  B.  chinensis,  Leman  in  Bed.  Lil.  t.  121 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xvi.  113.  B.  punctata,  Moench  Meth.  529.  Pardanthus  chinensis, 
Ker  in  Koenig  &  Sims  Ann.  Bot.  i.  246 ;  Miguel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  579  ; 
Boyle  III.  371 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1874 ;  Flore  dcs  Serves  t.  1682.  P. 
nepalensis.  Sweet  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  Ser.  ii.  498.  Ixia  chinensis,  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
S6  ;  Gxrtn.  Fruct.  t.  13  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  171.  Moraea  chinensis,  Murr.  Syst. 
Veg.  93 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  170.— Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  37. 

Very  doubtfully  wild  in  the  Himalaya,  ascending  to  6000  ft.  Cultivated  all 
over  India  ;  a  native  of  Chiua. 


Order  CLII.  AI^ARVZ.ZiZDZ:2E. 

Bootstoch  bulbous  tuberous  or  a  corm.  Leaves  radical.  Scape  naked 
(in  the  Indian  genera).  Periaw^A-superior,  regular  or  irregular,  tube  long 
short  or  0,  limb  6-lobed  or  -partite,  with  sometimes  a  crown  at  the  mouth. 
Stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the  segments,  rarely  epigynous,  filaments  free 
or  connate ;  anthers  erect  or  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  stout  or 
slender,  stigma  simple  or  cleft;  ovules  many,  2-seriate  in  the  inner  angle 
of  the  cells,  anatropous.  Fruit  usually  capsular,  loculicidal,  rarely  fleshy 
and  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  few  or  many,  albumen  fleshy  enclosing 
the  small  embryo.  — Genera  64,  species  about  650. 

The  American  Aloe,  Agave  americana,  Linn.  (A.  cantula,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii. 
167)  is  planted  as  a  hedge  in  the  Panjab  (Stewart,  Panjab  Plants,  232)  and  intro- 
duced elsewhere  in  India.  A.  vivipara,  Linn.  (Wight  Ic.  t.  2024)  is  naturalized  in 
the  Deccan.  Zeyhyranthes  tubispatha,  Herb,  a  Peruvian  plant,  resembling  a  small 
Pancratium,  but  without  a  corona,  is  cultivated  in  gardens  and  found  as  an  escape 
far  from  habitations. 

Tribe  I.  HipoxiDE-as.    Rootstock  tuberous.   Flowers  spicate  or  racemose. 

Ovary  not  produced  above  the  crown  into  a  stipes 1.  Hypoxis. 

Ovary  produced  into  a  short  or  long  stipes  above  the  crown     .     2.  Cuectjligo. 

Tribe  II.  Amaeylle^.     Rootstock  bulbous.    Flowers  umbelled. 

Filaments  free 3.  CaiNuar. 

Filaments  united  by  a  membrane 4.  Panceaticm:. 

1.  ISVPOXIS,  Linn. 

JBoo^s^oc^  tuberous,  or  a  coated  corm.  Leaves  radical,  narrow,  strongly 
nerved.  Flowers  solitary,  racemed,  or  umbellate.  Perianth  rotate,  6-par- 
tite,  sessile  on  the  top  of  the  ovary,  persistent.  Stamens  6  on  the  base  of 
the  segments  ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  erect,  dorsifixed.  Ovary  3-celled ; 
style  short,  columnar,  stigmas  3,  erect,  stout,  distinct  or  connate ;  ovules 
2-seriate.  Capsule  circumsciss  below  the  top  or  3-valved.  Seeds  snbglobose, 
testa  crustaceous  shining  beaked  at  the  hilum. — Species  about  50,  widely 
diffused  but  rare  in  Asia,  many  S.  African. 

1.  K.  aurea.  Lour.  Fl.  Cochin.  200 ;  villous  or  hairy,  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  scape  slender  1-2-fld.,  ovary  and  perianth  lobes  externally  hairy. 


278  CLii.  amaryllideye.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Ili/jwxis, 

anthers  sagittate.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  108 ;  Kurz  in  Miq.  Ann. 
Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  iv.  178.  H.  minor,  Don  Prodr.  53 ;  Boyle  III.  t.  91,  f.  3, 
H.  Franquevillei,  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  586.  H.  curculigoides,  Wall. 
Gat.  5164.  Curculigo  gvaminifolia,  Nimmo  in  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  215 ; 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  276. 

Subtropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  eastwards,  ascending  to  7000  ft.  in 
Sikkim.  Khasia  Hills,  Bengal,  Behar  and  Bukm^,  and  in  the  Western  Ghats 
from  the  Concan  southward.     (Not  in  Ceylon). — Disteib.   Java,  China,  Japan. 

Dioecious.  Rootstock  globose,  or  elongate  and  erect,  crowned  with  fibrous 
remains  of  old  leaves.  Leaves  4-14  by  yV'i  ^^-j  subcoriaceous,  keeled.  Scape 
1-4  in.,  filiform,  hairy ;  bracts  setaceous.  Ovary  clavate.  Perianth-lobes  ^-^  m.y 
elliptic-lanceolate,  yellow,  outer  green  on  the  back.  Capsule  \-\  in.,  clavate,  at 
length  3-valved,  crowned  with  the  erect  perianth-lobes,  walls  thin.  Seeds  blacky 
tuberculate. 

2.  CURCUX.I<^0,  GaBvtu. 

ivoot  foc/l' tuberous,  or  a  coated  corm.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  plaited, 
or  linear  and  flat.  Scajpe  short  or  long  ;  flowers  often  nnisexual,  spicate 
or  racemed  or  subcapitate.  Perianth  usually  produced  above  the  ovary  as 
a  solid  stipes,  bearing  the  rotate  limb.  Stamens  ovary  and  seeds  of  Hypoxis. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  usually  more  or  less  beaked. — Species  about  12, 
tropical. 

Sect  I.  Molinieea.  Perianth  limb  sessile  or  very  shortly  stipitate 
above  the  ovary. 

1.  C.  recurvata,  Bnjand.  in  Ait.  Kort.  Kew  Ed.  2,  ii.  253;  leaves 
long-petioled  lanceolate  plicate  glabrous  or  with  the  nerves  beneath  hairy, 
scapes  many  flattened  villous,  flowers  in  a  decurved  subcapitate  raceme, 
ovary  turbinate,  berry  globose  hairy.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  770 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii. 
145 ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vi.  448  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  585 ;  Wall. 
Gat.  5159.  C.  villosa.  Wall.  Cat.  5163  B.  Moliniera  recurvata,  Herbert 
AmarylUd.  84  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  120  ;  ICurz  in  Ann.  Mus. 
Lugd.  Bat.  iv.  175.  M.  plicata,  Colla,  Hart.  Bijpp.  App.  ii.  333,  t.  18.  M. 
capitulata,  Herbert  I.  c.  Leucojum  capitulatum,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochin.  199. 
Hypoxis  Saarpata,  Herb.  Ham. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal  eastwards.  Bengal,  Chittagong  and 
Burma.     Ceylon  ;  at  Saffragam. — Distrib.  M:ilay  Islands,  S.  China,  Australia. 

Root  stock  tuberous.  Leaves  very  variable,  2-3  ft.  by  3-6  in.,  recurved,  narrowed 
into  a  channelled  petiole  1-2  ft.,  villous  below,  glabrous  above.  Scapes  3-9  in,,  stout 
or  slender,  bracts  spathaceous,  lanceolate,  villous ;  heads  of  flowers  2-4  in.  diam., 
villous  ;  flowers  pedicelled.  Ovary  5-5  in.,  villous  ;  bracts  1-1|^  in.  ;  cells  about 
10-ovuled.  Perianth  about  f  in.  diam.,  outer  segments  villous  on  the  back.  Fila- 
ments very  short ;  anthers  cohering.  Berry  \-\  in.  diam.  Stigmas  sub  3-lobed, 
shining.     Seeds  black,  testa  deeply  closely  grooved. 

2.  C.  gracilis,  Wall.  Gat.hlQO;  leaves  long-petioled  lanceolate  plicate 
glabrous,  scapes  many  flattened  tomentose,  flowers  in  a  decurved  dense 
elongate  raceme,  ovary  oblong  tip  narrowed,  berry  oblong  .P.  Moliniera 
gracilis,  Kurz  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  iv.  177  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xvii.  120. 

Tropical  Himalaya  j  from  Ne;tal,  Wallich,  eastwards. 

Habit,  &c.,  of  C.  recurvata,  of  which  it  is  probably  a  form,  but  more  slender, 
with  the  ovary  oblong  and  the  inflorescence  elongate.  Wallich's  specimens  have 
leaves  8-12  by  ^-1  in.,  short  woolly  scapes,  few-fld.  loose  racemes,  and  flowers  i  in. 
diam.  Sikkim  specimens  have  stoutly  petioled  leaves  2^  ft.  by  4^  in.,  and  a  robust 
scape  6-12  in.  The  var.  Jamesoni,  Baker  1.  c.  121;  with  leaves  rigidly  coriaceous 
flowers  subsessile  in  a  dense  globose  head  I  should  refer  to  recurvata. 


CurcuUgo.']  clii.  amaryllide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  279 

3.  C.  crassifolia,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  long-petioled  elliptic-lanceolate 
thickly  and  rigidly  coriaceous  plicate  glabrous  above  beneath  white-tomen- 
tose,  scape  flattened  stout  densely  tomentose,  flowers  in  a  very  large  dense 
oblong  racenae,  bracts  glabrous  or  woolly,  ovary  oblong  top  silky,  berry 
oblong.     Moliniera  crassifolia,  Baker  in  Journ.  Lmn.  Soc.  xvii.  121. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  J.  D.  H.  Khasia  Mts.,  alfc.  5-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T., 
Mann,  Clarke. 

Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  3-6  in.,  strongly  closely  plicate;  petiole  1  ft.  stout.  Sca'pe 
2-8  in. ;  raceme  3-4  in. ;  bracts  1-1^  in.,  very  variable  ;  lower  flowers  pedicelled. 
Perianth  segments  ^  in.,  outer  hairy  or  villous  externally.  Berrt/  |  in.  long.  Seeds 
globose,  black,  granulate. 

4:  C.  Finlaysoniana,  WaU.  Gat.  5162;  leaves  petioled  elliptic- 
lanceolate  plicate  glabrous,  scape  very  short  villous,  flowers  in  a  lax  erect 
or  inclined  few  or  many  fld.  raceme,  bracts  linear,  ovary  fusiform  or  clavate 
villous,  berry  oblong.  ?  0.  pauciflora.  Moon  Gat.  PL  Ceyl.  Hypoxis  tri- 
chocarpa,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2045  ;  Thwaites  Enum.  323 ;  Kurz  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd. 
Bat.  iv.  178.  H.  latifolia,  leptostachya,  pauciflora  and  brachystachya, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2044 — 2046.  Moliniera  Finlaysoniana,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xvii.  121. 

Teavancoee  and  Malabae,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon  ;  central  province,  ascending 
to  5000  ft. 

Leaves  12-24  by  1-1^  in.,  thin,  5-nerved,  finely  acuminate,  sometimes  sparsely 
hairy,  petiole  very  slender.  Scape  short,  slender ;  pedicels  1-1^  in.,  capillary ; 
bracts  filiform.  Racemes  with  the  upper  flowers  male.  Perianth  segments  J  in. 
long,  of  males  shorter.  Fruit  i-f  in.,  curved,  few  seeded,  walls  thin.  Seeds  ovoid- 
oblong,  finely  deeply  striate,  black,  shining. 

Var.  linearifolia,  Thicaites  I.  c,  has  narrow  almost  linear  leaves. 

Sect.  II.  CuECULiGO  PROPEB.  Ovary  narrowed  into  a  long  beak  or 
stipes  supporting  the  periajith-limb. 

5.  C  orchloideSj  Gcertn.  Fruct.  i.  63, 1. 13  ;  polygamous,  leaves  long- 
or  short-petioled  or  subsessile  lanceolate  membranous  plicate  glabrous, 
scape  very  short  subterranean,  flowers  subsessile,  bracts  lanceolate  mem- 
branous, ovary  small  amongst  the  leaf  bases,  stipes  of  the  perianth  long 
filiform,  stigmas  3  erect  separate,  capsule,  oblong.  Baher  in  Journ.  Linn. 
S^oc.  xvii.  124 ;  Boxh.  Cor.  PI.  i.  TtT^l^;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  144;  Thwaites 
Fnum.324>;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PL  215;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1076;  Wall.  Gat. 
5158 ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  585.  C.  malabarica,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2043 ; 
Bah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  276.  C.  brevifolia.  Dry  and.  in  Ait.  Hm^t.  Few  Ed. 
2,  ii.  253;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2043  ;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb,  PI.  215;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  I.e. 
Hypoxis  dulcis,  Steud.  PI.  Hohenaclc.  No.  135.  Gethyllis  fusiformis,  Serb. 
Ham.  Franquevillea  major,  Zoll.  ex.  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  1870, 
ii.  84. — Rheede  Sort.  Mat.  xii.  t.  59. 

Subteopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  eastwards,  ascending  to  6000  ft.  The 
Khasia  Hills,  Munnipoee  ;  and  the  Westeen  GHATsTrom  the  Concan  southward. 
— DiSTEiB.  Java. 

BoofstocTc  tuberous  or  elongate,  sometimes  1  ft.  long  and  stout  in  proportion. 
Leaves  6-18  by  ^-1  in.,  tips  viviparous_pn  reaching  the^jround^;  petiole  6  in.  or  less. 
Scape  1  in.,  clavate,  flattened,  hIdden'"^y*Th6"  leal-sneatlis"*  flowers  distichous, 
lowest  2-sexual,  the  rest  all  male ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  perianth  segments  i-|  in. 
Ocaro/ villous,  the  stipes  and  perianth  alone  epigsieous  j  stigma  3-cleft;  cells  6-8 
ovuled.  Capsvjf^^  in.,  oblong,  hypogeous,  1-4  seeded,  beak  slender ;  septa  spongy. 
Seeds  ^  in.  lon^^oblong,  deeply  grooved  in  wavy  lines,  black,  shining.  Male  ^fl. 
with  no  ovary,  style  or  stigma. 


280  CLii.  4MAKYLLIDE2E.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  \_CurcuUgo. 

6.  C.  latifolia,  Dryand.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  Ed.  2,  ii.  253.;  poly- 
gamous, leaves  long-petioled  lanceolate  membranous  plicate  glabrous  or 
sparsely  hairy  beneath,  scape  very  short  villous  or  0,  flowers  sessile  in  an 
hypogeous  oblong  or  globose  head  with  the  filiform  stipes  of  the  perianth 
epigaBal,  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  hairy,  style  filiform,  stigmas  3 
small.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  125  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2034 ;  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  754 ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  585.  C.  sumatrana,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii. 
146 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Gab.  i.  443  \  WigJit  Ic.  t.  2042.  Moliniera  sumatrana, 
Jferb.  Amaryllid.  84.  M.  latifolia  &  plicata,  Kurz  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd. 
Bat.iv.  176. 

BuEMA,  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  Andaman  Islands. — Disteib.  Malay 
Islands. 

Mootstoch  hardly  any ;  base  of  stem  stoloniferous.  Leaves  1-2  ft,  by  1^-2  ^  in. ; 
petiole  1  ft.  or  less.  Ovary  oblong  or  globose ;  stipes  of  male  fl.  much  longer  than 
of  the  bisexual  and  more  slender.  Fruit  1  in.  long,  clavate  or  pyriform,  hairy. 
Seeds  black,  shining  (granular  in  Wight's  figure). 

There  are  four  principal  forms : — 1.  Leaves  1^-2  ft.  by  4-5  in.  sparsely  villous 
beneath,  petiole  slender,  flowers  small  in  a  dense  ovoid  head  (Singapore,  Java). — 
2.  Leaves  1-1  i  ft.  by  1-li  in.  sparsely  villous  beneath,  petiole  slender,  heads  small, 
flowers  larger  ^  in.  diam.  (Wight  Ic.  t.  204:2  and  Andaman  Islands). — 3.  Leaves 
1-1^  ft.  by  1^-2  in.  glabrous  beneath,  petiole  slender,  heads  small  fevv-fld.  (Penang, 
Malacca). — 4.  Leaves  8-12  by  2-3  in.,  quite  glabrous,  longer  than  their  petioles, 
heads  dense-fld.  (Burma,  Malacca,  Borneo). 

Var.  tillosa,  Baker  1.  c. ;  leaves  coriaceous  cobwebby  beneath,  petiole  very  stout, 
heads  dense-fld.,  bracts  oblong  obtuse  and  nearly  glabrous.  C.  villosa.  Wall.  Cat. 
5763  A  J  Kurz.  I.  c.     Singapore,  Malay  Islands. — Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

3.  CRINU3MC,  Unn. 

BootstocJc  bulbous.  Leaves  elongate,  lorate  or  ensiform.  Scape  solid. 
Flotvers  large,  umbelled  ;  spathes  2 ;  bracts  linear.  Perianth  funnel-  or 
salver-shaped,  tube  straight  cr  upcurved,  lobes  linear- to  oblong.  Stamens 
on  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  erect  spreading  or  declinate  ;  anthers  linear, 
dorsifixed.  Style  filiform,  stigma  minute  ;  ovules  few  or  many.  Fruit 
subglobose,  membranous  or  coriaceous,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  few, 
large,  rounded,  testa  thick;  albumen  very  copious. — Species  about  60, 
tropical  Asiatic,  African,  Australian  and  American. 

The  identification  by  herbarium  specimens  of  this  genus  is  impossible,  and  I  hare 
little  confidence  in  the  following  attempt  to  systematize  the  Indian  ones,  in  which  I 
have  been  guided  by  Herbert  and  Baker. 

Sect.  I.  Stenastee.  PeHaw^A  erect,  salver-shaped,  lobes  linear.  Stamens 
very  long,  spreading. 

1.  C-  asiaticum,  Jjinn.  Sp.  PZ.  419  {in  part) -^  leaves  very  many 
3-4  ft.  by  5-7  in.  flat,  scape  l|-2  ft.  compressed,  spathes  3-4  in.,  umbels 
10-50-fld.,  pedicels  i-1  in.,  perianth-tube  3-4  in.,.lobes  as  long  much  longer 
than  the  filaments.  Kunth  Fnum.  v.  547 ;  Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  75  ; 
Herb.  Amaryllid.  243 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  275  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1073 ; 
Wall.  Gat.  8969  A,  in  part,  E,  F.  C.  toxicarium,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  134 ; 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2021-2 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Gab.  t.  669.  Amaryllis  carnosa,  Serb. 
Ham. 

Throughout  Teopical  India,  wild  or  cultivated.  Ceylon  ;  common  on  the 
coast,  Thwaites. 

Bulb  very  large,  neck  4-5  in.  Leaves  thin,  edges  smooth.  Scape  often  1  in. 
diam. ;  sheaths  thick.     Flowers  white,  fragrant  at  night,  tube  greenish ;  lobes  revo- 


Gnnuyn.l  clii.  amaryllide.e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  281 

lute.     Stamens  often  reddish  ;  anthers  ^-f  in.     Fruit  subglobose,  usually  1-seeded. 
— Much  the  largest  Indian  species. 

Var.  procera,  Baker  1.  c. ;  leaves  5  ft.  by  6  in.,  perianth-tube  and  lobes  each 
5  in.,  the  latter  tinged  with  red  C.  proce'rum,  Carey  ex  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag, 
t.  2684. 

2.  C.  defixum,  ICer  in  Quart.  Journ.  Set.  iii.  (1817),  105 ;  leaves  few 
2-3  ft.  by  |-1  in.  erect  linear  obtuse  concave,  scape  1^-2  ft.  stout,  umbels 
6-15-fld.,  spathes  1^-2  in.  ovate-lanceolate,  perianth  white,  tube  2^-3  in., 
lobes  nearly  as  long  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  much  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Herb.  Amaryllid.  256 ;  Kunth  £num.  v.  562  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2208; 
Lodcl.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  362  ;  Baker  Handb.  Amaryllid.  76.  0.  asiaticum,  Roxb. 
FL  Ind.  ii.  127;  Wall.  Gat.  8969,  G,  H,  I  in  -part.  C.  asiaticum  var. 
angustifolium.  Wall.  Gat.  8969  G",  H.  Amaryllis  vivipara,  Lamk.  F7icj,c. 
i.  123.     A.  coenosa.  Herb.  Ham. 

Swampy  river  banks  throughout  India.  ?  Ceylon  ;  in  the  hotter  drier  regions, 
TTiwaites. 

Bulb  with  a  fusiform  stoloniferous  base,  neck  cylindric.  Flowers  sessile,  fragrant 
at  night,  tinged  with  red.  Filaments  bright  red  ;  anthers  ^  in.  Fruit  subglobose, 
1  in.  diam.,  1-2-seeded. 

3.  C.  ensifolium,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  129;  leaves  erect  12-18  by 
1-1^  in.  ensiform  tapering  to  the  acuminate  tip  concave,  scape  rather 
slender,  umbels  10-12-fld.,  spathes  1^-2  in.,  perianth  white  tube  3^  in. 
rather  longer  than  the  linear  lobes  which  are  about  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
Herb.  Amaryllid.  255;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2301;  Kunth  Fnum.  v.  563.  C. 
defixum,  var.  ensifolium,  Baher  Handh-  of  Amaryllid.  *?&.  C.  Roxburghii, 
Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  215  ;  Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  21S.—Rheede  Hort. 
Malab.  xi.  t.  38. 

Banks  of  the  Deccan  rivers.     Pegu,  Carey. 

I  follow  Roxburgh  and  Herbert  in  keeping  this  distinct  from  defixum  on  accounjb 
of  the  gradually  acuminate  leaves,  as  well  represented  by  Eheede.  Roxburgh's 
drawing  named  C.  asiaticum  (No.  1395)  is  clearly  this  and  not  his  asiaticum 
{defixum),  Herbert  suggests  the  union  of  the  two  under  the  name  of  "  Ditch 
crinum,"  both  being  marsh  plants,  with  fusiform  stoloniferous  caudices,  fox'ming 
prolongations  of  the  base  of  the  bulb. 

4.  C.  Wattii,  Balder  Handh.  of  Amaryllid.  76;  leaves  18  by  1-1^  in. 
flaccid,  scape  1|  ft.  rather  stout,  umbel  6-8-fld.,  spathes  deltoidly  lanceo- 
late, pedicels  very  short,  perianth-tube  3  in.  very  slender,  lobes  half  as  long, 
stamens  equalling  the  lobes. 

MuNNiPOEE,  alt.  4000  ft. ;  in  grassy  places.  Watt. 

Bulb  ovoid,  2  in.  diam.,  neck  very  short.  Anthers  ^  in. — A  very  obscure  species; 
it  is  difficult  in  dried  specimens  to  determine  whether  the  corolla  lobes  are  linear  as 
in  Sect.  Stenaster,  or  lanceolate  as  in  Sect.  Platygaster. 

5.  C.  stenophylluiU;  ^(x^6r  m  Gard.  Ghron.  1881,  786;  Handb.  of 
Amaryllid.  75;  leavas  3  ft.  by  i -^  in.  linear  flaccid,  scape  very  slender 
2-edged,  umbel  4-6-fld.,  spathes  2  in.  lanceolate,  pedicels  ^  in.,  perianth- 
tube  3-4  in.  very  slender,  lobes  half  as  long  or  longer.  Crinum  sp.  Wall. 
Cat.  8970. 

BuEMA  ;  at  Tavoy;  Gomez. 

Known  only  from  Wallich's  specimen,  but  Clarke  has  very  similar  plants  from 
Silhet,  Chota  Kagpur  and  Bengal,  except  in  that  their  perianth-lobes  are  decidedly 
lanceolate ;  as  indeed  I  should  be  disposed  to  consider  the  perianth-lobes  of  Wallich's 
to  be,  rather  than  linear. 


282  CLii.  AMARYLLiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [^Crinum. 

6.  C-  pusillum,  Serh.  Amaryllid.  255,  t.  32,  f.  3  ;  leaves  lew  less 
tlian  12  in.  long  \-\  in.  broad  erect,  linear  acute,  umbels  few-fld.,  pedicels 
upwards  of  1  in.,  perianth -tube  3  in.,  lobes  nearly  as  long  an  inch  longer 
than  the  stamens.     Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  77. 

NicoBAE  Islands. 

A  very  little-known  plant,  assumed  by  Herbert  to  be  stoloniferous,  like  Q. 
defixum.     The  bulb  is  described  as  4  by  -|  in.,  columnar,  cyliudric. 

Sect.  II.  Platyaster.  Perianth  erect,  salver-shaped,  lobes  lanceolate. 
Stamens  very  long,  spreading. 

7.  C-  huxnile,  Herb,  in  But.  Mag.  t.  2636 ;  Amari/Uid.  256  ;  leaves 
about  12  in.  linear  pitted  on  the  surface,  margin  smooth,  scape  about  as 
long  subcylindric,  umbels  6-9-fld.,  spathes  2-3  in.  lanceolate,  pedicels  short, 
perianth-tube  3  in,,  lobes  linear-lanceolate  rather  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Kunth  Enum.Y.  563  ;  Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  81. 

Teopical  Asia. 

Bulh  globose,  green,  neck  short.  Leaves  spreading,  nearly  flat,  acute.  Perianth- 
tube  green,  lobes  narrow  white  acute;  filaments  very  slender,  purplish,  anthers i  in. 
long. — The  Bot.  Mag.  plate  and  description  are  the  only  authoi^ity  for  this  species, 
which  may  not  be  Indian.  It  was  brought  from  the  East  by  a  Capt.  Cragie  to  Mr. 
Milne,  of  Fulhara  Nursery.  Baker  doubtfully  refers  to  it  a  plant  collected  by 
Stocks,  which  is  0.  hrachynema,  Herb. 

8.  C-  amoenuzn,  Boxb.  Hort.  Beng.  23;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  127;  leaves 
1^2  ft.  by  1-1^  in.  suberect  ensiform  acuminate  margin  subscabrous, 
scape  1-2  ft.  rather  slender  subcylindric,  umbels  6-12-fld.,  spathes  2  in. 
lanceolate,  flowers  subsessile,  perianth-tube  3-4  in.,  lobes  2-3  in.  linear- 
lanceolate  rather  longer  than  the  red  filaments.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  562 ; 
Herb.  Amaryllid.  255 ;  Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  81 ;  Wall.  Gat. 
8971. 

Tkopical  Himalaya;  from  Nepal  eastwards,  ascending  to  6000  ft.  in  Sikkim. 
The  Khasia  Hills,  Silhet  and  Buema,  Roxburgh,  &c. 

Bulh  globose,  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  10-12,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  acumi- 
nate tip,  bright  green.  Perianth  vs/'hite,  tube  green ;  anthers  ^  in.  Ovary-cells 
4-5-ovuled. — Herbert  describes  2  vars. ;  namely  caudicea,  from  Ceylon,  with  smooth 
margins  of  the  leaves  and  a  cylindric  neck  of  the  bulb ;  and  verecunda,  from 
Rangoon,  with  more  obtuse  humifuse  lacunose  leaves. 

9.  C.  Stracheyi,  BaJcer  in  Gard.  G/iron.  1881,  ii.  72 ;  Handb.  of 
Amaryllid.  81 ;  leaves  2  ft.  by  1^-2  in.  lorate  thin  acute  margin  subdenti- 
culate,  scape  1^-2  ft.  stout,  umbels  12-15-fld.,  spathes  lanceolate,  pedicels 
^-1  in.,  perianth-tube  3-3i  in.,  lobes  2-2i  in.  hardly  longer  than  the 
filaments. 

KiTMAON,  in  gardens.     Sfrachey  and  Winterhottom. 
Known  impei'fectly,  and  only  as  a  garden  plant. 

10.  C.  pratense,  BerJ.  Amaryllid.  256;  leaves  1^-3  ft.  by  1^-2  in. 
linear  channelled  margins  entire,  scape  12  in.  or  more  decumbent  com- 
pressed, umbels  6-12-fld.,  spathes  2-3  in.  deltoid-lanceolate,  flowers  sub- 
sessile,  perianth-tube  3-4  in.,  lobes  about  as  long  rather  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  563 ;  Baher  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  82.  C. 
longifolium,  JSoxb.  Hort.  Beng.  23 ;  Kl.  Ind.  ii.  130 ;  Ker-Gatol.  in  Quart. 
Journ.  Sc.  Sf  Afts,  in.  (1817)  107. 

Plains  of  India  and  Buema. 

Bulb  4-5  in.  diam.,  ovoid  or  spherical,  neck  2-2|  in.     Leaves  6-8,  suberect  or 


CLII.    AMARYLLIDEiE.       (J.  D.  Hookei.)  283 

clecliuate.  Floivers  fragrant,  white;  filaaients  red.  Ouar/aw  ct'Zi*  3-4-ovuled. — 
Roxburgh's  figure  of  longifolium  represents  a  plant  with  a  bulb  4j  in.  diam.  having 
a  neck  2-2 ^  in. ,  leaves  obtuse  concave  ciliolate^  scape  very  stout,  flowers  sessile, 
perianth-tube  3|-4  in.,  stout,  green,  lobes  3  in.  by  |-  in.,  linear,  obtuse,  greenish 
externally,  filaments  as  long,  red,  anthers  f  in.,  yellow. — Herbert  and  Baker  include 
under  C.  'praten&e,  the  C.  lorifolium,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  131,  from  Pegu,  with  weak 
spreading  leaves  4-5  ft.  long  ;  C.  elegans,  Carey  (Bot.  Mag.  t.  2592),  with  a  nar- 
rower long-necked  bulb  and  the  perianth  lobes  an  inch  shorter  than  the  tube  (in 
the  Bot.  Mag.  drawing  the  leaves  are  acute  and  the  perianth  lobes  longer  than  the 
tube)  ;  C.  venustum,  Carey,  from  Silhet,  with  30-fld.  umbels ;  C.  canalifoUum,  Carey, 
with  leaves  an  inch  broad,  more  channelled,  rather  glaucous,  and  about  10  flowers 
pale  reddish  externally. 

Sect.  III.  CoDONocRiNUM.  Perianth  f  mmel-shaped,  tube  upcurved,  lobes 
oblong  or  lanceolate.     Stamens  very  long,  decimate. 

11.  C.  latifolium,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  291 ;  leaves  many  2-3  ft.  by  3-4 in. 
lorate  thin  margin  subscabrid,  scape  2-3  ft.  stout,  umbels  10-20-fld.,  spathes 
3-4  in.  lanceolate,  pedicels  very  short,  perianth-tube  3-6  in.,  lobes  as  long 
or  shorter  elliptic-oblong  or  -lanceolate  much  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Ker-Gawl.  in  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.  &'Arts  iii.  114 ;  Roxb.  Fl,  Ind.  ii.  137;  Lindl. 
in  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1297  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.2019,  2020;  Baher  Kandh.  of  Amaryllid. 
87;  Andr.  Bot.  Pep.  t.  478.  C.  zeylanicum,  Linn.  Si/st,  Veg.  263;  Kunth 
I.  c.  573  ;  Roxh.  I.  c.  138;  Bury  He.vand.  PI.  t.  29;  Balder  I.  c.  87;  Wall 
Gat.  8972.  C.  ornatum.  Herb.  Amaryll.  262  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1171 ;  Bury  I.  c. 
t.  18  ;  Bot.  Peg.  t.  579,  and  1297  ;  T)vw.  Pnum.  324.  C.  speciosum.  Herb. 
in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2217.  C.  ornatum,  vars.  latifolium,  zeylanicum  and  Her- 
bertianum.  Herb.  Amaryll.  262,  263  ;  Kitnth  Enuni.  v.  674.  C.  speciocissi- 
mum,  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  sub  t.  2121.  C.  Herbertianum,  Wall.  PI.  As. 
Bar.  ii.  39,  t.  145.  C.  insigne,  Schultes  Sysf.  vii.  859.  C.  Wallichianum, 
Poem.  C.  Linneei,  Poem.  C.  Careyanum^  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2466.  C. 
moluccanum,  Poxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  140;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2292.  C.  asiaticum. 
Wall.  Cat.  89G9  B  in  part,  C,  I,  inpart.  Amaryllis  zeylanica,  Linn.  Sp.  Pi. 
293.  A.  insignis,  Ker-Gawl.  in  Bot.  Peg.  t.  579.  A.  lati folia,  L.  Herit. 
Sert.  Angt.  14  ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  67;  Ker.-Gawl.  in  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.  4* 
Arts,  iii.  114.— Pheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  39. 

Throughout  India,  Buema  and  Ceylon,  wild  or  cultivated. — Disteib.  Tropical 
Asia,  Malaya  and  Africa. 

Bulb  5-6  in.  diam,,  globose,  neck  short.  Leaves  bright  green,  keeled  and  waved. 
Scape  and  spathes  green  reddish  or  purple.  Flowers  very  variable  in  size,  fragrant, 
white  more  or  less  streaked  or  tinged  with  red  towards  the  centre  or  red  purple 
sometimes  nearly  all  over  the  backs  of  the  lobes.  Filaments  2^-3  in.,  anthers 
i-f  in.  Ovarian  cells  5-6-ovuled.  Fruit  subglobose,  1^-2  in.  diain. — I  am  quite 
unable  to  find  any  characters  whereby  C.  latifolium  and  zeylanicum  are  to  be  dis- 
tinguished, and  Mr.  Baker  gives  none.  The  naniie  C.  ornatum  seems  to  be  applied 
to  forms  of  either  or  to  include  both,  and  so  of  the  other  forms  cited  above,  if  they  or 
any  of  them  have  specific  characters,  they  remain  to  be  indicated.  Herbert's  accounts 
of  them  (and  of  the  species  generally)  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
in  his  enumeration  of  the  species  in  Bot.  Mag.  under  t.  2121,  and  in  his  work  on 
Amaryllids,  are  all  singularly  unclear.  Of  all  the  figured  forms  that  of  C.  lat folium, 
in  the  Botanical  Register,  t.  1297,  differs  most  from  the  others  in  its  much  smaller 
size,  nearly  white  undulate  perianth  lobes  faintly  suff"used  with  pink,  long  perianth - 
tube,  and  style  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens.  It  is  included  by  Herbert  under  C. 
ornatum  as  longistylum. — Roxburgh  describes  both  lafifolium  and  zeylanicum  as 
natives  of  Bengal,  and  thus  distinguishes  them.  0.  latifolium,  Linn.  (Am.  ornata, 
Bot.  31ag.  t.  923) ;  bulb  spherical,  leaves  3-5  in.  broad  lanceolate  obtuse  margins 
.   scabrous,  scape  12-21  in.  compressed  green  10-20-fld.,  flowers  almost  white,  anthers 


284  CLii.  AMARYLLiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei*.)  [Cmium. 

yellowish  grey.  C.  zeylanicum,  Linu.  (Am.  ornata,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1171.  A.  lineata, 
LamTc.),  bulb  smaller  ovoid  abounding  more  with  cobweb-like  fibres,  leaves  much 
narrower  linear-lanceolate  keeled,  midrib  much  more  prominent,  margins  much  more 
waved  perfectly  smooth,  scape  longer  10-12-fld.,  flowers  smaller  colours  very  bright, 
anthers  brown. 

Sect.  IV.  Beachynema.  Perianth  nodding,  funnel-shaped,  lobes 
oblong.     Stamens  erect,  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers. 

12.  C.  brachynema,  Ilerh.  in  Bot.  Reg.  1842,  Misc.  36;  leaves 
li-2  ft.  by  3-4  in.  broadly  lorate  margins  smooth,  scape  12  in.,  umbels 
16-20-fld.,  spathes  lanceolate,  flowers  pedicelled,  perianth-tube  li-2  in., 
lobes  2  by  I  in.  many  times  longer  than  the  stamens.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5937; 
Flore  des  Serves,  t.  2303 ;  Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  88. 

The  CoNCAN  ;   Woodroiu,  Stochs. 

Bulb  as  large  as  the  fist,  ovoid,  neck  very  short.  Leaves  produced  long  after 
flowering,  concave,  not  keeled.  Scape  8-12  in. ;  spathes  greenish.  Flowers  fragrant, 
white  J  anthers  yellow  j  style  short,  included  in  the  tube. 

DOIJBTPUL    SPECIES. 

C.  BREVIFOLIUM,  var.  a,  Hort.  Beng. ;  C.  bracteaiuni,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  179 ;  Herb, 
in  Bot.  Mag.  under  t.  2121,  f.  4.  "  From  Sundeep  near  Chittagong." — Roxburgh's 
C.  brevifolium  (Fl.  Ind.  ii.  129,  introduced  into  the  Calcutta  Gardens  from  the 
Mauritius)  is  a  native  of  the  Seychelles  according  to  Baker,  and  referable  to  C. 
bracteatum,  Willd.,  and  to  asiaticum,  var.  bracteatum,  Herb.,  it  is  a  Stenaster  with 
lorate  leaves  1-1^  ft.  by  3-4  in.  broad  with  crisped  margins,  scape  much  compressed 
10-20-fld.,  perianth-tube  slender  2|-3  in.,  lobes  white;  cells  of  ovary  1-ovuled. 
Specimens  of  any  Sundeep  Crinum  should  be  procured  for  the  determination  of  this 
plant. 

C.  CANALIFOLIUM,  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  under  t.  2121;  Amaryllid.  2hS  (C 
canaliculatum,  Carey,  non  Eoxb.),  is  altogether  doubtful.     (See  under  10  pratense.) 

C.  EETTHROPHYLLUM,  Carey  mss.  ex  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  sub  t.  2121 ;  Amaryllid. 
259),  from  Rangoon,  with  deep  blood-red  leaves,  is  mentioned  by  Herbert  as  having 
been  cultivated  in  Calcutta  by  Carey,  but  lost  before  flowering. 

C.  MACROCAEPUM,  Carey  mss.  ex  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  I.  c,  from  Rangoon,  is 
doubtfully  referred  by  Herbert  and  Baker  (Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  75)  to  C.sumatranum, 
Roxb.  (Bot.  Reg.  t.  1049),  a  species  of  sect.  Stenaster,  with  long  narrow  rigid  leaves, 
the  fruit  as  large  as  a  man's  fist,  and  seeds  2  in.  broad. 

C.  (Stenaster)  pedunculatum,  Br.  Prodr.  297;  Bot.  Meg.  t.  52  ;  Burg  Hexand. 
Fl.  t.  ii. ;  Herh.  Amaryllid.  246  ;  Baker  Handb.  of  Amaryllid,  77.  This  Austra- 
lian species  probably  occurs  in  the  Malay  Islands  and  Peninsula.  A  leafless  Crinum 
from  Fenang  (Curtis,  No.  1274)  and  Wallich's  C.  asiaticum,  8969  D,  from  Fiulayson 
(Siam  ?)  strongly  resemble  it.  It  diff'ers  from  C.  asiaticum  only  in  the  long 
pedicelled  flowers,  and  according  to  the  Bot.  Reg.  in  the  elongated  rootstock. 
Bentham  (Fl.  Austral,  vi.  455)  doubts  the  Bot.  Reg.  plant  being  the  true  peduncu- 
latum,  and  suspects  that  the  true  is  only  C.  asiaticum  (as  do  I). 

C.  (Platyaster)  steictum,  Herh.  in  Bot.  Mag.  I.  c.  ami  t.  2365  ;  Amaryllid. 
253,  401 ;  Baker  I.  c.  86  (C.  Herbertianum,  Schult.  Syst.  vii.  871) ;  bulb  small 
ovoid,  leaves  12  by  2-2|  in.  suberect  lorate  obtuse  margins  smooth,  scape  twice  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  umbels  about  4-fld.,  spathes  3-4  in.,  perianth-tube  about  5  in. 
green,  lobes  3-4  by  \  in.  white  an  inch  longer  than  the  red  filaments.- — Ceylon, 
Hort.  Herbert. — Baker  considers  it  to  be  allied  to  t\\Q  Avi\Qv\c&.rx  Platyaster s ;  it 
may  therefore  have  been  imported  into  Ceylon. 

C.  UMBELXATTJM,  CaTcy  ex  Herb,  in  Bot.  Mag.  I.  c. — Of  this  Herbert  says 
that  it  is  perhaps  a  small  var.  of  C.  brevifolium. 


CLii.  AMAUYLLiDE.E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  285 

4.  PANCRATIUIVE,  Luin. 

BooiHoch  bulbous.  Leaves  often  bifarioQS,  linear  or  lanceolate.  Scape 
solid.  Flowers  large,  ■umbelled  or  solitary ;  spathes  1-2,  membranous  ; 
bracts  few,  linear,  hyaline.  Perianth  funnel-shaped  ;  tube  long  or  short  ; 
lobes  narrow.  Stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  filaments  united  by 
a  toothed  or  lobed  membrane  forming  a  cup ;  anthers  dorsifixed.  Style 
filiform,  stigma  small ;  ovules  many  superposed  in  each  cell.  Capsule 
large,  subglobosely  3-angled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  angled,  testa  lax  black.-=— 
Species  about  12,  S.  European,  Indian  and  African. 

*  Perianth- tube  1|— 2  in.     Staminal  cup  small. — Bulb  without  a  neck. 

1.  P.  trifloruxn,  Poxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  126 ;  scape  4-8-fld.,  perianth-tube 
longer  than  the  linear  lobes,  filaments  short.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  661.  Baker 
Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  128.  P.  malabathricum.  Herb.  Amaryllid.  206. 
Crinum  pauciflorum,  Miquel  Plant  exsicc.  HolienacJcer. — Pheede  Sort. 
Mai.  xi.  t.  40. 

Bengal,  Roxhurgli.    Deccan  Peninsula,  Canara.     Ceylox,  Thwaites. 

Bulb  globose,  1^-2  in.  diain.,  neck  0.  Leaves  not  bifariou3,  8-12  by  ^-f  in., 
lanceolate,  acute.  Scape  6-9  in.,  slender;  spathe  single,  ovate,  acute,  pedicels  very 
short.  Flowers  fragrant ;  tube  1^-2  in.,  throat  dilated,  lobes  f-1  in.;  staminal 
cup  i  in.  diam.,  with  2-fid  teeth  between  the  short  filaments. 

2.  P.  zeylanicuxn,  Linn.  Sp.^Pl.  290;  scape  1-fld.,  perianth-tube  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate  lobes  or  shorter,  throat  broadly  funnel-shaped, 
filaments  much  longer  than  the  broad  shallow  12-toothed  cup.  Kunth 
Enum.  V.  662  ;  Roxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  ii.  124  ;  Thwaites  Fnum.  324  ;  Wall.  Cat. 
8973  A ;  Baler  Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  118 ;  Bot.  Peg.  t.  479 ;  Pot.  Mag. 
t.  2538.     P.  tiaraeflorum,  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  t.  86. 

Tropical  Asia  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Malay  Archipelago. 

Bulb  globose,  1^-2  in.  diam. ;  neck  0.  Leaves  8-12,  bifarious,  6-11  in.,  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves  j  spathes  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube.  Flowers  sessile,  white,  fragrant,  2-3  in.  diam. ;  cup  broad,  sub- 
equally  12-toothed,  teeth  large ;  filaments  1-1|  in.  longer  than  the  cup ;  anthers 
I'm. 

**  Perianth-tube  3-4  in.     Staminal  cup-broad. — Bulb  with  a  long  neck. 

3.  P.  verecunduxn,  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  i.  412;  scape  stout  about 
equalling  the  oblanceolate  leaves  or  longer  2-6-fld.,  spathes  2,  filaments 
much  longer  than  the  teeth  of  the  cup.  Kunth  Fnum.  y,  661 ;  Bot.  Peg. 
t.  413;  Herb.  Amaryllid.  206;  Baker  Handh.  of  Amaryllid.  119  {excl.  syn. 
Wight) 

Foot  of  the  Himalaya,  from  the  Panjab  eastwards  to  Sikkim. 

Bulb  globose,  2  in.  diam. ;  neck  cylindric.  Leaves  thin,  1-1^  by  ^-f  in.,  acumi- 
nate. Scape  12  in.,  compressed ;  j?pathes  lanceolate ;  pedicels  short.  Perianth- 
tube  3-4  in.,  throat  obconic  ;  lobes  1|  in.,  linear;  staminal  cup  obconic,  f-1  in.  long, 
with  a  bifid  tooth  between  the  filaments  ;  style  longer  than  the  stamens. — The  above 
description  is  from  Baker. 

4.  P.  bifiorum,  Poxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  125  ;  scape  2-3-fld.,  perianth-tube 
slender  trigonous  as  long  as  the  linear  lobes,  throat  not  dilated,  filaments 
about  as  long  as  the  funnel-shaped  erose  cup.  .^  P.  longiflorum,  Herb. 
Amaryllid.  208,  t.  42,  f .  2. 


286  CLii.  AMARYLLiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         \_Pa7icratium, 

India,  rave,  Eoxlurgh. 

Leaves  4-8,  bifarious,  12-16  in.,  erect,  narrowed  from  the  obtuse  point  to  the 
base.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  spathes  3-4,  unequal  in  length.  Ferianth- 
^it6e 3-4  in.,  slender,  green,  not  at  all  inflated  at  the  insertion  of  the  linear  lobes; 
cup  1^  in., long;  filaments  1^-2  in.,  anthers  ^  in.  long. — A  well  marked  species  by- 
its  long  3-gonous  perianth-tube  not  at  all  inflated  above,  erose  (not  12 -toothed)  broad 
cup,  and  long  stamens. — Herbert's  figure  of  longiflorum  almost  exactly  accords  with 
Roxburgh's  excellent  description  and  figure  of  hijlorum,  except  that  the  leaves  are 
acute  and  that  he  gives  the  habitat  (according  to  the  Banksian  Herbarium)  as  the 
Moluccas  ;  with  P.  verecundum  it  has  nothing  in  common. 

5.  P-  longriflorum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  125  ;  scape  much  shorter  than 
the  narrowly  lanceolate  leaves  usually  1-fld.,  spathe  single,  filaments 
longer  than  the  teeth  of  the  cup.  Kunth  J^num.Y.  663;  Herb.  Amaryllicl. 
208,  t.  42,  f .  2 ;  Baker  Handb  o  Amaryllid.  119.  P.  cambayense.  Herb.  I.e. 
208,  t.  42,  f.  1. 

Central  India  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula,  Hottler. —J)i&trib,  Moluccas. 

Bulh  globose,  1^-2  in.  diam.,  neck  long  cylindric.  Leaves  12  by  ^-1  in.  Scape 
compressed,  spathes  very  acuminate.  Perianth-tube  5-6  in.,  green,  throat  obconic  ; 
lobes  2  in.,  lanceolate  ;  staminal  cup  above  1  in.  long  with  large  bifid  teeth  between 
the  filaments. — Roxburgh  describes  this  species  as  received  from  the  Moluccas  and 
as  having  the  scape  even  shorter  than  the  perianth-tube  and  the  filaments  very  little 
longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  cup. 

6.  P-  parvum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bat.  ii.  (1850)  144;  scape  very 
slender  compressed  about  equalling  the  linear  or  lanceolate  strict  leaves 
2-4-fld.,  spathe  solitary,  filaments  hardly  longer  than  the  teeth  of  the  cup 
and  much  shorter  than  the  anthers.  JDalz.  &  Gibs._  Bomb.  Fl.  276 ;  Baker 
Handb.  of  Amaryllid.  119. 

The  CONCAN ;  on  Mt.  Dronoghiri,  Dalzell. 

Bidh  globose  j  neck  long,  cylindric.  Leaves  12  in.  or  less,  linear,  striate,  nearly 
flat,  thin.  Scape  6-12  in. ;  spathe  sometimes  deeply  bifid.  Perianth-tube  3-5  in,, 
lobes  1  in. ;  staminal  cup  half  as  long  as  the  perianth  lobes,  equally  12-toothed, 
filaments  hardly  longer  than  the  teeth,  two-thirds  shorter  than  the  anthers  ;  ovarian 
cells  many-ovuled.     Capsw^e  ovoid,  3-lobed ;  cells  few  seeded. 

DOUBTPUL    species. 

P.  VERECCNDU3I,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2023,  from  Travancore  (Coimbatore).  This 
which  is  referred  to  by  Baker  as  the  P.  verecundum  of  Aiton,  appears  from  the  figure 
to  be  a  very  different  plant,  having  no  neck  to  the  bulb,  a  very  short  8-fid.  scape,  a 
large  solitary  spathe,  a  perianth-tube  much  shorter  than  the  lobes,  and  the  bifid 
lobes  of  the  cup  have  a  small  tooth  in  the  sinus,  the  filaments  are  twice  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  cup.  The  figure  is  a  rude  one  ;  in  that  of  the  whole  plant  the 
perianth  lobes  are  narrowly  linear,  in  the  separate  flower  they  are  elliptic-lanceolate 
and  clawed. 

P.  MALABAEICUM,  Thwaites  Enum.  324  (C.  P.  2339).  Palcer  (Handb.  p.  184) 
cannot  distinguish  this  from  Hgmenocallis  tenuijiora,  Herb.,  a  NewGrenadan  plant. 
The  genus  JSi/menocallis,  which  is  exclusively  S.  American,  diff*ers  from  Pancratium 
in  the  ovules  being  2  collateral  and  basal  in  each  cell.  Thwaites  says  that  his 
malabarieum  is  a  native  of  river-banks  in  Ceylon  at  1^-2000  ft,  and  gives  it  a  native 
name  (Deya-manil.) 

Okder  cliii.  taccaceh:. 

Rootstock  tuberous  or  creeping.  Leaves  radical,  simple  lobed  or  laci- 
niate,  costate  and  penninerved.    Scape  leafless,  flowers  umbelled,  greenish- 


CLiii.  TACGACEM.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  287 

brown  or  lurid ;  involucre  of  2-6  spatlies  ;  bracts  very  long,  filiform,  like 
pedicels.  Perianth  superior,  urceolate  or  subcampanulate,  0-lobed  in  2 
series.  Stamens  6,  at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  filaments  very  short,  base 
dilated  or  appendaged  on  each  side,  above  it  dilated  into  an  inflexed  hood, 
with  2-ribs  or  horns  on  the  inner  surface  ;  anthers  sessile  within  the  hood. 
Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  short,  included,  stigmas  3  broad  or  petaloid  and  re- 
flexed  like  an  umbrella  over  the  style  ;  ovules  many,  on  3  parietal  placentas, 
anatropous  or  subamphitropous.  Fruit  indehiscent  baccate  or  at  length 
3-vaived,  3-6-ribbed.  Seeds  numerous,  ovoid,  testa  appressed  striate ; 
albumen  hard ;  embryo  minute. — Species  about  10,  tropical. 

1.  TACCA,  Forst. 
Character  of  the  Order. 

1.  T.  pinnatifida,  Forst.  Plant.  Esculent.  No.  28;  Char.  Gen.  69, 
t.  35 ;  leaves  tripartite  segments  2-3-fid  or  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  pin- 
nate at  the  base,  petiole  and  scape  long  smooth,  invol.  leaves  4-12  or  more 
subequal  oblong  acuminate,  perianth  lobes  conniving  subequal.  JRoxh.  Fl. 
Ind.  ii.  172 ;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  230 ;  Balz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  276 ; 
Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vi.  4£8 ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  566  j  Kunth  Enum. 
V.  458 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Gat.  t.  692.  Regel  Gartenfl.  t.  582 ;  LamTc.  Fncycl. 
t.  232 ;  Treviran.  Symbol,  t.  54,  55 ;  Griff.  Notul.  238 ;  Ic.  PI.  As.  t.  272 A. 
T.  pinnatifolia,  Gserin.  Fruct.  i.  43  t.  14. 

The  CoNCANS,  and  Central  India;  Hazarebagh,  Vicary;  Chota  Xagpore, 
Clarke.  Malayan  Peninsula  ;  Malacca  and  Ceylon,  Trincomalee. — Disteib. 
Australia,  Malayan  and  Pacific  Islds. 

Rootstock  globose,  1  ft.  diam.  under  cultivation.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  diam. ;  petiole 
1-3  ft.  Scape  tapering,  longer  than  the  petiole,  striped  dark  and  light  green, 
10-40-fld.  ;  flowers  drooping ;  invol.  leaves  lanceolate,  recurved,  striped  with  purple ; 
filiform  bract*^  very  numerous.  Peria)dh  greenish,  subglobose,  f  in.  diam.,  fleshy, 
lobes  margined  with  purple.     Fruit  size  of  a  pigeon's  e^^,  6 -ribbed,  yellow. 

2.  T.  cristata,  Jack,  in  Mai.  Misc.  I.  iNo.  v.  23 ;  leaves  either  oblong 
or  elliptic-lanceolate,  petiole  and  tall  scape  smooth,  2  inner  involucral 
spathes  very  large  foliaceous  erect  with  stout  flat  petioles,  2  outer 
much  smaller  sessile  ovate  acuminate  cuneate,  flowers  dark  purple, 
perianth- lobes  spreading  and  recurved,  3  inner  much  the  largest,  orbicular. 
Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  578.  T.  Rafflesiana,  Jack,  in  Wall.  Cat.  5172. 
Atacca  cristata,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  466  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4587.  Lemaire  Jard. 
Fleur.  t.  186,  187.     Flore  des  Serres,  t.  860,  861. 

Malay  Peninsula j  Malacca,  Penang  and  Singapore. 

Rootstock  conic.  Leaves  1-2  ft.,  dark  greenish-purple  ;  petiole  very  stout,  brown- 
purple.  Scape  as  long  as  the  leaves,  stout,  dirty  green,  grooved ;  outer  invol. 
spathes  3-4  in.,  revolute,  brown-purple,  inner  6  in.,  elliptic,  obtuse,  strongly 
plicately  nerved,  green,  narrowed  into  a  very  stout  compressed  brown-purple 
petiole;  flowers  drooping,  pedicels  stout  filiform;  bracts  6-8  in.,  pendulous, 
pale.  Perianth  1 1  in.  diam. ;  outer  lobes  oblong,  acute,  inner  rounded  broader  than 
long,  all  at  length  reflexed ;  throat  with  a  thickened  crenate  ring.  Ovary  turbinate, 
6-ribbed.     Stigmatic  lobes  ciliate. 

3.  T.  integrifolia.  Ker.-Gaivl.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1488;  leaves  entire 
elliptic-ovate,  petiole  and  short  stout  scape  rough,  2  inner  invol.  leaves 
very  large,  spreading  foliaceous  petioles  slender,  2  outer  smaller  sessile 
ovate  acuminate,  flowers  pale,  perianth  lobes  sjJreading  and  reflexed,  3 


288  CLiii.  TACCACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Tacca. 

inner  largest  broadly  oblong.  Boxb.  Cor.  PL  t.  257.  T.  aspera,  Boxb. 
Fl.  Ind.  ii.  169.  Atacca  integrifolia,  Presl  Bel.  Haseh.  149  ;  Flore  des 
Serves,  t.  860,  861. 

SiLHET,  Chittagong  and  Tenasserim. 

RootstocJc  oblong,  curved.  Leaves  8-16  by  4-8  in.,  acuminate,  strongly  nerved 
and  bullate  ;  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade,  and  scape  maroon-brown.  Scape  about 
as  long  as  the  petiole,  stout,  recurved  or  laent  to  one  side,  few-fld. ;  invol.  spathes 
unequal,  twisted,  dirty  green  with  purple  nerves  ;  outer  2-3  in.,  finely  acuminate  ; 
inner  longer,  petioled,  often  vaulted  over  the  at  length  drooping  flowers.  Feriant/i 
gi'eenish -purple  and  yellow,  or  dirty  lilac  ;  outer  lobes  subacute,  rather  shorter  than  the 
obtuse  inner ;  mouth  obscurely  thickened  and  ridged,  all  at  length  reflexed.  Ooary 
turbinate,  deeply  grooved.     Berry  1|  in.,  oblong,  fleshy. 

4.  T.  Isevis,  Boxb.  FL  I?id.  ii.  171 ;  leaves  entire  elliptic- ovate  petiole 
and  short  recurved  scape  smooth,  invol.  leaves  4  subequal  sessile  ovate 
acuminate,  perianth-lobes  spreading  acute  3  inner  largest  and  broadest. 
Grah.  Cat.  jBomh.  PL  230.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  466.  T.  integrifolia,  Hei^b. 
Ham. 

Bhotan  Himalaya,  Griffith.  Silhet,  Roxburgh,  Chittagong,  Munnipore, 
and  Tenasseeim,  S.  Concan,  Nimmo. — Distrib.  Tonkin,  Java. 

Rootstoch  subcylindric.  Leaves  12-16  by  5-6  in.,  acuminate ;  petiole  as  long 
as  the  blade.  Scape  shorter  than  the  petiole,  greenish- purple,  more  or  less  re- 
curved, 6-12-fld. ;  invol.  leaves  2  by  1  in.,  finely  acuminate,  many-nerved;  bracts 
numerous  filiform.  Flowers  pedicelled,  blueish,  greenish-grey  or  violet ;  perianth 
f-1  in.  diam.;  outer  lobes  acute. 

Order  OLIY.  DZOSCOREACSS:. 

Bootstock  various.  Stem  climbing,  branched,  rarely  short  erect. 
Leaves  entire  lobed  or  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  costate  and  reticulate,  petiole 
often  angular  and  twisted  at  the  base.  Floivers  small  or  minute,  panicled 
racemose  or  spicate,  rarely  bisexual.  Perianth  superior,  6-cleft.  Male  fl. 
tubular  or  urceolate,  lobes  short,  spreading.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  perianth,  or  on  its  lobes  3,  6,  or  3  perfect  and  3  staminodes,  filaments 
incurved  or  recurved,  anthers  small,  globose,  oblong  or  didymous,  or  with 
the  cells  on  branches  of  the  filament.  PistUlode  various  or  0.  Fern.  fl.  Peri- 
anth of  the  male,  but  smaller.  Staminodes  3,  6  or  0.  Ovary  3-quetrous, 
3-celled  ;  styles  3,  very  short,  stigmas  entire  or  2-fid  recurved ;  ovules  2 
superposed  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  subamphitropous.  Fruit 
a  berry  or  3-valved  capsule.  Seeds  flat  or  globose  ;  embryo  small,  included 
in  the  hard  albumen. — G-enera  8,  species  about  160. 

Climbers,  flowers  unisexual,  capsule  3- winged      .        .         .1.  Dioscorea. 
Stem  erect,  1-leaved,  flowers  bisexual,  fruit  indehiscent      .     2.  Trichopus. 

1.  DZOSCOREA,  Linn. 

Fruit  capsular. — Species  150,  tropical  and  subtropical. 

The  species  of  Dioscorea  are  in  a  state  of  indescribable  confusion,  and  I  cannot 
hope  to  have  escaped  errors  in  the  determination  and  delimitation  of  the  Indian  ones, 
to  which  I  have  devoted  much  labour.  The  Roxburghiah  food-yielding  species  are 
^for  the  most  part  indeterminable,  and  except  through  a  knowledge  of  them  as  culti- 
vated in  India  they  cannot  be  understood.    No  doubt  some  of  the  species  described 


Dioscorea.']  cliv.  dioscorbaceje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  289 

by  me  may  have  other  earlier  names  in  Malayan  Flora  than  I  have  given  ;  but  the 
Malayan  species  are  even  more  loosely  described  than  the  Indian.  The  Wallichian 
collection  is  very  complete,  but  the  species  are  often  mixed. 

A.  Leaves  3-5-foliolate.  Capsule  in  all  oblong.  Seeds  winged  at  the 
top. 

Sect.  I.  Stamens  6,  all  antheriferous.     Pistillode  low,  broad. 

1.  D.  deemona,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  805 ;  Wight.  Ic.  t.  811.  D. 
virosa,  Wall.  Cat.  5099 ;  Kunth  Enum.  v.  413.  D.  triphylla  Herh.  Ham. 
D.  altissima,  Herb.  Roxb.  D.  trinervia,  Roxb.  ex  Wall.  Gat.  5C99.  D. 
amcBna,  Roxb.  ex  Wight,  {error,  for  daemona,)  D.  hirsuta,  Dennst.  Schluess. 
Hart.  Mai.  33.  Helmia  ?  daemona,  Kunth  I.  c.  439.  Smilax  ?  narcotica 
4*  virosa,  Herb.  Ham.  ex  Wall.  Oat. — Rheede  Hort.  Mal.  vii.  t.  51,  52. 

Tropical  forests  throughout  India,  Bubma,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula.— 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  Islands,  Tonkin. 

Root  tuberous,  lobed,  biennial.  Stem  stout,  terete,  more  or  less  prickly.  Leaves 
3-foliolate,  long-petioled ;  leaflets  3-12  in.,  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent  beneath, 
all  petiolulate,  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  cuspidately  caudate- acuminate,  sometimes 
strongly  reticulate,  lateral  very  oblique  5-6-nevved,  central  3-5-nerved;  petiole  6-12  in. , 
smooth  or  prickly.  Male  racemes  6-18  in.,  pubescent  or  woolly ;  spikes  \-^  in.,  shortly 
peduncled,  cyliudric,  dense-fld. ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  sepals  orbicular- 
ovate,  membranous,  shorter  than  the  coriaceous  incurved  petals ;  anthers  subsessile. 
Fern,  spikes  solitary,  flowers  distant,  perianth  of  the  male.  Capsule  2-2^  by 
1-li  in.,  base  and  top  truncately  rounded.  Seeds  with  the  oblong  wing  broader 
than  the  nucleus. — Eoxburgh  is^  undoubtedly  right  in  referring  Rumph's  "  Ubium 
sylvestre  "  to  this,  but  by  oversight  cites  t.  127  for  128. 

Var.  reticulata ;  leaves  finely  reticulate  beneath,  male  racemes  much  branched, 
capsule  tomentose.     D.  macrocarpa.  Wall.  Cat.  5100. 

Sect.  IT.  Stamens  3  antheriferous,  alternating  with  3  staminodes. 
Fistillode  columnar. 

2.  D.  tomentosa^  Heyne  in  Roth  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  371 ;  leaves  3-5- 
foliolate  softly  tomentose  beneath,  bracts  shorter  than  the  flower.  Roxh. 
Fl.  Ind.  iii.  805 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5001.  D.  triphylla,  Herb.  Buss.  Helmia  ? 
tomentosa,  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  431. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  Oanara  southwards.     Ceylon. 

JRoot  (of  long  tuberous  fibres,  1-2  ft.  Ic.  Thwaites).  Stem  slender,  prickly 
towards  the  base.  Leaves  usually  snow-white  beneath ;  leaflets  very  variable,  2-4 
in.  long,  broad  or  narrow,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shortly  petiolulate,  lateral  often 
gibbously  oblique.  Male  spikes  \-l  in.,  ternate  on  the  branches  of  a  very  slender 
exuous  tomentose  panicle;  flowers  ^  in  diam.,  sessile  or  pedicelled;  perianth  seg- 
ments subequal ;  staminodes  equalling  the  stamens,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  tips 
dilated.     Capsules  1  in.,  cuneately  oblong,  downy. 

3.  D.  pentaphylla,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1032 ;  leaves  3-5-foliolate  glabrous 
or  sparsely  pubescent  beneath,  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Roxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  iii.  806;  Wight.  Ic.  t.  814;  Wall.  Cat.  5098;  TJuoaites  Fnum.  325; 
Kunth  Enum.  396  ;  Dalz.  8c  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  24!7.  D.  triphylla,  Linn.  I.  c. ; 
Wall.  Cat.  6702;  Balz.  Sc  Gibs.  I.  c. ;  Jacq.  Ic.  t.  627;  Coll.  ii.  365;  Kunth 
I.  c.  394.  D.  Kleiniana,  Kunth  I.  c.  394.  D.  lunata,  Roth  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  370. 
D.  digitata.  Mill  Gard.  Diet.  No.  6.  Botryosicyos  pentaphylius,  Hochst. 
in  Flora  1844  Beil.  3.  Hamatris  triphylla,  Salisb.  Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  12. 
—Rheede  Hort.  Mal.  vii.  t.  34,  35. 


290  CLiv.  DioscoREACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         {^DioscorQa. 

I 

Throughout  tropical  India,  from  Kumaon  in  the  N.W.  Himalaya  eastward 
to  Burma,  and  southward  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca.  Distrib.  Malay  HUls,  Afr. 
trop. 

Tubers  oblong  (5-6  ft.,  Ic.  Thwaites).  Stem  slender,  prickly  at  the  base,  rarely 
above,  often  bulbifei'ous.  Leaves  as  in  D.  tomentosa,  but  never  softly  tomenbose,' 
obovate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate.  Male  panicles  and  flowers  glabrous  hispidly 
pubescent  or  villous,  spikes  lax  or  dense-fld. ;  flowers  sessile  or  pedicelled,  ^'^  -^  in. 
diam.  fragrant;  filaments  and  starainodes  very  short.  Capsule  f-1  in.,  rouYided 
at  both  ends  or  base  cordate  and  tip  apiculate,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Seeds  j-.V  in., 
wing  broader  than  the  nucleus. — I  cannot  separate  the  glabrous  tomentose  and 
villous-flowered  plants,  or  the  sessile-  from  the  pedicelled-flowered.  A  fruiting 
Bombay  specimen  from  Ritchie  has  almost  woolly  capsules  cordate  at  the  base, 
and  with  a  strong  short  beak  at  the  retuse  apex. 

4.  D.  kumaonensis,  KuntJi  Enum.  v.  395 ;  leaves  3-5-foliolate 
nearly  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy  beneath,  bracts  long-acaminate  longer 
than  the  flowers.  D.  pentaphylla,  Wall.  Gat.  5098  E.  D.  triphylla.  Wall. 
Gat.  5702  B.  F.  Yitis,  Wall.  Gat.  9032. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim.  The  Khasia 
and  MuNNBPORE  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Very  near  Z>.  'pentaphylla,  but  a  plant  of  temperate  regions,  and  more  slender, 
with  pisiform  bulbils,  more  membranous  narrower  leaflets  with  long  setaceous 
points,  larger  longer  more  pointed  bracts,  larger  flowers  xV~to  ^°*  ^iam.,  longer 
staminodes  and  pistillode ;  but  there  are  Garvvhal  specimens  from  Edgeworth  with 
bracts  as  short  and  flowers  as  small  as  in  pentaphylla.  Capsule  f  in.  oblong, 
rounded  at  both  ends. — A  state  occurs  in  both  the  Himalaya  and  Khasia  with  a 
much-branched  panicle  bearing  imperfect  long-pedicelled  flowers  with  very  narrow 
quite  glabrous  sepals  and  petals,  abortive  anthers,  and  sometimes  a  large  imperfect 
stigma;  the  bracts  in  this  are  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel  which  is  an  imperfect 
ovary. 

5.  D.  J a,c(iuemontii^  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  3-5-foliolate,  leaflets  finely 
acuminate  glabrous,  flowers  much  larger  than  in  D.  2'>€nta]phylla  glabrous 
and  short  bracts  both  streaked  witb  brown. 

The  CoNCAN,  between  Poona  and  Carli,  Jacquemont ;  Belgaum,  Ritchie. 
Closely  allied  to  D.  pentaphylla,  but  besides  the  above  difierences,  the  stamens, 
staminodes  and  pistillodes  are  all  much  longer. 

B.  Leaves  simple. 

Sect.  III.  Sepals  broadly  oblong  or  orbicular.  Stamens  3,  antheriferous, 
anther-cells  remote  on  the  arms  of  a  forked  connective. 

6.  D.  CoUettii,  ITook.  f. — Diosc.  sp.  indescript.,  Collett  &  HemsL 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xxviii.  137. 

Burma  ;  Shan  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Collett. 

Quite  glabrous.  Branches  slender,  terete,  unarmed.  Leaves,  largest  4-5  by 
3-3 1  in.,  broadly  ovate -cordate,  acuminate,  7-9-nerved  from  the  deeply  2-lobed 
base,  membranous,  reticulate,  basal  lobes  rounded;  petiole  slender.  Male  spikes 
axillary,  solitary,  longer  than  the  leaves,  very  slender ;  flowers  jL.  in.  diam.,  in  distant 
clusters;  bracts  very  broad,  membranous;  sepals  orbicular-ovate  and  broadly  elliptic 
petals  flat,  with  rounded  tips ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals,  distant 
from  the  minute  3-toothed  staminode ;  filaments  very  short ;  anther-ceils  minute, 
globose. — Dries  black.  The  only  Asiatic  species  with  forked  filaments  and  separated 
anther-cells. 

:    ISect.  IV.  Sopah  broadly   oblong  or   orbicular.     Stamens   6,  antheri- 


Bioscorea.]         oliv.  dioscobeace-S.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  291 

ferous    (except    Z>.    decipiens) ;    anther-cells    combined.     Capsule   (where 
known)  broader  than  long.     Seeds  orbicular,  broadly  winged  all  round. 

*  Male  flowers  in  long  simple  or  nearly  simple  axillary  spikes,  distant, 
or  in  distant  clusters. 

:  7.  D.  spinosa,  Boxh.  ex  Wall.  Gat.  5703  A,  B,  0,  E,  F ;  glabrous  or 
tomentose,  leaves  orbicular-  or  reniform-cordate,  perianth  subrotate,  pistil- 
lode  large.  D.  aculeata,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  800  {not  of  Linn.).  D.  sativa, 
Idnn.  Sp.  PI.  loss  partly;  Kuntli  Mnum.  v.  341  (excl.  /3).  Thwaites  Enum. 
326  in  note.  D.  tilisefolia,  Kunth  I.  c.  401.  D.  cympsula,  Hemd.  Biol. 
Gentr.  Atner.  Bot.  iii.  355,  v.  t.  90.  D.  aculeata,  Cenjbulium  and  echinata, 
Herb.  Ham.  D.  lanata,  Balf.  Bot.  Socot.  v.  '^S^i^Bheede  Sort.  Mai. 
viii,  t.  52. — Bumph.  Amb.  v.  t.  126. 

Teopical  India,  Ceylon,  Buema  and  the  Malay  Peninsula,  cultivated, — 
DisTBiB.  Trop.  America. 

Tubers  very  large ;  base  of  stem  with  long  woody  rigid  fibres  bearing  spines  half 
an  inch  long.  Stem  terete,  very  spinous  at  the  base.  Leaves  attaining  8  in.  long  and 
broad,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  5-7-nerved,  rather  membranous,  basal  lobes  rounded. 
Male  spikes  6-18  in. ;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  often  in  very  dense  cymules,  sessile  or  shortly 
pedicelled  ;  bracteoles  very  broad  ;  perianth  segments  remote  from  the  large  oblong 
pistillode;  anthers  large.  Fern,  raceme  rather  short.  Capsule  1  in.  diam.,  broadly 
obcordate. — I  cannot  adopt  Roxburgh's  name  of  aculeata  for  this,  for  it  is  not 
Linnaeus's  plant  of  that  name,  which  is  Rheede's  Katter  Kalengra,  and  which  has 
panicled  male  spikes.  Nor  can  I,  as  Kunth  and  Thwaites  have,  take  Linnaeus'  name 
of  sativa,  though  Rheede's  figure  of  it  is  cited  by  Linnaeus  under  his  sativa,  be- 
cause the  plant  figured  in  "  Hortus  ClifFortianus  "  mast  be  accepted  as  sativa  Linn., 
it  being  cited  by  himself  as  his  type.  -^ 

8.  D.  deltoidea,  Wall.  Cat.  5110 ;  nearly  glabrous,  leaves  hastately 
or  subdeltoidly-cordate  acuminate  7-9-nerved,  perianth  sub-rotate,  pistil- 
lode  minute.     Kunth  Enum.  v.  340. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir  to  Bhotan  alt.  6-1000  ft,  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.— Disteib.  Affghanistan. 

Branches  very  slender,  terete,  unarmed.  Leaves  attaining  7  by  5  in.,  mem- 
branous, reticulate  beneath,  very  variable  in  breadth  and  depth  of  lobing,  lobes 
rounded  or  subangtjlar,  sometimes  dilated  outward ;  petiole  2-5  in.,  very  slender. 
Male  spikes  very  slender,  rarely  branched;  flowers  J^^  in.  diam.,  solitary  or  clustered  ; 
perianth-segments  nearly  flat ;  stamens  very  short,  anthers  didymous.  Capsule 
very  variable,  orbicular,  deltoid  or  obtusely  quadrate,  rarely  broadly  obcordate,  base 
rounded  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate ;  valves  very  thin.  Se^ds  very  variable  in 
form,  winged  all  round  or  on  one  side. — I  hesitate  to  unite  with  this  the  Burmese 
plant  referred  to  it  by  Hemsley  and  CoUett  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii.  137)  which  is 
too  imperfect  for  determination. 

9.  D.  Wigrhtii,  HooTc.f. ;  quite  glabrous,  leaves  ovate-cordate  acumi- 
nate 7-nerved,  perianth-segments  erect,  pistillode  minute. 

Travancoee;  Courtallam,  Wight. 

In  habit  and  foliage  very  like  D.  delioidea,  but  the  flowers  are  always  solitary, 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  the  filaments  much  longer,  and  the  anthers  large  and  oblong. 
— Only  one  specimen  seen. 

10.  I>.  spicata,  Botli  PI.  Nov.  571 ;  quite  glabrous,  leaves  alternate 
shortly  petioled  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  3-rarely  5-nerved  finely  reticulate 
beneath,  flowers  globose,  pistillode  large  conical.  Kunth  Enum.  vi.  399 ; 
Thwaites  Enum.  326. 

XT  2 


292  CLiv.  DioscoREACEJE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Dioscorea. 

India,  Het/ne.     Ceylon,  Walker,  S^c. 

Sranches  very  slender,  terete,  unarmed.  Leaves  2-4  by  f-2  in.,  obtusely  acumi- 
nate, thin,  obscurely  margined,  base  cuneate  or  rounded  rarely  subcordate.  Male 
spikes  3-8  in.,  rarely  branched  ;  bracts  ovate  ;  flowers  -j^2  ^"'  diam.,  solitary,  sessile  ; 
segments  ere?t,  concave,  elliptic,  obtuse ;  filaments  rather  slender,  anthers  didy- 
mous.  Capsule  1§  in.  diam.,  subquadrate,  retuse  at  top  and  bottom,  glabrous, 
shining.  Seeds  winged  all  round. — I  follow  Thwaitea  in  referring  the  Ceylon 
plant  to  Eoth's  very  insufl&ciently  described  D.  spicata,  of  which  I  have  seen  no 
specimens.  Thwaites'  specimens  of  D.  oppositifoUa  (C.P.  2302)  in  Herb.  Kew  are 
certainly  this;  but  as  oppositifoUa  is  a  Ceylon  plant,  the  error  probably  arises  from 
a  misplacement  of  tickets. 

**  Male  spikes  Ijhorled  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles. 


\ 


t  Leaves  cuneate?  or  rounded  at  the  base,  rarely  retuse  never  deeply- 
cordate. 

§  Leaves  more  or  less  ^pubescent  beneath,  or  glabrous  in  D.  oppositifolia. 

.  11.  D.  pyrifolia,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  384;  leaves  mostly  opposite 
orbicular  or  broadly  oblong  5-nerved  coriaceous  more  or  less  finely  (not 
stellately)  pubescent  beneath,  male  spikes  1-1\  in.  spreading,  anthers 
subsessile,  pistillode  minute. 

Tenasserim,  Heifer  {Kew  distrib.  5538).  Singapore,  Wallich.  Malacca, 
(not  Philippine  Islands),  Cuming  (No.  2314),  Griffith  {K.  d.  5562),  Maingay  {K.  ri. 
1705),  Eervey. 

Branches  terete,  glabrous  or  puberulous.  Leaves  2-4  by  li-3  in.,  acuminate  or 
cuspidate,  base  rounded  or  retuse,  reticulate  beneath ;  petiole  |-I  in.  Spikes 
glabrous;  flowers  tV~tV  ^^*  d'am.,  globose  ;  sepals  orbicular-oblong  ;  petals  cuneate- 
obovate ;  anthers  very  small.  Capsule  broader  than  long,  cordate  at  base  and  top. 
Seeds  i-1  in.  diam. — Kunth  erred  in  assuming  this  to  be  one  of  Cuming's  Philippine 
plants. 

12.  D.  orbiculata.  Hook,  in  Serb. ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  orbicular 
5-nerved  stellately  pubescent  towards  the  base  beneath,  male  spikes 
H-2  in.  spreading,  flowers  very  minute,  anthers  subsessile,  pistillode 
minute.     D.  sativa,  Wall.  Cat.  5108  C. 

Penang  ;  Philipp  ;  on  Govt.  Hill,  Curtis. 

Very  near  L>.  pyrifolia,  but  the  leaves  are  smaller,  not  coriaceous,  and  at  once 
distinguished  by  the  stellate  hairs  beneath,  the  petals  also  are  elliptic— Fem.  fl.  and 
fruit  unknown. 

13.  D.  oppositifolia,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1033 ;  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent,  or  panicles  tomentose,  leaves  mostly  opposite  from  lanceolate 
to  elliptic-oblong  ovate  or  orbicular  strongly  3-5-iierved  coriaceous  with  a 

.cartilaginous  margin,  male  spikes  short  rarely  1  in.  spreading,  anther 
iarge^  pistillode  minute.  Kunth  Enum.  390  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5104 ;"  Bovb.  Fl. 
Ipd.  iii.  804 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  813  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  M.  247.  D.  glabra, 
Wall.  Oat.  5105  D,  E.  D.  trinervia,  Boxb.  mss.  D.  lanceolata.  Herb. 
Heyne,     D.  coriacea,  Herb.  Wight.  / 

Tropical  India,  from  Assam,  Silhet  and  Chittagong,  southwa^'ds  to  Ceylon. 

A  large  climber,  branches  terete,  unarmed.  Leaves  3-5  by  1-3'  in.,  with  a  well- 
defined  cartilaginous  margin;  petiole  ^-1  in.,  stout.  Male  spikes  rather  stout, 
usually  deiise-fld.  ;  flowers  rather  large,  JV  in.  diairr.,  but  variable  in  size,  sessile, 
globose;  sepals  orbicular;  petals  obovate ;  filaments  rather  Jong,  Capsule 
14'^  in.  diam.,  retuse  or  almost  2-lobed  at  the  top,  coriaceous,  glabi-oys.  Seeds 
|-1:|  in.  diam.,  wing  very  broad.  >.  - 


Dioscorea.l  cLiy.  dioscoreacej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  293 

14.  D.  decipiens;  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  opposite  ovate-lanceolate  to 
orbicular  finely  pubescent  beneath  strongly  3-5-nerved,  margin  cartilagi- 
nous, male  spikes  short  as  in  D.  oppositifolia,  but  triandrous  with  3 
staminodes  on  the  petals.     D.  glabra,  Wall.  Gat.  5105  Gr,  H. 

BuEMA ;  at  Prome  and  Taongdong,  Wallich ;  Upper  Burma,  Collett. 
Kesembles  D.  oppositifolia  so  closely  that  an  examination  of  very  many  flowers  of" 
both  species  was  necessary  to  determine  me   to  regard  it  as  a  species ;    it  has  also 
hitherto  occurred  in  a  different  geographical  area,  being  confined  to  Burma  where 
D.  oppositifolia  has  not  been  collected. 

§§  Leaves  perfectly  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  {see  also  13.  oppositifolia). 

15.  D.  laurifolia^  Wall.  Cat.  5111  ;  very  slender,  leaves  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  obtusely  acuminate  3-nerved  strongly  reticulate 
beneath,  male  spikes  very  slender  deflexed,  flowers  very  minute,  pistillode 
minute.     D.  glabra,  Wall.  Gat.  5105  B. 

Penang,  Porter,  Maingay  {Keto  distrih.  1701),  Sullett. 

Leaves  3-4i  by  |-li  in.,  opposite  and  alternate,  rather  stiff;  base  rounded  or 
cuneate;  petiole  i-1  in.,  very  slender.  Male  spikes  \\-2i\  in.  long  elongate  uni- 
lateral panicles,  solitary  or  2-4-nate,  pendulous  ;  flowers  J^  in.  diam.,  scattered ; 
sepals  broadly  oblong  ;  petals  smaller,  oblong  ;  anthers  rather  large,  filaments  short. 
Fruit  unknown. 

Var.  ?  More  robust,  leaves  shorter  elliptic  more  coriaceous,  male  spikes  stouter 
very  densely  whorled  in  stiffer  panicles,  flowers  larger  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Fern.  fl.  in  large  branched  green  glabrous  panicles. — Malacca,  Griffith  [Kew  distrih. 
5556). 

16.  D.  deflexa,  Hoolcf. ;  leaves  chiefly  opposite  ovate-oblong  acu- 
minate 5-nerved,  base  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate,  male  spikes  1-li  in. 
stout  deflexed,  anthers  large,  pistillode  large. 

Singapore  and  Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  distrih.  1705,  1706). 

Branches  rather  stout,  terete.  Leaves  4-5  by  Ig-S  in.,  strongly  coriaceous,  margin 
not  thickened  or  cartilaginous  ;  petiole  1-1 J  in.  Male  spikes  deflexed  from  the 
base ;  flowers  globose,  about  -^-^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  broadly  ovate  ;  petals  oblong. 
Fem.fi.  in  long  much  branched  lax-fld.  perfectly  glabrous  panicles.  Capsule  2  in. 
broad,  retuse  at  the  top  and  base.  Seeds  nearly  1  in.  diam.,  wing  very  broad. — 
Distinguished  from  oppositifolia  by  the  deflexed  male  spikes  and  margin  of  leaf  not 
thickenened,  and  the  large  pistillode. 

17.  D.  obcuneata,  KooTc.f. ;  very  slender,  leaves  opposite  cuneately 
obovate  cuspidate  3-nerved  membranous,  petiole  short  very  slender,  male 
spikes  \-\  in.  very  slender  in  very  slender  axillary  panicles,  flowers  very 
minute,  pistillode  obscure. 

Ceylon. 

Branches  terete.  Leaves  2  by  1-1^  in.,  very  thin  and  pale  when  dry,  very 
slender,  nervules  indistinct,  base  narrow  exactly  cuneate ;  petiole  ^  in.  Male  spikes 
spreading  horizontally,  rachis  almost  capillary,  flowers  scattered,  globose,  sessile, 
-/g^  in.  diam. — 1  have  seen  but  one  specimen,  in  the  Hookerian  Herbarium,  marked 
as  from  Ceylon  by  Sir  W.  Hooker,  but  with  no  other  locality  or  collector's  name ;  I 
have  searched  throughout  the  genus  for  any  species  at  all  resembling  it  in  the 
obcuneate- leaves  with  very  short  slender  petioles, 
'i  ■ 

ft  lieaves  cor^datq  hasta^  or  broadly  truncate  at  the  base. 

18.  D.  angruin^f  Eo±b.  Fl.Lnd.  Hi.  803;  softly  tomentose,  leaves 
o^'osite,  anld  alternate  large  long^-petioled  broadly  ovate-   or  orbicular- 


294  CLiv.  DioscoREAOBiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  \_Diosco7-ea. 

cordate  7-nerved  margin  cartilaginous,  male  spikes  short  dense-fld. 
spreading,  pistillode  large  globose.     D.  spinosa,  Wall.  Cat.  5103  G,  H. 

Teopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal,  Wallich,  to  Bhotan  (Kew  distrib.  5548). 
Assam,  Silhet,  Cachae,  Bengal,  Chota  Nagpore. 

Tubers  columnar  {Eoxb.).     Leaves  3-5  by  2-5   in.,  rather  thick,  nerves  strong 

beneath,  nervules  transverse ;  petiole  1^-3  in.  Male  panicles  stout  j  spikes 
crowded,   densely  tomentose  ;    flowers  J^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  very  broad  ; 

anthers  large.  Capsule  f-l^  in.  diam.,  cordate  at  the  top  and  base.  Seed 
orbicular. 

19.  1>"  polycladesj  Hooh.  /. ;  stens  slender  and  leaves  beneath 
and  inflorescence  tomentosely  pubescent,  leaves  opposite  and  alternate 
orbicular-or  ovate-cordate  apiculate  5-costate,  male  spikes  J-l  in.  5-6 
nately  whorled  in  long  panicles,  flowers  minute  crowded.  D.  nummularia, 
Kunth  Enum.  vi.  386  {excl.  syn.)  ;  Moritz  Syst.  Verz.  Zollhg.  Vf.aix::.  92 
{not  ofLamk.). 

SiNGAPOfiE,  Ridley. — Distrib.  Java. 

Stem  terete.  Leaves  3-4  by  2-2^  in.,  orbicular- cordate  in  the  Singapox'e  plant, 
ovate-cordate  in  the  Javan,  opaque  above,  brown  when  dry,  softly  finely  tomentose 
and  laxly  reticulate  beneath  ;  petiole  1-1^  in.,  slender.  Male  panicles  6-10  in., 
terminal  compound  ;  whorls  of  spikes  very  numerous,  sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled  ; 
flower-buds  ^L  in.  diam. ;  sepals  orbicular;  petals  ovate. — A  very  distinct  species, 
referred  to  2).  nummularia,  Lamk.,  by  Moritz,  but  clearly  not  the  plant  figured  by 
Rum  ph.,  on  which  Lamk.  founded  that  species,  and  which  is  described  as  having 
intensely  green  glabrous  shining  leaves,  and  by  Blume  (Enum.  Plant.  Jav.  22)  as 
having  leaves  glaucous  beneath.  The  Singapore  plant  is  I  think  certainly  Zollinger's 
No.  283  from  Java,  though  the  leaves  are  more  rounded. 

20.  D.  g'labra,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  804  ;  quite  glabrous,  leaves  opposite 
long-petioled  orbicular  ovate-oblong  or  hastate  strongly  7-9-nerved  and 
reticulate  margins  not  cartilaginous,  sub-glaucous  beneath,  base  cordate 
or  deeply  2-lobed,  male  spikes  short  spreading,  sepals  ovate- oblong,  petals 
cuneately  obovate,  pistillode  minute.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  383 ;  Wall.  Cat. 
5105  A,  F,  I,  K.  D.  sagittata,  Royle  mss.  {not  of  Foiret).  D.  crepitans, 
Herb.  FLam. 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  from  Simla  to  Sikkim,  and  southwards 
to  Bengal,  Behar,  the  Concan,  Burma  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

Stems  stoui,  somewhat  flattened  {Roxb^.  Leaves  extremely  variable,  3-8  by 
1-4|  in.,  caudate-acuminate,  youngest  acute  at  the  base,  older  truncate,  or  deeply 
cordate,  lobes  sometimes  1  in.  incurved  and  overlapping  ;  margin  not  thickened  or 
cartilaginous;  petiole  1-8 i  in.  Male  spikes  \'m.^  rarely  more;  flowers  scattered, 
rather  large,  globosely  8-lobed,  often  coarsely  dotted.  Capsule  1^  in.  diam.,  very 
variable  in  shape,  subquadrate  broadly  obcuneate  or  obcordate,  retuse  at  the  tip  and 
base,  valves  very  thin.     Seeds  irregularly  orbicular. 

21.  D.  gribbiflora^  Hooh.  f. ;  quite  glabrous,  very  slender,  leaves 
opposite,  ovate  or  oblong  acuminate  5-nerved,  base  cordate  or  sub- 
hastate,  male  spikes  very  short  slender  spreading  in  very  slender  panicles, 
flowers  minute  gibbous  at  the  base,  stamens  very  short,  pistillode  obscure. 
D.  glabra,  Wall.  Cat.  5105  B,  in  part. 

Penang,  Wallich. 

Branches  terete.  Leaves  3-4:  hy  l|-2  in.,  not  margined,  nervules  indistinct ; 
petiole  ^-1  in.  Male  spikes  ^  in.,  rachis  very  slender;  flowers  -^\  in.  diam.,  sessile, 
with  a  boss  at  the  broad  base  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  bracts. 


Dioscorea.']  cliv.  diosooreace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  295 

22.  D.  Wallichii,  Hook.  f. ;  quite  glabroas,  leaves  opposite  long- 
petioled  ovate  or  orbicular-cordate  7-iierved,  male  spikes  1  in.  in  short  axil- 
lary and  terminal  spreading  panicles,  flowers  globosely  3-lobed,  stamens 
short,  pistillode  large  globose.  D.  sativa,  Herh.  Madr.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5708, 
A,  B,  F,  D.     ?  D.  nummularia,  Willd.  ex  Roxb.  FL  Ind.  iii.  803. 

SiLHET,  Cachar,  Munnepobe  and  Buema,  common.  Oiiota  Nagpoee,  Clarke. 
Travancoeb,  Herh.  Madr.  (Cult.?). 

Branches  stout,  terete.  Leaves  3-6  in.,  as  broad,  always  broadly  cordate  with 
rounded  sides  and  a  broad  sinus,  very  finely  reticulate  beneath;  petiole  3-5  in. 
Flowers  about  -—  in*  diam. ;  sepals  and  petals  suborbicular  ;  stamens  inserted  under 
the  pistillode ;  anthers  small.  Capsule  1^  in.  diam.,  emarginate  at  the  tip.  Seeds 
orbicular,  broadly  winged.— The  very  broad  rounded  long-petioled  glabrous  leaves 
and  large  pistillode  are  good  characters. 

Sect.  V.  Sepals  orbicular.  Stamen  6  antheriferons ;  anther  cells  com- 
bined.    Capsule  longer  than  broad.     Seeds  laterally  winged. 

23.  D.  Kamiltoni,  Hooh.  f. ;  quite  glabrous,  stem  angled  or  slightly 
winged,  leaves  cordately  or  subhastately  ovate  or  lanceolate  7-9-nerved, 
male  spikes  I  in.  rachis  very  slender  zigzag,  stamens  very  short,  pistillode 
obscure.  D.  sativa,  Wall.  Cat.  5108.  D.  aculeata,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2060.  D. 
alata,  Griseb,  Ft.  Brit.  W.  Ind.  587.   D.  incrassata  and  ovata,  Serb.  Ham. 

SiKKiM,  Assam,  Cachae,  Behar,  Chota  Nagpoee,  Malabae  and  Btjema  ;  in 
all  ?  cultivated. — Uistetb.  St.  Domingo  (cult.). 

Branches  slender.  Leaves  opposite  and  alternate,  undistinguishabie  from  those 
of  2).  glabra  ;  petiole  1-2|  in.  Male  spikes  whorled  on  the  branches  of  very  slender 
elongate  axillary  and  terminal  panicles  ;  flowers  globose ,  -^^  in.  diam. ;  sepals  broad ; 
petals  cuneate-obovate.  Capsule  1-1^  in.  long,  membranous,  sides  parallel,  tip  acute, 
base  cordate. — The  slender  zigzag  rachis  of  the  male  spikes,  well  represented  by  Wight, 
is  quite  peculiar  to  this  species.  I  regret  having  to  reject  both  Hamilton's  names 
from  being  unable  to  comprehend  their  significance  in  respect  of  this  plant. 

Sect.  VI.  Sepals  narrow,  siibvalvate,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 
Capsule  oblong.     Seeds,  winged  laterally. 

24.  D.  sativa,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.   1033  {excl.  syn.  Eheede) ;    Hort.   Cliff. 

t.  28 ;  quite  glabrous,  stem  terete  bulbiferous,  leaves  broadly  ovate-cordate 
acuminate  cuspidate  or  caudate  7-9-costate,  male  spikes  slender  panicled. 
Benth.  FL  Honk.  368 ;  Fl.  Austral,  vi.  460.  D.  bulbifera,  Br.  Prodr.  294. 
?  Wight  Ic.  t.  878.  D.  Cliffortiana,  Lam.  Encycl.  iii.  232  (not  of  111.  t.  818). 
D.  versicola.  Herb.  Haiti. ;  Wall.  Cat.  5106.  D.  pulchell^  and  heterophyla, 
Poxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  801«-804.  D.  decemangularis  and  D.  Tunga,  Herh.  Ha^wi. 
Helmia  bulbifera,  Kunth  Fnum.  v.  435. 

Tubers  large,  variable  in  form.  Stem  slender,  green  or  purple.  iea»e*  opposite 
and  alternate,  very  variable  in  size,  attaining  14  in.  in  length  and  breadth,  mem- 
branous, dark  green,  usually  very  deeply  cordate  but  sonietira^  wfth  only  a  shallow 
broad  sinus ;  petiole  2-6  in.  Male  spikes  almost  capillary,  1-4  ki. ;  flowers  crowded 
or  scattered,  very  variable  in  size, .green  or  purplish;  sepals  xty— j  in.  long,  fleshy; 
petals  rather  narrower ;  filaments  much  shorter  than  the  perianth ;  anthers  minute, 
didymous.  Fern,  spikes  4-10  in.  long,  pendulous  ;  flowers  I-5  in.  long;  sepals  as  in 
the  male.  Capsule  ^-1  by  f-|  in.,  membranous.  Seeds  with  a  broad  basal  wing. — 
I  follow  Bentham  in  regarding  this  as  LinnaBUs's  sativa ;  an  inspection  of  the  plate  in 
'•  Hortus  Cliffbrtianus,"  which  is  Linnaeaus's  authority  for  the  species,  confirming  this 


296  CLiv.  DiosoOREAOE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Bioscorea, 

view.  In  Sp.  Plant,  he  cites  for  sativa  also  Rheede's  plate  of  D.  aculeata,  to  which 
Kunth  and  others  have  confined  the  name.  Lamk.  Encycl.  iii.  232,  gives  the  name 
D.  Cliffortiana  to  Linnaeus's  plant,  but  figures  (111.  t.  818)  a  veryidifierent  one  for 
it,  rejecting  the  name  sativa  because  he  does  not  consider  it  to  be  the  cultivated 
**  igname."  The  difference  in  the  size  of  the  male  flowers  of  sativa  are  so  great 
that  I  have  suspected  that  two  species  may  be  included,  but  I  have  failed  to  define 
them. 

Sect.  VII.  Sepals  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate  sub-valvate.  Cap- 
side  broader  than  long,  carpels  rounded.     Seed  winged  all  round. 

25.  2>.  alata,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1033;  quite  glabrous,  stem  acutely 
angled  or  winged,  leaves  subhastately  or  deeply  cordate  orbicular  or  ovate 
5-7-nerved,  male  fl.  in  slender  fascicled  spikes.  Kunth  JSnum.  v.  387 ; 
Roxb.  Fl  Ind.  iii.  797  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  810.  D.  japonica,  Hb.  Madr.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  5107  (not  of  Thunb.).  D.  acutangula,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Gat.  5109.  D. 
octangularis,  Devipata,  &  Bisantaca,  and  Hurchusia,  Herb.  Ham.  D. 
odoratissima,  Wall.  mss.  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Kew).  D.  anguliflora,  Steud.  PI. 
Hohenack.  exsicc.  No.  699  A.     D.  bulbifera,  Buss.  ex.  Wall.  Gat. 

Teopical  India  (cult.  ?). 

Hoots  very  large.  Stem  stout  (spinous  towards  the  base  in  D.  Devipata),  often 
tuberiferous,  variously  angled  or  winged.  Leaves  as  in  D.  sativa,  almost  all  oppo- 
site ;  from  orbicular  to  hastately  ovate ;  petiole  stout,  often  winged.  Male  spikes 
and  flowers  as  in  D.  satita  ;  fern,  in  much  stiffer  spikes,  and  capsule  entirely  different, 
broader  than  long,  1-la^  in.  diam.,  very  broadly  obcordate,  coriaceous.  Seed  orbi- 
cular, broadly  winged  all  round. — Of  Steudel's  anguliflora  from  Canara  I  have  seen 
young  fruit  only. 

IMPEETECTLY  KNOWN   AND   UNDBTEEMINABLE   SPECIES. 

D.  ACTTLEATA,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1033.  The  authority  for  this  is  Rheede's  Katter 
Kelengu,  vii.  71,  t.  37,  which  is  unrecognizable.  A  knowledge  of  the  Malabar 
languages  might  reveal  it. 

D.  ANauLATA,  Eoxb,  in  Steud.  Nbmencl.  Ed.  ii.  i.  511.  I  have  found  no  other 
reference  to  this  species. 

D.  ATROPUEPUEEA,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  800 ;  tubers  subrotund  purple  throughout, 
branches  4-7  winged,  wings  coloured  and  curled,  leaves  deeply  cordate  5-7-nerved, 
petioles  winged  bases  much  enlarged  and  stem  clasping. — Cultivated  in  Malacca, 
Pegu  and  the  Eastern  Islands. 

D.  BULBIFEEA,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1033,  is  in  same  category  as  D.  aculeata  ;  it  is 
Rheede's  Katu-Katsjit,  vii.  69,  t.  36. 

D.  CRispATA,  JRoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  802;  tubers  rounded,  stem  unarmed  terete 
10-15  winged,  wings  curled,  leaves  alternate  broad  cordate  7-11-nerved,  petiole 
with  curled  wings,  male  spikes  panicled,  fern,  pendulous,  perianth  segments  linear 
white. — Interior  of  Bengal. 

D.  CYLINDEICA,  Vitm.  Summ.  PI.  v.  426.  For  this  plant  the  author  cites 
Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  vii.  t.  50  which  is  a  Cucurbit. 

D.  EASCICULATA,  Poxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  801;  tubers  pendulous  size  of  an  egg 
attached  by  slender  filaments  white,  stem  very  slender,  terete,  prickles  stipulary, 
leaves  alternate  round  cordate  3-7-nerved  slightly  villous. — Cultivated  near 
Calcutta. 

D.  GLOBOSA,  Roxb.  I.  c.  797;  tubers  large  round  white,  stems  6-winged 
prickly  towards  the  root,  leaves  bpposite  and  alternate  sagittate-cordate  ensiform 
waved  5-7-nerved,  petiole  5-winged  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaf,  male  spikes  com- 
pound long  pendulous  verticilled,  fem.  axillary  simple  erect,  flowers  few  very  remote 
fragrant. — Cultivated  by  Hindoos,  the  most  esteemed  yarn  by  Europeans. 


Dioscorea.']  cliv.  diosooreaoe^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  297 

D.  INTERMEDIA,  Thwaites  Enum.  326 ;  glabrous,  unarmed,  stem  terete,  leaves  3 
by  ^-IJ  in.,  opposite  and  alternate  elliptic  or  oblong  acuminate  mucronate  3-nerved, 
petiole  1-1  in.,  fern,  spikes  1  in.  or  rather  more  solitary  simple,  male  shorter  than 
the  leaves  fascicled  or  in  long  panicles  flowers  hexandrous, — Hotter  parts  of  Ceylon. 
— The  specimens  I  have  seen  are  too  imperfect  for  further  description.  It  is  very 
near  D.  spicata,  but  has  shorter  spikes. 

D.  NEPALENsis,  Sweet  Hort.  Brit.  JEd.  ii.  522.     No  description. 

D.  PELTATA,  Jufs.  in  Pers.  Syn.  ii.  621 ;  Kunth  Enum.  vi.  413  j  from  Ceylon,  is 
probably  a  Cocculuz. 

D.  PUEPUEEA,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  799  ;  tubers  oblong  reddish  throughout,  stems 
6-,  or  more-winged  prickly,  leaves  opposite  and  alternate  cordate  5-7-nerved, 
petiole  long  winged  stem-clasping.  Male  and  fem.  spikes  as  in  D.  rubella. — 
Cultivated  in  Bengal. 

D.  BIJBELLA,  Roxb.  I.  c.  798 ;  tubers  oblong  red-skinned,  stem  6-winged,  leaves 
opposite  sagittate-cordate  3-7 -nerved,  male  spikes  axillary  simple  and  compound, 
if  simple  shorter  than  the  leaves,  fem.  spikes  axillary  generally  simple  longer  than 
the  leaves,  flowers  very  fragrant,  staminodes  large  almost  like  the  male  stamens. — 
Cultivated  about  Calcutta. 

D.  SPICATA,  Roth;  var.  y8.  Thwaites  Enum.  326  (C.  P.  2872)  ;  a  very  slender 
plant  with  ovate  caudate-acuminate  leaves,  and  a  short  panicle  of  large  broad  orbicular 
cuspidate  thin  walled  capsules,  is  something  I  think  entirely  different  from  D.  spicata. 
Capsules  1-li  in.  diam.,  valves  semicirculai*.  Seed  orbicular,  f  in.  diam.,  broadly 
winged  all  round. 

2.  TRZCKOPUS,  Gsertn. 

A  small  erect  rigid,  perennial  herb.  Stem  short.  Leaf  terminal, 
petioled,  linear-lanceolate,  ovate  or  triangular,  3-7-costate.  Flowers  small, 
fascicled  at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  panicles  filiform,  bisexual.  Perianth 
campan^late,  j?ubequally  6- fid.  Stamens  6  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth 
lobes ;  anthers  subsessile,  short,  broad,  connective  produced.  Ovary  3- 
celled;  style  very  short ;  stigmas  3,  short,  reflexed,  2-fid;  ovules  2;  super- 
posed in  each  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  ovoid,  triquetrous,  indehiscent. 
Seeds  oblong,  rugose,  grooved  dorsally,  testa  thin  embryo  minute  in  a 
cartilaginous  albumen. 

1.  T.  zeylanicus,  Gcertn.fruct.  1,  44,  t.  14;  Beccari  in  Nuov.  GioQ'n. 
Bot.  Ital.  ii.  13;  Beddome  Ic.  PI.  Ind.  Or.  t.  290.  Trichopodium  cordatum 
intermedium  and  augustifolium,  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg.  sub  t.  1543.  T.  zeylani- 
cum,  Thivaites  Enum.  291,  443.  Podianthus  arifolius,  Schnitzl.  in  Bot. 
Zeit.  1843,  739. 

Tbavancoee,  5cc?c?o»ie.    Ceylon  common. 

Stem  1-3  in.  Leaves  2-8  in.  long,  petiole  1-8  in.  Pedicels  1-3  in.  long. 
Flowers  minute,  dark  brown ;  perianth  lobes  lanceolate,  acute.  Fruit  ^  in.  long, 
pedicel  thickened  at  the  top. 

Oeder  CLY.     ROXBURGKZACEBS. 

Rootstoch  tuberous  or  creeping ;  stem  erect  or  climbing.  Leaves 
alternate  or  opposite,  petioled,  3  or  more-costate,  cross  nervules  parallel. 
Flowers  in  axillary  peduncles,  regular,  bisexual.  Perianth  superior  or 
half- superior,  2-seriately  4-cleft.  Stamens  4  at  the  base  of  the  perianth- 
lobes  or  subhypogynous ;  anthers  dorsifixed.  Ovary  1-celled;  stigma  sub- 
sessile,  or  stigmas  3  ;  ovules  2  or  more,  erect  from  the  base  or  pendulous 
from  the  top  of  the  cell,  anatropous.     Capsule  2-valved  (fruit  unknown  in 


298  CLV.  roxburghiacej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

Stichoneuron).     Seeds  oblong,  testa  coriaceous ;  embryo  long,  in  the  axis 
of  hard  albumen. — Genera  3,  species  about  8. 

Flowers  large ;  ovula  erect 1.  Stemona. 

Flowers  minute ;  ovules  pendulous      .        .        .        .2.  Stichoneuron. 


1.  STEBIONA,  Lour. 

Root  of  fleshy  tubers.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  whorled,  ovate 
3-9-costate.  Flowers  solitary,  or  few  and  subracemose.  Perianth  seg- 
ments 4,  lanceolate,  many-nerved.  Stamens  subhypogynous,  filaments 
very  short,  more  or  less  connate  in  a  ring;  anthers  linear,  erect,  con- 
nective produced  in  a  very  long  linear-lanceolate  erect  appendage.  Ovary 
free,  compressed ;  stigma  small,  sessile,  pointed ;  ovules  2  or  more,  erect, 
funicles  long  or  short.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  compressed,  few- seeded. 
Seeds  erect,  ovoid  or  oblong,  terete,  grooved,  beaked ;  f  anicle  bearded ; 
testa  thick. — Species  4  or  5,  Malayan  and  Australian. 

1.  S*  tuberosa^  Lour.  Fl,  Coch.  490;  stem  twining  leafing  and 
flowering  at  the  same  time,  leaves  opposite  or  whorled  rarely  alternate, 
perianth  l|-2  in.  long.  S.  gloriosoides,  Voigt  Hort.  Siihurb.  Calcutt.  650. 
E-oxburghia  gloriosoides,  Jones  in  Roxb.  Cor.  PI.  1,  26,  t.  32 ;  Fl.  Lid.  ii. 
234 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5156 ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  ii.  t.  22.  E.  Gloriosa,  Peerfi.  Syn. 
1.  412.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1500.  E.  Stemona,  Steud.  Norn.  ii.  475.  E.  viridi- 
flora,  Smith  Exot.  Bot.  i.  Ill,  t.  57  ;  WaU.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  49,  t..282 ;  Griff. 
Notul.  i.  29,  31 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  12-16,  62,  f.  2. 

Bengal,  Silhet,  Chittagong,  Assam,  and  the  Northern  Cibcars.—  Distrib. 
China. 

Eoo^  of  eylindric  tubers  6-12  in.;  stem  woody  below,  branches  terete.  Leaves 
4-10  in.,  broadly  ovate- cordate,  acuminate  membranous,  shining ;  petiole  1^-2  in. 
Peduncle  1-2  in.,  usually  2.fld. ;  bracts  small,  lanceolate ;  flowers  erect,  fetid. 
Perianth  spreading  and  revolute  ;  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  greenish  with  many 
purplish  nerves.  Stamens  very  large,  erect  ;  filaments  stout,  red,  deeply  grooved  in 
front  with  crenulate  margins  ;  connective  linear-lanceolate,  green ;  anthers  linear, 
adnate  to  the  face  of  the  connective  at  its  b  ase ;  endotheciura  becoming  free  and  pro- 
duced beyond  the  cells  into  a  subulate  point,  pollen  between  waxy  and  flowery. 
Capsule  1^  in.,  ovoid-oblong,  5-8-seeded. 

2.  S.  minor,  Hook.  f. ;  stem  twining  leafing  and  flowering  at  the 
same  time,  leaves  l|-3  in.  alternate,  perianth  f-1  in.  long.  Eoxburghia 
gloriosoides  var.  minor ;  Thwaites  Fnum.  432.  E.  gloriosoides,  Wight  Lc. 
t.  2061. 

Malabar;  on  the  Pulicat  Hills  (PPaulghat)  Wight.  Ceylon;  at  Trincomalee, 
Glenie. 

Smaller  in  all  its  parts  than  S.  tuherosa,  the  leaves  1^-3  in.  long,  and  much 
broader  at  the  base  ;  capsule  ^  in.  long. 

3.  S>  Curtisii,  HooTc.  f. ;  stem  twining  leafing  and  flowering  at  the 
same  time,  leaves  4-5  in.  alternate,  flowers  unisexual?  perianth  about 
f  in.  long. 

Penang  ;  near  the  Waterfall,  Curtis. 

In  habit  and  forms  of  leaf  this  resembles  8.  tuherosa,  but  the  leaves  are  alternate, 
the   petiole  very  long  and  slender,  and  the  small   flowers  appear  to  be  unisexual. 


Stemona.']  clv.  ROXBURaniACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  299 

Of  these  I  have  examined  three ;  one  is  male  with  the  four  stamens  sessile  on  a 
short  narrow  androphore,  the  other  female,  with  apparently  imperfect  stamens. 

4.  S.  Griffithiana,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlii.  pt.  ii.  (1873), 
109,  1. 10 ;  stem  erect  flowering  before  leafing.     Gen.  Nov.  Griff.  Journ.  149. 

Burma  ;  Ava,  Martaban  and  Pegu  ;  Griffith^  Kurz. 

Rootstock  stout,  hypogaeous.  Leaves  (of  5.  iuherosa),3-5  in.,  ovate  ;  petiole  3-5 
in.  Stem  3-6  in.  Flotvers  greenish  or  dull  purple  ;  bracts  ^-^  in.,  lanceolate ; 
pedicels  1  in.,  strict;  perianth -segments  1  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  acute.  Stamens  4, 
filaments  broad,  purple ;  anthers  yellow,  cuspidate.  Ovary  1 -celled,  ovules  6. 
Capsule  i  in.,  2-valved,  3-4-seeded,  seeds  furrowed,  aril  small  white.' — I  have  seen 
four  flowers  only. 

2.  STZCKONEURON,  Sook.f. 

An  erect  rigid  glabrous  or  minutely  hairy  berb ;  rootstock  creeping ;  roots 
fibrous ;  stem  erect,  angular,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  subsessile,  sub- 
distichous,  linear-oblong,  pinnately  3-5-nerved.  Peduncles  axillary,  filiform, 
rigid,  lying  close  on  the  midrib  of  the  leaf,  bearing  a  subracemose  cluster 
of  very  minute  pedicelled  greenish  flowers,  bracts  setaceous.  JPerianth- 
campanulate  4-fid ;  lobes  ovate,  subequal,  valvate.  Stamens  4,  united  to 
the  bases  of  the  lobea  ;  anther-cells  short,  diverging.  Ova^y -half  inferior, 
top  convex  ;  ovules  numerous,  pendulous  from  the  top  of  the  cell,  funicles 
very  short.     Fruit  unknown. 

5.  membranaceum,  Hook.  f.  in  Serb.  Ind.  Or.  Colpopodenm, 
Wall.  mss.  in  Herb.  Griffith. — Indeterminata,  Wall.  Cat.  9110. 

Khasia  Mts.  j  alt.  4-5000  ft.  Wallich,  Geiffith,  &c.  Bengal,  at 
Ltjckipore,  J.  B.  H  Sf  T.  T. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  3-6  by  lJ-2^  in.,  membranous,  caudate-acuminate  j 
nervules  transverse,  parallel  ;  petiole  of  flower  ^  in.  Peduncles  f-1  in.,  stifi"; 
pedicels  \  in. ;  flowers  y^^  in,^  yellow. — I  follow  Bentham  in  placing  this  curious 
plant  in  Roxhurghiacece,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  nervation  of  the  leaves.  Until 
its  fruit  is  known  its  position  is  doubtful.  The  order  itself  is  heterogeneous, 
Stemona  and  Croomia  being  sectionally  different,  and  both  might  well  rank  as 
sections  of  the  composite  Order  Liliacece. 


Order  OLYI.     :LZZ.ZACEH:. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubby  or  subarboreous,  with  fibrous  roots,  or  creep- 
ing rootstocts,  bulbs,  or  corms.  Leaves  various.  Flowers  bisexual,  rarely 
unisexual.  Perianth  herbaceous  or  petaloid,  6-merous  in  2  series,  rarely 
•1—8  or  10-merous,  imbricate  rarely  valvate  in  bud.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3  or 
fewer,  filaments  free  or  connate ;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  often  versatile. 
Ovary  3-celled,  style  1  often  long,  rarely  0  or  3 ;  ovules  2  or  more  in  the 
inner  angles  of  the  cells,  anatropous,  rarely  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  3-rarely 
1-celled  1-or  more  seeded  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  globose  or  flattened ; 
testa  various ;  embryo  small,  terete,  surrounded  by  the  horny  or  fleshy 
albumen. — Genera  187,  species  about  2500 ;  in  all  climates  and  countries. 

Muscari  hootanense,  Griff".  Itin.  Notes,  242  ;  Notul.  iii.  242  ;  &  Ic.  PI.  Asiat. 
t.  280 ;  (Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  414),  is  an  Affghan  plant,  as  stated  in  the 


300  CLVi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

Notulse,  and  no  doubt  bootaneTise  is  a  misprint  for  boolanense,  the  plant  being  found 
near  the  Boolan  pass. 

Series  A.  BootstocJc  not  bulbous.  Anthers  bursting  inwards.  Fruii 
a  berry. 

Tribe  I.  Smilace^.  Shrubs.  Stetn  climbing.  Leaves  3-5-nerved  and 
reticulately-nervuled,  petiole  often  cirrhiferous.  Flowers  small,  in  umbels. 
Anthers  after  dehiscence  1-celled.    Ovules  few,  orthotropous  or  ^-anatropous. 

Perianth  6-partite 1.  Smilax. 

Perianth  ovoid  or  tubular,  mouth  very  minute  .       •  .        .        .2.  Heterosmilax. 

Tribe  II.  AsPARAGEiE.  Stem  erect  or  climbing.  Leaves  replaced  b}'- 
usually  linear  or  acicular  cladodes.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  fascicled  or 
racemed.  Anthers  distinctly  2-celled.  Ovules  few,  orthotropous  or  ^-ana- 
tropous.  3.  Asparagus. 

Tribe  III.  Polygonate^.  Stem  herbaceous  ;  unbranched,  leafy.  Flowers 
axillary  or  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

Flowers  axillary ;  perianth  cylindric,  lobes  short       .         .         .4.  Polygon atum. 

Flowers  axillary ;  perianth  rotate 5.  Streptopus. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles  ;  perianth  6-partite       .     6.  Smilacina. 

Tribe  IV.  CoNVALLARiEiE.  Scapigerous  herbs.  Leaves  radical. 
Scajpe  lateral,  naked,  bearing  a  unilateral  raceme  or  spike.     Stigma  small. 

Perianth  subglobose,  6-partite 7.  Theropogon. 

Tribe  Y.  Aspidistre^e.  BootstocJc  very  stout,  creeping,  stem  very 
short.  Leaves  radical,  coriaceous.  Scape  very  short,  axillary.  Flowers 
solitary  or  spicate.     Perianth  subglobose  fleshy.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Stigma  large,  peltate  j  spike  many-fld 8.  Tupistea. 

Stigma  small,  3-lobed ;  spike  erect,  many-fid 9.  Gonioscypha. 

Stigma  large,  peltate,  flower  solitary 10.  Aspidistra. 

Series  B.  Rootstock  stout  or  a  bulb.  Leaves  radical  or  cauline.  An- 
thers dorsi-  or  basi-fixed.     Ovules  anatropous.     Fruit  usually  loculicidal. 

Tribe    VI.  Hemeeocalle^.     Leaves    linear,    radical.     Flowers    large, 
panicled    racemed    or     spicate.      Perianth    cylindric    or    funnel-shaped. 
Filaments  inserted  in  a  dorsal  pit  of  the  anther.     Ovules  numerous. 
Flowers  panicled,  erect ;  perianth  funnel-shaped     .         .         .  10*.  Hemerocalli^. 

Tribe  VII.  Drac^ne^.  Leaves  radical  or  on  an  erect  woody  caudex. 
Perianth  cylindric  funnel-shaped  or  campanulate.  Anthers  basitixed  or 
dorsifixed,  filaments  not  inserted  in  a  pit.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Ovary  with  the  cells  1-ovuled 11.  Dracaena.  ' 

Ovary  with  the  cells  many-ovuled .12.  Cordyline.  ^ 

Tribe  VIII.  AspHODELiE.  Bootstock  short,  or  a  bulb.  Flowers 
racemed  or  panicled.  Perianth  segments  distinct.  Capsule  loculicidal 
(berried  in  Dianella). 


CLVi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  301 

Flowers  racemed.     Ovarian  cells  2-ovuled ;  capsule  3-angled  13.  Asphodelus. 

Flowers  racemed.     Ovarian  cells  4-6-ovuled ;  capsule  3-winged  14.  Eremueus. 

Flowers  racemed.     Ovarian  cells  4-6-ovuled  ;  capsule  3-wiuged  15.  Chlorophttum. 

Flowers  in  panicled  cymes.     Fruit  a  berry  .         .         .         .  16.  Dianella. 

Tribe  IX.  Allied.  Bootstock  in  the  Indian  genus  a  bulb.  Scape 
simple ;  flowers  umbellate  or  capitate,  at  first  enclosed  in  a  spathaceous 
involucre.     Capsule  loculicidal. 

Strong-scented  herbs.     Perianth  rotate 17.  Allium. 

Tribe  X.  Scille.e.  Rootstoch  a  bulb.  Scape  simple,  naked;  flowers 
jiacemose  not  involucrate  ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels  small. 

Perianth  6-lobed,  tubes  cylindric,  outer  lobes  spreading,  inner  erect  18.  Dipcadi. 
Perianth  campanulate,  6-partite  ;  ovules  many ;  seeds  flattened  19.  Urginea. 
Perianth  6-partite.     Seeds  subglobose 20.  Scilla. 

Tribe  XI.  Tulipe^.  JRootstock  a  bulb.  Stem  erect  with  one  or  more 
leaves.  Flotcers  few,  large,  solitary  or  racemed.  Perianth  segments 
distinct.     Capsule  loculicidal  (in  the  Indian  species). 

Flowers  large,  nodding  or  pendulous ;  anthers  versatile       .         .21.  Lilium. 
Flowers  large,  nodding  or  pendulous ;  anthers  basifixed  erect     .     22.  Fritillaria. 
Flowers  1-2,  small,  suberect ;  anthers  basifixed          .         .         .     23.   Lloydia, 
Flowers  large,  solitary  or  few,  erect  or  suberect           .         .         .     24.  Tulipa. 
Flowers  small,  subumbellate,  suberect 25.   Gagea. 

Series  C.  JRootstock  a  corm  or  bulb,  or  short.  Leaves  radical  or  radical 
and  cauline.  Anthers  dehiscing  extrorsely  or  introrsely.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous.     Capsule  usually  septicidal. 

Tribe  XII.  Colchice.^.  Rootstock  a  tunicate  corm.  Leaves  all  radical. 
Scape  very  short,  hypogaeous,  flowers  1-3.  Pe?'ianth-tuhe  very  long. 
Anthers  dorsifixed,  narrow,  dehiscence  introrse. 

Perianth-tube  entire ;  styles  3 26.  Colchicum:. 

Perianth-tube  of  the  twining  claws  of  the  segments ;  styles  3      .     27.  Merendera. 

Tribe  XIII.  Anguillakie^.  JRootstock  a  tunicate  corm.  Stem  1-or 
more  leaved.     Anthers  dehiscing  extrorsely.     Styles  3         .    28.  Iphigenia. 

Tribe  XIV.  Narthecie^.  JRootstock  short,  creeping.  Stem  usually 
leafy.  Leaves  often  distichous.  Perianth  persistent.  Anthers  subbasi- 
fixed,  dehiscence  sublateral.  29.  Tofieldia. 

Tribe  XV.  Uvulaeie.e.  Eootstock  tuberous  or  creeping.  Stem  leafy. 
Leaves  not  sheathing.     Floivers  axillary.     Anthers  dehiscing  extrorsely. 

Stem  twining.     Leaves  cirrhose.     Capsule  loculicidal      .         .         .     30.  Gloeiosa. 
Stem  erect.     Capsule  septicidal       .        .        .        .         .         .        .31.  Trictetis. 

Stem  erect.     Fruit  a  berry      } 32.  Dispobum. 

Tribe   XVI.  MEDEOLEiE.     Bootstock  short   or   creeping.     Stem  simple. 


302  CLvi.  LiLiAOE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

Leaves    radical    or    whorled.      Flowers    solitary    or    umbelled.      Anthen 

dehiscing  extrorsely. 

Leaves  radical  or  subradical  ;  flowers  solitary  or  umbelled     .         .     33.  Clintonia. 

Leaves  3  in  a  whorl ;  flowers  solitary 34.  Trillium. 

Leaves  4  or  more  in  a  whorl 35.  Pabis. 


1.  SBXZXiAX,  Linn. 

Climbing  shrubs  (rarely  erect  herbs).  Leaven  alternate,  rarely 
opposite,  persistent,  3-5-nerved  and  reticulate ;  petiole  usually  2-cir- 
riferons  above  the  base.  Flowers  dicecious,s  mall,  umbelled.  Perianth 
segments  6,  free,  incurved  or  recurved.  Male  fl.  Stamens  6,  or  more,  at  the 
base  of  the  perianth,  free ;  anthers  didymous,  oblong,  or  the  cells  separated 
by  a  forking  of  the  filament.  Fem.  fl.  Staminodes  3  or  6.  Ovary  3- 
gonous,  3-celled ;  style  0,  or  short,  stigmas  3,  stout,  recurved ;  ovules  1  or 
2  in  each  cell,  orthotropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  globose  berry.  Seeds 
solitary,  or  more  often  2  hemispheric,  rarely  3  ;  albumen  horny ;  embryo 
small. — Species  about  180,  temperate  and  tropical. 

The  only  authoritative  nomenclature  for  most  of  the  Indian  species  of  Smilax  is 
the  great  Herbarium  of  Wallich,  in  which  these  are  copiously  represented,  but  in  several 
cases  almost  inextricably  mixed.  When  to  this  is  added  the  wide  differences  between 
the  foliage  and  inflorescence  of  different  parts  of  the  same  specimen,  and  the  fre- 
quent difficulty  of  matching  males  with  females  and  flowering  with  fruiting  speci- 
mens, it  is  obvious  that  much  confusion  must  attend  any  attempt  to  systematize  the 
species  upon  any  but  very  complete  materials,  and  such  do  not  exist  in  any  Herba- 
rium. Unfortunately  Kunth,  when  monographing  the  genus  for  his  "  Enumeratio 
Plantarum,'*  and  M.  A.  De  CandoUe  for  his  monogi^aph,  had  not  access  to  Wallich's 
Herbarium,and  had  recourse  to  duplicates  distributed  from  it  to  various  European  Her- 
baria, which  were  invariably  fragmentary  and  often  wrongly  numbered.  A  study  of 
the  Wallichian  types  has  hence  obliged  me  to  set  aside  various  determinations 
of  these  excellent  botanists.  Nor  can  1  follow  M.  De  Candolle  in  his  primary  and 
other  divisions  of  the  genus.  These  are  founded  on  the  one-  or  two-ovuled  cells  of 
the  ovary,  and  on  the  inflorescence.  That  of  the  ovarian  cells  is  very  diflScult  of 
observation,  is  unavailable  in  the  absence  of  fem.  fl.,  it  does  not  tally  with  habit  oi- 
other  characters,  and  I  doubt  its  constancy.  That  of  the  inflorescence  wants  pre- 
cision, and,  as  it  appears  to  me,  also  confirmation  by  a  study  of  the  whole  plant,  and 
that  it  cannot  be  established  on  fragments.  I  am  far,  however,  from  regarding  it  as 
valueless  because  I  have  been  unable  to  understand  and  apply  it.  The  arrangement 
I  have  adopted  is,  I  think,  natural,  though  far  from  satisfactory.  I  have  restricted 
the  citations  of  authors  to  such  as  I  feel  pretty  sure  of;  and,  as  with  so  many  other 
Indian  genera,  I  find  that  any  attempt  to  determihe  the  identity  of  the  species  with 
the  insufficient  descriptions  of  the  authors  of  the  Malayan  Floras  is  hopeless. 

Sect.  I.  CoiLANTHUs.  Buds  globose.  Sepals  incurved  in  flower. 
Stamens  much  shorter  than  the  perianth.  Ovules  (vy-hen  known)  solitary 
in  the  ovarian-cells. 

1.  S.  g-labra,  Boxb.Fl.  Bid.  iii.  792  ;  leaves  3-6  by  1^-2^  in.  elliptic- 
or  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  3-costate,  petiole  ^-|  in.,  sheath  ^-f  in.  long 
axillary,  umbels  sub-sessile.  Wall.  Cat.  5114 ;  Bentli.  Fl.  Hongk.  369 ; 
Seem.  Bot.  Herald.  Voy.  420,  t.  100;  A.BG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  60.  S. 
Hookeri,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  162  {excl.  syn.  Burm.  &  Lour.). 

Assam,  Silhet  and  the  lower  Khasia  Hills,  Wallich,  &c.  Tknassebim, 
Gallatly. — Disteib.  China. 


Smllax.']  OLvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  303 

Branchlets  slender,  terete,  smooth,  unarmed.  Leates  rather  thin,  3-costate  to 
the  rounded  or  cnneate  base ;  petiole  narrowly  sheathing,  unarmed,  cirrhi  very 
slender.  Umbels  many-fld. ;  peduncle  ebracteate ;  pedicels  ^-J  in.  ;  bracteoles 
subulate  j  flowers  very  small,  white ;  buds  depressed-globose,  deeply  6-lobed  from  the 
groove  on  the  back  of  the  obovate  cucullate  coriaceous  sepals ;  petals  minute  ; 
stamens  very  short ;  staminodes  in  fem.  fl.  3. — There  is  an  excellent  figure  of  this 
in  Roxburgh's  collection  of  drawings.  That  author  describes  the  leaves  as  white 
beneath,  but  this  is  not  obvious  in  herbarium  specimens.  The  roots  are  nodose,  as 
in  the  "  China-root." 

2.  S.  calophylla,  Wall.  Gat.  5131 ;  leaves  4-6  by  |-1|  in.  oblong- 
lanceolate  acuminate  3-costate  glaucous  beneath  base  acute,  petiole  ^-^  in., 
sheath  obscure,  umbels  few-fid.  sessile  on  an  axillary  rachis,  pedicels 
decurved.     A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  60. 

SiNGAPOEE  and  Peeak,  Wallich,  Cantley,  Wrat/,  King^s  Collector  j  summit  of 
Mt.  Ophir,  Hullett. 

Branchlets  strict,  terete,  or  slightly  grooved,  unarmed.  Leaves  opaque,  costa 
stout,  reticulations  faint ;  petiole  jointed  about  the  middle.  Flowering  branches 
1-4  in.,  erect,  slender,  with  a  lanceolate  bract  above  the  base;  umbels  3-4,  1  in.  or 
more  apart ;  pedicels  xo~4  ^"-j  unequal ;  male  fl.  globose,  about  ^  in.  diam. ;  sepals 
deltoid,  fleshy,  concave,  deeply  grooved  down  the  back  ;  petals  small,  flat ;  anthers 
sessile  round  a  circular  disk,  deltoidly  ovate,  cuspidate.  Berries  ^  in.  diam. ,  red. 
Fem.  fl.  not  seen. 

3.  S.  pegruana,  A.BG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  62 ;  leaves  1^-3  by  |-1J  in. 
elliptic  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  5-7-costate  white  beneath,  base  acute  or 
cuueate,  petiole  ^-|  in,,  sheath  very  obscure,  male  umbels  axillary  very 
shortly  peduncled  many-fld.,  pedicels  very  short,  anthers  subsessile. 

BuEMA,  Griffith  {Keto  Distrih.  5424)  ;  Taipo  hills,  Brandis ;  Moolyet,  alt. 
5000  ft.,  Gallatly. 

Branchlets  slender,  terete,  unarmed.  Leaves  shining  above,  laxly  reticulate  on 
both  surfaces ;  petiole  twisted,  terete.  Peduncle  rarely  longer  than  the  petiole ; 
bracteoles  minute,  broadly  ovate ;  pedicels  i  in. ;  flowers  -Jjj  in.  diam. ;  male  sepals 
ovate,  concave,  coriaceous,  not  channelled  on  the  back  ;  petals  very  small,  oblong, 
obtuse ;  anthers  broad ;  filaments  very  short. — The  specimens  are  few  and  not  in 
good  state.  Griffiths  No.  5424,  referred  by  A.DC.  to  hypoglauca,  is  certainly 
peguana. 

4.  S«  myosotiflora,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  65  ;  branches  slender 
terete,  leaves  oblong-ovate  caudate-acuminate  3-costate,  petiole  short, 
sheath  very  narrow,  peduncles  short  axillary  solitary  compressed,  male  fl. 
subsessile,  anthers  minute  sessile.     S.  extensa.  Wall.  Cat.  6126  A. 

Penang,  Porter.    Perak,  Wray,  Kind's  Collector. — Distrib.  Java. 

Branches  very  smoth,  unarmed.  Leaves  5-7  by  2-2f  in.,  thin  when  dry,  trans- 
lucent when  fresh,  nervules  very  delicately  closely  reticulate,  base  cuneate  rounded  or 
subcordate  ;  petiole  ^  in.,  cirrhi  slender.  Male  peduncle  i  in.;  flowers  i  in.  diam., 
subcapitate,  rather  fleshy  ;  sepals  broadly  oblong,  incurved  ;  petals  narrow  ;  anthers 
ovoid.  Berries  iln.  diam.,  1-seeded  ;  fruiting  peduncles  .\^-l  in. ;  pedicels  |-i  in. — 
The  male  flowers  of  Javan  specimens  are  a  good  deal  larger  than  the  Indian.  Fem. 
fl.  liot  seen.  Wallich's  8.  extensa  being  a  mixture  I  have  retained  De  CandoUe's 
name  for  this ;  his  specimen  of  this  had  neither  flower  nor  fruit. 

Sect.  II.  EusMiLAX.  Buds  oblong  or  clavate.  Sepals  and  petals 
recurved  in  flower.     Ovules  one  or  two  in  the  ovarian  cells. 

*  Flowers  very  small  or  minute.  Sepals  yo~6  i^«  ^<^^g-  Stamens  much 
shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  staminodes  1-3. 


304  CLVi.  LiLiACBiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Smilax. 

t  Branches  and  branchlets  acutely  angled. 

6.  S-  rigrida,  Wall.  Gat.  6120;  leaves  ^-1^  by  ^-f  in.  snbsessile 
orbicular-ovate  or  ovate-cordate  faintly  3-costate,  nmbels  1-4- fld.,  sepals 
elliptic  oblong,  petals  rather  narrower  4-5  times  longer  than  the  stamens, 
Kunih  Enum.  v.  164;  A. DC.  Manogr.  Smilax,  105.  S.  Wallichii,  Steud. 
Nomencl.  {not  of  XuntK). 

Eastern  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  WalUch ;  Sikkim,  alt.  7-10,000  ft. ;  Bhotan, 
Griffiilt. 

A  small  erect  much  branched  shrub  with  small  coriaceous  leaves,  dwarf  and 
densely  leafy  at  high  elevations,  branches  acutely  angled,  prickles  few  small ; 
branchlets  slender,  distichous.  Leaves  obtuse  acute  or  apiculate  base,  rounded  or 
cordate,  rarely  acute ;  petiole  decurrent  on  the  branchlets,  with  2  minute  deciduous 
setse  (cirrhi  ?),  jointed  at  the  top.  Peduncle  short,  ^|  in.;  bracts  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  persistent,  laciniate  or  ciliate  ;  pedicels  unequal ;  perianth  cupular  ; 
male  flowers  very  small ;  sepals  and  petals  membranous  ;  anthers  minute  didymous  ; 
fem.  fl.  rather  larger,  staminodes  3 ;  ovary  subglobose,  stigmas  sessile.  Berries 
■|-^  in.  diam..  black. — Closely  allied  to  S.  myrtillus,  and  next  to  which  A. DC 
places  it  though  regarding  it  as  most  nearly  allied  to  S.ferox. 

6.  S-  BIyrtilluSj  A.DG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  106  ;  leaves  1-1^  in.  ovate 
acuminate  membranous  faintly  3-costate  base  acute  or  rounded,  petiole 
Jq-^  in.,  articulate  above  the  thickened  broad  base,  peduncle  few-fld.  and 
pedicels  very  slender,  sepals  and  petals  subequal  oblong  three  or  four  times 
as  long  as  the  stamens. 

Khasia  Hills,  Qrijith,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  /.  2).  S.  Sr  T.  T.  Naga  Hills,  alt. 
7000  ft.,  Clarke. 

Closely  allied  to  8.  rigida,  which  it  represents  in  the  Khasia,  but  a  more 
slender  plant,  with  larger  more  ovate  acuminate  leaves,  more  slender  short 
or  long  peduncled  pedicels,  and  longer  but  still  very  short  petioles  that  have  a 
setiform  process  on  each  side  as  in  that  plant.  Berries  \-^  in.  diam.,  black,  2-3, 
seeded,  on  slender  pedicels. — The  Bhotan  plant  referred  here  by  De  Candolle  is,  I 
think,  certainly  8.  rigida,  which  is  a  more  alpine  species,  unknown  in  the  Khasia. — 
The  staminode  was  solitary  in  several  flowers  that  I  examined. 

ft  Branches  and  branchlets  terete  or  nearly  so, 

7.  S.  parvifolia,  Wall.  Cat.  5118;  leaves  1-3  in.  ovate  or  ovate- 
cordate  or  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  3-5-costate  often  glaucous 
beneath,  base  rounded  or  cordate,  petiole  y  -^  in.  very  slender  sheathing 
half  way  up  or  more,  male  umbels  few-fld.,  peduncles  and  pedicels  very 
slender,  bracteoles  minute,  sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  much  narrower, 
filaments  very  short.  KuntJi  Enum.  v.  163.  S.  elegans,  A.DG.  Monogr. 
Smilax,  107  ;  Wall.  Cai.  5117  B.  S.  glaucophylla,  Klotzsch  in  Beise  JPr. 
Wald.  Bat.  45,  t.  91. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya,  alt.  5-8000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  eastwards.  The  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  6000  ft. 

Branches  very  slender,  stifi',  terete,  smooth,  unarmed  ;  branchlets  sometimes 
furrowed,  often  zigzag.  Leaves  very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  acuminate,  thin,  highly 
reticulate  ;  petiole  very  short,  jointed  at  the  top  ;  sheath  often  cirrhose.  Beduncles 
and  pedicels  ^-^  in.,  capillary,  the  former  often  thickened  and  flat  in  fruit.  JJnibeU 
few- or  many-fld. ;  bracteoles  lanceolate,  very  short;  flowers  m.inute  ;  sepals  and 
petals  ovate-lanceolate ;  filaments  very  short ;  anthers  didymous ;  ovary  ovoid, 
1-3-celled,  staminodes  1-3.  Berries  ^~\  in.  diam. — A  very  common  and'  variable 
Himalayan  plant.- — The  name  parvifolia  though  appropriate  for  Wallich's  and  other 
specimens  is  for  others  delusive. 


Smilax,']  clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  305 

8.  S.  vag'inata^  Decne.  in  Jaquem.  Voy.  Bot.  169,  t.  169;  leaves 
f-l^-  in.  elliptic-ovate  or  cordate  obtuse  acute  or  mucronate  S-T-uerved, 
petiole  -^-f  in.  verjr  slender  narrowly  sheathing  for  i  to  ^  its  length,  sepals 
and  petals  subsimilar  oblong  much  longer  than  the  stamens.  A.DC. 
Monogr.  Smilax,  109. 

Western  Himalayas  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon,  alt.  6-9000  ft.,  Falconer, 
Jacquemont,  Thomson.     Upper  Assam  ;  Naga  hills,  alt.  9000  ft.,  Clarice. 

A  slender  diffuse  unarmed  shrub,  branches  white,  smooth,  terete.  Leaves  mem- 
branous, cuneate  or  subcordate  at  the  base ;  petiole  jointed  below  the  top.  Peduncles 
and  pedicels  very  slender  ;  male  umbel  raany-fld.,  fem.  1-fld.  ;  flowers  purplish ; 
braeteoles  0.— De  Candolle  says  of  this  manifestly  allied  to  S.  parvifolia  (his  8. 
elegans),  differing  in  the  petiole  articulate  below  the  limb  without  cirrhi,  and  stami- 
nodes  6.  The  habitats  he  gives  of  Hyderabad,  alt.  4000  to  6500  ft.,  cannot  apply 
to  the  city  of  that  name  in  the  Deccan. 

9.  S.  long-ebracteolata,  Booh.f.-,  stems  slender,  branches  terete, 
leaves  2^-3^  in.  ovate-cordate  acuminate  5-costate,  petiole  1  in.  narrowly- 
sheathing  for  half  its  length,  tips  of  sheaths  acute,  umbels  long  peduncled, 
braeteoles  subulate  rigid  ^-f  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  sepals  and  rather 
narrower  petals  of  male  linear  oblong,  stamens  very  short.  S.  elegans, 
var.  major,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  107. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Myrung,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  J.  B.  H.  ^  T.  T. 

-Brawc/ies  terete,  quite  smooth,  rather  slender.  Leaves  thin,  finely  reticulated; 
petiole  articulate  at  the  top  ?,  sheathing  portion  coriaceous,  margins  recurved,  tips 
cuspidate,  recurved,  cirrhi  inserted  above  the  cusps.  Male  umbels  small,  few-fld., 
shortly  peduncled,  pedicels  ^  in.;  braeteoles  shorter  than  in  the  fem.,  subulate; 
sepals  Jq  in.;  fem.  peduncles  naked  at  the  base,  inserted  a  little  above  the  axil  of 
the  leaf ;  pedicels  ^-g  in. ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate;  petals  narrower;  stigmas 
very  short. — The  larger  leaves  and  long  rigid  braeteoles  of  the  fem.  umbels  dis- 
tinguish this  from  S.  parvifolia  and  minutiflora. 

10.  S.  minutiflora,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  109 ;  branches  slender 
terete  or  grooved,  leaves  2|-4i  by  f-li  in.  ovate-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong 
acuminate  membranous  3-5-costate  base  obtuse  rounded  or  subacute,  petiole 
|-|  in.,  sheath  oblong  i  of  its  length  narrowed  upwards,  male  umbels 
many-fld.,  sepals  and  petals  subequal  lanceolate  3-4  times  longer  than  the 
stamens,  fem.  umbels  very  few-fld.,  peduncle  very  long  slender. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6-9000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.    Khasia  Hills,  Griffith. 

Branches  strict,  woody,  unarmed,  smooth ;  scales  at  the  base  of  the  flowering 
branches  ^-^  in.  long.  Leaves  pale  beneath,  nervules  laxly  reticulate ;  petiole 
articulate  below  the  limb,  cirrhi  0.  Peduncle  of  male  umbel  slender;  pedicels 
\-^  in.  ;  buds  globose.  Berries  ^  in.  diam.,  black. — •"  Differs  from  S.  vaginata  in 
the  more  acute  or  acuminate  leaves,  and  shorter  petiole  ;  from  8.  parvifolia  in  the 
nerves  of  the  leaf  descending  into  the  petiole  before  reaching  the  joint,'*  A.DC.  ;  I 
doubt  its  being  anything  but  parvifolia. 

11.  S.  elegrans,  Wall.  Cat.  5117  A;  branches  slender  terete,  leaves 
2-3  in.  ovate  or  ovate-cordate  acute  or  acuminate  thin  5-co8tate,  petiole 
i-i  in.  sheathing  half  way  up  or  more,  male  and  fem.  peduncles  and 
pedicels  capillary,  umbels  few-fld.,  sepals  ovate-oblong,  petals  obovate, 
anthers  subsessile,  ovary  globose.  S.  menispermoidea,  A.DC.  Monogr. 
Smilax,  108. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon  and  Nepal,  Wallich;  Sikkim,  alt.  7-11,000  ft., 
J.  D.  H.,  Clarke. 

A  small  shrub  ;  branches  and  branchlets  quite  smooth,  unarmed.     Leaves  variable 
VOL.  VI.  X 


306  CLVi.  LiLiACEjR.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Smilax. 

in  breadth  ;  sheath  of  petioles  of  old  leaves  ^-1  in.,  axillary  branches  with  a  recurved 
basal  scale,  cirrhi  slender.  Peduncles  1-1^  in.  long ;  male  flowers  4-6,  ^-^  in.  diani. ; 
bracteoles  minute,  subulate;  fruiting  peduncles  strict,  slender,  1-1^  in.  ;  receptacle 
minute,  pedicels  ^-^^  in,  ;  ovary  with  2  (?2-3)  stigmas  recurved  from  the  base. 
berries  ^  in.  diam.,  blue-black  ;  seeds  2-3,  small,  obtusely  angled. — The  broad  thin 
leaves  and  long  sheaths  of  the  petioles  best  distinguish  this  ivow.  parvifoUa. 

**  Flowers  large  or  small ;  sepals  rarely  less  than  ^  in.  long.  Stamens 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  rarely  ^  shorter. 

t  Umbels  many  spicate  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

12.  S.  aspera*  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1028 ;  leaves  1^-6  in.  ovate  deltoid  or 
lanceolate  base  hastate  or  cordate,  sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  rather  nar- 
rower, anthers  linear  shorter  than  the  filaments.  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
X.  t.  428;  A.DC.  Monog7\  Smilax,  163  {vars.  genuina,  Perrottetiana  and 
maculata).  S.  maculata, -Koari.  F(?.  J>i(^.  iii.  796;  Wall.  Cat.  6113;  Royle 
III.  384 ;  Kunth  Enurn.  v.  218 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2059 ;  Thwaites  Enum.  338 
{excl.  syn.  Villandia) .  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  343.  S-  lulgens,  Wall.  Cat. 
6122.     S.  nilagarensis,  Steud.  PI.  Exsicc.  Hohen.  n.  952. 

Throughout  India,  from  Kashmte,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  to  the  Khasia  Hills,  and 
southward  to  Travancore,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  and  Cetlon;  ascending  to  5000  ft.— 
DiSTBiB.  Syria,  S.  Europe,  N.  Africa. 

A  large  shrub,  branches  armed  or  not.  Leaves  usually  blotched  with  white,  5-9- 
nerved,  acute  or  acuminate,  basal  lobes  rounded  or  oblong;  petiole  J-f  in.  and 
nerves  beneath  often  prii-kly  ;  cirrhi  usually  long.  Spikes  2-6  in.  ;  rachis  slender 
smooth,  umbels  niauy-fld.,  bracteoles  minute  ;  flowers  white,  sweet  scented,  buds 
longer  than  the  pedicels;  male  sepals  i  in.  long,  fem.  rather  smaller;  staminodes 
6;  stigmas  oblong,  recurved.     Berries  ^-^  in.,  blueish,  usually  3-seeded  . 

ft  Umbels  solitary  binate  or  panicled  on  a  common  peduncle. 

§  Branches  rough  hispid  or  granulate. 

13.  S>  aspericaulis,  Wall.  Ca^.  5129;  branches  terete  scabrid,  leaves 
2-8  by  2-3  in.  oblong  or  linear-oblong  thin  3-costate  from  above  the  base 
tip  rounded  or  clawed^  petiole  |-1  in.  narrowly  sheathing  below  the  middle, 
male  sepals  ^  in.  linear-oblong,  petals  very  narrow,  stamens  as  long  as  the 
sepals.  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  195.  S.  Roxburghiana,  Wall.  Cat.  5115, 
in  part.     P  S.  odoratissima,  i?Z^^^m(3. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1-3000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.  (6000  ft.,  King).  The  Khasia 
Hills  and  Burma,  Wallich,  &c.  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz.  Perak,  King's 
Collector. 

Branches  unarmed  or  aculeate,  sometimes  closely.  Leaves  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  the  bases.  Umbels  many-fld.,  solitary  or  2-3  on  a  common  peduncle  ^  in.  long, 
partial  peduncle  as  long;  buds  clavate  ^  in.  long;  bracteoles  obsolete ;  fem.  recept. 
globose;  pedicels  ^  in.  ;  fem.  fl.  not  seen.  Berries  nearly  I  in.  diam.  — If  this  is 
Blume's  8.  odoratissima  that  is  the  earliest  name. 

14.  S-  barbata.  Wall.  Cat.  6125  ;  branches  very  stout  terete  densely 
bristly,  leaves  6-10  in.  long  and  broad  elliptic  or  orbicular-cordate  coria- 
ceous cuspidate  7-costate  from  above  the  base,  petiole  very  stout,  base 
sheathing  and  bristly,  umbels  very  long-peduncled.  A.DC.  Monogr. 
Smilax,  196.     S.  setosa,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  610. 

SiNGAPOEE,  Wallich,  Hidlett. — Distrib.  Banca. 

Leaves  coarsely  reticulate,  white  beneath  ;  petiole  1-1^  in. ;    male  umbels  very 


Smilax.]  clvi.  liliacej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  307 

many-fld.,  solitary  and  bracteate  towards  the  base  or  two  on  along  common  peduncle, 
special  peduncles  2-3  in.,  very  slender;  pedicels  f  in. ;  bracteoles  small,  ovate ;  male  fl. 
^  in.  diam  ,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  petals  very  narrow;  staminodesof  fem. 
fl.  6 ;  ovary  oblong ;  stigmas  very  long,  free  to  the  base,  revolute  ;  ovules  solitary 
(or  1-2  in  one  cell  solitary  in  the  others  ?). 

15.  Sn'SLinsii,  Sook.f. ;  brandies  very  stout  granulate,  leaves  5-10  in. 
orbicular-ovate  or  elliptic  and  very  large  cymbiform  petiolar  sheaths 
thickly  coriaceous  5-7-costate  from  the  base,  petiole  2-3  in. ;  umbels  1-3  on 
a  very  short  common  peduncle,  partial  peduncles  1-3  in.,  pedicels  l|-2  in., 
sepals  1  in.  long. 

Malayan  Peninsitla  ;  Perak,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  40  ft. ;  branches  angular,  lower  as  thick  as  the  little  finger  with  many 
conical  spines  -^  in.  long.  Leaves  very  smooth  on  both  surfaces  ;  nerves  obscure, 
immersed;  petiole  as  thick  as  a  gooseqnill ;  sheath  cymbiform  of  lower  leaves  with 
sometimes  large  spines  ;  cirrhi  very  stout.  Fem.  fl.  sepals  broadly  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  ;  petals  very  narrow ;  staminodes  3 ;  ovary  oblong ;  style  one-third  as  long, 
stigma  much  longer  than  the  style.     Berry  1  in.  diam.     Male  fl.  not  seen. 

16.  S.  pallescens,  A. DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  198;  branches  terete 
granulate,  leaves  6-10  by  2-3|  in.  narrowly  oblong  tip  rounded  and 
broadly  caudate  thin  pale  5-costate  from  the  rounded  or  subacute  base, 
petiole  f  in.  obscurely  sheathing  articulate  at  the  middle. 

Upper  Assam  ;  in  the  Mishmi  hills,  QriffitJi. 

The  solitary  specimen  of  this  fine  species  consists  of  a  branch  with  leaves  and 
male  racemes  with  a  solitary  flower.  The  branch  is  unarmed,  not  scabrid  like 
aspericauUs,  and  hardly  warted  as  described  by  De  Candolle,  but  granulate ;  the 
racemes  ai'e  very  slender,  2-5  in.  long,  white,  the  umbels  1-3-nate,  peduncles 
^-l  in.  divaricate^  the  bracts  are  all  gone. — I  have  seen  no  flowers.  Griflith  describes 
them  as  greenisli -brown  spotted  with  red,  and  with  white  anthers. 

§  Branches  smooth,  usually  aculeate. 

a.  Umbels  solitary  rarely  2-nate ;  peduncle  bracteate  or  not  below  the 
middle. 

17.  S.  ferox,  Wall.  Cat.  5119 ;  branches  stout  aculeate,  leaves  2|-3j 
by  1-2  in.  elliptic  or  ovate-  or  obovate-oblong  acute  or  mucronate  rigid 
3-5-costate  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  petiole  ^  in.  broad  coriaceous 
sheathing  tumidly  for  half  its  length,  sepals  and  petals  oblong  sub- 
equal,  stamens  6-9  one-third  shorter  than  the  sepals.  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax, 
103.  S.  China,  Maxim.  Dec.  v.  172  {the  Indian  jplant).  S.  Thomsonianat, 
A.DC.  I.  c.  104. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Nepal,  Wallick;  Sikkim  alt.  5-8000  ft.  /.  D.  H.  Bengal, 
Griffith  {Kew  distrib.  5440).     Munnipore,  Watt. — Distrib.  Tonkin. 

A  stout  shrub  ;  branches  strongly  prickly,  terete,  branchlets  unarmed,  angled. 
Leaves  epunctate  and  elineolQ,te,  marginal  nerves  very  slender,  nervulcs  faint; 
petiole  jointed  at  the  sheath.  J/mhels  from  the  young  shoots  only,  of  which  the 
leaves  are  membranous  subglaucous  beneath ;  peduncles  rather  stout,  solitary, 
rarely  2-nate,  5-|  in.  long  or  shorter;  bracteoles  ovate,  acuminate  sepals  ^— ^  in.  long, 
ovate-oblong;  petals  similar;  staminodes  3 ;  ovary  oblong,  short  styles,  stout. 
Berries  ^  in.  diam.,  1-2-seeded. — The  stamens  are  certainly  sometimes  9  in  Sikkim 
specimens.  De  Candolle  remarks  on  the  close  affinity  of  this  with  the  "China," 
Sm.  China,  which  he  refers  to  sect.  Nemexia,  having  2-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary ; 
he  further  distinguishes  S.  ferox  by  the  leaves  not  cuneate  at  the  base,  which, 
however,  they  sometimes  are.  I  find  no  characters  whereby  to  distinguish  S.  Thorn- 
soniana  as  a  variety. 

X  2 


308  CLVi.  LILIACE2E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Smilax. 

18.  S.   laevis.   Wall.   Cat.   5116;    unarmed,  leaves    4-6   by   1-2    iu. 

lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  acaminate  3-5-co8tate  from  or  above  the 
acuminate  or  cuspidate  base,  petiole  ^-f  in.  shortly  sheathing,  umbels 
solitary;  peduncle  bracteate  below  the  middle  much  longer  than  the 
petiole.  A.DG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  56.  S.  oxyphylla,  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  239 
{the  Penang  plant  of  Wallich). 

Penang,  Wallich,  Curtis,  &c.  Malacca  ;  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith,  Perak,  alt. 
3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector. — Disteib.  China. 

Branches  slender,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves  jointed  suddenly  at  the  narrowed 
base,  finely  reticulate.  Peduncle  f-1  in.;  pedicels  of  male  fl.  very  short;  bracteoles 
obsolete ;  flowers  f  in.  diam.  ;  sepals  linear-oblong ;  petals  very  narrow ;  stamens 
nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  staminodesS;  stigmas  large  recurved.  Berries  small, 
^  in.  diam.,  fruiting  pedicels  ^  in.,  very  slender. — The  Mt.  Ophir  specimens  (var. 
ophirense,  A. DC.)  have  very  strongly  reticulated  leaves. 

19.  S.  lanceaefolia,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  792 ;  leaves  4-6  by  l|-3  in. 
orbicular-  oblong-  or  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  3-costate  base  acute, 
petiole  \-^  in.,  sheath  obscure,  male  umbels  subsessile  very  many-fld., 
peduncles  naked  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Wall.  Cat.  5132;  A.DC. 
Monogr.  Smilax,  57.     S.  micropoda,  A.DG.  I.  c.  58. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-7000  ft.  The  Khasia,  Naga  and  Munnipgee  Hills, 
Clarice,  ^c.     Burma,  in  the  Shan  States. — Disteib.  China. 

Branches  slender,  subterete,  prickles  few  or  0.  Leaves  membranous,  subcaudate, 
intra-marginal  nerves  very  slender,  punctulate  and  lineolate.  Male  umbel  15-25- 
fld.,  pedicels  \  in.,  filiform,  bracteoles  ovate,  acute;  flowers  \  in.  diam.  j  sepals 
and  petals  linear,  subequal ;  anthers  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  filaments.  Fem. 
umbels  subsimilar ;  peduncle  stout,  flattened ;  bracteoles  very  minute,  subulate  or 
0 ;  staminodes  3,  ovary  short,  obtusely  trigonous ;  stigmas  short,  obtuse,  recurved. 
Berry  about  \  in.  diam. — The  Chinese  plant  (var.  opaca,  A.DC.)  has  more  rigid 
epunctate  leaves.  The  leaves  are  subcordate  in  the  Burmese  specimens.  A  specimen, 
apparently  of  this  from  the  Duphla  hills  has  leaves  5-6  by  3§-4  in.,  broadly  ovate 
deeply  cordate,  and  fruiting  peduncle  1^  in.,  with  pedicels  1  in. 

20.  S.  oxyphylla,  Wall.  Cat.  5128;  branches  very  slender,  leaves 
2|-5  by  f-l|  in.  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  3-costate  base 
acuminate,  petiole  ^-^  in.,  sheath  obscure,  peduncle  of  male  umbel 
equalling  or  rather  longer  than  the  petiole  ebracteate  very  slender  naked, 
pedicels  capillary.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  238  {excl.  syn.) ;  A.DC.  Monogr. 
Smilax,  59. 

SiLHET,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Chittagong,  Wallich,  Griffith,  &c. 

Branches  terete,  with  a  very  few  short  prickles  or  0.  Leaves  membranous, 
sometimes  caudate,  very  finely  reticulate,  lineolate,  hardly  punctulate,  intramarginal 
nerves  very  slender.  Male  umbel  15-30-fld.,  bracteoles  very  minute ;  sepals  and 
petals  obovate -oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens ;  anthers  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  very  slender  filaments. — Hardly  distinguishable  from  narrow-leaved 
specimens  of  8.  lancecefolia.     I  have  seen  no  fem.  fl. 

/3.  Umbels  2-3  on  a  common  peduncle.  Staminodes  3.  Except  in 
S.  zeylanica. 

t  Costse  of  leaves  free  from  the  hase^  or  connate  in  S.  quadrata. 

21.  S*  quadrata,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  183;  branches  4-angled 
zigzag,  leaves  4-6  by  1^-2^  in.  oblong  or  elliptic-oblong  broadly  cuspidate 
membranous  3-co8tate  from  the  rounded  base  or  above  it,  petiole  -^-i  in. 
narrowly  sheathing  for  half  its  length,  fem.  umbels  solitary  or  2-3  on  a 


Smilax.']  clvi.  LiLucEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  309 

short  common  peduncle  very  many-fld.,  pedicels  rigid,  flowers  small, 
sepals  linear-oblong,  petals  narrowly  linear.  S.  zeylanica,  Wall.  Cat. 
5130  D.  E. 

Khasia  Hills,  Griffith  ;  alt.  4-6000  ft.  J.  B.  R.  &  T.  T.  Munnipore,  alt. 
5500  ft.,  Clarke.     Buema;  Tavoy  and  Prome,  Wallich. 

A  very  remarkable  species,  at  once  recognized  by  the  square  unarmed  almost 
4- winged  sparsely  prickly  zigzag  branches,  and  oblong  thin  leaves  witB  callous-tipped 
cusps ;  the  peduncles  |  in.  long  are  very  rigid,  as  are  the  pedicels  which  radiate 
forming  a  globe  1  in.  diam.  or  less.  Fern.  Jl.  very  small,  ^  in.  diam. ;  staminodes 
1-3  J  ovary  contracted  into  a  stout  style  with  suberect  stigmas.  Malefl.  peduncle 
slender;  pedicels  capillary,  shorter  than  the  buds;  sepals  i  in.  long;  petals  very 
narrow;  filaments  very  slender. — I  found  only  1-3  staminodes,  A.D (J.  in  a  solitary 
imperfect  flower  though  there  were  probably  6. 

22.  S.  Kelferi,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  176;  branches  slender 
sparingly  prickly,  leaves  3-5  by  1-3  in.  oblong  ronnded  at  both  ends 
3-costate  from  the  base  membranous  tip  clawed,  petiole  |— j  in.  sheathing 
to  above  its  middle,  male  umbels  many-fld.,  sepals  linear-oblong,  petals 
much  narrower,  costa  thick,  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
?  S.  luzonensis,  Presl  Rel.  Hsenk.  i.  131. 

Pegu,  McLeUand,  Tenasseeim,  Heifer^  Falconer-,  Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay, 
— DiSTEiB.  PPhilippines. 

Branches  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  terete,  grooved  ;  prickles  small,  nearly  straight. 
Leaves  retuse,  or  tipped  with  a  fleshy  nail-like  process,  rarely  acuminate;  cortas 
slender;  cirrhi  0  or  short.  Male  umbels  usually  solitary,  peduncle  ^-1  in.,  bracteate 
about  the  middle  or  lower;  fruiting  peduncles  stout ;  receptacle  globose,  pitted; 
bracteoles  minute,  ovate;  pedicels  ^  in.,  slender;  staminodes  3.  Berries  very  small, 
about  i  in.  diam. ;  seeds  small. — De  CandoUe  makes  of  Maingay 's  plant  a  variety 
with  the  costse  hardly  separate  above  the  base,  and  immature  berries  smaller,  but  I 
fail  to  find  these  ditierences.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  of  Heifer's  and  Falconer's 
plants,  nor  other  berries  than  Maiugay's.  Kitchie  has  collected  a  very  similar  plant 
in  flowerless  state  at  Kasarleh  in  Canara. 

23.  S.  extensa,  Wall.  Cat.  5126  B  ;  branches  terete,  leaves  3-6 
by  1-2  in.  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate  acute  or  cuspidate  coriaceous 
3-costate  from  the  cuneate  or  acuminate  base,  petiole  ^-§  in.  narrowly 
sheathing  to  the  middle,  male  umbels  solitary  or  2-3  on  a  short  bracteate 
common  peduncle  many-fld.,  pedicels  very  short,  sepals  linear  obtuse, 
petals  much  narrower,  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals.  A.DC.  Monogr. 
Smilax,  179. 

Penang,  Wallich,  Curtis,  1244. 

Branches  striate,  unarmed,  ribs  slender.  Leaves  shining,  not  margined,  very 
much  narrowed  at  the  base  into  the  stout  petiole ;  some  of  the  largest  are  rounded 
at  the  tip  with  a  broad  cusp ;  cirrhi  stout.  Beduncle  of  umbels  bracteate  at  the 
base  ;  bracteoles  minute,  ovate ;  pedicels  J-  in. ;  sepals  \  in.  ;  staminodes  3. — 
S.  extensa,  Wall.  5126,  A.  is  S.  myosotifiora  of  A.  De  Candolle. 

ft  Gostse  of  leaves  more  or  less  connate  at  the  base  (see  also  S. 
quadrata. 

24.  S.  zeylanica,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1029  ;  branches  slender  more  or  less 
4-angled,  leaves  6-7  by  2^-4  in.  elliptic  or  broadly  oblong  or  ovate-oblong 
cuspidate  3-5-costate  from  above  the  base,  petiole  |-1  in.  very  shortly 
sheathing  at   the   base,  umbels  solitary  or  2-3  on  a  common  peduncle 


310  cLvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Smilax. 

small  many-fld.,  special  peduncle  and  pedicels  short,  sepals  ^-^  in.  linear, 
petals  mnch  narrower,  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals.  A.JDG.  Monorjr. 
^Smilax,  190  ;  Thwaites  Enum.  338  ;  Wall.  Gat  5130  A.  S.  indica,  Viim, 
Summa,  v.  422;  A.DC.  I.  c.  187.  S.  lanrifolia,  Hohen.  PI.  Exsicc.  n.  122. 
S.  Hohenackeri,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  240.  S.  umbellata  &  pseudo-China, 
Serb.  Madr. — JBurm.  Fl.  Zeyl.  217  excl.  syn. — Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  vii.  t. 
31. 

Throughout  the  hilly  tropical  districts  of  India,  from  the  Eastern  Himalaya 
and  BuEMAto  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  from  the  CoNCANto  Ceylon. — Disteib. 
Java. 

branches  unarmed  or  with  a  few  prickles;  branchlets  often  zigzag.  Leaves 
more  uniform  than  in  most  species,  base  rounded  or  subcordate,  or  iu  the  terminal 
leaves  often  acute  ;  petiole  jointed  in  the  middle,  at  length  cirrhose.  Peduncle 
bracteate  at  the  base,  umbels  20-30-fld.,  male  pedicels  ^  in.,  fern.  ^  in.  j  staminodes 
in  few-fl.  Berries  ^  in.  diam., /usually  2  plano-convex.  The  var.  sisparensis  A.DC. 
(S.  laurifolia,  Hohen.)  is  the/common  Deccan  form,  and  not  distinguishable  from 
the  Ceylon. 

25.  S.  macrophylla,  Boxh.  Hort.  Beng.  72 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  793  (not  of 
"Willd.) ;  branches  stout  terete,  leaves  6-18  in.,  as  broad  or  narrower  orbicular 
or  broadly  oblong  cuspidate  5-7-costate  from  the  rounded  subcordate  or 
suddenly  cuneate  base,  petiole  l-lf  in-  very  stout  narrowly  sheathing  below 
the  middle,  umbels  2-3  on  a  short  common  peduncle,  male  partial  peduncle 
slender,  sepals  ^  in.  linear,  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals.  A.DG. 
Monogr.  Smilax,  193  {excl.  var.  cachai^ensis).  S.  ovalifolia,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
iii.  794  ;  WiiiU,  Ic.  t.  809;  Dalz.  &  Gils.  Bomb.  Fl.  246  ;  Kmith  Enum.  v. 
248.  S.  Koxburghii,  Kunth  I.  c.  852.  S.  retusa,  Boxb.  I.  c.  793.  S.  pro- 
lifera,  Wall.  Gat.  5724  C.  D.  F.  S.  prolifera  &  ovalifolia,  Serb.  Ind.  Or. 
Hook.  f.  &  T.  S.  grandis,  Wall,  ex  Voigt  Sort.  8ub.  Gale.  648.  S. 
grandifolia,  Voigt.  I.  c. 

Tegpical  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon  {Herh.  Strach.  Sf  Winterb.  8)  East- 
wards, Assam,  Bengal,  Chittagong,  Buema,  the  Centeal  Peovinces  and 
Concan. 

Stem  stout,  scandent,  prickly,  as  thick  as  the  thumb  below.  Leaves  glossy 
above;  cirrhi  long.  Male  peduncles  ^-1^  in.,  slender;  umbels  many-fld.; 
pedicels  |-:j  in.,  shorter  than  the  buds;  staminodes  of  fern.  fl.  3.  Ovary  oblong; 
stigmas  3  sessile.  Berries  \-\.\  in.  diam.,  1-2-seeded  ;  pedicels  short,  stout.  Seeds 
biconvex. — This  is,  I  think,  undoubtedly  Roxburgh's  ovalifolia  as  well  as  his 
macrophylla.  It  is  best  distinpuished  from  prolifera,  by  the  narrow  sheath  of  the 
petiole,  but  both  are  so  variable  in  foliage,  that  young  shoots  of  prolifera  with 
undeveloped  sheaths  may  be  mistaken  for  macrophylla.  De  Candolle  unites 
Roxburgh's  otalifolia  -wxlh  prolifera,  but  cites  Wight's  t.  809  under  macrophylla, 
overlooking  the  fact  that  Wight's  figure  is  an  acknowledged  copy  of  Roxburgh's 
drawing  of  ovalifolia  and  bears  that  name,  as  also  that  of  "  Kunda  gurvatiga," 
which  Roxburgh  also  gives.  De  Candolle's  8.  ovalifolia  must  therefore  take  the 
name  of  B.  prolifera. 

26.  S.  Wig-htii,  A.DG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  174;  branches  robust, 
leaves  3-4i  in.  coriaceous  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate  or  elliptic  subcordate 
5-7-costate  from  above  the  base,  petiole  very  stout  sheathing  for  about  half 
its  length,  umbels  solitary  or  2-3  on  a  common  peduncle  many-fld.,  sepals 
of  male  "l^  in.  long  and  petals  subequal  linear  hardly  longer  than  the 
stamens.     S.  zeylanica,  Wight,  Ic.  t.  2057-8. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  WigU,  &c. 


Smilax.]  clvi.  liliaoeje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  311 

A  lofty  climber;  branches  terete,  sparsely  prickly.  Leaves  shining,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  or  young  acuminate,  base  rounded  or  cordate,  margins  of  petiolar  sheath 
incurved.  Common  peduncle  1-1^  in.,  stout,  bracteate  at  the  base ;  bracteoles 
subulate;  pedicels  i-f  in.;  male  fl.  largest,  filaments  very  slender;  fem,  with 
narrower  petals  ;  staminodes  3  ;  ovary  broadly  ovoid;  stigmas  sessile.  Berries  §  in. 
diam. — Wight's  figure  is  inaccurate  in  representing  the  costae  of  the  leaf  as  free  to 
the  base,  and  peduncles  and  pedicles  as  far  too  slender. — De  Candolle  gives 
Khasia  hills,  Kuiz,  as  a  habitat,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens,  and  suspect  some 
error. 

27.  S.  polyacantha,  Wall.  Cat.  5127;  branches  slender  closely 
prickly,  leaves  4-6  by  l|-2  in.  coriaceous  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate  at 
both  ends  3-5-costate  from  above  the  base,  petiole  stout  narrowly  sheath- 
ing below  the  middle,  umbels  solitary  or  2  on  a  very  short  common 
peduncle  many-fld.,  fem.  sepals  \  in.  long.  KuTith  lEnum.  v.  239  ;  A.DC. 
Monogr.  Smilax,  176. 

Penang,  Porter.  ^ 

Branches  terete,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  prickles  short,  straight.  Leaves 
narrowed  into  the  petiole,  which  is  f-1  in.,  strongly  3-costate  with  slender  sub- 
marginal  nerves;  cirrhi  slender.  Common  peduncle  very  stout,  partial  (fruiting) 
§-1  in.,  stout;  receptacle  ovoid;  bracteoles  minute,  ovate;  fem.  fl.  very  small. 
Ovary  with  short  recurved  styles. 

28.  S.  Roxburgrhiana,  Wall.  Gat.  6115 ;  branches  terete,  branch- 
lets  4-angled,  leaves  5-8  in.  polymorphous  oblong  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  base  rounded  cordate  or  cuneate  3-5-costate  from  above  the 
base,  petiole  with  very  large  broad  2-auricled  sheaths  below  the  middle, 
umbels  solitary  or  2-3  on  a  common  peduncle  many-fld.,  sepals  i  in.  long, 
linear-oblong,  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals.  S.  ocreata  and  orthoptera, 
A.DG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  193;  S.  macrophylla,  var.  cacharensis,  A.DC.  I.  c 
194.  S.  prolifera,  Wall.  Cat.  5124  B,  D,  in  part.  S.  laurifolia,  Boxh.  in 
Wall.  I.  c. 

Tropical  Himalaya  from  Garwhal  Eastwards,  Silhet,  Cachae,  the  Khasia 
Hills  and  Behak  (on  Parus-nath). 

Stems  more  or  less  prickly;  branches  smooth.  Leaves  on  young  shoots  6  by 
1^-2  in.,  thin,  lanceolate  base  acute,  petiole  ^-1  in. ;  in  older  8  by  3^  in,,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  obtusely  acuminate,  on  still  older  5-7  by  2^-4  in.  oblong  or  broadly 
ovate  coriaceous  5-costate,  base  rounded  cordate  or  truncate ;  costae  in  all  united 
above  the  base;  auricles  in  old  leaves  1-1^  in.  produced  behind  into  rounded  lobes 
embracing  the  branch.  Umbels  1-3 ;  peduncles  very  variable  in  length  and  posi- 
tion, common  peduncle  i-3  in.,  bracteate  at  the  base;  receptacle  globose;  fem. 
umbels  12-15-fld.,  pedicela  ^  in.,  slender;  staminodes 3;  stigmas  long,  recurved. 
Berries  i  in.  diam.,  pedicels  as  long  or  longer.  Seeds  2,  hemispheric  or  solitary  and 
globose,  less  than  ^  in  diam. 

29.  S.  meg^acarpa,  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  186 ;  branches  terete 
smooth  unarmed,  leaves  3-7  in.  elliptic  ovate  or  oblong  3-costate  from 
above  the  base,  petiole  |-1^  in.,  sheath  short  narrow,  umbels  many-fld., 
pedicels  i  in.  slender,  sepals  ^  in.  long  ligulate,  petals  very  narrow, 
filaments  very  long  slender,  berry  the  size  of  a  cherry  3-seeded,  seeds 
lenticular. 

The  Khasia  Hills,  Qrifith.  M. a.lacc a,  Maingai/.  Pekak  ;  Larut,  Kunstler. 
— DiSTRiB.  Tonkin. 

There  are  two  forms  (or  species)  included  here,  diflering  greatly  in  foliage, 
a  Khasian  and  Malayan,  but  agreeing  in  their  remarkable  fruit  and  seeds.  Both 
have  fruiting  branches  rather  thicker  than  a  crow-quill,  very  rigid,  unarmed.  In 
the  Khasian  the  leaves  are  elliptic  or  ovate  3-4  by  1-  nearly  2  in.,  obtusely  acuminate 


312  CLVi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Smilajc. 

margined,  contracted  at  the  base  near  to  which  the  slender  costaa  unite,  they  are 
thin  shining  with  finely  reticulate  nervules ;  the  petiole  is  f  in.  long,  sheathing  about 
\  way  up,  and  articulate  at  the  tip.  In  the  Maingay  specimen  the  leaves  are 
detached,  6  by  3  in.,  broadly  oblong  rounded  at  the  tip,  very  coriaceous  ;  the  costse 
are  much  stouter,  they  match  well  the  older  leaves  of  Griffith's  specimen.  In  both 
the  umbels  are  numerous  along  the  rigid  branches.  Umbels  1-3  on  a  stout 
common  peduncle  as  long  as  the  petiole  or  longer ;  peduncles  ^-1  in.  stiff;  pedicels 
3-5,  also  stiff.  Berries  nearly  1  in.  diam. ;  seeds  3,  orbicular,  |  in.  diam.,  biconvex. 
— Were  it  not  that  Griffith's  specimen  is  labelled  Khasia  by  his  own  hand,  1  should 
have  suspected  some  error  in  the  habitat.  In  the  Perak  specimens  the  male  fl.  branches 
are  elongate,  leafy  upwards,  and  the  upper  umbels  axillary,  the  lower  arise  from 
leafless  scales;  peduncles  ^-1  in.,  pedicels  \  in.  ;  bracteoles  minute. 

7  Umbels  more  than  three  alternate  or  whorled  over  the  racbis  of  a 
common  peduncle.  ' 

30.  S.  prolifera,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  795;  branches  stout  terete 
prickly,  leaves  4-8  by  l|-6  in.  from  ovate  acuminate  to  orbicular-ovate 
or  oblong  cuspidate  3-7-costate  from  above  the  rounded  or  subcordate 
base,  petiole  1-2  in.  sheathing  portion  usually  forming  two  large  basal 
amplexicaul  erect  or  reflexed  auricles,  racemes  elongate,  umbels  10-20 
3-nate  or  whorled  many-fld.  Wall.  Gat.  5124,  A,  B,  D  (in  part)  E,  G,  H; 
Kunth  Enum.  v.  247  {excl.  syn.  ovalifolia).  S.  laurifolia,  Boxh.  I.  c.  793. 
S.  laurina,  Kunth  I.e.  248.  S.  ovalifolia,  A.DG*.  Monogr.  Smilax,  199 
{not  of  Boxh.).  ?  S.  macrophylla,  Dah.  (Sf  Gihs.  Bomh.  Fl.  246.  S. 
macrophylla,  var.  polycephala,  A.DG.  I.  c.  194.  S.  umbellata,  Herh. 
Eeyne, 

Tropical  Western  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  StracTiey  ^  Winterhottom  (Smilaio 
Nos.  6,  7).  Nepal,  Wallich.  Silhet,  Bengal,  Behae,  Burma,  the  Deccan 
Peninsula  and  Ceylon. 

Stem  stout,  more  or  less  strongly  armed,  climbing.  Leaves  extremely 
variable  in  form  and  size ;  costse  3-7,  the  three  inner  united  above  the  base ; 
sheath  of  petiole  very  variable,  sometimes  exactly  as  in  8.  Roxhurghiana,  at  others  very 
narrow.  Umbels  36-40-fld. ;  peduncles  |-1|  in.,  pedicels  i  in.  ;  bracteoles  minute*; 
flowers  very  small ;  sepals  i  in.,  oblong-lanceolate;  petals  as  long,  very  narrow,  both 
often  breaking  off  above  the  base  in  the  fem.  fl.  ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals ; 
filaments  slender  ;  staminodes  of  fem.  fl.  3 ;  ovary  oblong ;  stigmas  large,  long, 
erect,  very  deciduous.  Berries  red,  the  size  of  a  pea.  Seeds  small,  biconvex. — De 
Candolle  certainly  ens  in  referring  this  to  8.  ovalifolia,  Roxburgh's  drawings  and 
descriptions  are  very  precise.  The  ovalifolia  var.  nervulosa,  A. DC.  1.  c.  200  from 
Ceylon  (Walker,  a  solitary  male  specimen)  is  possibly  a  difterent  species;  the 
leaves  are  3^  by  l|-2  in.,  elliptic,  oblong,  apiculate,  with  3  costaj  meeting  at  the 
base,  the  petiolar  sheaths  form  tumid  auricles  nearly  ^  in.  long  and  at  basal  the 
racemes  are  shorter,  the  flowers  rather  larger,  and  pedicels  sborter  than  in  true 
prolifera.  Var.  parvigloha,  A. DC.  1.  c.  200  (a  solitary  male  specimen)  resembles 
nervulosa  in  foliage,  but  has  smaller  petiolar  sheaths,  small  panicles  of  minute 
flowers  with  sepals  and  narrow  petals  -^  in.  long ;  it  is,  1  think,  a  very  different 
species;  its  habitat  is  doubtful,  being  in  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  Griffith's^ 
supposed  to  be  from  E.  Bengal  (numbered  545,  Kew  Distrih.),  but  bearing  also  a 
ticket  inscribed  "Smilax  stipulacea,"  which  much  resembles  a  Calcutta  Bot.  Gard. 
one.  Of  var.  'polystemon  A. DC  from  Burma  Kurz.  (n.  2636)  with  8-9  stamens 
I  know  nothing ;  8.  ferox  is  the  only  polystemonous  Indian  species  that  I  have 
examined. 

31.  S.  leucophylla,  Blume  Enum.  18  A,  C ;  branches  terete,  leaves 
6-8  by  2-4^  in.  ovate  or  oblong  3-5-costate  from  above  the  cuneate  rounded 
or  subcordate  base  coriaceous  glaucous  beneath,  petiole  1-1|  in.  with  two 


Smilax.]  clvt.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  313 

large  obtuse  incurved  auricles,  male  umbels  very-man y-fld.,  pedicels  hardly 
longer  than  the  sepals.     A.BG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  200. 

Penang;  Griffith,  Curtis;  Pebak,  King's  Collector. — Disteib.  Malaya,  Cochin- 
china. 

Branches  stout,  quite  smooth,  more  or  less  prickly.  Leaves  retuse  acute  or 
acuminate,  nervules  obscure.  Inflorescence  irregularly  branched;  peduncles  of 
umbels  ^-3  in.,  bracteoles  obscure  ;  buds  ^  in.  long,  clavate ;  pedicels  slender,  about 
as  long  J  sepals  linear  ;  filaments  slender,  anthers  linear. 

32.  S.  Blumei,  A.BG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  202  ;  branches  stout  terete, 
leaves  8-24  in.  orbicular-ovate  acute  or  obtuse  touientose  beneath  stoutly 
5-7-costate  from  above  the  base,  petiole  2  in.  very  stout,  sheathing  base 
1  in.  with  inflexed  sides  and  acute  tips,  fruiting  umbels  on  a  short  stout 
common  peduncle,  receptacle  large  globose  deeply  pitted,  pedicels  1-1|  in. 
S.  perfoliata,  Blume  Enum.  18  {not  of  Lour.). 

Malacca,  Maingay,  at  Ulu  Bubong,  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Java. 

Branches  prickly.  Leaves  coriaceous,  costre  and  transverse  nervules  deeply  sunb 
above,  highly  raised  beneath.  Umbels  on  a  common  peduncle  1-3  inches  long  and 
as  thick  iis  a  crow-quill.  "Ovules  solitary,  berries  trigonous  at  the  apex  {Maingay 
mss.)." — Kesembles  8.  leiicopliylla,  but  the  leaves  are  tomentose  and  not  glaucous 
beneath. 

33.  S-  G-riffithii,  A.BC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  198;  branches  obtusely 
angled  smooth,  leaves  7-10  by  2^-4^  in.  ovate  acuminate  5-7-costate  from 
the  cuneate  base  coriaceous,  petiole  1  in.  articulate  in  the  middle,  base 
sheathing  with  two  founded  auricles,  male  panicles  7-umbelled  buds 
clavate. 

Upper  Assam,  or  Upper  Burma,  Griffith. 

Branch  (young)  with  a  very  few  minute  prickles.  Leaves  red  brown  when  dry. 
Panicle  4  in.  long.  Umbels  2-4-nate  ;  peduncles  ^  in. ;  pedicels  ^  in, ;  sepals  i  in., 
narrowly  obovate-oblong  ;  petals  narrowly  linear ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
— This  noble  species  was  collected  by  Griffith  in  his  journey  from  Assam  to  Burma;  it 
is  in  male  fl.  only,  and  the  ticket  bears  no  precise  habitat  beyond  that  it  was  gathered 
on  the  15th  of  some  month,  at  an  elevation  of  5000  ft.  probably  either  on  the 
Patkoy  hills,  where  he  was  on  March  15th,  1837,  on  Laim-Planj,  or  in  the  Mishmi 
hills,  where  he  was  in  Nov,  15th,  1836.  The  sepals  are  described  as  herbaceous 
and  coloured  with  brown. 

DOUBTFUL   AND   IMPERFECTLY   KNOWN    SPECIES. 

S.  COLLINA,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  261,  founded  on  S.  pseudo- China,  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
iii.  792  from  the  Garrow  hills,  is  unrecognizable.     It  may  be  S.  zeglanica. 

S.  DECIPIENS,  Spreng.  Pugill.  ii.  91.     Undeterminable. 

S.  OBLiQUA,  Spreng.  Pugill.  ii.  91.  De  Candolle  (Monogr.  207)  doubts  this 
being  a  Smilax,  the  stem  is  described  as  pubescent,  the  leaves  oblong  oblique 
acutely  5-nerved  and  the  spikes  elongate  compound. — E.  Indies. 

S.  siNGAPORENSis,  A.BC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  177  ;  S.  calophylla,  Wall.  Cat.  5131 
in  Herh.  Richard.  De  Candolle  describes  this  as  dilFering  from  S.  Helferi  in  its 
few  prickles,  short  sheaths  of  the  petiole,  the  obtuse  base  of  the  more  cuspidate 
leaves,  basal  scale  of  the  raceme,  larger  female  flowers  and  longer  less  papillose 
stigmas.  He  further  remarks  that  three  species  have  been  distributed  under 
Wallich's  S.  calophylla.  No  doubt  this  is  so,  but  the  confusion  of  certain  species  in 
the  type  collection  of  Wallich  is  so  great  that  except  the  duplicate  specimens  (which 
are  in  most  cases  mere  fragments)  were  brought  together,  it  is  impossible  to  arrive 
at  any  satisfactory  identification  of  them. 

S.  Wallichii,  Kunth  Snum.  v.  246;  A.DC.  Monogr.  Smilax,  178.     S.prolifera, 


314  CLvi.  LiLiAOE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  lSmilax» 

Wall.  Cat.  5124  B,  D,  in  part.     The  specimens  are  quite  insuflBcient  for  determina- 
tion.    They  may  belong  to  S.  zeylanica  or  Roxhurghiana. 

S.  TiLLANDiA,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5123  ;  Royle  III.  384,  t.  94. — Rheede  Hort. 
Mai.  vi.  t.  31.  Detached  leaves  alone  exist  in  Wallich's  and  Hamilton's  Herbaria 
(from  the  Nepal  Moroing),  and  may  belong  to  any  one  of  several  species.  Royle's 
plant  is  only  knowir>  from  the  figure  the  inflorescence  of  which  represents  nothing 
known  to  me.     Rheede's  plant  is  undeterminable. 

2.  KSTEROSBUZiAX,  Xunth. 

Characters  of  Smilax^  but  perianth  tubular,  mouth  contracted, 
2-5-toothed,  and  stamens  3  with  more  or  less  connate  filaments. —  Species 
5,  Indian,  Malayan,  Chinese  and  Japanese. 

H.  indica,  A.DG.  Monogr.  Smilax,  43 ;  leaves  ovate-  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  acuminate,  filaments  connate  to  about  the  middle,  anthers 
obtuse. 

Assam  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  1-4000  ft. 

Stem  very  slender.  Leaves  4-8  by  2-3j  in.,  5-nerved,  rather  thin,  base  rounded ; 
petiole  ^-1  in.,  subterete,  sheathing  base  very  short,  cjrrhose.  Peduncles  solitary, 
axillary,  l|-2^  in,,  flattened;  umb-ls  many-fld. ;  bracteoles  minute,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate; pedicels  i-1^  in.  ;  flowers  very  many,  obovoid,  male  ^  in.  long.  Fruit  ^-f  in. 
diam.,  globose.  Seeds  2,  hemispheric. — Very  near  H.japonica,  Maxim.,  but  dittering 
by  the  filaments  being  united  only  half  way  up,  and  the  anthers  obtuse. 

8.  ASPARAGUS^  Unn. 

Bootstoch  stout,  creeping.  8te7n  erect  straggling  or  climbing,  terete 
grooved  or  angled.  Leaves  minute  scales,  often  spinescent,  bearing  in  their 
axils  tufts  of  needle-like  or  fiattened  branchlets  (cladodes).  Floioers 
small  or  minute,  axillary,  rarely  uni-sexual,  solitary  fascicled  or  racemed, 
pendulous;  pedicel  jointed.  Perianth  campanulate,  6- partite.  Stamen 
on  the  bases  of  the  segments  ;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  3-gonotis  ;  style  1, 
stigmas  3 ;  cells  2-  or  more-  ovuled.  Berry  globose.  Seeds  2-6 ;  testa, 
black,  brittle;  embryo  dorsal. — Species  about  100,  Europe  and  Temp,  aad 
Trop.  Asia  and  Africa. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  clustered  or  umbelled,  not  racemed. 

"j*  Leaves  not  or  rarely  spinescent.     Cladodes  short  straight  or  falcate. 

1.  A.  filicinus,  Ham.  in  Don  Prodr.  49 ;  tall,  erect,  cladodes  2-5- 
nate  falcate  flat  acuminate  costate,  pedicels  solitary  or  2-nate,  flowers 
polygamous.     Kuntk  Enum.  v.  73;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  605. 

Temperate  and  Tropical  Himalaya,  from  Kashmir  4-7000  ft.  eastwards, 
alt.  6-900 J  ft.,  to  Bhutan  (except  Sikkim).  The  Khasia  Hills  alt.  5-6000  ft. 
Assam  and  Burma.- Distrib.  China. 

Stems  flexuous,  fistular,  much  branched,  smooth,  unarmed,  lower  branches  spread- 
ing; upper  interuodes  short.  Cladodes  xo-^  in.  Pedicels  0  or  i~^  in.,  jointed  about 
the  middle.  Peria?i^/i -J2^__i__  in.,  subcampanulate.  Stamens  short;  anthers  minute. 
Perry  i— ^  in.  diam. — The  following  are  marked  forms. 

A.  riLiciNUS  proper ;  cladodes  ^^  in.,  pedicels  very  slender  ^-|  in. — Central  and 
Western  Himalaya. 

Var.  BREViFiPES,  Baker  1.  c.  ;  cladodes  ^-^  by  -^q  in.,  pedicels  very  short. — Assam 
and  Khasia  hills. 


As2:>ara</us.']  clvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  316 

Var.  BREViFOLiA,  Baker  1.  c.  ;  internodes  very  short,  cladodes  i-^  in. — Khasia 
hills,  at  i^youg,  J.  D.  H.  <^  T.  T, 

Var.  LYCOPODINEA,  Bilker  1.  c;  cladodes  solitary  or  3-nate  ^-iin.,  jq— g"  '^^- 
broad.  A  lycopodineus,  Wall.  mss.  A.  Curillus,  Wall.  Cat.  51o5  E.  (not  of  Eoxb.) 
— Mishmi,  Griffith.  Burma,  Wallieh,  Parish.'— In  Chinese  specimens  the  pedicels  are 
nearly  1  in. 

Var.  MiCROCLADA  ;  cladodes  very  small  i-yV  ^^-  subulate  tapering  to  the  acicular 
points. — Assam,  blasters ;  Mnnnipore,  Watt ;  Shan  hills,  Collett. 

2.  A.  gracilis,  Boyle  III.  i.  393 ;  tall,  much  branched,  lov^er  leaves 
subspinescent,  cladodes  3-6-nate  or  lower  8-nate  acicular  or  setaceous 
strict,  pedicels  axillary  or  subterminal  2-4-nate,  perianth  segments 
spreading.     Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  xiv.  607. 

The  Punjab  ;  at  Rotas,  Vicary  ;  Kawul  Pindi,  Aitchison, — Distrib.  Belu- 
chistan. 

A  slender  undershrub,  branches  divaricate,  lower  rigid  striate  deflexed.  Cladodes 
JL_|  in., terete,  erect,  ascending,  cuspidate.  Pedicels  in  subcapitate  clusters  y3~to  ^'^•> 
jouited  below  the  middle.  Perianth  ^  in.  Stamens  half  its  length  ;  anther  very 
minute. 

3.  A.  capitatus,  Baker  in  Journ,  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  607 ;  slender,  much 
branched,  subscandent ;  branches  smooth,  leaves  subspinescent,  cladodes 
solitary  or  2-3-nate  acicular  or  setaceous  firm,  flowers  terminating  short 
branchlets,  pedicels  very  short,  perianth  segments  spreading. 

Foot  of  the  Western  Himalaya,  alt.  1-3000  ft. ;  Black  Mt.,  Duthie.  Nilghiri 
Hills  ;   Wight. 

A  tall  undershrub,  branches  slender,  terete,  smooth,  lower  divaricate  or  deflexed, 
upper  internodes  very  short.  Ciarfodes  ^-|  in.,  cuspidate.  Pedicels  ^^-^\n.,]omtQdi 
about  or  below  the  middle.  Perianth  y^  in.  long.  Anthers  very  minute,  oblong. — 
A  variety.'  from  Lahore  (Thomson)  has  softer  capillary  cladodes  ^-|  iu.  long. 
"  Possibly  a  form  of  ,4.  gracilis"  (Baker). 

4.  A.  dumosus,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  609 ;  stem  woody 
below  strongly  grooved,  branches  stout  rigid,  young  leaves  spinescent, 
cladodes  i-|  in.  3-8-nate  linear  stout  mucronate  channelled,  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal  1-4-nate,  perianth-segments  oblanceolate. 

SciNDE  ;  at  Kurrachee,  Stocks,  Dalzell. 

An  excessively  branched  undershrub,  2  ft.  high;  branches  pale,  flexuous,  divaricate 
or  reflexed,  ridges  scaberulous ;  upper  internodes  ^  in.  Leaves  deltoidly  cuspidate. 
Pedicels  y\j  in.,  jointed  below  the  middle.  Perianth  funnel-shaped.  Anthers  very 
minute,  subglobose.     Perry  i  in  diara. 

5.  A.  Rottleri,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  611 ;  tall,  branches 
scaberulous  furrowed,  leaves  not  spinescent,  cladodes  3-6-na,te  f-l|  iu. 
slender  ascending  curved  channelled,  pedicels  densely  umbelled.  A 
floribundus,  Herb.  Rattler. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Bottler. 

Tall,  shrubby  branches,  terete,  branchlets  decurved;  upper  internodes  ;^|^  in. 
Cladodes  variable  in  length.  Pedicels  ^  in.,  jointed  below  the  middle.  Perianth 
^-^  in.  diam.,  spreading  ;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments. — The  specimens 
of  this  very  distinct  species  are  fragmentary. 

tt  Leaves  strongly  spinescent. 

6.  A.  subulatus,  Steudel  in  KoJien.  PI.  Nilgiri  exsicc,  'No.  1303; 
erect  or  subscandent,  branches  grooved  smooth,  spines  long  straight, 
cladodes  6-12-nate  ^-^  in.  acicular  triquetrous  acuminate,  pedicels  solitary 


,  316  OLVi.  LiLiAOB-E.     (J.  D.  Hookei.;  [AsjMragus. 

or  2-nate  very  short,  perianth  segments  reflexed.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xiv.  614.  A.  asiaticus,  Wight,  Ic.  t.  2053  {not  of  Linn.).  A  Curillus, 
Wall.  Gat.  6155,  B. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills,  Wight,  Schmidt. 

A  small  erect  or  tall  and  variable  bush,  densely  branched  ;  branches  flexuous  ; 
upper  internodes  very  short.  Spines  ^-f  in.  Cladodes  ascending,  spreading  and 
curved,  rather  stout,  variable  in  breadth.  Pedicels  jointed  above  the  middle. 
Perianth  segments  oblong-lanceolate ;  anthers  oblong.    Berries  ^  in.  diam. 

7.  A.  Jacquemontii,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  xiv.  615;  stem 
terete  smooth,  branches  angled  ribbed  and  grooved,  leaves  spinescent, 
cladodes  2-5-nate  ^  in.  slender  3-gonou8  curved  acuminate,  flowers  solitary 
or  in  axillary  pairs  on  a  short  peduncle,  pedicels  very  short  jointed  under 
the  minute  perianth. 

The  CoNCAN  ;  between  Poona  and  Carli,  Jacquemo7it. 

Tall,  much  branched,  branches  spreading  and  decurved ;  spines  ^-1^  in.  conical. 
Cladodes  much  longer  than  the  internodes.  Flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  pedicels  many 
times  shorter  than  the  cladodes. 

8.  A.  asiaticus,  Linn.  8p.  PL  409 ;  stem  scandent  terete  smooth, 
branches  grooved,  cladodes  6-oo  -nate  ^-^  in.  very  slender  acicular  terete 
acuminate,  flowers  axillary  solitary  or  umbelled,  pedicels  almost  equalling 
the  cladodes,  jointed  in  the  middle. 

Deccan  Peninsula; 'Herb.  Bottler  ;  Bellary  5eddowe.— Disteib.  Afr.  trop. 
Stem  slender,  branches  deflexed.     Flowers  ^  in.  diam. 

**  Flowers  racemed. 

f  Cladodes  subulate,  terete  or  triquetrous,  somewhat  flattened  in  A. 
Curillus. 

9.  A.  nepalensis,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  622 ;  subscandent, 
stem  robust  smooth,  branches  angled  not  grooved,  spines  stout  recurved, 
cladodes  3-6-nate  ^  in.  acicular  spreading  or  ascending  triquetrous  acute, 
racemes  short  1-3-Date  sometimes  branched  below,  perianth  campanulate. 
A.  Curillus,  Wall.  Gat.  5155,  C. 

Nepal,  Wallich. 

An  excessively  branched  undershrub.  Spines  \-^  in.,  conical.  Cladodes 
nearly  straight.  Racemes  \  in. ;  bracts  minute,  lanceolate  j  pedicels  jointed  above 
the  middle.  Perianth  ^  in.  diam. ;  anthers  very  minute,  oblong,  purple.  Fruit 
\  in.  diam. 

10.  A.  racemosus,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  152 ;  stem  scandent  woody 
terete,  branches  triquetrous  striate,  lower  spines  long,  cladodes  2-6-nate 
f-1  in.  slender  finely  acuminate  falcate  divaricate,  racemes  solitary  or 
fascicled  simple  or  branched,  pedicels  very  slender,  bracts  minute,  perianth- 
segments  spreading.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  623  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
ii.  151 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5153 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2056 ;  Thivaites  Enum.  337.  A. 
volubiiis,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5754  (excl.  D,  K).  A.  acerosus,  Wall.  Gat. 
6152  A,  B,  F  {not  of  Boxh.).  A.  sarmentosus,  Keyne  in  Wall.  Cat.  5154,  2 
{not  of  Linn.)  A.  fasciculatus,  Br.  Prodr.  {in  part).  A.  dubius,  Decne  in 
Nov.  Ann.  Mus.  iii.  363.  Asparagopsis  Hohenackeri,  abyssinica  and 
Brownei  {in  part),  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  100,  101.  A.  Decaisnei  and  floribunda, 
KuntJi  I.  c.  98,  103  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  560,  662. 

Throughout  Teopical  and  Subtkopioal  India  and   Cetlon  ascending   the 


Asparagus.']  clvi.  liliacej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  317 

Himalaya  to  4000  ft.  from  Kashmir  eastwards. — Disteib.  Tropical  Africa,  Java  and 
Australia. 

A  tall  climbing  excessively  branched  undershrub  ;  roots  tuberous.  Spines  ^-^  in., 
straight  or  subrecurved.  Cladodes  1  in.,  channelled  beneath.  Racemes  1-2  in.  j 
pedicels  ^  in.,  jointed  in  the  middle.  Perianth  ^V'i  ^^-  diam.  ;  anthers  minute, 
oblong,  purplish.  Ovules  6-8  in  each  cell  Berry  i-^  in.  diam. — Thwaites  observes 
that  the  leaves  are  wide  on  specimens  growing  on  the  hills.  Baker  has  the  following 
varieties  : — 

Vav.  Javanica,  Baker  1.  c.  624 ;  cladodes  ^1  in.,  very  slender  erect  flexuous, 
racemes  narrow  with  terminal  tufts  of  cladodes,  perianth  segments  narrower.  As- 
paragopsis  javanica,  Miguel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat,  iii.  562.  A.  sarmentosa,  Dalz.  ^  Gihs. 
JBomb.  Fl.  246  {not  of  Kunth). — Deccan  Peninsula,  Java. 

Var.  subacerosaj  Baker  1.  c. ;  cladodes  strict  ^-|  in.  stout,  racemes  small  few-fld., 
rachis  and  pedicels  capillary. — Sikkim,  alt.  1-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. — A  form  approaching 
A.  acerosus. 

11.  A.  zeylanicuSy  Sooh.  f. ;  stem  stout  smooth  obscurely  angled, 
branches  acutely  angled,  cladodes  3-5-nate  \  in.  stout  falcate  triquetrous 
narrowed  to  both  ends  tips  subspinescent,  racemes  3-5  in.  very  stout,  bracts 
lanceolate,  flowers  large,  anthers  large.  A.  acerosus,  var.  zeylanicus, 
Baker  in  journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  623. 

Ceylon,  alt.  6O0Oft.,  Walker;  at  Newera  Ella,  Gardner,  Thwaites  (Cp.  2299). 
The  stout  triquetrous  cladodes  thickened  in  the  middle,   stout  racemes,  large 
flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  and  large  anthers  seem  to  distinguish  this  from  A.  racemosus. 

12.  A.  laevissimus,  Steud.  in  Hohen.  PI.  exsicc.  NilgJi.-^o^.  1304, 
1305  ;  stem  subscandent  terete  smooth,  branches  very  slender  triquetrous, 
spines  short  strong,  cladodes  3-6-iiate  i  in.  spreading  stout  triquetrous 
acuminate,  racemes  dense-fld.,  pedicels  very  short,  bracts  large  cymbiform, 
perianth-segments  widely  spreading",  anthers  minute.  Baker  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  623.     A.  volubilis,  Wall.  Gat.  5154  K. 

Western  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  southwards. 

Differs  from  A.  racemosus,  of  which  Baker  says  it  is  little  more  than  a  variety, 
chiefly  in  the  longer  cladodes,  and  large  bracts,  which  sometimes  exceed  the 
pedicels. 

13.  A.  acerosus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  150 ;  stem  tall  subscandent  smooth, 
branchlets  very  slender  stiff  ascending  angled,  spines  short  recurved, 
cladodes  3-6-riate  1-2|  in.  suberect  strict  triquetrous  acuminate,  racemes 
short  solitary  or  2-nate,  bracts  lanceolate  concave,  perianth-segments 
widely  spreading.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  624 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5152 
C,  D,  E.  A.  fasciculatus,  Br.  Prodr.  281  {in  part).  Asparagopsis  acerosa 
and  ]3rowDei  {in  part),  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  102,  103. 

Bengal,  Roxburgh,  Clarke,  &c.  Chittagono-  (cult.),  J.  D.  S.  Sf  T.  T.  Pegu, 
McLelland.     Buema,  Wallich,  &c. — Distkib.  N.  Australia. 

An  excessively  branched  under-shrub;  roots  tuberous,  branchlets  grooved. 
Spines  -1—5  in.,  slightly  curved.  Cladodes  shining,  persistent.  Racemes  1-1^  in.  ; 
pedicels  ^-\  in.,  jointed  in  the  middle.  Flowers  pure  white,  fragrant ;  anthers 
minute,  subglobose.     Ovules  many  in  each  cell.     Berry  i-^  in.  diam.,  1-seeded. 

14.  A.  adscendenS)  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  153;  stem  tall  stout  suberect 
terete  smooth  white,  branchlets  grooved  ascending  angled,  angles  minutely 
scabrid,  spines  long,  cladodes  6-20-nate  a--|  in.  slender  filiform  terete  sub- 
erect  or   curved,    racemes   many-fid.,  bracts  minute,  perianth-segments 


318  CLVi.  LiLiAOEjj.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Asparagus. 

spreading,   anthers   medium-sized.      A.    volubilis,    Wall.    Cat.    6164     D 
(m  part).     Asparagopsis  adscendens,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  102. 

EoHiLKrND,  the  Western  Himalaya,  and  the  Panjab,  from  Murree  eastwards 
to  Kumaon  ;  ascending  to  5300  ft. — Disteib.  AfFghanistan. 

Stem  excessively  branched,  flexuous,  and  primary  branches  ashy  white ;  internodes 
very  short.  Spines  ^-f  iu.,  stout,  straight.  Cladodes  densely  crowded,  soft. 
Eacemes  copious,  1-2  in.,  often  branched  at  the  top  and  bearing  cladodes  ;  pedicels 
-^2^—1  in.,  jointed  above  or  below  the  middle;  flowers  ^  in.  diam.  Ovules  many  in 
each  cell.     Berry  \-^  in.  diam.,  1-seeded. 

15.  A.  CurilluS)  Ram.  in  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  152;  stem  tall  smooth 
STibscandent  and  branches  angled,  spines  long  straight,  cladodes  very 
small  3-6-nate  ^-l  in.  spreading  or  ascending  linear  flattened  or  subtri- 
quetrous  acute,  racemes  corymbiform,  bracts  minute,  perianth-segments 
spreading.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  627  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5155  D.  A. 
volubilis,  Wall.  Cat.  5154  D  {in  part).  Asparagopsis  Curilla,  Kunth 
JEnum.  V.  102. 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  from  Kumaon  to  Nepal,  Hamilton, 
&c. 

An  excessively  branched  undershrub ;  branches  spreading,  angles  obscurely 
scaberulous.  Spines  i-^  in.,  pungent  curved.  Cladodes  obtusely  3-gonous, 
Racemes  |-li  in.,  few-fld.  ;  pedicels  ^  in.,  jointed  below  the  middle  ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late; flowers  i  in.  diam.     Berri/  3-lobed  {Roxh.). 

ft  Cladodes  linear,  flattened. 

16.  A.  falcatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  313 ;  stem  subscandent  and  branches 
terete  smooth,  spines  short,cladodes  solitary  and  3-6-nate  4-6  in.  longlinear- 
ensiform  falcate  flat  acuminate  costate,  racemes  very  short  laxly  few-fld., 
bracts  cymbiform,  perianth-segments  reflexed.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xir.  626  ;  Kunth  Enum.  v.  71 ;  Bresl.  Diss.  Asparag.  'No.  2  ;  Burm.  Fl.  Zeyl. 
36,  t.  13,  f.  2  (bad) ;  Thwaites  Enum.  337.  A.  sethiopicas,  var.  ternifolia, 
Baker  in  Saunders  Befug.  Bat.  t.  261,  and  in  Gard.  Chron.  1872, 1587,  with 
woodcut.     ?  A.  sarmentosus,  Thwaites  E^ium.  337  {not  of  Linn.). 

Cexlon  ;  common  in  the  warmer  parts. — Disteib.  Trop.  and  S.  Africa. 

Stem  tall ;  branchlets  very  slender,  flexuous.  Spines  ^^  in.  Cladodes  T2~i  ^'^• 
broad,  narrowed  at  the  spinesceut  tip.  Eacemes  ^-f  in.;  pedicels  ^-^  in.,  jointed 
below  the  middle.  Flowers  f  in.  diam.,  white,  sweet  scented.  Anthers  minute, 
subglobose.     Berry  \  in.  diam.,  1-seeded. 

17.  A.  gronoclados,  Baker  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc.  xiv.  627  ;  stem  sub- 
scandent terete  smooth,  branches  green  curved  angled  3-quetrous,  spines 
short,  cladodes  2-6-nate  f-1  in.  ensiform  flat  falcate  snbcostate,  racemes 
elongate  lax-fld.,  bracts  short  cymbifoim,  perianth-segments  spreading. 
A.  Curillus,  Wall.  Cat.  5155  A. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  from  the  Concan  southwards.  Ceylon,  Thwaites 
(Cp.  737). 

An  excessively  branched  undershrub ;  branchlets  curved,  green,  strongly  angled. 
Spi/ies  ^-^  in.  Cladodes  ^  in.  diam.,  narrowed  to  the  acuminate  tip,  green. 
Racemes  1-3  in.,  often  fascicled,  sometimes  connate  ;  pedicels  a^j-yV  ^^')  jointed 
below  the  middle  ;  flowers  Jj  ^^^'  diam. ;  anthers  small. 

IMPEEFECTLY   KNOWN    SPECIES. 

A.  EUBEICAULIS,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  616  ;  subscandent,  branches 
flexuous  smooth  purplish,  spines  conical,  cladodes  densely  fascicled  setaceous  terete 


Asparagus.']  clvi.  liltace.e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  319 

much  longer  than  the  internodes,  pedicels  solitary,  anthers  oblong.    Asparagopsis 
rubricaulis,  Kunth  JEnum.  v.  87. — Ind.  Or.,  Heyne. 

A.  SAKMENTOSUS,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  314.  Ceylon. — Trimen  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiv. 
138,  doubtfully  refers  this  to  A.  gonocladus. 

4.  POZiVGONATVM,   Tourn. 

RooisiocJc  creeping.  Stem  leafy  above.  Leaves  alternate  opposite  or 
whorled.  Flotvers  in  axillary  1-  or  more-fid.  curved  peduncles,  drooping, 
white  green  or  purplisb ;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  top  ;  perianth  tubular, 
mouth  6-cleft,  outer  lobes  subvalvate.  Anthers  subsessile  on  or  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  included,  dorsifixed.  Ovary  3-gonous,  style  straight, 
st'gmas  3;  cells  2-  or  more-ovnled.  Berry  globose  or  ellipsoid,  few-  or 
many-seeded.  Seeds  subglobose,  testa  thin. — Species  about  24,  N.  temp, 
regions. 

The  species  are  difficult  of  limitation,  the  leaves  varying  opposite  alternnte  and 
even  whorled  in  the  same  species,  the  flowers  in  number,  ^ize  and  colour,  and  the 
seeds  in  size.' — P.  officinale  was  by  error  given  by  Baker  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiy.  554) 
as  Himalayan. 

*  Leaves  usually  all  alternate. 

1.  P.  multiflorum,  Allioni  Fl.  Pedem.  i.  131 ;  stem  terete,  leaves 
subbifarioas  or  secund  oblong  sessile,  peduncles  1-5-fld.,  perianth  con- 
stricted in  the  middle,  filaments  puberulous,  berry  globose.  Baker  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  555  ;  Desf.  in  Ann.  Mils.  ix.  50  ;  Redouie  Lit.  t.  229. 
P.  Govanianum.  Roylelll.  380.  Convallaria  multiflora,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  315. 
Beirhb.  Lc.  FL  Germ.  t.  961,  962.     C.  Govaniana,  Wall.  Gat.  5137. 

Westebk  Temperate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon,  alt.  6-9000  ft. 
— DiSTBiB.  Europe,  N.  Asia,  Japan. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  arched.  Leaves  many,  3-6  in.,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glaucous 
beneath,  subacute.  Peduncles  ^-f  in.,  rarely  1-fld.  Perianth  |-f  in.,  white  with 
green  lobes;  nerves  within  hairy.  Stamens  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube. 
Berry  \  in,  diam.,  blue-black.     Seeds  few. 

2.  P.  brevistylum,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  556 ;  stem 
grooved,  leaves  shortly  petioled  oblong  acute  subcoriaceous,  peduncles 
2-4-fld.,  perianth  cylindric,  berry  ellipsoid,  style  very  short. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarke. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  green  spotted  with  purple.  Leaves  many,  2-4  in.,  strongly 
nerved,  glaucous  beneath,  cross  nervules  obscure.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  stout, 
^-^  in.  Perianth  f  in.,  yellow,  lobes  green.  Perry  broadly  ellipsoid,  i  in.  long, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  j\  in.,  ellipsoid  or  ovoid. 

3.  P.  nervulosuxn,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  557;  stem  flexu- 
ous,  leaves  4-8  in.  elliptic  caudate-acuminate,  nerves  strong,  peduncles 
long  slender,  berries  globose  2-4-seeded. 

SmKiM  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  alt.  9-10,000  ft.,  Griffith,  J.  D.  H. 
Stem  3-5  ft,,  slei)der.     Caudate  tip  of  leaves  nearly  1  in.   long.      Peduncles 
1-3  in.  fld.     Seeds  globose,  ^  in.  diam. 
**  Leaves  most  or  all  opposite. 

4.  P.  grraminifolium,  LTook.  Lc.  PI.  t.  833 ;  dwarf,  leaves  crowded 
membranous  linear  obtuse,  peduncles  2-fld.,  perianth  cylindric,  anthers 
inserted  near  the  mouth  of  the  corolla.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv. 
657. 


320  CLvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        {^Polygonatum, 

Westeen  Himalaya;  Barung,  alt.  11,000  ft,,  Munro. 

Boofstock  fleshy,  constricted  at  the  internodes.  Stem  6  in.  Leaves  l|-2  in., 
1-nerved.  Flowers  violet ;  peduncle  and  pedicels  about  half  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Perianth  i  in.  long;  lobes  oblongj  about  equalling  the  tube. — I  have  seen  no 
specimen. 

5.  P.  Kookeri,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  558 ;  dwarf,  leaves 
opposite  or  the  lower  alternate  sessile  linear  obtuse  glaucous  beneath, 
flowers  solitary,  perianth-tube  cylindric,  stamens  inserted  about  the  middle 
of  the  corolla. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya,  alt.  10-12,000  ft.,  Garwhal,  Duthie  ;  Sikkim,  at  Lachen, 
/.  D.  S. 

Stem  1-2  in.  Leaves  crowded,  f-3|  in.,  nerves  slender.  Flowers  suberect, 
violet ;  pedicels  |-i  in.  Perianth  ^-1  in.  long,  lobes  variable  in  length,  much 
shorter  than  the  tube.  Style  short. — Probably  a  state  of  P.  verticillatum  ;  except 
from  the  insertion  of  the  anthers  I  should  be  disposed  to  include  it  under  P. 
graminifolium. 

6.  P.  greminiflorum,  Decne  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  170,  t.  170;  stem 
tall  puberulous  above  terete,  leaves  many  opposite  or  ternately  whorled 
membranous  oblong  or  linear-oblong  subacute  glaucous  and  nerves  ciliolate 
beneath,  peduncles  2-fld.,  perianth-tube  cylindric.  Baker  in  Joiim.  Linn. 
Soc.  xiv.  558.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  852.  ?  P.  ciliatum,  Boyle  Lll.  389.  P.  ver- 
ticillatum, var.  gracile.  Baker,  I.e.  xviii.  103. 

Westeen  Himalaya,  alt.  7-11,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon. — Distrib. 
Affghanistan. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  flexuous.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  rarely  solitary,  acute,  base  cuneate, 
nerves  beneath  puberulous.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  ^-^  in.,  bracteoles  minute, 
caducous.  Perianth  ^  in.,  f  in.  long,  white,  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  green. 
Anthers  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  filaments  very  short  glabrous.  Style 
as  long  as  the  ovary, — Probably  a  form  of  P.  verticillatum.. 

7.  P.  G-riflfithii,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  558 ;  stem  tall 
glabrous  terete,  leaves  opposite  sessile  membranous  linear-lanceolate  acute 
or  acuminate  3-nerved,  peduncles  2-tid.,  perianth-tube  constricted  above 
the  ovary. 

Eastern  Himalaya;  Mishmi  hills,  on  Laim-planj-thaga,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Griffith. 

Stem  3  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  distant,  3-5  in.,  green  above,  subglaucous  beneath. 
Peduncles  AX\& pedicels  \-%  \n.  Perianth  white,  f  in.,  lobes  very  short,  deltoid, 
green.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube,  filaments  very  short,  naked; 
anthers  minute.     Style  filiform,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  ovary. 

8.  P.  Cathcartii,  ^a^er  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  559;  stem  tall 
glabrous  terete,  leaves  all  opposite  subpetioled  ovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate 
acuminate  3-7-nerved,  peduncle  2-4-fld.,  perianth  short  broad  slightly 
contracted  in  the  middle. 

Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  woods  at  Lachen,  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  J.  J).  H.,  Clarke. 
Naoa  Hills,  alt.  9000  ft.,  Clarice. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  spotted  with  purple.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  spreading,  green  above, 
glaucous  beneath.  Peduncles  1-3  in.  Pedicels  ^-1^  in.  Perianth  f  in.,  green  or 
yellowish ;  tube  constricted  in  the  middle,  lobes  short,  deltoid,  green.  Anthers 
inserted  about  the  middle  of  the  tube.  Style  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Berry  i-|-  in. 
diam.  Seeds  few  or  many,  globose. — I  have  described  the  perianth  from  a  drawing 
in  the  Cathcart  collection. 

9.  P.  oppositifolium,    Boyle   IIL   i.    380;    stem    tall   farrowed, 


Polygonatum.'l  clvi.  liliacbj:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  321 

glabrous,  leaves  opposite  or  a  few  alternate  shortly  petioled  coriaceous 
oblong  acuminate,  shining  above,  flowers  many,  peduncles  usually  many- 
fld.,  perianth-tube  cylindric.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  559 ;  Kunth 
Enum.  V.  141.  Convallaria  oppositifolia,  Wall,  in  Asiat.  Research,  xiii. 
380  with  a  figure ;  Ga,t.  5134 ;  Bon  Frodr.  47 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Gat.  t.  640 ; 
Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  t.  125 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3529. 

Temperate  Centbal  and  Western  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  eastwards. 
Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  Mqnnipoee,  alt.  3500  ft.  Clarke.  Patkoye  hills, 
in  Uppee  Assam,  Griffith. 

Stem  2-4  ft. ;  rhizome  of  green  tubers.  Leaves  many,  spreading,  3-6  in., 
bright  green  above,  7-9-nerved,  pale  beneath  with  reddish  ribs.  Peduncle  many-fld. 
and  pedicels  i-f  in.  Perianth  \-^  in.,  all  white,  or  tube  with  deltoid  lobes  greenish, 
iSiamens  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube  ;  filaments  papillose  ;  tips  of  anthers 
exserted.  Stt/le  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Berry  \  in.  diara.,  broadly  ovoid  or 
ellipsoid,  scarlet.     Seeds  many,  globose. 

Var.  decipiens,  Baker  1.  c. ;  leaves  shortly  petioled  lower  alternate  lanceolate 
very  acuminate  3-4  in.  broadest  above  the  middle.  Wall,  Cat.  5134  B.  Sikkim, 
alt.  7-11,000  ft.  J.  D.  R.  Khasia  hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.— Approaches  P.  Calh- 
carta. 

lu.  P.  punctatum,  Ho^le  III.  380 ;  stem  angled  and  grooved 
glabrous,  leaves  petioled  or  subsessile  opposite  rarely  alternate  coriaceous 
oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  or  obtusely  acuminate,  rather  shining  above 
5-7-nerved,  peduncles  2-many-fld.,  perianth  urceolate  mouth  contracted. 
Kunth  .Enum.  v.  142  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  559 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5061.  Convallaria  punctata,  Wall.  Cat.  5133.  Convallaria  sp.  Griff.  Notul. 
243  ;  Ic.  Fl.  Asiat.  t.  274. 

Tempebate  Himalaya,  alt.  5-8O0O  ft.  from  Nepal,  Wallich,  to  Bhotan,  Griffith. 
Munnipore,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Watt. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  many,  2-3  in.,  broadest  in  the  middle,  base  cuneate,  pale 
beneath  with  many  slender  nerves.  Peduncle  and  pedicels  ^-^  in.  Perianth  5-^  in. 
Flowers  white,  spotted  with  lilac,  lobes  deltoid,  green.  Stamens  inserted  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  filaments  very  short,  glabrous.  Style  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
Berry  as  in  P.  oppositifolium,  from  which  this  in  its  typical  state  differs  in  its  more 
robust  habit  more  coriaceous  obtuse  leaves  and  smaller  flowers. 

***  Leaves  usually  whorled. 

11.  P.  verticillatuxu;  Allioni  Fl.  Fedem.  i.  131 ;  stem  tall  angled 
and  grooved  glabrous,  leaves  4-8nately  whorled  sessile  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate  membranous,  peduncles  2-3-fld.  whorled,  perianth 
constricted  at  the  middle.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  142 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xiv.  560  ;  De-f.  in  Ann.  Mus.  ix.  49  ;  Bedoute  Lil.  t.  244  ;  Maximov. 
Biagn.  xi.  852.  P.  leptophyllnm,  Boyle  III.  380.  P.  Jacquemontianum, 
Kunth  Enum.  I.  c.  143.  P.  roseum  Bot.  Mag.  t,  5049  (and  Kunth  ?)  Conval- 
laria verticillata,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  315 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  966.  C.  lep- 
tophylla,  Bon  Frodr.  47. 

TEMPEiiATE  Himalaya,  from  Kashmir,  alt.  6-11,000  ft  to  Sikkim,  alt.  8-12,000 
ft.  Tibet  {X.  of  Kumaon),  alt.  13,500  ft.,  Strachey  cf"  Winterbottom. — Distrib. 
Europe,  N.  Asia,  Aftghanistan. 

Stem  2-4  ft.,  very  slender,  or  stout,  sometimes  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger. 
Leaves  3-6  by  ^1  in.,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  often  ciliolate  on  the 
margins  and  nerves.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  \-x  in.  Perianth  very  variable  in  size^ 
VOL.   VI.  Y 


322  CLvi.  LILUCEJ;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Polygonatum. 

i-^  in.,  greenish  or  lilac ;  tube  slender.  Stamens  inserted  above  the  middle  of 
the  tube,  anthers  subsessile.  Style  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Berry  \  in.  diam., 
6-10-seeded.  Seeds  globose. — There  is  a  tendency  in  the  leaves  of  some  specimens 
to  become  circinate  at  the  <ip,  thus  passing  into  the  following. 

12.  P.  clrrifolium,  Royle  111.  380 ;  stem  flexuous  often  climbing 
by  the  tips  of  the  leaves  terete  puberulous  or  glabrous,  leaves  3-6-nately 
whorled  sessile  membranous  with  slender  circinate  tips,  peduncles  2-4-fld. 
whorled,  perianth  subcylindric.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  145.  Maxim.  Diagnos.  xi. 
854  P.  sibiricum.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  501  in  part.  Convallaria 
cirrifolia,  Wall,  in  Asiat.  Research,  xiii.  382  with  a  figure ;  Cat.  5136  ;  Bon 
Prodr.  47. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  Simla  eastward  to  Bhotan,  alt.  5-11,000  ft. 
MuNNiPORE,  alt.  4000  ft. — Disteib.  Northern  Asia. 

Stem  2-4  fb.,  very  weak  ;  flexuous.  Leaves  3-5  in.,  gradually  narrowed  into  the 
slender  revolute  tips,  glaucous  and  costate  beneath.  Flowers  white  green  or  purplish. 
Stamens  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  filaments  ciliolate.  Style  as  long  as 
the  ovary.  Berry  ^-\  in.  diam.,  excessively  variable  in  size  and  in  the  number  of 
seeds;  in  some  specimens  from  Simla,  the  seeds  are  ^  in.  diam.  Baker  has 
included  this  under  P.  sibiricum,  probably  rightly,  but  Maximovicz  does  not. 

13.  P.  XLingrianum,  Collett  Sc  Jlemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii. 
1381,  t.  21 ;  very  robust,  leaves  5-nately  whorled  or  2-3-nate  sessile 
coriaceous  linear-lanceolate  with  a  thick  circinate  apex,  peduncles 
1-3-fld.,  perianth  subcylindric. 

Burma  ;  in  the  Shan  hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Collett. 

A  much  stouter  plant  than  P.  cirrifolium,  with  thick  leaves,  and  flowers  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  perianth  lobes  very  short ;  anthers  large  inserted  above 
the  middle  of  the  tube,  filaments  very  short. — Only  one  specimen  seen. 

trNDESCEIBED    SPECIES. 

P.  iNGLBSii,  Royle  111.  380,  from  Raldung. 

5.  STREPTOPUS,  Michaux. 

RootstocTc  creeping.  Slem  leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  amplex- 
icaul.  Flowers  axillary.  Perianth  campanulate  or  open,  segments 
deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous  or  3  inner  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the 
segments  ;  filaments  broad  at  the  base,  tip  acute  ;  anthers  erect,  basi fixed 
between  the  lobes,  connective  sometimes  produced.  Ovary  sessile  ;  style- 
arms  3  stigmatose  within ;  cells  many-ovuled.  Berry  subglobose.  Seeds 
many,  oblong,  curved,  striate  ;  testa  thin  adnate ;  embryo  cylindric. — 
Species  4,  N.  temp,  regions. 

S.  simplex,  Don  Prodr.  48,  and  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  530;  leaves 
amplexicaul  ovate-cordate  glaucous  beneath,  flowers  solitary  or  2-nate. 
Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  591.  S.  candidus,  Wall.  Cat.  5572. 
Hekorima  Candida,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  204. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon  eastwards  to  Sikkim,  alt.  8-12,000  ft. 

Rootstock  small.  Stem  2-3  ft.,  flexuous,  forked.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  membranous, 
many-nerved.  Flowers  in  most  of  the  axils,  1  in.  diam.,  white ;  pedicels  2-3  in., 
filiform ;  segments  erecto-patent,  oblong.  Stamens  much  shorter  than  the  perianth  ; 
anthers  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  deltoid  filaments.  Style  short.  Berry  i  in. 
diam,,  5-6-seeded. 


CLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  323 

6.  SBIXZiACZNA,  Desf. 

Bootstoch  short,  or  creeping.  Stem  simple,  leafy  above.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, subsessile,  rarely  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate.  Flovners  in  terminal 
racemes  or  panicles,  small,  shortly  pedicelled.  Perianth  spreading  ;  seg- 
ments subequal,  usually  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous  or  adnate  to 
the  bases  of  the  segments,  filaments  long  or  short ;  anthers  minute, 
globose,  dorsifixed.  Ovary  subglobose,  3-celled  ;  style  long  or  short,  stigma 
entire  or  3-fid ;  cells  2-ovuled.  Berry  globose.  Seeds  1  or  few,  globose  ; 
testa  thin,  adnate ;  embryo  about  half  the  length  of  the  seed. — Species  about 
20,  Europe,  temp.  Asia  and  America. 

*  Flowers  racemose. 

1.  S.  oligrophylla,  HooJc.f. ;  stem  and  leaves  beneath  and  rachis  of 
raceme  puberulous,  leaves  3  in.,  pedicels  solitary,  perianth-segments  pale 
purple  oblong-lanceolate.  Tovaria  oligophylla,  Baker  in  Journ.  Litin.  Sac, 
xiv.  565. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  woods  at  Lachen,  alt.  10-13,000  ft.  J.  JD.  S. 

Bootstock  stout,  creeping.  Stem  \-\  ft.,  flexuous  above,  slender.  Leaves  3-5  in., 
oblong,  acute,  or  acuminate,  membranous,  pale  and  costate  beneath,  with  many 
slender  nerves.  Raceme  10-20-fld.,  2-3  in.,  shortly  peduncled ;  pedicels  i-^  in.^; 
bracts  deltoid.     Perianth  ^  in.  long.     Style  very  short. 

2.  S.  pallida,  Royle  III.  i.  380;  stem  stout,  leaves  beneath  and  rachis 
of  raceme  densely  pubescent  leaves,  4-6  in.,  pedicels  solitary  or  2-nate, 
perianth  segments  white  oblong.  S.  purpurea,  Wall.  Cat.  4201 ;  Plant.  As. 
Bar.  ii.  38,  t.  144.  S.  albiflora.  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  ii.  38.  Tovaria 
pallida,  and  purpurea.  Baker  in  Jnurn.  Limi.  Sac.  xiv.  566.  Jocaste 
purpurea,  and  albiflora,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  155. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft.,  from  Garwhal  eastwards  to  Sikkim. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  very  stout,  naked  below,  flexuous  above.  Leaves  8-12,  oblong, 
4-6  in .,  acute,  pale  beneath,  with  7-9  principal  nerves.  Raceme  3-6  in.,  rachis  sub- 
erect;  pedicels  ^—1  in.  ;  bracts  deltoid.  Perianth  \  in.  long,  purple  or  white. 
Filaments  deltoid.     Style  very  short. 

**  F'lowers  in  thyrsiform  panicles. 

3.  S.  fusca,  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  37,  t.  257;  nearly  glabrous, 
leaves  petioled  ovate-cordate  acuminate,  panicle  deltoid,  perianth  brown- 
purple  segments  oblanceolate  obtuse.  S.  divaricata.  Wall.  Cat.  4202.  S. 
bootanensis,  Griff.  Notul.  178  ;  Ic.  PL  Asiai.  t.  279.  Tovaria  fusca,  Baker 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xiv.  568.     Medora  divaricata,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  156. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  6-8000  ft.  from  Nepal,  Wallich,  to  Sikkim  and 
Bhotan.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  3-6  in.,  membranous,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose 
beneath  ;  petiole  ^-1^  in.,  nerves  5-7.  Panicle  3-6  in. ;  peduncle  short,  branches 
flexuous,  lax-fld, ;  pedicels  ^-i  in.  solitary,  bracts  minute.  Perianth  i  in.  diam. 
Filaments  deltoid.     Style  very  short.     Berry  i-i  in.,  1-3-seeded. 

4.  S.  oleracea,  Sook.f.  8f  Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or. ;  stem  leaves  beneath 
and  panicle  pubescent,  leaves  subsessile  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate, 
panicle  oblong  or  deltoid,  perianth  white,  segments  oblong  obtuse.  Bat. 
Mag.  t.  6313.      Tovaria  oleracea.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn  Soc.  xiv.  569. 

y  2 


324  CLVi.  liliaCB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Smilacina. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  in  woods  alt,  9-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c. 

Rootstock  short.  Stem  2-5  ft.,  stout,  flexuous.  Leaves  3-8  in.,  pale  beneath 
and  6-9-nerve'l.  Panicle  3-12  in.,  oblong  or  deltoid,  many-fld. ,  branches  flexuous, 
pedicels  \-\  in.  Perianth  \-\  in.  diam.,  segments  serrulate.  Filaments  deltoid. 
Style  very  short,  3-cuspidate.  Berry  \  in.  diam. — A  favourite  pot-herb  with  the 
Lepchas  of  Sikkim. 

7.  TKBROPOaON,  Maxim. 

Rootstock  branched  with  thick  root  fibres.  Leaves  radical,  linear,  bases 
enclosed  in  sheaths,  costate.  Scape  axillary  from  the  lower  leaves, 
naked.  Flowers  va. -a,  terminal  raceme,  small,  rose-cold.,  nodding.  Perianth 
globosely  campanulate  ;  segments  subequal,  broadly  ovate,  broadly  im- 
bricate. Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments,  included ; 
filaments  short,  broadly  obovoid,  fleshy,  incurved ;  anthers  basifixed 
between  the  lobes,  ovoid,  acute,  cells  spreading  over  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment, erect.  Ovary  sessile ;  style  filiform,  acute,  stigma  minute  ;  cells 
6-10-ovuled.  Berry  subglobose.  Seeds  few  or  several,  subglobose,  testa 
thin  adnate ;  embryo  straight  or  curved. 

1.  T.  pallidus,  Maxim,  in  Bull.  Acad.  Petersh.  xv.  89  ;  Balcer  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  662;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6154.  Opbiopogon?  pallidus, 
Wall.  Cat.  5138 ;  Xunth  Enum.  v.  200.  O.  brevifolius,  Boyle  mss.  ?  0. 
mollis,  Royle  III.  382  (name). 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon,  alt.  6000  ft.  to  Sikkim,  alt.  6-10,000  ft. 
Khasta  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Habit  of  an  Ophiopogon.  Leaves  6-10  in.,  erect  and  recurved,  grassy,  acuminate, 
persistent,  costa  stout,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath.  Scape  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  acutely  angled.  Saceme  2-3  in.  ;  pedicels  ^-^  in.,  solitary,  jointed  under  the 
perianth  ;  bracts  green,  subulate.  Flowers  z  in.  diam,,  drooping,  white  suffused 
with  pink.     Berries  i  in.  diam, — Maximovicz  describes  the  foliage  as  annual. 

8.  TUPZSTRA,  Ker. 

Rootstock  tuberous  or  creeping.  Leaves  radical,  petioled,  oblanceolate, 
costate,  strongly  nerved.  Scape  short  or  long ;  flowers  spicate,  lurid. 
Perianth  campanulate,  tube  broad;  lobes  6  or  8,  short.  Stamens  6  or  8, 
inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included ;  filament  very  short,  in- 
flexed  ;  anthers  dorsifixed,  incurved.  Ovary  small,  sessile,  subglobose, 
3-4  celled ;  style  very  short,  stigma  peltate  or  capitate,  entire  or  3-6-lobed ; 
cells  2-ovuled.  Berry  globose,  usually  1-seeded.  Seeds  large,  testa  thin 
adnate  ;  albumen  fleshy, — Species  7  or  8,  tropical  Himalayan  and  Burmese. 

*  Bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

1.  T.  nutans,  Wall  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1223 ;  Cat.  5793 ;  spike  pen- 
dulous densely  many-fld.,  flowers  dull  brown  and  purple,  perianth  lobes 
broadly  ovate,  mouth  closed  by  the  large  hemispheric  stigma.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3054  ;  Kunth  Enum.  v.  318.  T.  squalida,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv. 
580  {in part). 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  1-5000  ft.,  /.  B.  H.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft., 
Wallich,  &c. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  by  2-2^  in.,  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  shining ;  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade  or  shorter. 
Peduncle  1^-4  in.  stout,  decurved ;  spike  3-5  in.  ;  bracts  deltoid,  scarious. 
Floioers  ^-|  in.  diam.,  tube  hemisphei'ic longer  than  the  lobes.     Berry  f-1  in.  diam. 


Tu2ndra.]  clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  325 

2.  T.  xnacrostigrma,  BaJcer  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6280 ;  spike  pendulous 
or  decurved  few-  and  lax-fid.,  flowers  vinous  purple,  perianth  lobes  broadly 
ovate,  mouth  closed  by  the  large  hemispheric  stigma.  Macrostigma  tupis- 
troides,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  319  ;  Schnitzl.  in  Regel  Gartenfl.  1857, 130,  t.  192. 
— PTupistra,  Grijf-'.  Notul.  iii.  157  ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  165. 

Khasia  Hills,  3-4000  ft. ;  Griffith,  &c. 

Except  by  the  characters  given  abore  I  cannot  separate  this  from  nutans,  and 
in  the  dried  state  they  are  undiscinguishable. — Griffiths'  is  a  much  exaggerated 
drawing. 

3.  T.  Clarkei,  Hook.  f. ;  spike  decurved  or  pendulous  dense-fid., 
perianth  lobes  oblong,  mouth  not  closed  by  the  stigma,  style  long. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  2-5000  ft.,  J.  Z>.  H.,  Clarke,  Treutler. 
Apparently  a  much  larger  plant  than  the  above,  with  leaves  4-5  by  2-3^  in.,  and 
larger  flowers  of  a  pale  greenish  yellow  or  purplish  colour. 

4.  T.  Stoliczkana,  Xurz  in  Joum.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  1875,  ii.  199  ; 
spike  elongate  erect,  perianth-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  style  very  short 
stout,  stigma  large  scabrid. 

Burma  ;  Moulmein,  StoliczJca. 

Leaves  2^-3  ft.  by  4-5  in. ;  petiole  1-1|  ft.  S^pike  1  ft.,  robust ;  peduncle  4  in. 
Flowers  J-|  in.  diam. 

**  Bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. 

5.  T.  aurantiaca,  Wall.  Cat.  5194 ;  leaves  sessile  narrowly  oblan- 
ceolate,  spike  subsessile.  Campylandra  aurantiaca.  Baker  in  Joum.  Linn. 
Soc.  xiv.  582,  t.  20. 

SiiBTEOPiCAi,  Himalaya;  from  Nepal,  WaJUcli,  &c.,  eastward  to  Mishmi,  alt. 
4-6000  ft.     Khasia  and  Naga  Hills,  alt.  4-8000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 

Sootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  roots  very  long  and  stout.<  Leaves  12-18 
by  1-lf  in.,  flaccidly  coriaceous.  Peduncle  very  short  and  stout.  Spike  erect, 
1-1^  in.  long,  oblong,  dense-fld. ;  bracts  1  in.,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Flowers  ^  in. 
diam.,  yellow  ;  perianth-tube  hemispheric,  lobes  short  nearly  orbicular;  style  short, 
stigma  large,  3-dd.     Berry  f  in.  diam.,  globose. 

6.  T.  Wattiij  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  petioled  elliptic-lanceolate  or  -ovate 
acuminate,  spiiices  subsessile.  Campylandra  Waitii,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XXV.  78,  t.  32. 

Bhotan  Himalaya,  Griffith.    Mtjnnipore,  alt.  6-7000  ft..  Watt,  Clarke. 

Stem  stout,  fleshy,  6-10  m.,  from  a  long  fleshy  prostrate  rhizome.  Leaves  4-12 
by  1^-3  in.  Peduncle  very  short,  stout.  Spike  1-3  in.,  dense-fld. ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  yellow.     Berry  1^  in.  diam.,  l-seeded. 

7.  T.  singrapureana.  Wall.  Gat.  5195;  leaves  petioled  elliptic- 
lanceolate  acuminate  membranous,  spike  sessile  elongate  stout  erect, 
bracts  much  longer  than  the  globose  fruit.  Baker  in  Jottrn.  Linn.  Soc. 
xiv.  581. 

SiNGAPOEE,  Wallich. 

stem  short,  erect,  as  thick  as  the  finger.  Leaves  10-16  by  2-2^  in.,  erect; 
petiole  3-6  in.,  stout,  ribbed.  Spike  3  in.  ;  bracts  ^  in.,  lanceolate,  membranous. 
Berries  globose,  i  in.  diam. — Wallich's  solitary  specimen  is  in  fruit  only.  Kurz 
(Journ.  Beng.  As.  Soc.  1875,  ii.  199),  who  had  not  seen  the  plant,  thinks  it  may  be 
a  Mypoxidea  or  Apostasia,  but  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  its  being  a  Tupistra. 


326  cLvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Tupistra. 

9.  ASPIDISTRA,  Xer. 

Characters  of  Tupistrayhnt  scape  very  short,  1-fld. ;  flowers  tetramerous, 
embraced  by  concave  sheatbing  bracteoles  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
perianth. — Species  3  or  4,  Himalayan,  Japanese  and  Chinese. 

A.  longrlfolia,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  2-3  ft.  by  1-2  in.  narrowly  linear- 
oblanceolate,  bracts  2-3  hemispheric  strongly  nerved.  A.  lurida.  Baker 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xiv.  579,  not  ofKer. 

Upper  Assam;  in  the  Mishmi  hills,  Griffith. 

Bootstock  stout,  creeping.  Leaves  tufted,  rather  thin,  contracted  into  a  rigid 
deeply  grooved  petiole  that  is  produced  into  a  trigonous  keel  extending  half  way  up 
the  leaf  more  or  less,  nerves  close  set  slender.  Peduncle  |-^  in.,  stout,  with  a  boat- 
shaped  bract  at  the  top.  Flower  (bud  ?)  very  shortly  pedicelled  ;  bracts  scarious, 
rounded  at  the.apex  ;  perianth  ^  in.  diam.,  fleshy,  subglobose  contracted  at  the  mouth ; 
lobes  very  small.  Anthers  sessile,  recurved.  Stigma  very  large. — A  very  different 
plant  from  the,  J.,  lurida,  Ker  of  China. 

10.  60NI0SCYPKA,  Baker. 

Leaves  radical,  petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  costate  and 
strongly  nerved.  Scape  radical,  bracts  elongate-subulate  much  exceeding 
the  flowers ;  spike  erect,  cylindric,  crowned  with  a  tuft  of  flowerless  per- 
sistent bracts.  Perianth-tube  cylindric ;  lobes  6,  short,  broadly  ovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  filaments 
very  short;  anthers  erect,  linear-oblong.  Ovary  subglobose,  3-celled; 
style  columnar;  stigma  small,  3-lobed  ;  cells  2-ovuled. 

Cr.  eucoxnoides,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  581,  t.  19  ;  N.E. 
Br.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1886,  ii.  744. 

Bhotan  Himalaya  ;  in  the  Duphla  hills,  alt.  4500  ft.,  Booth,  Lister. 

Rootstock  long,  fleshy.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  6-8  in.,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  4  in. 
long,  subpinnately  10-12-nerved.  Scape  8-9  in.,  stout,  strict,  terete,  with  basal 
scarious  sheaths;  spikes  3  in.,  dense-fld.,  cylindric;  bracts  setaceous,  persistent ; 
flowers  at  length  deflexed,  nearly  ^  in.  long,  dark  green.  Berry  ovoid,  i-|  in.  long, 
fleshy,  1-seeded. 

10*  Hemeeocallis,  Linn. 
Bootstock  very  short,  with  fleshy  root-fibres.  Leaves  elongate,  narrowly 
linear,  costate  and  many-nerved.  Scape  elongate,  terete,  naked,  bearing  a 
few-fld.  panicle ;  bracts  deciduous.  Jf  lowers  large,  suberect,  orange-yellow. 
Perianth  funnel-shaped,  6-partite,  segments  connate  at  the  base  in  a  tube, 
then  recurved,  outer  smaller.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  mouth  of  the 
tube,  exserted,  filaments  filiform,  declinate,  inserted  in  a  dorsal  pit  of  the 
linear-oblong  versatile  anther.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  filiform,  declinate, 
stigma  capitate ;  cells  many-ovuled.  Capsule  triquetrous,  coriaceous, 
loculicidal.  Seeds  angled ;  testa  thin,  black,  shining  ;  embryo  cylindric. — 
Species  5,  Europe,  temp.  Asia  and  Japan. 

K.  fulva,  Li7in.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  ii.  462 ;  inner  perianth-segments  much 
larger  and  broader  than  the  outer,  margins  undulate  with  reticulate  nerves. 
Kunth  JEnum.  iv.  588 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  359  ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  312 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  64 ;  Redoute  Lit.  t.  16 ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  t.  1113 ;  Wall.  Gat.  8975.  H.  disticha,  Bon  in  Sweet  Brit.  Fl.  Gard. 
t.  28. 


Gonioseypha.']  clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  327 

The  Himalaya  and  Khasia  Hills  ;  possibly  indigenous ;  cultivated  throughout 
India. — Distbib.  S.  Europe,  the  Caucasus  and  N.  Asia  to  Japan. 

Leaves  12-24  by  1-1^  in.,  erecto-patent,  acute,  subglaucous  beneath.  Scape 
2-3  ft.,  panicle  6-12-fld. ;  pedicels  short;  bracts  small,  membranous.  Floioers 
nodorous,  1-2  in.  diara.;  tube  yellow -red;  outer  segments  orange  yellow,  oblong, 
acute,  inner  very  much  broader. 

Var.  angustifoUa,  Baker  1.  c. ;  much  smaller,  leaves  12-18  by  l-\  in.,  perianth- 
segments  narrower  more  acute.  Boiss.  I.  c.  H.  longituba,  'Miquel  Ann.  Mus. 
Lugd.  Bat.  iii.  152. 

11.  DRACXINA,  Linn. 
Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  crowded  and  subterminal, 
sessile  or  petioled,  costate  or  not  and  many-nerved.  Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes  panicles  or  heads;  bracts  small.  Perianth  tubular,  campanulate 
or  funnel-shaped,  6-cleft,  lobes  narrow.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  tube,  filaments  filiform  or  flattened;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  3- 
celled  ;  style  filiform,  stigma  capitate ;  ovules  1,  erect  in  each  cell.  Berry 
globose  didymous  or  3-lobed.  Seeds  globose  or  angled,  testa  tbickish, 
albumen  horny ;  embryo  small. — Species  about  35,  in  warm  regions  of  the 
Old  World. 

This  genus  wants  a  thorough  revision  on  living  plants.  The  following  attempt 
to  delimit  the  Indian  species  has  been  a  work  of  much  labour  and  the  result  is 
provisional  only. 

*  Leaves  linear  or  ensiform,  sessile. 

1.  D.  angrustifolia,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  155 ;  stem  erect,  leaves  8-20 
by  f-1  in.  costate  waved,  panicle  very  large  decurved  spreading,  flowers 
\-l  in.,  pedicels  ^~\  in.,  fruit  ^-f  in.  diam.  fleshy.  Wall.  Gat.  5141 ; 
Kunth  Fnum.  v.  4 ;  Begel  Bevis.  JDrac.  36  ;  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot. 
1873,  262 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  526 ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  543.  D. 
ensifolia,  Wall.  Gat.  5143;  Kunth  Fnum.  5;  Kurz  I.  c  Terminalia 
angustifolia.  Humph.  Amb.  iv.  t.  35.  Sanseviera  fruticosa,  Blume  Fnum,. 
i.  11. 

SiLHET,  Wdllich,  &c.  Khasia  and  Naga  Hills,  common.  Burma,  Anda- 
man Islands,  Kurz. — Distrib.  Malaya,  Australia. 

Stem  8-10  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  stout  cane,  simple  or  forked.  Leaves  sessile  by  a 
broad  sheathing  base,  spreading  and  recurved.  Flowers  white  or  tipped  with  pink. 
Fruit  orange-cold. — Kurz  distinguishes  his  ensifolia  by  the  panicle  nodding 
longer  than  the  leaves,  bracts  acute  almost  wholly  scarious,  filaments  orange, 
pedicels  ^  in. ;  and  angustifoUa  by  the  erect  stifi"  panicle  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
bracts  with  a  scarious  border,  filaments  white. 

2.  D.  grraminifolia,  Wall.  Gat.  5149;  leaves  8-12  by  ^  in. 
obscurely  costate,  raceme  erect  simple  or  branched  at  the  base  quite  smooth  ; 
flowers  I  in.  long.  D.  Finlaysoni,  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  1873,  261; 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Hoc.  xiv.  525. 

Straits  of  Malacca,  Binding  Island,  Finlayson. — Distbib.  Borneo  ?. 
Wallich's  specimens  are  very  insufficient,  and  I  hesitate  to  regard  the  Bornean 
plant,  from  which  Baker's  description  is  in  part  taken,  as  specifically  the  same. 

3.  D.  granulata^  HooJc.f.;  arboreous,  leaves  6-10  by  i  in.  sessile, 
panicle  erect  pyramidal,  racbis  and  branches  finely  granulate  when  dry, 
fruit  %-l\  in.  diam.  shortly  pedicelled  fleshy. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  King's  Collector. 
Stem  50-60  ft.  by  18-20  in.  diam. 


328  CLVi.  LiLiACB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Draccena. 

4.  D.  br achy phy  11a,  Kurz.  For.  Flor.  ii.  544 ;  a  low  shrub,  leaves 
^-1  ft.  costate,  panicle  erect  stiff  quite  smooth  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
flowers  f  in,,  lilaments  white.  0.  atropurpurea,  var.  Kurzii,  Baker  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  533. 

Andaman  Islands,  frequent,  Kurz. 

I  have  seen  only  very  imperfect  specimens.  Kurz  describes  the  stem  as  thick 
as  a  goose-quill  or  twice  as  thick. 

5.  D.  brachystachys,  ^ooA:. /. ;  leaves  3  ft.  by  2  in.  ensiform  coria- 
ceous costa  beneath  very  stout,  branches  of  panicle  scaberulous  spreading, 
flowers  shortly  pedicelled  ternately  fascicled. 

Penang;  Monisti  road,  Curtis,  2302. 

Stem  10-12  ft.,  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  fascicled.  Panicle  apparently  very  large 
with  rather  distant  horizontal  strict  branches,  bracts  very  small.  Flowers  in  rather 
remote  fascicles  |  in.  long  white,  pedicel  -j^  in. — Described  from  one  leaf  and  a 
portion  of  a  panicle. 

**  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  -oblanceolate  (very  narrowly  in  D. 
Porteri). 

t  Flowers  in  spiciform  racemes  that  are  simple  or  branched  at  the 
base  only. 

6.  D.  Porteri,  Baker  in  Trimen  Journ.  Bat.  1873,  262 ;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  529  ;  shrubby,  leaves  8-10  by  1-lf  in.  sessile  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate or  oblanceolate  costate  towards  the  base,  raceme  shortly  peduncled 
erect,  flowers  f  in.  long,  pedicels  very  short,  fruit  pisiform.  D.  maculata, 
Wall.  Cat  5748  {not  ofBoxb.). 

Penang,  Porter,  King's  Collector ;  Singapore,  Wallich.  Malacca,  Griffith 
{Keiv  Disirib.  5874),  Maingay  {K.  d.  1687). — Disteib.  Siam. 

Shrub  4-6  ft.  {King's  Coll.). — Apparently  very  near  Z>.  spicata,  but  with  nar- 
rower leaves,  Wallich's  5148  A  has  spotted  leaves;  his  B  from  Singapore  may  be 
different,  it  is  more  slender  with  a  more  contracted  leaf-base. 

7.  D.  spicata,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  157 ;  arboreous,  leaves  6-18  by 
1|— 2  in.  very  broadly  petioled  elliptic  or  broadly  oblanceolate  finely 
acuminate,  raceme  long  or  short  simple  or  branched  at  the  base,  flowers 
fascicled  very  shortly  pedicelled,  fruit  pisiform  ^  in.  diam.,  or  3-lobed  and 
f  in.  fleshy.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  10  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5146;  Begel  Bevis.  Drac. 
44;  D.  Wallichii,  Kunth  in  Act.  Acad.  Berol.  1842,  26. 

SiLHET,  Wallich,  Chittagong,  Roxburgh,  South  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. 

I  am  unable  to  unravel  the  synonymy  and  habitats  of  this  species  and  D.  t^rni- 
ilora,  which  however,  according  to  Roxburgh  and  Kurz  are  very  different  plants. 
Baker  {Journ.  Pot.  1873,  263,  and  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  532)  unites  them  (as  D. 
spicata),  together  with  D.  aurantiaca.  Wall.,  and  gives  its  distribution  as  from  the 
eastern  Himalaya  to  the  Nilghiris,  Malacca,  and  the  Congo  River  in  Western  Africa. 
Of  these  the  Himalayan  (for  which  Griffith,  Wallich,  and  I  are  cited),  is  an  error,  as 
none  of  us  collected  it  there.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  probably  a  Malayan  species. 
Roxburgh  describes  the  flower  as  numerous. and  sessile  in  fascicles,  pale  greenish, 
cleft  about  half  way  down,  and  the  ripe  berries  as  deep  reddish  orange.  Kurz  s^ays 
the  flowers  are  in  twos  or  threes,  an  inch  long,  greenish  yellow  and  the  berries  glossy 
crimson. 

8.  D.  terniflora,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  159;  a  low  decumbent  slender 
shrub,  leaves  6-12  in.  by  1-2  in.  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  finely  acuminate, 
petiole  1-6  in.,  flowers  2-3-nate  pedicelled,  fruit  pisiform  or  3-lobed.  Begel 
Bevis.  Drac.  16  ;  D.  ternifolia  {error  for  terniflora),  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  645. 


Dracmna.']  clvi.  liliaCE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  329 

SiLHET,  Cachae,  the  Khasia  Hills,  'Munnipore,  Chittagong,  and  the 
Deccan  Peninsula,  Roxburgh,  and  ?  Malay  Peninsula. 

According  to  Roxburgh  and  Kurz,  this  is  distinguished  from  D.  spicata  by  size 
and  habit,  and  the  petioled  leaves,  and  according  to  Kurz,  hj  the  perianth  6 -cleft 
to  the  middle,  that  of  D.  spicata  being  6-cleft  half-way  down.  Roxburgh  describes 
the  fruit  as  of  the  size  and  appearance  of  a  fine  red  cherry  ;  but  Kurz  as  orange  red. 
In  both  species  the  perianth  becomes  twisted  in  age,  and  in  both  the  thinly  coriaceous 
leaves  may  be  blotched  with  white. 

Var.  Ileyneana ',  spike  or  panicle  much  shorter  than  the  leaves.  D.  Heyneana, 
Wall.  Cat.  5754.  D.  terminalis,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2054.— Western  Ghats,  from  the 
Concan  southwards,  Heyne,  &c. 

Var.  ?  Thwaitesii ;  spike  or  panicle  very  short,  flowers  smaller  \  in.  long.  D. 
Thwaitesii,  Regel  Revis.  Drac.  44  ;  Baker  II.  cc.  D.  elliptica,  Thunb.  ^  Dallm. 
Diss.  3  (the  Ceylon  plant) ;  Thwaites  Enicm.  338. — Ceylon,  ascending  to  4000  ft. 

Var.  ?  Curtisii  ;  stem  short,  leaves  4-6  in.  elliptic  sessile  squarrosely  spreading 
and  recurved  elliptic-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  raceme  much  longer  than  the 
leaves  slender  long-peduncled,  flowers  1  in.  long  very  slender. — Penang,  at  Polo 
Boolong,  Curtis. 

9.  D.  pachyphylla*  Kurz  For.  FL  ii.  546;  shrubby  1-2  ft.,  leaves 
4-6  by  1^-2|  in.  coriaceous  subulate-acuminate  costate,  lower  long-petioled, 
raceme  subsessile  very  short  or  elongate,  flowers  very  shortly  pedicelled, 
berries  pisiform  or  3-iobed. 

Andaman  Islands,  Kurz.  Perak,  King's  Collector.  Malacca,  on  Mt.  Ophir, 
Hullett. — DiSTRiB.  Borneo. 

Resembles  a  dwarf  i>.  spicata.  "Stem  sometimes  as  thick  as  the  little  finger; 
leaves  often  blotched  ;  flowers  f  in.  long,  white,  6-cleft  almost  to  the  base  ;  lobes 
conniving  not  recurved  except  the  tips  ;    tube  not  twisted  ;  berries  red,"  Kurz. 

ft  Flowers  in  spreading  panicles. 

§  Panicle  large,  rachis  and  branches  very  stout. 

10.  D.  aurantiaca,  Wall.  Gat.  5744 ;  stem  very  stout,  leaves  12-18 
by  2-4  in.  oblanceolate  acuminate  narrowed  into  a  very  broad  almost  flat 
petiole,  costa  broad  obscure,  panicle  12-18  in.,  peduncle  very  short  stout, 
pedicels  \-\  in.,  flowers  densely  clustered  fin.  D.  spicata,  var.  aurantiaca 
(in  pa  rt).  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  1873,  263,  and  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac. 
xiv.  532.     ?  D.  marmorata.  Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7078. 

Singapore,   Wallich,  Cantley.      Malacca,  Maingay  {K.  d.  1688). 

Apparently  arboreous.  I  doubtfully  refer  Baker's  D.  marmorata  to  Wallich's 
aurantiaca.  Wallich's  name  may  imply  that  either  the  tiowers  or  fruit  of  his  plant 
are  orange  yellow.  The  flowers  of  D.  marmorata  are  white,  and  the  leaves  mottled 
with  white.     I  have  seen  fruit  of  neither. 

11.  D.  Maingrayi,  HooJc.f.;  stem  tall  stout,  leaves  8-12  by  1-2  in. 
narrowly  elliptic- lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  costate  below  the  middle, 
panicle  erect  peduncled  very  stout,  pedicels  i  in.,  flowers  1  in.,  berries 
1-li  in.  diam.  fleshy.  D.  spicata,  var.  aurantiaca,  in  part,  Baker  in  Trim. 
Journ.  Bot.  1873,  263,  and  Journ.  Linn.  Socxiv.  263. 

Malacca;  at  Pulo  Bissom,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih.  5873),  Maingay  (K.  d. 
1685).     Perak,  on  low  hills,  King's  Collector. 

"  Tree  30-40  ft. ;  stem  1^-2  fc.  diam. ;  fruit  waxy  yellow,"  King's  Collector. 
"  Fruit  scarlet,"  Qriffith.  The  very  narrow  long-petioled  leaves  distinguish  this 
from  D.  aurantiaca,  and  the  large  stout  pyramidal  panicle  and  large  berries  from 
D.  spicata. 


330  CLVi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Drac(sna, 

§§  Panicle  large  or  small,  rachis  and  branches  slender. 

12.  D.  elliptica,  Thunh.  Diss.  Bot.  Dracsen.  6  ;  stem  slender  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  leaves  4-8  by  l2-2|^  in.  scattered  or  crowded  acuminate 
or  caudate  narrowed  into  a  short  rather  slender  petiole  costate  at  the  base, 
flowers  solitary  or  2-4-nate  in  decurved  lax-fld.  panicles,  pedicels  ^\  in. 
slender,  perianth  6-lobed  to  the  middle,  lobes  erect,  berries  pisiform  \  in. 
diam.,  or  2-3-lobed.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  14  ;  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  1873, 
263;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  532  ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  644.  D.  Wallichii, 
Kuni'hl.c.W.  D.  terniflora,  Wall.  Cat.  bU7  A.;  Kunth  I.  c.  11.  D. 
maculata,  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  167.  D.  elliptica,  var.  maculata,  Hooh.  .to. 
Mag.  t.  4787  {excl.  some  syns.).  D.  atro-purpurea,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  160 ; 
Kunth  Enum.  v.  12  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  633.  D.  elliptica, 
rar.  atropurpurea.  Kui'z  I.  c.  544.  D.  javanica,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  14;  Regel 
Bevis.  Draccen.  45.  D.  maculata.  Planch.  I.  c.  t.  569.  Cordyline  terni- 
flora, Planch,  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  vi.  136. 

SiLHET,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Wallich,  &c  ,  Burma,  the  Andaman  and  Nicobab 
Islands,  Kurz. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stems  low,  1-2  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  simple  or  branched,  ascending,  root- 
ing at  the  base.  Leaves  thickly  coriaceous,  green  or  blotched  with  white  or  black 
or  all  purple.  Panicle  often  lying  flat  on  the  uppermost  leaves,  subsessile,  branches 
slender  curved ;  bracteoles  ovate,  scarious.  Flower  f  in.  long,  slender,  6-cleft  to 
the  middle,  white  purple  or  greenish ;  filament  white.  Berries  orange  red. — The 
short  rather  slender  petioles  of  this  and  the  following  species  are  very  characteristic, 
of  upper  leaves  at  any  rate  ;  but  I  collected  in  the  Khasia  the  lower  purple 
leaves  of  what  I  supposed  was  the  same  species  12-14  by  2-3  in.,  oblanceolate,  nar- 
rowed into  a  long  broad  petiole. — There  may  be  more  than  one  species  under  this 
name.     Roxburgh's  drawing  of  atropurpurea  represents  the  panicle  as  erect. 

13.  D.  gracilis,  Wall.  Cat.  6150;  sleuder,  much  branched,  leaves 
scattered  3-7  by  |-ll  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate  narrowed  into  a 
very  short  narrow  petiole,  panicle  short  very  slender  few  and  sparse-fld. 
decurved,  flowers  f  in.  subsolitary  pedicels  slender,  bracts  scariorfs,  berries 
pisiform.  D.  atropurpurea,  var.  gracilis.  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  (1873) 
264 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  534. 

Penang,  Porter;  alt.  2500  ft.,  Curtis.  Pebak,  alt.  35C 0-4500  ft.,  JFray, 
King's  Collector.  Malacca,  Mount  Ophir,  Hullett. — Disteib.  Siam,  Sumatra, 
Borneo. 

Perhaps,  as  Baker  supposed,  a  small  staj;e  of  D.  elliptica,  the  petiolation  of  the 
leaves  being  of  the  same  character ;  if  sO,  it  is  a  mountain  form  of  that  plant. 

14.  D.  Helferiana,  Wall,  ex  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlii.  (1873) 
ii.  248 ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  545  ;  a  small  decumbent  shrub,  leaves  12-18  by 
1^-2  in.  oblanceolate  acuminate  narrowed  into  a  longer  or  shorter  petiole 
costate,  panicle  large  loosely  branched  lax-fld.,  brcteoles  minute,  flowers 
1  in.  white  or  greenish,  pedicels  slender,  perianth  6-cleft  nearly  to  the  base, 
segments  erect,  berries  pisiform  or  3-lobed.  D.  G-riffithii,  Kegel  Bevis. 
Dracsen.  47.  D.  terniflora.  Wall.  Cat.  6147  B,  in  part.  D.  atro-purpurea, 
var.  GriflBthii,  Baker  in  Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  (1873)  264  ;  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc. 
xiv.  533. 

Burma  ;  Moulmein  and  Attran,  Wallich ;  Pegu,  Scott  j  Mergui,  Griffith  {Kew 
DistHb.  5869,  5877). 

Habit  of  JD.  elliptica,  but  according  to  Kurz  only  1-2  ft.  high,  and  differing  in 
the  broad  petioles,  much  larger  panicle,  minute  bracteoles  and  the  perianth-cleft 
nearly  to  the  base. 


Draccdna.']  clvi.  liliacejj.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  831 

15.  D.  petlolata,  Sook.  f. ;  leaves  10-14  by  4  in.  elliptic  caudate- 
acuminate  ecostate  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole  3-4^  in., 
panicle  long-peduncled  narrow,  branches  slender  erect,  bracteoles  longer 
than  the  short  pedicels,  flowers  f  in.,  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  fruit 
pisiform,  pericarp  very  thin  wrinkled  when  dry.  D.  spicata,  var.  auran- 
tiaca,  in  part.  Baker  in  Trim,  Journ.  Bot.  1873,  263 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xiv.  532. 

Upper  Assam  ;  near  Kujoo,  and  at  the  Brama  Khoond,  Grijffiih. 

Apparently  a  very  distinct  species  from  the  broad  very  long-petioled  leaves  and 
long-peduncled  panicles. 

DOUBTFUL   AND   IMPERFECTLY   KNOWN    SPECIES. 

D.  .Tackiana,  TFall.  Cat.  5145  A,  B.  (D.  spicata,  var.  aunintiaca,  Baker  in 
Trim.  Journ.  Bot.  1873,  263 ;  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  532.)  A  very  robust  plant, 
from  Penang,  like  a  large  D.  spicata^  the  tall  raceme  having  short  basal  branches. 
I  find  no  specimen  of  his  5145  C  (Penang,  Porter)  in  Wallich's  Herbarium. 

D.  LiNKAEiPOLiA,  Kurz  For.  ii.  542,  in  Clavis  of  species,  but  not  taken  up  in 
the  following  descriptions.  It  has  the  habit  of  P.  angustifolia,  but  has  narrower 
leaves  and  the  lobes  of  the  fruit  as  large  as  a  cherry  or  small  plum.  A  Javanese 
species  in  Herb.  Kew  responds  to  this  description. 

D.  Cantleti,  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1881,  326.  Singapore,  Cantlet/.  There  is 
little  in  the  description  of  this  plant,  of  which  a  specimen  flow  ered  at  Kew,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  D.  marmorata  (aurantiaca).  Unfortunately  flowers  were  not 
preserved  for  the  Herbarium.  The  live  plant  at  Kew  has  now  a  stem  4  in.  long, 
with  lanceolate  leaves  15  by  4^  in.,  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  petiole  1-li  in. 
broad. 

12.  CORDVZiZNE,  Gommers. 

Characters  of  Dracsena,  but  ovarian  cells  4-16-ovuled,  testa  black 
shining,  and  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen. — Species  about  10, 
Malayan,  Australasian,  Pacific,  and  one  Brazilian. 

1.  C.  terxninalis,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  25 ;  shrubby,  erect,  leaves  12-36 
by  2-5  in.  oblong-lanceolate  broadly  petioled,  flowers  white  or  purplish 
subspicate  or  racemed  on  the  branches  of  a  large  erect  simply  branched 
panicle,  perianth  \  in.  cleft  to  the  swollen  base,  segments  recurved. 
Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  546 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  539.' 

Tropical  India,  from  Bengal  and  Assam  ea&tward  and  southward  to 
Malacca.— DiSTEiB.  Eastwards  to  the  Pacific  Islds. 

An  erect,  glabrous  shrub,  8-10  ft.,  stemj  as  thick  as  the  finger  or  wrist. 
Leaves  distichous,  green  or  purplish,  acuminate  at  both  ends  ;  petiole  complicate, 
base  dilated  and  amplexicaul.  Panicle  1-2  ft.  high  ;  lower  bracts  linear-lanceolate  ; 
bracteoles  small,  3-nate  ;  flowers  ^  in.  long,  subsessile,  or  very  shortly  pedicelled, 
white  or  purplish.  Berry  i  in.  diam.,  usually  1-seeded. — Kurz  (for  Fl.  1.  c.)  makes 
.two  varieties  in  Burma  ;  terminalis  proper  with  larger  subsessile  flowers,  which  is 
only  cultivated ;  and  jtrrea,  with  smaller  flowers,  pedicels  shorter  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  bracteoles.  Baker  (in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  1.  c.)  has  the  following 
varieties  : — 

Var.  1,  ferrea;  leaves  narrower  more  obianceolate  dull  purple  or  variegated 
2-2^  in.  broad,  petioles  shorter,  flowers  usually  smaller  tinged  with  red.  D.  ferrea, 
Linn.  Syst.  275  ;  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  156 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2053.  D.  terminalis,  Jacq. 
Ic.  t.  448 ;  Eoxh.  1.  c. ;  Redoute  Lil.  t.  91 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cat.  t.  1224.  Cordyline 
Jacquininii,  Kunth  I.  c.  23. 

Var.  2.  Sieberi ;  leaves  obianceolate  12-18  by  2-3  in.,  racemes  1  in.  broad, 
pedicels  longer,  flowers  larger.  Cordyline  Sieberi,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  23. — Malacca, 
Oriffithy  Maingay. 


332  CLVi.  LiLiACEj;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

13.  ASFXXODXSZiUS,  Linn. 

Annual,  or  perennial,  root-fibres  slender  or  fleshy.  Leaves  radical, 
linear,  triquetrous,  or  terete  and  fistular.  Flowers  racemed,  solitary  in 
the  bracts.  Perianth  white,  marcescent,  6-partite,  segments  conniving  in 
a  tube  below.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base  and 
embracing  the  ovary,  inserted  in  a  pit  of  the  dorsifixed  versatile  anther. 
Ovary  3-celled  ;  style  filiform,  stigma  8ub-3-lobed  ;  ovules  2  collateral  in 
each  cell.  Capsule  usually  1-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  3-quetrous,  testa 
black  appressfd  ;  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  cartilaginous  albumen. — 
Species  6  or  7,  S.  Europe  and  eastward  to  India. 

1.  A.  tenuifolius,  Gavan.  in  Anal.  Cienc.  Nat.  iii.  46,  t.  27 ;  and 
Icon.  t.  587,  f .  2 ;  annual,  leaves  slender  semi-terete  fistular  and  scape 
smooth  or  papillosely  scaberulous,  pedicels  jointed  below  the  middle, 
perianth-segments  white  with  a  brownish  costa,  filaments  fusiform  to- 
wards the  tip.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  558.  A.  asstivus,  Reichh.  Ic.  Crit.  t. 
451.  A.  microcarpus,  JReichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  513.  A.  clavatus,  Roxh. 
Fl.  Ind.  ii.  148;  Wall.  Gat.  5058;  Kunth  I.e.  559.  A.  parviflorus, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2062  (bad.  pauciflorus,  in  text  vi.  p.  27.).  A.  fistulosus, 
var.  tenuifolius,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  272.  A.  tenuifolius,  var. 
micranthus,  Boiss.  Fl.  Or.  v.  314. 

Plains  of  India,  in  fields,  from  Bengal  westwards  to  Guzerafc  and  the  Punjab. 
— DiSTRiB.  Westward  to  the  Canary  Islds. 

Leaves  6-12  in.,  erect,  about  -^^  in.  diam.,  acuminate.  Scape  lJ-3  ft.,  terete, 
often  excessively  scopariously  branched.  Racemes  lax -fid. ;  pedicels  \-\  in. 
Pman/A-segments  i  in.  long.  Capsule  globose,  a^  in.  diam.,  valves  deeply  wrinkled. 
Seeds  trigonous,  with  3-4  dorsal  ridges  and  as  many  lateral  pits. — Probably  as 
Baker  considers  it,  a  form  of  the  European  A.  fistulosus,  but  always  much  smaller, 
especially  the  flowers,  and  with  the  pedicel  jointed  below  the  middle.  Wight's 
figure  is  very  incorrect  as  regards  the  filaments,  he  is  unable  to  give  any  locality 
for  the  specimen  figured,  which  he  supposes  is  from  the  sandy  soils  of  the  East 
Coast  of  the  Deccan. 

2.  A.  comosuS;  Baker  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1887,  i.  799  ;  leaves  ensiform 
18  by  \\  in.,  peduncle  very  stout,  racemes  panicled  dense-fld. 

Lahul,  in  the  Rolang  Pass,  Jaeschlte. 

Habit  of  A.  albus  and  ramosus.  Leaves  rather  thick.  Peduncle  2  ft.  ; 
panicle  1  ft.,  pedicels  i-i  in.,  ascendinp:,  jointed  below  the  middle ;  bracts  ^  in., 
much  longer,  scarious.  Flowers  1-1^  in.  diam. ;  segments  linear-oblong,  white 
with  a  green  keel.     Stamens  i  in.  longer  than  the  perianth  ;  style  as  long. 

14.  BREAIUZtUS,  Bieherst. 

Stately  herbs,  with  the  characters  of  Asphodelus,  from  which  the 
genus  difliers  only  in  the  usually  more  numerous  ovules. — Species  about 
20,  oriental  and  Northern  Asian. 

1.  IS.  himalaicus,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  283  ;  glabrous, 
bracts  subulate-lanceolate  equalling  the  pedicels,  flowers  white,  filaments 
as  long  as  the  perianth,  capsule  rugose,  seeds  not  winged. 

Temperate  Western  Himalaya,  in  the  drier  regions,  from  the  Sutlej  west- 
wards, alt.  7-10,000  ft.— DiSTBiB.  Eastern  Turkestan. 


Eremunu.']  clvi.  LiLiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  333 

Leaves  1-3  ft.  by  ^-3  in.  Scape  and  raceme  very  stout,  2-3  ft. ;  pedicels  f  in., 
bracts  subulate  filiform.  Flowers  1  in.  diam. ;  segments  oblong,  1-nerved,  about 
equalling  the  filament.     Capsule  |  in.  diam.     Seeds  triquetrous. 

2.  E.  persicus,  Boiss.  Biagn,\\\.  119  ;  Fl.  Orient,  v.  326 ;  puberulous, 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  flowers  white,  filaments 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  capsule  smooth  small  broadly  winged.  Baker 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  284  Asphodelus  persicus,  Jaub.  Sf  Spach  III. 
PI.  Or.  t.  102. 

Noeth-West  India  ;  Salt  range,  Mt.  Sikesa,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Aitchison. — 
DisTEiB,  Affgban.,  Persia,  Syria. 

Leaves  6-12  by  i-|  in.  Scape  10-24  in.,  simple,  stout.  Raceme  6-12  in.  j 
bracts  \  in.,  scarious;  pedicels  1  in.,  fruiting  2,\  in.  horizontal.  Flowers  %  in.  diam., 
segments  white  with  a  brown  central  band.  Capsule  1  in.  broad.  Seeds  black, 
broadly  3-vvinged. — Very  variable  in  stature  and  in  length  and  breadth  of  the 
leaves. 

15.  CKIiOROPKVTUm,  Ker. 

Characters  of  Anthericum,  but  capsule  trigonous,  deeply  laterally 
3-lobed  with  flattened  lobes. — Species  about  40,  tropical  and  subtropical. 

The  species  are  most  difficult  of  circumscription  owing  to  the  great  variability 
in  the  leaves  and  length  and  robustness  of  the  scapes,  and  racemes. 

*  Flowers  in  simple  or  shortly  branched  dease-fld.  racemes. 

t  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  if  fully  developed. 

1.  C.  Keyneanum,  Wall.  Cat.  5060;  scape  stout  shorter  than  the 
leaves  naked,  racemes  short  dense-fld.,  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments, 
cells  of  the  oblong  capsule  8-10-seeded.  C.  Heynei,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XV.  322.     C.  breviscapum,  Thw.  JEnum.  339. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  Heyne,  &c. ;  Nilghiri  hills,  alt.  60OO  ft.  Clarke. 
Ceylon,  common  in  the  central  province. 

Root-fibres  tuberous.  Leaves  12-18  by  1-lf  in.,  oblanceolate  ;  petiole  2-4  in. 
Scape  |-1  in. ;  bracts  longer  than  the  small  flowers,  pedicels  ^\  in.,  jointed  near 
the  tip.  Perianth-segments  i  in.,  narrowly  lanceolate.  Capsule  i  in  long.  Seeds 
black,  shining. 

2.  C.  breviscapum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  141 ;  scape 
naked  shorter  than  the  leaves,  raceme  dense-fld.,  anthers  as  long  as  the 
filaments,  cells  of  the  orbicular  or  obcordate  capsule  1-3-seeded.  L>alz. 
^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  252. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  at  the  foot  of  the  hills  (fl.  only),  Clarke.  The  Concan,  at 
Malwan,  Dalzel. 

Moot-fibres  tuberous.  Leaves  12  by  f-l^  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  broadly  petioled, 
margins  often  crispulate.  Scape  stout,  3-6  in.,  rarely  branched;  raceme  3-5  in., 
bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  pedicels  5-5  in.,  jointed  above  the  middle. 
Ptrianth-segments  \-\  in.,  linear-oblong.  Capsule  ^  in.  broad,  seeds  subglobose, 
black,  opaque. — DiffiBrs  from  C.  attvnuatum  in  the  broader  leaves  and  short  scape. 

3.  C.  arundinaceum.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  323 ;  in 
Gard.  Chron.  1876,  260 ;  scape  usually  tall  naked,  raceme  elongate  simple 
or  shortly  branched,  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments,  cells  of  the  small 
orbicular  capsule  3-4-8eeded.     Phalangium  alatum,  Herb.  Ham.  in  Wall. 


334  CLVi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)      [CJilorophytum, 

Cat.  5056.  Anthericum  tuberosum,  Herb.  Heyne.  Ornithogalum  indicum, 
Kcenig  mss. 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Sikkira,  alt.  1-4000  ft.  J.  D.  H.  Bhotan,  Griffith. 
Assam,  Hamilton.  Behae  at  Monghir,  Wallieh,  on  Parusnath,  J.  D.  H.  Burma, 
at  Prome,  Wallieh. 

Root-Jibres  cylindric.  Leaves  6-18  by  1^-2  in.,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  acute  or 
acuminate,  usually  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole.  Scape  6-20  in.  stout;  raceme 
3-8  in.  ;  bracts  f-|  in.  or  lower  longer  pedicels  ^-|  in.  jointed  in  tbe  middle. 
Perianth-segments  \-\  in.  lanceolate,  white.  Capsule  \  in.  broad  2-lobed  at  the  tip 
and  base.  Seeds  ^  in.  diam.,  suborbicular,  flat,  black. — In  small  specimens  the  leaves 
are  narrower  and  broadest  at  the  base. 

4.  C.  grlaucum,  Bdlz.  in  Blooh.  Keio  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  142  ;  leaves 
glaucous,  scape  longer  tban  the  leaves  2-3- sheathed,  racemes  long  stout 
dense-fld.,  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  erect  bases  cymbiform,  filaments 
longer  than  the  anthers,  cells  of  the  suborbicular  capsule  2-4-seeded. 
Dalz.  &  Cribs.  Bomb.  Fl.  252 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  324. 

The  CoNCAN ;  on  the  Ghats,  rare,  Dalzell,  &c. 

Root-Jibres  cylindric.  Leaves  12-18  by  1-2  in.,  usually  recurved,  narrowly 
oblanceolate.  Scape  1-2  ft.,  simple,  sheaths  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  raceme  6-12  in., 
unbranched ;  bracts  green  ;  pedicels  i  in.,  jointed  above  the  middle.  Perianth- 
segments  ^-5  in.,  white;  filaments  papillose  ;  anthers  twisted  after  flowering.  Capsule 
^-^  in.  broad,  top  2-lobed.     S^ieds  ^-i  in.  broad,  flat,  orbicular,  opaque. 

ft  Leaves  linear  or  ensiform  not  or  hardly  contracted  into  a  petiole. 

5.  C.  tuberosum,  Baher  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  332 ;  leaves  sessile 
usually  ensiform  falcately  recurved,  scape  short  or  tall,  flowers  large, 
anthers  as  long  as  the  papillose  filaments  recurved  finally  revolute,  cells  of 
the  oblong  rarely  orbicular  retuse  capsule  4-6-seeded.  C.  anthericoideum, 
Dalz.  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850)  141 :  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
251.  Phalangium  tuberosum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2036  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  598  {in 
part.)  P.  ornithogaloides,  Schweinf.  Biltr.  P.  alatum,  Wall.  Gat.  5056. C. 
Anthericum  tuberosum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  149,  et  Ic.  in  Herb.  Kew  ;  Gor. 
Fl.  ii.  20  (not  t.  138).  A.  ornithogaloides,  Hochst.  in  A.  Rich.  Tent.  Fl. 
Abyss,  ii.  232. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Central  India,  common  from  the  Northern 
Circars,  and  the  Concan  to  Travancore.  Buema;  at  Prome,  Wallieh. — Distrib. 
Abyssinia. 

Root-fibres  cylindric  and  tuberous.  Leaves  8  in.  to  2  ft.  by  f-f  in.  (to  4  in. 
Roxb.),  margins  crisped.  Scape  6  in.  to  3  ft.  with  a  small  sheath ;  raceme  short, 
simple  or  shortly  branched;  bracts  ^-|  in.,  white-;  pedicels  ^  in,,  stout,  jointed  below 
the  middle  ;  perianth-segments  ^-|  io.  long,  oblong  ;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the 
perianth.  Capsule  \-^  in.  long.  Seeds  irregularly  orbicular,  opaque. — The  largest 
flowered  Indian  species  and  clearly  the  plant  described  by  Roxburgh  as  having  flowers 
as  large  as  a  snowdrop,  but  not  that  figured  in  the  Cor.  PL,  which  is  C.  attenuatum; 
his  drawings  of  both  are  at  Kew,  and  both  named  tuberosum. 

6.  C-  khaslanuxn,  Hooh.  f. ;  scape  tall  naked  simple  or  branched, 
racemes  rather  dense-fld.,  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers,  anthers  elongate 
straight  longer  than  the  filaments,  cells  of  large  oblong  2-lobed  capsule 
4-6-seeded.     C.  nepalensis.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  330  (in  part). 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-6000  ft.     Griffith,  &c. 

Leaves  10-24  by  ^-^  in.,  linear,  flat.  Scape  2-3  ft.,  sometimes  ^  in.  diam.,  smooth, 
branches  short ;  racemes  6-10  in.,  pedicels  ^-i  in.,  erect,  jointed  above  the  middle. 


Chlorophytum.]       clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  335 

Perianth  white,  segments  ^  in.  linear -oblong  ;  anthers  not  recurved  or  revolute  after 
flowering.  Capsule  ^-^  in.  long.  8 eeds^  in.  diam.,  orbicular,  flat,  black  opaque. — 
Distinguished  from  C.  undulatum  by  the  short  erect  branches  of  the  scape,  crowded 
flowers,  and  large  4-6-8eeded  capsule. 

7.  C-  attenuatum,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  332;  leaves 
linear,  scape  erect  naked,  raceme  rarely  forked  la^  or  dense-fid.,  anthers 
straight  longer  than  the  papillose  filaments,  cells  of  the  small  broadly 
obcordate  capsule  3-4-seeded.  Phalangium  attenuatum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2037. 
P.  indicum,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  198,  Asphodelopsis  arungadenensis,  Steud.  in 
Sohenach.  PI.  exsc.  Ind.  Or.  n.  1317.  Anthericum  tuberosum,  Boxb.  Fl. 
Cor.  PI.  1. 13  {not  p.  20,  nor  of  Fl.  Ind.).     Ornithogalum  indicum,  Roem. 

f.  Syst.  vii.  535. 

The  Western  Ghats  ;  from  Canara  southwards  to  Coimbatore. 

Boot-fibres  cylindric,  often  tuberous.  Leaves  10-18  by  |-1  in.,  slightly  narrowed 
at  the  base.  Scape  as  long,  erect,  raceme  3-4  in. ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate ; 
flowers  suberect,  pedicels  jointed  about  the  middle.  Perianth  white,  segments  i-^ 
in.  Capsule  i  in.  broad. — Very  small  flowers  with  segments  not  i  in.  long  occur 
amongst  the  others.  That  this  is  Roemer's  Ornith.  indicum  is  proved  by  a  specimen 
from  Heyne  in  Herb.  Rottler  (now  at  Kew)  marked  as  from  Condapilly,  which  is 
the  authority  for  the  name  (misspelt  Cardapilly)  and  collector  given  by  Heyne. 
This  specimen  and  those  of  Wight  precisely  accord  with  Roxburgh's  figure  of 
Anth.  tuberosum  in  Cor.  PL,  but  not  with  his  description  in  that  work,  or  in  Fl.  Ind. 

8.  C.  xnalabarlcunij  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  331 ;  leaves 
usually  recurved,  scape  simple  short  naked,  raceme  short  or  long,  anthers 
straight  shorter  than  the  filaments,  cells  of  the  very  small  broadly  obcordate 
capsule  1-2-seeded.P  Phalangium  tuberosum,  Dalz.  &  Gfibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
251  {not  of  Kunth). 

Western  Ghats,  from  Canara  southwards. 

Root-fibres  cylindric,  fleshy,  leaves  6-12  by  |-1  in.,  usually  narrowed  from  the 
sheathing  base  to  the  apex,  iicape  3-4  in.,  curved,  stout,  raceme  as  long  or  shorter, 
bmcts  about  as  long  as  the  flowers  membranous,  pedicels  jointed  above  the  middle. 
Perianth  white,  segments  ^  in.  long.  Capsule  ^iu.  broad,  tip  deeply  2-lobed.  Seeds 
J^  in.  diam,,  flat,  opaque. — Dalzell's  description  of  Phalangium  tuberosum,  as  having 
small  white  flowers,  and  resembling  his  Chlorophytum  anthericoideum,  probably 
applies  to  C.  malabaricum. 

**  Eaceme  simple  or  branched,  with  the  flowers  remotely  scattered, 
solitary  or  in  pairs. 

9.  C.  undulatum,  Wall.  Cat.  5059 ;  scape  naked  paniculately 
branched,  branches  long  spreading,  flowers  drooping,  bracts  shorter  than 
the  pedicels,  anthers  twice  as  long  as  the  filaments,  cells  of  the  broad  3- 
dymous  small  capsule  2-3 -seeded.  C.  nepalensis,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XV,  'S20{in  part).  Phalangium  nepalense,  Lindl.  in  Trans.  Sort.  Soc. 
vi.  277  ;  Bot.  Beg.  t.  998  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  iv.  597.  Anthericum  nepalense, 
Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  Post.  135. 

Subtropical  Himalaya,  from  Nepal,  Wallich,  to  Sikkim,  alt.  3-7000  ft. 

Boot-fibres  cylindric.  Leaves  6-18  by  i-f  in,,  linear,  often  narrowed  to  the  base. 
Scape  1-^^t.,  branches  ascending  with  long  sheathing  bracts  at  the  base;  floral 
bracts  ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  ^-1  in.  apart ;  pedicels  i-| 
in.,  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle.  Perianth  whxtey  segments^  in.  long;  anthers 
straight  after  flowering.  Capsule  \-\  in.  broad,  top  3-Iobed.  Seeds  J^  in.  broad, 
angular,  black. — Very  variable  in  size,  small  specimens  have  simple  scapes. 


336  CLvi.  LiLiACBiB.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)     [Chlorophytum,- 

10.  C  orchidastrumj  Lindl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  813  ;  in  Trans.  Hort. 
Soc.  vi.  79 ;  scape  tall  naked  paniculately  branched,  branches  spreading, 
bracts  small,  flowers  in  distant  pairs,  cells  of  the  broad  small  capsule 
l-seeded.  Kunth  JEnum.  iv.  603 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  325.  0. 
Nimmonii,  Dalz.  in  Hooh.Kew  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  142  ;  Dah.  ^  Gibs,  Bomb.  Fl. 
252.  Anthericum  Nimmonii,  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  220.  Hartwegia 
Nirnmonii,  Dalz.  mss.     Phalangium  oligospermum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2038. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  southward  to  Travancore. — Disteib. 
Tonkin,  Tvop.  Africa. 

Root-fibres  tuberous.  Leaves  12-24  by  1^-4  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate.  Scape 
1-3  ft.,  branches  long  ascending  bracteate  at  the  base;  bracts  ovate;  flowers 
geminate  drooping;  pedicels  ^-§  in.  jointed  about  the  middle.  PeriantTi-segments 
\  in.,  white.  Capsule  ^  in.  diam.,  broader  than  long,  2-lobed  at  the  tip.  Seeds 
solitary,  orbicular  or  oblong,  flat,  opaque. 

11.  C.  laxum,  Br.  Prodr.  277  ;  leaves  subdistichous  usually  strongly 
recurved,  scape  filiform  flexuous,  flowers  minute,  anthers  didymous  many 
times  shorter  than  the  filaments,  cells  of  broadly  obcordate  capsule  1-4- 
seeded.  Kunth  Enum,.  iv.  603.  C.  laxiflorum,  BaJcer  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
XV.  328;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  60.  C.  falcatum,  Baker  in  Saund.  Refug. 
Bot.  t.  333.  C.  parviflorum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  ii.  141  ;  Dalz.  Sf 
Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  251 ;  Thw.  Enum.  339.  C.  abyssinicum,  Kotschy  &  Peyr. 
PL  Tinn.4:6.  Phalangium  falcatum,  WalL  Gat.  5057;  Kunth  I.  c.  600. 
P.  ?  parviflorum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2309.  Anthericum  parviflorum,  Benth.  Fl. 
Hongk.  373.  Ornithogalnm  falcatum,  Berb.  Wight,  Nolina?  javanica, 
Sassk.  Hort.  Bogor.  27  ;  Miguel  FL  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  554. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  southward,  common,  and  in  Ceylon. 
— DiSTRiB.  Borneo,  China,  Trop.  Africa  and  Austral. 

Boot-fibres  tuberous.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-%  in.,  grass-like  or  conduplicate  or  flat, 
rather  rigid.  /Scape  1-12  in.,  suberect  or  arched;  flowers  ^-1  in.  apart;  bracts 
lanceolate,  equalling  the  pedicels  which  are  jointed  in  the  middle.  Perianth  white, 
segments  ^-\  in.  ;  anthers  green.     Capsule  5  in.  diam.     Seeds  angular,  ^^  in.  diam. 

DOUBTFUL  AND   IMPERFECTLY   KNOWN   SPECIES. 

12.  C.  ACAULE,  Baher  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  327;  root  fibres  smaller,  leaves 
6-9  by  i-^  in.  narrowly  linear,  flowers  2-5  in  a  sessile  corymb  at  the  bases  ot  the 
leaves,  fruiting  pedicels  erect  ^-^  jointed,  capsule  ^  in.  oblong  emarginate,  cells 
turbid  3-5  seeded,  seeds  rather  tumid  black  opaque, — India,  Jerdon. — The  only 
specimen  is  flowerless.     It  is  perhaps  a  state  of  C-  laxum. 

Phalangium  niveum,  Poiret  Encycl.  248;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  599.  Anthericum 
niveum,  Schult.  f.  Syst.  vii.  480,  from  India,  Sonnerat,  with  long:  very  dense-fld. 
spikes,    snow-white   bracts  as    long    as  the  flowers  and  a  scape  12-15  in.  j  may  be 

attenuatum. 

16.  DZANEIiXiA,  Lamk. 

Boostock  usually  branched,  and  stoloniferous.  Leaves  rigid,  distichous, 
linear,  bases  often  equitant.  Flowers  in  cymose  panicles,  nodding; 
pedicels  jointed  at  the  top.  Perianth  marcescent ;  segment  6,  distinct, 
spreading.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  or  the  3  inner  on  the  bases  of  the 
segments,  filaments  much  thickened ;  anthers  basifixed  between  the  lobes, 
reflexed,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style 
filiform,  stigma  minute ;  cells  4-8-ovuled.     Berry  blue.     Seeds  few,  ovoid 


Dianella.l  clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  337 

or  compressed ;  testa  black,  shining^ ;  albumen  fleshy. — Species  7  or  8  ; 
tropical  Asiatic,  Mascarene,  Australia  and  Polynesia. 

D.  ensifolla,  BedouU  Lil.  t.  1 ;  stem  leafy,  sbeaths  acutely  keeled, 
filament  greatly  thictened  at  tlie  very  top.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  50 ;  Baker 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  576 ;  BentTi.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  16  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
1404;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  560 ;  D.  odorata,  Blume  Enum.  i.  13; 
Kunth.  I.e.  51 ;  D.  nemorosa,  Lamk.  Encycl.  ii.'276;  Jacq.  Sort.  Schoenb. 
i.  49.  t.  94,  Wall.  Cat.  5169 ;  Miquel  I.  c. ;  Eoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  164.  D. 
javanica,  Kunth  I.  c.  52  ;  Miquel  I.  c.  561.  D.  sandvicensis,  Hook.  Sf  Am. 
Bot.  Beech.  Voy.  97.  Rhuacophila  javanica,  Blume  I.  c.  14.  Antberium 
Adenanthera,  Eorst.  Prodr.  No.  149.  Phalangium  Adenantbera,  Foir. 
Encycl.  v.  252. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  eastwards,  alfc.  2-5000  ft.,  the  Khasia 
Hills,  Munnipore,  and  Burma.  Ceylon  ascending  to  4000  ft. — Disteib.  East- 
wards to  Australia  and  the  Pacific,  Mascarefie  Islds. 

Stem  3-6  ft.,  rigid.  Leaves  lower  1-2  ft.  by  f-1^  in.,  linear-lanceolate,  keel  and 
margins  smooth  or  scabrid;  sheaths  long.  Fanicle  1-2  ft.,  cuneiform,  pedicels 
short,  rigid,  slender ;  bracts  spathaceous ;  flowers  inodorous.  Perianth  white 
greenish  or  bluish,  segments  ^-J  in. ;  3  inner  reflexed.  Anthers  linear,  2-porose. 
Berry  dark  purple,  or  blue,  i  in.  diam.,  cells  1-3-  or-  more  seeded.  Seeds  ovoid, 
subacute. 

17.  AXiXiZUM,  Linn. 

Foetid  scapigerous  herbs ;  bulbs  coated.  Leaves  usually  narrow,  often 
fistular.  Flowers  capitate  or  umbelled,  all  at  first  enclosed  in  1-3  mem- 
branous spathes,  stellate  or  campanulate  ;  sepals  6,  free  or  connate  below. 
Stamens  hypog^nous  or  inserted  on  the  perianth  ;  filaments  free  or  connate 
below,  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  3-gonous,  3-celled  :  style  filiform,  stigma 
minute,  cells  few-ovuled.  Capsule  small,  loculicidal.  Seeds  few,  com- 
pressed, testa  black. — Species  about  250,  in  all  IST.  temp,  regions. 

In  the  following  account  of  the  Indian  Allia  I  have  been  much  aided  by  Regel's 
"  Alliorum  Monographia  "  and  Baker's  paper  in  the  Journal  of  Botany,  but  I  am  far 
from  satisfied  as  to  the  limitation  of  the  sections,  and  the  disposal  of  the  species  in 
them.  Further,  I  expect  that  more  complete  Indian  and  Central  Asiatic  collections 
may  modify  the  results  givea  below.  The  following  species  are  extensively  cultivated 
in  India : — 

A.  ascalonicum,  Linn,  j  F.oxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  142.  A.  Sulvia,  Sam.  in  Bon 
Frodr.  53.  A.  fragrans  j8  nepalensis,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  898.  Nothoscordium  ?  Sulvia, 
Kunth  Enum.  iv.  402;  leaves  basal  and  scape  stout  fistular,  head  globose  very  many- 
fld.,  pedicels  very  short,  perianth  white  stellate,  inner  filaments  2 -toothed. — The 
Shallot. 

A.  AMPELOPOEASUM,  Linn.  A.  Porrum,  Linn.  Roxh.  I.  c.  ii.  141 ;  Wall.  Cat. 
5074 ;  stem  leafy,  leaves  linear  flat  keeled  shorter  than  the  tall  terete  scape,  head 
globose  very  many-  and  dense-fid.,  pedicels  longer  than  the  campanulate  white 
flowers,  inner  filaments  2-toothed. — The  Leek. 

A.  CEPA,  Linn. ;  Roxb.  I.  c.  142 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5072,  A.  Cumaria,  Uerh.  Ham. ; 
leaves  subdistichous  fistular  shorter  than  the  inflated  scape,  head  bearing  flowers 
and  bulbils,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  stellate  flowers,  sepals  linear -oblong,  filaments 
exserted  simple  or  the  inner  2-toothed  at  the  base. — The  Onion. 

A.  SATIVUM,  Linn. ;  Eoxh.  I.  c.  142 ;  leaves  flat,  scape  slender,  spathes  long- 
beaked,  heads  bearing  bulbils  and  flowers,  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate,  inner 
filaments  2-toothed. — The  Garlic. 

vol.  VI.  Z 


338  CLvi.  LiLiAOB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Allium. 

Sect.  I.  ScE(ENOPRASUM.     Bulhs  free  or  clustered,  not  seated  on  a  root- 
^  stock.    Leaves  and  scape  fistular  or  filiform.     Stamens  inserted  usually 
much  above  the  base  of  the  perianth ;   filaments  dilated  and  connate  at 
the  base. 

*  Leaves  Jistular. 

1.  A.  Semonovli)  Bsgel  Enum.  PI.  Semenoff,  126 ;  All.  Monogr.  85 ; 
leaves  2-3  stout  about  equalling  the  stout  scape,  sheaths  very  long,  head 
subglobose  dense-fid.,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  campanulate  pale  yellow 
flowers,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate,  filaments  included  outer 
cuspidate  inner  2-toothed.     Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  293. 

Wkstebn  Himalaya,  alt.  8-14,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Garwhal. — Distrib. 
Alatau  and  Thian-chan  Mts. 

Bulhs  tufted,  cylindric,  scales  membranous.  Leaves  \-\  in.  diam.,  acute.  Heads 
\\  in.  broad  j  spathes  persistent.     Sepals  ^-^  in. 

2.  A.  Schoenoprasum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  301 ;  leaves  1-2  slender,  heads 
subglobose  dense-fid.,  pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  campanulate 
pink  or  pale  purple  flowers,  sepals  linear  or  lanceolate,  filaments 
included  all  simple  filiform  dilated  at  the  base.  Pegel  All.  Monogr.  77  ; 
Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1872,  292 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.'  250 ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  t.  1085.     A.  sibiricum,  lAnn.  Mant.  562. 

Western  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft.  j  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon.— Distrib. 
Westwards  to  the  Atlantic,  N.  America. 

Bulhs  clustered,  narrow;  scales  membranous.  Leaves  4-10  in.,  terete  or 
grooved  above,  smooth  or  scaberulous ;  sheaths  elongate.  ^ca^Jc  6-14  in. ,  stout  or 
slender.  Sepals  \-^  in.,  bearing  the  stamens  near  their  bases.  Capsule  small, 
globose,  cells  2-seeded. — Chives. 

3.  A.  atrosangruineum,  SchrenJc  in  Bull.  Acad.  Petersh.  x.  355; 
leaves  1-2  stout  as  long  as  the  scape,  head  subglobose  dense-fid.,  pedicels 
about  equalling  the  campanulate  dark  red  fiowers,  sepals  oblong  obtuse 
or  subacute,  filaments  short  triangular-subulate  connate  at  the  base. 
Ledeh.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  168 ;  Kunth  Fnwm.  iv.  684 ;  Regel  All.  Monogr.  83. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Kashmir  at  Gilgit,  Tanner. — Distrib.  Turkestan. 

Bulh  narrow,  coats  membranous  at  length  fibrous.  Leaves  fistular,  8-12  by  ^-\  in., 
linear,  obtuse  ;  sheaths  very  long.  Scape  stout,  fistular.  Bead  f-1  in.  diam. ; 
spathes  persistent.  Perianth  ^-\  in.  long ;  segments  united  below  ;  filaments  sub- 
equal,  inserted  at  \  distance  from  their  base,  about  i  as  long  as  the  perianth.  Ovary 
globose;  style  short. — The  Gilgit  specimens  have  rather  smaller  flowers  with  more 
obtuse  segments  than  the  Turkestan. 

4.  A.  Fedschenkoanum,  Eegeil  All.  Monogr.  82  ;  leaves  1-2  much 
shorter  than  tall  stout  scape,  head  globose  dense-fld.,  pedicels  about  equal- 
ling the  campanulate  pale  yellow  flowers,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate 
acuminate,  filaments  very  short  inner  with  a  dilated  2-toothed  base  outer 
simple. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Kashmir,  at  Barzil,  alt.  12,000  ft.,  Clarice. — Distrib. 
Turkestan. 

Bulh  0.  Leaves  3-5  by  J  in.,  fistular,  obtuse  ;  sheath  very  long.  Scape  2-3  ft. 
by  4-3  in.  diam.  Head  f-1  in.  diam. ;  spathes  persistent ;  pedicels  stout.  Perianth- 
segments  |-i  in.,  united  below ;  filaments  united  at  i  distance  from  the  base,  con- 
nate, not  i  the  length  of  the  perianth.  Capsule  globose,  style  very  short. — The 
dilated  bases  of  the  inner  stamens  are  certainly  2-tootbed. 


Allium.']  CLVi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  839 

**  Leaves  filiform. 

5.  A.  rubellum,  M.  Bieh.  Fl.  Taur.  Gauc.  i.  264 ;  leaves  ^-terete  or 
flattish,  head  subglobose,  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  very  small  cam- 
panulate  rosy  flowers,  sepals  oblong-  or  elliptic-oblong  acuminate,  filaments 
included  cohering  at  the  very  base  all  simple  linear-lanceolate  from  a 
broad  cuneate  base  inner  broadest.  Beffel  All.  Monogr.  106;  Fl.  Tur- 
kest.  t.  10,  f.  9 ;  G.  Don  Monogr.  All.  36 ;  Kunth  JEnum.  iv.  399  ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  253 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  290.  A.  rubellum  and  grandi- 
florum,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  171.  A.  leptophyllum,  Wall  Cat.  5073  A ; 
Kunth.  I.  c.  456.  A.  Jacquemontii,  Kunth  I.  c.  399.  A.  longisepalum, 
Bert,  in  Nov.  Gomm.  Acad.  Bonon.  v.  429.  A.  tenue,  G.  Don  Monogr.  All. 
34 ;  Koch  in  Linngea,  xxii.  238. 

The  Panjab  and  Western  Himalaya,  alt.  1500-8000  ft.;  from  Kashmir  to 
Kumaon. — Distrib.  Westwards  to  the  Ural  and  Caucasus,  and  in  Siberia. 

Bulb  small,  ovoid-oblong,  outer  coats  striate,  inner  membranous.  Leaves  4-6, 
longer  than  the  scapes,  margins  erose  ;  sheaths  elongate.  Bead  f-l  in.  diam., 
spathe  entire  or  2-4-fid  at  length  circumciss.  Sepals  ^i  in.,  twice  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  which  are  subbasal  on  the  sepals.  Sft/le  short. — I  have  followed  Boissierin 
the  limitation  of  this  species  and  its  varieties.  Regel  refers  Don's  tenue  to  A.  Pallasi, 
Bunge.,  which  is  described  as  having  a  long  style;  he  retains  as  a  species  Boissier's 
A.  Qriffithianum,  which  the  latter  author  has  reduced  to  a  variety  of  ruhellum. 

Var.  j8.  grandiflora,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  253 ;  pedicels  longer,  flowers  larger, 
sepals  i-^  in.  long  subacute,  filaments  much  shorter  and  broader.  A.  GriflSthianum, 
JBoiss.  Diagn.  Ser.  2,  iv.  117;  Re^/el  All.  Monogr.  108;  Baker  I.  c.  290.  A.  vul- 
canicum.  Boiss.  in  Plant.  Kotsch.  Pers.  Bot.  No.  49. — Kashmir,  alt.  5-7000  ft. 
Westward  to  Persia. 

Var.  y.  parviflora,  Ledeh.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  171 ;  flowers  smaller,  sepals  ^  in.  long. 
A.  syntamanthum,  C.  Koch  in  Linncea,  22,  239;  Regel  All.  Monogr.  110. — 
Western  Himalaya.    Westward  to  S.  Russia. 

6.  A.  lilacinuxn,  Royle  mss. ;  leaves  terete  or  channelled  longer  or 
shorter  than  the  scape,  head  hemispheric,  pedicels  twice  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  the  campanulate  small  pale  red  flowers,  sepals  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  acute  or  obtuse,  filaments  exserted  inner  2-toothed  at  the  very 
base.  Regel  All.  Monogr.  89.  A.  rubens,  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  293 
(not  of  Schrad.). 

Western  Himalaya,  alt.  6-7000  ft. ;  from  Garwhal  westwards. 

Bulb  OYoid;  coats  scarious,  red-brown.  Leaves  2-3.  Scape  8-10  in.,  fistular. 
jEfead  1-H  in.  diam. ;  spathes  2,  acuminate;  pedicels  ^-i  in.  Sepals  j  in.  long, 
with  the  filaments  inserted  near  their  bases  ;  anthers  large. 

Sect.  II.  Ehiziridium.  Bulbs  solitary  or  clustered  upon  an  erect  or 
creeping  rootstock.     Leaves  flat. 

A.  Scales  of  bulb  membranous,  not  of  reticulated  fibres. 

*  Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth. 

7.  A.  blandum,  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  38,  t.  260;  tall,  stout,  leaves 
flat  broadly  linear  obtuse  shorter  than  the  tall  scape,  head  globose  very 
dense- fld.,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  campanulate  pale  pink  flowers,  sepals 
oblong  obtuse,  filaments  simple  subulate  much  exserted.  Kunth  Enum. 
iv.  396;  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  295.  A.  obtusifolium,  Klotzsch  ^ 
Garche,  Bot.  Reise  Br.  Wold.  51,  t.  95. 

z  2 


340  CLvi.  LiLiAOB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Allium. 

Western  Himalaya,  alt.  13-17,000  ft. ;  in  the  interior  ranges,  and  in  Westeen 
Tibet,  from  Kumaon  to  West  Nepal. 

£ulh  large,  oblong,  often  5  by  1^  in.  ;  scales  coriaceous,  entire.  Leaves  5-10  by 
i-|  in.,  ensiform,  recurved,  tip  rounded.  Scape  1-2  ft.,  terete,  leafy  below  the 
middle.  Head  1-1^  in.  diam. ;  spathes  ovate,  obtuse.  Sepals  i  in.  long.  Fila- 
ments much  longer  than  the  sepals,  inserted  near  their  bases,  rather  longer  than 
the  style. 

8.  A.  Stracheyi,  JBaher  in  Journ.  Bot.  N.  S.  iii.  (1874)  293  ;  slender, 
leaves  narrowly  linear  obtuse,  scape  slender  compressed  above,  head 
globose  or  hemispheric  dense-fld.,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  campanulate 
rosy  or  pale  yellow  flowers,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  filaments  simple  free 
much  exserted.  Eegel  All.  Monogr.  136.  A.  longistamineum,  Hoi/le  III. 
392  {name  only). 

Western  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir,  alt.  9000  ft.,  Clarke,  to  Kumaon,  alt. 
10-12,000  ft.,  Strachet/  Sf  Winterhottom,  Edgeworth. 

Bulbs  small,  clustered,  narrowly  ovoid,  outer  scales  fibrous,  produced  into  a  long 
neck.  Leaves  3-4,  12  by  -^  in.,  tips  rounded.  Head  1  in.  diam.  ;  spathes  small, 
deltoid  ;  pedicels  yV-i  in.,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Filaments  filiform,  inserted 
on  the  bases  of  the  sepals.  Ovary  globosely  trigonous,  cells2-ovuled. — The  Kashmir 
specimens  have  very  pale  yellow  flowers. 

9.  A.  consang'uineum,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  431 ;  leaves  slender  nar- 
rowly linear  obtuse  flat  keeled,  head  hemispheric,  pedicels  equalling  or 
rather  longer  than  the  campanulate  golden  yellow  flowers,  filaments  simple 
filiform  much  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  sepals.  Regel  All.  Monogr. 
131 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  293.   ^ 

Western  Himalaya  ;   Kashmir,  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  Jacquemonf,  Thomson,  &c. 

Habit  and  characters  of  A.  Stracheyi,  but  larger,  flowers  golden  yellow,  with 
longer  pedicels,  and  larger  longer  bulbs  with  fibrous  sheaths.  Filaments  inserted  on 
the  bases  of  the  sepals.     Style  slender,  far  exserted. 

10.  A.  platyspathuxn,  Schrenh  Enum.  PI.  Nov.  i.  7,  ii.  8 ;  leaves 
radical  linear  obtuse  about  equalling  the  tall  scape,  head  subglobose, 
pedicels  about  equalling  the  rosy  flowers,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse 
or  subacute,  filaments  simple,  bases  dilated.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  453  ;  Beget 
Monogr.  All.  \^\~  Zedeb.  Fl.  Boss .  iv.l84  {excl.  var.  j3). 

Western  Tibet;   (Var.  i8.,  only),  Herh.  Calcut.  (Regel). — Distrib.  Kansu. 

Bulb  solitary  or  clustered,  on  a  short  perpendicular  rootstock,  scales  hyaline, 
quite  entire,  outer  dark.  Leaves  flat,  sheaths  hypogeous. — I  have  seen  no  specimen 
of  this  variety,  which  Regel  suggests  may  be  a  difierent  species. — The  type  inhabits 
Soongaria  and  Turkestan. 

Var.  i8.  falcata,  Regel  I.  c.  ;  leaves  ligulate  glaucous  falcate,  head  globose  dense- 
fld.,  flowers  rose-lilac. 

11.  A.  Thoxnsoni,  Balcer  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  294 ;  leaves  rather  stout 
linear  fleshy  obtuse  shorter  or  longer  than  the  scape,  head  globose,  pedicels 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  red-purple  campanulate  flowers,  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate  acute,  filaments  simple  filiform  much  exserted,  anthers 
minute.     Hegel  All.  Monogr.  141. 

Kashmir  ;  alt.  12,000  ft.,  Thomson. 

Bulbs  tufted,  narrowly  ovoid ;  outer  scales  hard,  chestnut-brown,  entire.  Leaves 
4_5^  6_9  by  i—J  in.,  sheathing  the  lower  third  of  the  stout  terete  scape,  which  is 
1-2  ft.  long,  tip  rounded.  Head  1-1^  in.  diam.  ;  spathes  short,  deltoid.  Sepals 
^  in.  long,  with  the  filaments  on  their  bases.     Ovary  globose,  cells  2.ovuled,  style 


Allium.']  CLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  '        341 

much  exserted.— Baker  observes  that  this  is  closely  allied  to  A.  blanduntj  diflfering 
in  the  slender  habit,  narrower  leaves,  and  longer  more  acute  sepals. 

12.  A.  Bakerl,  Eegel  All.  Monogr.  141 ;  leaves  basal  narrowly 
linear,  scape  tall  slender,  head  lax-fld.,  pedicels  much  longer  than  the 
campaniilate  red-pnrple  flowers,  sepals  orbicular  or  oblong  obtuse,  fila- 
ments simple  linear-subulate  inner  dilated  and  2-toothed  at  the  base, 
anthers  minute.  A.  splendens,  Miq.  Ann.  Mas.  Bot.  Lugd.  Bat.  iii.  154. 
A.  exsertum,  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  294  (not  of  Don).  ?  Galoscordon 
exsertum,  Serbert  in  Bot.  Beg.  xxxiii.  under  t.  5. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  4-5500  ft. — Distrib.  China,  Japan. 

Bulbs  clustered,  1  in.  long,  ovoid-oblong  ;  scales  white,  membranous.  Leaves 
2-4,  6-9  by  -^^  in.,  shorter  than  the  slender  terete  scape.  Head  few-  or  many-fld. ; 
pedicels  ^-f  in.  Sepals  ^-^  in.  long,  with  the  filaments  on  their  bases.  Ovary 
subglobose,  style  far  exserted. 


** 


Stamens  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  perianth. 


13.  A.  Wallichil,  Kunih  Enum.  iv.  443 ;  tall,  leaves  long  linear  or 
ensiform  flat  longer  than  the  stout  triquetrous  scape,  head  lax-fld.,  pedicels 
much  longer  than  the  stellate  purple  flowers,  sepals  linear  narrow  reflexed 
longer  than  the  simple  filaments  elongate-subulate.  Begel  All.  Monogr. 
142;  BaJcer  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  291.  A.  caeruleum.  Wall.  Gat,  5076  {not 
of  Pallas).    A.  violaceum,  fVall.  mss. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  8-13,000  ft.  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim.  Gilgit, 
Tanner. 

Bulbs  hardly  developed,  clustered,  base  of  stem  thickened,  clothed  with  mem- 
branous entire  and  torn  sheaths.  Leaves  basal,  2-3  ft.  by  g-|  in.,  margins  erose, 
narrowed  to  an  acute  point.  Scape  1-2^  ft.  Head  2-3  in.  diam.  ;  pedicels  1-1|  in. ; 
spathes  caducous,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Sepals  ^  in.,  obtuse ;  filaments  inserted 
on  their  bases.     Capsule  turbinate. 

14.  JBLm  Hooker ij  Thuaites  JSnum.  339  ;  slender,  leaves  basal  linear 
membranous  shorter  than  the  tall  subtrigonous  scape  1 -nerved,  head 
globose  laxly  many-fld.,  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  stellate  white 
flowers,  sepals  linear  acuminate  about  equalling  the  filiform  filaments.  A. 
Wallichii,  var.  Eegel  All.  Monogr.  143. 

Khasia  Hills;  at  KuU  Pana,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Sf  T.  T.  Ceylon; 
Newera  Elia,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Bulb  hardly  any ;  base  of  stem  clothed  with  long  narrow  membranous  sheaths. 
Leaves  12-18  by  \-\  in.,  acute.  Scape  1-2  ft. ;  heads  1^  in.  diam. ;  spathe  with  a 
long  tail ;  pedicels  ^-f  in.,  capillary.  Sepals  i  in. ;  filaments  inserted  on  their  bases. 
Capsule  obcordate ;  cells  usually  1-seeded. 

15.  A.  sikkixnense^  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  292 ;  leaves  basal 
narrowly  linear  channelled  shorter  than  the  slender  flexuous  scape,  head 
densc-fld.,  pedicels  unequal  longer  or  shorter  than  the  campanulate  lilac- 
purple  flowers,  filaments  broadly  subulate  much  shorter  than  the  oblong 
subacute  or  obtuse  sepals.    Begel  All.  Monogr.  146. 

Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  in  the  inner  ranges,  alt.  11-14,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Elwes. 

Bulbs  tufted,  slender,  cylindric ;  outer  scales  of  long  parallel  fibres.  Leaves  2-3, 
3-4  by  yVi  i°-  subacute.  Scape  4-12  in.  Head  6-15-fld. ;  pedicels  y^-i  in- ; 
spathe  solitary,  broadly  ovate.  Sepals  i  to  nearly  i  in.;  inner  filaments  with  a 
broad  triangular  base  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  sepals;  outer  narrower  free. 
Capsule  3-lobed.    Ovary  subglobose  ;  style  included,  cells  2-ovuled.— Baker  regards 


342  CLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Allium. 

this  species  as   intermediate  between   the  smaller  vars.   of    A.    angulosum    and 
Schoenoprasum. 

B.  Outer  scales  of  the  bulb  of  reticulated  fibres,  obscurely  so  in 
tuberosum. 

*  Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth. 

16.  A.  Jacquemontll,  Begel  All.  Monogr.  162  ;  leaves  basal  filiform 
subterete  shorter  or  equalling  the  slender  strict  scape,  head  globose  or  sub- 
globose,  pedicels  shorter  or  longer  than  the  lilac  campanulate  flowers, 
sepals  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  or  subacute,  filaments  exserted  subulate 
inner  with  a  dilated  2-toothed  base.  A.  junceum,  Jacquem.  tjiss. ;  Baker 
in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  295  (not  of  Smith).  A.  leptophyllum.  Wall.  Gat. 
6073  B. 

Westeen  Tibet,  alt.  12-14,000  ft.,  Jacquemont,  Thomson;  north  of  Kumaon, 
alt.  16,500  ft,  Strachey  ^  Winterhottom. 

Bulbs  tufted,  cylindric,  elongate ;  fibrous  coats  very  finely  reticulate,  rusty 
brown.  Leaves  3-6,  4-6  by  -^V  i^'  Scape  3-9  in.  Head  1-1^  in.  diam. ;  spathes 
2,  membranous  ;  pedicels  -y^-\  in.  Filaments  inserted  much  above  the  bases  of  the 
sepals,  shortly  exserted,  inner  obscurely  toothed  at  the  base.  Capsule  globosely 
ovoid ;  style  very  long^ — Much  eaten  in  Western  Tibet.  Baker  regards  it  as  pos- 
sibly a  variety  of  the  Siberian  A.  lineare,  which  has  broader  leaves  and  much 
broader  inner  filaments. 

17.  A.  auriculatum,  Kunth  EnuTn.  iv.  418  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear 
flat  obtuse  stout  shorter  than  the  terete  striate  scapes,  head  globose  very 
dense-fld.,  pedicels  about  equalling  the  very  small  campanulate  purplish 
flowers,  filaments  as  long  as  the  oblong  obtuse  sepals,  outer  broadly 
subulate  inner  auricled  at  the  base,  stigma  penicillate.  Baker  in  Journ. 
Bot.  1874,  295. 

Western  Himalafa  ;  Kumaon,  Jacquemont. 

Bulh  elongate,  narrow,  seated  on  an  oblique  rootstock  ;  scales  brown,  reticulate, 
exactly  as  in  A.  Jacquemontii.  Leaves  6-9  by  ^-\  in.,  margins  erose.  Scape 
12-18  in.,  strict.  Bead  |  in.  diam. ;  spathes  2-3,  short,  acuminate  ;  pedicels  ^  in. 
Sepals  ^  in.  long ;  filaments  on  the  base  of  the  sepals,  outer  rather  shorter  than  the 
inner.     Ovary  subglobose. 

18.  A.  Victorians,  lAnn.  Sp.  PI.  295;  leaves  petioled  elliptic-  to 
oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  or  acute  shorter  than  the  terete  scape,  head 
drooping  in  bud  then  erect  lax-fid.,  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  stellate 
greenish  white  or  yellowish  flowers,  filaments  simple  longer  than  the 
oblong  subacute  sepals  gradually  dilated  from  the  middle  to  the  base. 
Kunth  Enum.  iv.  432  ;  i  Don.  Monogr.  All.  96  ;  Begel  All.  Monogr.  170 ; 
Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  291 ;  Boiss.  Flor.  Orient,  v.  245  ;  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr. 
iii.  t.  216;  ReichI).  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  x.  t.  508;  Bedoute  Lit.  v.  t.  265;  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  1222.     A.  ellipticum,  Wall.  Cat.  5069 ;    Kunth  I.  c.  456. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  7-13,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  eastwards  to  Sikkim. 
— DisTRiB.  Europe,  N.  Asia  to  Japan;  N.-W.  America. 

Bulbs  2-3  in.  long,  clustered  on  an  oblique  rootstock,  subconic  or  cylindric, 
outer  scales  fibrous,  reticulate.  Stem  leafy.  Leaves  from  below  the  middle  of  the 
scape,  6-10  by  1-3^  in.,  glaucous,  rarely  acuminate,  narrowed  into  the  petiole. 
Scape  terete  below,  angled  above.  Head  1-1^  in.  diam.,  spathes  2,  shorter 
or  longer  than  the  flowers,  pedicels  ^-1  in.  Sepals  i~^  in.,  spreading  and 
reflexed  ;  filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  sepals,  outer  narrowly  subulate,  inner 


Allium,]  CLvi.  LILIA0EJ3.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  343 

lanceolate.     Ovary  broadly  obcordate,  style  exserted.    Capsule  ^  in.  diam.  cuneately 
obcordate. 

Var.  angustifolia ;  leaves  ^-li  in.  broad,  flowers  pale  pink. — Interior  of  Sikkim, 
alt.  10-12,000  ft.     West  Nepal,  Buthie. 

19.  A.  Schrenki,  Regel  All.  Monogr.  172  ;  leaves  linear  flat  shorter 
than  the  terete  striate  scape,  head  globose,  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
purplish  campanulate  perianth,  filaments  simple  shortly  exserted. 

Himalaya  Mts.,  Hort.  Calcutt,  (Regel.). — Distrib.  Siberia. 

Bulbs  subcylindric,  inserted  on  a  stout  cylindric  rootstock ;  outer  scales  densely 
fibrous,  reticulate,  brown.  Leaves  3-4  below  the  middle  of  the  scape,  yo~^  ^°-  ^""O^*^' 
Scape  8-16  in.,  striate  and  grooved  towards  the  top,  strict  or  flexuous.  Head  many- 
fld. ;  spathes  scarious,  white,  shorter  than  the  head;  flowering  pedicels  y^„  in., 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  at  length  i  in.  Filaments  unequal,  outer  linear-subulate, 
inner  subulate  from  a  lanceolate  base.  Ovary  ovoid,  3-gonous ;  style  at  length  very 
long,  stigma  capitate. — I  have  seen  no  Himalayan  specimen.  Regel  says  it  differs  from 
the  widely  diff'used  A.  strictum,  Schrad.  in  the  capitate  stigma.  * 

**  Stamens  shorter  than  the  jperianth. 

20.  A.  odorum,  Linn.  Mant.  62 ;  leaves  many  basal  very  narrowly 
linear  flattish  keeled  shorter  than  the  terete  slender  scape,  head  many  or 
few-fld.,  pedicels  much  or  rather  longer  than  the  small  white  campanulate 
perianth,  filaments  shorter  than  and  adnate  below  to  the  obovate-oblong 
mucronate  or  subacute  sepals  triangular-lanceolate,  style  included.  Kunth 
Enum.  iv.  185;  Regel  All.  Monogr.  175;  {excl.  Syn.  tuberosum,  &c.)  Baker 
in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  291;  Bedoute  Lil.  t.  98;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1142.  A. 
tataricum.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ed.  2,  ii.  233. 

Western  Tibet  ;  alt.  10-14,000  ft,  Thomson.  Western  Nepal,  alt.  13,000  ft., 
Duthic—DiaTBiB.  N,  Asia,  Japan. 

£ulb  1-4  in.  clustered  on  an  oblique  jointed  rootstock,  subcylindric  or  conic  ; 
scales  finely  reticulate,  white  brown  or  blackish.  Leaves  many,  6-24  by  xo~3  ^'^•> 
subacute.  Scape  terete  or  angled  at  the  tip.  Head  1-1^  in.  diam. ;  spathes  short, 
mucronate;  pedicels  short,  filiform,  angled,  flowering  ^  in.,  fruiting  1^  in.  Sepals 
i  in.,  with  usually  a  strong  nerve.  Filaments  subequal,  outer  dilated  at  the  base, 
inner  ovate  with  a  subulate  tip.     Ovary  subglobose,  trigonous.     Capsule  subglobose. 

21.  A.  tuberosum,  Boxb.  Hort.  Beng.  24 ;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  141 ;  leaves 
4-5  basal  erect  narrOw-linear  flat  tall  compressed  or  trigonous  above, 
head  lax-fld.  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  small  white  or  pink 
stellate  flowers,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  filaments  simple  linear  in- 
cluded connate  below  and  perigynous,  style  short.  Baker  in  Journ. 
Bot.  1874,  292 ;  Kunth  Hnum.  iv.  454 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5068.  A.  Roxburghii, 
G.  Don.  Monogr.  All.  91;  Kunth  I.e.  454.  A.  uliginosum,  G.  D(m.  I.e. 
60  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  422.   A.  senescens,  Miq.  Ann.  Mus.  Bot.  Lug d.  Bat.  iii.  154. 

Western  Himalaya,  Lioyle.  Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  5-60G0  ft.  (apparently  wild). 
Griffith,  &c.     Cultivated  in  Benoal,  Roxburgh. — Distrib.  China,  Siam,  Japan. 

Bulbs  elongate,  c^^liudric,  with  white  fleshy  root-fibres :  scales  grey,  fibrous. 
Leaves  6-12  by  xa~i  hi. ;  sometimes  concave  and  twisted.  Scape  1-li  ft.  Head 
20-10-fld.,  hemispheric,  1-1^  in.  diam.,  spathes  1-2  small ;  pedicels  ascending,  -^-li 
in.  Sepals  ^-^  in. ;  acute  or  obtuse,  at  length  reflexed,  filaments  inserted  on  the 
bases  of  the  sepals,  gradually  dilated  from  below  the  middle  to  the  base,  outer 
shorter,  broader.  Ovary  globosely  obovoid,  deeply  3-lobed;  stigma  obscurely 
3-toothed  ;  cells  3.ovuled.  Capsule  obcordate. —  Regel  cites  this  as  a  synonym  of 
A.  odorum,  and  it  is  possible  that  it  maybe  the  cultivated  form  of  that  plant. 
Wallich's  specimens  are  from  the  Mission  Garden,  Tranquebar. 


344  CLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Allium. 

22.  A.  G-ovanlanuxn,  Wall.  Gat.  5071 ;  leaves  many  basal  sub- 
disticbous  linear  flat  obtuse  about  equalling  the  acutely  angled  scape,  tip 
rounded,  head  many-fld.,  pedicels  equalling  or  exceeding  the  white  stellate 
flowers,  sepals  narrow  at  length  reflexed,  tilaments  very  short  perigynons 
subulate  included  bases  dilated  connate.  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  293  ; 
Regel  All.  Mono0^.  177.  A.  humile,  Kunih  Enum.  iv.  443 ;  Regel  I.  c. 
A.  nivale,  Jacquem.  mss. 

Tempebate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  westwards,  alt.  8-12,000  ft. 

Bulbs  and  foliage  as  in  A.  odorum,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  acutely  angled 
scape,  in  the  larger  flowers  with  narrower  sepals  ^  in.  long,  and  much  shorter 
stamens. — The  name  humile  being  quite  inappropriate,  except  for  a  very  dwarfed 
state,  I  follow  Baker  in  retaining  Wallich's,  which  commemorates  the  discoverer 
of  the  species. 

23.  A.  oreoprasuxu,  Schrenk  in  Bull.  Imp.  Acad.  Petersh.  x.  354 ; 
JEnum.  PI.  Nov.  ii.  6 ;  leaves  basal  narrowly  linear  flattish  shorter  than 
the  striate  scape,  head  few-  or  many-fld.,  pedicels  longer  than  the  rosy 
campanulate  flowers,  sepals  oblong  obovate  with  a  recurved  mucro, 
filaments  simple  connate  below  the  middle  included,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Bess.  iv. 
186 ;  Begel.  All.  Monogr.  180. 

Western  Tibet  ;  Zalung-Karpo  Pass,  alt.  10-17,C00  ft.,  StoUczTca  (Regel). — 
DiSTEiB.  Soongaria,  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Bulb  tufted,  cylindric  or  elongate  conic ;  outer  scales  rigid,  appressed  fibres 
strongly  coarsely  reticulated.  Leaves  8-12  by  |-i  in.,  often  minutely  serrulate. 
iScape  terete  or  somewhat  2-edged  above.  Bead  1-1^  in.  diam.,  hemispheric, 
6-12-fld.,  spatbes  2,  neai'ly  as  long  as  the  pedicels  which  are  i-|  in.,  tips 
thickened.  Sepals  ^-^  in.  long,  midrib  dark.  Filaments  inserted  much  above 
the  bases  of  the  sepals,  ^  shorter  than  these,  all  connate  at  the  base,  outer 
narrowly  subulate,  inner  broadly  subulate-lanceolate.  Ovari/  globose,  trigonous ; 
style  short,  stigma  capitate. — Described  from  Turkestan  specimens,  I  have  seen  no 
Indian. 

24.  A.  Clarkei,  Sooh  f. ;  leaves  very  many  subbasal  erect  very 
narrowly  linear  or  filiform  shorter  than  the  slender  scape,  head  lax-fid., 
pedicels  much  longer  than  the  stellate  white  flowers,  filaments  hardly  as 
long  as  the  linear-oblong  acuminate  sepals,  inner  broadly  oblong  obtusely- 
toothed  below  the  middle. 

Kashmir  at  Skardo,  alt.  7-11,000  ft.,  Clarice. 

Bulb  small,  ovoid,  1  in.,  outer  scales  closely  finely  reticulated,  pale.  Leaves 
4-8,  6-12  by  ^i  in.,  obtuse,  flat.  Scape  12-18  in.,  terete;  head  1-1^  in.  diam.; 
gpathes  2  one  or  both  as  long  as  the  pedicels  or  shorter ;  pedicels  ^-|  in.  Sepals 
i  in.,  acuminate ;  filaments  inserted  near  their  bases,  anthers  large.  Ovarg  sub- 
globose  ;  style  included.  Capsule  broadly  obcordate,  ^  in.  diam. — Habit  of  A. 
tuberosum. 

Sect.  III.  Molium.  Bulbs  not  seated  on  a  rootstock.  Leaves  flat  or 
keeled.     Spathes  shorter  than  the  head. 

25.  A.  atropurpureum,  Waldst.  Sf  Kit.  PI.  Bar.  Hung.  i.  16,  t.  17 ; 
leaves  2-3  basal  narrowly  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  shorter  than  the 
tall  erect  terete  fistular  scape,  head  large  very  many  and  dense-fld., 
pedicels  much  longer  than  the  rose-purple  stellate  flowers,  filaments 
subulate  about  equalling  the  linear-oblong  or-  lanceolate  sepals,  base  of 
ovary  3-foveOiate.     Begel  All.  Monogr.  247.    Don  Monogr.  All.  90;  Kunth 


Allium.]  OLvi.  LiLUCE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  345 

Enum.  iv.  448;  Boiss.  Ft.  Orient,  v.  757;  R&ichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  x.  t.  505. 
A.  robustum,  Karel.  Sf  Kiril.  Enum.  PI.  Alt.  n.  855 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  446 ; 
Ledeb.  Fl.  Bess.  iv.  187  ;  JBaker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  289. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir,  Falconer,  to  Kishtwar,  alt.  8-10,000  ft., 
Thomson. — Disteib.  Westwards  to  Hungary,  Turkestan,  Siberia. 

Bulb  subglobosely  ovoid,  scales  entire.  Leaves  2-4,  margins  smooth,  1-2  ft. 
by  1-2  in.,  sheaths  sometimes  hirtellous.  Scape  2-2^  ft.,  striate.  Sead  usually 
hemispheric,  2-2^  in.  diam.,  spathes  2-4,  apiculate ;  pedicels  ^-1  in.,  elongate  in 
fruit.  Sepals  linear-oblong,  subacute,  pale  or  dark-purple,  filaments  inserted  at 
their  bases  connate  at  the  base,  inner  triangular  below  the  middle,  outer  at  the  base 
only.  Ovary  subglobose  or  depressed ;  style  short ;  stigma  simple.  Capsule 
globose. — Atfghan  specimens  have  leaves  2^  in.  broad. 

26.  A.  loratuxn,  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  290;  leaves  3-5  linear- 
lanceolate  flat  flaccid  ciliolate  longer  than  the  slender  terete  scape,  head 
many  and  dense-fld.,  pedicels  short  but  longer  than  the  campanulate  white 
perianth,  filaments  equalling  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals  inner  subulate 
outer  linear  with  subulate  tips. 

Western  Himalaya  and  Tibet  ;  Kishtwar  and  Banahal,  alt.  10-14,000  ft., 
Thomson. 

Bulb  small,  ovoid,  outer  scales  membranous,  grey.  Leaves  2-5,  6-9  by  -^-1  in., 
narrowed  from  above  the  base.  Scape  3-6  in.  Read  30-50-fld. ;  spathes  2, 
navicular,  acute ;  pedicels  \-\  in.,  tip  thickened.  Sepals-  yo~tf  ^'^*  >  niidrib  brown  ; 
filaments  inserted  on  their  bases.  Ovary  globosely  triquetrous;  style  very  short. 
— Baker  says  that  this,  judging  from  the  very  imperfect  specimens,  closely  re- 
sembles A.  narcissifolium,  Linn.,  the  handsomest  of  European  species.  Near  A. 
atropurpureum,  but  the  leaves  are  broader,  and  the  head  globose,  with  much  shorter 
pedicels  and  paler  flowers. 

27.  A.  xnacranthum^  Baker  in  Journ.  Bot.  1874,  293 ;  leaves  many 
linear  gradually  acuminate  keeled,  scapes  many  grooved  and  ribbed,  head 
lax-fld.,  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  large  campanulate  dark  purple 
flowers,  filaments  filiform  equalling  the  oblong  obtuse  sepals.  Begel 
All.  Monogr.  182 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6789. 

SiZKiM  Himalaya  ;  in  the  inner  ranges  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. ;  Mwes. 

Bulb  narrow,  coats  membranous.  Leaves  6-9,  18  by  ^-f  in.  Scape  robust, 
1-2  ft.,  pedicels  1-2  in.,  stout.  Sepals  ^-|  in.;  filaments  inserted  on  their  bases, 
dilated  at  the  very  base  ;  anthers  large.  Ovary  deeply  3-lobed,  stigma  capitellate. — 
A  very  beautiful  species,  resembling  A.  narcissijlorumy  Vill.  Regel  cites  it  in  Sect. 
Bhiziridium,  but  it  is  not  known  to  have  a  rootstock. 


18.  DZPCADX,  Medic, 

Tuberous  scapigerous  herbs.  Flowers  racemed.  Perianth  cylindric, 
of  6  erect  segments,  the  outer  recurved  from  about  the  middle,  the  inner 
at  the  tips  only.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  short,  broad,  tridymous, 
loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat ;  testa  black,  membranous. — Species 
about  20,  S.  European,  W.  Asiatic  and  African. 

The  Indian  species  want  a  thorough  re-examination,  with  far  better  materials 
than  I  have  access  to. 

*  Ovary  atipitate. 


346  CLVi.  LiLiAOEJ).     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Bipcadi. 

1.  D.  montanuxn^  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn,  Soc.  xi.  398 ;  raceme 
many-fld.,  bracts  lanceolate  acuminate  about  equalling  the  pedicels, 
perianth  i-f  in.  lobes  of  outer  subeqaal  as  long  as  the  tube  ligulate. 
Uropetaluoi  montanum,  Bah.  in  Jlook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot,  ii.  152 ;  Dalz.  Sc 
Gibs,  Bomb.  Fl.  250. 

RoHiLZUND  ;  at  Delhi,  Vicary.     The  Concan  and  Western  Deccan,  Dalzell. 

Bulh  small.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  subfleshy,  filiform,  semiterete,  deeply  grooved 
above.  Scape  6-9  in.,  terete;  raceme  6-12-fld. ;  pedicels  ^^  in.,  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate  bracts.  Perianth  white  or  greenish,  |  in.,  tubular-campanulate, 
lobes  glandular  at  the  tips.  Capsule  stipitate,  \  in.  diam.  Seeds  ellipsoid,  ^  in. 
long,  flat. 

2.  D.  minor,  Hook.f.;  racemes  many-fld.,  bracts  much  shorter  than 

the  pedicels,  perianth  ^-^  in.  lobes  of  outer  as  long  as  the  tube. 

The  Concan  ;  rocky  places  in  Mahvan,  Dalzell. 

The-  specimens  are  very  indifferent  and  leafless;  but  the  small  size  of  the 
flowers  at  once  distinguishes  the  species. 

3.  D.  concanense,  Dalzell  in  JSooh.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  142  ;  raceme 
few-fld.,  bracts  triangular  acuminate  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  perianth 
Ii  in."  long,  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube  subequal,  outer  ligulate. 
Uropetalum  concanense,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  399  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  250. 

The  Concan  ;  Hewra  Plain,  rare,  Dalzell. 

Bulb  small.  Leaves  few,  6-9  in,,  fleshy,  filiform,  semiterete,  deeply  grooved 
above.  Scape  6-12  in.,  terete;  raceme  2-6- fld, ;  pedicels  5-^  in.  Perianth  1^  in., 
white ;  lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  outer  spreading,  inner  united  to  the  middle, 
all  glandular  and  papillose  at  the  tip.  Capsule  stipitate,  didymous,  ^  in.  diam. 
Seeds  ^  in.  long,  oblong. 

**  Ovary  sessile  or  suhsessile. 

4.  D.  serotinum,  Medic,  in  Act.  Palatin.  vi.  431 ;  leaves  6-18  in., 
scape  10-14  in.,  raceme  elongate  many-fld.,  bracts  lanceolate  about 
equalling  the  pedicels  or  longer,  perianth  f  in.  long  brown,  lobes  sub- 
equal  three  outer  about  equalling  the  tube,  ovary  sessile.  Baker  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  397.  Uropetalum  serotinum,  Bot.  Beg.  tinder  t. 
156;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  x.  459;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  378.  Hyacinth  us 
serotinus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  317  ;  Cavan.  Ic.  t.  30  :  Redoute  Lil.  t.  202.  Scilla 
serotina,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  859.     Urginea  coromandeliana,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2064. 

The  Panjab  ;  Salt  range,  Mt.  Tilla,  Aitchison.  Kumaon,  in  the  Kali  valley, 
alt.  7-8000  ft.,  Duthie. — Distrib.  Europe. 

Bulh  ovoid.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-\  in.,  acuminate.  Raceme  4-6  in. ;  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  white  or  very  pale  pink  flowers.  Flowers  ^-f  in.  long,  outer 
lobes  of  perianth  revolute,  inner  erect  with  spreading  tips.  Capsule  very 
variable,  j-f  in.  diam.,  quadrate. — In  a  drawing  from  Herb.  Falconer  it  appears 
that  in  this  plant  the  flowers  are  very  pale  brown.  In  Wight's  figure  of  Urg. 
coromandeliana,  the  flowers  are  those  of  an  Urginea,  but  the  foliage,  capsule,  &c.,  of 
D.  serotinum. 

5.  D.  unicolor,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  397 ;  leaves  4-6  in., 
scape  as  long  as  very  stout,  bracts  lanceolate  about  equalling  the  pedicel, 


Dipcadi*'}  CLvi.  liliaoe-si.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  347 

racemes  few-fld.,  perianth  f  in.  long  green  lobes  subeqnal,  three  outer 
abont  equalling  the  tube,  capsule  i-§  in.  broad. 

SciNDE  ;  on  the  lower  hills,  Stoclcs. 

A  much  smaller  and  stouter  plant  than  D.  serotinum  with  green  flowers. 
Capsule  quadrate,  retuse  above  and  below.  Seeds  \-\  in.  diam.,  orbicular. — 
Possibly  a  state  of  D.  serotinum,  but  a  very  diflFerent-looking  plant. 

6.  D.  hydsurlcum,  Baker  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  397 ;  leaves  4-6 
in.,  scape  tall,  raceme  elongate,  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels, 
perianth  f  in.  long  green  or  pale  pink.  Uropetalum  hydsuricum,  Edgew. 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  88. 

The  Panjab,  at  Loodiana,  Edgeworth. 

The  short  bracts  are  the  best  character  of  this  species,  which  closely  resembles 
D.  serotinum  in  habit.  In  a  drawing  of  what  I  take  to  be  this,  in  Falconer's 
collection,  the  tube  of  the  corolla  is  pale  green,  the  lobes  very  pale  pink. 


19.  URGZNEA,  Steinh. 

Bulbous,  scapigerous  herbs.  Flowers  racemed.  Perianth  campanulate 
of  6  subequal  segments.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  oblong,  triquetrous, 
loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  testa  black,  membranous. — Species 
about  24,  S.  European,  W.  Asiatic,  and  African. 

*  Flowers  apjiearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  U.  indica,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  333  ;  leaves  ^-1  in.  broad,  flowers 
distant  long-pedicelled  drooping,  bracts  evanescent,  perianth  segments 
3-nerved  in  the  middle,  capsule  oblong.  Baker  in  Joum.  Linn.  8oc.  xiii. 
222 ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  250.  U.  senegalensis,  Kunth  I.  c.  334. 
Scilla  indica,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  147  ;  Grah.  Gat,  Bomb.  PL  220.  S.  Gun- 
dria  and  S.  denudata,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5062,  A,  B,  C,  E,  H. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  Garwhal,  Kumaon  and  the  Salt  Range,  ascending  to  6000 
ft.  Behab,  the  CoNCAN  and  Coromandel  coasts.  Burma,  WalUch. — Distbib. 
Trop.  Africa. 

Bulb  the  size  of  an  apple,  bitter,  nauseous.  Leaves  6-18  in.,  subbifarious,  linear, 
flat,  acute.  Scape  erect,  12-18  in.,  brittle ;  raceme  6-12  in.,  erect;  flowers  very 
distant;  pedicels  1-1^  in,,  spreading  or  decurved.  Perianth  ^-f  in.  diam.,  greenish 
white,  nerves  green,  tips  rounded;  filaments  flattened  below  ;  style  narrowly  oboonic. 
Capsule  i-f  iu.,  subacute,  cells  6-9-8efded.     Seeds  i  in.  diam. 

2.  U.  coroxnandeliana,  Hook.f.  {not  of  Wight),  leosves  very  narrow, 
flowers  loDg-pedicelled  drooping,  bracts  minute  ovate  acute  persistent, 
sepals  1-nerved,  inner  bearded  at  the  tips,  style  very  short  oboonic. 
Scilla  coromandeliana,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  147. 

CoEOMANDEL  ooast ;  on  sand  hills,  Roxburgh. 

Bulb  globose,  1|  in.  diam.  Leaves  6-8  by  3-^  in.,  subacute.  Scape  12-18  in.; 
pedicels  1-li  in. ;  bracts  i  in.  Flowers  dull  green  and  purplish  ;  sepals  J  in.  long, 
tips  rounded;  filaments  clavate ;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary,  narrowly  obconic. — 
Described  from  Roxburgh's  excellent  drawing,  and  the  characters  given  in  his  Flora 
Indica.  U.  coromandeliana,  Wight  is  Lipcade  serotinum  (as  his  Herbarium  proves) 
with  the  perianth  and  stamens  very  incorrectly  represented. 

3.  U.  Wlgrhtiana,  JECook.f;  flowers  long-pedioelled  on  the  decurved 
or  Buberect  raceme,  bracts  evanescent,  sepals  1-nerved  all  bearded  at  the 


348  CLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Urginea. 

tips,  filaments  dilated  in  the  middle,  style  elongate.  U.  indica,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2063  (sepals  very  incorrect)  excl.  8yn.  Kunth.  Melanthinm  nudum, 
Serb.  Heyne  in  Wall.  Serh.  (misspelt  indicum  in  Cat.  6062  D). 

South  Deccan,  Heyne;  sand  hills  at  Tuticorin  and  Coimbatore,  Wight. 

Very  near  U.  coromandeliana,  but  differing  as  above.  Wight's  figure  is  good, 
except  that  he  has  made  the  sepals  acuminate,  and  anthers  too  slender,  very  different 
from  his  specimens.  His  character  is  taken  confessedly  from  Koxburgh's  of  Scilla 
indica,  from  which  his  figure  and  specimens  differ  totally. 

**  Leaves  and  flowers  appearing  together. 

4.  U.  cong'esta,  Wight  Ic.  t.  20&i  (left-hand  figure)  ;  leaves  appearing 
with  the  flowers,  raceme  many  and  dense-fld.,  flowers  small  suberect, 
bracts  minute  deltoid,  perianth  segments  l-nerved,  capsule  subglobose. 
Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  218. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  on  the  sea  coast,  Wight.     Ceylon  j  Dambulla,  Trimen. 

Bulb  about  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-6  in.,  filiform,  grooved  above.  Scape  6  in., 
flexuous ;  raceme  2-3  in.  j  pedicels  ^L"^  in.,  suberect.  Perianth  i  in.  long,  white 
and  purplish ;  filaments  flattened  below  broadly  subulate,  not  longer  than  the 
linear  oblong  large  anthers.  Capsule  i  in.  broad;  cells  3-4:-seeded. — Wight's  plate 
is  very  incorrect  in  respect  of  the  perianth  and  stamens,  Trimen's  var.  rupicola, 
(Journ.  Bot.  1889,  167)  differs  in  the  laxer  inflorescence. 

6.  U.  polyphylla,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  filiform,  flowers  suberect,  bracts 
longer  than  the  very  short  pedicels  subulate  with  broad  membranous 
auricles  ;  sepals  all  thickened  at  the  tips  5-nerved  in  the  middle,  filaments 
slender,  style  elongate.  Ornithogalum  polyphyllum,  Serh.  Seyne  in  Wall. 
Gat.  5062  F. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ?  Seyne. 

Bulb  not  seen.  Leaves  8-10  by  J^  in.,  margins  involute.  Scape  longer  than 
the  leaves,  very  slender;  raceme  terminal,  6-fld. ;  bracts  ^  in.,  persistent;  sepals 
^  in.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  filaments  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  style  as 
long. — There  is  but  one  specimen  in  Herb.  Wall.,  without  bulb,  it  resembles  the 
Cape  and  European  species,  and  is  fastened  down  with  Urginea  Wightiana  and 
Dipcade  serotina. 

20.  SCZ&ZiA,  Linn, 

Bulbons,  scapigerous  herbs.  Flowers  racemed.  Perianth  persistent 
stellate  or  campanulate,  segments  recnrved.  Capsule  globose,  3-lobed  or 
tridymous,  loculicidal,  cells  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  obovoid  or  subglobose; 
testa  thin,  black.-^pecies  about  80,  Europe,  As.  temp. 

1.  S«  indica,  Baker  in  Saund.  Befug.  Bot.  iii.  App.  12 ;  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  3rijii.i^5p;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  raceme  very  many-fld., 
perianths  in. , diam.  ^^t^Toa^Cfiralat^jBaJcer  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  I.e.  Lede- 
bouria  ^hy§einthi^a,  l^o^fclV^i^^  Sp.  195;  jKunth-  Enum.  iv.  336;  Wight  Ic. 
t.^040;  Wall.  Gat/Jd70;  Grah.  Gat.Bohnb.  PI.  220;  Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  251;  Bot.  Mag.  t.'3226  ;<Dcne.  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  i.  171.  L. 
maculata,  Dalz.  in  Sook.  Kew  Journ.  ii.  143  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  I.  c.  Barnardia 
indica,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2041.  Melanthium  hyacinthoides  &  Erythronium  in- 
dicum, Serb.  Madr, 
The  Deccan  Pkninsula  and  Cjeittsal  India,  from  the  Concan  and  Nagpore 


Scilla.']  CLVi.  LiLiACBJS.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  349 

southwards,  especially  near  the  sea.     Ceylon,  at  Trincomalee,  Glenie. — Disteib. 
Abyssinia. 

Bulb  1-2  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-6  in.,  very  variable  in  breddth,  petioled  or  not, 
often  recurved,  tips  after  reaching  the  ground  bulbiferous,  green  or  blotched  with 
black.  Scape  2-6  in. ;  raceme  cylindric,  30-30  fid.,  pedicels  \-^  in. ;  bracts 
minute.  Flowers  greenish  purple  j  filaments  purple ;  ovary  stipitate.—I  can  find 
no  characters  of  L.  maculata. 

2.  S.  Kohenackeri,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat  Mosc.  1838,  i. 
256  ;  leaves  linear,  raceme  few  or  many-fld.,  perianth  f  in.  diam.  Baker 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  244 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  227.  S.  cernua 
var,  pluriflora,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  157.  Hyacinthus  purpureas,  Griff. 
NoUd.  242  ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  275. 

The  Pan  JAB ;  Ic.  Falconer;  Rawul  Pindee,  at  Hussan,  Akchison. — Distrib. 
Affghanistan,  Persia. 

Bulb  ovoid,  ^-1  in.  diara.  Leaves  4-6,  flaccid,  8-12  by  ^-^  in.  Scape  4-8  in., 
6-12 -fid. ;  bracts  membranous.  Flowers  bright  blue,  scattered ;  sepals  linear, 
obtuse,  recurved  from  near  the  base,  filaments  narrowly  lanceolate ;  anthers  blue ; 
cells  of  ovary  3-4-ovuled. 

21.  XiZIiZUBI,  Linn. 

Tall,  bulbous,  leafy,  unbranched,  usually  very  large  fld.  herbs.  Flowers 
axillary  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Perianth  infundibular,  segments  6, 
usually  narrowly  nectariferous  at  the  base.  Stamens  hypogynous,  anthers 
large  dorsifixed  versatile.  Sti/le  long,  stigma  globose  (rarely  3-fid  as  in 
Fritillaria).  Capsule  erect,  coriaceous,  loculicidal,  very  maiiy-seeded. 
Seeds  vertically  compressed;  testa  pale,  membranous,  appressed. — Species 
about  50,  N.  temperate. 

Sect.  I.  Bulb  of  narrow  fleshy  imbricating  scales,  without  any  outer 
coats.  Stamens  not  diverging.  Stigma  capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed. 
Eulirion. 

*  Leaves  petioled,  broadly  cordate. 

1.  Zi.  g-igranteum,  Wall.  Teut.  Fl.  Nep.  21,  t.  12,  13  {excl.  syn.) ; 
Cat.  5075  ;  very  tall,  raceme  many-fld.,  pedicels  short,  perianth  white 
narrowly  funnel-shaped.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  268;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4673; 
copied  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  t.  771-2 ;  and  in  Belg.  Hortic.  iii.  t.  21 ;  Duchart. 
Obs.  Gen.  Lis.  passim.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  227  ;  Card.  Chron. 
1880,  ii.  fig.  18;  JElwes  Monogr.  Lil.  t.  11.  L.  cordifolium,  Don.  Prodr. 
52. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya;  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim,  alt.  5-10,000  ft.  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Bulbs  tufted,  3-4  in.  diam. ;  scales  subequal.  Stem  6-12  ft.,  2  in.  diam.  at  base, 
fistular.  Leaves  12-18  in.  long  and  broad,  penninerved  ;  petiole  of  lower  9-12  in. 
Raceme  1-2  ft.,  bracts  large;  flowers  5r-7  in.  fragrant,  drooping,  tube  purplish 
within;  segments  oblanceolate,  tips  rounded  recurved.  8tamens  &ndi  style  included, 
filaments  dccurved  at  the  tip;  anthers  ^,  in.,  yello^Y.  Ccjipsule  2-3  in.,  obtusely 
angled ;  carpels  retuse,  septa  pectinate.     Seeds  i—g  in.  broad,  very  thin. ' 

**  Leaves  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate. 

t  Flowers  white  or  greenish  ivhHe. 

2.  Xi.  Wallichianum,  Schultesf.  Syst.  PI.  vii.  1689 ;  leaves  narrowly 


350  CLvi.  LiLTACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Lilium. 

linear,  nerves  3-5  faint,  perianth  6-10  in.  narrowly  tubular  below  then 
infundibular  with  the  upper  third  recurved,  stamens  much  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  anthers  1  in.  orange  yellow.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  267  ;  Wall.  Cat. 
6076  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4561 ;  Buchart.  Ohs.  Gen.  Lis.  71 ;  Lindl.  8f  Paxt.  Fl. 
Gard.  1850,  120,  with  woodcut ;  Lemaire,  Jard.  Fleur.  t.  105-6 ;  Fl.  des 
Serres,  t.  612 ;  Elwes  Monogr.  Lil.  iv.  267  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv. 
227.  L.  longiflorum,  Wall.  Teut.  Fl.  Nep.  40,  t.  29.  L.  Batisua,  Earn, 
mss. 

Western  Himalaya;  Nepal  and  Kumaon,  alt.  3-4000  ft. 

Bulbs  small,  on  a  creeping  rootstock;  scales  many,  short,  ovate,  acuminate.  Stem 
4-6  ft.,  base  ascending,  few-fld.  Leaves  6-12  by  4^-f  in.  Flowers  subsolitary, 
horizontal,  sweet-scented,  pedicel  long;  tube  greenish  outside;  segments  subequal, 
oblanceolate,  2  in.  broad;  style  recurved  at  the  top;  stigma  conoidal.  Capsule 
l|-2  in. 

3.  Zi.  neilgrherrense,  Wight  Lc.  t.  2031 ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate 
strongly  nerved,  perianth  8-12  in.  narrowly  tubular  below  then  infundibular 
with  the  upper  third  recurved,  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  perianth, 
anthers  f  in.  ;  Duchart.  Obs.  Gen.  Lis.^  71 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv. 
230 ;  Elwes  Monogr.  Lil.  t.  vi.  L.  neilgherricam,  Lemaire  LU.  JTort.  x.  t. 
353.  L.  tubitlorum  and  Wallichianum,  Wight,  I.  c.  t.  2033-4,  2035.  L. 
Metzii,  Steud.  in  Hohenack.  PI.  Exsicc.  Lnd.  Or.  No.  954. 

Southern  Deccan  ;  Nilghiri  and  Pulney  Mts.,  alt.  5-8000  ft.,  Wight,  &c. 
Very  closely   allied  to  L.  Wallichianum,  but  the  leaves  are  much  shorter  and 
broader,  3-5  by  |-1  in.,  and  the  perianth  tube  even  longer. 

4.  Xi.  Ziowii,  Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7232  ;  leaves  numerous  short  linear 
sessile,  flowers  corymbose  or  umbelled,  perianth  3-4  in.  broadly  funnel- 
shaped  recurved  from  about  the  middle,  stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth, 
anthers  in  brown.  L.  nepalense,  Gollett  &  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xxvii.  133. 

Burma  ;  in  the  Shan  hills.     Gollett. 

Bulb  globose  2  in.  diam.,  scales  lanceolate.  Stem  3-4  ft.  Leaves  2-3  in.  Flowers 
coriaceous,  3  in.  diam.,  pedicels  long;  perianth  segments  nearly  similar,  1  in. 
broad,  white,  or  greenish  externally,  speckled  with  claret-brown  in  their  lower 
halves ;  style  as  long  as  the  stamens. — I  have  taken  the  characters  from  a  ms. 
of  Mr.  Baker's  drawn  up  from  specimens  that  flowered  in  the  nurseries  of 
Messrs.  Low  &  Co. 

5.  Idi.  Bakerianiixn,  Seonsl.  Sf  Gollett  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii. 
138,  t.  xxii. ;  leaves  short  linear  or  lanceolate,  flowers  few  long-pedicelled, 
perianth  3-4  in.  campanulate,  segments  acute  spreading  from  above  the 
middle  inner  much  the  broadest,  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  perianth- 
anthers  f  in.  long. 

Burma  ;  on  the  Shan  hills,  Collett. 

Stem  2-4  ft.,  puberulous,  2-fld.  Leaves  2  in.,  nerves  obscure,  costa  and  margins 
lepidote.  Flowers  erect ;  perianth  segment  spotted  on  the  broad  base,  outer 
narrowly-lanceolate  long-acuminate,  inner  oblanceolate  tip  rounded  apiculate, 
margins  furfuraceously  puberulous. — Description  from  a  single  specimen  as  given 
by  Hemsley  1.  c. 

ft  Flowers  yellow. 

6.  Xi.  nepalense,  B.  Bon  in  Mem.  Wem.  Soc.  iii.  412;  Prodr.  Fl. 
Nejp.  52  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  perianth  4-5  in.  broadly  funnel-shaped  from 


Lilium.']  OLVi.  liliacej;.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  351 

the  base  recurved  from  beyond  the  middle,  stamens  exserted  anthers 
1  in.  yellow.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  267  ;  Duchari.  Obs,  Gen,  Lis.,  64  ;  Wall. 
JPl.  As.  Ear.  iii.  Q7,  t.  291 ;  Gat.  5078 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  231 ; 
Elwes  Monogr.  Lil.  t.  v. ;  J5ot.  Mag.  t.  7053 ;  Gard.  Ghron.  1880,  ii.  77, 
f.  19.    L.  ochroleucum,  Wall.  inss. 

Western  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  to  Simla,  alt.  7-8000  ft. 

Bulb  unknown.  Stem  2-3  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  3-4  by  ^-1^  in.,  5-7-nerved. 
Flowers  solitary  or  few  and  racemed  or  subumbelled,  drooping,  sweet-scented, 
tube  greenish  outside  with  a  stout  rounded  keel,  segment  orange-yellow  with 
purple  dots  or  spots  on  the  lower  half  of  the  recurved  portion  within,  outer 
segments  oblanceolate  subacute,  inner  much  broader,  tips  rounded ;  filaments  bright 
red,  rather  spreading;  style  exserted. — The  colours  of  the  flower  probably  vary. 
A  supposed  variety  with  deep  crimson  green-tipped  sepals  is  figured  in  Gard. 
Chron.  1888,  ii.  412 ;  but  its  flowers  are  much  shorter  than  in  the  type  form. 

7.  Xi.  primulinum,  Baker  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7227  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
flowers  corymbose  or  umbelled  lonj^-pedi celled,  perianth  5-6  in.  funnel- 
shaped  segments  subequal,  the  upper  half  revolute,  stamens  exserted  rather 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  anthers  f  in.  brown,  style  much  longer  than  the 
stamens.  L.  neilgherrense,  Hemsl.  Sf  Collett  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii. 
138.     L.  claptonense.  Sort.  Low. 

BuEMA  ;  in  the  Shan  States,  Collett. 

Bulb  large,  globose,  scales  lanceolate.  Stem  3-4  ft.,  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves 
3-4  in.  Flowers  about  3  in  a  corymb  or  umbel,  pedicel  with  a  large  leaf-like 
bract.  Flower  pale  yellow,  unspotted ;  perianth  segments  subequal,  oblanceolate- 
oblong. — Described  from  Mr.  Baker's  account  of  a  specimen  that  flowered  with 
Messrs.  Low  &  Co. 

8.  Xi.  sulphureunii  Baker  in  Bot  Mag.  ined. ;  leaves  linear  1-nerved 
upper  bulbiferous,  perianth  7-8  in.  broadly  funnel-shaped  recurved  in  the 
upper  half,  inner  segments  much  broader  than  the  outer,  stamens  rather 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  anthers  1  in.  brown.  L.  Wallichianum,  var  . 
superbum,  Hort.  Low. ;  Baker  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1891,  ii.  480. 

Upper  Burma,  Hort.  Low. 

Bulb  large,  globose.  Stem  6-7  ft.  Leaves  very  many,  3-4  by  \  in.  ;  bulbils  in 
upper  large.  Flowers  pendant  on  long  pedicels  fragrant,  pale  sulphur-yellow, 
suffused  with  claret-colour  outside  ;  outer  segments  1  in.  broad,  inner  nearly  2  in. ; 
filaments  straight,  yellow ;  style  curved,  rather  longer  than  the  anthers. — Described 
from  Mr.  Baker's  notes. 

Sect.  II.  Bulh  and  stigma  of  Sect.  I.,  but  stamens  diverging 
(Mart  agon). 

9.  Xi.  polyphyllum,  Don  in  Boyle  III.  388 ;  leaves  linear  or  oblan- 
ceolate, flowers  whorled,  perianth  broadly  infundibular  segments  revolute 
from  the  middle,  stamens  exserted,  anthers  i  in.  long.  Kunth  Enum.  iv. 
677  ;  Klotzsch  in  Bot.  Eeis.  Br.  Waldem.  53 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
iv.  246;  Elwes  Monogr.  Lil.  t.  48.  L.  punctatum,  Jacquem.  mss.  ex 
Buchart.  Obs.  Gen.  Lis.,  77.     L.  stylosum,  Klotzsch  mss. 

Western  Temperate  Himalaya;  alt.  6-12,000  ft.,  from  Kumaon  to  Kashmir, 
Boyle,  &c. — Distrib.  Aff"ghanistan. 

Bulb  narrow,  of  few  long  narrow  subequal  fleshy  scales.     Stem  3-4  ft.,  slender. 
Leaves  4r-b  in.,  many-nerved,  lower  sometimes  whorled,  margins  papillose.     Raceme  . 
raised  on  the  naked  top  of  the  stem,  4-10-fld. ;  bracts  whorled;  pedicels  elongate, 
cernuous  ;  flowers  pendulous,  2  in.  diam.,  fragrant,  dull  yellowish  or  greenish  out- 


352  CLVi.  LiLiAOEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  ILilium. 

side,  white  within  speckled  with  long  purple  streaks ;  segments  oblanceolate,  |  in. 
broad  ;  style  very  declinate. 

Sect.  III.  Bulh  witli  dark  brown  scarions  coats.  Leaves  linear. 
Stamens  not  spreading.      Stigmas   3-fid,   lobes    short,   narrow,  recurved. 

NOTHOLIRION. 

10.  Xi.  Thomsonianum,  Roi/le  III.  t.  92  ;  stem  2-4  ft.  very  many-fld. 
Duchart.  Ohs.  Gen.  Lis.  68.  L.  roseum,  Wall.  Gat.  5077  B ;  Belgic. 
Eortic.  1854,  129,  cum  Ic. ;  Berlin  Gartenz.  1884,  414,  f.  125  ;  Gard.  Ghron. 
1884,  i.  772,  fig.  145.  L.  longifolium,  Griff.  Itin.  Notes,  345  ;  Notul.  241 ; 
Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  277.  Fritillaria,  Thomsoniana,  Don  in  Royle  III.  388 ; 
Kunth  Enum.  iv.  672.  Notholirion  macrophyllnm,  Boiss.  Fl.  Or.  v.  191, 
excl.  syn. 

Western  Himalaya,  alt.  5-7000  ft. ;  from  Kumaon  to  Kashmir. — Distbib. 
Affghanistan. 

Bulh  2r-2^  in.,  formed  of  lanceolate  fleshy  inner  scales  (bulbils)  covered  by  dark 
brown  loose  scarious  longitudinally  undulate  scales.  Stem  very  stout.  Leaves  8-12 
by  ^5  in.,  flaccid,  narrowed  to  very  fine  points.  Raceme  dense-fld.,  1-2  ft.  long ; 
bractft  lanceolate ;  pedicels  short,  stout.  Flowers  2-2^  in.  long,  sweet-scented,  pale 
rose  or  rose-purple,  segments  narrowly  spathulate,  nectary  0.  Filaments  long ;  style 
much  longer  than  the  ovary,  tip  upcurved.     Capsule  1  in. 

11.  Ii.  roseum,  Wall.  Cat.  5077  A. ;  stem  12-20  in.  few-fld.  Duchart. 
Ohs.  Gen.  Lis.  68  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4725.  L.  Thomsoniannm,  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg. 
1845,  t.  1.  L.  Hookeri,  Baker  in  Gard.  Chron.  1871,  201.  Fritillaria 
Hookeri,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  269  ;  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6385.  ?  F. 
macroptylla,  Bon  Prodr.  51.  Notholirion  roseum.  Wall.  mss.  in  Bot.  Mag. 
under  t.  4725. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  Garwhal,  at  Mussoori  (Bot.  Reg.) ;  Nepal,  Wallich ; 
Sikkim,  alt.  9-10,000  ft. ,  J.  D.  S. 

A  much  smaller  plant  than  L.  Thomsonianum,  with  the  bulb  li  in.  long,  the 
stem  1-2  ft.,  and  the  flowers  varying  from  rose  pink  to  pale  lilac  ;  but  Wallich  was 
probably  right  in  thinking  them  varieties  of  one.  Notholirion  was  taken  up  as  a 
genus  by  Boissier  and  rightly  attributed  by  him  to  Wallich,  whose  mention  of  it  as  a 
genus  (not  a  section)  was  overlooked  in  Gen.  Plant.  Don's  F.  macrophylla,  from 
Nepal,  Wallich,  with  3-4  flowers  and  a  trifid  stigma,  must  be  meant  for  this  plant, 
though  he  describes  the  flowers  as  yellow. 

DOUBTFUL    species. 

L.  NANUM,  Klotzsch  Bot.  Reis.  Ergeh.  Waldem,  53  ;  leaves  linear  grassy  subobtuse 
strict  erect  5-nerved,  flowers  small  drooping  campanulate  white,  perianth  segments 
sessile  oblong  obtuse,  stigma  thickened  trigonous  puberulous,  filaments  subulate, 
anthers  oblong  "obtuse  base  obtusely  2-fid. — Western  HiMalaya,  Hoffmeister. 
(Translated  from  Klotzsch,  I.e.     1  cannot  imagine  what  it  is.) 

22.  FRZTZIiZiARXA,  Unn.  ) 

Characters  of  Lilium,  but  perianth  campanulate  or  with  segments 
spreading  from  near  the  naked  or  bearded  base,  nectaries  usually  broad, 
stigmas  3-fid  with  short  spreading  truncate  divisions  (as  in  Sect. 
III.  of  Lilium),  rarely  capitate  and  3-lobed. — Species  about  50,  N.  temp, 
regions. 

*  Flowers  solitary.  Perianth  segments  spreading  from  near  the  base  ; 
stigma  capitate,  "S'lobed. 

1.  P.  ozypetala,  Boyle  III  388;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  perianth- 


Fritillaria.l  clvi.  liliace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  353 

segments  elliptic  ovate  acute,  bearded  above  the  nectary.  Lilium  oxypeta- 
lum,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  234 ;  Elwes  Monog.  Lil.  t.  4,  left-hand 
fig.     ?  F.  triceps,  Klotzsch  Bot.  Beis.  Pr.  Wald.  53,  t.  93. 

Westeen  Himalaya  ;  Kunawar,  Royle ;  Kumaon,  alt.  12,500  ft.,  Strachey  8c 
Winterhottom ',  Garwhal  and  W.  Nepal,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  Buthie. 

Bulb  2  in.  long  ;  scales  few,  subequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  outer  membranous, 
inner  fleshy.  Stem  12-18  in.,  stout.  Leaves  li-3  by  f  in.  Flowers  purple. 
Segments  1^-2  in.,  long.  Style  shorter  than  the  ovary,  stigma  capitate,  3-lobed. 
Capsule  1  in.,  broadly  oblong. — The  flowers  oi F.  triceps  are  described  as  white. 

2.  r.  Stracheyi,  Hoolc.  f. ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  flowers  solitary, 
perianth-segments  elliptic-ovate  acute  bearded  above  the  nectary.  F. 
oxypetala.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4731 ;  Lemaire  Jard.  Fleur.  t.  422. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya;  Kumaon,  Strachey  {Hort.  Kew)  ;  West  Nepal,  alt. 
12-13,000  ft.,  Duthie ;  Sikkim,  alt.  9-10,000  ft.,  J.  B.  H. 

Bulb  as  in  F.  oxypetala,  but  much  smaller.  Stem  6-12  in.,  slender.  Leaves  4-6 
by  i-A  in. ;  radical  linear- lanceolate,  long-petioled,  obtuse.  Flowers  pale  purple 
speckled  within  below  the  middle;  segments  1  in.  long.  Style  as  long  as  the 
ovary. 

3.  r.  G-ardnerianaj  Wall.  Gat.  6080;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
flowers  solitary,  perianth-segments  obovate-spathulate  obtuse  naked  above 
the  nectary.     Baker  in  Journ.  Lmn.  Soc.  xiv.  265. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  Central  Nepal,  WallicJi;  Western  Nepal,  alt. 
12-13,0U0  ft.,  Buthie. 

Bulbs  as  in  F.  Stracheyi.  Stem  slender.  Leaves  2-6  by  |-i  in.  Flowers  more 
infundibular  than  in  the  preceding  species,  with  narrower  segments,  which  are 
obtuse  and  only  f  in.  long.     Style  rather  longer  than  the  ovary. 

**  Flowers  few  or  many.  Perianth  hroadly  camjpanulate.  Stigma 
trijld,  lobes  spreading  truncate. 

4.  F.  Roylei,  BLook.  Lc.  PI.  t.  860 ;  leaves  whorled  or  opposite  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate  straight,  flowers  solitary  or  few  nodding  tessellate, 
nectary  broad  naked.  Baker  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc.  xiv.  257.  F.  verticillata, 
Wall.  Cat.  5079  B,  C,  D  {not  of  Willd.) ;  Boyle  Jll.  387,  t.  92,  f.  2.  F. 
Gulielmi-Waldemarii,  Klotzsch  Bot.  Beis.  Pr.  Wald.  52,  t.  92. 

Westeen  Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  to  Kashmir,  alt.  8-12,000  ft. 
Westeen  Tibet,  Thomson. 

Bulb  depressed,  scales  membranous.  Stem  1-2  ft.,  naked  below.  Leaves  2-4  by 
\-\\  in.,  opposite  or  3-6  in  a  whorl,  suberect.  Flowers  lJ-2in.loug,,campanulat€, 
yellow  green,  tessellated  with  dull  purple,  segments  ^-f  in.  broad.  Stamens  half 
the  length  of  the  perianth.     Capsule^  obovoid,  obtusely  angled. 

5.  P.  cirrhosa,  Don  Prodr.  51 ;  lower  leaves  opposite,  upper 
whorled  uppermost  vrith  cirrhose  tips,  flowers  1-2  tessellate,  nectary 
broad  naked.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  253 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  257. 
F.  verticillata,  Wall.  Cat.  5079  A  {not  of  Willd.). 

Centeal  and  Easteen  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich  ;  Sikkim,  alt.  11-16,000  ft., 
J.  B.  H. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  F.  Boylei.  and  perhaps,  as  Wallich  believed,  a  variety  of 
that  plant,  the  leaves  are  however  larger  and  narrower  and  the  uppermost  have 
cirrhose  tips. 

6.  P.  imperialis,  Lirm.  Sp.  PI.  303 ;  leaves  crowded  lanceolate  lower 

VOL.  VI.  A  a 


354  OLvi.  LiLiAOEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  {FHtillaria. 

opposite  npper  longer  whorled,  flowers  umbelled  yellow  or  brick-red  not 
tessellate,  nectary  large  rounded.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  274 ; 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  189;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  194  and  1215 ;  Redoute  Lil.  t.  131. 
F.  Corona-imperialis,  Gsertn.  Fruct.  i.  64,  t.  17,  f.  1.  Petilium  imperiale, 
J".  St.  Eil.  Fam.  Nat.  i.  120  ;  Xuntk  Fnum.  iv.  246. 

Western  Himalaya;  Kashmir,  alt.  7-9000  ft.,  Thomson,  CZar^e.— Disteib. 
Westward  to  Kurdistan. 

JBulb  large,  globose,  of  broad  obtuse  gibbous  fleshy  yellowish  scales,  strong- 
smelling.  Stem  3-4  ft.;  robust,  naked  below.  Leaves  crowded,  6-10  by  1-2  in., 
lower  obtuse,  upper  acute,  often  10  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  5-8  ;  bracts  leafy,  whorled, 
erect,  linear.  Perianth  2-2^  in.  long  ;  segments  f-1^  in.  broad.  Filaments  flat- 
tened below.  Capsule  2  in.  long,  obovoid,  almost  6-winged,  umhonate. — Crown 
Imperial. 

23.  Z.Z1OVDZA,  Salish, 

Small  slender  bulbous  herbs.  Leaves  filiform.  Flowers  few  or  solitary, 
small,  white  or  yellow.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  suberect ;  segments  6, 
persistent,  straight,  8-5-nerved,  with  an  obscure  basal  fold  or  nectary. 
Stamens  6,  subhypogynous,  filaments  erect,  filiform;  anthers  basifixed. 
Ovary  triquetrous;  style  columnar,  sigma  capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed; 
cells  many-ovuled.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Seeds  compressed  and  angled, 
testa  appressed,  brown  or  white. — Species  2  or  3,  Northern. 

Zii  serotina,  Reichh.  Fl.  Germ.  Excurs.  102 ;  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  x.  t.  440 ; 
Kunth  Fnum.  iv.  244 ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Lmn.  Soc.  xiv.  300 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  202.  L.  alpina,  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soo.  i.  328.  L.  himalensis. 
Boyle  III.  388,  t.  93,  f .  2 ;  Xunth  I.  c.  672.  L.  longiscapa,  :Eook.  Ic.  PL  t. 
834.  Anthericum  serotinum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  ii.  444.  Gagea  ?  pulchella, 
Wall.  Cat.  5064.     Nectarobothrium  striatum,  Ledeh.  Fl.  Alt.  ii.  36. 

Alpine  Himalaya  and  Tibet  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim,  alt.  12-17,000  ft.— 
DiSTBiB.  Alps  of  Europe,  Asia  and  America, 

Bulh  elongate,  ^-1  in.,  base  rhizomatous,  neck  very  long,  coats  membranous. 
Leaves  2-8  in.,  wiry,  convolute.  Stem  4-12  in.,  with  1-2  small  leaves,  rarely  forked. 
Flowers  suberect,  white  with  violet  veins  or  yellow,  purple  at  the  base  ;  segments 
i-f  in.,  oblanceolate  or  spathulate,  broad  or  narrow  ;  nectary  very  small,  green. 
Stamens  ^-|  shorter  than  the  perianth  ;  filaments  glabrous  pubescent  or  villous ; 
anthers  minute,  very  variable  in  shape.  Style  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Capsule 
i-i  in.,  obovoid  or  obcordate.  Seeds  triquetrous,  foveolate. — I  am  unable  to  find 
any  character  whereby  to  distinguish  the  yellow  from  the  white  fld.  states,  and,  what 
is  more  remarkable,  the  specimens  with  hairy  filaments  {L.  longiscapa,  Hook., 
Qagea  ?  pulchella,  Wall.)  pass  into  these  with  glabrous  filaments  and  grow  inter- 
mixed with  them.  A  very  minute  tufted  state,  under  an  inch  long,  occurs  at 
13-14,000  ft.  elevation  in  Sikkim  with  sepals  only  \-\  in.  long.  In  a  drawing  which 
I  made  of  the  ordinary  Sikkim  form,  the  nectary  is  represented  as  a  drop  of  fluid  on 
the  naked  surface  above  the  base  of  the  sepal. 

24.  TUXiZPA,  Linn. 

Bulh  coated.  Leaves  few,  linear  or  oblong.  Scape  naked  above,  or 
1-2-leaved,  1-3-fld.  Flowers  large,  usually  erect.  Perianth  campanulate; 
segments  6,  quite  free ;  nectary  0.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous ;  anthers 
basifixed,  erect.  Ovary  oblong ;  stigmas  3,  subsessile,  recurved ;  cells  3, 
many-ovuled.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Seeds  flattened,  testa  membranous, 
pale,  appressed. — Species  about  60,  temp.  Europe,  N.  Africa  and  N. 
Asia. 


TuUpaJ]  OLVi.  LiLiAOE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  355 

1.  T.  chrysantha,  Boiss.  in  Kotsch.  PL  Fers.  Bor.  Exsicc.  1846,  No. 
78  ;  Fl.  Orient,  v.  193  ;  bulb-scales  woolly  within,  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate 
undulate  margius  cartilaginous,  perianth  yellow  within,  without  sutfused 
with  red,  outer  segments  oblong  acuminate,  inner  obovate  obtuse  or 
mucronate.  Baker  in  Journ.  lAnn.-Soc.  xiv.  279.  T.  Lehmanniana,  MercJcl. 
in  Bunge  Bel.  Lehm.  337.  T.  undulata,  Jacquem.  tyiss.  Liliaoea,  Griff. 
Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  278,  f.  1. 

The  Panjab,  Jacquemont;  Salt  Eange,  Fleming. — Distrib.  Affghanistan, 
Central  Asia  and  N.  Persia. 

Bulb  f-1  in.  diam.  Stem  3-4  in.  Leaves  4-5,  glabrous,  glaucous,  lower  4-6  in., 
recurved,  lanceolate,  channelled,  upper  narrower.  Perianth  1-1^  in.  long ;  claws  of 
the  segments  brown.  Anthers  longer  than  the  glabrous  filaments.  Ovary  with  a 
narrow  neck,  stigmas  small. — Bulbs  eaten  in  Beluchistan. 

2.  T.  stellata,  Sooh.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2762;  bulb -scales  woolly  within, 
leaves  narrowly  linear  channelled  not  undulate,  perianth  white  within, 
base  yellow,  rosy  or  greenish  without,  segments  all  alike  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute. Kunth  PJnum.  iv.  223;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  281  {exol. 
syn.  Kotschy,  No.  99).  T.  (Jlusiana,  var.  stellata,  Hegel  Enum.  Tulip.  54. 
?  Anthericum  uniflorum,  Roxb.  Fl.  Lid.  ii.  149. 

Tempeeate  Western  Himalaya,  alt.  5-8000  ft. ;  from  Kumaon  westwards. 

Bulb  f-1  in.  diam.  >Stem  12-18  in.,  slender,  naked  below.  Leaves  4-6,  9-12  in., 
glabrous,  glaucous,  channelled.  Peduncle  6-9  in.  Perianth  1^-2  in.  long,  segments 
spreading,  subspathulately  oblaneeolate.  Anthers  about  as  long  as  the  vei*y  short 
glabrous  filaments.  Ovary  with  a  narrow  neck,  stigmas  small. — Roxburgh's  drawing 
of  Anthericum  uniflorum,  from  Rohilkund,  made  from  a  specimen  that  flowered  m 
the  Calcutta  Bot.  Gardens,  resembles  nothing  except  this  Tulipa,  from  which  it  difl\irs 
in  the  long  points  to  the  anthers  and  in  some  roots  from  the  base  of  the  bulb  being 
transformed  into  pedicelled  tubers. 

25.  GAaXSA,  Salisb. 

Small  bulbiferous  herbs,  with  a  solitary  leaf  from  the  base  of  the  bulb, 
and  a  short  naked  stem  bearing  more  or  less  umbelliform  leafy  cymes  or 
corymbs  of  flowers.  Perianth  stellate,  usually  yellow,  nectary  0.  Anthers 
erect,  basifixed.  Capsule  membranous,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  flat  or 
angled,  testa  membranous. — Species  about  20,  north  temp,  regions. 

1.  G.  lutea^  Schulfzf.  Syst.  vii.  538  ;  radical  leaf  linear  or  lanceolate, 
cauline  2  subopposite,  flowers  3-6  subumbellate,  sepals  ^-f  in.  long,  capsule 
very  small,  seeds  subterete  curved.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  235  ;  Boiss  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  207;  Reichh.  Lc.  Fl.  Germ.  x.  t.  477;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1200.  G. 
Moorcroftiana,  and  elegans,  Wall.  Gat.  5063-5065. 

Western  Himalaya;  from  Kumaon  westwards,  alt.  6-13,000  ft. — Disteib. 
Westward  to  the  Atlantic,  N.  Asia. 

Bulb  solitary  in  the  coats,  about  as  large  as  a  hazel-nut.  Radical-leaf  3-8  by 
l-^  in. ;  cauline  subsimilar.  Stem  2-5  in.,  glabrous  or  laxly  villous.  Flowers 
yellow ;  perianth  segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute ;  filaments  about  half 
as  long ;  anthers  oblong.  Capsule  not  half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  broader  than 
long. 

2.  G.  persica,  Boiss.  Diagn.  Ser.  L  vii.  108 ;  Fl.  Orient,  v.  210 ;  radical 
leaf  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  cauline  very  narrow,  flowers  many  in  uni- 
lateral dichotomous  cymes,  sepals  i  in.  long  obtuse,  capsule  nearly  as  long 

a  a  2 


356  CLvi.  LiLiAOEiR.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Gagea. 

as  the  perianth,  seeds  compressed  not  angled  or  winged.  G.  amblyopetala, 
var.  bulbifera,  Boiss.\  Beget  FL  Turkest.  112,  t.  17  (non  Boiss.).  Gr. 
stipitata,  Merhl.  in  Bunge  Bel.  Haenh.  512.  Bulbillaria  gageoides,  Zucc. 
in  Ahhandl.  Akad.  Wiss.  Bay,  iii.  230,  t.  2,  f.  1.  Lloydia  kunawarensis, 
Boyle  III.  388,  t.  93,  f .  3. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  from  Kunawur  to  'Kashmir,  alt.  5-8000  ft.,  SoyUy  &c. 
— DiSTRiB.  Westwards  to  Persia,  Turkestan. 

£ulb  solitary  in  the  coats.  Radical  leaf  ^-Q  by  \-\  in.  Stem  4-6  in.,  glabrous, 
very  slender.  Cymes  1-2  in.,  often  with  bulbils  in  the  axils  of  the  short  very 
slender  pedicels.  Sepals  linear,  obtuse ;  filaments  nearly  as  long,  anthers  sub- 
didymous.  Capsule  nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth.  Seeds  compressed,  not  angled 
or  winged. 

3.  Cr.  reticulata,  SchuUes  f.  Syst  vii.  542 ;  leaves  all  very  long 
filiform  recurved  cauline  numerous  subverticillate,  flowers  many  sub- 
umbeHate,  sepals  ^-|  in.  long  acute  or  finely  acuminate,  capsule,  as  long 
as  the  perianth,  seeds  flat  angular.  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  208 ;  Beichh.  Fl. 
Germ.  x.  t.  481;  Begel  Fl.  TurTcest.  110,  t.  19,  f.  1-4;  Expl.  Alger. 
t.  45  bis,  f.  1.  G.  taurica,  Stev.  Taur.  335  {ex  Boiss.)  Gr.  commutata, 
sarmentosa,  and  triphylla,  C.  Koch  in  Linnsea,  xxii.  227-230.  Gr.  peduncu- 
lata,  Wall.  Cat.  5066. 

The  Panjab  Plains  ;  ascending  the  Western  Himalaya,  Salt  Range,  &c.,  to 
5500  ft. — DiSTRiB.  Westwards  to  Greece  and  N.  Africa,  Turkestan. 

jBmZJ  densely  fibrilliferous.  Stem  2-3  in.,  stout  or  slender.  Leaves  4-8  in., 
cauline  usually  very  many,  and  long,  rarely  few  and  short.  Flowers  numerous, 
very  variable  in  size,  green  with  a  white  border.     Anthers  linear-oblong. 

26.  COZiCKZCUBZ,  Unn. 

Gorm  coated.  Leaves  radical,  linear  or  lanceolate.  Scape  very  short, 
sessile  amongst  the  leaf-sheaths,  1-3-fld.  Flowers  large,  erect.  Perianth 
funnel-shaped;  tube  very  long  and  slender;  lobes  6,  subequal,  suberect. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  bases  of  the  segments,  included ;  anthers  dorsi- 
fixed,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled ;  styles  3,  long,  filiform ; 
cells  many-ovuled.  Capsule  chartaceous,  septicidal.  Seeds  subglobose ;  testa 
appressed  brown. — Species  about  30,  Europe,  N.  Africa  and  temp.  Asia. 

C.  luteunii  Baker  in  Gard.  Chron.  (1874)  33 ;  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xvii.  434;  leaves  appearing  with  the  flowers  linear-oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late  obtuse,  perianth  golden  yellow,  tube  3-4  in.,  segments  oblong  or 
oblanceolate  obtuse  many-nerved.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6153.  Melanthaceae,  Griff". 
Notul.  iii.  241 ;  Ic.  PI  Asiat.  t.  278,  f.  2. 

Western  Temperate  Himalaya;  Kashmir,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  Thomson,  &c., 
Chamba,  Bills,  &c. — Distrib.  Affghanistan,  Turkestan. 

Gorm  gibbously  ovoid,  coats  dark  brown.  Leaves  few,  lorate,  short  at  the 
flowering  time,  at  fruiting  6-12  by  ^-^  in.,  tip  rounded.  Flowers  \-2i  (in  spring), 
1-1^  in.  diam.  when  expanded.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth  ;  filaments  very 
much  shorter  than  the  long  yellow  anthers.  Sti/le  filiform,  much  longer  than  the 
perianth.     Capsule  1-1^  in. ;  valves  with  long  recurved  beaks. 

27.  BIERENDERA,  Bamond. 

Habit  and  chiracters  of  Golchioum,  but  with  the  perianth-segments  free 
to  their  base,  their  loag  slenier  claws    forming  a  tube,  and  the  anthers 


Merendera.']  CLVi.  liltace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  357 

either  basifixed  or  dorsifixed.— Species  about  10,  S.  Europe,  K.  Africa  and 
Oriental. 

M.  persica?  Boiss.  &  Kotsch.  Diagn.  xiii.  37 ;  FL  Orient,  v.  169 ; 
leaves  appearing  with  the  flowers  linear  acute,  scape  1-4-fld.,  perianth  pale 
lilac,  segments  lanceolate  subacute,  blade  i  shorter  than  the  slender  claw, 
anthers  basifixed.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  440.  M.  Aitchisoni, 
Book./,  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6012  ;  Boiss.  I.  c.  169. 

The  Panjab  ;  on  the  Salt  Range,  and  near  the  Jhelum,  Vicari/,  AitcMson.— 
DisTEiB.  Aflfghanistan,  N.  Persia. 

Bulb  gibbonsly  ovoid,  long-necked,  coats  bright  red-brown.  Leaves  1-2  in.  in 
the  flowering  state,  6-8  in  the  fruiting,  dark  green.  Flowers  1^-2  in.  diam. ;  seg- 
ments with  a  reddish  dorsal  keel.  Filaments  subulate,  equalling  the  anthers. — 
Boissier  keeps  Aitchisoni  distinct  from  persiea,  on  account  of  the  paler  corms,  and 
shorter  green  anthers.     Baker  unites  them. 

28.  ZPKXG-ZSNXA,  Kunth. 
Corm  coated.  Stem  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  few,  scattered,  linear,  upper 
bractiform.  Flowers  small,  erect,  solitary  or  corymbose.  Perianth  6- 
partite,  stellate,  deciduous ;  segments  equal,  narrow,  clawed,  spreading. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  filaments  short,  flat ;  anthers  oblong,  introrsely 
attached,  versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  styles  minute,  united  at 
the  base,  linear,  recurved,  introrsely  stigmatose;  cells  many-ovuled. 
Capsule  loculicidal.  Seeds  subglobose;  testa  thin,  brown,  appressed. — 
Species  4,  Indian,  African  and  Australasian. 

1.  X.  indica,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  213 ;  perianth  purplish,  segments 
linear- subulate.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  450 ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral. 
vii.  31.  I.  racemosa,  and  I.  caricina, -ff-Mw^A  Z.  «?.  An guillaria  indica,  5r. 
Frodr.  273 ;  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  37,  t.  259  ;  Cat.  5085.  A.  Heyneana, 
Wall.  Cat.  5086.  Melanthium  indicum,  Linn.  Mavit.  226.  M.  racemosum 
and  caricinum,  Both  Nov.  Sp.  199.  Hypoxidopsis  pumila,  Steud.  PI.  Ind. 
Or.  SohenacJc.  No.  1313. 

Throughout  India,  from  the  N.  W.  frontier  to  Buema;  ascending  the  Khasia 
Hills  to  4-5000  ft.,  and  the  Himalaya  to  7000  ft.  Ckylon  ;  Trincomalee,  Glenie. 
— DiSTRiB.  Australia,  Philippines. 

Corm  globose,  ^  in.  diam.,  neck  1-2  in.,  sheaths  brown.  Stem  3-10  in.,  flexuous. 
Leaves  few,  6-8  by  ^-^  in.,  upper  smaller.  Flowers  few  or  many,  reddish  or  pur- 
plish ;  bracts  linear,  leafy  ;  pedicels  1-2  in.  Perianth  ^-^  in.  long ;  segments 
clawed,  spreading  and  reflexed.  Capsule  ^  in.,  obovoid  or  oblong,  most  variable  in 
size. — A  sportive  plant.  Prome  specimens  are  nearly  1  ft.  high,  very  robust  and 
broadish  leaved. 

2.  X.  pallida,  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  451 ;  perianth  white, 
segments  oblanceolate  acute  many-nerved.  ?  A.  indica,  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb. 
PL  222. 

The  CoNCAN  ;  Ritchie,  &c.,  on  the  Ghats  at  Mahableshwar,  and  Belgaum. 
Probably  a  var.  of  indica,  with  smaller  narrower  leaves  and  bracts,  white  flowers 
with  much  broader  segments  and  shorter  pedicels. 

29;  TOFXXSXiDXA,  Huds. 

Bootstock  creeping.  Leaves  radical,  equitant,  ensiform.  Scape  slender  ; 
flowers  small  green  or  white,  spicate  or  racemed  ;  bracts  minute.     Perianth 


358  cLvi.  LiLiACEyE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Tofieldia. 

persistent;  segments  6,  spreading.  Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments, filaments  filiform ;  anthers  short,  dorsifixed,  versatile,  introrse. 
Carpels  3,  many-ovuled  ;  styles  short,  persistent,  stigmas  obtuse.  Follicles 
3,  membranous,  acute.  Seeds  mauy,  minute,  cymbiform  or  slender,  testa 
thin,  pale. — Species  about  14,  Arctic  and  Alpine. 

T.  hlmalaicaj  Baher  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  489  ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear  3-5-nerved  margins  scabrid,  fruiting  pedicels  ascending  bracteate 
at  the  base  calyculate  at  the  apex. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  alt.  10-12,000  ffc.,  J.  I).  U.,  Clarke. 

Stem  8-18  in.,  glabrous.  Leaves  2-4  by  xV~^  ^^-  Fruiting  raceme  4-8  in.  ; 
lower  pedicels  ^-f  in.  Perianth  ^  in.  long,  greenish  white  ;  segments  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  1 -nerved.  Capsule  \-z  in.,  obovoid  ;  styles  very  slender,  |  the  leugtli 
of  the  cells.     Seeds  slender,  terets,  acute  at  both  ends. 

30.  CS-Z.ORZOSA,  Linn. 

Rootstoek  tuberous,  naked.  Stem  climbing,  leafy.  Leaves  scattered, 
opposite  or  3-nately  whorled,  lanceolate,  costate,  tip  elongate  spiral. 
Flowers  large,  axillary,  solitary  ;  pedicels  reflexed.  Ferianth  persistent ; 
segments  6,  subequal,  narrow,  spreading  or  reflexed,  often  waved  or  crisped. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  linear,  dorsifixed,  ver- 
satile, extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  filiform,  deflexed,  3-fid,  arms 
subulate,  introrsely  stigmatose  ;  cells  many-ovuled.  Capsule  large,  coria- 
ceous, septicidal.  Seeds  subglobose,  testa  spongy ;  embryo  cylindric. — 
Species  3,  tropical  Asiatic  and  African. 

G-.  superba,  Linn.  Sp.  PI,  305 ;  perianth-segments  crisply  waved. 
Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  457  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  143 ;  Grah.  Cat. 
Bomb.  Fl.  221 ;  Wiffht  Lc.  t.  2047 ;  Bat  Beg.  t.  77  ;  Andr.  Bot.  Bep.  1. 139 ; 
Meichb.  Ic.  Fxot.  t.  51.  G.  simplex,  Bon  Frodr.  51.  G.  Doniana,  Schultesf. 
Syst.  vii.  366.  Methonica  superba,  Lamk.  Encycl.  iv.  133 ;  Kunth  Fnum. 
iv.  276 ;  Bedoute  Lil.  t.  26 ;  Falz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  210.  M.  Doniana, 
Kunth  I.  c.  Eugona  superba,  Salisb.  Frodr.  238, — Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  vii. 
t.  57. 

Throughout  Tropical  India  ;  from  the  N.  W.  Himalaya  to  Assam,  I^drma, 
Malacca  and  Ceylon,  ascending  to  5000  ft.— Distrib.  Trop.  Africa,  Malacca, 
Cochin  China. 

Roo^s^oc^  a  chain  of  fleshy  arched  tubers,  budding  from  the  convexity  above. 
Stem  10-20  ft.,  terete,  herbaceous.  Leaves  6-8  in.,  sessile  or  shortly  petioled, 
variable  in  breadth,  mauy  nerved.  Flowers  solitary  or  subcorymbose  towards  the 
ends  of  the  branches  from  the  nearness  of  the  leaves ;  pedicels  4-6  in.,  tip  deflexed. 
Perianth  3-4  in.  diam.,  segments  linear-lanceolate,  bright  red  above  the  lower  third, 
golden  yellow  below  it  as  are  the  margins  and  uiidrib.  Filaments  stout,  golden 
yellow ;  connective  green.     Capsule  2  in.  long. 

31.  TRZCVXITZS,   Wall. 

BootstocJc  creeping.  Stem  dichotomously  branched  above,  leafy. 
Leaves  alternate,  subsessile  or  amplexicaul,  strongly  nerved.  Flowers 
subcory  nibose  or  racemose,  white  spotted  with  purple.  Perianth  campanu- 
late,  deciduous  ;  segments  6,  lanceolate,  3  outer  saccate  or  2-gibbou8  at 
the  base,  inner  gibbous  or  flat.  Stamens  6,  subhypogynous,  filaments 
cohering  or  conniving  in  a  tube  below,  spreading  above ;   anthers  dorsi- 


Tricyrtis.']  clvi.  liliaoe^e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  359 

fixed,  extrorse.  Ovary  S-celled ;  style  3-fid,  arms  2-fid;  cells  many- 
ovuled.  Cajpsule  coriaceous,  linear,  triquetrous,  septicidal.  Seeds  1-seriate, 
minute,  flat ;  testa  lax,  brown,  reticulate. — Species  5,  Himalayan,  Chinese 
and  Japanese. 

T.  pilosa,  Wall.  Tent.  Fl.  Nep.  61,  t.  46  ;  glandular-pubescent,  leaves 
cordately  amplexicaul,  flowers  loosely  corymbose  white  spotted  with  purple. 
Kunth  IJnum.  iy.  279  ;  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  464;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  4965;  Flore  des  Serves,  t.  1219.  T.  elegans.  Wall.  I.  c.  62;  Cat.  600. 
Compsoa  maculata,  Don  Prodr.  51.  Compsanthus  maculatus,  Spreng. 
S^/st.  Veg.  Cur.  Post.  137. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  WallicJi ;  Sikkim,  alt.  C-8000  ft..  /.  D.  if.,  &c. 
Bhotati,  Griff.     The  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

atem  2-4)  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  4-6  by  1^-3  in.,  acuminate,  subpinnately  6-9- 
nerved.  Flowers  1\  in  diam.,  pedicels  stout  strict;  bracts  small,  lower  ovate- 
cordate,  upper  linear  or  0.  Perianth  segments  lanceolate,  recurved  from  just  above 
the  bigibbous  nectariferous  base,  subacute,  sparsely  glandular  without,  yellowish 
white  with  purple  spots.  Filaments  stout,  terete,  erect,  then  stellately  spreading  ; 
anthers  lilac.  Style  short,  clavate,  arms  recurved,  stout,  obtuse.  Capsule 
1-1  i  iu- 

32.  DXSPORUBK,  Salish. 

Uootstock  creeping.  Stem  erect,  angular,  leafy.  Leaves  sessile  or  sub- 
sessile,  strongly-nerved.  Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  few-fld.  umbels  ; 
pedicels  decurved.  Perianth  campanulate,  deciduous ;  segments  6,  erect, 
base  saccate  or  spurred.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  anthers  dorsifixed, 
extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  long  or  short,  stigmas  3  short ;  cells  2-6- 
ovuled.  J5err?/  pisiform,  fleshy,  black.  Seeds  subglobose,  testa  appressed, 
brown. — Species  about  12,  Asiatic  and  N.  American. 

The  study  of  a  very  large  series  of  specimens  and  drawings  of  the  Indian  Dispora 
has  satisfied  me  that  no  specific  limits  can  be  assigned  to  their  forms,  greatly 
though  they  differ,  and  Mr.  Clarke  has  arrived  at  the  same  conclusion.  The  leaves 
afford  no  characters ;  the  umbels  are  sessile  or  peduncled  in  the  same  form  and  even 
specimen,  and  vary  in  the  number  of  flowers  they  bear ;  the  flowers  are  white, 
greenish,  or  dark  purple,  and  the  perianth  tubular  with  spreading  tips  of  the  narrow 
segments  in  the  large  flowered  forms  ;  but  in  others  broadly  campanulate  with  the 
broader  segments  spreading  from  shortly  above  the  base.  The  filaments  ate  shorter 
than  the  jmthers  in  some  forms,  three  to  four  times  as  long  in  others.  The  length  of 
the  style  is  usually  proportionate  to  that  of  the  perianth,  but  it  is  sometimes  far 
exserted  (indicating  dimorphic  conditions).  The  fruit  is  the  same  in  all  forms, 
a  purple-black,  pea-shaped  berry.  It  remains  for  the  resident  botanists  in  the 
Himalaya  to  study  all  the  forms,  each  in  his  own  province,  with  the  view  of  classi- 
fying tiiem,  which  latter  I  have  been  unable  to  do  satisfactorily ;  after  which  a 
review  of  all  the  results  thus  obtained  would  lead  to  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
genus. 

1.  D.  calcaratum,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  516;  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  acute  base  spurred.  Kuntli  Enum.  iv.  207  ;  Baker  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  588.  D.  Wallichii  and  Hamiltonianum,  Don  4* 
Kunth  II.  cc.  D.  latipetalum,  Coll.  &  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii. 
139.  Uvularia  calcarata.  Wall  Cat.  5087.  U.  Hamiltoniana,  Wall.  Cat. 
5088  in  part     U.  Betua,  Ham.  mss. 

Temperate    Himalaya;    from  Nepil,   Wallich,    eastwards-,    alt.    5-SOOO    ft. 
Khasia  Mrs.,  Munmpoee  and  Burma,  alt.  3-3000  It. 


360  CLVi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.D.Hooker.)  iDisjwrum. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Flowers  ^-f  in. 
long,  usually  narrow,  white  greenish  or  purplish  ;  spurs  very  variable,  in  short  flowered 
specimens  ?  in.  long,  equalling  the  blade  of  the  sepal  in  length.  /Sty Ze  slender,  rarely 
exserted. 

Don  gives  the  following  characters  to  the  species  united  above : — calcaratum, 
sepals  lanceolate  acuminate  long-spurred,  filaments  thrice  as  long  as  the  anthers. 
Wallichiif  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate,  spur  short  straight,  filaments  five  times  as 
long  as  the  anthers.  Hamiltonianum,  sepals  lanceolate  acute,  spur  short  re- 
curved, anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments.  An  original  drawing  of  the  latter 
(Hamilton's  **  Betua,"  spelled  Betiya)  has  acuminate  narrow  purple  sepals  with  very 
short  spurs ;  it  is  not  distinguishable  from  a  drawing  by  Horsfield  of  the  Javanese 
multijiorum  (Horsfieldii).  The  Burmese  D.  laiipetalum  has  broader  sepals  and  in 
this  respect  approaches  the  Chinese  D.  unijiorum,  berry  intermediate. 

/■ 

2.  D.  pullum,  Salish.  in  Trans.  Sort.  Soc.  i.  330;  perianth- segments 
spathulate  or  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  base  saccate  or  subsaccate. 
Don  Prodr.  60 ;  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  521  ;  Kwnfh  Enum.  iv.  208  ; 
Baker  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  589.  D.  Pitsutum,  Don  II.  cc.  50  and  519; 
Kunth  I.  c.  207.  D.  fnlvum  {error  for  pulluni),  Don  Prodr.  50.  D.  multi- 
florum,  Don  in  Proc.  Linn.  Sor.  v.  45  ;  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.  518 ; 
Kunth  I.  c.  207  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  552.  D.  parviflorum,  Don  II.  cc: 
50  and  520 ;  Kuntli  I.  c.  208.  D.  Horsfieldii.  Don  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  Nov. 
1839.  Uvularia  chinensis,  Gawl.  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  916.  U.  parviflora  and 
Timbellata,  Wall,  in  Asiat.  Research,  xiii.  379 ;  Plant.  As.  Par.  iii.  43, 
t.  269  ;  Gat.  5090.  U.  multiflora,  Reinw.  in  Blume  Cat.  Hart.  Buitenz.  62. 
IJ.  parviflora,  Wall,  in  As.  Pes.  xiii.  378  ;  Cat.  5091  in  part.  U.  Hamil- 
toniana, TFarf.  Cat.  5088  C  in  part,  D.  Streptopus  chinensis  and  pedun- 
cularis,  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop,  under  Uvularia.  Drapiezia  multiflora, 
Blume  Enum.  i.  8. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal  eastwards,  alt.  4-8000  ft.  Khasia  and 
MtTNNiPOEE  Hills.     Behab,  on  Parusnath. — Disteib.  Sumatra,  Java,  China. 

Stem  2-4  ft.,  sometimes  robust,  or  branched.  Leaves  2-6  in.,  ovate-oblong  or 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate.  Flotoers  white  or  dull  purple,  in  sessile  or  peduncled 
many-  or  few-fld.  umbels  ;  pedicels  ^-1  in. 

The  type  of  this  species  is  the  Chinese  uvularia  chinensis  of  the  Botanical  Magazine, 
a  purple  flowered  plant  hardly  distinguishable  from  shortly  spurred  specimens  of 
calcaratum.  The  flowers  are  narrow,  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  lanceolate  acute 
sepals  and  filanfents  twice  as  long  as  the  anthers.  D.  multijiorum  has  numerous 
very  small  wmte  flowers,  with  subspathulate  mucronate  sepals  and  filaments  twice  as 
long^  as  the  anthers.  JD.  Pitsutum  has  short  cuneately  lanceolate  subacute  white 
sepals,  spreading  from  near  the  saccate  base,  and  filaments  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  it  passes  into  Leschenaultianum.  I  have  found  it  single-flowered  in  Sikkim 
where  it  is  identified  with  Baker's  Chinese  D.  unijiorum.  D.  parviflorum  has  white 
flowers  only  \-\  in.  long,  with  narrow  lanceolate  acuminate  sepals,  and  filaments 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  anthers. 

3.  D.  Keschenaultianuxn,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  518; 
perianth -segments  broadly  oblong  acute  or  acuminate  base  saccate.  Kunth 
Enum.iv.  207 ;  Baker  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  590  ;  Thwaites  Enum.  338 ; 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2048  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6935.  D.  ceylanicum  and  mysorense. 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2049.    Uvularia  Leschenaultiana,  Wall.  Gat.  5089. 

The  Westeen  Ghats  ;  from  Canara  southwards.    Ceylon,  alt.  4-7000  ft. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  branched  above.  Leaves  mostly  shortly  petioled,  2-4  in.,  and 
broadly  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  but  very  variable  in  breadth.  Flowers 
quite  white,  in  3-5-fld.  umbels.     Perianth  |   in.  long  ;  segments  obtuse,  obscurely 


Disporum,]  cLVi.  liliace^.     (J.  B.  Hooker.)  361 

ciliate.  Filaments  about  as  long  as  the  anthers  or  longer. — Wight  figures  the 
perianth  segments  of  his  three  species  aa  acute  or  acuminate.  His  ceylanicum  is 
intermediate  between  his  other  two,  but  has  the  smaller  flowers  of  mysorense.  His 
figure  of  Leschenaultianum  resembles  a  broad-leaved  pullum.  The  Bot.  Mag.  plate  of 
LescJienaultianum  has  the  broad  sepals  of  Wight's  tnysorense,  but  the  large  flowers 
of  the  type.  Royle's  figure  of  the  Kumaon  plant  referred  to  Leschenaultianum  is 
so  bad  that  I  refrain  from  citing  it. 

33.  CXiXNTONZA,  Rafin. 

Bootstock  creeping.  Leaves  subradical,  narrow,  costate.  Scape  naked 
or  1-leaved.  Flowers  in  terminal  nmbels  or  racemes,  rarely  solitary  ;  bracts 
linear  or  0.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  deciduous ;  segments  6,  subequal. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments,  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers 
dorsifixed,  subextrorse.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  columnar,  stigma  thickened  ; 
cells  2-  or  more-ovuled.  Berry  fleshy,  at  length  loculicidal.  Seeds  2  or 
more,  ovoid  or  obtusely  angled  ;  testa  appressed,  brown  or  pale  ;  albumen 
hard  ;  embryo  minute. — Species  8,  Temperate  Asiatic  and  IST.  American. 

C.  alpina,  Kunth  Enum,  v.  159 ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate  cus- 
pidate or  acuminate,  scape  leafless  and  pedicels  pubescent,  perianth- 
segments  oblanceolate  6-7-nerved.  Baker  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  585. 
Smilacina  alpina,  Boyle  III.  380. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft. ;  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim,  alt. 
12,000  ft.,  andBhotan. 

Leaves  few,  4-9  by  2-4  in.,  suberect,  glabrous ;  nerves  many,  slender.  Scape 
6-24  in.,  slender  ;  flowers  loosely  racemose  or  the  upper  umbellate;  pedicels  i-1  in., 
straight,  fruiting  elongate  curved ;  bracts  caducous.  Perianth  ^-J  in.  long,  white. 
Stamens  included,  anthers  small.  Ovary  ovoid  ;  style  short,  3-toothed.  Berry 
\-^  in.  diam.,  many-seeded;  fruiting  pedicels  |-lf  in.,  distant,  upcurved. — The 
Chinese  C.  udensis,  F.  &  M.,  hardly  differs. 

34.  TRZI.Z.ZUM,  Linn. 

Bootstock  creeping,  annulate.  Stem  simple,  erect,  base  sheathed.  Leaves 
3,  whorled  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  stem,  3-5-nerved  and  reticulate. 
Flower  solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Perianth  persistent ;  segments  6. 
free,  spreading.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments,  filaments 
short ;  anthers  basifixed,  cells  bordering  the  connective,  slits  lateral.  Ovary 
ovoid  or  subglobose,  3-celled ;  style  3-fid  or  3-partite,  arms  recurved 
stigmatose  within ;  cells  many-ovuled.  Berry  fleshy.  Seeds  ovoid,  with  a 
lateral  pulpy  strophiole,  albumen  fleshy  ;.  embryo  minute. — Species  12,  a 
few  Himalayan,  Chinese  and  Japanese,  the  rest  N.  American. 

1.  T-  Govanianum,  Wall.  Cat.  812;  leaves  shortly  petioled  ovate 
or  ovate-cordate  acute,  sepals  subequal  narrowly  linear.  Boyle  III.  384,  t. 
93.     Trillidium  Govanianum,  Kunth  Fnum.  v.  120. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir,  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  to  Sikkim,  alt. 
9-11,000  ft. 

2.  T.  Tschonoskii,  Maxim,  in  Bull.  Acad.  Petersh.  xxix.  (1884)  218  ; 
leaves  sessile  broadly  subrhomboidally  ovate  or  orbicular  cuspidately 
acuminate,  sepals  green  oblong-lanceolate,  petals  similar  dull  purple. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  Clarke.  Bhotan  and  the 
Mishmi  Hills,  Grijffith. —DiSTTiiB.  Japan. 


362  cLvi.  LiLiACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Trillium. 

Stem  8-12  in.  Leaves  2-3  in.  broad  and  long  or  narrower.  Peduncle  ^—^  in. 
Flowers  ^-1  in.  diam. ;  filaments  flat,  rather  longer  than  the  linear  anther.  Stt/le 
very  short. — This,  which  diflPers  from  the  American  and  Japanese  T.  erectum  chiefly 
in  the  longer  filaments,  will  (with  others)  prove,  I  expect,  a  form  of  that  variable 


35.  PARIS,  Unn. 

Characters  of  Trillium,  but  leaves  4-9  in  a  whorl,  and  flowers  8-12- 
merous.     Species  5  or  6,  Europe,  Temp.  Asia. 

3.  P.  polyphylla.  Smith  in  Bees  Cyclop.;  leaves  4-9  petioled  oblong 
or  oblanceolate  acuminate,  sepals  4-6  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  petals 
as  long  or  longer  filiform,  fruit  3-6-valved,  testa  pulpy.  Don  Prodr.  49; 
Kunth  Enum.  v.  118;  Wall.  PI  As.  Ear.  ii.  24,  t.  126;  Gat.  3710; 
Hook.  f.  Ic.  Cathcart,  t.  24.  P.  Daisua,  Serb.  Ham,  P.  imperialis, 
Jacquem.  msi.     Euthyra,  Salish.  Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  61. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya;  from  Simla  to  Bhotan,  alt.  6-10,000  ft. — Disteib. 
W.  China. 

Eooii-^oe^. annulate,  sometimes  as  large  as  a  small  potato.  Stem  3  in.  to  3  ft. 
Leaves  3-6  in.,  dark  green,  base  rounded  or  acute  ;  petiole  ^  in.  or  less.  Sepals  1-4 
in.,  green,  S-ntrved.  Petals  sometimes  twice  as  long,  yellow.  Anthers  longer 
than  the  filament,  very  narrow,  connective  very  shortly  produced  or  not.  Ovary 
subglobose,  septa  nearly  reaching  the  axis.  Fruit  green,  smooth,  2^  in.  diam.,  or 
less,  coriaceous,  loculicidal.  Seeds  ^  in.  long,  or  less,  ovoid,  scarlet. — Extremely 
variable  in  the  number  and  size  of  all  parts. 

Order  CLVII.     PONTXSDZSRZACES:. 

Fresh- water  and  marsh  herbs.  Leaves  erect  or  floating,  nerves  parallel. 
Flowers,  bisexual,  in  spikes  or  racemes  from  the  sheath  of  the  upper- 
most leaf;  bracts  sheathing  irregular.  Perianth  unequally  6-partite, 
white  or  blue,  marcescent.  Stamens  1-6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  lobes ; 
anthers  erect  or  versatile,  one  usually  longer  than  the  others.  Ovary  free, 
3-celled,  or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentas ;  placentas  one  or  more- 
ovuled  ;  style  slender,  stigma  subentire  or  lobed ;  ovules  anatropous. 
Capsule  membranous,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  small,  albumen  horny 
or  floury  ;  embryo  cylindric. — Genera  5,  species  about  36. 

ZKEONOCHORZA,  Presl. 

Rooistoch  short  or  creeping.  Leaves  radical  and  solitary  at  the  top  of 
the  emerged  stem  or  branches.  Penanth  campanulate,  6-partite.  Stamens 
6,  one  usually  largest,  with  the  filament  toothed  on  one  side ;  anthers 
basifixed,  slit  terminal  at  length  elongating.  Ot'ar^  3-celled,  many-ovuled. 
— Species  about  6,  in  the  tropics  of  the  old  world. 

1.  BZ.  hastaefolia,  Presl  Bel.  Hanh.  ii.  128;  rootstock  creeping, leaves 
long-petioled  sagittate  hastate  or  cordate,  flowers  racemed  or  subumbellate 
long-pedicelled.  Kunth  Fnum.  iv.  133  ;  Miquel  Fl.  Lnd.  Bat.  iii.  i.  548. 
M.  hastata,  Solms  Lauh.  in  A.DC.  Monog.  Phanerog.  iv.  523.  M.  dilatata 
&  sagittata,  Kunth  I.  c.  134.  Pontederia  hastata,  lAnn.  Fl.  Zeyl.  129 ; 
Mant.  363  ;  Boxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  ii.  121 ;  Cor.  PI.  ii.  6,  t.  63 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5092 ; 
Balz.   4*  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  249  ;    Bas;pail  in  Ann.  Mus.  xiv.  t.  169,  f.  7-9 


Monochona.']         clvii.  PONTEDERiACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  363 

P.  saggitata,  Hoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  124 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5093.  P.  dilatata,  Andrews 
Bot.  Rep.  vii.  t.  490  ;  Buck.  Ham.  in  Same's  Embass.  4i7b  with  plate  ;  Boxb. 
I.  c.  123  ;  Wall.  Cat.  4094.     P.  sagittifolia,  Herb.  Heyne. 

Common  throughout  India  and  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Malay  Islands,  China. 

Bootstock  spongy  ;  flowering  stems  short.  Leaves  6-7  by  5-6  in.,  obtuse  or 
acute,  many-nerved ;  petiole  of  the  floral  leaf  tumid  above  and  embracing  the 
short  scape,  of  the  radical  18-24  in.,  broad  and  sheathing  at  the  base.  Inflorescence 
centrifugal;  flowers  long-pedicelled,  -|-1  in.  diam.,  violet-blue  dotted  with  red; 
pedicels  1  in,  or  less;  larger  sepal  obovate,  smaller  oblong.  Filament  spurred. 
Large  anther  blue,  the  others  yellow.     Capsule  ^  in.  diam.,  subglobose  or  oblong. 

[2)  nx.  vagrinalis,  Presl  Beliq.  Hank.  ii.  128  ;  rootstock  short,  leaves 
long-petioled,  from  linear  to  ovate  and  ovate-cordate,  flowers  short- 
pedicelled  subspicate.  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  134  ;  Solms  Laub.  in  A.BG.  Monogr. 
Phaneroq.  iv.  1524;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  548.  Pontederia  vaginalis, 
Linn.  Mant.  228;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  121;  Cor.  PI.  ii.  t.  110;  Wall.  Oat. 
5095  ;  Bah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  9.id.—Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  ii.  t.  44. 

Throughout  India;  from  Kashmir  eastwards  to  Assam  and  southwards  to 
Tmvancore  and  Singapore.  Ceylon  common. — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  China, 
Japan,  Trop.  Africa. 

Rootstock  suberect  (creeping,  Roxhurgh).  Leaves  much  as  in  M.  hastcefolia, 
but  few-nerved.  Zn/ioresccnce  centripetal,  few- ormany-fld. ;  flowers  blue,  sprinkled 
with  red,  very  variable  in  size,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  perianth.  Filaments  and 
anthers  as  in  M.  hastcejolia. — A  most  variable  plant. 

Var.  plantaginea,  Solms  Laub.  1.  c. ;  smaller,  leaves  often  narrow,  raceme 
few-fld.  M.  pauciflora,  Kunth  ^  Miquel  lli  cc.  M.  linearis,  Miq.  I.  c.  Pontederia 
plantaginea,  Roxb.  I.  c.  123;  Wall.  Cat.  5096.  P.  pauciflora,  Blume  Enum.  Fl. 
Jav.  i.  32.     P.  racomosa,  Herb.  Ham. — India,  Java. 


Ojrder  CLYllI.     PHZIiVDZtACZSa:. 

Erect  herbs.  Leaves  narrowly  linear.  Flowers  small,  in  bracteate 
spikes  or  panicles,  bisexual,  irregular.  Perianth  inferior,  2-partite ;  seg- 
ments antero-posterior,  petaloid,  persistent.  Stamen  1,  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  anterior  segment,  filament  flattened;  anther  straight  or 
twisted ;  staminodes  2,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  small,  petaloid.  Ovary 
free,  3-celled,  or  l-celled  with  3  projecting  parietal  many-ovuled  placentas  ; 
style  terminal,  stigma  entire  ;  ovules  anatropous.  Capsule  loculicidal,  3- 
valved.  8eeds  many,  small,  albumen  fleshy,  embryo  minute. — Grenera  3, 
species  4,  Asiatic,  Australian  and  Pacific. 

PKZZiYDRVM^  Banks., 

Spike  simple.     Anthers  at  length  twisted.     Ovary  l-celled. 

P.  lanugrinosum^  Banks  in  Oaertn.  Fruct.  i.  62,  t.  16,  f.  10 ;  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  380;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  783;  Boscoe  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  viii.  342, 
t.  20;'  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  250;  Guillem.  Ic.  PI.  Austral,  t.  5;  Benth. 
Fl.  Austral,  vii.  74 ;  Garuel  in  A.DG.  Monogr.  Phanerog.  iii.  2  ;  Schleid.  ^ 
Vog.  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  xix.  40,  f.  1 ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  231 ;  Ic. 
PL  Asiat.  t.  269,  270.     Garciana  cochinchinensis,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochin,  i.  15. 

BuEMA,  the  Andaman  Islands  and  the  Malay  Peninsula.  -Disteib.  Chiua, 
Malay  Islands,  Australia. 


364  CLViii.  PHILYDRACEA.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Philydrum. 

A  tall  stout  herb,  2-3  ft.,  more  or  less  woolly;  stem  simple  or  nearly  so.  Leaves 
1-2  ft.,  distichous  and  equitant  at  the  base,  ensiform,  upper  passing  into  lanceolate 
bracts.  Spike  1-2  ft.,  simple  or  branched,  woolly  ;  bracts  1-2-fld.;  flowers  sessile, 
yellow,  ^  in.  diara.  Sepals  hairy,  many -nerved,  margins  subin  volute  in  bud.  Stamen 
as  long  as  the  sepals,  filament  flattened,  acute;  anther  transverse;  staminodes  sub- 
connate  with  the  filament.  Ovary  1-celled,  placentas  broadly  2 -lobed,  ovules  very 
many  ;  stigma  broad,  3-angled.  Capsule  oblong.  Seeds  narrowly  oblong,  striate 
and  tuberculate,  chalaza  black,  funicle  short  pale. 


Order  CLIX.    XVRZDISS:. 

Tufted  rigid  herbs.  Leaves  radical,  linear  or  subulate.  Scape  simple, 
naked.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  rigid  dark  brown  imbricating  bracts  of  a 
terminal  head  or  spike,  bisexual.  Bracteoles  (sepals?)  3,  deciduous, 
scarious,  embracing  the  claws  of  the  petals,  2  lateral,  1  broader  dorsal 
often  hooded.  Petals  3,  clawed,  claw  erect  spreading,  limb  golden  yellow, 
marcescent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  petals,  included  ; 
anthers  sagittate ;  staminodes  3,  alternating  with  the  inner  segments, 
filiform,  bearded  or  antheriferous,  sometimes  0.  Ovary  free,  imperfectly 
3-celled ;  placentas  3,  many-ovuled,  basal  and  confluent  or  parietal ;  style 
tritid,  stigmas  capitate  or  dilated ;  ovules  anatropous.  Capsule  loculici- 
dally  3-valved,  or  with  the  top  circumsciss.  Seeds  numerous,  linear, 
albumen  flowery,  embryo  minute. — Genera  2,  species  about  50,  one  (Xyris) 
found  in  all  warm  regions  ;  the  other  American. 

XVRXS?  Linn. 
Characters  of  the  Order. 
*  Leaves  distinctly  flat, 

1.  X.  indica^  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  62;  robust,  leaves  loriform  \-^  in.  broad, 
scape  stout  deeply  grooved,  spike  ovoid  or  globose,  bracts  orbicular  or 
cuneately  obovate.  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  204 ;  Roxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  i  179 ;  Mart,  in 
Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  30;  Funtk  Enum.  iv.  20;  Wall.  Gat.  6086  B,  C. ; 
Dalz.  &  Qihs.  Bomb.  Fl.  259 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Lnd.  Bat.  iii.  528 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI. 
Gyp.  288— Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  ix.  t.  7. 

Bengal,  in  low  marshes,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sikkim,  Assam  and  Khasia  Hilis, 
southward  to  Malacca  and  from  the  South  Concan  (in  salt  marshes)  to  Ceylon. — 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  Islands. 

Leaves  1-2  ft.,  spongy,  obtuse.  Scape  as  long,  acutely  angled.  Spike  ^-f  in, ; 
bracts  \  in.  broad,  few  or  many,  dark  red  brown,  shining,  broader  than  long, 
margins  scarious ;  bracteoles  linear-spathulate,  smooth.     Petals  orbicular,  erose. 

2.  X.  robusta,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  ii.  30;  leaves  scape  and 
spike  of  X.  indica,  but  bracts  broadly  ovate-oblong  longer  than  broad. 
Wall.  Cat.  6087.     Kunth  Enum.  iv.  19 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  287. 

Silhet  ;    Wallich. 

Apparently  distinct  from  X.  indica  in  the  form  of  the  bracts ;  probably  also 
in  other    characters    that    are  not  available  in   the   few   dried   specimens   at  my 


3.  X.  anceps,  Lamh.  Lll.  i.  132;    leaves  narrowly  linear  ^-^  in. 
broad  rigid  twisted  much  shorter  than  the  flattened  or  2-edged  grooved 


XyrisJ]  clix.  xyridej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  365 

scape,  margins  smooth  or  scaberulous,  spike  ovoid-oblong,  bracts  orbicular 
pale.  Vahl  JEnum.  ii.  205;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  17;  MiquelFl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
529;  Steud.  Syn,  PI.  Gw.  287.  X.  Walkeri,  Am.  in  Wight  Gat.  2373; 
Kunth  I.  c.  19 ;  Miquel  I.  c.  8uppl.  608.  X.  indica  altera.  Vahl  Symh.  iii. 
7.     X.  malaccensis,  Steud.  I.  c.  287. — Xyris  No.  2,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  123. 

Sandy  places,  often  near  the  sea.  Buema,  Oriffith.  Singapore  and  Malacca, 
Maingay.  South  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon,  Wight,  &c. — Disteib.  Borneo, 
<fec. 

Densely  tufted.  Leaves  6-12  by  -^^-\  in.,  very  rigid,  pungent,  strongly  grooved 
on  both  faces,  pale  green.  Scape  1-2^  ft.,  slender,  rigid.  Spike  \-\  in.,  rarely 
globose  ;  lateral  bracteoles  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  tip  lacerate,  keel  spinulose. 
Petals  toothed. 

4.  X.  Wallichii,  Kunth  Knum.  iv.  16 ;  dwarf,  leaves  gladiate  3-6  by 
^-^  in.  broad  acuminate  flaccid  as  long  as  the  slender  compressed  scape, 
spike  very  small,  bracts  few  obovate-oblong  obtuse.  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp. 
287.— Xyris,  JSTo.  1,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  123;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  161  C—Wall. 
Cat.  6083  C. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  TTallich,  &c.     Burma,  at  Moulmein,  Lobh. 

A  slender  flaccid  loosely  tufted  species.  Leaves  few,  often  falcate,  bright  pale 
green,  faintly  striate.  Scape  usually  filiform,  rarely  stout.  Spike  ^-J  in.  ;  bracts 
rich  brown  with  pale  midrib  and  margins  ;  bi'acteoles  Bubequal,  red-brown,  with 
green  midrib  and  pale  margins;  lateral  spathulately  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  quite 
glabrous.     Petals  oblong,  subcrenate.     Style  very  long. 

**  Leaves  usually  less  than  ^  in.  hroad^  not  distinctly  flattened  {except 
informs  ofjS..  pauciflora). 

6.  X.  schoenoides,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  30;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  acuminate  much  shorter  than  the  very  slender  striate  com- 
pressed scape,  spike  globose  or  ovoid,  bracts  broadly  oblong  obtuse  outer 
nearly  as  long  as  the  inner.  Wall.  Gat.  6084,  and  6083  in  part ;  Kunth 
Enum.  iv.  16  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  529 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  287.  X. 
nilagarensis,  Steud.  Plant.  Kxsicc.  Nilg.  Hohenack.  No.  956. 

Nepal,  Wallich.  Khasia  and  Nilghiei  Hills,  alt.  4-6O0O  ft.,  common. 
Ceylon,  ascending  to  6000  ft., — Disteib.  China. 

Leaves  2-10  in.,  slender,  yxy-^  in.  broad,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  tip.  Scape 
1-2  ft.,  stout.  Spike  i-^  in.  diam.  ;  bracts  almost  rounded,  back  brown,  keeled 
towards  the  rounded  tip  j  lateral  bracteoles  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  dorsal  ovate- 
lanceolate. 

6.  X.  pauciflora,  Willd.Phytogr.  i.  2, 1. 1,  f.  1 ;  Sp.  PI.  i.  255;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  rigid  acute  smooth  or  scaberulous  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  striate  subterete  or  compressed  and  2 -edged  scape,  spike  ovoid  or 
globose,  bracts  orbicular-obovate  pale  thin  with  often  a  green  tip.  Vahl 
PJnum.  ii.  207  ;  Br.  Prodr.  256 ;  Mart,  in  Wall  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  29  ;  Gat. 
6083  A,  B  (C  &  D,  in  part),  and  6086  B  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  529  ;  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  287,  X.  ©ryzetorum,  Miq.  in  Herb.  Hohenack.  n.  369 ; 
Steud.  I.  c.  286. 

Foot  of  the  Himalaya,  in  marshes,  from  Nepal  eastwards  to  Bengal  and  Burma, 
and  southwards  to  Malacca  and  Ceylon. —  Disteib.  Malaya,  China  and 
Australia. 


366  CLix.  XYRiDEjK.     (J.  G.  Baker.)  [Xyris. 

Leaves  3-8  in.,  rarely  ^  in.  broad,  strongly  nerved,  scaberulous  on  the  surface  or 
margin  or  neither.  Spike  ^-^  in.  long  and  broad,  rarely  ovoid.  Lateral  bracteoles 
oblanceolate,  acuminate,  keeled,  hyaline,  quite  glabrous. — Part  of  Wallich's  6083  D 
is  Fimbristylis  tetragona,  Br.  Small  specimens  with  small  spikes  resemble  X. 
hancana,  and  there  are  Mergui  specimens  collected  by  Griffith  and  Lobb  with  leaves 
6-10  by  i-i  in.  and  scape  6-24  in. 

7.  X.  bancana,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  608  ;  dwarf,  leaves  1-2  in. 
filiform  smooth  flexuous  rigid  much,  shorter  than  the  filiform  flexuous 
smooth  compressed  scape,  spike  very  small  ovoid,  bracts  few  obovate 
obtuse. 

Malacca,  in  sandy  places  near  the  sea,  Oriffi,th,  Maingay  ;  Pahang,  Ridley. — 
DiSTRiB.  Banca. 

Resembles  a  small  form  of  X.  pauciflora,  but  much  more  slender  and  rigid,  with 
filiform  scape.  Leaven  ^^  in.  broad,  grooved.  Spike  ^-i  in. ;  bracts  pale,  inner 
hardly  exceeding  the  outer.  Lateral  bracteoles  linear-lanceolate,  strongly  ciliate, 
keel  toothed. 

DOUBTFUL   SPECIES. 

8.  X.  LAPPACEA,  Herb.  Heyne  ex  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Rar.  iii.  30  ;  Wall.  Cat. 
6085;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  16;  Steud.  Syn.  PL  Cyp.  287.— There  is  no  specimen  in 
Wallich's  Herbarium,  only  the  empty  sheet,  with  his  number  and  a  ticket  of  Heyne's 
inscribed  "  Xyris  capeusis,  Restiac.  28,"  across  which  Wallich  has  written  *'  Return.'' 
— The  inference  is  that  the  specimen  was  lent  to  Martius  with  the  others  of  the 
genus  Hud  possibly  never  returned.  The  reference  to  capensis  makes  mo  suspect 
that  it  is  X.  anceps,  which  strongly  resembles  and  may  be  the  same  as  a  Cape 
species. 

Ordee  clx.   comnisZiZNACEs:. 

Herbs,  rarely  climbing  or  undershrnbs.  Leaves  costate,  bases  sheathing, 
nerves  parallel.  Inflorescence  various.  Flowers  usually  bisexual,  more  or 
less  irregular.  Perianth  inferior,  6-partite  ;  3  outer  segments  herbaceous 
often  persistent,  3  inner  petaloid,  free  or  united  in  a  tube  below,  marcescent, 
spreading.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments,  all  antheri- 
ferous  or  2  or  more  reduced  to  staminodes,  filaments  often  bearded  vrith 
jointed  hairs ;  anthers  oblong  or  globose,  often  dissimilar.  Ovary  free, 
2-3-celled;  style  terminal,  stigma  small;  ovules  1  or  few  in  the  inner  angle 
of  the  cells,  orthotropous.  Capsule  loculicidal  or  indehiscent.  Seeds 
angled,  testa  smooth  or  rugose,  albumen  floury ;  embryo  minute,  far  from 
the  hilum. — Genera  25,  species  about  300,  tropical  and  subtropical. 

The  specific  characters,  synonyms,  &c  ,  are  drawn  up,  with  permission,  from 
C.  B.  Clarke's  careful  and  exhaustive  "  Monograph  of  this  Order "  in  Vol.  III. 
of  A.  de  CandoUe's  Monographs  (p.  113  and  seq,),  1881.  I  have  added  to  the 
diagnoses  a  few  subsidiary  characters  that  may  aid  in  the  recognition  of  the 
species. 

Tribe  I.  Follies.     Fruit  indehiscent,  crustaceons. 
Panicle  terminal,  of  scorpioid  cymes 1.  POLLiA. 

Tribe  II.  Commeline^.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Stamens  3  perfect,  with 
1-3  staminodes. 


CLX.  COMMELINACEJ!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  367 

Cymes  solitary,  included  in  a  spathe.     Ovary  3-celled,  cells 

1-2-ovuled 2.  Commelina. 

Cymes  naked,  panicled,  rarely  in  a  spathe .3.  Aneilema. 

Tribe  III,  Tradecantie^.     Capsule  loculicidal.     Stamens  6  perfect. 

Cymes  capitate.     Petals  free 4.  Foerestia. 

Cymes  from  imbricating  bracts,  scorpioid  or  l-fe\v-fld.    Corolla 

tubular  below 5.  CrANOTis, 

Cymes  scorpioid,  panicled  or  spicate.     Stem  twining     ...  6.  Streptolirion. 

Flowers  panicled.     Stem  erect 7.  Floscopa. 

1.  POXiZiIA,  Tliumh. 

Large  herbs.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Cymes  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Sepals 
3.  Petals  smaller,  subequal,  obovate.  Stamens  6,  or  3  with  3  staminodes, 
filaments  naked;  anther-cells  parallel.  Oyan/ 3-celled  ;  cells  2-oo-ovuled. 
Fruit  globose  or  ovoid,  fragile,  blue.  Seeds  smooth. — Species  about  14, 
K.  Asiatic  and  Australian. 

1.  P.  Acllsla,  Hassle.  Commel.  Inch  55;  tall,  robust,  panicle  erect 
lax-fld.,  stamens  6  perfect,  fruit  subglobose,  cells  many-seeded.  Clarke 
Monogr.  123 ;  Comm.  S:  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  32.  P.  indica  j8,  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.Bot.  xi.  451.     Aclisia  JSfo.  2,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.  f.  Sf  T. 

Tropical  EasteBxX  Himalaya;  Nepal  and  Sikkim,  alt.  2-3000  ft. ;  Bhotan, 
Griffith.     Khasia  Mts.,  Silhet,  Assam,  Burma.' — Distrib.  Java,  Tonkin. 

Stem  stout,  erect.  Leaves  8-12  by  22-3^  in.,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole, 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  caudate-acuminate,  glabrous  or  scaberulous,  margins 
crisped.  Peduncle  short,  stout,  villous ;  panicle  rigid,  pubescent;  bracts  oblong; 
bracteoles  acute,  amplexicaul.  Sepals  membranous  and  petals  white.  Seeds  brown, 
flattened  and  angled.     Fruit  ^  in.  diam.,  bright  blue,  shining. 

2.  P.  thyrsiflora,  Endl.  Gen.  1029;  panicle  short  dense-fld., 
stamens  6  perfect,  fruit  ellipsoid,  cells  many-seeded.  Hassk.  in  Plant. 
Jungh.  150,  &  Comm.  Ind.  57  ;  Clarke  Comm.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  33;  Monogr. 
124.  P.  glaucescens,  Teysm,.  Sc  Binnend.  in  Nat.  Tijd.  Ned.  Ind.  xxiv.  305. 
Tradescantia  thyrsiflora,  Blume  PJnum.  i.  6.  Lamprocarpus  thyrsiflorus, 
Blume  ex  Schultes  /.  Syst.  vii.,  Addend.  1726. 

South  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz.— Distrib.  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  stout,  erect,  creeping  below  ;  sheaths  pubescent.  Leaves  10-12  by  2J-3^ 
in.,  oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  1-2  in.  petiole,  glabrous,  margins  crisped. 
Peduncle  stout  and  ovoid  panicle  pubescent ;  bracts  ovate ;  branches  closely 
scarred;  flowers  crowded.  Fruit  yellow-brown  or  blue,  smooth,  dorsally  com- 
pressed. 

3.  P.  sorzogronensis,  Endl.  Gen.  1029 ;  leaves  lanceolate,  panicle 
ovoid  peduncled,  branches  alternate,  stamens  3  perfect,  fruit  globose,  cells 
many-seeded.  Miguel  PI.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  541 ;  Clarke  Monogr.  126.  Aclisia 
sorzogonensis,  E.  Meyer  in  Presl  Pel.  Haenk.  i.  138,  t.  25 ;  Hask.  Comm. 
Ind.  48. 

Eastern  Himalaya  ;  Sikkim  and  Bhotan,  and  southward  to  Burma,  Malacca 
and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  China,  New  Caledonia. 

Stem  stout,. erect,  viscid.     Leaves  6-10  by  2-3  in.,  subsessile  or  shortly-petioled, 


368  CLX.  coMMELiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Pollia- 

glabrous  or  scaberulous  above.  Peduncle  villous  with  deflexed  hairs  ;  panicle  viscidly 
pubescent ;  bracts  oblong,  persistent.  Sepals  elliptic,  glabrous  or  puberulous.  Petals 
white  or  pale  pink.  Fruit  as  in  P.  Aclisia. — The  Indian  forms  occur  under  two 
varieties. 

Var.  indica ;  leaves  subsessile  caudate-acximinate  glabrous  or  puberulous  beneath, 
pedicels  viscid,  sepals  persistent,  the  posterior  pendulous.  P.  indica,  Thwaites  Enum. 
323.  Aclisia  indica,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2068;  Sassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  41.  A.  elegans. 
Hassle.  PI  Jungh.4!9;  Comm.  Ind.  50.  Commelina  secundiflora,  Blume  Enum.  3. 
Aneilema  secundiflorura,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  69. — The  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. 
— Java. 

Var.  gigantea ;  panicle  corymbosely-dichotomous,  branches  panicled  at  the  tips, 
1-2  lower  branches  elongate.  P.  indica,  var.  A,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot. 
xi.  451.  P.  japonica,  Hance  in  Trimen  Journ.  Pot.  1878,  233  (wo*  of  Thunb.). 
Aclisia  gigantea,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  46.  A.  indica,  Herb.  Wt. ;  Clarke  Comm. 
ii:  Cyrt.  Be^ig.  t.  29.  Aneilema  didymum.  Wall.  Cat.  5202. — From  Sikkim  eastwards 
and  southwards. — China. 

4.  P.  subumbellata,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  xi.  451 ; 
Monogr.  129 ;  panicle  sessile  depressed,  branches  subumbellately  decarved, 
stamens  3  perfect,  capsule  globose,  cells  many-seeded.  Aclisia  nmbellata, 
Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  30.  Aneilema  reniforme,  Ham.  in  Wall. 
Cat.  520b.     Aneilema,  sp.  Wall.  Cat.  9070.     A.  sp.  3,  He^^b.  Ind.  Or.  H. 

f.  So  T.  Dictyospermum  Wightii,  var.  robustum,  Hassk,  Commelin.  Ind. 
19. 

Eastebn  Himalaya  ;  Sikkim,  the  Bhotan  and  Mishmi  hills,  ascending  to 
6000  ft.     Assam,  Silhet,  Cachab  and  Munnipoee. 

Stem  creeping  and  rooting  below,  then  suberect.  Leaves  3-4  by  1-2  in., 
petioled,  elliptic-lanceolate,  caudate-acuminate,  scaberulous  on  both  surfaces. 
Panicle  puberulous ;  bracts  small ;  bracteoles  amplexicaul,  persistent,  glabrous. 
Sepals  rounded,  glabrous,  enclosing  the  globose  blue  fruit  which  is  ^-\  in.  diam. 
Petals  white.     Seeds  trapezoid,  dorsally  much  flattened,  brown,  smooth. 

5.  P.  pentasperzna,  Clarke  Monogr.  129 ;  panicle  peduncled  ovate- 
lanceolate,  stamens  3  perfect,  frait  ovoid  narrowed  into  a  long  beak  acute, 
cells  1-2-seeded. 

Khasia  Hills;  at  Shillong,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Clarke.  Munnipgee;  on  Kohima, 
alt.  6000  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stem  erect ;  sheaths  long,  pubescent.  Leaves  3-6  by  1^-2^  in.,  shortly-petioled, 
caudate-acuminate,  elliptic,  acute  i  at  both  ends,  slightly  scaberulous  above  and 
pubescent  beneath.  Peduncle  pubescent  with  deflexed  hairs,  subumbellate  ;  bracts 
oblong;  bracteoles  imbricate,  ochreate,  persistent.  Sepals  puberulous,  accrescent. 
Fruit  ^  in.  long  including  the  beak,  which  is  as  long  as  the  body,  hard,  smooth, 
brown,  shining.     Seeds  much  compressed,  rugulose. 


2.  qOBIBIEZ.INA,  Linn. 

Herbs,  usually  slender  and  creeping  below.  Mowers  in  usually  2-fid 
cymes,  emerging  one  at  a  time  from  a  terminal  complicate  or  funnel-shaped 
or  cucuUate  spathe,  flowers  of  upper  branch  of  cyme  small,  deciduous,  of 
lower  fertile;  frniting  pedicel  and  capsule  retracted  within  the  spathe. 
Sepals  3,  membranous,  2  inner  often  connate  at  the  base.  Petals  longer, 
one  larger  and  often  clawed.  Stamens  3  perfect,  and  2-3  imperfect ;  anthers 
oblong,  one  usually  largest.  Ovar^  3-rarely  2-celled,  2  cells  1-2-ovuled, 
third  cell  if  present  1-ovuled  or  empty.  Capsule  loculicidal,  the  posticous 
cell  sometimes  indehiscent  or  0,  or  the  2  anticous  cells  empty  connate  in- 


CommeUna.]  clx.  coMMELiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  369 

dehiscent  and  forming  a  persistent  ligulate  body,  from  which  the  posticous 
falls  away.  Seeds  ellipsoid  or  angled,  reticulate  pitted  or  rugose. — Species 
about  90,  all  tropical  and  subtropical. 

C.  coelestis,  Willd.,  a  handsome  robust  pubescent  or  tomentose  large-fld.  species, 
a  native  of  Mexico,  is  cultivated  in  gardens,  and  occurs  as  an  escape  at  Darjiling 
and  probably  elsewhere. 

Subgen.  1.  Didymoon?  Clarke.  Two  anticons  cells  of  the  ovary 
2-ovuled,  posticous  1-ovuled  or  obsolete. 

Sect.  I.  EucoMMELiNA.  Capsuh  3-celled,  two  anticous  cells  loculicidal, 
each  usually  2-seeded ;  the  posticous  keeled,  deciduous,  at  length  dehiscent, 
l-seeded ;  seeds  free  in  the  cells.    Petals  blue. 

*  Spathes  complicate,  margin  free  or  connate  at  the  very  base  only. 

1.  C.  nudlflora^  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  41  (not  of  others)  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
spathes  peduncled  ovate-lanceolate  complicate,  seeds  cylindric  reticulate 
black.  C.  communis,  Walt.  Fl.  Carol.  68;  Wall.  Gat.  8978,  D,  E,  C; 
Kunth  Enum.  iv.  36  {Excl.  Syn.)  ;  Clarke  Comm.  Sc  Cyrt.  JBeng.  t.  i. ; 
Monogr.  144,  t.  i.  f.  5,  6.  C.  caespitosa,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  174,  Ed.  Wall. 
Sr  Carey,  i.  178.  0.  diffusa,  Burnt.  Fl.  Ind.  18,  t.  7,  f.  2.  C.  agraria,  Kunth 
I.  c.  38 ;  Hassle.  Commelin.  Ind.  26 ;  Webb  Sc  Berthel.  Phyt.  Canar.  iii.  356, 
t.  238  ;  Seub.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  iii.  i.  261,  t.  36,  f.  3.  C!  salicifolia,  Bojer 
Sort.  Maurit.  360;  Thwaites  Enum.  321  {in  part).  0.  longicaulis, 
Jacq.  Coll.  iii.  234,  t.  294.  C.  deficiens,  Flor.  des  Serres,  t.  1824  {not  of 
Hook.). 

Throughout  the  hotter  parts  of  India  from  the  Panjab  to  Ceylon  and 
Singapore. — Disteib.  tropics  and  subtropics. 

Stem  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes  or  subscandent.  Leaves  1^-3  by  ^-|  in., 
glabrous  scaberulous  or  puberulous,  ciliate.  Spathes  |-1  in.,  acute,  base  rounded  or 
cordate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  striate;  peduncle  ^-f  in.,  cymes  2,  branches  1-3-fld. 
Smaller  petals  blue,  outer  pale  or  white. 

2.  C.  sikkimensis,  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  6 ;  Monogr.  147 ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  spathes  peduncled  ovate-lanceolate  complicate,  seeds 
pyramidal  rugose. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  2-4000  ft.  /.  D.  B.  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3^000 
ft.,  Griffith. 

Stem  slender,  widely  creeping  and  rooting.  Leaves  2-3  by  \-\  in.,  base  unequal 
usually  rounded.  Spathes  l|-2  in.,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  acuminate,  base  cordate; 
peduncles  ^-1  in. ;  cymes  2-fid  upper  branch  6-12.fld.  Petals  blue.  Capsules  4-8. 
Seeds  puberulous,  brown  black. 

3.  C.  subulata,  Both  Nov.  Sp.  23;  slender,  leaves  linear,  spathes 
very  small  subsessile  ovate-lanceolate  falcate  complicate,  seeds  pyramidal 
rugose,  Clarke  Monogr.  148 ;  Wall.  Cat.  8979.  C.  striata,  &  0.  subauran- 
tiaca,  Hochst.  mss. ;  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  44  &  658.  C.  linearifolia,  Kunth 
I.  c.  43.  Tradescantia  triflora,  Heyne  in  Herh.  Eottl. :  Sckultesf.  Syst.  vii. 
1176.  .      " 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  Heyne,  Wight,  cf-fi.— Distrib.  Trop.  Africa. 

Stem  erect  from  a  fibrous  root,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  1-3  by  -^-^  in., 
acuminate,  tips  often  hooked,  nearly  glabrous ;  sheaths  very  short,  glabrous  or 
villously  ciliate.  Spathes  i  in.  long,  scattered  or  clustered,  acute,  pubescent,  base 
VOL.  VI.  B  b 


f370  CLX.  coMMELiNAOEJ).     (J.  B.  Hooker.}  j^Commelina. 

cordate.  Flowers  small,  orauge-purple  or  violet.  Capsules  2  jtn  each  raceme, 
small,  3-5-seeded,  dorsal  valve  at  length  2-partite.  Seeds  puberulous,  deeply 
transversely  grooved. 

4.  C-  salicifolia,  Boxb.  :FI.  Ind.  i.  172,  Ud.  Garey  ^  Wail.  i.  176 ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  spathes  peduncled  lanceolate  complicate,  seeds 
globose  smooth  truncate  appendiculate.  Clarke  Gomm.  Sf  Cyrt.  Beng.  t. 
2  {not  of  Bojer) ;  Monogr.  157  ?  Hassh.  Gommelin.  Ind.  27.  C.  pedunculosa, 
LinJcflahrb.  iii.  74  {in  part).  0.  communis.  Wall.  Cat.  8978  C,  D,  F,  G,  I 
{in  part,  not  of  Linn.). 

From  Assam  and  Bengal,  southward  and  westward  to  the  Concan  and 
CoEOMANDEL. — DiSTEiB.  Java  ?  Hong  Kong*. 

Stem  slender,  diflfuse,  with  long  internodes.  Leaves  3-6  by  ^-^  in.,  nearly 
glabrous,  sheaths  ciliolate.  Spathes  1^-2  in.,  axillary,  solitary,  acute  or  acuminate, 
base  rounded;  branches  of  cyme  1-2-fld.  Flowers  small,  dark  blue.  Seeds  black, 
powdered  with  white. 

5.  C,  Kasskarlii,  Clarhe  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  5  ;  Monogr.  157 ; 
stem  much  branched  glabrous  or  pubescent,  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate 
subacute,  spathes  peduncled  cordate  glabrous  scabrid  or  hispid  complicate, 
seeds  cylindric-conic  smooth  not  appendaged.  C.  salicifolia,  -yctr.  brevi- 
folia,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Hf.  &  T.  C.  communis,  Wall.  Cat.  8978  F.  {in 
part). 

The  Upper  Gangetic  Plain  ;  Kumaon  and  from  Delhi  eastward  to  Assam 
and  Bengal,  and  southward  to  the  Deccan  Peninsula.  Malwa,  on  Mt.  Aboo, 
Buthie. 

Stem  much  branched,  scabrid  or  glabrate.  Leaves  1-3  by  |-f  in.,  subacute  or 
obtuse,  sheaths  short,  glabrous  or  sparsely  .ciliate.  Spathes  ^1  in.,  axillary, 
scattered,  base  rounded,  longer  than  their  peduncle  ;  cymes  pubescent,  upper  branch 
2-4,  lower  1-2-fld.     Seeds  truncate  at  one  end,  subacute  at  the  other. 


*# 


Sfathe funnel-shaped  or  hooded. 


6.  C.  ben^halensis,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  41 ;  stem  glabrous  or  .pubes- 
cent, leaves  elliptic-ovate  obtuse,  or  tip  rounded,  spathes  1-3  together 
turbinate  base  auricled  on  one  side,  capsule  5-seeded,  seeds  rugose. 
Clarke  Comm.  Sc  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  4 ;  Monogr.  159  ;  Wall.  Cat.  8980  A,  C, 
D,  E,  F,  a  {in  part) ;  IIas.s]c.  Gomm.  Ind.  28,  29 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
533.  Wight^  Ic.  t.  2065.  C.  nervosa,  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  18,  t.  7,  f.  3.  £). 
cucullata,  Linn.  Mant.  176.  C.  mollis,  Jacq.  Collect,  iii.  235  ;  Ic.  Rar.  t. 
293.  C.  canescens,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  173 ;  Webb  &  Berth.  Plyt.  Canar  iii. 
358,  t.  239.  C.  turbinata,  Vahl  I.  c.  171.  C.  procurrens,  Schlecht.  in 
Linnaea  xxiv..  656,  xxv.  183;  Begel  Gartenfl.  iii.  t.  104,  iv.  44;  Seub.  in 
Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  iii.  i.  266.  C.  prostrata,  Begel  I.  c.  1868,  289,  t.  592,  f. 
1  {not  of  H,  B,  K).     C.  delicatula»  Schlecht.  in  Begel  I.  c.  iii.  349,  t.  104. 

Throughout  India;  ascending  to  6000  ft.  in  the  Himalaya. — Distrib.  trop. 
Asia  and  Africa. 

Stem  creeping  and  rooting  below.  'Leaves  1-3  by  i-l\  in.,  sessile  or  petioled, 
base  suddenly  contracted  or  rounded;  sheaths  pubescent  or  villous,  often  bearded 
or  ciliate.  Spathes  \-\^  in.  long  and  broad,  pubescent  or  hirsute;  upper  branch 
of  cymes  2-3-fld.,  lower  1-2-fld.  or  suppressed.  Flowers  blue.  Capsule  mem- 
branous, shining,  dorsal  value  striolate.     Seeds  closely  pitted. 

Sect.  2.  Hetergcarptjs,  Clarice.  Capsule  3-celled,  lateral  cells  0-2- 
seeded,  dehiscent,  dorsal  not  keeled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  deciduous; 
seed  free  or  adnate  to  the  celL     Petals  yellow,  or  blue. 


Commelina.']  CLX.  coMMELiNACEJi).     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  371 

7.  C»  hirsuta,  Clarke  Monogr.  163  ;  dwarf,  hirsnte  or  glabrate,  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  spathes  long-peduncled  ovate-cordate •  or  lanceolate  com- 
plicate, capsule  with  the  lateral  cells  empty,  dorsal  adnate  to  the  ellipsoid 
smooth  seed.  0.  nilagirica,  Steud.  in  HohenacJc  PI.  Exsicc.  p.  1316  {in 
part).    Heterocarpus  hirsntus,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2067. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  Belgaum,  Ritchie;  Nilghiri  hills  ascending  to  6000^ ft. 
WigU,  Sfc. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  erect,  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  2-3  by  \-\  in.,^acute  or 
acuminate,  more  or  less  hirsute  on  both  surfaces.  Spathes  |-1  in.,  hirsute  or 
villous,  acuminate,  base  cordate,  peduncle  1-2  in.  Floiuers  yellow,  drying  blue. 
Capsule  with  the  lateral  valves  linear,  dorsal  ellipsoid,  subrugose. 

8.  C.  grlabra^  Clarke  Monogr.  163;  nearly  glabrous,  leaves  small 
sessile  narrowly  oblong  obtuse,  spathes  peduncled  ovate-lanceolate  com- 
plicate, capsule  with  the  lateral  cells  linear  empty,  dorsal  globose 
membranous,  seed  free  globose.     Heterocarpus  glaber,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2067. 

The  Southern  Deccan  Peninsula;  on  low  hills,  Wight,  Sfc. 

Stem  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  branched,  slender,  pubescent  on  one  side. 
Leaves  li-2  by  \-\  in.,  glabrous,  margins  of  the  sheaths  villous.  Spathes  ^-1  in., 
longer  than  their  peduncle,  glabrous  pubescent  or  ciliate,  acuminate,  base  deeply 
cordate;  peduncle  scaberulous.    Flowers  small,  orange-yellow. 

9.  C.  Porskalaei,  Vahl  JEnum.  ii.  172;  glabrate,  leaves  sessile 
narrowly  oblong  obtuse,  spathes  ovate  or  orbicular  shortly  peduncled 
complicate  or  hooded  acute,  capsule  with  the  lateral  cells  0-1-seeded, 
dorsal  striate,  seeds  subglobose  smooth.  Clarke  Monogr.  168 ;  Hassk.  in 
Schweinf.  Beitr.  Fl.  ^thiop.  208.  C.  falcata,  Hassk.  in  Peter's  Mossamh. 
Bot.  527. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  in  the  Concan,  Jacquemont,  &c. — Disteib.  Afric. 
trop. 

Stetn  diffuse,  rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  1-2  by  ^-J  in.,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  margins  often  undulate.  Spathes  i  in.,  broader  than  long,  often  hispid,  base 
cuneate,  or  broadly  truncate.  Fetals  blue.  Seeds  lead-colrd.,  appendage  0. — 
Leafless  suckers  bear  deformed  capsules  that  ripen  underground. 

Sect.  III.  DissECOCARPUS,  Clarke.  Capsule  2-celled,  rarely  with  a 
dorsal  cell  which  is  empty  or  contains  an  imperfect  seed;  lateral  cells  1-2- 
seeded.     Flowers  blue  or  white. 

10.  C.  clavata,  Clarke  Comm.  Sc  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  5,  Monogr.  171,  t.  2, 
f.  2  ;  glabrous  or  puberulous,  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  spathes  peduncled 
ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  complicate,  seeds  terete  faintly  reticulate.  0. 
salicifolia,  Thwaites  JEnum.  321  {in  part).  C.  nilagirica,  Steud.  PI. 
Hohenack.  No.  1316  {in  part).  C.  nov.  sp.  Miguel  Plant.  Exsicc.  Hohenack. 
No.  QQ.     C.  communis,  Wall.  Cat.  8978  L.  {in  part). 

Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  Concan  southwards,  ascending  to  6000  ft.  in  the 
Nilghiris.     Ceylon  common. — Disteib.  Java. 

Stem  1-3  ft.,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  ^-3  by  J-|  in.,  acuminate,  base 
naiTOwed.  Spathes  1-1^  in,,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  shorter  than  their  peduncler 
base  rounded ;  cymes  on  long  capillary  pedicels.  Petals  lilac.  Capsules  usually 
2,  oblong-quadrate,  constricted  in  the  middle.  Seeds  4,  nearly  black,  two  lowe, 
often  imperfect. — Possibly  a  variety  of  0.  nudijlora,  differing  in  the  absent  or  empty 
dorsal  cells  of  the  capsule. 

Var.  /8.  Hohenackeri,  Clarke  1.  c. ;  leaves  oblong  subacute,  spathes  smaller  tip 
acuminate — Nilghiris  {Hohenack.  No.  1066). 

B  b  2 


372  cLX- ■^coMMELiNACE.E. "  (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \Gommelina. 

11.  C.  persicarisefolia,  Wight  in  Wall.  Gat.  8984  {not  of  DC)  ; 
nearly  glabrous,  leaves  large  petioled  ovate-cordate  or  lanceolate,  spathes 
broadly  ovate-cordate  peduncled  complicate,  seeds  oblong  terete  smooth  or 
obscurely  rugose.  Glarke  Monogr.  171.  0.  paludosa,  Burm.  Thes.  Zeyl.69 
t.  20,  f.  2  ;  Moon  Cat.  PI.  Ceyl.  5  {not  of  Blume).  C.  benghalensis,  Wall. 
Cat.  8980  H. 

Deocan  Peninsula,  Rottler,    Dindygul,  Wight.     Ceylon,  Regnaud. 

Stems  diffuse.  Leaves  3-5  by  1-2  in.,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  base 
rounded.     Spathes  1  in.,  base  truncate,  peduncle  as  long.      Capsule  oblong,  obtuse. 

Var.  ^. geniculata,  Clarke  I.e.  leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate. — C.  communis 
var.  geniculata.  Wall.  Cat.,  8978  N.  Burma,  at  Segain, — Mixed  in  Wallich's 
distribution  with  ohliqua  and  Kuvzii. 

12.  C-  attenuata,  Koen.  mss.  in  Vahl  JEnum.  ii.  168  ;  glabrous  or 
hirsute,  leaves  small  sessile  linear  or  lanceolate,  spathes  peduncled  oblong- 
or  ovate-lanceolate  deeply  cordate,  capsule  1-celled,  with  2  superposed 
seeds  truncate  and  appendaged  at  both  ends,  or  1  subglobose  seed.  Clarke 
Monogr.  172.  C.  rajmahalensis,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Son.  Bot.  xi.  444, 
Comm.  Sf  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  7;  Monogr.  172.  C.  repens,  Soxb.  in  Heyne  mss. 
C.  communis,  Wall.  Gat.  8978  B  {in  part). 

Bbhar,  Central  India,  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula  in  dry  places  common. 
Ceylon,  Walker. 

Stems  12-18  in.,  tufted,  much  branched,  rather  slender.  Leaves  1-2  by  \-^  in., 
obtuse  or  subacute,  often  complicate  and  usually  recurved.  Spathes  |-li  in.,  acute 
or  caudate-acuminate,  longer  than  their  peduncles,  base  auricled,  deeply  cor4ate. 
Flowers  small,  blue.  Capsule  oblong-subquadrate,  not  constricted  in  the  middle,  either 
1-celled  with  2  superposed  seeds,  or  with  one  subglobose  seed.  iSeeds  straw-colrd:,  or 
ashy. 

Subgen.  II.  Monoon,  Glarke.    All  the  cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled. 

Sect.  4.  Trithyrocarpus.  Capsule  3-celled,  subequally  3-valved. 
Seeds  free  in  the  cells. 

13.  C.  obliqua,  JSam.  in  Don  Prodr.  45  {not  of  Vahl) ;  stem  stout, 
leaves  lanceolate,  spathes  subsessile  solitary  or  crowded  funnel-shaped, 
capsule  trigonous  obovoid,  seeds  ellipsmd  compressed.  Clarke  Comm.  & 
Cijrt.  Beng.  t.  9,  10,  11 ;  Monogr.  178,  t.  2,  f.  3.  0.  polyspatha,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2066. '  C.  maculata,  &  C.  striata,  Edgetv.  in  Trans.  Jjinn.  Sac.  xx.  89  ; 
Wall.  Cat.  8983  &  8981  {in  part)  0.  semi-ovata.  Ham.  in  Wall  Cat.  8985. 
C.  communis,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  171 ;  Ed.  Wall.  Sf  Carey  i.  175  {not  of 
Linn.).  C.  Donii,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  395.  C.  paludosa,  Blume  JEnum.  i.  2. 
Heterocarpus  ?  obliquus,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  7. 

Throughout  India,  from  the  base  of  the  Himalaya  to  6000  ft. ;  the  Western 
Ghats  and  Singapore.     Ceylon,  not  common. — Distrib.  Malay  Islds. 

Stem  tall,  2-3  ft.,  branched.  Leaves  very  variable,  4-7  by  1-2  in.,  sessile  or 
petioled,  acute  or  caudate-acuminate,  glabrous  pubescent  or  villous  beneath  ;  sheaths 
f  in.,  margins  often  bearded.  Spathes  |-1^  in.  long  and  broad,  sessile  or  peduncled, 
usually  in  terminal  heads,  acute,  glabrous  scabrid  villous  or  glandular-hirsute  with 
red  hairs;  raceme  usually  simple  (no  lower  branch).  Petals  blue.  Seeds  lead- 
coloured,  margins  often  marbled.— C?.  maculata  is  a  smaller  more  slender  very 
viscidly  villous  form.  A  small  state  from  P  irjeeling,  alt.  5-7000  ft.  (Clarke)  has 
leaves  only  1-1|  by  ^-f  in. 

14.  C.  paleata,  Hassk.  PI.  Jungh.  139;  stem  stout,  leaves  elliptic  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  spathes   shortly  peduncled  scattered  broadly    ovate 


Commelina.']  olx.  oommelinace.e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  373 

cucullate,  seeds  broadly  ellipsoid  smooth.  Clarke  Monogr.  178.  Comme- 
Hna,  sp.  No.  6.  Herh.  Ind.  or  Hf.  Sf  T.  Trithyrocarpus  paleatus  &  T.^ 
oligospathus,  Sassk.  Gommel.  Ind.  25. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  the  Concan  and  Malabar,  Law,  Stoclcs,  «&a. — Disteib. 
Java. 

Stem  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves  3-6  by  1-2  in.,  glabrous  or  scaberulous, 
acuminate,  base  rounded  or  cuneate.  Spathes  ^  in.,  crowded  or  not,  scaberulous 
or  finely  pubescent,  striate,  base  broad,  rhomboid.  Petals  blue.  Seeds  dark 
brown,  sometimes  margined  with  white,  broader  and  less  compressed  than  in  C. 
obliqua,  of  which  it  is  perhaps  a  var.  with  peduncled  spathes. 

15.  Ci  undulata,  Br.  Prodr.  270  ;  stem  stout,  leaves  lanceolate 
waved,  spathes  subsessile  ovate  hooded  acute,  seeds  shortly  ellipsoid 
smooth.  Clarke  Monogr.  179.  C.  ensifolia,  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  Fhyt.  viii. 
60 ;  Benth.  FL.  Austral,  vii.  83  (m  ^art)  {not  of  Br.).  C.  setosa,  Wight  in 
Wall.  Gat.  8981  D. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  in  the  southern  provinces,  Wight. — Distbib.  Australia 
China,  Philippine  Islds.,  &c. 

No  doubt  a  slight  variety  of  C.  obliqua.  Clarke  refers  the  only  Indian  specimen 
(Wight's)  to  a  variety  (jS.  setosa)  with  elongate  leaves  4-5  by  i-i  in.  The  locality 
given,  *'Nopaloy,"  is  meant  for  Nopalry,  cultivated  Opuntia  fields  in  which  Wight 
found  many  weeds.     J.  D.  H. 

Sect.  5.  Hetebopyxis.  Capsule  3-celled,  2-valved,  the  dorsal  cell 
indehiscent,  deciduous,  of  ten 'scabrid.     Seed  adnate  to  the  cell. 

16.  C-  albescens,  Hassk.  in  Schweinf.  Beifr.  Fl.  Mthiop.  210 ;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  spathes  subsessile  strongly  recurved  hooded 
auricled  on  one  side  falcately  hooked  on  the  other,  seeds  ellipsoid  com- 
pressed smooth.  Clarke  Monogr.  184.  C.  striata,  Wall.  Cat.  8981  {in 
part,  not  of  others).  C.  Schimperiana  and  multicaulis,  Hochst.  in 
Schimp.  Herb.  No.  1242  and  No.  2268.  Commelina,  Sp.  3,  Herh.  Ind.  Or. 
Ef.  &  T. 

SciND,  Stocks,  &c. — Distbib.  Beluchistan,  Arabia,  trop.  Africa. 

Stem  1-2  ft,,  thickened  at  the  base,  glabrous.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^-^  in.,  margins 
white,  often  waved.  Spathes  |  in.  long  and  broad  as  folded,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
hispid ;  raceme  usually  simple.  Petals  blue.  Seeds  black,  spotted  with  dull 
yellow. 

17.  C  Iturzii,  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  xi.  144;  Gomm.  Sf 
Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  8 ;  Monogr.  185,  t.  2,  f .  4 ;  stem  stout,  leaves  subsessile 
narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate  scaberulous  puberulous  or  hirsute,  spathes 
sessile  usually  capitate  cucullate  or  broadly  cordate  and  complicate  acute, 
seeds  in  the  lateral  cells  broadly  ellipsoid  compressed  smooth,  in  the 
dorsal  hemispheric.  0.  longifolia,  Thwaites  Enum.  322  {not  of  Lamk.).  C. 
communis,  and  C.  striata.  Wall.  Cat.  8978  C,  D  {in  part)  and  8981  C  {in 
part).     0.  augustifolia,  Sassk.  as  to  Thwaites  C.  P.  3224.     Commelina,  Sp. 

Wall.  Cat.  8982. 

The  SouTHEEN  Deccan  Peninsula,  Malabir  and  the  Nilghiris,  Bottler,  &c. 
Ceylon,  common.  f  <i 

Stem  1-2  ft,,  hairy  or  glabrate.  Leaves  2-6  by  |-f  in.,  acuminate,  sheaths 
ciliate.  Spathes  recurved,  solitary  or  clustered,  f  in.  long  and  broad,  raceme 
simple.  Petals  blue.  Capsule  with  the  dorsal  cell  scabrid. — Hardly  distinguish- 
able from  the  common  American  C.  virginica,  L.,  except  by  its  country  and  slightly 


374  CLX.  COMMELINACE^.     (J.  D.  Hcioker.)  \Gommelina, 

by  its  hairyness.      A  variety  {&.  glocliidea  Keen.  mss.  Wall.  Cat.  8981  B.  {in  part) 
has  elliptic-lanceolate  scabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  leaves. 

18.  C>  appendiculata,  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  13 ;  Monogr. 
186  ;  leaves  sessile  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  spathes  very  long-peduncled 
lanceolate  deeply  cordate  complicate,  seeds  oblong  smooth,  appendaged  at 
both  ends,  or  in  the  dorsal  cell  smaller  or  0.  C.  communis  var.  acuminata, 
Wall.  Gat.  8978  K.  C  alba,  Ham.  mss. — Commelina,  sp.  4,  Serb.  Ind.  Or, 
Sf.  8f  T. 

NoRTHEEN  Bengal,  Mamilton;  Mymensingh,  Clarice.  Sikkim  Himalaya; 
foot  of  the  hills,  J.  JD.  H.,  Clarke.     Silhet,  Clarke.     Ceylon,  Macrae,  ^c. 

Diffusely  branched,  1-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  4-6  by  \-\  in.,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
nearly  glabrous.  Spathes  2-3  in.,  glabrous  without,  hairy  within,  striate,  caudate- 
acuminate,  base  cordate ;  raceme  2-nd.  Petals  blue  or  white.  Capsule  2-  or 
3-celled  (the  dorsal  often  0).  Seeds  somewhat  flattened,  nearly  black,  appendages 
conical. 

Sect.  6.  Spathodithyros.  Capsule  2-cel\ed.  {^eeidao  G.appendiculata.) 

19.  C.  suflfruticosa,  Blume  Enum.  3 ;  stem  stout,  leaves  large 
sessile  lanceolate  scabridly  pubescent,  spatbes  small  shortly  peduncled 
broadly  ovate-cordate  between  cucuUate  and  complicate,  seeds  ellipsoid 
rugose.  Clarke  Comm.  Sf  Cyrt.  Beng.  12  ;  Monogr.  188,  t.  2,  f.  5.  0. 
semiovata,  Wall.  Gat.  8985  C,  E.  0.  Simsoni  8c  C.  rugulosa,  Clarke  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  xi.  446.  Spatboditbyros  sufEruticosus,  Hassk. 
Comm.  Ind.  11. 

Tropical  India  from  Nepal,  Sikkim  and  Bengal  to  Central  India  and  the 
Malay  Peninsula. — Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 

Stem  branched,  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  3-14  by  f-2  in.,  acuminate ;.  sheaths 
auricled.  Spathes  ^— |  in.  long  and  broad,  longer  than^  their  peduncle,  panicled 
or  clustered,  acute  or  obtuse,  villous  ;  raceme  simple,  6-12-fld.  Petals  white  or 
blue.     Seeds  straw-colrd.,  puberulous. 

20.  C.  ensifolia,  Br.  Prodr.  269 ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  spatbes 
very  shortly  peduncled  broadly  ovate  acute  cucullate,  seeds  ellipsoid 
smooth.  Clarke  Monogr.  188;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  83  {in  part).  C. 
striata,  Wall.  Gat.  8981  {in  part).  C.  lunata,  Heyne  mss.  Commelina  sp. 
striates  affinis,  Edgw.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  90. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Rottler,  &c.     Ceylon,  Walker,  &c. — Disteib.  Australia. 

Stem  12-18  in.,  slender.  Leaves  2-4  by  \-^  in.,  glabrous,  or  with  deciduous 
hairs,  or  villous.  Spathes  |-§  in.,  glabrous  or  hairy,  base  truncate  on  one  margin, 
hooked  at  the  other;  raceme  simple. 

Doubtful  and  indeteeminable  species. 

C.  AVEN.EFOLIA,  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  224;  leaves  sparsely  hairy,  sheaths  hairy, 
spathes  truncate. — Bombay,  near  Kandalla. 

C.  NiMMONiANA,  Grah.  1.  c. ;  small,  leaves  linear  acuminate  discoloured. — 
Bombay,  on  Malabar  hill  and  near  Rosa  and  Ellora.       .  /     '  ^        - 

C.  zeylanica,  Falkenh.  in  Just.  Jahresh.,  iv.  406,  408,  name  only. 

0.  COMMUNIS,  Linn,  and  C.  bengalensis,  Linn.,  of  Dalzell  &  Gibson  Bomb. 
Flor.  are  undeterminable  from  the  descriptions. 

3.    anezi.i:]m:a,  Br. 

Simple  or  branched,  often  tuberous  rooted  herbs.  Flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  panicles,  bracteate  and  bracteolate ;  bracts  not  spatbaceous. 


Aneilema.']  clx.  coMMELiNAOEa;,     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  375 

Sepals  3,  free,  membranous.  Petals  3,  obovate,  eqaal.  Stamens  2  or  3, 
filaments  naked  or  bearded ;  anthers  oblong,  one  usually  smaller  or  larger 
than  the  others :  staminodes  2-4,  rarely  with  minute  polliniferous  anthers. 
Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled,  cells  1-2,  many  ovuled.  Capsule  loculicidal,  cells 
1  or  more  seeded.  Seeds  with  a  thick  hard  rugose  or  pitted  testa. — Species 
about  60,  tropical  and  subtropical,  chiefly  Asiatic. 

Subgen.  I.  Tricarpellarla  ;  Clarke.     Capsule  3-celled  3-valved. 

Sect.  1.  EuANETLEMA.  Cclls  of  ovary  2-oo -ovuled.  Seeds  1 -seriate  in 
each  cell. 

*  Cells  of  ovary  3-qo -ovuled,  of  capsule  1-  3-  or  more-seeded  (see 
also  A.  nudiflorum).  ^ 

a.  Flowers  panicled  on  a  radical  or  suhradical  rarely  leafy  scape. 

1.  A.  grlaucunii  Thwaites  mss.  in  Clarhe  Monogr.  200;  leaves  large 

rosulate  broadly  ensiform,  scape  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  panicle 
spreading  lax-fld.,  bracts  small  not  sheathing,  capsule  triquetrous,  seeds 
5-8-superposed  in  each  cell. 

Travancore  ;  OH  the  Tinnevelly  hills,  Beddome.  Ceylon,  Thwaites  (C.  P. 
3977). 

Root  fibrous.  Leaves  3-6  by  1-1^  in.,  acuminate,  margin  crisped  scabrid. 
Scape  and  broad  panicle  8-12  in. ;  bracteoles  small ;  panicle  widely  spreading, 
branches  very  slender.  Stamens  3,  antliers  subsimilar ;  staminodes  2.  Capsule 
5   in.,   oblanceolate,  acute.     Seeds   straw-colrd.,  with  a  white   minutely  reticulate 


2.  A.  scapifloruxn,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2073 ;  leaves  narrowly  ensiform, 
scape  erect,  panicle  strict  elongate,  bracts  large  sheathing,  capsule  ellip- 
soid trigonous,  seeds  3-6-superposed  in  each  cell.  Clarke  Gomm.-  Sc  Cyrt. 
Beng.  14  ;  Monogr.  200  t.  4,  f.  i.  A.  tuberosum,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5207  ; 
3alz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  255.  A.  serotinum,  Bon  mss.  Commelina  scapi- 
flora,  Eoxb.  FL  Ind.  i.  175,  Murdannia  tuberosa,  Eoyle  III.  403,  t.  95. 
Tradescantia  aphylla,  Heyne  mss. 

Temperate  and  Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  the  upper  Gangetic  plain  east- 
wards to  Bhotan,  and  westwards  to  Travancore  and  Tenasserim,  Ceylon  and  the 
Shan  hills. 

J2oo^*  of  elongated  tubers,  ieaves  4-10  in.,  all  radical,  erect,  finely  acuminate. 
Scape  with  the  narrow  panicle  8-18  in. ;  lower  bracts  long,  upper  small  amplexicaul. 
■Flowers  small.  Capsule  \  in.,  mucronate.  Seeds  in  a  triangular  column,  angled, 
straw-colrd.,  with  a  white  minutely  reticulate  and  glandular  epidermis. 

3.  A.  Xioureirii,  Sance  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bat.  1868,  250;  leaves 
ensiform,  scape  radical  1-2-leaved,  panicle  narrow,  flowers  fascicled 
in  the  sheathing  bracts,  sepals  glandular-pubescent,  capsule  elliptic-oblong 
trigonous,  seeds  3-5-superposed  in  each  cell.  Clarke  Monogr.  201.  A. 
spectabile,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  1871,  ii.  77 ;  Clarke  Comm.  & 
Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  20.  A.  spicatum.  Wall.  Cat.  5217.  Commelina  tuberosa, 
Lour.  Fl.  Cochin  Ed.  Willd.  i.  50. 

Tenasserim,  Wallich,  Heifer  (Kew  Bistrih.  5528),  &c. — Distbib.  Siam,  Malay 
Islds.,  China. 

Root  of  fascicled  elongated  tubers.  Leaves  all  radical,  6-16  by  f-1  in.,  sub- 
erect,  margins  smooth  or  ciliate  only.     Scape  stout  and  panicle  longer  than  the 


376  CLX.  COMMELINACEJE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        [Aneilema. 

leaves  ;  upper  bracts  truncate,  pedicels  viscid.     I^etals   blue.     Stamens  2  fertile ; 
staminodes  4,  all  bearded.     Capsule  i  in.  acuminate.     Beeds  yellow  brown,  pitted. 

b.  Flowering  stem  leafy,  Jiowers  corymbose  or  jpanicled. 

4.  A.  Thomsonl,  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bat.  xv.  121 ;  Monogr. 
202,  t.  4,  f .  2 ;  stout,  leaves  petioled  broadly  lanceolate  or  ensiform  caudate- 
acuminate  with  large  bearded  sheaths,  upper  bracts  lanceolate  caducous, 
capsule  elongate  narrowly  oblong  acuminate  and  beaked,  cells  5-9-seeded, 
seeds  smooth.  Aclisia  ?  Thomsoni,  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  31. 
Dichoespermum  giganteum,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  42. — Aneilema,  sp.  11, 
Serb.  Ind.  Or.  Sf.  &  T. 

Easteen  Himalaya  ;  Sikkim,  alt.  5-8000,  J.  D,  JET.,  &c.  Bhotan,  Griffith. 
Naga  Hills,  alt.  7000  ft.,  CTarfee. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  erect.  Leaves  6-10  by  2-3  in.,  glabrous  or  scaberulous,  penni- 
nerved  above  the  base.  Panicle  3-6  in.,  glabrous,  branches  spreading  widely  in 
fruit,  bracts  caudate.  Sepals  glabrous.  Petals  purple.  Stamens  3  fertile,  uni- 
lateral J  staminodes  3,  sometimes  poUeniferous,  filaments  naked.  Capsule  f-1  in. 
Seeds  shortly  cylindric,  black,  with  white  powder. 

5.  A.  dlvergrens,  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  16 ;  Monogr.  203 ; 
stem  tall,  leaves  ensiform,  sheaths  bearded,  panicle  erect,  upper  branches 
opposite  or  subwhorled,  bracts  ovate  persistent,  capsule  ellipsoid  acute 
at  both  ends,  cells  3-5-8eeded.  A.  herbaceum^.divergens,  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xi.  448.  A.  longifolium,  Wall.  Cat.  5213  A,  B.  A.  scapi- 
florum,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Sf.  Sc  T. 

Tropical  and  Sub-tbopical  Himalaya  ;  from  Chamba,  alt.  6000. ft.,  Clarice., 
eastwards  to  Sikkim.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.  Upper  Burma, 
Anderson. 

Root  of  elongate  tubers.  Stem  2-3  ft.,  leafy.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-|  in.,  erect, 
upper  gradually  smaller,  acuminate.  Panicle  erect,  narrow,  bracts  ovate,  persistent. 
Petals  blue.  Stamens  3  fertile,  staminodes  3,  filaments  all  bearded.  Capsule  nearly 
^  in.,  sub  trigonous.     Seeds  yellow. 

6.  A.  IZookeri,  Clarke  Comm.  Sc  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  171 ;  Monogr.  204 ; 
stem  tall  stout,  leaves  ensiform  base  broad  or  subcordate,  sheaths 
bearded,  panicle  erect  branches  slender  spreading  repeatedly  dichotomous. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  and  T.  T. 

Distinguished  from  A.  diver  gens  by  the  broader  leaf  bases  and  spreading  panicle. 
Stem  6-12  in.,  leafy  to  the  top. 

7.  A.  zeylanicum,  Clarke  Monogr.  204;  leaves  narrrowly  oblong 
narrowed  at  both  ends  glabrous  or  pubescent,  branches  of  panicle  spread- 
ing alternate,  branches  flexuous,  bracts  minute,  capsule  subglobose,  cells 
3-5-seeded,  seeds  slightly  pitted.  A.  montanum,  &  protensum,  Thwaites 
Enum.  322.     A.  dimorphum,  Thw.  I.  c.  non  l)alz. 

Ceylon,  common  up  to  3000  ft. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stem  6-12  in,,  often  branched  from  the  base,  branches  leafy. 
Leaves  1-3  by  f-1  in.,  sheaths  bearded  at  the  mouth.  Panicle  glabrous,  bracts 
glabrous,  hardly  sheathing,  persistent.  Stamens  3  fertile  ;  staminodes  2-3.  Capsule 
^-1  in.,  obtuse,  concave,  mucronate.  Seeds  brown,  with  white  powder. — 
Var.  fi.  longiscapa,  Clarke,  1.  c. ;  capsule  ^  in. — Courtalam,  Wight. 

8.  A.  lineolatuniy  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  69 ;  stem  stout,  leaves  large 
narrowly  oblong  or  ensiform  acuminate,  margins  white,  panicle  glabrous 


Aneilema.']  clx.  commelinacb.e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  377 

effuse,  bracts  marcescent,  capsule  ellipsoid  or  subglobosely  trigonous,  cells 
3-4-seeded,  seeds  smooth.  Hassh,  Pi.  Jung.  146,  Commelin.  Ind.  36 ; 
Clarke  Gomm.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  15.  A.  elatum,  Kunth  L  c.  70 ;  Balz.  in 
Sooh.  Journ.  Bot.  1857,  137  ;  Bah.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Ft.  254  A.  latifolium, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2072.  A.  herbaceum,  Wall.  Cat.  5223  ;  Clarke  Monogr.  204  ;  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  Bot.  xi.  448  (var.  a).  Commelina  herbacea,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
I  175,  Fd.  Wall.  &  Carey  i.  179.  C.  lineolata,  Blume  Enum.  i.  3.  C. 
elata,  VaJil  Enum.  ii.  178.  Tinantia.P  lineolata,  Hassk.  PI.  Jav.  98. 
Prionostachys  herbacea,  Hassk.  mss. 

Tropical  India;  from  Sikkitn,  Bhotan  and  the  Khasia  hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft., 
to  Burma.  Western  Ghats  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore. — Distrib.  Malay 
Islands. 

Root  of  slender  tubers.  Stevi  erect,  stout.  Leaves  4-12  by  1-1^  in.,  margins 
scabrous  or  smooth  often  crisped,  base  cuneate  rounded  or  cordate,  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate.  Panicle  stout,  glabrous,  branches  spreading  and  ascending ;  bracts 
marcescent  in  fruit.  Petals  blue.  Stamens  2-3  with  2  or  3  staminodes,  filaments 
all  bearded.  Capsule  ^  in.  diam.,  mucronate.  Seeds  reticulate,  glandular- 
puberulous. 

9.  A.  esculentum,  Wall.  Cat.  520S;  root  tuberous,  stem  subsolitary, 
leaves  linear  complicate,  panicle  glabrous  spreading,  bracts  oblong  or  the 
lower  1-2  foliaceous,  capsule  ellipsoid,  cells  3-5-seeded.  Clarke  Monogr. 
206.  ?  A.  melanostictum,  ^awce  in  8eem.  Journ.  Bot.  1869,  167.  Com- 
melina esculenta,  Heyne  mss. 

Madras  ;  in  rice  fields,  Heyne,  Wight.  Ceylon,  Walker. — Distrib.  Australia, 
China. 

Boot  of  clavate  tubers,  crown  with  imbricating  scarious  scales.  Stem  with 
prostrate  suckers.  Leaves  3-4  in.,  recurved,  obtuse,  almost  glabrous.  Panicle  with 
alternate  branches;  bracts  oblong,  persistent.  Stamens  3  fertile,  staminodes  3, 
filaments  bearded.  Capsule  i  in.  Seeds  dark  brown,  obscurely  scabrid  or  pitted. — 
Probably  the  same  as  the  Australian  A.  gramineum,  Br. 

10.  A-  dlmorphum,  Bah.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  138;  root 
fibrous,  stems  many,  leaves  linear-oblong  flat,  bracts  ovate,  panicle  very 
short  and  broad,  capsule  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  cells  3-5-seeded,  seeds  smooth. 
Balz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  254;  Clarke  Monogr.  206.  A.  paniculatum, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2075.  A.  scapiflorum,  /8,  Thwaites  Enum.  322  (not  of  Wight). 
A.  nudifiorum,  Miq.  in  PI.  Hohenack.  Exsicc.  No.  144  {not  of  Br.). — An- 
eilema, sp.  Miq.  I.  c.  n.  134. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  southward,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon, 
alt.  6000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Stem  slender,  branched  at  the  base,  6-12  in.  Leaves  1-2^  by  ^-^  in.,  from 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  base  rounded  or  cordate,  mouth  of  sheath  ciliate. 
Panicle  sparingly  dichotomously  branched,  few-fld. ;  bracts  small,  cucullate, 
persistent.  Petals  blue.  Stamens  3,  fertile,  filaments  bearded ;  staminodes  3, 
filaments  naked.  Capsule  ^  in,,  triquetrous,  acute.  Seeds  black,  with  brown 
furfuraceous  lines. — Wight  figures  all  the  filaments  bearded,  but  describes  them  as 
above. 

11.  A.  spiratuxn,  Br.  Prodr.  271  (m  note) ;  root  fibrous,  stem 
branched  decumbent,  leaves  small  sessile  flat  oblong,  base  obtuse  or  cordate 
or  auricled,  panicle  small  leafy  below,  bracts  ovate,  capsule  oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  cells  3-7-seeded,  seeds  smooth  or  minutely  scaberulous.  Clarke 
Monogr.  207.  A.  nanum,  Kunth  Enum.  v.  iv.  65  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2077  ;  Hassk. 
in  PL  Jungh.  i.  141 ;   Thwaites  Enum.  322  ;   Clarke  Gomm.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  t. 


378  CLX.  coMMBLiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Aneilema. 

18.  A.  canaliculatum,  Dalz.  in  Etooh.  Journ.  Bot.  1851, 137  ;  Dalz.  So  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  254.  A.  mimmularium,  Miq.  M.  Ind.  Bat  iii.  535.  Commelina 
spirata,  Linn.  Mant.  176.  C.  bracteolata,  Lamk.  Encycl.  ii.  69.  C.  nana, 
Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  173 ;  ed.  Wall.  &  Garey,  i,  176.  0.  pumila,  Rerh.  Boyle. 
Dichsespermum  repens,  Hassk.  {not  of  Wight). 

Throughout  India,  in  pastures,  &c.,  from  the  Upper  Gangetic  plain  to  Chittagong 
and  Trayancore.     Ceylon,  common. — Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  China. 

Dwarf,  tufted,  prostrate,  branches  ascending  6-10  in.  Leaves  glabrous  puberu- 
lous  or  ciliate,  fi'om  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  subacute  or  acuminate ;  base 
amplexicaul.  C^mes  terminal  and  axillary;  branches  short,  divaricate,  few-fld. ; 
bracts  ovate,  persistent.  Flowers  blue.  Stamens  3,  staminodes  3  ;  filaments  of  both 
naked  or  bearded.     Capsule  i  in.,  acutely  trigonous.     Seeds  straw-colrd. 

c.  Stem,  leafy.     Cymes  1-S-fld.  axillary. 

12.  A.  pauciflorum,  Wight,  Ic.  t.  2077 ;  slender,  diffuse,  creeping, 
leaves  small  flat  ovate,  peduncles  1-3-fld.  axillary,  capsule  lanceolate, 
pedicel  decurved,  cells  4-6- seeded,  seeds  cubical  nearly  smooth.  Clarke 
Monogr.  207.  Dichaespermum  aurantiacum,  Hassk.  in  Herb.  Zoll. 
No.  3312. 

Malabar  and  Travancoee,  Wiffht  {Kew  distrih.  1179). — Disteib.  Macassar. 

Tufted;  stems  4-6  in.  Leaves^-!  by  ^-f  in.,  sessile,  acuminate,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  hairy,  base  rounded  or  cordate.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  slender.  Sepals 
linear.  Stamens  3,  staminodes  3,  filaments  all  naked.  Capsule  ^  in.,  obtusely 
3-gonous.     Seeds  black,  farinose. 

13.  A.  versicolor,  Dalz.  in  Hoolc.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  136;  stem 
slender  branched  hispid,  leaves  flat  oblong-lanceolate-acuminate,  peduncle 
short  1-fld.,  pedicel  capillary,  capsule  oblong  or  lanceolate  acute  erect, 
cells  5-7-seeded,  seeds  cubical.  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  253 ;  Clarke 
3fonogr.  208. 

The  CoNCAN  and  Malwan,  Stocks,  Dalzell,  Ritchie. 

Boot  fibrous ;  stem  6-10  in.  Leaves  1-2  by  ^-^  in.,  rather  distant,  base  rounded 
or  cuneate,  upper  spathe-like,  complicate  and  recurved.  Peduncles  with  the 
pedicel  i— |  in.  Petals  ochreous  yellow,  blueish  in  withering.  Stamens  3,  filaments 
faintly  bearded;  staminodes  3.  Capsule  i-i  in.,  obtusely  3-angled.  Seeds 
yellowish  brown. 

14.  A.  triquetrum.  Wall.  Cat.  5220 ;  stem  slender  elongate,  leaves 
linear -lanceolate  flat,  peduncle  1-fld.,  pedicel  rather  stout,  capsule  oblong 
acute,  cells  3-5-seeded,  seeds  smooth  farinose.     Clarke  Monogr.  208. 

Silhet,  Wallich. — Distrib.  China. 

Stem  12-18  in.  Leaves  1-2  in.,  rather  thick,  spreading  and  recurved,  base 
obtuse.  Petals  blue?.  Stamens  3,  filaments  strongly  bearded;  staminodes  3. 
Capsule  i  in.     Seeds  truncate  at  each  end. 

**  Cells  of  ovary  2-ovuled,  of  capsule  2-seeded  (3-seeded  in  A.  nudi- 
Jlorum,  var.  compressa). 

15.  A. nudiflorum,  Br.  Prodr.  271  {in  note);  branches  decumbent 
rooting,  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  sheath  bearded,  panicle  subterminal 
short,  cymes  at  the  ends  o£  the  branches  few-fld.,  capsule  broadly  oblong  or 
subglobose,  seeds  rugose  and  pitted.  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  21 ; 
Monogr. '210%  Dalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  253;  Wall.  Cat.  6224  {excl.  A); 
Hassk.  Gommelin.  Ind.  29.      A.   radicans,   Don  Prodr.  45  {in  part).     A. 


Aneilema.']  clx.  commelinaCe^.     (J.D.Hooker.)        "  379 

diandrum,  Ham.,  and  A.  debile,  Wall.,  Wdll.  Gat.  5210,  5215.  A.  nudi- 
caule  and  A.  minutum,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  Ql ,  661.  A.  foliosnm,  Hassle,  in 
Fl.  Jungh.  144,  Commelin.  Ind.  32.  A.  diversifolium,  Hassk.  I.  c.  142.  A. 
Junghuhnianum,  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  112,  538,  Snppl.  609.  A.  lancifolia, 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  236.  A.  trichocolea,  Schauer  PI.  Meyer,  448.  Commelina 
midiflora,  Linn.  Mant.  177  {not  of  Sp.  Fl.)  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  173;  Reiclib. 
Ic.  Exot.  t.  136.  C.  midicaulis,  Biorm.  Fl.  Ind.  17,  t.  8.'  C.  diandra, 
Keen.  mss.  C.  radicans,  Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  post  25.  ?  0.  minuta, 
Blume  Enum.  34.  Tradescantia  ma-labarica,  \Linn.  Mant.  362. — Rheede 
Hart.  Mai.  ix.  t.  63,  x.  t.  19. 

Throughout  India;  from  the  N.W.  Himalaya  ascending  to  60OO  ft.  eastwards 
and  southwards  to  the  Khasia  hills,  Burma,  the  Deccan,  Travancore  and  Ceylon. — 
DiSTRiB.  China,  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  and  branches  slender,  diffuse,  complicate  or  not.  Leaves  2-5  by  ^-|  in., 
glabrous  or  hairy,  or  subvillous.  Panicles  rarely  axillary,  branches  elongate,  scarred  ; 
flowers  pedicelled,  clustered ;  bracts  deciduous.  Petals  small,  blue  or  purplish. 
Stamens  3  fertile,  3  sterile,  filaments  of  fertile  or  all  bearded.  Capsule  i  in.,  acute 
at  both  ends. 

Var.  compressa,  Clarke  1.  c.  211 ;  petals  rosy,  cells  of  capsule  often  3-seeded. 
A.  compressum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  138  j  Lalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
253  (excl.  Syn.). — The  Concan,  Lalzell. 

Var.  terminalis,  Clarke  1.  c.  ;  stem  stouter,  leaves  broader;  sometimes  6byf  in., 
cymes  more  elongate,  capsules  larger,  seeds  less  rugose  or  almost  smooth.  A.  nudi- 
florum,  var.  rigidior,  Benth.  Fl.  UongJc.  377.  A.  terminale,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2076.  A. 
loriforme,  Eassk.  in  PI.  Jungh.  143.  Prionostachys  terminalis,  Hassk.  mss. — • 
Khasia  hills,  Malabar,  Ceylon,  China.  Wight's  figure  represents  the  capsule  as 
globose. 

16.  A.  sinicum,  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  659 ;  stem  elongate  diffusely- 
branched,  internodes  long,  leaves  linear  elongate,  branches  of  terminal 
panicle  short,  stamens  2  perfect,  filaments  bearded,  staminodes  3  naked, 
capsule  subglobose,  seeds  obscurely  rugose.  Clarke  Monogr.  212.  A. 
scundum,  Wight  Id. '^20^^.  A.  esculentum,  TFa^^.  Gat.  5208  C.  Com- 
melina sinica,  Bcem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  i. ;  Mant.  i.  addend.  376. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  southward,  and  Ceylon,  Wight,  &.c. 
— DiSTEiB.  China,  Malay  Islands,  Africa. 

Roots  of  elongate  tubers.  Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-f  in. ,  cauline  and 
tufted  at  the  base  of  the  ascending  leafy  flowering  stem,  glabrous  or  puberulous. 
Panicle  lax  ;  bracts  large,  caducous,  branches  scarred.  Petals  blue.  Capsule  ^  in. 
diam.     Seeds  brown. 

17.  A.  grigranteum,  Br.  Prodr.  271 ;  stem  tall  erect,  internodes  long, 
leaves  linear  elongate,  branches  of  the  terminal  panicle  short  stout, 
stamens  3,  filaments  bearded,  capsule  ellipsoid  acute,  seeds  compressed 
nearly  smooth.  Clarice  Monogr.  212.  A.  longifolium,  Hook.  Exot.  Fl. 
t.  204 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5213  D,  F  {in  -part).  A.  ensifolium,  Wight  Ic.  t. 
2074;  Clarice  Gomm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  22  {excl.  Syn.  F.  MuelL).  Com- 
melina gigantea,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  177.  C.  longifolia,  Spreng.  Syst.  Cur. 
post.  25.  C.  Hookerii,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  404.  Prionostachys  ensifolia, 
Hassk.  mss. 

Assam  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  ascending  to  4000  ft.  Tenasserim,  the  Deccan 
Peninsula,  Ceylon  and  the  Nicobas  Islands.— Distrib.  Malay  Islands,  China, 
Australia,  Africa. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  1-3  ft.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-J  in.,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Panicles   sparingly  branched ;    branches   very   closely   scarred ;    bracts    caducous. 


380  OLX.  ooMMBLiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Aneilema. 

Petals  blue.     Staminodes  with  glabrous  or  bearded  filaments.     Capsule  ^  in.  long, 
mucronate,  valves  hard  polished. 

Sect.  II.  DicH^sPERMUM.  Cells  of  ovary  4-20-ovuled.  Seeds  2-seriate 
in  each  cell. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  pedicels  jointed  in  the  middle.    < 

18.  A,  Hamiltonianum,  Wall.  Gat.  5222;  stem  creeping  rooting, 
leaves  linear-oblong  flat  glabrate,  pedicels  axillary  and  terminal  fruiting 
liardly  exserted,  capsule  linear-oblong,  seeds  scabrid  or  flocculent  biseriate. 
Clarke  Monogr,  213.  DichsespermUm  Blumei,  Hassk.  Comm.  Ind.  41. ; 
Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  27.  Tradescantia  terminalis,  JBlume 
JEnum.  i.  6.     Callisia  orientaliSj^iJeri.  Ham. 

Upper  Gangetic  Plain  to  Assam,  in  marshes;  Chota  Nagpore,  Clarke. — 
DiSTRiB.  Java. 

Stem  6-12  in.,  stout,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  1^-2  in.,  sessile,  acute  or  sub- 
acute, base  cuneate.  Pediuncle  i-^  in.,  rigid.  Petals  white  or  rosy.  Filaments 
all  naked.     Capsule  \-^^  in.,  acute,-  Seeds  about  16  in  each  cell. 

Var.  minor,  Clarke  1.  c.  214 ;  stems  shorter,  seeds  about  30  in  each  cell,  nearly 
smooth. — Dichaespermum  repens,  Clarke  Comm.  Sf  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  28  {not  of  Wight). 
— Assam,  Hamilton. 

19.  A.  ochraceunii  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  135;  stem 
short  erect  or  decumbent,  leaves  sthall  flat  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  obtuse 
or  acute,  base  cordate,  pedicels  axillary  fruiting  exserted,  capsule  broadly 
oblong,  seeds  angular  rugose  biseriate.  Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  253  ;  Clarke 
Monogr.  214,  t.  4,  f.  3.  DichaBspermum  repens,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2078  {not  of 
Hassk.).     D.  ochraceum,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  41. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  from  the Ooncan southwards.  Tenasseeim,  Griffith, 
Heifer. 

Stem  4-8  in.,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.  Leaves  f-^  by  \-^  in.,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  bases  subamplexicaul .  Pedicels  ^~\  in.,  slender.  Sepals  narrow. 
Petals  yellow.  Stamens  and  staminodes  3  each,  filaments  naked.  Capsule  i  in. 
long.  Seeds  7-8  in  each  cell,  pale  yellow. — ^Dalzell  describes  the  filaments  as 
bearded  in  the  Journal  of  Botany,  but  not  in  the  Bombay  Flora. 

Var.  crocea,  Clarke  Monogr.  214 ;  aquatic,  leaves  ovate  subacute,  pedicels  solitary 
or  2-nate,  sepals  densely  pubescent,  capsule  narrower.  A.  croceum,  Griff".  Notul.  iii. 
235.  A.  pilosum.  Wall.  Cat.  5219.  A.  ochraceum,  var.  Griffithii,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As. 
Soc.  1870,  ii.  85. — Arracan,  Burma  and  the  Andaman  Islands. 

20.  A.  lanug-inosum,  Wall.  Cat.  5221 ;  hirsute  or  glabrate,  stem 
suberect,  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  acuminate,  pedicels  ex- 
serted, flowers  large,  filaments  bearded,  capsule  oblong  acute  many- 
seeded,  seeds  nearly  smooth.  Clarice  Monogr.  214.  Commelina  lanuginosa, 
Heyne  mss. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Cdncan  southwards,  in  hilly  districts^ 
ascending  the  Nilghiris  to  6000  ft. 

Soots  of  thickened  fibres.  Stem  6-16  in.,  stout,  branched.  Leaves  1J-2|  in., 
rigid,  deeply  grooved  when  dry,  acuminate,  strongly  striate,  usually  complicate  and 
recurved,  base  broad,  margins  waved.  Pedicels  bracteolate  at  the  joint.  Sepals 
straw-colrd.  Petals  yellow,  blue  when  dry.  Capsule  ^  in.,  or  more.  Seeds 
angular. 

**  Flowers  panicled. 


A7ieilema.']  olx.  commelinaoe^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  381 

21.  A.  Koenigrii,  Wall.  Cat.  5214;  stem  short  much  branched 
glabrous,  leaves  ovate-  or  linear-lanceolate  obtuse  or  acute,  branches  of 
panicle  slender,  filaments  all  bearded,  capsule  linear-oblong,  seeds  very 
numerous  biseriate  minutely  tessellate.  .  Clarke  Monogr.  215.  A.  nudi- 
florum,  Miq.  PI.  Exsicc.  Sohenack,  144,  c.  Dichsespermum  lanceolatum, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2078.     D.  Koenigii,  Hassk.  mss. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  and  Canara  southwards. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  6-10  in.,  and  branches  slender.  Leaves  1-2  in.,  sessile, 
base  rounded  or  cordate.  Panicle  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  much  dichoto- 
mously  branched ;  branches  flexuous,  slender ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  persistent. 
J'^Zoioer*  small,  blue.  Capsule^  in.,  pale  yellow.  Seeds  15-16  in  each  cell,  small, 
yellow,  neither  rugulose  nor  reticulate. 

22.  A.  paniculatum.  Wall.  Gat.  5216 ;  stem  short  slender  branched, 
leaves  grass-like  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  or  subulate  semiterete  glabrous, 
branches  of  few-fld.  panicle  slender  spreading,  filaments  all  naked,  capsule 
shortly  oblong  or  subglobose,  seeds  nearly  smooth  biseriate.  Clarke 
Monogr.  215.  A.  semiteres,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  138  ;  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  254.  Dichasspermum  juncoides,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2078.  D. 
semiteres,  Hassk.  Gommelin.  Ind.  41.  D.  paniculatum,  Herb.  Ind.  Or. 
H.f.&T. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Concan  southwards  in  hilly  places. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stems  densely  tufted,  tuberous  and  sheathed  at  the  base.  Leaves 
2-4  by  -jV~tV  ^^-y  acuminate,  erect  and  recurved,  fleshy  according  to  Dalzell. 
Branches  capillary.  Bracts  ochreate,  truncate,  persistent.  Petals  small,  blue. 
Filaments  according  to  Dalzell  all  connate  at  the  base.  Capsule  ^  in.  long.  Seeds 
about  6-8  in  each  cell,  pale  yellow.— Habit  of  a  Juncus. 

Sect.  III.  DiCTYOSPEEMUM.  Cclls  of  ovar^  1-ovuled,  of  capsule  1-seeded 
or  empty. 

*  Capsule  glabrous. 

23.  A.  vagrinatum,  Br.  Prodr.  271  {in  note) ;  stem  long  slender, 
leaves  long  linear  flat,  pedicels  1-3  in  the  axils  of  distant  lanceolate  erect 
bracts  pubescent,  filaments  Baked  or  bearded,  capsule  subglobose  glabrous, 
cells  1-seeded,  seeds  hemispheric  rugose.  Wight  Ic.  t.  2076 ;  Wall.  Gat. 
5212 ;  Clarke  Compi.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  23,  Monggr.  216 ;  Hassk.  Commelin. 
Ind.  34.  A.  filiforme,  ZTam.  &  nudiflorum.  Wall.  Cat.  5209,  and  5224  A. 
A.  pauciflorum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1851,  136  ;  Dalz  &  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  253.  Commelina  vaginata,  Linn.  Mant.  177.  Tradescantia  gangetica, 
Linn.  mss. 

Throughout  Tropical  India  ;  Bengal,  Assam  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula. 
Ceylon  ;  in  rice  fields  and  wet  places.— Disteib.  China. 

Boots  fibrous.  Stems  6-18  in.,  decumbent  an^  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
branches  suberect.  Leaves  3-6  by  J-^  in.,  acuminate,  sheaths  short  open,  upper 
reduced  to  bracts  equalling  the  i-f  in.  pedicels.  Flowers  1-3,  pedicels  twice  jointed 
in  the  middle.  Sepals  pubescent.  Petals  blue.  Stamens  2 -fertile,  staminodes  3-4. 
Capsule  ^i  in.  diam.,  cuspidate.  Seeds  black. — Wight  figures  and  describes  all  the 
filaments  as  naked. 

24.  A.  montanum,  Wight  in  Wall.  Cat.  5203 ;  stem  erect,  leaves 
large  petioled  elliptic-lanceolate  glabrous  or  scaberulous,  panicle  terminal, 
branches  long  "lax  few-fld.  pubescent,  stamens  3  perfect,  filaments  naked', 
staminodes  0,  capsule  globose,  glabrous  pedicels  suberect,  cells  l-seededj 


382  OLX.  coMMELiNACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Aneilema, 

seeds  hemispheric  rugose.  Clarke  Monogr.  217.  Dictyospermum  mon- 
tanum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2069 ;  SassTc.  Commelin.  Ind.  23.  Tradescantia 
montana,  Heyne  mss.  T.  paniculata,  Both  Nov.  Sp.  188  ;  ?  Kunth  Enum. 
iv.  100. 

IJPPEE  Assam;  in  the  Na^a  hills,  Clarice,  Munnipobe,  Watt.  Nilghiei  and 
Teatancoee  Hills,  Seyne,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  creeping  and  rooting  below.  Leaves  4-6  by  1^-2  in.,  ciliate,  acuminate, 
sheaths  pubescent.  Floioers  small,  few  at  the  ends  of  the  long  filiform  branches  of 
the  panicle;  bracts  small.     Petals  \A\xe.     Capsule  ^  \tv.  daam.     Seeds  S.o\xvy. 

25.  A.  conspicuum,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  69 ;  stem  suberect,  leaves 
lanceolate,  panicle  short  subsessile,  branches  horizontal,  or  deciirved, 
stamens  3  perfect,  capsule  globose  glabrous,  pedicels  reflexed,  cells  1- 
seeded,  seeds  hemispheric  rugose.  Clarke  Monogr.  218.  Dictyospermum 
conspicuum,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  22.  Floscopa  paniculata,  Hassk.  in 
Plant.  Jungh.  161  {in  part).     Commelina  conspicua,  Blume  JSnum.  i.  4. 

Assam;  Patkoye  Mts.,  Griffith.  Penang,  Curtis.  Malacca,  Griffith. — 
DiSTEiB.  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  1-2  ft.,  creeping  and  rooting  below.  Leaves  as  in  A.  montanum,  from 
which  cons-picuum  differs  in  the  pyramidal  many -fid.  panicle. 

26.  A.  ovatuxn,  Wall.  Cat.  5206;  stem  suberect,  leaves  petioled 
elliptic  acuminate,  panicle  very  short  sessile  or  subsessile,  branches  long 
slender  depressed  or  horizontal  pubescent,  stamens  2  perfect,  capsule 
globose  glabrous,  pedicel  suberect,  cells  1-seeded,  seeds  hemispheric  rugose. 
Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  25  ;  Monogr.  218.  Dictyospermum  ovatum, 
Sassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  24. 

Pegu  and  Tavoy,  Wallich,  &c.  The  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. — Disteib. 
Siam,  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  6-10  in.,  branched.  Leaves  2-4  by  1-2  in.,  terminal  on  the  branches ; 
petiole  ^-1  in.  Panicle  with  the  rachis  so  short,  that  the  branches  appear  axillary 
amongst  the  uppermost  leaves.     Capsule  ^  in.  diam. 

27.  A.  ovalifolium,  Kook.  f.  in  Clarke  Monogr.  218 ;  stem  erect, 
leaves  shortly  petioled  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate  pubescent,  panicle 
short  subsessile  pyramidal,  branches  ascending  pubescent,  stamens  2  per- 
fect, filaments  glabrous,  capsule  globose  glabrous,  pedicel  decurved,  cells 
1-seeded,  seeds  large  reticulate.  Dictyospermum  ovalifolium,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2070.  D.  Wightii,  Hassk.  Comm.  Ind.  19  {excl.  var.). — Aneilema  8p.  10, 
Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  Sc  T. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills  ;  on  the  western  slopes,  Wight,  &c. 

Stem  stout,  rooting  at  the  base  only.  Leaves  3-6  by  l-|^-2  in. ;  sheathe 
pubescent.  Panicle  pu6e8cent ;  branches  slender. — Differs  from  A.  conspicuum  in  the 
stouter  naked  large  leaves,  and  larger  capsule  i  in.  diam.,  and  the  2  stamens  (Wight 
figures  3). 

28.  A.  scaberrimumj  Kunth  JEnum.  iv.  69 ;  tall,  erect,  slender, 
leaves  distant  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  hispid  above, 
panicle  with  long  slender  peduncle  and  branches,  bracts  funnel-shaped 
acuminate  persistent,  stamens  2-3  perfect,  filaments  naked,  capsule  globose 
pubescent,  cells  1-seeded,  seeds  rugose.  A.  protensum.  Wall.  Cat.  5218 ; 
Clarke  Comm.  Sc  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  24,  Monogr.  219,  t.  4,  f.  4.  A.  herbaceum, 
Wall.  Cat.  8223.  Commelina  scaberrima,  Blume  JEnum.  i.  4.  Dictyo- 
spermum protensum,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2071.     Lamprodithyros  protensus,  Hassk. 


Aneilema.']  CLX.  commelinaoej].     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  383 

in  Peters.  Mossamh.  Bot.  ii.  529,  Flora,  1863,389.     Piletocarpus  protensus, 
Hassk.  Comm.  Ind.  15. 

The  Teopical  Eastern  Himalaya  and  the  Khasia  Hills.  ;  from  Nepal  to 
Bhotan.     Travancgee,  Wight.     Ceylon,  Walker,  &c. — Disteib.  Malay  Islands. 

Subfruticose  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  3-6  by  |-lf  in.,  sessile,  sheaths  loose,  viscid 
or  hispid ;  base  narrowed  or  rounded.  Panicle  very  lax  and  spreading  with  few 
flowers  at  the  tips  of  the  branches ;  bracts  sheatliing  obliquely  truncate ;  flowers 
small  white.  Sepals  reflexed  in  fruit.  Capsule  i  in.  diam.,  style  long,  persistent. 
Seeds  plano-convex,  glaucous,  black. 

EXCLUDED    SPECIES. 

A.  ^QuiNOCTiALE,  Kunth  Enum.  iv.  72  j  Clarke  Monog.  221.  Araelina  Wallichii, 
Clarke  Comm.  ^-  Cyrt.  Beng.  6,  26,  is  an  African  species  of  which  the  locality  was 
not  determined  when  it  was  included  in  "  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng," 

4  FORRBSTZA,  A.  Rich. 

Erect  herbs;  stem  simple,  creeping  and  rooting  below.  Leaves  hvo^di, 
sheaths  tubular  persistent  after  the  fall  of  the  blade.  Flowers  bracteate, 
sessile,  in  *  crowded  subsessile  axillary  panicles.  Sepals  subequal. 
Petals  subequal.  Stamens  6,  all  perfect,  filaments  bearded ;  anthers  ovoid. 
Ovary  3-celled,  cells  2-ovuled  or  the  dorsal  1-ovuled.  Capsule  subglobose, 
or  ellipsoid,  or  oblong,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-2  superposed  in  each 
cell,  oblong,  rugose. — Species  7,  East  Asiatic  and  New  Guinea,  and  one 
African. 

The  first  three  species .  may  prove  to  be  forms  of  the  F.  hispida,  A.  Rich  (Sert. 
Astrolab.  ii.  t.  1),  a  native  of  New  Guinea  and  Formosa,  J.  D.  H. 

1.  T.  mollis,  Sassk.  in  Flora,  1864,68;  Commel.  Ind.  84;  hirsute, 
leaves  oblanceolate  sparsely  hairy  above  villous  beneath,  capsule  oblong  or 
ellipsoid  about  equalling  the  rusty  hispidly  villous  sepals.  Clarice  Monogr. 
236.  Campelia  mollissiraa,  Blume  Enum.  i.  7.  Amischotolype  mollissima, 
Hassk.  in  Jblora,  1863,  392. 

Malabae,  J.  Anderson.  Singapore,  Walker.  Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew 
distrih.  5485),  Maingay  (K.  d.  1712). — DiSTRiB.  Sumatra,  Java. 

Stem  3-4  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  glabrous  hairy  or  shaggily  hispid. 
Leaves  6-18  by  2-3  in.,  subpetioled,  acute,  base  acute;  sheaths  glabrous  or 
hirsute.  Panicle  a  sessile  deuse-fld.  globose  head,  2-3  in.  diam.  Capsule  ^  in. 
long,  rusty  villous.     Seeds  subellipsoid,  obscurely  rugose. 

2.  r.  Griffithii,  Clarke  Monogr.  236  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ful- 
vously  hairy  on  both  surfaces,  capsule  elliptic-oblong  subacute  fulvously 
hairy  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay,  Hulleti. 

Stem  stout,  glabrate.  Leaves  7  by  2^  in.,  shortly  acuminate ;  petiole  shaggy ; 
sheath  glabrous,  mouth  villous.  Sepals  ^  in.,  oblong,  sparsely  hairy.  Capsule 
nj  in-  long. 

3.  r.  margrinata*  Hassk.  in  Flora,  1864,  630 ;  Commelin.  Ind.  90 ; 
leaves  obovate-  or  elliptic-lanceolate  glabrous  or  margins  villously  ciliate, 
capsule  ellipsoid  longer  than  the  sepals.  Clarke  Monogr.  237.  F.  hispida, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5425  {not  of  A.  Rich).  Campelia  marginata,  Blume  Enum.  i. 
7 ;  Wall.  Cat.  8977  A,  B.  Amischotolyp^  marginata,  Hassk.  in  Flora, 
1863,  392. — Tradescantia  sp.,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  235.  PoUia  purpurea, 
Hort. 


384  CLX.  ooMMELiNAOEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Fori'estia. 

SiNGAPOEE  and  Penang,  WalUch,  Walker.  Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  distrib. 
2974). — DiSTEiB.  Sumatra,  Java. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  10-30  by  1^-3  in.,  subcaudately 
acuminate;  sheaths  puberulous,  glabrous  or  hirsute.  Flower  heads  1^-2  in.  diam. 
Sepals  i  in.  long. 

Var.  rostrata,  Clarke  1.  c. ;  leaves  narrower  more  caudate-acuminate,  flowers 
fewer.  F.  rostrata,  Hassk  in  Flora,  1864:,  631  j  Commelin.  Ind.  94 — Mishmi  hills, 
Griffith  {Kew  distrib.  5486),  Java. 

4.  P.  Kookeri;  Sassk.  in  Flora,  1864,  629 ;  Commelin.  Ind.  89 ; 
leaves  petioled  oblanceolate  glabrous  above,  nerves  beneath  hairy,  head  of 
flowers  small,  capsule  oblong-lanceolate  much  longer  than  the  nearly 
glabrous  sepals.  Clarke  Commel.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  41;  Monogr.  237. 
Campelia  margijiata,  Wall.  Cat.  8977  {in  part). 

Eastern  Himalaya,  Sikkim  and  Chittagong,  J.  D.  S.  Bhotan,  Assam, 
the  Khasia  and  Naga  Hills,  Griffith,  Clarke. 

Diflers  from  F.  marginata  in  the  glabrous  leaves,  smaller  few-fld.  heads,  and  the 
beaked  capsules  ^-f  in.  long,  much  exceeding  the  sepals. 

5.  r.  grlabrata,  Sasslc.  in  Flora,  1864,  360  ;  Commel.  Ind.  92  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  glabrous  or  margins  pubescent,  capsule  ellipsoid  much  shorter 
than  narrow  sepals.  Clarke  Commel.  Sc  Cyrt.  Beng.  t.  42 ;  Monogr.  238. 
Campelia  glabrata,  Hassk.  PI.  Jungh.  154  {not  of  Kunth).  C.  marginata, 
/8,  Blume  Fnum.  i.  7  {^d  Hassk.).  Amischotolypa  glabrata,  Hassk.  in 
Flora,  1863,  392. 

Teopical  Sikkim  Himalaya,  Munnipore,  Bengal,  Assam  and  Tbnasseeim. 
— DiSTEiB.— Sumatra,  Java,  Tonkin. 

Differs  from  F.  Hookeri  in  the  short  narrow  capsule  i  in.  long. 


5.  CVANOTZS,  Don. 

Herbs,  usually  prostrate  or  creeping.  Leaves  small.  Flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  scorpioid  cymes,  formed  of  large  imbricating  biseriatesecund 
foliaceous  falcate  bracteoles,  the  petals  and  stamens  alone  exserted,  ra  rely 
with  the  corolla-tube  exserted ;  flowers  sometimes  in  exposed  racemes,  or 
fascicled  in  the  ochrea.  Sepals  subequal,  free  or  connate  below.  Petals 
subequal  often  united  in  a  tube  below,  limb  orbicular.  Stamens  6,  all 
perfect  subequal,  hypogynous  or  epipetalous,  filaments  usually  bearded 
often  inflated  towards  the  apex,  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules 
2  collateral  in  each  cell  one  erect  the  other  pendulous.  Capsule  3-celled, 
loculicidal,  cells  usually  2-seedecl.  Seeds  superposed,  cubical  or  pyramidal, 
usually  rugose. 

Many  of  the  following  species  may  probably  have  to  be  reduced. 

Sect.  I.  Encyanotis.  Cymes  enclosed  in  biseriate  falcate  imbricating 
bracteoles. 

*  Valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  a  free  central  columnar  3- 
toothed  axis. 

1.  C>  papilionacea»  Schultes,  f.  Syst.  vii.  1151 ;  hirsute  with 
spreading  hairs  creeping  and  rooting,  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
bracteoles  subreniformly  falcate  acute  ciliate,  capsule  oblong,  seeds  smooth 
or  obscurely  pitted.     Clarke  Monogr.  246  ;   Wight  Ic.  t.  2089  ;    Wall.  Cat. 


Cyanofis.']  clx.  commeltnace/E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  385 

8987 ;  Hassk.  GommeUn.  Ind.  158.  C.  hispida,  Dalz.  in  Soak.  Journ.  Bof. 
1851,  139;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  253  {excl.  Si/n.).  C.  hirtella,  Miquel. 
Plant.  Exsicc.  Sohenack.  No.  130 ;  Hassk.  I.  c.  112.  Tradescantia  papil- 
lioQacea,  Linn.  Mant.  513  ;  Vahl  Synib.  i.  27  {excl,  Syn.).  T.  cristata, 
Heyne  mss.  T.  rupestris,  Law  in  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  222. — ?  Commelina 
cristata,  Blume  Fl.  Ind.  t.  7,  f.  4. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  the  Coucan  southwards,  in  rocky  places. 

Annual.  Stem  4-6  in.,  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  1-1|  by  4-J  in.,  sessile, 
acute,  acuminate,  or  obtuse  and  apiculate,  base  rounded;  sheaths  very  short. 
Peduncles  Ion?,  slender ;  bracts  shortly  exceeding  the  cymes.  Sepals  lanceolate. 
Petals  blue.     Filaments  filiform,  bearded.     Seeds  yellow-brown. 

Var.  Burmanniana,  Clarke  1.  c. ;  leaves  shorter  broader.  C.  Burmanniana, 
Wight  Ic.  t.  2089.— Malabar. 

2.  C.  vagrinata,  Wight  Ic  t.  208S  ;  softly  hairy,  erect  or  ascending, 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sheaths  short  inflated,  bracteoles  ovate 
falcate  acute  ciliate,  capsule  oblong,   seeds  rugose  dark  brov^n.     Hassk  . 
Commel.  Ind. .98  ;  Glarke  Monogr.  247. 

Malabae,  Wight. 

Annual;  stem  4-6  in.,  lower  part  with  inflated  leafless  sheaths.  Leaves  falcate. 
Peduncles  slender  ;  bracteoles  glabrous,  striate  and  cross-striolate.  Sepals  lanceolate. 
Petals  blue.     Fila'unents  filiform,  bearded.     Seeds  conic. 

**  Gapsule  with  no  free  central  column  after  dehiscence. 

3.  C>  cristata,  Schultes,f.  Syst.  vii.  1150;  stem  creeping  below, 
branches  erect  or  ascending  glabrous  or  with  spreading  hairs,  leaves 
orate-oblong  subacute,  seeds  striate  and  pitted.  Wight  let.  3082  ;  Clarice 
Gommel.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  36  ;  Monogr.  247  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  256  ; 
Wall.  Gat.  8986;  Hassk.  GommeUn.  Ind.  120.  C.  racemosa,  Glarke 
Commel.  Sf  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  38.  C.  Hugelii,  Hassk.  I.  c.  128.  C.  cristata,  Linn. 
Sp.  PI.  42.  Tradescantia  cristata,  Jacg.  Hort.  Vind.  ii.  64,  t.  137  ;  Hot.  Mag. 
t.  1435.  T.  imbricata,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  120.  T.  umbellata,  Heyne  mss. — 
Cyanotis  sp.,  Wall.  Gat.  S989.—Ii/ieede  Hart  Mai.  vii.  t.  58. 

Throughout  Tkopical  India  in  hilly  districts.  Burma,  Malacca,  Ceylon. 
DisTRiB.  Malay  Islands,  Mauritius,  trop.  Africa. 

Stem  6-18  in,,  slender,  branched.  Leaves  rather  distant,  2-4  by  ^-f  in.,  sessile, 
obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous  or  liirsute,  ciliate  or  not.  Bracts  twice  as  long  as  the 
cyme.  Bracteoles  |  in.,  ovate,  falcate,  acute,  striate  and  striolate.  Sepals  lanceo- 
late. Petals  blue.  Filaments  simple,  bearded.  Style  thickened  at  the  tip. 
Capsule  i  in.,  obtuse. 

Var.  Griffithii,  Clarke  1.  c.  248;  seeds  smaller  not  pitted. — Mergui,  Griffith  {Kew 
distrib.  550j,  5517). 

4.  C.  barbata,  Don  Prodr.  46 ;  creeping  and  rooting,  glabrous  or 
cobwebby,  leaves  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  cymes  subsessile  axillary  and 
terminal,  bracteoles  oblong  falcate  acute,  filaments  bearded^  seeds  reticu- 
lated. Clarke  Gommel.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  37  {excl.  Syn.  Boxb.)  ;  Monogr.  248  ; 
Wall.  Gat.  8993 ;  Hassk.  GommeUn.  Ind.  143.  0.  nodiflora,  Glarke  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  453  {not  of  Kunth).  C.  nobilis,  Hassk.  I.  c.  148  {excl. 
Syn.  Wight) ;  Glarke  Gommel.  Sc  Gyrt.  Ind.  6,  39.  C.  glaberrima,  Hassk. 
I.  c.  156.  C.  fasciculata,  Wall.  Gat.  8990.  Tradescantia  barbata,  Spreng. 
Syst.  Gur.  post.  138.  T.  radicans,  Hoyle  III.  403. — Cyanotis  sp.  Wall.  Gat. 
8988,  8994. 

VOL.    VI.  ■  C    C 


386  CLX.  ooMMELiNACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Cyanotis, 

Subtropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  eastwards,  ascending  to  80C0  ft. 
Khasia  Mts.,  alt.  4600  ft.     Burma  &  Penang,  W(xllich.~I)isfRiB.  China. 

Stems  slender,  branched,  tufted,  sometimes  bulbiferous.  Leaves  1-2  by  i-i  in., 
falcate  or  straight,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  ciliate,  cobwebby  beneath.  Bracts 
much  longer  than  the  cyme.  J5rac<eo/es  faleately  ovate,  acuminate.  Ovary  tipped 
with  hairs.  Capsule  quadrate.  Seeds  brown. —  C.  nobilis  and  glaherrima  are  very 
large  stout  forms  1-2  ft.  high,  with  leaves  sometimes  6  in.  long,  common  in  the 
Khasia  hills. 

5.  C  tuberosa,  SchuUes,f.  Syst.  vii.  1153  ;  suberector  prostrate,  tall, 
stout,  glabrous  or  villous,  root  of  cylindric  tubers,  radical  leaves  ensiform 
cauliue  narrowly  oblong,  cymes  in  the  axil  of  a  short  leafy  bract,  terminal 
often  corymbose,  bracteoles  villous  ovate  falcate,  filaments  bearded,  tip 
tumid,  style  bearded  thickened  at  the  tip,  seeds  obscurely  rugose.  Clarke 
Monogr.  249;  Wall.  Cat.  8991;  Dah.  &  aihs.  Bomb.  FL  256;  Hassk. 
Gommelin.  Ind.  100.  C.  concanensis,  Thomsonii  &  Stocksii,  Hassk.  I.  c. 
144,  133,  118.  Tradescantia  tuberosa,  Eoxb,  Cor.  Fl.  ii.  t.  108  ;  Fl.  Ind. 
ii.  19.— Cyanotis  sp.,  ISTo.  8,  9,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Hf.  Sf  T. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  west  side,  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore. 

Stem  6  in. -3  ft.,  suberect  or  prostrate,  hirsute  at  the  base.  Leaves,  radical  and 
lower  cauline,  6-10  by  -^-1  in.,  sessile,  often  purple  beneath,  scaberulous.  Cymes 
villous,  or  densely  hirsute  ;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  falcate,  shorter  than  the  cyme  j 
bracteoles  |-f  in.  Petals  blue-purple.  Capsule  hairy  above. — A  large  coarse 
species. 

Var.  adscendens,  Clarke  1.  c.  ;  smaller,  more  glabrous,  branches  rooting  and 
proliferous  at  the  nodes.  C.  adscendens,  I>alz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  1852,  343 ; 
Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomh.  Fl.  255  ;  Hassk.  Commelin  Ind,  102.  C.  sarmentosa,  Wight 
Ic.  t.  2087  ;  Hassk.  I.  c.  154. — With  the  type  ;  and  at  Agra,  Jacquemont,  Chola 
Nagpore,  Clarke. 

6.  C.  Wigrhtli,  Clarke  Monogr.  250;  tall,  very  stout,  suberect,  sparsely 
hirsute,  leaves  very  long  ensiform,  cymes  axillary  and  subcorymbose, 
bracteoles  falcately  ovate  acuminate  ciliate,  filaments  bearded,  style 
thickened  below  the  tip,  seeds  oblong  dotted.  0.  longifolia,  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2084. 

South  Deccan  Peninsula;  Nilghiri  and  Travancore  hills,  Wight. 

Stem  branched,  2-3  ft.  high.  Leaves  attaining  6-18  by  ^-1^  in.,  but  usually 
much  smaller,  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  tip,  ciliate  ;  sheaths  short  loose.  Bract 
usually^  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  cyme  ;  bracteoles  ^  in.,  ciliate.  Capsule 
oblong,  not  half  so  long  as  the  sepals. 

7.  C.  arachnoidea,  Clarke  Monogr.  250;  suberect,  cottony  or  cob- 
webby, leaves  very  variable  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  rather  obtuse, 
cymes  subsessile  terminal  and  axillary,  bracteoles  falcately  lanceolate, 
filaments  bearded,  style  bearded  and  thickened  below  the  tip.  capsule 
oblong,  seeds  elongate  conical  obscurely  pitted,  0.  fasciculata,  Wall.  Cat., 
8990  (for  the  most  part).  C.  pilosa,  Wight  Herb,  (not  Ic.  t.  2083).  PC. 
sericea,  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  152. — Cyanotis  sp.,  5,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.  f. 
Sf  T.     Tradescantia  lanata  and  incana,  Heyne  Ttiss. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  Nilghiri  hills,  Wight  (Kew  distrib.28d9).  Cexlon; 
Haragam,  Trimen. 

Differs  from  C.  Wightii  in  the  soft  shining  silky  or  cobwebby  pubescence. 
Trimen's  specimens  are  very  robust,  with  radical  leaves  12  by  1^-2  in.,  exactly  as  in 
the  large  states  of  C.  Wightii;  but  those  of  the  Deeoan  specimens  are  much  smaller 
and  narrower. 


Gyanotis.']  clx.  oOMMELiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  387 

8.  C.  pilosa,  SchuUes,  f.  Syst.  vii.  1155;  more  or  less  clothed  with 
long  spreading  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous,  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
cymes  subsessile  terminal  and  axillary,  bracteoles  oblong  falcate  acute, 
filaments  bearded,  style  bearded  and  thickened  below  the  tip,  capsule 
quadrate,  seeds  shortly  conic  obscurely  pitted.  Wight  Ic.  t.  2083  ;  Clarke 
Monogr.  251 ;  Hassk.  Gommelin.  Ind.  99  ;  Wall.  Cat.  8992  ;  Gyanotis  sp.  11, 
Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  Sc  T.     Tradescantia  pilosa,  Heyne  mss. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  J  Nilghiri  hills,  Heyne,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon  ;  in  the 
higher  parts  of  the  island. 

Habit  of  C.  arachnoidea,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  hairyness  and  quadrate 
capsule  and  seeds.  The  Ceylon  are  the  only  good  specimens,  and  they  are  nearly 
glabrous. 

9.  C.  villosa,  SchuUes,  f.  Sijst.  vii.  1155  ;  silky  or  villous  with 
spreading  hairs,  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  bracteoles  small  lanceolate  falcate  or  nearly 
straight,  filaments  filiform,  style  fusiform  below  the  tip,  capsule  oblong, 
seeds  conical  corrugated.  Clarke  Monogr.  251 ;  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind. 
99  ;  Wall.  Cat.  8995.  C.  lanceolata,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2085  ;  Hassk.  I.  c.  125. 
Commelina,  sp.  10,  Herh.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  Sc  T.  Tradescantia  villosa,  Spreng. 
Syst.  ii.  116.     T.  ?  cyanotidea,  Hassk.  I.  c.  65. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Nilghiris,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon, 
Central  province,  ascending  to  6000  ft. 

Stems  S-4  ft.,  erect  from  a  procumbent  base,  succulent,  often  rooting  and  pro- 
liferous at  the  nodes.  Leaves  3-5  by  ^-^  in.,  sessile,  shining,  grten,  silkily  ciliate. 
Bract  twice  as  long  as  the  cyme ;  bracteoles  f  in.  long.     Capsule  obtuse. 

10.  C.  zeylanicaj  Hassk.  Gommel.  Ind.  145  ;  stem  elongate  glabrous 
except  a  line  of  hairs,  leaves  narrowly  .lanceolate  puberulous  pilose 
beneath,  cymes  small  terminal  subsessile,  bracteoles  dimidiate-ovate,  cap- 
sule subquadrate,  seeds  striate  and  obscarely  pitted.  Clarke  Monogr.  253. 
C.  lanceolata,  Wight,  var.  subglabra,  Thwaites  JSnum.  323. 

Ceylon  ;  Central  province,  up  to  6000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Difiers  from  C.  villosa  in  the  short  capsule  and  striate  seeds,  glabrous  stem  and 
smaller  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base.  The  bracts  also  are  much  shorter,  hardly 
exceeding  the  cyme. 

11.  C.  vagra,  SchuUes,/.  Syst.  vii.  1153;  softly  hairy,  stems  elon- 
gate procumbent,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  cymes  small  axillary  and 
terminal  sessile,  bracteoles  obscurely  2-seriate  lanceolate  nearly  straight, 
capsule  small  subquadrately  oblong,  seeds  closely  reticulate  and  1-2- 
foveolate.  Clarke  Monogr.  252.  Tradescantia  vaga,  Blume  Enum.  i.  5. 
?  Lour.  jFI.  Cochinch.  i.  239,  and  Hassk.  Commelin.  Ind.  62  {not  of  Zollinger). 

Tenasseeim,  Heifer. — Distrib.  Java,  China. 

Stems  10-20  in.,  slender.  Leaves  1^-2  by  ^-^  in.  Bract  large.  Capsule 
obtuse.  Seeds  with  two  deep  clefts  or  pits.  The  obscurely  biseriate  bracts  ally  it 
to  the  section  DalzelUa. 

12.  C-  fasclculata,  SchuUes,  f.  Syst.  vii.  1152 ;  annual,  dwarf,  de- 
cumbent, floccosely  silky  or  hairy,  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  cymes 
bracteate  axillary  and  terminal  sessile  and  peduncled,  bracteoles  falcately 
lanceolate,  capsule  oblong,  seeds  subrugose.  Clarke  Monogr.  253  ;  Hassk. 
Com.  Ind.  122;  Wight  Ic.  t.  2086 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  2b5  ;  Wall. 
Cat.  8990  {in  part).  C.  dichotricha,  Stocks  in  Wight  Ic.  t.  2087;  Hassk. 
I.  c.  130.     C.  Lawiana  and  decumbens,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2086  and  2088  ;  Hassk. 

c  c  2 


388  CLx.  coMMELiNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei'.)  \CyanoU8, 

I.  c.  100.  C.  rosea,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2086.  C.  eriantha  and  C.  disrumpens  {in 
part),  and  C.  Thwaitesii,  Hassk .  I.  c.  62,  138,  105,  136.  Tradescantia 
fasciculata,  Seyne  in  Both  Nov.  Sp.  189.  T.  rupestris  ?,  Law  in  Grah.  Cat, 
Bomh.  Fl.  223. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  common  in  rocky  places  from  the  Concan  sonthwards. 
Ceylon  ;  abundant  in  the  Central  province. 

Annual ;  roots  fibrous.  Stem  4-18  in.  Leaves  1-2  by  ^-\  in.  Bracts  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  small  cyme,  silky  or  cobwebby.  Petals  rose-purple.  Filaments 
bearded. 

A  very  variable  plant,  of  which  there  are  the  three  following  varieties : — 
fi  glabrescens  (from  Belgaum)  with  linear  glabrous  leaves,  glabrous  bracts  and 
woolly  bracteoles ;  y  rosea  (C.  rosea,  Wight)  (from  the  Bolamputty  hills  in  Travan- 
core)  (of  which  no  specimens  exist  in  Wight's  Herbarium)  with  sessile  ovate-cordate 
obtuse  leaves  according  to  the  description,  but  linear  leaves  in  the  plate ;  and 
5  Thwaitesii  (from  Belgaum,  Courtallam  and  Ceylon),  with  dense  divaricate 
branches,  to  which  belongs  Tradescantia  rupestris,  Law,  and  which  appears  to  be 
intermediate  between  C.  arachnoidea  and  fasciculata.  Wight  describes  rosea, 
Lawiana  and  dichotricha  as  all  of  them  succulent,  as  does  Dalzell  his  hispida.  Of 
Lawiana  Wight  describes  the  style  as  simple  (not  thickened)  but  figures  it  as 
fusiform  above. 

Sect.  II.  Dalzellia.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  terminal  or  subterminal 
few-fld.  cymules,  bracts  and  bracteoles  small  not  imbricate  in  2  series. 

13.  C.  kewensis,  Clarke  Monogr.  243,  Tab.  5,  f.  6 ;  villous,  stem 
stout  prostrate  densely  leafy,  leaves  bifariously  imbricate  sessile  ovate- 
cordate  acute  bright  red  beneath,  sheaths  very  short,  flowers  few  terminal 
shortly  pedicelled,  filaments  bearded.  Belosynapsis  kewensis,  Hassk,  in 
Flora,  1871,  259.     Erythrotis  Beddomei,  Sook,  f,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6150. 

Tkavancoee  ;  on  the  Myhendra  Mts.,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Beddome. 

Stem  and  branches  6-10  in.,  pendulous,  with  ascending  tips,  rooting  below. 
Leaves  \-l\  in.,  rather  fleshy,  green  and  convex  above,  hairs  rufous  when  dry, 
sheaths  \  in.,  ribbed,  ciliate.  Flowers  1-2  together  in  the  uppermost  axils;  pedicel 
and  3  ovate  sepals  hispid  ;  petals  free,  rose-purple ;  filaments  bearded  with  blue 
hairs,  anthers  yellow ;  ovary  hispid,  style  filiform  naked.  Capsule  oblong,  obtuse, 
tip  villous.    Seeds  short,  obscurely  2 -pitted  on  the  inner  face. 

14.  C.  viviparaj  Dalz,  in  Sook.  Jburn.  Bot.  1851,  226 ;  epiphytic, 
subscapigerous,  radical  leaves  ensiform,  flowering  stems  numerous  very 
slender  flexuous  pendulous  with  small  distant  leaves  and  few  very  small 
flowers.  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  255  ;  Clarke  Monogr.  244,  t.  5,  f.  5. 
Dalzellia  vivipara,  Ifassk.  in  Flora,  1865,  594 ;  Commelin.  Ind.  161. 

The  Concan  ;  in  the  Syhadri  hills,  on  trees.  Law,  Bahell. 

RootstocTc  small  with  tufts  of  pilose  radical  leaves  3-5  by  i-i  in.  Scapes  several, 
rooting  and  viviparous  at  the  nodes,  almost  filiform  ;  cauline  leaves  very  small, 
sheaths  very  short.  Flowers  2-3  on  a  subterminal  peduncle;  bracts  small,  oblong, 
acute ;  pedicels  and  sepals  villous.  Petals  white,  connate  to  the  middle  j  style 
filiform,  naked.     Capsule  j'^  in.  long,  oblanceolate.     Seeds  cylindric,  smooth. 

Sect.  III.  OcHRE^FLORA.  Flowers  axillary  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  ; 
bracteoles  small  slender  not  imbricating.     (See  also  C.  villosa.) 

15.  C-  axillaris,  Boem.  ^  Sch.  Syst.  vii.  1154;  stem  elongate  glabrous 
or  sparsely  hairy,  leaves  elongate  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flowers 
clustered  in  the  short  inflated  sheaths,  filaments  bearded,  style  glabrous 
filiform,  capsule  acute,  seeds  subcylindric  punctate.     Clarke  Monogr.  244 ; 


CyanoHs.'l  clx.  commelinace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  389 

Comm.  ^  Gyrt.  Beng.  t.  35 ;  Balz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  256 ;  Benth.  Fl. 
Austral.  \ii.  S2 ;  Hassk.in  JPl.  Jungh.  i.  154;  Commel.  Ind.  107;  Wall. 
Gat.  8996.  0.  disrumpens,  HassJc.  I.  c.  105  {in  part).  Comiiielina  axillaris, 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  4^2.  Tradescantia  axillaris,  Linn.  Mant.  321;  Boxb.  Gor. 
PI.  5, 1. 107  ;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  118.  Zygomenes  axillaris,  Salisb.  in  Trans.  Sort. 
Sac.  i.  271.— Eheede  Sort.  Mai.  x.  t.  13. 

Throughout  India  ;  in  the  plains  from  the  upper  Gangetic  valley  to  Assam  and 
southwards  to  Ceylon. — Disteib.  E.  Asia,  trop.  Australia. 

Stem  6-18  in.,  annual,  stout  or  slender,  branched.  Leaves  2-6  by  \-^  in., 
acuminate,  sheaths  ciliate,  base  broad  or  narrowed.  Petals  long-clawed,  blue. 
Ovart/  glabrous  ;  style  ovoid  below  the  tip.  Capsule  ^  in.  long,  glabrous  ;  valves 
2-fid. 

16.  C-  cucullata,  Kunth  Fnum.  iv.  107  ;  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy, 
leaves  linear,  flowers  clustered  in  the  sheaths,  filaments  nearly  naked, 
capsule  depressed  in  the  centre  with  3  horns,  seeds  subquadrate  pitted. 
EotJi  Nov.  8p.  189  ;  Glarke  Monogr.  245,  t.  5,  f.  7. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  from  Canara  to  Malabar. 

Habit  and  characters  of  D.  axillaris,  but  differing  in  the  glabrous  filaments  and 
broader  capsule  and  shorter  broader  seeds. 

DOUBTFUL   SPECIES, 

C.  nilagirica,  Hassh.  Commelin.  Ind.  127;  differing  according  to  Hasskarl 
from  C.  arachnoidea  in  its  glabrousness,  obtuser  leaves,  denser  spikes,  and  larger 
flowers. 

C.  KAELIAna,  BassTc.  I.  c.  146 ;  "  stems  creeping  8-12  in.  glabrous,  leaves  A-2  by 
jL_^  in.  linear-lanceolate,  sheaths  purple,  cymes  1-3-nate  axillary  or  terminal  small 
cobwebby-puberulous,  bracteoles  few,  seeds  longitudinally  cracked  not  scrobiculate, 
style  glabrous  tip  thickened." — Poonah,  Hugel. 

C.  INCERTA,  EassTc.  I.  c.  165 ;  "  brown-villous,  peduncles  5-nate,"  (cymes  ?) 
••  umbellately  crowded  at  the  top  of  a  common  peduncle,  bracts  "  (bracteoles  ?)  7-20 
falcate  lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers  woolly-villous,  style  hairy  thickened  below  the 
tip. — Asia,  Hngel. 

6.  STREPTOXiZRION,  Edgew. 

A  twining  flaccid  herb.  Leaves  long-petioled,  ovate-cordate,  acuminate. 
Flowers  few,  in  axillary  and  terminal  scorpioid  cymes.  Sepals  oblong,  free. 
Petals  linear,  free.  Stamens  6,  filaments  bearded,  anthers  transverse,  cells 
margining  the  2-lobed  connective.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  filiform,  stigma 
obconic  ciliate ;  ovules  2  superposed  in  each  cell.  Capsule  oblong  tri- 
gonous beaked  loculicidal.     Seeds  angular,  rugose. 

S.  volubile,  Edgew.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  xx.  90,  t.  2 ;  Wight  Ic. 
t.  2081 ;  Hassk.  Commel.  Ind.  6  ;  Clarke  Comm.  &  Gyrt.  Beng.  40  ;  Monogr. 
261.     S.  Griffithii,  Eurz.     Tradescantia  cordifolia.  Griff.  Journ.  2C8. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  from  Garwhal  to  Bhotan,  alt.  5-9000  ft.  Upper 
Assam,  on  the  Patkoy  bills,  and  Munnipore.— Distrib;  China. 

Stem  6  or  more  ft.,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy,  climbing  over  bushes,  terete, 
branched,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  4-6  in.  diam.,  base  often  deeply  2-lobed 
nerves  many  from  the  base,  concentric;  petiole  2-5  in.,  glabrous  or  puberulous;  sheath 
short,  mouth  ciliate.  Flowers  ^  in.  diam.,  white,  upper  often  barren.  Filaments  with 
yellow  hairs.  Capsule  i  in.  long,  glabrous  or  pubescent, — Tlie  Khasian  specimens 
(var.  khasiana,  Clarke)  are  more  hairy  than  the  Himalayan  with  villous  capsules 
and  a  penicillate  stigma. 


390  CLX.  coMMELiNACEiE.     (J.  1).  Hooker.)  \_Flo8copa. 

7.  FI.OSCOPA,  Lour. 

Erect  or  subscandent  herbs.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  terminal  or 
axillary  thyrsoid panicles,  bracteate ;  cymes  secund-flowered  (not  scorpioid). 
Sepals  3,  oblong,  free.  Petals  free,  obovate.  Stamens  6,  perfect  (or  one 
imperfect);  filaments  glabrous.  Ovary  2-celled;  cells  1-ovuled ;  style 
simple.  Capsule  2-celled,  crustaceons,  loculicidal.  Seeds  hemispheric— 
Species  about  11,  tropical. 

1.  r.  scandens;  Lour.  Fl.  Cock.  193;  glabrous  or  pubescent,  stems 
prostrate,  branches  suberect,  leaves  subpetioled  acuminate,  cymes  panicled 
villous  or  hirsute.  Clarice  Monogr.  265.  h\  paniculata,  Hassk.  PL  Jungh. 
157;  Co  mm  el.  Ind.  167.  F.  Hamiltonii,  undulata  petiolata  and  Meyeni- 
ana|,  Sassk.  Corntnel.  Ind.  166,  167.  Dithyrocarpus  paniculatus,  Xunth 
Enum.  iv.  70 ;  Clarke  Comm.  &  Cyrt.  Beng.  34 ;  Lalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Boiyih.  Fl. 
256.  D.  Meyenianus  and  rufus,  Kunth  I.  c.  78,  79.  D.  petiolatus,  Kothii, 
and  undulatus,  Wight  Ic.  t.  2079,  2080.  Tradescantia  paniculata,  Roxh. 
Cor.  PI.  ii.  t.  109  ;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  119  ;  Both  Nov.  Sp.  188.  T.  rufa,  Presl 
Mel.  Haenk.  i.  138.  Commelina  cymosa  and  densiflora,  Blume  Enum.  i. 
4.  C.  hispida.  Ham.  mss.,  and  C.  Hamiltonii,  Spreng.  8y^t.  iv.,  and  Cur. 
post.  25  and  v.  186.  Aneilema  hispidum,  Don  Prodr  45  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5204. 
A  cymosum  and  densiflorum,  Kunth  Fnmn.  iv.  69.  Lamprodithyros 
paniculatus,  Hassh.  in  Flora,  1863,  389. 

Throughout  tropical  India,  in  swamps  from  E.  Nepal,  Sikkiin  and  the  Khasia 
Hills  to  Travancore,  Malacca  and  Ceylon. — Dlstrib.  Eastern  Asia  and 
tropical  Australia. 

Stem  stout,  erect,  creeping  below.  Leaves  2-6  by  ^-l^  iu.,  sessile  or  petioled  ; 
sheaths  lax,  short,  glabrous  or  hirsute;  mouth  ciliate.  Panicles  shortly  peduncled, 
pyramidal,  with  long  erect  or  ascending  many-fld.  branches.  JFlotoers  small,  sub- 
globose,  racemose,  lower  bracteate  upper  ebracteate  ;  sepals  villous ;  petals  white, 
lilac  or  rosy.  Capsule  ^  iu.  long,  orbicular,  or  ellipsoid,  acute,  compressed,  shining. 
Seeds  glaucous. 

Order  CLXI.     FZiAGSXiIiARZEH:. 

Stem  tall,  leafy,  erect  or  scandent.  Leaves  many-nerved  or  plaited, 
petiole  sheathing.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  panicles,  uni-  or  bi-sexual. 
Sepals  6,  persistent,  imbricate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  filaments  free ; 
anthers  basifixed,  ereet.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled ;  style  short,  3-cleft,  or 
styles  3  ;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  small  berry,  or 
a  drupe  with  1-3  pyrenes.  Seeds  laterally  attached,  testa  membranous  or 
thick,  albumen  flowery  ;  embryo  lenticular. — Genera  3,  species  7-8,  of  the 
Old  World  and  Pacific. 

Stem  scandent.     Flowers  2-sexual.     Drupe  1-2-seeded  ....     1.  Flagellaria. 
Stem  erect.     Flowers  dioecious.     Berry  1-3-seeded 2.   SusuM. 


1.  Fl.Aaz:]:.I.ARXA,  Linn. 

Stem  climbing  by  the  cirrhose  leaf-tips.  'Flowers  bisexual.  Sepals 
snbpetaloid.  Style  arms  3,  entire  or  2-partite.  Drupe  with  a  thin  succu- 
lent exocarp  and  bony  1-2-seedei  ei^docarp. — Species  2,  a  Fijian  and  the 
following :  — 


Flagellaria  ]       clxi.  flagellariete.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  391 

r.  indica,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  333;  leaves  sessile  lanceolate  with  sheathing 
bases.  Xuntk  JSnum.  iii.  370;  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  154;  Bah.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb. 
jPZ.  256;  IVall.  Gat.  5198;  Benth.  FL  Austral.  Vxi.  10;  Miquel  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  249;  Redoute  Lil.  v.  t.  267;  Gaertn.  Fruct.  i.  16,  t.  16.-Bheede 
Mort.  Mai.  vii.  t.  53. 

Throughout  India,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  from  the  Sundeebunds  and  Chitta- 
GONG,  to  Ceylon  and  Singapore. — Distkib.  Trop.  Asia  and  Africa. 

Glabrous,  climbing  lofty  trees;  stem  thick  as  the  thumb  below;  branches 
clothed  with  the  closed  leaf-sheaths.  Leaves  6-10  in.,  variable  in  breadth,  lanceo- 
late, tip  a  slender  spiral  tendril,  many-nerved,  not  plaited ;  sheath  2-auricled. 
Panicle  6-18  in.  broad  and  ii-regularly  branched  ;  flowers  clustered,  sessile  ;  bracts 
scale-like.  Sepals  about  -j\  in.  long,  white,  subscarious.  Stamens  exserted ;  anthers 
as  long  as  the  filaments,  deeply  2-fid  at  the  ba?e ;  ovary  narrow,  trigonous.  FrttU 
pisiform,  red. 

Var.  mino7- ;  stem  very  slender,  leaves  3-5  by  i-^  in.,  panicle  1-3  in.  broad.  P. 
minor,  Blume  in  Boem.  Sf  St^h.  Syst.  vi.  1493 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  249,  ^ 
Suppl.  598.     F.  angustifolia,  Wail.  Cat.  5199.— Malay  Peninsula. 

2.  SUSUBIj  Blume. 

Stem  stout,  erect,  simple  or  branched  above.  Leaves  very  long,  sessile 
or  petioled,  inanj-nerved.  Floivsrs  dioecious,  in  broad  panicles,  sessile; 
bracts  minute  or  0.  Sepals  unequal,  orbicular,  concave,  inner  petaloid. 
Male  fl.  Stamens  6,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  sepals.  Pistillode  3-6- 
angled  or  3-lobed.  Fl.  fem.  Staminodes  small  or  0,  stigmas  3,  connate  in 
a  3-lobed  disk.  Beriy  pisiform,  succulent,  1-3-seeded  ;  stigmas  persistent, 
lateral  or  exceiitric. — Species  2,  Indian  and  Malayan. 

1.  S-  anthelxninticuxn,  Blume  in  SchuUes.  f.  Syst.  vii.  1493 ; 
panicle  broad  spreading  irregularly  branched.  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  371 ; 
Miquel  Fl.  Bid.  Bat.  iii.  247  ;  Thwaites  Fnum.  340.  Hanguana,  Blume 
Fnum.  PI.  Jav.  15. 

Malay  Peninsula  and  Penang,  common.  Ceylon,  in  marshes. — Distbib. 
Malay  Islands. 

Glabrous,  or  young  leaves  and  panicle  sparsely  clothed  with  shorb  cottony 
pubescence.  Stent,  3-5  ft.  high,  stout,  leafy  at  the  tip,  or  throughout.  Leaves 
3-8  ft.  long,  long  petioled,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  many-  and  closely 
nerved,  with  conspicuous  (when  dry)  cross  nervules ;  petiole  1-3  ft.,  base  sheathing. 
Panicle  erect,  shdrtly  stoutly  peduncled,  decompound,  rachis  and  branches  stout. 
Flowers  about  ^  in.  broad,  rather  remotely  sessile  on  the  branches  of  the  panicle, 
yellowish  ;  perianth  segments  orbicular,  concave ;  filaments  short,  dilated  below, 
anthers  oblong.     Berry  usually  1-seeded. 

2.  S.  malayanum,  Planch,  mss. ;  more  or  less  pubescent  with  scat- 
tered white  hairs,  panicle  narrow,  branches  whorled.  Yeratronia  mala- 
yana,  Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  553.  Veratrum  ?  malayanum.  Jack  in  Mal. 
'Misc.  i.  V.  25  {Hook.  Bat.  Misc.  ii.  74) ;  Wall.  Cat.  3717.  T.  anthelmin- 
ticum,  Maury  in  Rev.  Hart.  1889,  77,  f.  23. 

Penang,  Pekak,  Singapore  and  Malacca. — Disteib.  Malaya, 
Described  by  Jack  as  with  the  leaves  all  radical  and  3-4  ft.  long;  but  I  suspect 
liis  description  is  taken  from  a  young  plant. — It  may  be  doubted  from  Blume's 
description  (in  Willdenow)  whether  this  or  S.  anthelminticmn  is  the  plant  intended, 
but  I  assume  that  Miquel  must  have  had  access  to  the  specimens  of  that  author, 
or  he  would  not  have  described  >S'.  malayanum  as  a  different  genua.  If  really  different 
the  two  species  are  very  closely  allied. 


392  CLXii.  JUNCACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

Order  CLXII.  JUNCACXSAS. 

Erect,  rarely  annual  herbs  ;  stems  tufted  or  with  a  creeping  rootstock. 
Leaves  flat,  terete,  or  reduced  to  sheaths.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal 
cymes,  2  sexual,  bracteate,  green,  or  whitish  and  membranous,  or  brown 
and  coriaceous.  Perianth  inferior,  segments  6  in  two  series,  persistent, 
imbricate.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  hypogynous  or  on  the  bases  of  the  seg- 
ments ;  aothers  basifixed.  Ovary  1-  or  3-celled,  style  filiform  or  short,  or  0, 
stigmas  3,  filiform  ;  ovules  3  basilar  in  the  1-celled  ovary,  or  many  in  the 
inner  angles  of  the  3-celled,  anatropous.  Capsule  1-3-celled,  loculicidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  testa  membranous,  often  produced  at  each  end  ; 
albumen  dense;  embryo  small,  next  the  hilum. — Genera  14;  species 
about  200. 

Ovary  many-ovuled 1.  JuNCUS. 

Ovary  1-celled  3-ovuled 2.  Luzola. 

1.  JUNCUS*  Linn. 

Glabrous  herbs.  Perianth  with  the  3  outer  segments  keeled  or  the 
midrib  thickened.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3.  Ovary  3-  rarely  1-celled,  ovules 
many. — Species  about  150,  temperate  and  arctic,  rarely  tropical. 

Sect.  I.  Annual.  Stem  copiously  bianched.  Leaves  not  septate. 
Cymes  scattoml,  fcw-fld. 

1.  J.  bufonius,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  466;  slender  much  dichotomously 
branched  from  the  base  upwards,  cymes  numerous,  flowers  pale  green 
solitary  or  clustered,  sepals  and  petals  unequal.  Kunth  Enum.  in.  353  ; 
Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  395  ;  Boyle  III.  401 ;  Wall.  Cat.  8997 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  361 ;  Buchen.  in  Fngl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  174. 

Northern  India;  from  the  plains  to  13,000  ft.  in  the  Himalaya,  but  local.— 
DiSTBiB.  N.  temp,  regions. 

Densely  clustered,  1-12  in.  high,  erect  or  ascending,  pale  green.  Leaves  few, 
setaceous,  channelled  above,  sheaths  pale.  Cymes  scattered  on  the  stem,  branches 
short  or  long,  often  flexuous  ;  bracts  scarious  ;  flowers  \-\  in.  long,  lateral  open 
6-androus,  terminal  closed  3-androns;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  long  acuminate 
and  with  broad  membranous  margins.  Stajwews  half  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Capsule 
shorter  than  and  closely  embraced  by  the  perianth,  obovoid,  obtuse,  mucronate,  pale. 
Seeds  very  minute,  finely  reticulate,  tips  nearly  rounded. 

Sect.  II.  Perennial.  ^/ii2;ome  stout,  tufted  and  creeping.  Stems  tall, 
terete,  produced  beyond  the  decompound  cyme  and  then  erect  and  pun- 
gent ;  bases  closed  with  rigid  leafless  sheaths.  Leaves  0,  or  terete  like  the 
stem.     Flowers  usually  distinctly  pedicelled. 

2.  3.  effiisnSj  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  326;  stems  soft,  pith  i  continuous,  sepals 
lanceolate  exceeding  the  obovoid  retuse  capsule,  stamens  usually  3,  seeds 
not  tailed  at  the  ends.  Beichb.  Lc.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  920  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
362  ;  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jalirb.  vi.  199  ;  xii.  228.  J.  communis,  E.  Mey. 
June.  12  ;  Xunth  Enum.  in.  320. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6-10,000  ft.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-5500  ft.— Disteib. 
Europe,  N.  Asia,  Africa,  America,  and  Australia. 

Ifeually  forming  circular  densely  matted  tufts  of  pale  green  finely  striate  stems, 
1-3  ^t.  high,  and  |-i-  in.  diam.  ;  spathes  all  leafless.  Cymes  most  variable,  eff'use 
lax  and  pendulous  with  slender  branches  and  dista»'        ^wers,  or  globose  sessile  and 


Juncus.]  CLXir.  juncace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  393 

with  densely  packed  flowers.  Sepals  yo-f  in.  Stamens  3,  rarely  6,  shorter  than, 
the  sepals.  Capsule  obtuse  or  mucronate.  Seeds  very  obtuse  at  each  end,  minute. 
— A  graceful  form  with  effuse  nodding  or  decurved  very  lax-flowei'ed  cymes  3-5  in. 
long,  long-pedicelled  triandrous  flowers  and  more  or  less  interrupted  pith,  is  common 
in  the  Sikkim  woods  at  5-8000  ft.  elevation. 

3.  J.  grlaucus,  ^hrh.  Beitr.  vi.  83  ;  stems  rigid  glaucous  deeply 
striate,  pith  interrupted,  sepals  lanceolate  about  equalling  the  ovoid  mucro- 
nate capsuled,  stamens  6,  seeds  obtuse  at  either  end.  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  316 ; 
Thicaites  Enmii.  340  ;  Wall.  Cat.  Boiss.  Ft.  Orient,  v.  353 ;  Buchen.  in 
Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  vi.  199  ;  xii.  243  ;  Eeichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  412.  J.  effasus, 
Steud,  PI.  HohenacJc. 

Western  Himalaya,  alt.  6-9000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Nepal ;  the  Nilghiri 
Hills  and  Cetlon. — Distrib.  Europe,  N.  Asia,  N.  Africa. 

Habit  of  T.  effusus,  but  usually  stiffer  and  darker  green  with  deeper  striated 
stems.  1  have  great  difficulty  in  referring  some  of  the  Himalayan  dried  specimens 
whether  to  glaucus  or  to  effusus. 

4.  J.  maritixnus,  LamJc.  Encycl.  iii.  264 ;  stem  terete,  basal  sheaths 
short  pale,  leaves  few  terete  pungent,  cyme  decompound,  branches  erect, 
sepals  lanceolate  acute,  petals  shorter  oblong  obtuse  rather  shorter  than 
the  ovoid  or  conic  3-celled  capsule,  seeds  shortly  tailed  at  each  end. 
Kunth  Enum.  iii.  322 ;  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  xii.  256 ;  Reichh.  Ic. 
Fl.  Germ.  ix.  t.  402  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  354. 

Sandy  shores  of  Sindh,  Stocks,  &c. — Distrib.  Affghanistan  and  westward  to 
the  Atlantic^  N.  and  S.  America,  Australia. 

Stems  2-4  ft.,  striate,  pith  solid  ;  basal  sheaths  narrow,  obtuse,  pungent  or  pro- 
duced into  a  solid  terete  pungent  leaf.  Cyme  1-2  in.  long ;  floral  bracts  ovate, 
mucronate,  margins  broadly  membranous  ;  sepals  ^-^  in.  long,  pale  gi'een,  margins 
membranous  ;  stamens  6,  filaments  dilated  and  connate  at  the  base,  anthers  linear. 
Capsule  sometimes  half  as  long  again  as  the  sepals,  obtuse,  mucronate,  shining. 
Seeds  oblong  or  obovoid. 

Sect.  III.  Perennial.  Stems  simple,  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  filiform, 
not  septate.  Cij>iies  terminal.  Stamens  6,  included.  Capsule  shorter  or 
longer  than  the  perianth. 

5.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  214  ;  stem  very  slender  tufted  curved 
1-2-leaved,  leaves  very  slender  flat  or  involute,  cyme  terminal  rather 
effuse,  flowers  small  distant  or  sparingly  clustered,  sepals  lanceolate 
acuminate  much  longer  than  the  6  stamens,  anthers  shorter  than  their 
filaments  ;  capsule  hardly  exserted  subglobosely  trigonous.  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  348 ;  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  193 ;  B^ichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  ix.  t. 
398 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  348,  349. 

Assam,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Europe,  As.,  Am.,  N.  Zealand. 

Stem  9-18  in.  and  leaves  wiry.  Leaves  rarely  exceeding  the  stem,  deeply  striate  ; 
sheath  membranous,  2-auricled.  Cyme  narrow  or  broad,  compound,  rarely  dense-fld., 
lower  bract  or  bracts  filiform,  usually  exceeding  the  cyme  ;  floral  membranous ; 
flowers  green  ;  sepals  spreading,  ^  in.  long;  anthers  shorter  than  their  filaments; 
style  very  short.  Capsule  mucronate.  Seeds  obovoid  or  oblong,  apiculate. — 
Possibly  introduced  into  Assam,  as  the  species  is  spreading  out  of  Europe. 

6.  Ji  compresses,  Jacg.  En.  Sirtp.  Vind.  60,  235 ;  stems  slender 
1-2-leaved,  leaves  slender  channelled,  cyme  'terminal,  branches  spreading, 
flowers  subsolitary,  sepals  linear^oblcng  obtuse  about  equalling  the  broadly 


394  CLXii.  JUNCACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Juncu8. 

ovoid  obtuse  capsule,  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  anthers 
longer  than  their  filaments.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  351 ;  Buchen.  in  JEngl.  Bot. 
Jahrb.  xii.  185  ;  Eeirhb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  ix.  t.  399. 

Western  Himalaya;  Kashmir, /acg-uemo  w^  ;  alt.  7000  ft.,  Ciar^^. — Distrib. 
Westward  to  the  Atlantic,  N.  Asia. 

BootstocJc  creeping  ;  stems,  6-24  in.,  tufted,  rigid,  fistular,  subcompressed,  striate. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  nearly  flat,  or  channelled  above,  tip  subulate;  sheath 
auricled.  Cyme  shorter  than  the  filiform  lower  bracts,  compound,  lax-fld.  ;  flowers 
subsolitary;  sepals  1|  in.  long,  with  green  or  brown  narrowly  scarious  margins. 
Capsule  3-celled,  shining,  apiculate.  Seeds  very  minute,  apiculate,  strongly  ribbed. 
— The  capsule  is  shorter  than  in  the  usual  form  of  .7.  compressus,  and  as  short  as  in 
J.  Oerardi,  which  is  a  salt  marsh  species  (or  variety  of  compressus),  not  uncommon 
in  Europe  and  N.  Asia. 

7.  J.  ochraceus,  Buchen.  in  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Brem.  iii.  292  ;  in  FJngl. 
Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  207,  t.  2  ;  xii.  416  ;  stems  slender,  leaves  filiform  channelled 
above,  cyme  compound  in  small  heads  usually  transformed  into  crowded 
plumose  clusters  of  long  shining  yellow  glumes,  flowers  small  pale  green, 
sepals  narrow  membranous  subequal  longer  than  the  stamens,  anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments,  capsule  exserted  narrowly  ovoid  triquetrous 
cuspidate,  style  long  slender. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  5-9000  ft.,  abundant.     Bhotan,  Griffith. 

Stem  densely  tufted,  8-12  in.  high,  grooved.  Leaves  equalling  the  stem,  or 
sliorter,  2-tubular,  wiry  ;  sheaths  Jong-auricled.  Cyme  polymorphous,  loosely 
branched,  invariably  more  or  less  reduced  to  feathery  tufts  of  golden  yellow  shining 
bracts  and  glumes-like  subulate  lanceolate  sepals  with  very  rarely  a  few  inter- 
mixed perfect  flowers  dispersed  in  small  peduncled  pde  green  heads  or  clusters,  very 
shortly  pedicelled  ;  lower  bract  filiform,  usually  short,  floral  hyaline ;  sepals  ^  in. 
long,  membranous,  linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved ;  sepals  more  oblong,  3-nerved, 
apiculate  ;  anthers  at  length  strongly  twisted  ;  ovary  with  the  very  slender  style 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Capsule  ^  in.  long.  Seeds  not  seen.— A 
remarkable  plant,  quite  unlike  any  other,  doubtfully  referred  to  this  section  by 
Buchenau  ;  perhaps  better  placed  with  J.filiformis. 

Sect.  ly.  Perennial,  Stem  usually  leafy  upwards.  Leaves  terete  or 
compressed,  septate  within,  the  septa  more  or  less  prominent  externally. 
Cymes  terminal ;  flowers  densely  clustered  in  small  heads. 

*  Seeds  long-tailed  at  both  ends.     Stamens  exserted. 

8.  J.  Grisebachii,  Buchen.  in  Abhandl.  Nat.  Verein.  Bremen,  iii. 
295  ;  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  202  ;  xii.  265;  stoloniferous,  stem  tall  stout, 
cymes  of  several  many-fld.  pale  yellow  globose  heads,  sepals  membranous 
equalling  the  ovoid  long-beaked  capsule,  stamens  exserted. 

SuBALPiNE  Himalaya;  Kumaon, alt.  11,000  ft.,  Duthie;  Sikkim,  alt.  10-14,000 ft., 
J.  D.  H.,  Clarke.     Bhotan,  Griffith. 

Stems  8-18  in.,  soft,  terete.  Leaves  as  long  as  the  stem,  terete,  channelled, 
strongly  septate.  Cymes  with  spreading  branches  ;  lower  bracts  1-3,  very  long, 
leafy,  erect;  floral  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  membranous;  flowers  i-\  in, 
long,  sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled ;  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  acute ;  anthers 
slender  as  long  as  their  filaments ;  style  slender.  Capsule  subterete,  shining, 
almost  3-celled.  Seeds  very  pale,  fusiform,  testa  lax,  tails  as  long  as  the 
nucleus. 

9.  J.  chrysocarpus,  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  201 ;  xii.  266  ; 
stems  tufted   very  slender  1-2-leaved,  leaves    filiform,  cyme   a    solitary 


Juncus.]  CLXii.  JUNCACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  395 

many-fld.  pale  yellow  globose  or  hemispheric  head,  sepals  membranous 
shorter  than  the  long-beaked  capsule. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-12,000  ft,  J.  JD.  H. ;   Clarice. 

Stem  as  thick  as  packthread.  Leaves  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem,  strongly 
or  faintly  (sometimes  externally  obscurely)  septate.  Cymes  \~\  in.  diam. ;  lower 
bracts  produced  and  filiform  or  not;  flowers  sessile;  sepals  \  in.  long,  ovate- 
lanceolate  acuminate  and  petals  almost  hyaline;  stamens,  style  and  seeds  as 
in  J.  Grisehachii. — Differs  from  Orisebachii  in  its  small  size,  slender  habit, 
solitary  head  and  smaller  flowers.  With  difficulty  distinguished  from  J.  membra- 
naceus,  to  which  this  and  Grisehachii  are  most  closely  allied. 

**  Seeds  not  tailed.     Stamens  included. 

10.  J.  punctorius,  Linn.  f.  Suppl.  208  ;  tall,  stout,  leaves  cjlindric 
or  compressed  multitubular  with  a  central  hollow,  cyme  terminal  erect 
umbellately  compound,  heads  many  and  many-fld.,  sepals  oblong-lanceo- 
late acute,  petals  broader  subacute,  stamens  6,  capsule  equalling  the  sepals 
ovoid  mucronate  3-celled,  seeds  ovoid  very  minute.  Kunth  Enum  iii. 
332  ;  Buchen.  in  Abh.  Nat.  Verein.  Bremen,  iv.  424  ;  m  £Jnffl.  Bot.  Jahrh. 
xii.  277  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  357. 

SiNDH,  Stocks. — DiSTRiB.  Westwards  to  Persia,  Arabia  and  N.  and  S.  Africa. 

Pale  green,  2  ft.  high  ;^rootstock  stout  creeping ;  stems  soft  often  as  thick  as  a 
goose-quill.  Leaves  as  long  as  the  stem,  and  nearly  as  stout,  acuminate,  irregularly 
septate.  Cyme  decompound ;  branches  divaricate ;  bracts  short,  pungent,  floral 
hyaline  acuminate ;  flowers  brownish,  sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled  ;  sepals  j^'^-j  in. 
long,  glumaceous  ;  stamens  about  ^  sliorter  than  the  ^epals,  filaments  rather  longer 
than  the  anthers;  style  long.  Capsule  prismatic,  apiculate.  Seeds  costate  and 
reticulate. 

11.  J.  lampocarpus,  Shr.  Galam.  n.  126  ;  stems  erect  or  ascending 
terete  or  compressed  leafy,  leaves  linear-subulate  unitubular  strongly- 
septate,  cymes  subumbellately  compound  with  divaricate  branches  bearing 
small  2-5-fld.  heads  of  sessile  small  flowers,  stamens  6  much  shorter  than 
the  lanceolate  subacute  or  obtuse  sepals,  capsule  pyramidal  mucronate 
1-celled,  tip  exserted,  seeds  obovoid.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  325  ;  Boiss.  Fl, 
Orient,  v.  358;  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  376;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  ix.  t.  405.     J.  articulatus,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  i.  327. 

North  West  India  ;  Lahore,  Thomson  ;  Jhelum  river,  Jacquemont.  Himalaya 
and  Western  Tibet,  alt.  7-14,000  ft. ;  very  common  from  Kashmir  to  Kundwur. — 
DiSTRiB.  North  temp,  regions. 

Rootstock  horizontal;  stems  densely  tufted,  4-10  in.,  rather  stout,  soft,  at  length 
hollow.  Leaves  terete  or  compressed,  acute.  Cyme  with  stout  strict  divaricate 
branches  \-\.  in.  long,  bearing  small  heads  at  the  forks  and  tips;  lower  bracts  leafy, 
fioral  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate ;  heads  i-^  in.  diam.  ;  hemispheric;  sepals  \  in. 
long,  green  or  brown,  margins  membranous ;  anthers  about  equalling  the  filaments  ; 
style  short.     Capsule  green  or  brown.     Seeds  reticulate,  testa  appressed, 

12.  J.  prismatocarpus,  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  iV.  Holl.  259  ;  stem  erect 
terete  or  compressed,  leaves  filiform  or  broader  soft  compressed  or  terete 
1-  or  many-tubular  indistinctly  externally  distantly  septate,  cymes  irre- 
gularly compound,  heads  densely  6-10-fld.,  sepals  subulate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  stamens  3  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  style  very  short, 
capsule  prismatic  or  conical  rather  longer  than  the  sepals,  seeds  obovoid  or 
ellipsoid.  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  iii.  33  ;  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  311 ; 
Miquel,   Fl.   Ind.  Bat.  iii.  246.      J.  Leschenaultii,  /.  Gay  in  La  Harpe 


396  CLXii.  JUNCACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [/uncus. 

Munogr.  June.  137,  139  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  336 ;  Thw.  Enum.  840.  J.  Wal- 
lichianus,  La  Harpe  I.  c.  139  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  338.  J.  indicus,  Boi/le  ex  Bon 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  823;  Wall.  Gat.  8999.  J.  monticola,  Sieud. 
8vn.  PI.  Glum.  ii.  301.  Eostkovia  ensiformis,  Herb.  Ham. — Juncus, 
Wall.  Gat.  9000. 

Plains  of  Bengal  and  the  Panjab;  ascending  the  Himalaya  to  10,000  ft.  The 
Khasia  Hills,  and  Deccan  Ghats;  Buema  ;  Ceijlon.— Distrib.  Eastern  Asia, 
Australia. 

Very  variable,  csespitose,  rootstock  very  short.  Stems  18-24  in.,  sometimes 
decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  leafy,  not  septate.  Leaves  2-10  by  yV~^  ^'^•» 
always  shorter  than  the  stem,  acute.  Cymes  erect,  branches  erect  or  spreading  ; 
lower  bract  leafy,  erect,  shorter  than  the  cyme;  floral  hyaline,  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate  ;  heads  hemispheric ;  flowers  green  or  brown,  sessile  ;  sepals  f-^  in.  long, 
glumaceous ;  stamens  very  short,  anthers  oblong ;  style  very  short,  stigmas  long. 
Capsule  usually  much  exceeding  the  perianth.  Seeds  very  minute,  apiculate,  testa 
appressed,  reticulate. — The  commonest  rush  in  wet  meadows  in  Sikkim. 

Var.  sinensis ;  very  slender,  flaccid,  prostrate  and  creeping,  leaves  filiform 
unitubular,  cymes  depauperate,  heads  few-fld.  J.  sinensis,  J.  Qay  in  La  Harpe 
Monogr.  June.  137;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  336;  Buchen.  I.  c.  vi.  203  ;  xii.  313.  J.  in- 
dicus, var.  nanus,  Royle  III.  PI.  Hinial.  137.  J.  unibracteatus,  Qriff.  Notul. 
iii.  232. — Bengal,  Nepal,  and  the  Khasia  hills,  in  very  wet  places. 

13.  J.  leptospermus,  Buchen.  in  JEngl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  203 ;  xii. 
339 ;  stems  tall,  leaves  cylindric  unitubular,  cymes  decompound  erect, 
heads  crowded  sub  5-fld.,  sepals  subulate  lanceolate  shorter  than  the 
narrow  lanceolate  beaked  prismatic  capsule,  stamens  3  much  shorter  than 
the  sepals,  seeds  linear-oblong. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-50C0  ft.,  Griffith,  Clarice. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  terete  or  subterete,  smooth,  leafy  above, 
at  length  fistular.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  septate,  acuminate.  Cyme 
branches  erect,  stiff"}  lower  bract  leafy,  floral  hyaline,  awned ;  flowers  reddish, 
prismatic  ;  sepals  ^-i  in.  long,  very  narrow,  rigid,  acuminate,  margins  narrowly 
membranous ;  filaments  rather  longer  than  the  anthers.  Capsule  1-celled.  Seeds 
fusiform,  pointed  at  one  end,  testa  close. — 'A  teller  plant  than  J.  prismatocarpus, 
less  leafy,  with  a  much  shorter  cyme  the  branches  of  'which  are  more  erect,  and 
with  narrower  seeds. 

Sect.  Y.  Leaves  narrow,  channelled,  terete  or  filiform,  1-  many-tubular, 
septa  very  indistinct  or  0.  Cj/mes  consisting  of  solitary  or  a  few  globose 
or  subgiobose  heads  ;  flowers  usually  large,  white  yellowish  or  chesnut- 
brown.     Statnens  6.     Seeds  scobiform  or  tailed  at  each  end. 

*  Cyme  a  solitary  sessile  head.  Leaves  solitary  or  few,  all  at  or  near 
the  base  of  the  stem.     Anthers  included,  or  exserted. 

14.  J.  trig-lumis,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  328 ;  stem  slender  stiff  naked,  leaves 
short  subulate,  cyme  terminal  3-4-fld.  dark  brown,  bracts  short,  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate  acute  glumaceous,  stamens  included,  filaments  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  small  anthers,  capsule  exserted  obtuse  or  mucronate, 
seeds  with  long  tails.  Ku7itk  Knum.  iii.  368;  Buchen.  in  Kngl.  Bot. 
Jahrh.  vi.  213 ;  xii.  388 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  355 ;  Beichh.  Lc,  Ft.  Germ. 
ix.  t.  392. 

Alpine  Himalaya  and  Western  Tibet,  alt.  12-15,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to 
Sikkim. — Distrib.  Alpine  and  Arctic  regions  of  the  N.  hemisphere. 

Stems  2-6  in.,  tufted,  not  stoloniferous.    Leaves  stifl",  2«tubular.     Cymes  i-J  in. 


Juncus.]  CLXii.  JUNCACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  397 

diam.,  outer  bracts  dark  brown,  spreading,  usually  shorter  than  the  sessile  flowers ; 
sepals  ^-\  in. ;  inner  rather  broader,  tips  membranous ;  style  and  stigmas  short. 
Seeds  -^  in.  long,  including  the  long  white,  tails. 

15.  J-  leucomelas,  Royle  ex  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  32U  ; 
stem  filiform  naked,  leaves  1-2  filiform  very  short,  cyme  a  3-8-fld.  white 
head,  bracts  brown  lower  usually  produced,  sepals  lineir-oblong  obtuse 
membranous,  anthers  very  long  exserted,  capsule  ovoid-oblong  shortly 
exserted,  seeds  long-tailed.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jalirb.  vi.  211;  xii. 
391.  J.  Thomsoni,  Buchen.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xxv.  (1867)  148  ;  iti  Encjl.  Bot. 
Jahrh.  xii.  390. 

Western  Himalaya  and  Western  Tibet  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Siljkim,  alt. 
12-16,000  It. — DiSTRiB.  Mongolia. 

Stems  tufted,  2-6  in.,  not  stoloniferous,  hollow.  Leaves  1-2-tubular.  Cyme 
solitary  ;  upper  bracts  pale,  membranous  ;  sepals  subequal,  -i— ^  iu.  long ;  inner  with 
membranous  margins  ;  anthers  rather  shorter  than  the  filaments  ;  style  and  stigmas 
short.  Capsule  1-celled.  Seeds  ^V  i»-  long. — I  cannot  distinguish  J.  Thomsoni 
except  by  its  dark  chesnut  colrd.  flowers,  a  very  variable  character. 

16.  J.  bracteatus,  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  220 ;  xii.  397  ; 
stem  very  slender  (rarely  1-leaved.P),  leaves  few  short  filiform,  cyme  a 
solitary  3-5-fld.  hemispheric  head  much  exceeded  by  the  horizontal  filiform 
lower  bracts,  flowers  pale  or  dark,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  membranous 
obtuse,  anthers  exserted,  style  long,  capsule  included  beaked,  seeds  shortly 
tailed. 

SuBALPiNE  Himalaya,  alt.  12,000  ft. ;  Garwhal,  Duthie ;  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H. 

Stems  tufted,  6-8  in.,  fistular ;  basal  sheaths  soft.  Leaves  subcompressed 
tubular.  Cyme  i  in.  broad,  upper  bracts  rather  membranous,  brown,  equalling  the 
shortly  pedicelled  flowers  ;  sepals  i  in.  long ;  anthers  linear,  as  long  as  the  fila- 
ments. Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled.  Seeds  scobiform,  testa  shortly  produced  at  each 
end. — Bucbenau  places  this  in  the  group  with  a  leaf  on  the  stem,  this  may  occur 
occasionally,  but  1  think  that  specimen  of  J.  leucanthus  may  have  been  mixed  with 
hracteatus.  On  the  other  hand  the  absence  or  presence  of  a  stem  leaf  in  the  species 
of  this  section  is  I  fear  far  from  a  good  one,  and  .7.  hracteatus  is  perhaps  only  a 
form  of  leucomelas. 

=**  Cyme  a  solitary  sessile  head.  Stem  with  one  or  more  leaves  above 
^e  middle,     j^nthers  exserted,  linear. 

17.  J.  leucanthus,  Boyle  ex  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  318 ; 
stem  slender,  basal  sheaths  hard  brown,  leaves  filiform,  cyme  solitary 
6-10-fld.  pale  yellow,  bracts  short  brown,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  subacute 
membranous,  capsule  and  long  style  exserted  beaked  with  the  long  style, 
seeds  with  very  short  tails.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  218  ;  xii. 
39b.— Wall.  Gat.  9002  B  and  3480  in  part. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  alt.  11-13,000  ft. 

Stem  6-8  in.,  tufted,  at  length  hollow.  Leaces  very  slender,  uppermost  equalling 
the  stem,  uuitubular,  subacute.  Cyme  \-\  in.  diam.,  bracts  ovate-oblong,  acute, 
lowermost  equalling  the  flowers,  sometimes  produced  to  1  in. ;  flowers  shortly 
pedicelled  j  sepals  ^  in.  long ;  anthers  half  as  long  as  the  filaments ;  style  long, 
slender,  stigmas  short.  Capsule  obovoid-oblong,  cuspidately  beaked,  3-septate. 
/S'ceds  obliquely  ovoid,  testa  loose  shortly  produced  at  each  end. — Buchenau  has  a 
var.  alpinar-^}-  c.  xii.  395),  from  Jongri  in  Sikkim  (alt.  13,000  ft.,  Clarke),  smaller 
with  brown  cymes  and  smaller  flowers. 

18.  J.  membranaceuSf  Boyle  ex  Don  in   Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii. 


398  CLXii.  JUNCACE^.     (J.  T).  Hooker.)  [Juncus. 

320;  stem  tall  slender  1-3-leaved,  leaves  filiform  acute,  cyme  many-fid. 
white  exceeded  or  not  by  the  lower  bract,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse 
membranous  inner  longer,  capsule  usually  far  exserted  long-beaked,  seeds 
with  very  long  tails.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  397.  J.  Hoffmeisteri, 
Klotzsch  in  Bot.  Eeis.  Fr.  Waldem.  60,  t.  98 ;  Buchen.  I.  c.  vi.  220.  J. 
benghalensis,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  360  ;  Buchen.  I.  c.  vi.  211  ;  xii.  400.  J. 
sphenostemon,  Buchen.  I.  c.  xii.  401.  J.  concinnns,  in  part  Herb.  Hook.  /. 
&  T.     Isolepis  sp.  Wall.  Cat.  348  A. 

Tempeeate  and  Subalpine  Himalaya,  alt.  6-13,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to 
Sikkim. 

Stems  5-20  in.,  tufted,  stolon iferoup,  at  length  fistular  ;  basal  sheaths  mem- 
branous. Leaves  slender,  channelled,  or  flatfish  above,  tubular;  sheath  long, 
Huricled.  Cyme  8-24-fld.  ;  lower  bracts  variable,  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  hyaline  ; 
flowers  shortly  pedicelled  ;  sepals  nearly  ^  in.  long;  anthers  half  as  long  as  the 
filaments,  style  and  stigmas  short.  Capsule  often  half  as  long  again  as  the  sepals, 
1-celled.  Seeds  -^^  in.  long,  tails  longer  than  the  nucleus.  J.  sphenostemon 
appears  to  me  to  be  only  a  poor  small  state  of  membranaceus,  the  anthers  are  not 
cuneate,  but  almost  exactly  linear;  its  seeds  are  not  ripe.  J.  benghalensis  was 
founded  on  a  Wallichian  specimen  of  membranaceus  with  a  false  locality. 

***  Cyme  compound  of  several  heads. 

f  Stoloniferous.  Elowers  large  (J  in.  long  and  upwards).  Stamens 
included. 

19.  J.  sphacelatus,  Decne.  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  172,  t.  172;  stem 
stout  terete  leafy,  leaves  involute,  cyme  of  2-5  clustered  or  distant  and 
superposed  erect  dark  brown  2-5-fld.  heads,  lower  bract  elongate,  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate  much  longer  than  the  stamens  and  prismatic  beaked 
capsule,  seeds  long-tailed.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  vi.  225;  xii.  404. 
— Juncus,  Wall.  Cat.  9001  in  part. 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim,  alt.  12-16,000  ft. — Distrib* 
AflFghan,  Turkestan. 

Stems  8-16  in.,  tufted,  smooth,  fistular;  stolons  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill.  Leaves 
strict,  obtuse  or  acute,  unitubular,  obscurely  septate.  Ci/me  with  the  heads  usually 
distant,  sessile  or  peduncled ;  fioral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  sepals  ^  to  nearly 
-^  in.  long,  thinly  glumaceous,  tips  finely  acuminate,  of  inner  hyaline ;  anthers 
included ,  about  equalling  the  filaments.  Capsule  dark  brown,  obtuse,  mucronate, 
3-6eptate.     Seeds  i  in.  long,  tails  very  slender. 

20.  J.  hixnalensis,  Klotzsch  Sf  Garcke  in  Bot.  Reis.  Fr.  Waldem.  60, 
t.  97  ;  stem  tall  stout  rigid,  leaves  filiform  or  involute,  cyme  of  2  or  more 
dark  brown  3-8-fld.  heads,  lower  bract  elongate,  outer  sepals  lanceolate 
inner  linear-oblong  with  broad  membranous  margins  and  tip  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens  and  the  ovoid  long-beaked  capsule,  seeds  long-tailed. 
Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot  Jahrh.  vi.  229,  t.  3  ;  xii.  405.  J.  scirpoides,  Jacquem. 
mss.  J.  castaneus,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Hook.f.  et  Thorns.  Juncus  No.  7. — Juncus, 
Wall.  Cat.  9001,  in  part. 

Alpine  and  Subalpine  Himalaya,  alt.  7-14,000  ft. ;  from  Kashi«ir  and 
Western  Tibet,  to  Bhotan. 

Stems  8-20  in.,  erect,  leafy  below,  1-leaved  above,  hollow.  Leaves  tubular, 
channelled  above,  obscurely  septate  ;  auricles  obscure.  Cyme  irregularly  branched; 
branches  sometimes  an  inch  long  and  spreading  ;  bracts  ^-|  in.  diara.  ;  flowers 
shortly  pedicelled,  brown  ;  sepals  \  in.  long,  glumaceous,  lanceolate,  acute  obtuse  or 
mucronate ;  petals  more  oblong,  obtuse,  margins  broadly  scarious ;  anthers  linear. 


Juvcus.]  CLXii.  JUNOACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  399 

\  shorter  than  the  filaments  ;  style  slender,  stigmas  long.  Capsule  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  tip  conical  beaked,  dark  brown,  shining,  S'',eds  nearly -i-  in.  long, 
tails  very  slender. — Very  near  J.  eastaneus,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  a  large 
more  robust  form,  with  more  membranous  sepals,  and  filaments  longer  in  proportion 
to  the  anthers.  Buchenau  makes  two  varieties;  genuina,  with  slender  stem  and 
leaves,  very  long  stigmas,  and  an  ovoidly  prismatic  obtuse  miicronate  capsule,  and 
var.  Schlagentweitii  (Sp.  Buchen.  in  Nachr.  Koen.  Get.  Wiss.  Qoett.  1869,  255)  ; 
stouter,  with  leaves  cylindric  below  and  subulate  above,  and  more  narrowly  margined 
inner  sepals. 

21.  J.  sikkimensis,  Hook.  f.  in  Hook.  Ic  PL  ined. ;  rootstock  very 
stout  creeping,  stem  stout  base  clothed  with  red  brown  rigid  sheaths,  leaf 
solitary  or  few  terete  or  compressed  equalling  the  stem,  cyme  of  two 
dark  brown  unilateral  sessile  4-6-fld.  heads,  lower  bracts  foliaceous 
sheathing  longer  than  the  heads,  sepals  gluraaceous  outer  lanceolate 
finely  acuminate,  inner  linear-oblong  obtuse,  anthers  included  much 
longer  than  the  very  short  filaments,  capsule  included,  seeds  with  short 
stout  tails. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lacben  valley,  alt.  12-14,000  ft.  J.  B.  H. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  a  small  quill ;  sheaths  of  stem  ^-1  in.  long ;  stem  and 
channelled  leaf  solid,  soft.  Brads  1-2  in.,  erect  or  horizontal,  its  sheath  brown. 
Flowers  sessile ;  floral  bracts  broad,  membranous,  equalling  the  flowers;  sepals 
^-^  in.  long,  smooth,  shining,  very  dark  brown,  inner  with  membranous  tips; 
stamens  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  anthers  linear,  at  length  twisted.  Ovary 
small ;  style  very  slender,  exserted,  stigmas  long.  Capsule  hardly  exceeding  the 
sepals,  obovoid,  acute,  shortly  beaked,  dark  brown,  shining,  3-septate.  Seeds  ^^  in. 
long,  with  thick  white  tails. 

Var.  monocephala ;  much  smaller,  very  slender,  stem  filiform,  cyme  a  solitary 
head  with  an  erect  stout  filiform  lower  bracts  \-%  in.  long,  sepals  |  in. — Lacben  valley, 
Sikkim,  alt.  12,000  ft. 

ft  Coespitose,  not  stoloniferous.  8tem  more  or  less  leafy.  Flowers 
small  {about  ^  in.  long).     Anthers  exserted. 

22.  J.  concinnus,  Don  Prodr.  Fl.  Nep.  44;  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii. 
321 ;  stem  slender,  leaves  fiat  or  channelled,  cyme  branched  of  2-7  very 
pale  6-10-fld.  heads,  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  acute  membranous,  inner 
rather  shorter  obtuse,  anthers  far  exserted,  much  shorter  than  their  fila- 
ments, capsule  ovoid,  beak  stout  exserted,  seeds  very  minute  shortly  pro- 
duced at  one  end.  Buchen.  in  Hngl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  vi.  215,  t.  2 ;  xii.  406.  J. 
elegans,  Jtoyle  ex  Buchen.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1867,  146. — Juncus,  Wall.  Gat. 
9002  B. 

Tempkrate  and  Alpine  Himalaya,  alt.  7-13,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Sikkim. 
Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft. 

Stems  tufted  on  a  tuberous  rootstock,  4-8  in.  high,  hollow,  sulcate.  Leaves  few, 
variable,  filiform  or  involute,  many-tubular  ;  sheath  membranous.  Cyme  with 
erect  or  spreading  branches;  heads  ^-f  in.  diam.,  at  length  spherical;  lowest  bract 
elongate,  slender,  or  like  the  floral  short  and  menibranous;  flowers  subsessile,  white 
or  yellowish  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long  ;  filament  four  times  as  long  as  the  anther  ;  s-tyle 
slender,  stigmas  short.  Capsule  very  pale,  shining.  Seeds  exceedingly  long  minute, 
brown, — Leaves  sometimes  flat  as  in  ./.  Clarkei. 

23.  J.  khasiensis,  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrh.  xii.  407  ;  very  slender, 
leaves  few  filiform  curved  channelled,  cyme  of  usually  two  (1~3)  3-10-fld. 
white    heads,    bracts    all    shorter    than    the    lanceolate     obtuse    sepals, 


400  CLxti.  JUNCACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Juncus. 

anthers  exserted  h  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments,  capsule  as  long  as 
the  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  prismatic,  seeds  with  slender  .tails. 

Khasia  Hills,  Griffith  {Kew  distrlb.  5451),  alt.  5-5500  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stems  4-10  in.,  tufted,  suberect,  grooved,  leafless  above.  Leaves  shorter  than 
the  stem,  wiry ;  sheath  membranous.  Heads  usually  2,  a  lateral  and  terminal, 
sessile,  ^-|  in.  diam.,  quite  white  ;  bracts  3-i,  ovate,  acute,  rarely  finely  acuminate 
and  exceeding  the  sessile  flowers;  outer  sepals  ^  in.  long,  keeled,  inner  rather 
longer;  anthers  linear;  style  slender,  exserted,  stigmas  short.  Capsule  1-celled. 
Seeds  J^  in.  long. — The  long  narrow  capsules  distinguish  this  at  once  from  J. 
concinnus. 

24  J.  nematocaulon,  Sook.  f.  in  Hooh.  Ic.  PL  ined. ;  stems 
capillary  grooved  flexuous,  leaves  capillary  channelled,  cymes  of  1-3  distant 
1-3-fld.  heads,  bracts  very  short  lower  rarely  capillary,  sepals  small  pale 
green  lanceolate  acnminate  not  half  as  long  as  the  prismatic  acuminate 
pale  capsule,  anthers  far  exserted  much  shorter  than  the  very  slender 
filaments,  style  long,  stigmas  short. 

Assam  ;   on  the  Naga  hills,  Jakpho,  alt.  9900  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stems  tufted,  l-lj  in.,  1-leaved  above,  sometimes  with  only  one  terminal  flower, 
and  a  capillary  bract.  Leaves  few,  flexuous ;  sheaths  very  short,  membranous. 
Flowers  sessile,  floral  bracts  membranous  about  as  long  as  the  pale  sepals  which 
equal  the  petals  and  are  ^  in.  long,  1-nerved.  Capsule  with  the  beak  ^  in.  long, 
membranous,  pale  shining,  1-celled.  Seeds  with  a  long  slender  tail  at  one  end  and 
an  equally  long  inflated  one  at  the  other. — A  very  singular  (annual  ?)  species,  allied 
to  J.  concinnus  and  khasiensis,  differing  from  both  in  the  capsule  much  longer  than 
the  sepals.     Seeds  not  seen. 

Sect.  VI.  Perennial.  Leaves  flat  or  with  involute  margins,  grass-like, 
strongly  nerved.     Cymes  of  several  capitate  clusters. 

25.  J.  minimus^  Buchen.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1867,  145;  in  Engl.  Bot. 
Jalirb.  vi.  209  ;  xii.  412 ;  stem  short  stout,  leaves  chiefly  basal,  cymes  of 
1-2  3-6-fld.  dark  chesnut  sessile  heads,  lower  bract  usually  foliaceous, 
sepals  lanceolate  glumaceous  finely  acuminate,  petals  shorter  acute, 
stamens  included,  capsule  exserted  turgid  obtuse  or  retuse,  seeds  very 
minute,  testa  forming  an  oblong  very  loose  sac. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  16-18,000  ft.,  J.  D.  S. 

Rootstock  short,  stout ;  stems  2-1  in.,  densely  tufted,  naked  or  1-leaved,  grooved. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  ^-^  in.  broad,  flat,  grooved.  Ci/me  with  sessile  heads 
^-^  in.  diam. ;  flowers  subsessile  ;  sepals  ^  in.  long  ;  petals  rather  broader;  anthers 
suiall,  much  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  ovary  ovoid  ;  style  and  stigmas  short. 
Capsule  rarely  half  as  long  again  as  the  sepals,  dark  brown,  shining.  Seeds  ^^  in. 
long,  testa  white,  rounded  at  both  ends. — Imperfect  flowers,  or  even  cymes,  occur 
amongst  the  basal  leaves. 

26.  J.  Clarkei,  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  210;  xii.  413; 
stoloniferous,  stem  slender  many-leaved,  leaves  longer  than  the  stem  soft, 
fiat,  grass-like,  cyme  of  1-5  globose  peduncled  4-  many-fid.  straw-colrd. 
heads,  lower  bract  leafy,  sepals  lanceolate  membranous,  stamens  exserted, 
capsule  much  exserted  prismatic  long-beaked,  seeds  with  long  slender 
tails. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  J.  B.  E.  Bhotan,  Griffith.  Munni- 
PORE,  on  Jakpho,  alt.  9900  ft.,  Clarke. 

Stems  6-10  in.,  tufted,  terete,  striate.  Leaves  ^j  in.  broad,  finely  acuminate, 
flaccid  ;  sheaths  membranous.  Cyme  with  heads  ^-f  in.  diam  ;  flowers  pedicelled ; 
sepals  i-i  in.  long,  outer  lanceolate,  inner  more  oblong ;    anthers  linear,   about  ^ 


Juncus.']  CLXii.  JLKCACFiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  401 

shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  lorg,  sltridcr,  stigmas  short.  CafSuJe  mem- 
branous, pale,  shining.  Seeds  i  in.  a  g,  itcludii  g  the  very  long  tails. — Leaves 
often  involute  and  very  slender  as  in  /.  concinnus,  but  seeds  vtry  different. 


2.  ZiVZUIiA,  DC. 

Leaves  grass-like,  hairy.  PeHaw^A-segments  glumaceous.  Stamens  3 
or  6.     Ovary  1-celled,  3-ovuled. — Species  about  30,  temperate  and  Asiatic. 

1.  Ii.  plumosa,  -E".  Meyer  in  Linnsea,  xxii.  (1849)  387  ;  cyme  subum- 
bellate,  branches  very  sleader,  flowers  solitary,  testa  produced  into  a  horn- 
like appendage.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  vi.  195  and  xii.  85.  L. 
pilosa,  var.  plumosa,  0.  A.  Meyer  ex  Franch.  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Paris^ 
X.  (1887)  100.  L.  Forsteri  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.  f.  8f  T.  Juncus  plumosus. 
Wall.  mss.—Wall.  Gat.  9003. 

Tempebate  Himalaya,  alt.  9-10,000  ft. ;  from  Kumaon  eastwards.  Khasia 
Hills  ;  alt.  6000  ft.,  Clarice. — Distbib.  Cliina. 

Perennial,  6-18  in.  high.  Leaves  linear,  acuminate,  ^^  in.  broad,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  ciliate  with  very  long  hairs.  Branches  of  cyme  capillary,  very  unequal, 
divaricate,  few-fld. ;  bracts  scarious,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Sepals  xo~i  i^^o 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  pale  brown.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  oblong,  obtuse  or  apiculate, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

2.  Jam  eflftisaj  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot,  Jahrb.  vi.  196 ;  xii,  106 ;  cyme 
very  laxly  paniculately  branched,  branches  divaricate  very  long  and 
slender,  flowers  solitary  sessile  or  pedicelled,  testa  with  a  terminal  boss. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  9-10,000  ft.,  J.  L>.  H.,  Clarke.  Munnipoee  j  on 
Jakpho,  alt.  9900  ft.,  Clarke. 

Perennial,  12-24  in.  high.  Leaves  linear,  |-^  in.  broad,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
ciliate  below.  Cj/me  loug-peduncled ;  branches  1-3  in.  long ;  bracts  ovate,  acute, 
brown.  Sepals  tV^tV  ^^'  ^o"&>  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pale  or  dark  brown. 
Stamens  6.  (  apsule  oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  sepals,  obtuse,  mucronate. — The 
Munnipore  specimens  have  leaves  ^  in.  broad,  and  a  closer  inflorescence,  with  shorter 
capsules ;  the  seeds  appear  to  be  diseased. 

3.  Xi.  campestris,  DC.  Fl.  Franc,  iii.  161 ;  cyme  subumbellately 
branched,  flowers  in  peduncled  capitate  clusters,  testa  apiculate  at  the  tip 
caruncled  at  the  base.  Buchen.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  v.  198  ;  xii.  155 ; 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  349 ;  Heichh.  Ic.  Fl.  6rerm.  ix.  t.  375,  376.  Juncus 
campestris,  Linn.  S;p.  PI.  i.  329. 

Temperate  and  Alpine  Himalaya;  alt.  10-14,C00  ft.,  from  Kashmir  eastwards. 
The  Khasia,  Nilghiri  and  Anamallay  Hills,  alt.  5-7000  It. — Disteib.  N.  temp, 
regions. 

Perennial,  6-18  in.  high.  Leaves  ^-i  in.  broad,  glabrous  or  ciliate.  Branches 
of  cyme  very  unequal,  5-i  in. ;  heads  5—5  in.  diam.;  bracts  very  short,  scarious. 
Flowers  sessile.  Sepals  i\—^  in.  long,  pale  or  dark  brown,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate. Stamens  6.  Capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals,  broadly  oblong  or  subglobose, 
obtuse  or  mucronate. — I  have  described  above  only  the  Indian  form  (which  is  a 
common  European  one)  of  this  widely  diffused  and  variable  plant. 

4.  Xi.  spicata,  DC.  Fl.  Franc,  iii.  161 ;  cyme  a  solitary  oblong  droop- 
ing or  nodding  bracteate  head,  testa  rounded  at  the  tip,  caruncled  at  the 
base.  Buchen.  in  Engl  Bot.  Jahrh.  v.  197  ;  xii.  127  ;  Buiss.  FL  Orient,  v. 
348  ;  Meichb.  Ic.  Fl,  Germ.  ix.  t.  379. 

VOL.  VI.  D  d 


402  CLXii.  J  UNCAGED.     (J.  D.  llooker.)  [Luzula, 

Alpine  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Kumuon,  alt.  12-14,500  ft.,  Uoyle,  &c. — 
DiSTRiB.  Ncrth  Alpine  and  Arctic  regions. 

Perennial,  2-10  in.  high.  Leaves  densely  fascicled,  radical  1-4  in.  long, 
Jj-i  in-  broad,  channelled,  ciliate  or  not.  Cyme  ^-f  in.  long;  lower  bract  leafy, 
usually  elongate,  floral  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  aristate  ;  bracts  brown  with 
broadwliite  membranous  ciliate  margins  and  tip.  Sepals  ^  in.  long,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, aristate,  very  dark  brown.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  sepals. 

DOUBTFUL    SPECIES. 

L.  sp.  ?;  Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  PantUng  ;  referred  by 
Buchenau  doubtfully  to  the  European  L.  parvijiora,  var.  suhcongesta,  but  in  much 
too  young  a  state  for  identification.  The  bracts  are  ciliate,  the  sepals  ovate  acumi- 
nate and  the  stamens  are  3  only. — There  are  other  Himalayan  species  in  too  imperfect 
a  state  for  determination. 

Ordeu  CLXIU.  PAZiMES:. 
By  Dr.  6.  Beccari  &  J.  D.  Hooker. 
Shrubs  or  trees,  solitary  or  gregarious,  naked  or  prickly,  rarely  pubes- 
cent. Stem  erect  scandeiit  or  decumbent,  rarely  branched  above.  Leaves 
alternate,  plaited  in  bud,  pinnatisect  or  palmate,  rarely  simple  or  bipinnate ; 
petiole  sheathing.  Flowers  1-  or  2- sexual,  small,  in  panicles  or  spikes  that 
are  enclosed  in  one  or  more  large  sheathing  bracts  (spathes),  usually 
8-bracteate.  Perianth  inferior,  segments  6  in  two  series  (sepals  and 
petals)  usually  all  free,  imbricate  or  valvate.  Stamens  3  or  6,  rarely  more ; 
anthers  versatile.  Ovary  1-3-celled  or  of  3  1 -celled  carpels ;  stigmas  3, 
usually  sessile;  ovules  1-2  in  each  carpel,  adnate  to  the  wall,  base,  or  top 
of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  1-3-celled  drupe  or  hard  berry  or  of  1-3 
carpels ;  pericarp  smooth,  rough,  or  Qlothed  with  shining  scales  that  imbri- 
cate downwards.  Seeds  erect  or  laterally  attached,  rarely  pendulous  ; 
raphe  usually  branching  all  over  the  testa  ;  albumen  horny  or  bony,  solid 
(equable)  or  ruminate  ;  embryo  small,  in  a  small  cavity  near  the  surface 
of  the  albumen. — Genera  about  130,  species  about  1100,  chiefly  tropical. 

I  am  deeply  indebted  to  Dr.  Beccari  for  the  generous  loan  of  the  mss.  of  his  most 
valuable  researches  on  the  Palms  of  British  India,  which  form  the  materials  for  an 
elaborate  treatise  on  all  the  Asiatic  and  Malayan  genera  and  species  of  the  Order, 
of  which  fragments  have  appeared  in  his  (now  abandoned)  admirable  work, 
"  Malesia."  The  mss.  include  materials  for  framing  more  or  less  complete  descrip- 
tions of  most  of  the  Indian  Palms,  with  notes  on  others;  and  are  very  voluminous, 
many  closely  written  foolscap  pages  being  often  devoted  to  .a  single  species.  This, 
and  the  fact  of  the  whole-being  in  Italian,  and  in  an  orthography  that  is  not  always 
legible,  requires  me  to  crave  Dr.  Beccari's  and  my  readers'  indulgence,  if  in  the  framing 
of  diagnoses  and  descriptions  I  have  in  any  case  misinterpreted  his  statements 
or  views. 

It  was,  indeed,  a  great  disappointment  to  me,  that  Dr.  Beccari  declined  to  under- 
take the  completion  of  his  work,  and  the  drawing  up  of  specific  diagnoses  in  the  form 
adopted  in  the  Flora  of  British  India,  a  task  which  he  is  so  good  as  to  assui'e  me  it 
would  have  gratified  him  to  have  accomplished,  had  he  not  definitely  given  up  the 
further  study  of  botany.  This  has  compelled  me  to  associate  my  name  with  his  as 
joint  author,  which  1  do  with  great  reluctance,  for  he  is  not  only  more  familiar  than  I 
am  with  the  genera  through  his  long  journeys  in  the  Malayan  Archipelago,  but  had 
collected  together  and  examined,  for  the  purpose  of  his  work,  the  materials  contained 
in  all  the  principal  European  and  Indian  Herbaria.  It  remains  to  add  that,  after 
having  examined  all  -available  specimens  at  Kew,  I  have  throughout  adopted  Dr. 
Beccari's  systematic  disjiosition  of  the  species,  and  his  names  for  those  previously 
undesciibed. 


CLxiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  403 

Tribe  T.  Areceee.  Leaves  pimiatisect ;  leaflets  free  with  reduplicate 
sides,  or  confluent  as  a  plaited  limb.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Seeds  with  ventral  raphe  and  dorsal  embryo. 

A.  Spadix  infrafoliar  (that  is  flowering  after  the  fall  of  the  leaf  in 
the  axil  of  which  it  was  formed). 

Subtribe  1.  Euarece^.  Male  ji,  ansymmetric ;  sepals  small;  petals 
imbricate.  Stigma  in  the  fruit  terminal. — Spadix  androgynous ;  flowers 
usually  ternate,  the  middle  one  female. 

*  Ovule  basilar,  erect.  * 

Male  fl.  miuute,  solitary  or  2-aate  towards  the  tips  of  the 
branches,  3-  or  6-androus ;  fern,  larger  solitary.  Albumen 
ruminate 1.  Aeeca. 

Male  fl.  one  on  each  side  of  a  fem.,  stamens  6  or  more. 
Albumen  ruminate 2.  Pinanqa. 

**  Ovule  'parietal. 

Male  fl.  6-androus ;  sepals  equallius:  or  longer  than  the 
petals ;  fem.  sepals  and  petals  broadly  imbricate.  Albu- 
men ruminate 3.  NenGA. 

Male  fl.  9-12-androus;  fem.  petals  with  valv.ite  tips.  Albu- 
men ruminate     .     .     .     .• 4.  Loxococcus. 

Subtribe  2.  Ptychospermeji;.  ilfaZej^.  symmetric  ;  sepals  broad,  rounded, 
imbricate.      Stigma  in  the  fruit  terminal.     Ovule  parietal  or  pendulous 
from  the  tip  of  the  cell. — Spadix  androgynous,  flowers  usually  ternate,  the 
middle  one  female. 
Stamens    6,      Albumen     ruminate.       Leaflets    acuminate. 

Seeds  deeply  grooved  along  the  raphe 5.  Ptychoeaphis. 

Stamens   6-1*5.      Albumen     equable.       Leaflets    entire    or 

obliquely  2 -toothed .      6.  Cybtostachys. 

Subtribe  3.  Oncosperme^.  Malefl.  symmetric  Or  not;  sepals  imbricate  ; 
stigma  in  fruit  lateral  or  basilar. 

Male  sepals  small,  acute.  Stamens  6-12.  Albumen  rumi- 
nate.    Armed  palms ;  leaflets  acuminate 7.  Oncosperma. 

B.  Spadix  interfoliar  (flowering  while  the  leaf  in  whose  axil  it  is  formed 
is  still  green)  or  infrafoliar  in  some  Garyotideae. 

Subtribe  4.  Iguanure.e.     Spadix  androgynous ;   fem.  fl.  between  two 
males  ;  male  sepals  broadly  imbricate.     Ovules  basilar  or  parietal.    Stigma 
in  fruit  lateral  or  basilar. 
Stamens  6-9.     Ovules  parietal.     Stigma  in  fruit  basilar  or 

subbasilar.     Leaflets  obliquely  truncate 8.  Iguanura. 

Subtribe  5.  GEONOMEiE.     Spadices  unisexual ;  flowers  sunk  in  cavities 
of  its  branches  ;  perianth  glumaceous ;  sepals  imbricate.     Stigma  in  fruit 
basilar  or  lateral. 
Filaments  free.     Leaflets  acuminate 9.  Bentinckia. 

Subtribe  Caryotide-s:.  Spadices  unisexual ; "  flowers  solitary,  or 
ternate  with  the  fem.  placed  above  the  others.  Petals  of  both  sexes 
valvate. 

D  d  2 


404  CLxiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.) 

*  Spathes  many,  flowers  symmetric,  stigma  in  the  fruit  terminal. 

Male  calyx  tubular.     Stamens  6.     Albumen  equable  ...  10.  Wallichia. 

Male  calyx  cupular.     Stamens  many.     Albumen  equable      .  11.  Didymospeema. 

Male  sepals  3.     Stamens  many.     Albumen  equable.     ...  12.  Abenga. 

Male  sepals  3.     Stamens  many.     Albumen  ruminate  ...  13.  Caryota. 

**  Spathes  2  ;  flowers  unsymmetric ;  stigma  in  the  fruit  basilar. 

Male  calyx  minute.     Stamens  3  or  6,  extrorse.     Albumen 

equable 14.  Orania. 

anomalous  genus. 
Male  fl.  in  catkin-like  branches  of  a  drooping  androgynous 
spadix  ;  fern,  capitate  at  the  apex  of  the  spadix  ....     15.  Nipa. 

Tribe  II.  Phoeniceee.  Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  with  induplioate 
sides.  Spadices  interfoliar ;  spathe  solitary.  Flowers  dicBcious.  Ovary 
of  3  free  carpels,  one  only  ripening.  Seed  ventrally  grooved ;  embryo 
usually  dorsal. 

16.  Phcenix. 

Teibe  III.  CoryphesB.  Leaves  flabelliform,  orbicular  or  cuneiform, 
plaited,  lobes  or  segments  with  induplicate  sides.  Spadices  interfoliar; 
spathes  many.  Flowers  usually  bisexual.  Ovary  entire  or  3-lobed,  or  of 
1-3  smooth  carpels.  Fruit  smooth,  except  Phulidocarjpus.  Seeds  with  a 
small  hilum  ;  raphe  ventral. 

*  Stigma  in  the  fruit  basal.     Albumen  equable. 

Ovary  3-lobed ;  style  short.     Embryo  apical 17.  Corypha. 

Ovary  3-celled ;  style  subulate.     Embryo  dorsal      ....     18.  Nannorhops. 

**  Stigma  in  the  fruit  terminal.     Albumen  equable  ;  embryo  dorsal. 

Ovary  of  3  trigonous  carpels  ;  style  filiform 10.  Licuala. 

Ovary  of  3  globose  carpels  ;  styles  3,  free  or  coherent      .     .     20.  Livistona. 

***  Albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  basal. 

Fruit  small,  smooth 21.  Trachycarpus. 

Fruit  large,  tuberculate  or  tessellate 22.  Pholidocarpus. 

Tribe  IV.  Xiepidocarpeae.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets  with  redu- 
plicate sides.  Spadices  interfoliar  or  terminal ;  spathes  usually  many. 
Ovary  1-3-celled.  Fruit  clothed  with  reflexed  shining  closely  imbri- 
cating appressed  scales. — Leaves  copiously  and  strongly  armed,  except 
Metroxylon. 

*  Polycarpic  palms,  flowering  annually. 

t  Leaflets  acuminate,  quite  entire,  nerves  paralltl. 

Stem  elongate,     Spathes  tubular,  persistent 23.  Calamus. 

Stem  elongate.     Spathes  cymbiform  or  open,  deciduous    .     .     24.  D^monoehops. 
Stem  short  or  0.     Spathes  many,  persistent 25.  Zalacca. 

ft  Leaflets  rhomboid  cuneate  or  oblanceolate,  toothed;   yierves flahellate.\ 

Stem  short  or  0.     Spathes  manv,  persistent 26.   Korthalsta. 

Stem  si-andi'iit.     Spathe  solitary,  deciduous 27.  CkratolobijS. 


CLXin.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  405 

**  Monocarpic  palms,  flowering  once  and  then  dying. 
f  Spadlces  axillary  from  the  uppermost  leaves. 

Stem  scandent.  Spadix  with  long  amentiform  branches 
clothed  with  large  closely  imbricating  inflated  spatbels 
that  conceal  the  spikelets  of  flowers 28.  Plbctocomia. 

Stem  scandent.     Spadix  much  branched,  the  branches  bear- 
ing small  infundibular  spathels,  each  containing  a  small  r^ 
spikelet.     Scales  of  fruit  distinct 29.  Plectocomiopsis. 

Stem  scandent.     Spadix  as  of  the  preceding  ;  scales  of  fruit 

most  minute 30.  Mybialepis. 

ft  Spadix  very  large,  terminal. 

Stems  short,  tufted.     Leaves  armed 31.  Efgeissonia. 

Stem  stout,  erect.    Leaves  unarmed 32.  Meteoxylon. 

Tribe  Y.  Borassese.  Leaves  flabelliform.  Spadices  interfoliar ; 
spathes  numerous,  sheathing.  Flowers  dicBcious ;  males  minute,  sunk  in 
cavities  of  the  catkin-like  branches ;  perianth  glumaceous ;  fem.  very 
large,  sessile  on  very  short  branches  of  a  very  stout  spadix,  each  clothed 
with  large  coriaceous  rounded  bracts. 

33.  BORASSUS. 

Tribe  VI.  Cocolneee.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets  with  reduplicate 
sides.  Spadices  interfoliar,  unisexual  or  androgynous  ;  spathes  2.  Ovary 
3-celled,  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  a  fibrous  pericarp  and 
terminal  stigmas ;  endocarp  woody  or  stony,  with  3  terminal  pits  of  which 
two  answer  to  arrested  cells,  the  third  is  immediately  over  the  position  of 
the  embryo  in  the  subjacent  albumen.  Seed  adherent  to  the  endocarp  by 
the  diffuse  reticulations  of  the  raphe,  which  ramities  all  over  the  seed. 

34.  Cocos. 

1.  ARECA,  Linn. 

Stem  erect,  annulate.  Leaves  pinnate,  Spadices  infrafoliar,  branched ; 
MALE  FL.  many,  minute ;  sepals  small ;  petals  obliquely  lanceolate,  valvate. 
Stamens  3  or  6 ;  anthers  basifixed,  erect.  Fem.  el.  much  larger,  few  at 
the  base  of  the  branches  ;  perianth  acrescent ;  sepals  and  petals  orbicular, 
imbricate,  the  petals  with  acute  valvate  tips ;  ovary  1-celled ;  stigmas  3, 
sessile;  ovule  basal,  erect.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  stigmas  terminal. 
Seed  with  a  truncate  base,  albumen  ruminate,  embryo  basilar. — Species 
about  24,  tropical  Asia  and  Australia. 

1.  A.  Catechu,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1189;  hexandrous,  trunk  tall,  fruit 
ovoid;  Roxb.  Cor.  PI.  i.  54,  t.  75 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  615 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat. 
Palm.  iii.  169, 1. 102  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  184 ;  Blume  Bumph.  iii.  66, 1. 102  A. 
et  t.  104 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  153 ;  Palms  of  Brit.  Ind. 
47  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  8 ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  536  ;  Gamble  Man.  Ind. 
Timb.  421 ;  Scheff.  Arec.  9 ;  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  i.  144,  t.  i.  v.  iii. 
f.  2,  Areca  Faufel,  Gcertn.  Fruct.  i.  19,  t.  7,  f.  2.  A.  hortensis.  Lour.  Fl. 
Cochinch.  568. — Bheede  JSort.  Mai.  i.  t.  5-8.  ^ 

Cultivated  in  the  hot  damp  regions  of  Asia  and  the  Malayan  Islands. 

Trunk  solitary,  40-100  tt.     Leaves  4-6  ft.;  leaflets  numerous,   1-2  ft.,  upper 


406  CLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  <fe  Hook,  f.)  [Areca. 

confluent,  quite  glabrous.  Spathe  glabrous,  compressed.  Spadix  much  branched, 
rachis  stout  compressed,  branches  with  filiform  tips  bearing  more  or  less  distichous 
minute  male  fl.  Fem.  Ji.  solitary  at  the  bases  and  axils  of  the  branches ;  sepals 
^  in.,  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  subsimilar;  staminodes  6,  connate.  Fruit  1^-2  in., 
smooth,  orange  or  scarlet. — Betel  nut. 

2.  A.  concinna^  TMv.  Enum.  328 ;  hexandrous,  trunk  short  slender, 
fruit  subfusiform. 

Ceylon,  Reigam  and  Pasdoon  Corles,  Thwaites. 

Trunk  8-12  ft.,  l^-lf  in.  diara.,  green.  Leaves  about  7,  3-3|  ft.  long,  sub- 
glabrous,  leaflets  2  ft.  long.  Spadix  and  flowers  as  in  A.  Catechu.  Fruit  i^  in. 
long,  umbonate,  reddish  yellow. 

3.  A.  nagrensis,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Mist.  v.  156  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  149  ;  triandrous,  trunk  tall,  fruit  narrowly  ovoid. 

Assam,  in  the  Naga  hills,  Jenkins. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.  Leaves  7  ft. ;  leaflets  19-20  in.  Spadix  1  ft.,  branches  stout, 
flexuose.  Fruit  1  in.,  narrowed  at  both  ends. — Description  from  Grifiith,  who 
states  that  the  leaves  were  imperfect  and  open  to  doubt  from  their  resemblance  to 
A.  gracilis  {Pinanga  gracilis). 

4  A.  triandra^  Boxb.  Hort.  Beng.  68;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  617;  triandrous, 
stems  tufted  slender,  fruit  ellipsoid.  HaTn.  in  Mevi.  Wern.  Soc,  v.  310; 
Mart.  Eist.  Nat.  Palm.  t.  149;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist  v.  154; 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  148,  t  230  A. ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  537. 

Chittagong,  Martaban,  Tenasserim,  the  Andaman  Islands,  and  the 
Malayan  Peninsula,. 

Stems  12-25  ft.  by  1-1^  in.  diain.,  green,  sending  out  basal  offshoots.  Leaves 
4-6  ft.;  petiole  slender;  leaflets  1^-3  ft.,  lateral  sometimes  as  well  as  the  terminal 
confluent.  Spathe  1  foot  or  more.  Spadix  and  flowers  as  in  A.  Catechu,  but 
triandrous.        Fruit  the  size  of  an  olive,  orange-colrd.,  at  length  scarlet,  tip  truncate. 

2.  PINANGA,  Blume. 

Stem  erect,  annulate.  Leaves  pinnate  with  tbe  upper  leaflets  con- 
fluent. Spadices  infrafoliar,  androgynous ;  spathe  solitary ;  flowers  3 
together  (a  fem.  between  2  males)  clusters  in  2-4  or  6  series.  Male  el. 
obliquely  triquetrous ;  sepals  acate,  keeled,  not  imbricate ;  petals  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  valvate  ;  stamens  6  or  more,  anthers  subsessile,  basitixed,  erect. 
Fem.  fl.  much  smaller,  ovoid  or  globose ;  sepals  and  petals  orbicular, 
broadly  imbricate  ;  ovary  1-celled,  stigmas  3  ;  ovule  basilar  erect.  Fruit 
ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  pericarp  fibrous.  Albumen  raminate  ;  embryo  basilar. — 
Species  about  24,  tropical  Asiatic  and  Malayan. 

A.  SpiRANTHEiE,  Bccc.  Flowevs  in  3  or  more  spiral  series  on  the  spadix 
or  its  branches. 

1.  P.  hezasticha^  Scheff.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  i.  148  ;  stems 
slender  gregarious,  leaves  pinnate,  petiole  scaly,  spadix  simple  reflexed, 
male  fl.  in  5-6  series,  fruit  fusiform.  Kurz  For.  Fl.  li.  539 ;  Becc.  in  Ann. 
Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  80,  86 ;  Males,  iii.  122.  Areca  hexasticha,  Kui^z  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  201,  t.  12. 

Pegu  ;  in  marshy  forests,  Kurz, 

Stems  25-3J  ft.  by  I5  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-5  ft.,  sheaths  and  short  petiole  scaly  ; 
le.iflabs    1-li  ft.,  many,  narrow,  linear,  subfalc  itti,   2-3-ribbed,    lower   acuminate, 


Pinanga.']  CLxin.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  407 

upper  truncate,  toothed.     Spadix  about  1  ft.  long ;  rachis  as  thick  as  the  fiuger, 
fleshy ;  flowers  sessile,  rows  spirally  arranged.     Fruit  narrowed  at  the  top. 

2.  P.  grracilis,  Blume,  Biimph.  ii.  77;  stems  slender  usually  gre- 
garious, leaves  sparingly  pinnate,  petiole  scurfy,  spadix  simple  reflexed, 
male  fl.  in  3  rows,  fruiting  spadix  pendulous,  fruit  ellipsoidly  fusiform.  Kurz 
For.  Fl,  ii.  538 ;  Becc.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  81,  86;  Males,  iii.  122. 
Pinanga  patula/S.  gracilis,  Scheff.  in  Notuurk.  Tijdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  178. 
■Seaforthia  gracilis,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  185  {Ed.  2,  184)  313 ; 
Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  191.  Areca  gracilis,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii,  619  ;  Grif.  m 
Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  460 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  154,  t.  232  A,  C,  f.  2 
(not  B)  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  201.  T.  Anders,  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xi.  5.  Nenga  gracilis,  Becc.  Males,  i.  25.  A.  triandra,  Boxb.  ? 
Wall.  Cat.  8599. 

SiKKiM  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  J. D.H.  Assam,  the  Khasia 
Hills,  and  Chittagong  to  Tenasserim.     Roxburgh,  ^c. 

6tems  6-20  ft.  by  ^-i  in.  diam.,  thickened  upward.  Leaves  3-4  ft. ;  petiole  and 
sheaths  scurfy;  leaflets  inserted  by  a  very  broad  base,  1  ft.  long  or  more,  lower  2-3- 
ribbed  finely  acuminate,  upper  3-5  in.  broad  preemorse  many-ribbed.  Spathe 
solitary,  2-fid.  Spadix  white  or  scarlet,  glabrous.  Male  Ji.  broad,  flat,  imbricating  ; 
calyx  minute  ;  petals  broad,  cuspidately  acuminate.  Fruit  |  in.  long,  scarlet  or 
orange,  tapering  to  tlie  tip,  smooth. 

3.  P.  G-riffithii,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  117 ;  stem  ?  leaves  pinnatisect 
leaflets  numerous,  spadix  peduncled  reflexed  subdigitately  branched, 
branches  4  spreading,  male  calyx  shorter  than  the  petals,  fruits  spirally 
disposed  in  4  series  ovoid  narrowed  at  the  mamillate  tip.  Areca  sp.  Griff^. 
in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  461  {under  A.  gracilis,  fruit  only) ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  55,  t.  232  {spadix  only). 

Khasia  Hills;  Grifith. 

Stem  apparently  very  slender.  Peduncle  of  spadix 2  in.,  branches  3-5,  spreading, 
not  compressed.  Fruit  rather  more  than  ^  in.  long  by  5  diam.,  narrowed  at  the 
basrt,  m-amillate,  pericarp  thin,  albumen  deeply  ruminate. —  Beccari  (Males.  1.  c.)  has 
founded  his  F.  Griffithii  on  the  spadix  with  tetrastichous  fruits  described  by  Griflith, 
but  regards  the  leaves  (only  supposed  by  the  latter  author  to  belong  to  it,  and  whicli 
are  simple  and  forked)  to  belong  to  another  plant.  In  the  diagnosis  of  P.  Griffitlin 
("Malesia,"  1.  c.)  there  is  no  description  of  the  leaves,  but  the  author  has  added  in 
pencil  "  piunati.Ject,  segments  nu  nerous  3-inany-co3tate." 

4.  P.  polymorpha,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  172  ;  stem  slender,  leaves  short 
subentire  forked  or  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  petiole  very  slender,  sheath 
not  grooved,  spadix  slender  refracted  after  flowering -simple  or  2-3-partite, 
branches  short,  fl.  3-4-seriate,  fruit  small  ellipsoid  or  obovoid  subacute, 
base  narrowed. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Singapore,  Lobl ;  Perak,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Scortechini  (n.  345 
a.),  King's  Collector  (n.  8072). 

Stems  solitary,  ^-^  in.  diam.,  internodes  2^-4  in.  long.  Leaves  very  variable, 
8-12  in.  long,  with  1-6  many-cost  ate  leaflets  on  each  side  and  a  broad  flabelliform 
forked  apex  ;  petiole  variable  and  sheath  scaly.  Spathe  elliptic,  acute.  Spadix  3-5  in. 
long,  peduncle  nearly  as  long  slender.  Male  fl.  acuminate,  calyx  shortly  3-toothed  ; 
stamens  12;  fem.fi.  globose.  Fruit  f  by  ^-^  in.,  tipped  by  the  stigma;  black, 
shining;  (dark  yellow  Kind's  Collector)  pericarp  thin.  Seed  obovoid;  albumen 
densely  ruminate.  The  fruits  in  some  specimens  are  ellipsoid  and  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  girt  with  a  thickened  ring  at  about  i  of  their  length  below  the  tip,  from 
the  shrinking  of  the  pericarp. 


408  CLXiii.  PALME j-^     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Pwaiiga. 

5.  P.  robusta,  Becc.  mss. ;  stem  taller  and  much  more  robust  than 
P.  -polymorpha,  15^20  ft.  high  by  1^-2  in.  diam.,  leaves  1^-2  ft.  long, 
petiole  and  costa  of  blade  nearly  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  spadix  and 
its  branches  very  stout. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  on  the  top  of  Gunong  Booboo,  alt.  3-5300  ft.  King^s 
Collector  (No  7372). 

Evidently  allied  to  P.  polymorphay  but  the  specimens  are  insufficient  for  a  fuller 
description. 

6.  P.  Scortechini,  Becc.  Males  iii.  170;  stem  solitary,  young  inter- 
nodes  scurfy,  leaves  pinnatifid,  leaflets  distant  long  narrow,  petiole  long 
slender,  branches  of  spadix  5-6  ascending  digitate,  flowers  spirally 
arranged  in  4-series,  fruit  ovoid  or  obovoidly- oblong. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  Scortechini,  alt.  3000-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  6-15  ft.,  f-li  iu.  diam.  Leaves  3-4  ft  long ;  sheaths  scurfy  ;  leaflets 
numerous,  1-1^  ft.  by  l-l^^  in.,  rather  rigid,  2-5- ribbed,  finely  acuminate,  base 
hardly  narrowed.  Spaihe  elliptic-oblong.  Spadix  stoutly  peduncled,  depressed, 
%-li  in.  long,  with  a  large  triangular  deciduous  bract ;  branches  2^-4  in.  long.  Male 
ji.  sepals  triangular,  cuspidate,  petals  rather  longer  acuminate.  Sepals  of  fern.  jl. 
cuspidate,  ciliolate ;  petals  rather  larger.  Fruit  f  in.  long,  black,  shining,  tip 
rounded  or  subacute;  albumen  densely  ruminate. 

B.  Orthostichanthe^,  Becc.  Flowers  in  2  series  on  the  spadix  or  its 
branches. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  sparingly  divided. 

7.  P.  disticha,  Blume  {fid.  H.  Wendl.  in  Kerch.  Palm.  253)  ;  stem 
very  slender  short,  leaves  small  cuneately  obovate  simple  and  deeply 
forked  or  with  a  few  broad  lateral  leaflets,  spadix  small  simple  refracted 
villous,  male  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  fruit  ovoid  or  fusiform 
acuminate.  Becc.  Males,  iii.  123.  P.  bicolor,  Blume  in  Bull.  Neerl.  1838, 
65;  Rumphia,  ii.  92,  t.  113,  f.  2;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  641.  Areca  disticha, 
Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  620 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  461  (partly  as  to 
descript.  &  local.) ;  Palms  Brit.  India  15o  (partly).  A.  humilis,  Boxh.  Ic. 
pict.  ined.  Areca  curvata.  Griff.  Ic.  PI.  Ind.  Or.  t.  248  (non  Notid.  iii. 
164.)  Seaforthia  disticha.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  184 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  190. 
Ptychosperma  disticha,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  28  et  Suppl.  253.  690 ;  Journ. 
Boi.  Neerl.  i.  7 ;  De  Palm.  Arec.  24. 

Penang,  Roxburgh,  Curtis  (No.  391)  ;  Perak  alt.  100-800  ft.  Herl.  Calc.  (Nos. 
2536,  4423.) 

Stems  2-6  ft.  by  \-\  in.,  usually  tufted.  Leaves  12-15  in.,  forked,  and  many- 
nerved,  the  nerves  ending  in  setaceous  points,  or  with  a  few  unequal  acuminate 
lateral  leaflets  inserted  by  a  broad  base ;  sheath  closely  grooved  and  short  petiole 
scurfy.  Spadix  2-3  in.  long.  Stamens  about  15,  piatillode  0.  Fruit  \  in.  long, 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  but  most  so  above,  orange-red.  Seed  ovoid ;  albumen  ac- 
cording to  Roxburgh's  description,  and  his  drawing  (copied  by  Griffith,  t.  233) 
solid,  but  there  are  a  few  streaks  of  rumination  in  No.  4423  from  Perak. — 'I'he 
leaves  are  often  mottled  with  pale  yellow  green. 

8.  P.  subruminata,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  174,  stem  very  slender,  leaves 
cuneately  obovate  forked,  lobes  truncate  doubly-toothed  12-15-nerved, 
petiole  long  slender,  sheath  deeply  closely  grooved,  spadix  piercing  the 
sheath  of  the  old  leaf  very  short  reflexed  bipartite  glabrous,  branches 
flexuous,  fruit  narrowly  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  apiculate. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  alt.  100  ft.,  Rerh.  Calcutt.  (No.  7797) ;  King's 
Collector  (No.  1968).     Penano,  alt.  1500-2000  ft.,  King's  Collector. 


Pinanga.']  cxliii.  palme^e.     (Beccari  (^  Hook,  f.)  409 

atem  2-6  ft.  by  \  in. ;  internodes  2-2^  in.,  brown-scurfy.  Leaves  9-12  by 
4-5^  in.,  glabrous;  petiole  6-10  in.,  subterete;  slieath  4  iu.,  tubular,  scurfy; 
ligule  scarious,  fimbriate.  Spadix  with  its  stout  peduncle  f  in.  long,  branches 
sinuous,  few-fid.  Fruit  about  i  by  :^  in.,  red.  Seed  narrowed  at  the  tip ;  raphe 
with  5  branches  ;  albumen  very  faintly  ruminate. 

**  Leaves  much  divided. 

f  Spadix  large,  much  branched. 

9.  P.  Manii,  ^ecc.  Males,  iii.  178;  trunk  tall  stout,  leaves  large, 
leaflets  very  many  strongly  1-3-nerved,  spadix  reflexed  stoutly  peduncled, 
branches  filiform  pendulous,  male  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  fruit 
small  ovoid  from  an  acute  base,  seed  subglobose.  Areca  costata,  £urz  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  200.  excl.  all.  synons. 

NicoBAR  Islands,  Man.    South  Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. 

Trunk  bO  ^t.  by  5|  in.  diam.  Leaves  Q\  it.  ;  leaflets  ensiform,  straiglit,  longest 
(middle)  about  30  in.  by  1^-31  broad,  2-3-partite,  pale  beneath.  Spadix  19-20  in. 
long,  shortly  peduncled,  branches  45-50  spirally  arranged ;  flowers  2-seriate.  Fruit 
T*o  ^y  '\o~'To'  pericarp  thin.  Seed  with  reticulate  raphe,  albumen  densely 
ruminate. 

10.  P.  Kuhlii,  Blume  in  Bull.  Neerl.  1838,  65;  Bumph.  ii.  82,  t.  Ill 
et  j3  t.  Ill,  f.  11-13  ;  stems  tufted  slender,  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  many 
falcate  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  strongly  2-3-ribbed 
upper  confluent,  petiole  subscurfy,  spadix  refracted  shortly  peduncled 
robust  simply  branched  glabrous,  branches  elongate,  fruit  obovoid  or 
ellipsoid  shortly  apiculate.  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  641 ;  Miq.  PI.  Jungh.  67  ; 
Scheff.  in  Natuurk.  Tijdsch.  JSed.  Ind.  xxxii.  182;  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot. 
Buitenz.  i.  152  ;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  138.  P.  costata,  Bl.  in  Bull.  Neerl.  I.  c. ; 
Pumphia  I.  c.  80,  t.  109  et  P  t.  109  C;  Kunth  I.e.;  Miq.  I.  c.  156;  Kurz, 
For.  Fl.  ii.  538.  Seaforthia,  Kuhlii,  Mart  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  Ed.  2,  185, 
313.  S.  oryzaeformis,  Mart.  I.  c.  Ed.  1,  185  (excl.  all  syns.  but  Gdsrtn.)  ; 
Kunth  I.  c.  191.  S  costata,  Mart.  I.  c.  313.  Ptychosperma,  Kuhlii,  Miq. 
Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  21 ;  Be  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  23.  P.  costata,  Miq.  II.  cc. 
25,  23.  Areca  oryzaeformis,  Gsertn.  Fruct.  i.  20,  t.  7,  f.  2,  6  (not  of 
Rumph.). 

South  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. — Disteib.  Sumatra,  Java. 

Stem  soboliferous,  20-30  ft.  (Kurz),  (10  ft.,  Becc).  Leaves  3-4  ft.;  leaflets 
1-2  ft. ;  petiole  variable  in  length.  Spadix  1  ft.  Fruit  nearly  ^  in.  long.  Seed 
adherent  to  the  pericarp  ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate. — The  above  is  chiefly  from 
Kurz's  P.  costata  in  For.  Fl.  It  may  be  the  P.  coronata  mentioned  by  Kurz  in  his 
Andaman  Report  as  abundant  iu  the  South  Andaman  Islands. 

tt  Spadix  with  fete  distichous  branches. 

11.  P.  Dicksonii,  Blume  Bumph.  ii.  85 ;  trunk  solitary  tall,  leaves 
pinnate,  leaflets  numerous  elongate  broadly  linear  prsemorse  5-7-nerved, 
uppermost  confluent,  spadix  refracted  branches  4-8,  male  sepals  subulate 
nearly  equalling  the  petals,  stamens  20-30,  fruit  ovoid  or  oblong.  Scheff. 
in  Natuurk.  Tijdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  174 ;  in  Ann.  Jard.  Buitenz.  i.  149  ;  Becc. 
Males,  i.  138.  Areca  Dicksonii,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  616 ;  Griff,  in  Journ.  As. 
Soc.  Beng.  v.  458 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  153,  t.  231.  Seaforthia  Dicksonii, 
Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  184,  313;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  190. 

Westebn  Ghats  ;  on  the  Nilghiri  and  Travancore  hills,  alt.  2500  ft. 

Trunk  16-18  ft.   by   about  2   in.   diam.     Leaves  4  ft.,  forked  ;  leaflets  sessile. 


410  CLxiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Piriamjn. 

12-24  by  f-1  in.  iSpathe  simple.  Spadix  with  the  branches  stout,  densely  clothed 
with  imbricating  flowers.  Male  Jl.  sepals  subulate,  petals  rather  longer,  ovate-cordate, 
tips  tapering  ;  stamens  very  numerous ;  filaments  very  short ;  pistillode  0.  Fern.  fi. 
sepals  reniform  ;.  petals  similar ;  staminodes  6,  clavate,  tips  penicillate.  Fruit 
about  i-f  in.  long  by  ^  in.  diam. 

12.  P.  xnalaiana^  Schejf.  in  NatuurJc.  Tijdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  175; 
stem  slender,  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  numerous  linear  acuminate  glaucous 
beneath  2-nerved,  upper  confluent,  spadix  refracted  branches  3-5,  male 
sepals  lanceolate  acuminate  much  smaller  than  the  petals,  stamens  about 
40,  fruit  ovoid.  Becc.  Males,  iii.  137.  Areca  haematocarpa.  Griff.  Notul. 
iii.  165;  Palms  BHt.  Ind.  153.  A.  malaiana,  G-riff.  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat. 
JSist.  V.  457  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  252,  t.  230  C.  Seaforthia  malaiana,  Mart. 
Mist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  184,  Ed.  2, 183,  313,  t.  158,  f.  3  ;  Kuntk  Enum.  iii.  190. 
Ptychosperma  malaiana,  Mici-  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  23 ;  de  Palm.  Arch. 
Ind.  23. 

Malacca,  Griff.  Penang,  Herb.  Hort.  Calc.  (3190).  Perak,  King's  Collector 
(8120).— DiSTEiB.  Sumatra. 

Stem  8-12  ft.,  |-1  in.  diam.,  internodes  generally  subclavate.  Leaves  5-8  ft.  long, 
spreading  ;  leaflets  1^-2  ft.  by  |-f  in.,  finely  acuminate,  upper  cuneate  bipartite, 
lobes  prajmorse ;  petiole  1^-1^  ft.;  sheath  as  long.  Spathe  10  in.,  cuspidate. 
Spadix  6  in.,  blood  red  in  fruit ;  branches  3-5,  flowers  crowded.  Male  ji.  flat, 
sepals  membranous,  lanceolate  ;  petals  much  larger;  filaments  very  short.  Fern.  fi. 
sepals  and  petals  very  short ;  staminodes  0;  stigma  discoid.  Fruit  1-1^  hy  ^-^'m., 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  blackish  purple,  mamillate.  Seed  ovoid,  raphe  about 
7-branched  ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate. 

13.  P.  pectlnata,  Becc  wss. ;  stems  7-15  ft.,  ccespitose,  robust,  leaflets 
numerous  elongat-e  acuminate  1-5-ribbed  straight  much  contracted  at  the 
base,  glaucous  beneath,  spadix  with  3-9  short  branches,  male  calyx  shorter 
than  the  petals,  fruit  elongate  ovoid  tipped  with  the  conical  stigma. 

Pebak,  King's  Collector  ;  Goping,  alt.  5800  ft.  (n.  4393). 

Stems  2^-3^  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-1  ft.;  leaflets  10-16  by  l^-lf  in.  Spadix  with 
branches  4-5  in.  long.  Fruit  -rV"ii)  ^'^'  ^°"?  ^y  t%~to  diam.  Seed  ovoid,  obtuse, 
base  truncate.— Fruit  much  smaller  than  iu  P.  malaiana. 

14.  P.  perakensiS;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  175;  stems  short  gregarious, 
internodes  short  the  upper  scurfy,  )ei.ves  lotig-p3tioled,  leiflets  numerous 
stiff  straight  linear  or  ensiform  acuminate  1-2-costate,  spadix  short  sub- 
digitately  5-7-brauched,  male  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  fruit 
ovoid  or  oblong  crowned  with  the  minate  stigma. 

Peeak  ;  alt.  1200-150D  ft.,  Scortechini,  on  Maxwell  hill,  Wray. 

Stems  3-4  ft.  by  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  2-2|  ft. ;  leaflets  18-20  by  |-1  in.,  inserted 
at  an  angle  of  45°,  bright  green,  paler  beneath;  petiole  10-12  in.*  terete;  sheath 
8  in,  squamulose ;  ligule  f-li  in.  Spa' he  elliptic-oblong,  apiculate,  2 -keeled. 
Spadix  4-6  in.,  shortly  peduucled;  br.iuches  compressed;  flowers  subremote, 
2-seriate.  Malefi.  calyx  3-toothe(i ;  stamens  numerous.  Fern.  fi.  globose ;  sepals 
and  petals  similar;  stigma  capitellate.  Fruit  f  long  by  -^^  in.  diam.,  purple-black. 
Seed  conform  to  the  fruit,  raphe  simply  branched;   albumen  densely  ruminate. 

15.  P.  Kookeriana,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  141 ;  stem  slender,  petiole 
and  rachis  of  leaves  scurfy,  leaflets  numeroa-s  narrowly  linear-lanceolate 
subfalcate  acuminate  2-3-costate,  spadix  with  a  slender  peduncle  and  4-5 
slender  brauches,  male  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  fruit  ellipsoid 
apiculate.  Arecae  sp.  Gnff.  in  Gnb^c.  .Inurn.  Nit.  Hist.  v.  462,  in  foot- 
note. 


Pinavga.']  clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  411 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  GHffifh,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.  {in  Herb.  Webh.), 
Nunklow  and  Churra,  Clarke. 

Stem  3-4  ft. ;  internodes  elavate,  young  scurfy.  Leaves  4|^  ft.  ;  leaflets  opposite, 
1  ft.  long,  much  obliquely  acuminate,  3-4-keeled  above,  terminal  lobe  2-fid;  petiole 
6  in.  Spathe  4  in.,  oblong.  Spadix  3-4  in.;  branches  compressed,  flexuose,  flowers 
crowded.  Maleji.  calyx  membranous  3-toothed  ;  petals  very  unequal;  stamens  about 
15  ;  pistillode  0.  Fern.  Ji.  sepals  aud  petals  subequal;  staminodes  0  ;  stigma  large, 
discoid.  Fruit  about  |  in.  long  by  i  diam,,  narrowed  at  the  top.  Seed  of  the  same 
shape.— This  is  the  plant  alluded  to  by  Griffith  (Calc,  Journ.  Nat,  Hist.  1.  c,  462), 
and  described  as  probably  a  form  of  A.  gracilis  collected  by  Major  Jenkins  and  him- 
self in  the  Khasia  hills  and  Assam,  and  of  which  he  says,  in  a  footnote,  '*  Stem  and 
leaves  much  the  same  as  in  A.  gracilis,  spadices  slenderer  3-4-times  branched,  fem.  fl. 
distichous  distant."     The  above  is  from  Malesia.     I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

ttt  Spadix  unhrancJied, 

16.  P.  hyznenospatha,  Hooh.f.;  stem  slender,  petiole  and  rachis  of 
leaves  slender  scurfy,  leaflets  very  numerous  faloately  very  narrowly 
ensiform  finely  acuminate  unicostate,  spadix  very  short,  spathe  fusiform 
terete  acuminate  membranous,  male  fl.  flat  imbricate, 

Burma  ;  at  Moulmein,  Lohh. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill ;  internodes  long.  Leaves  12-14  by  4-5  in.  j 
leaflets  3-4  by  \-\  in.,  very  numerous  (15-20  pairs)  quite  regularly  close  set,  alternate, 
flat,  thin,  dark  green  above  and  brownish  beneath  when  dry,  costa  slender,  pro- 
minent on  both  surfaces  ;  petiole  3  in.,  subterete  ;  sheath  3-4  in,,  striate.  Spathe 
1^  in.,  ellipsoidly  fusiform,  erect,  quite  membranous,  subhyaline.  Spadix  as  long  as 
the  spadix,  flowering  to  the  base.  Male  fl,.  closely  imbricating,  ^  in.  diam.,  trapezoidly 
orbicular ;  dorsal  sepals  twice  as  long  as  the  others,  apiculate ;  stamens  9,  unequal  ; 
filaments  very  short,  anthers  linear,  Fem.  fl.  minute,  globose;  ovary  ovoid,  stigma 
pulvinate,  ovule  erect. — A  very  distinct  species  remarkable  for  its  membranous 
spathe  and  very  elegant  foliage. 

17.  p.  paradoxa,  Scheff.  in  Natuurh.  Tljdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  31 : 
stem  slender,  leaves  entire  or  pinnitisect  with  few  broid  3-  or  more- 
nerved  leaflets,  spadix  short  decurved,  fruit  very  narrow  tapering  from 
above  the  base  to  the  obtuse  tip  often  curve!.  Becc.  Male.f.  in.  12'^,  in 
note.  Areca  curvata,  G-riff.  Notul.  iii.  164,  partly,  a?  to  the  descr. 
{not  Ic.  Fl.  Asiat.  t.  248).  A.  paradoxa,  Gnff.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist. 
V,  463  ;  Pahns  Brit.  Ind.  156,  as  to  desc^.  of  fridt,  and  fig.  of  fruit,  t. 
ccxxxvii.  0,  f.  11.  Keutia  paradoxa,  Mirt.  Hist.  Nat.  Palms.  Ill,  .S12. 
Nengella  paradoxa,  J5ecc;.  Males,  i.  32.  Ophiria  pirddoxa,  Becc.  in  Ain. 
Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  128.     Oladosperoia,  N.G.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  165. 

Malacca;  foot  of  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith.  Perak,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  ScortecUnl 
(427'',  24.13)  ;  on  Gunong  Batu,  Wtay. 

iStem  3-6  ft.,  very  slender,  ^  in.  diam.;  internodes  1-2  in.  Leaves  1  ft.  long, 
entire  and  oblong,  or  with  3-3  pairs  of  sigmoidly  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  leaflets 
with  a  broad  base,  4-5  in.  long  by  \-i  broad;  petiole  I-I5  ft.,  very  slender  and 
rachis  scurfy  ;  terminal  lobe  deeply  forked,  toothed ;  sheath  long,  deeply  striate. 
Fruiting  spadix  2-2^  in.  long,  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  peduncle  short.  Fruits 
distichous,  f  in.  long  by  ^  broad,  red ;  albumen  equable. 

DOUBTFUL    SPECIES. 

18.  p.  PA.TULA,  Blume  in.  Bwll.  Ne'erl.  1838,  65;  Ramphia,  ii.  86,  87,  t,  115; 
Kunth  Ffium.  iii,  641;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlii.  ii,  201;  Scheff  in 
Nataark  Tijd-ich.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  176  (partly  and  excl.  all  vars.)  ;  in  Ann.  Jard. 
B)t.  B lit.  i.  150  (oartly  as  to  descr.},  t,  18,  f,  4.  t.  19  ;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  139. 
Sjafoi'thia  patula.  Mart.  Nat.   Hist.   Fulm.    323.     Pcychosperma  patula,  Miq.  Fl. 


412  CLXiii.   PALMES..     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Pinanga. 

Ind.  Bat.  iii.  26,  and  Suppl.  253  ;  in  Journ.  Bot.  N^erl.  i.  7 ;  Be  Palm.  Archip. 
Ind.  23;  stems  tufted  slender  6-7  ft.  high  ^-1  in.  diam.,  leaflets  few,  rarely  many, 
broad,  distant,  sigraoidly  lanceolate  and  falcate  from  a  narrowed  base  caudate- 
acuminate  2-  many-nerved,  terminal  broader  7-9-nerred  truncate  and  deeply  doubly 
toothed,  spadix  refracted,  branches  2-5,  fruit  elliptic-ovoid,  narrowed  and  acute  at 
the  tip,  about  i-|  in.  long  i-^  diam. — Perak,  on  Ulu  Bubong,  King's  Collector 
10702),  Sumatra,  Borneo. — The  above  description  is  chiefly  from  Sumatran  speci- 
mens. The  Perak  have  internodes  2f-3^  in.  long,  —  in.  diam.,  covered  with  white 
scurf,  a  4-branched  sp  idix,  and  the  leaves  minutely  puberulous  beneath.  A  very 
similar  plant  collected  by  Heifer  in  Burma  (n.  6427)  without  flowers,  in  fruit,  has 
broader  leaflets  with  the  nerves  puberulous  beneath. 

3.  NENGA,  H.  Wendl.  8f  Drude. 

Characters  of  Pinanga,  but  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  subulate,  and 
ovule  parietal. — Species  few,  Malayan, 

1.  N.  Wendlandiana,  Schef.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buifenz.  i.  153 
(partly),  t.  9-10  ;  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  alternate  ensiform  finely  acumi- 
nate, spadix  about  4-branched,  flowers  tetrastichous,  male  sepals  subulate 
rather  longer  than  the  petals,  fruit  ovoid  mamillate,  stigma  conical,  seed 
ovoid  acute.  Becc.  Males,  i.  25  ;  in  Ann.  Jard.  Buitenz.  ii.  83,  N.  pumila, 
Wendl.  in  Kerchov.  Palm.  251.  Pinanga  Nenga,  Blume  Pumphia,  ii.  77, 
t.  107  (excl.  var.  pachystachya).  Areca  Nenga,  Blume  in  Mart.  Hist.  Nat. 
Palm.  iii.  179  ;  Scheff.  in  Natuurk.  Tijdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  166  {excl.  var. 
y).  Areca  pumila,  Blume  in  Mart.  I.  c.  177,  t.  153,  f.  1-3 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  14  {excl.  var.  y) ;  De  Palm.  Arch.  Ind.  23. 

Var.  malaccensis,  Becc.  Males,  iii,  182 ;  petiole  very  short,  fruit  broadly  ovoid 
about  1  in,  long,  seed  broadly  truncate  at  the  base  cuspidate  and  spinous  at  the  tip. 
Areca  (Anaclasmus)  pumila,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  456  ;  Palms  of 
Brit.  Ind.  151. 

Var,  malaccensis,  Ching  forest,  Malacca,  Griffith.  Perak,  Larut,  King's 
Collector  (4022). — Disteib.  (of  the  species)  Sumatra,  Java. 

Stem  10-20  ft.  by  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  8-9  ft.,  pinnate  nearly  to  the  base, 
leaflets  alternate  2^  ft.  by  ^-1^  in.  broad,  caudate-acuminate,  bright  green,  coria- 
ceous, 2-ribbed ;  petiole  as  thick  as  the  little  finger ;  sheaths  2  ft.  long,  subventricose. 
Spathe  about  2  ft.  Spadix ;  peduncle  1^  in.,  branches  8-12  in.,  level-topped, 
pendulous,  fruiting  very  thick  ;  flowers  about  4-ranked,  yellowish  white.  Male  fl. 
sepals  ^-^  in.  long,  triangular-subulate,  finely  acuminate ;  petals  ovate-oblong, 
cuspidate,  stamens  6;  pistillode  0.  Fem.Ji.  sepals  and  petals  roundish  ;  staminodes 
0.  Fruit  1  in.  by  nearly  \  in,  broad,  orange-colrd. — An  abnormal  form  in  which  the 
male  fl.  has  3  sepals,  and  6  petals;  2  rows  (var.  malaccensis  hexapetala,  Becc.  Males, 
iii.  183),  was  found  at  Perak  by  Scortechini. 

2.  N.  macrocarpa,  Scortech.  mss.  ex  Becc.  Males,  iii.  180 ;  leaves 
pinnate,  leaflets  sigmoidly  falcate,  spadix  3-4-branched,  flowers  hexasti- 
chous,  male  sepals  subulate  hardly  longer  than  the  petals,  fruit  elongate 
ellipsoid,  crowned  by  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  stigma,  seed  broadly- 
ovoid  abruptly  spinescent . 

Perak  ;  on  Maxwell  hill,  alt.  3200-5300  ft.,  Scortechini  (No.  547^,  302b)  ; 
Goping,  King's  Collector  (4775),  on  Gunong  Batu  Patch,  Wrai/  (930). 

Stem  solitary,  6-10  ft.  Leaves  3-4  ft.  ;  leaflets  18-30  pairs,  rigid,  acuminate, 
lower  narrow  1-nerved,  16-20  by  1-1^  in,,  upper  longer  broader  and  2-nerved  ;  petiole 
4-12  in. ;  sheath  as  long,  smooth  or  subscaly.  Spathe  glabrous,  purplish.  Spadix 
at  first  erect,  then  spreading  ;  peduncle  short,  stout ;  branches  7-12  in.  Male  fl. 
stamens  6  ;  pistillode  of  3  tubercles.     Fern.  fl.  sepals  ciliolate  and  petals  suborbicular ; 


Nenga.']  CLXiii.  palmej].     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  413 

staminodes  6  minute  teeth.     Fruit  about  1^  in.  long  by  |  in.  diam.,  ellipsoid  ;  stigmas 
3,  broad,  triangular. 

4.  ZiOXOCOCCUS,  S.  Wendl.  &  Drude. 

Stem  erect,  annulate.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets  obliquely  truncate. 
Spadix  infrafoliar,  branched  ;  spathes  2  ;  flowers  3  together  (a  fern,  between 
2  males)  clusters  spirally  arranged.  Male  fi.  Sepals  3,  rounded,  imbri- 
cate ;  petals  3,  much  larger,  ovate,  valvate;  stamens  9-12,  filaments  very- 
short,  anthers  subversatile.  Fem.fi.  smaller,  subglobose  ;  sepals  rounded, 
broadly  imbricate  ;  petals  ovate,  base  broad  imbricate,  tips  valvate ;  ovary 
1-celled,  stigmas  3,  minute  ;  ovule  parietal.  Fruit  subglobose,  cuspidately 
beaked,  stigmas  terminal ;  albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  subbasilar. 

&.  rupicola,  H.  Wendl.  &  Drude  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  185;  Hook.  f. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  6358.  Ptychosperma  rupicola,  Thw.  Enum.  328.  Caryota 
mitis,  Willd.  ?  ;  Moon  Gat.  Geyl.  Fl.  64. 

Ceylon  ;  in  forests  of  the  Southern  and  Central  Provinces. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.  by  4-5  in,  diam.  Leaves  6-8  ft.,  spreading  ;  leaflets  12-20 pairs, 
2  ft.  by  2^  in.,  spreading,  linear,  subglaucous  beneath,  and  sparsely  furfuraceous ; 
petiole  1-2  ft.,  sheath  very  short.  Spathe  1  ft.,  pale  yellow.  Spadix  1  ft.,  blood- 
red,  subdeltoid ;  peduncle  short  and  branches  stout  spreading  quite  glabrous ; 
flowers  in  scattered  clusters  of  3.  Male  fl.  i  in.  diam. ;  filaments  about  equalling 
the  anthers;  pistillode  minute,  3-fld.  at  the  tip.  ^rw^^  about  1  in.  long,  globosely 
ovoid.     Seed  globose. 


5.  PTVCKORAPKIS,  Becc. 

Stem,  slender,  annulate.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets  narrow,  caudate- 
acuminate.  Spathes  2,  complete,  caducous.  Spadix  infrafoliar,  panicu- 
lately  branched ;  flowers  spirally  disposed,  male  only  towards  the  tips  of 
the  branches,  a  fern,  between  2  males  towards  the  base.  Male  fi.  sym- 
metric ;  sepals  suborbicular  ;  petals  valvate  ;  stamens  6,  anthers  versatile; 
pistillode  conical  or  columnar.  Fern.  ^.  bibracteoiate ;  sepals  rounded, 
concave;  petals  longer,  tips  valvate;  staminodes  4-6;  ovary  ovoid, 
stigmas  3,  triangular,  acute  ;  ovule  parietal.  Fruit  small,  ovoid,  stigmas 
terminal.  Seed  ovoid,  obtuse,  deeply  grooved  along  the  long  linear 
hilum ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate ;  embryo  basilar,  oblong. — Species  3, 
Malayan. 

1.  P.  singraporensis,  Becc.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  90, 1. 126; 
Males,  in.  109 ;  stem  slender,  leaflets  about  1  ft.  long  very  numerous, 
spadix  slender  5-7-branched,  rachis  rusty  furfuraceous,  fruit  ovoid. 
Ptychosperma  singaporensis,  Becc.  Males,  i.  61.  Rhopaloblaste  singa- 
porensis.  Hook.  f.  in  Gen.  PL  iii.  892.  Drymophloeus  singaporensis, 
Hook.f.  in  Kew  Gard.  Bep.  (1882)  1884,  55. 

Singapore;  Maingay  (Kew  dist.lbZQ).  Johore;  on  Gunong  Pulai,  Hullett 
(6000),  Kunstler  [220). 

Stem  6-12  ft.  by  li  in.  diam.,  soboliferous.  Leaves  3-6  ft.,  regularly  pin- 
natisect ;  leaflets  very  many,  alternate,  straight,  about  8  by  IJ  in.,  3-nerved,  upper 
shorter,  midrib  beneath  scaly  ;  petiole  2-2^  ft.  and  rachis  very  slender,  furfuraceous. 
Spadix  about  1  ft. ,  5-7  -branched  from  the  base  ;  flowers  yellow.  Fruit  nearly  f  in. 
long  by  i  in.  diam.,  ovoid  or  elliptic-ovoid,  tip  conical,  slightly  excentric.  jSeed  free, 
elliptic-ovuid,  rounded  at  both  ends,  raphe  branches  descending  to  the  base. 


414  CLxiii.  PALMEiE.     (BeccaH  &  Hook,  f.)     [Ptyclior aphis, 

2.  P.  augrusta,  Becc.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  90  ;  Males,  iii. 
110;  trunk  very  tall,  leaflets  numerous  2-3  ft.,  spadix  decompound, 
fruit  elliptic-oblong.  Areca  augusta,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  1875,  331, 
t.  170. 

NrcoBAB  Islands  ;  in  woods  in  Karaorta,  Kurz. 

Trunk  slender,  80-100  ft.  by  1  ft.  diarn.  Leaves  8-12  ft. ;  leaflets  sessile, 
narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  3-costate  ;  petiole  very  short ;  rachis  flat  above,  furf  u- 
raceously  tomentose.  Spadix  decompound,  2^-3j  ft.  Male  fi.  bracts  broad  smooth  ; 
sepals  broadly  ovate ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse.  Fern.  Jl.  sepals  and  petals  nearly 
alike,  concave,  imbricate.     Fruit  1  in.  long,  elliptic -oblong,  scarlet.     Seed  oblong. 

6.  CVRTOSTACKYS,  Blume. 

Stems  slender,  ccespitose,  annulate.  Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-costate.  SpatheH  2,  complete,  caducous. 
Spadix  infrafoliar,  shortly  peduncled,  broadly  paniculately  branched ; 
branches  1-2  ft.  long,  stout,  spreading ;  flowers  in  spirally  disposed 
clusters  of  3,  a  fern,  between  2  males.  Male  Jl.  symmetrical ;  sepals 
orbicular,  imbricate ;  petals  valvate ;  stamens  12-15,  exserted ;  anthers 
short,  versatile;  pistillode  2-fid.  Fl.  fern.  \  sepals  orbicular;  petals 
longer,  broadly  imbricate,  tips  valvate  ;  staminodes  forming  a  membranous 
cup  ;  ovary  narrowly  ovoid  ;  stigmas  subulate ;  ovule  pendulous  from  the 
tip  of  the  cell.  Fruit  small,  ovoid,  stigma  terminal.  Seed  adherent  to  the 
endocarp,  globose,  hilum  apical ;  albumen  equable ;  embryo  basilar. — 
Species  2,  Malayan. 

1.  C.  Iiakka,  Becc.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  141 ;  fruit  conico- 
ovoid  gradually  narrowed  to  the  tip,  seed  ovoid.  C.  Lakka  var.  singa- 
porensis,  Becc.  I.  c. 

Singapore;  in  humid  jungles.— Distrib.  Borneo. 

A  slender  tall  soboliferous  Palm.  Leaves  about  4  ft. ;  leaflets  about  20  by 
1-lt  in.,  upper  shorter  obtuse  or  toothed,  green  above,  ashy  grey  beneath  ;  sheath 
red.  Fruit  '-j*-^  in.  long,  by  about  y%  diam. — Very  near  C.  Bendah  of  Sumatra, 
which  has  an  ovoid  fruit  abruptly  constricted  at  the  tip,  and  a  globose  seed. 


7.  ONCOSPBRMA,  Blume. 

Prickly  palms.  Leaves  terminal,  pinnatisect.  Spathes  2,  complete. 
Spadix  infrafoliar,  branched  ;  branches  with  solitary  male  flowers  above, 
and  ternate  flowers  below  (a  fem.  between  2  males).  Male  fl.  asymmetric; 
sepals  suborbicular,  acute ;  petals  obliquely  ovate,  valvate.  Stamens 
6-12 ;  anthers  elongate ;  pistillode  columnar,  3-fid.  Fe7)i.  fl.  globose ; 
sepals  and  petals  orbicular,  imbricate;  staminodes  6;  ovary  obliquely 
ovoid,  1-3-celled ;  stigmas  minute  ;  ovule  parietal.  Fruit  small,  globose, 
stigmas  lateral  or  basal.  Seed  suborbicular,  raphe  broad ;  albumen  deeply 
ruminate. — Species  5-6,  Malayan. 

1.  O.  filamentosa,  Blume,  Rumpkia  ii.  97,  t.  82,  103;  stoloniferous, 
leaflets  subequidistant  drooping,  male  fl.  hexandrons,  fruit  spherical 
■^^  in.  diam.  O.  cambodianura,  Hance  in  Journ.  Bot.  (1876)  261.  Areca 
tigillaria,  Jack  in  Mai.  Misc.  ii.  vii.  88  {in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iv. 
12);  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  423;  Palms  Brit,  Ind.  157, 
t.  133  B.     A.  Nibung,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  173,  311,  t.  153. 


Onwsperma,']     glxiii.  palme.«.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  415 

Malay  Peninsula;  in  swamps. —  Distbib.  Borneo,  Cochin  China. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.,  armed  with  long  black  spines.  Leaves  many,  10-12  ft., 
drooping;  leaflets  2  ft.,  narrow,  acuminate,  pendulous,  coriaceous,  many-nerved, 
scurfy  beneath  ;  petiole  armed,  scurfy.  Spathes  boat-shaped,  2-keeled,  outer  armed, 
inner  velvety.  ,Spadix  shortly  produced,  peduncle  slightly  armed,  branches  many, 
long,  flexuous,  upper  simple  ;  fruiting  1-2  ft.,  pendulous,  red-purple.  Male  ji. ; 
sepals  cuspidate,  keeled ;  petals  suddenly  acuminate,  tip  setiferous  ;  filaments  short ; 
anthers  deeply  bifid  below.     Fern.  fl. ;  sepals  and  petals  fleshy. 

2.  O.  horrida,  Scheff.  in  Natuurk.  Tijdsch.  Ned.  Ind.  xxxii.  189  ;  in 
Ann.  Jard.  Buitenz.  i.  159  ;  stoloniferous,  leaflets  subequidistant  spreading, 
male  fl.  hexandrous,  fruit  spherical  ^-1  in.  diam.  Areca  horrida,  Griff,  in 
Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  466  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  158,  t.  233  0 ;  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  312. 

Malay  Peninsula,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.,  armed.  Leaves  few,  spreading,  14-16  ft. ;  leaflets  2-3  ft.,  very 
narrow,  acuminate,  spreading,  coriaceous.  Spathes  2  complete,  acutely  margined,  outer 
1-1 J  ft., armed,  inner  cuspidate.  Spadix  with  the  stout  peduncle  armed  below ;  branches 
1-2  ft.,  pendulous,  flexuous;  fruiting  with  pendulous  branches  2-3  ft.  long.  Fruit 
purplish  black. — Griffith,  from  whom  the  above  descriptions  are  taken,  says  of  this 
allied  to  A.  tillgiaria,  but  very  distinct  in  the  spathes  and  fruit. 

3.  O.  fasciculata,  Thw.  Enum.  328  ;  stoloniferous,  leaflets  fascicled 
tips  drooping,  flowers  enneandrous,  fruit  \  in.  diam.  Scheff.  in  Ann.  Jard. 
Buitenz.  i.  160.     Caryota  horrida,  Moon  Cat.  Geyl.  PI.  64. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  ascending  to  5000  ft. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.  and  more,  5-6  in.  diam.,  armed.  Leaves  18  ft.  ;  leaflets  12-18 
by  1-lf  in.,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  costa  scaly  beneath  ;  sheath  2^  ft.,  armed 
and  scurfy.  Spathes  sparingly  scurfy,  unarmed.  Spadix  2  ft.,  unarmed,  panicu- 
lately  branched,  dense-fld.     Male  fl.  \  in.  long.     Drupe  black-purple. 

8.  ZGUANURA,  Plume. 

Slender  unarmed  palms.  Leaves  terminal,  entire  or  pinnatisect,  with 
broad  acute  or  prasmorse  leaflets.  Spathes  2,  persistent,  short.  Spadix 
inter-  or  infra-foliar,  branches  spreading ;  flowers  spirally  disposed,  3-nate 
(a  fern,  between  2  males),  or  the  upper  on  the  branches  males.  Male  fl. 
symmetric ;  sepals  orbicular,  imbricate  ;  petals  connate  below,  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  valvate ;  stamens  6  or  9,  anthers  dorsifixed;  pistillode  trigo- 
nous. Pern.  fl.  subglobose  ;  sepals  and  petals  orbicular;  staminodes  of  6 
teeth  ;  ovary  ovoid  or  oblong,  1-3-celled ;  stigmas  sessile ;  ovule  solitary, 
parietal.  Fruit  small,  oblong  ovoid  or  elongate  conical,  stigmas  sub- 
basilar.  Seed  suberect,  hilum  lateral ;  albumen  equable  or  ruminate. — 
Species  8-10,  Malayan. 

*  Spadix  interfoliar,  very  long  and  long  peduncled,  simple  or  with  2-3 
long  equal  pendulous  branches. 

1.  I.  greonomaeformis,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  229,  178  ;  stem 
slender,  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  6-8  pairs  obliquely  acuminate  or  praemorse 
and  erosely  toothed,  spadix  furfuraceous,  branches  thick,  fruit  obovoid- 
oblong.  Slackia  geonoraaeformis,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  469: 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  162,  t.  234. 

Malacca,  rather  common  in  forests,  Griff.  (Kew  distrib.  6406,  6407).  on  Mt 
Ophir,  HuLiett  (851). 


416  CLXiii.  PALME. t:.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.^  \_I(juanura. 

Stem  2-4  ft.  by  ^  in.,  annulate.  Leaves  3-3^  by  1-1^  ft.,  linear-oblong; 
leaflets  linear,  1  ft.  by  ^2  in.,  2-  or  more-keeled,  terminal  forked,  lobes  erose- 
dentate ;  petiole  1  ft.,  base  scurfily  pubescent ;  sheath  a  span  long.  Spathes  sub- 
coriaceous,  lowest  2-keeled,  upper  conduplicate  and  spadix  browu-pubescent. 
Spadix  with  a  long  slender  erect  peduncle,  and  2  or  more  pendulous  spongy  spikes 
or  branches  6-10  in.  long,  loosely  covered  with  flowers  ;  fruiting  1-1:^  ft.  nodding; 
flowers  inserted  in  pits  with  membranous  margins.  Male  ji.  in  pairs  ;  sepals  oblong, 
striate ;  petals  ovate-lanceolate ;  filaments  iuflexed  in  bud ;  pistillode  stout,  tip 
3-lobed.  Fern.  ji.  towards  the  base  of  the  spike  ;  sepals  of  the  male  ;  petals  broad  ; 
ovary  gibbous.  Fruit  over  ^  in.  long  by  i  diam.,  black-purple.  Seed  erect  ; 
albumen  ruminate. 

2.  Z.  malaccensis,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  102 ;  stem  slender,  leaves  pin- 
nate, leaflets  about  5  pairs,  lower  falcate  caudate-acumiaate  upper  broader, 
petiole  pubescent,  spadix  simple  filiform,  finely  tomentose. 

Malay  Peninsula;  ^oif^u^ore,  F.  Keheding ;  Perak,  Larut,  King's  Collector 
(1869,  2994). 

Closely  allied  to  I.  geonomoeformis,  difiering  in  the  fewer  leaflets  and  simple  not 
furfuraoeous  but  finely  tomentose  spadix. 

**  8padix  interfoliar,  long  peduncled,  with  few  suhterminal  short 
simple  or  forked  branches  or  spikes. 

3.  Z.  Wallichiana,  Kook.  f.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  908;  leaves  simple 
or  pinnatisect,  fruit  globosely  obovoid.  Areca  Wallichiana,  Mart,  in 
Wall.  Cat.  8600;  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  178,  312 ;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  100. 

Penang,  Porter.     Singapoee,  Lobh. 

Stem  solitary,  2-12  ft.,  straight,  slender.  Leaves  very  variable  in  size,  IC  in.- 
2  ft.  long,  simple  and  forked  or  more  or  lesn  pinnatisect,  with  long  narrow  leaflets. 
Spathes  2,  lower  2^  in.,  hidden  in  the  leaf  sheath,  strongly  compressed,  acutely 
2-keeled,  tip  2-toothedj  upper  shorter,  acuminate,  rusty-pubescent.  Spadix  long- 
peduncled  ;  peduncle  18-24  in.,  branches  3-7  variable  in  length.  Fruit  rather 
more  than  ^  in.  long  by  i-i  in.  diam.,  red  when  ripe. — The  following  varieties  are 
from  Perak  : — 

Var.  a  major,  Becc.  ;  stem  10-12  ft.  by  2^3^  in.  diam.,  leaves  2-4  ft.  undivided 
or  pinnatisect,  fruit  about  y%  by  y\j. —  King's  Collector  (431^  8227,  3127). 

Var.  jS  minor,  Becc.  ;  stem  18-30  in.,  leaves  about  as  long  simple  or  pinnatisect, 
fruit  rather  smaller.— Zinc's  Collector  (454,  7941,  7996,  7999). 

***  Spadix  interfoliar,  very  shortly  peduncled. 

4.  Z.  brevipes,  Sook.  f. ;  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  distant  broadly 
trapezoidly  cuneate  or  subquadrate  pra3 morse  many-nerved  coarsely 
toothed,  spathe  long  deeply  grooved,  spadix  laxly  paniculate,  branches 
divaricate  lax-fld. 

Peeak,  Larut,  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (2029). 

Stem  thicker  than  a  swan's  quill.  Leaf  lb  in.,  leaflets  5  pairs,  5-6  in.  long  by 
1^-3  broad,  inserted  by  a  contracted  but  very  broad  base,  upper  margin  subcaudate ; 
rachis  glabrous;  sheath  5  in.,  many-ribbed.  Spadix  with  the  peduncle  wholly 
included  in  the  leaf-sheath,  quite  glabrous  j  primary  branches  3-4,  3-4  in.  long, 
sparingly  again  divided,  rather  slender,  angled  (when  dry).  Male  fl.  scattered, 
about  Jq  in.  long;  sepals  orbicular  ;  petals  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  very  coriaceous  ; 
stamens  6,  filaments  inflexed,  anthers  linear-oblong ;  pistillode  columnar,  capitate. 

**#*  Spadix  infrafoliar,  peduncle  shorter  than  the  spathe  or  shortly 
exceeding  it. 

5.  !■  diffusa,  Becc.  niss.-,  leaves  large,  leaflets  numerous  equididtaut 


Iguanura.']         clxiii.  PALMEiE.     (Bcccari  &  Hook,  f.)  417 

narrow,  spadix  with  8-10  very  spreading  slender  branches  of  which 
the  lower  are  twice  or  thrice  forked,  peduncle  closely  embraced  by  the 
spathe. 

Peeak  ;  on  Gunong  Tjok,  Scortechini. 

One  of  the  largest  of  the  genus.  Leaven  about  3-4  ft. ;  leaflets  very  numerous, 
alternate  and  opposite,  12-15  in.  by  1-1^  in.,  obliquely  praemorse,  rachis  glabrous. 
Spadix  about  20  in.,  including  the  10  in.  peduncle,  which  is  closely  sbeathed  by  the 
persistent  spathe ;  branches  6-10  in.,  filiform,  divaricate. — The  specimen  which  is 
very  imperfect  may  be  a  luxuriant  state  of  /.  polymor'pha. 

6.  I.  polyxnorpha,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  189;  leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets 
trapezoid  snbfalcate  prsemorse,  spadix  erect,  pedancle  sheathed  by  both  the 
spathes  with  3-9  simple  branches  at  the  apex,  fruit  ovoid  or  elongate  conic 
straight  or  curved. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  3-7  i't.  Leaves  ohlong,  14-16  by  8-10  in.;  leaflets  10-14  on  each  side, 
obliquely  praemorse  and  toothed,  4-5-nerved.  Spadices  often  two,  12-20  in.  long, 
erecto-patent,  branches  filiform,  angular  ;  peduncle  5-6  in.,  slightly  compressed. 

Yar.  ti/pica;  spadix  with  3-9  branches,  flowers  spirally  disposed,  male  oblong 
subacute,  fruit  |-|  in.  by  ^  in.  diam.,  otliers  |  by  i  in.,  ovoid  or  elliptic-ovoid. — • 
Scortechini  (318^).  ' 

Var.  canina,  Becc.  1.  c.  190;  spadix  with  7-9  branches,  flowers  alternate 
subdistichous,  male  ovoid  acute,  fern,  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  fruit  f  by 
i  in.  elongate  conical  curved. 

7.  I.  corniculata,  Becc  Males,  iii.  187  ;  leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets 
all  similar  cuneately  trapezoid  8-5-nerved,  tip  very  obliquely  praemorse 
toothed,  base  constricted,  spadix  slender  undivided^  peduncle  closely 
embraced  by  the  very  slender  tubular  spathe,  spike  furfuraoeous,  fruit 
narrow  elongate  conical  tip  incurved  or  involute. 

Peeak,  alt.  3-400  ft.,  Kunstler  (3131). 

Stem  very  slender,  3-4  ft.,  by  ^  in.  diam.  or  less ;  internodes  f-li  in.  Leaves 
lC-12  by  6-8  in.  ;  leaHets  5-6,  spreading  like  a  butterfly's  wings  3g~4  by  1-1^  in., 
upper  margin  produced  into  a  tail,  3-4-nerved,  furfuraoeous  beneath  along  the 
lolds  ;  petiole  slender,  3-4^  in.,  rustily  furfuraoeous,  as  is  the  sheath.  Spadix  about 
a  foot  long,  including  the  peduncle  of  3-4  in.;  spike  rusty  scurfy;  flowers  sub- 
spirally  disposed  ;  males  very  small.  Fruit  granulate,  f-f  by  i  in. — The  fruit  is  in 
shape  unique  in  the  orderi 

8.  Z.  parvula,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  small  oblong  tip  forked  margin 
undulate,  spadix  filiform  sparingly  branched,  peduncle  about  as  long  as 
the  petiole  more  than  half  embraced  by  the  spathes. 

Pebak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  \-\  in.  diam.  Leaves  8-10  by  3  in. ;  petiole  2-2^  in. — Described  from  a 
single  specimen.     Possibly  a  very  small  form  of  I.  polymorpha. 

9.  Z.  bicornis;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  188;  leaves  pinnatisect,  leaflets 
sigmoidly  trapezoid,  spathes  deciduous,  spadix  erecto-patent  very  shortly 
peduncled,  branches  5-8  slender  diffuse,  fruit  oblong  base  narrowed  tipped 
by  2  obtuse  unequal  bosses. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  Scortechini  (n.  1188),  at  Larut,  alt.  12-1300  ft. ; 
King's  Collector  (6375),  alt.  3-4000  ft. 

Stems  tufted  5-8  ft.  by  ^  in.  diam. ;  internodes  |-1^  in.  Leaves  12-16  by 
4-6  in.,  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  with  a  deeply  bifid  terminal;  petiole  3-4  in.,  glabrous, 
VOL.  VI.  ■  E  e 


418  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  \_Iguanura. 

sheath  as   long,   tubular,  mouth    truncate.      Spailx   4-S    in.,    peduncle    f-l^    in., 
branches  3-6  in.,  scattered,  filiform  ;  flowers  minute.     Fruit  2  by  i  in. 

9.  BENTZNCKZA,  Berty. 

Unarmed  Palms.  Xecti)<?s  terminal,  equally  piunatisecfc.  Spathes  many, 
2  lower  short  incomplete,  upper  2-fid.  S23adix  interfoliar,  branched ; 
flowers  minute,  monoecious  or  polygamous,  solitary  or  3-nate  with  the 
intermediate  female,  clustered  in  spirally  arranged  pits  on  the  branches  ; 
bracts  forming  a  2-lipped  mouth  to  each  pit;  bracteoles  2.  Male  jl.  sub- 
symmetric,  glumaceous,  often  reduced  to  ciliate  scales  ;  sepals  oblong, 
obtuse,  connate  below,  imbricate ;  petals  longer,  connate  below  into  a  stipes, 
valvate ;  stamens  6,  anthers  versatile;  pistillocle  conical.  Fern.  fl.  ovoid; 
sepals  broad,  obtuse,  imbricate ;  petals  longer,  convolute ;  staminodes  6, 
minute.  Ovary  3-celled,  1-ovuled;  stigmas  minute.  Fruit  small,  sub- 
spherical  ;  stigmas  subbasilar.  Seed  pendulous  from  the  top  of  the  cavity, 
sinuately  grooved  or  ridged;  albumen  equable. — Sj)ecies  2. 

1.  B.  Coddapanna,  Berry,  in  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  621 ;  stem  slender 
10-20  ft.,  fruit  subspherical.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  165,  228,  t.  139  ; 
Kunth  Enum.  iii.  228 ;  Grijf,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  v.  467  ;  Pahns 
Brit.  Ind.  160 ;  Append,  xxvi.  ;  Wight  in  Madv.  Journ.  Nat.  Sc.  ii.  385. 
Keppleria,  Mart.  mss.  ex  Endl.  Gen.  PI.  25. 

Teavaxcore,  Wight,  &c. 

A  slender  palm ;  stem  1  in.  diam.  or  more,  annulate.  Leaves  3-4  ft. ;  leaflets 
2  ft.  or  more  by  1  in.  broad,  olose  together,  linear,  2-keeled,  keels  paleaceous,  tip 
usually  2-fid ;  lobes  2-4  in.,  triangular.  Spathes  membranous,  lower  truncatCj 
upper  complete.  Spadix  1-2  ft.,  male  scarlet,  fem.  lilac  or  violet  ;  peduncle  2-3  in. ; 
branches  few,  again  branched,  ultimate  6-10  in.;  bract  at  the  l)ase  broad ;  pits 
on  the  branches  3-4-fld.,  flowers  emerging  and  opening  singly,  the  upper  first. 
Fruit  rather  compressed,  about  ^  in.  diam. 

2.  B.  nicobarica,  Bece.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  ii.  165  ;  trunk 
tall  60-70  ft.,  fruit  obovoidly  oblong  tip  rounded.  Orania  nicobarica, 
Kurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  xiii.  (1875)  331,  t.  171,  f.  19-25. 

NicoBAK  Islands  ;  Kamorta,  Kurz,  E.  S.  Man. 

Trunk  annulate,  9  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-8  ft. ;  leaflets  ^-2  ft.,  sessile,  linear, 
coriaceous,  tip  obtusely  2-lobed;  petiole  short  and  rachis  glabrous.  Spadix  1^-2  ft., 
decompound,  glabrous,  branches  and  branchlets  inserted  in  woolly  grooves  of  the 
rachis ;  bracteoles  densely  villous  within.  Fem.  fi.  ;  sepals  and  petals  subsimiiar, 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  shining.  Fruits  tristichously  arranged,  globose  (sub-ovoid 
when  dry),  the  size  of  a  cherry.  Seed  ovoid-oblong,  ventrally  flat,  dorsally  convex 
rugosely  ribbed ;  albumen  equable  ;  embryo  lateral  and  apical. 

10.  WAZiZiZCKIA,  Boxb. 

Soboliferous  palms.  Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  linear  or  oblong, 
irregularly  toothed,  base  cuneate,  unicostate,  nerves  flabellate.  Spathes 
very  many,  tubular,  clothing  the  peduncle  of  the  spadix,  uj^per  large 
cymbiform.  Spadices  interfoliar,  monoecious  or  polygamous;  males  ovoid, 
excessively  branched  and  dense-fld.  ;  fem.  looser-fld.  Malefl.  symmetric; 
calyx  cylindric  or  cupular,  membranous,  truncate  ;  corolla  cylindric,  deeply 
3-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  valvate;  stamens  6,  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments 
shoit,  anthers  large;  pistillode  0.     Fem.  f,.   much  smaller,  subglobose ; 


Wallichia.']         clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  419 

sepals  orbicular,  coriaceous,  imbricate  ;  petals  triangular  valvate  ;  stami- 
nodes  few  orO;  ovary  2-3-celled,  stipitate;  stigmas  conic;  ovules  subbasilar. 
Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  1-3-ceUed  and  -seeded.  Seeds  erect,  plano-convex; 
albumen  equable;  embryo  dorsal. — Species  3  or  more,  Indian  and  Malayan'. 

1.  "W.  densiflora,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  ii.  190,  &  Suppl.  315; 
leaflets  oblongr  or  linear-oblon^^  sinuately  lobed  acutely  toothed  white 
beneath,  fern.  fl.  crowded  2-bracteate,  male  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
mouth  of  calyx  quite  entire,  fern,  corolla  shorter  than  the  ovary.  Kurz 
For.  Fl.  ii.  532 ;  Brandis  For.  Fl.  549  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4584.  W.  oblongi- 
folia,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Jouni  Nat.  Hist.  v.  486;  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Sac.  xi.  6.  Harina  oblongifolia,  Griff-  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  175,  t.  237  A,  B,  C. 
W.  caryotoides,  TFall.  Gat.  8596  B. 

'I'ropical  Himalaya  from  Kumaon  eastwards,  asceadiag  to  3000  ft.  Assam, 
the  Khasia  Hills,  and  CHixTAaoNO. 

Stems  very  short  or  0  (or  often  8-15  fc.  Kurz)  ;  trunk  sheathed,  scurfy,  sheaths 
villous,  resolving  into  strong  fibres.  Leaves  8-10  ft.  ;  leaflets  1-2  ft.,  very  many, 
alternate  or  the  lower  2-1-nate,  l-costate  and  with  many  parallel  nerves,  bright 
green  above ;  sheaths  scurfy.  Spathes  purple.  Spcbdices  12-18  in.  long,  branches 
of  feni.  very  stout  ;  flowers  in  many  spiral  series;  male  fl.  yellow,  solitary,  or  the 
lower  in  pairs  with  an  intermediate  fem.  ;  filaments  adnate  to  the  petsds ;  fern.  fl. 
purplish ;  calyx  very  short,  corolla-lobes  obtuse.  Fruit  about  ^  in.  long,  dull 
purple. 

2.  W.  caryotoides,  Eoxh.  Cor.  PL  id.  t.  295;  leaflets  oblong  or 
linear-oblong  panduriformly  excised  and  acutely  toothed  white  beneath, 
fl.  fem.  distant  3-bracteate,  male  corolla  half  as  long  as  the  calyx,  mouth  of 
calyx  3-toothed,  fem.  corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  ii.  180,  t.  136  ;  Wall.  Gat.  8596  A ;  Grif.  in  Gale.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  485;  Kurz  For.  FL  ii.  532;  Miq.  FL  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  34. 
Harina  caryotoides,  Ham  in  Metti.  Wern.  Soc.  v.  317  ;  Griff.  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  174,  t.  237.  Wrightia  caryotoides,  Roxb.  Hort.  Bang.  63  ;  FL 
Ind.  iii.  621. 

Chittagong,  and  Burma,  in  hill  forests,  ascendiug  to  4000  ft. 

Habit  of  W.  ohlongifolia,  and  very  similar  in  foliage  and  inflorescence,  but 
differing  in  the  characters  given  above  and  in  the  fruit,  which  Kurz  describes  as 
being  as  lai-ge  as  a  nutmeg,  ovoid-oblong,  rarely  2 -seeded.  — (Roxburgh  says  as 
large  as  a  coffee  bean.) 

3.  W.  disticha,  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi,  6;  trunk  tall 
stout,  leaves  distichous,  leaflets  fascicled  linear  narrowed  to  the  base  prse- 
morse  denticulate,  male  calyx  cupular  3-lobed,  C(n-olla  thrice  as  long, 
fem.  corolla  lonsfer  than  the  ovary.  W.  Yomae,  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  533. 
Caryota  mitis.  Herb.  Galcutt. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  in  tropical  gorges,  T.  Anderson,  and  probably  eastwards: 
PfiGU ;  Kurz. 

Trunk  10-15  ft.  by  5-6  in.  diam.,  naked,  annulate.  Leaves  6-10  ft.,  alternate 
erect;  leaflets  narrowing  from  near  the  truncate  apex  to  the  base  and  with  a  large 
tooth  on  each  side  about  the  middle,  1-2  ft.,  by  2-2^  in.,  glaucous  beneath  ;  petiole 
and  sheath  short,  scurfy.  Male  spadix  3-4  ft.,  very  narrow,  linear  in  outline,  with 
innumerable  recurved  slender  crowded  branches.  Fem.  spadia;  6-8  it., 'pend\i\ous ; 
liranches  stout,  simple  ;  flowers  disposed  in  many  spiral  series,  green.  Fruit  oblong, 
tup  obscurely  2-3-lobed,  reddish. — Kurz  describes  the  loaves  as  disposed  in  a  ^ 
spiral. 

£  e  2 


420  cLxiii.  palmeyE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.) 

11.  DIDVBIOSPERIMCA,  H.  Wendl.  Sf  Drucle. 

Small  low  palms,  ieave*  terminal,  unequally  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  few, 
trapezoid,  erose,  uni-costate,  nerves  flabellate.  Spathes  many,  sheathing 
the  peduncle  of  the  spadix.  Spadix  interfoliar,  stout  and  simple,  or  slender 
and  branched ;  monoecious  or  Pdioecious  ;  flowers  rather  large.  Malefi, 
symmetric ;  calyx  cupular,  3-fid,  imbricate ;  petals  coriaceous  valvate  ; 
stamens  10-30,  anthers  linear,  erect ;  pistillode  0.  Fern.  jl.  subglobose ; 
sepals  rounded,  coriaceous;  petals  thick,  triangular,  incurved,  valvate; 
staminodes  0.  Ovary  depressed,  3-gonous,  2-3-celled,  stigmas  conical ; 
ovules  basilar.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  1-2-celled  and  -seeded,  stigmas 
terminal.  Seeds  erect,  oblong,  plano-convex  ;  albumen  equable ;  embryo 
dorsal. — Species  6,  Malayan  and  Indian. 

1.  D.  Kookeriana;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  186  ;  stem  slender,  leaves 
small  long-petioled  white  beneath,  some  oblong  from  a  cuneate  base,  some 
entire  or  lobed,  others  pinnatisect  with  obovate  oblong  or  trapezoid  long.- 
tailed  leaflets  shortly  ansate  at  the  base,  spadix  filiform. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  Scortechinl,  No.  229b.  136b.)  King's  Collector 
(n.  2146). 

Stem  3-4  ft.,  solitary  or  tufted,  ^-^  in.  diam.  Leares  extremely  variable,  12-30 
in.  long  ;  petiole  slender  ;  sheath  furf  uraceous.  Spadices  about  8  in.  long,  sheathed 
with  5-6  spathes ;  flowers  spirally  disposed  in  clusters  of  3  ;  rjta?ejL  oblong,  sub- 
clavate,  top  rounded.     Fruit  unripe,  globose. 

2.  D.  hastata,  Becc  Males,  iii,  99. ;  stem  slender,  leaf-sheaths 
scurfily  hispid,  leaflets  6-7  terminal  trapezoid,  lateral  petiolulate 
trapezoid  caudate-acuminate,  base  hastate  and  ansate,  spadices  filiform 
nodding. 

Malacca,  at  Selangore,  F.  Kehedlng.  Perak,  Larut,  Fing^s  Collector 
(3125). 

/Stem  3  ft.,  solitary  or  sparingly  tufted.  Leaves  1^-2  ft. ;  terminal  leaflet  4^-6  in. 
by  1-2  in.,  lateral  rather  longer  and  broader,  lower  margin  straight,  anterior 
sinuate-toothed.  Spadix  1  ft.  long;  male  fl.  i  in.— Habit,  &c'.,  of  D.  Hookeriana, 
but  the  leaf-sheaths  are  brown  scurfy,  as  are  the  leaflets  more  or  less  beneath,  and 
the  latter  have  broadly  cuneate  more  or  less  ansate  bases;  petiolule  1  in.  and 
more. 

3.  D.  nana,  IT.  Wendl.  &  Drude  in  Ferchov.  Palm.  243  ;  leaves 
pinnatisect,  leaflets  about  5,  terminal  flabelliform,  lateral  opposite  obliquely 
trapeziformly  lanceolate  acuminate  not  caudate  irregularly  lobed  and 
toothed,  pale  beneath,  spadices  erect  very  stout  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  rustily  scurfy  dense-fld.  MooJc.f.  Bat.  Mag.  t.  6836.  Wallichia 
nana.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Jonryi.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  488 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm. 
190,  t.  316  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  34.  Harina  nana,  Grif.  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  176,  t.  238  A,  B. 

Assam  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  ascending  to  4000  ft. 

Stem  3-5  ft.,  clothed  with  rusty  leaf-sheaths,  petioles  and  spathes.  Leaves  18  in. 
-2  ft. ;  leaflets  1-3  pairs,  terminal  flabellate,  variously  lobed,  lateral  7-10  by  3-5  in., 
also  vai'iously  lobed.     Fem.  fl.  ^  in.  diam.     Fruit  i  in.  long,  oblong,  white. 

4.  I>.  gracilis,  Hook  f. ;  stem  very  slender  leafy  upwards,  leaflets  6-8 
lateral  broadly  cuneate  below  the  middle  above  it  triangular  or  3-lobed  or 
truncate  and  acutely  toothed,  fem.  spadix  slender  erect  3-branched,  fruit 
elongate  ovoid  obtuse  base  rounded,  seed  elliptic-oblong  concavo-convex. 


I>idi/mos2)erma.'\      clxiii.  pa7,me^.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  421 

Assam  ;  Daphla  hills,  Booth. 

Stem  2  ft.,  about  as  thick  as  a  duck's  quill.  Leaves  8-18  in.,  rachis  and  petiole 
very  slender  ;  leaflets  l-^\  in.  loug  and  broad,  white  beneath.  Spadix  fruiting,  8  in., 
sheathed  below  the  niiddle  with  narrow  long  terete  glabrous  striate  spathes;  lateral 
branches  (or  spikes)  3  in.,  terminal  4  in.  long.  Fruit  ^  by  i  in.  diam.  rather  curved. 
Seed  f  in.  long,  equally  narrowed  at  both  obtuse  ends;  raphe  very  obscure;  albumen 
equable. — Apparently  a  very  distinct  species,  found  by  Mr.  Booth,  "Mt.  Nuttall's 
collector  in  Assam.  .  ■ 

12.  ARENGA,  Labill. 

Tall  stout  jDalms,  flowering  first  from  an  upper  leaf- axil,  and  succes- 
sively from  lower  ;  trunk  densely  clothed  above  with  fibrous  remains  of  the 
leaf-sheaths.  Leaves  terminal,  long,  loinnatisect ;  leaflets  long,  linear, 
usually  praemorse,  unicostate,  base  1-2-auricled.  Hpathes  many,  clothing 
the  peduncle  of  the  spadix.  Spadices  interfoliar,  large,  much  branched, 
peduncle  short  decurved,  branches  slender  pendulous;  male  and  fem. 
flowers  usually  solitary  and  in  separate  spadices,  rarely  3-nate  a  fem. 
between  2  males.  Malefl.  symmetric  ;  sepals  orbicular,  imbricate  ;  petals 
oblong,  valvate ;  stamens  numerous,  filaments  short,  anthers  apiculate  ; 
pistillode  0.  Fem.  Ji.  subglobose;  sepals  accrescent;  petals  triangular, 
valvate;  staminodes  many  or  0;  ovary  subglobose,  3-celled,  stigmas  conic. 
Fruit  obovoidly  globose,  2-3-seeded ;  stigmas  terminal.  Seeds  compressed 
or  plano-convex;  albumen  equable;  embryo  dorsal. — Species  about  10,  trop. 
Asia,  Malaya  and  Australia. 

1.  A.  saccharifera,  Lahill.  in  Mem.  Inst.  Fr.  iv.  209 ;  trunk  tall 
very  stout,  leaflets  4-fariously  fascicled  linear  lobed  and  variously  toothed 
towards  the  tip,  base  1-2-auricled  white  beneath,  male  buds  obtuse.  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  191,  t.  108  and  161,  f.  4;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  in.  3b ; 
Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  534 ;  GHff.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  472 ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  164,  t.  135  A.  A.  Grifiithii,  Seem,  ex  H.  Wendl.  in  Xerchov. 
Palm.  232.  Saguerus  Eumphii,  Poxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  626.  S.  saccharifer, 
Wurmh.  Verh.  Bat.  Genoo^tsch.  i.  350 ;  Blume,  Pumphia,  ii.  128,  t.  123-4. 
Gomutus  saccharifer,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  622.  Borassus  Gomutus,  Lour.  Fl. 
Cochinch.  ii.  759. 

Assam,  Pegu,  Bukma,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. — Disteib.  E.  Asia  and 
Malaya. 

Trunk  20-40  ft.  Leaves  very  many,  20-28  ft. ;  leaflets  up  to  115  on  each  side, 
3-5  ft.  long,  subsessile,  linear,  coriaceous,  costa  stout,  scurfy  beneath  ;  petiole  scurfy. 
Male  s^iadix  4-5  ft.,  simply  branched,  flowers  oblong-clavate  purple  1  in.  long  and 
less.  Fem.  ji.  solitary,  1  in  diam.  Fruit  2-2^  in.  long,  oblong-turbinate,  base 
narrowed,  top  rounded  or  depressed. 

2.  A.  obtusifolia,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  191,  t.  147,  148,  161; 
trunk  tall  very  stout,  leaflets  bifarious  linear  narrowed  and  truncate 
2-lobed  or  toothed  at  the  tip  white  beneath,  base  1-  or  ex-auricled,  male 
buds  acute.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  36.  A.  Westerhoutii,  Griff,  in  Gale. 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  474  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  166,  t.  235  B,  C,  D  ;  Mart.  I.  c. 
192  ;  Miq.  I.  c.  37.  Saguerus  Langkab,  Blume  RumpJi.  ii.  131,  t.  96,  125. 
Gomutus  obtusifolius,  Blume  mss. 

Penang,  Lewes.     Malay  Peninsula.,  at  Xaning,  Westerhout. 
Very  nearly  allied  to  A.  saccharifer  a,  distinguished  by  the  arrangement  of  the 
leaflets,  which  according  to  Griffith  are  bifarious  with  deflexed  tips,  the  upper  alone 


422  CLxiiT.  PALMES..     (Becoari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Arenr/a 

auricled  and  on!}'  on  one  side,  the  acute  male  buds,  and  by  the  oblong  fruit  narrowed 
at  both  ends. 

3.  A.  Wigrhtii,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hisf.  v.  475;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  167,  t.  235  E;  trunk  short  stout  soboliferous,  leaflets  alternate 
crowded  liogar  2-auricled  at  the  base,  tip  narrowed  unequally  2-lobed  and 
toothegt<*^te  beneath,  male  buds  acute. 

The  i)t:(?CAN  Peninsula;  Coimbatore,  Wight;  Nilghiri  hills,  alfc.  3000  ft, 
Gamble. 

Trunk  3-8  ft.  Leaves  12-28  ft.  ;  leaflets  linear-ensiform,  3-3|  ft.  by  1^-2  in., 
margins  sparingly  toothed  from  the  middle  upwards ;  lower  auricle  very  large,  over- 
lapping the  petiole  ;  petiole  6-8  ft.  Spadices  4  ft.,  peduncle  2  ft.  Fruit  about 
the  size  of  a  crab-apple,  globosely  turbinate,  broader  than  long. 

13.  CARVOTA,  Linn. 

Tall  palms,  soboliferous  or  not,  flowering  from  the  upper  leaf-slieaths, 
and  successively  from  lower  (alternately  male  and  fem.) ;  trunk  naked 
or  sheathed.  Leaves  few,  very  large,  broad,  bipinnatisect  ;  leaflets  very 
obliquely  dimidiately  flabelliform,  or  cuneiform,  prsemorse  or  rounded 
at  the  tip,  petiolales  or  bases  swollen  at  the  insertioa.  Spathes  3-5,  incom- 
plete, tubular.  Spadices  interfoliar,  shortly  peduncled,  much  fastigiately 
branched;  branches  slender,  pendulous;  flowers  solitary  and  male,  or 
3-nate  with  the  intermediate  fem.  Fem.  fi.  symmetric ;  sepals  rounded, 
imbricate;  petals  linear-oblong,  valvate  ;  stamens  very  many^  filaments 
very  short,  anthers  long.  Fem.  fl.  subglobose,  sepals  rounded,  imbricate  ; 
petals  rounded,  valvate ;  ovary  3-celled,  stigma  3-lobed,  ovules  erect. 
Fruit  globose,  1-2-Beeded,  stigma  terminal.  Seeds  erect ;  albumen  rumi- 
nate ;  embryo  dorsal. — Species  about  10,  tropical  Asiatic,  Malayan  and 
Australian. 

1.  C.  urens,  Lin7i.  Fl.  Zeyl.  187 ;  trunk  stout  tall  not  soboliferous, 
leaflets  cuneiform  very  obliquely  truncate  acutely  serrate-toothed,  upper 
margin  produced  and  caudate,  male  buds  cylindric  about  3  times  as  long  as 
broad,  stamens  40-45,  fruit  §-f  in.  diam.,  base  apiculate,  testa  adherent. 
Gsertn.fruct.  i.  20,  t.  7;  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  625;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm. 
193.  t.  107  and  108,  and  162  ;  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  479  ; 
Palms  Brit  Ind.  160;  Thw.  Fnum.  ^29  ;  Bah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  278; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  41.— Bheede  Hort.  Mai  i.  t.  11. 

Throughout  the  hotter  parts  of  India,  from  the  Silikim  Himalaya  and  Assam 
Eouthvvards  to  Ceylon  tmd  Singapore — Distrib.  Trop,  Asia,  Malaya. 

Trunk  30-40  ft.  1  It.  diam.,  annulate.  Leaves  18-20  by  10-12  ft.,  leaflets  5-6  ft., 
curved  and  drooping,  pinnules  4-8  in.,  broadly  cuneate,  upper  narrower,  outer 
margin  caudate;  petiole  very  stout.  Spadix  10-12  ft.  long;  spathes  1^  ft,; 
branches  all  reaching  the  same  level ;  flowers  3-nate,  a  fem.  between  two  males  ; 
male  ^  in.  long,  or  more.     Fruit  reddish. 

2.  C.  obtusa,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  480 ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  170 ;  glabrous,  trunk  tall  stout  not^  soboliferous,  leaflets  very 
obliquely  cuneiform  crenate,  upper  margin  not  caudate,  male  buds  about 
as  long  as  broad,  stamens  very  many,  fruit  |-1  in.  diam.,  base  not  apicu- 
late. Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  195.  C.  obtusidentata,  Griff.  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  236  A,  B. 

Upper  Assam  ;  Mishmi  Mts„  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  Griffith. 


Cavf/otaJ]  CLXTii.  palme^e.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  423 

Habit  and  stature  of  C.  urens,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  more  rounded  and 
crenate  apex  of  the  leaflets,  in  the  shorter  unexpanded  male  flowers  and  slightly  in 
the  fruit. 

Var.  cequatorialis,  Becc.  mss. ;  pinnules  more  acute  more  deeply  crenate  or 
serrate,  male  fl.  larger,  stamens  inore  than  100.  ?  C  ochlandra,  Sance  in  Journ. 
Bot.  1879,  174.— Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  Wray  (n.  1239).  Malay  Islands, 
China. 

3.  C.  mitis.  Lour.  Fl.  Gochinch.  il.  569;  stem  low  soboliferous, 
petioles  leaf-sheaths  and  spathes  scurfily  villous,  leaflets  very  obliquely 
cuneiform  erose  and  toothed,  upper  margin  acute,  spadix  branches  scurfy, 
male  buds  cylindric,  stamens  about  15-25.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii. 
195;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii. ;  C.  sobolifera,  Wall.  Cat.  8594  ;  Mart.  I.  c.  iii.  194, 
t.  107,  f.  2 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  481  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  171, 
t.  236  C ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  41 ;  Kurz.  For.  Fl.  ii.  530.  C.  urens, 
Jacc[.  Fragm.  20,  t.  12,  f.  1.  C.  nana,  Wall.  Cat.  8595.  0.  furfuracea, 
Blume  in  Mart.  I.  c.  195 ;  Bumphia,  ii.  141  (e^ecl.  var.  candata).  C.  pro- 
pinqua,  Blume  in  Mart.  I.  c.  195,  in  Biunpkia  I.  c.  138,  t.  155  {partim)  162. 
C.  Griffithii,  Becc.  in  Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Hal.  iii.  15. 

Burma;  from  Arracan  southwards,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Penang  and 
the  Andaman  Islands. — Distkib.  Malay  Islands. 

Stem  15-25  ft.  by  4-5  in.  diam.  Leaves  4-9  ft.,  pinnules  4-7  in.,  irregularly 
toothed.  Spadix  as  in  C.  urens,  but  much  smaller,  with  fewer  unequal  scurfy 
branches,  and  much  smaller  flowers,  the  males  about  \  in.  long.  Stamens  apiculate. 
Staminodes  3,  tips  glandular.  Fruit  ^  in.  diam.,  blueish  black.  Seed  globose, 
testa  loose. 

14.  ORANZA,  Zippel. 

Tall,  stout,  unarmed  palms.  Leaves  terminal,  equally  and  regularly 
pinnatisect ;  leaflets  linear,  tips  obliquely  lobed  or  torn,  strongly  uni- 
costate ;  petiole  stout,  sheath  short.  Spathes  2,  lower  short,  tubular, 
compressed ;  upper  large,  clavate,  cleft  longitudinally.  Spadix  interfoliar, 
elongate,  shortly  peduncled,  branches  slender  fastigiate ;  flowers  minute, 
upper  or  all  male,  lower  or  all  3-nate,  a  fem.  between  2  males.  Male  fl. 
subsymmetric ;  calyx  minute,  3-fid ;  petals  oblong  or  lanceolate,  valvate ; 
stamens  3  or  6,  filaments  subulate,  anthers  erect  slits  extrorse  ;  pistillode 
conic.  Fern.  fl.  larger,  o\roid ;  calyx  membranous,  3-fid ;  petals  ovate, 
obtuse,  valvate  ;  staminodes  3  or  6  ;  ovary  3-gonous,  3-celled,  stigmas 
recurved ;  ovules  pendulous.  Fruit  globose,  1-3-celled,  stigmas  basilar. 
Seed  globose,  testa  spongy,  adherent  to  the  endocarp ;  albumen  equable  ; 
embryo  dorsal. — Species  about  5,  tropical  Asiatic  and  Malayan. 

1.  0.inacrocladus,ilf«r^.ifu^.  Nat.  Palm.iii.  186, 1. 177,  f.  1 ;  flowers 
all  3-nate,  a  fem.  between  2  males,  more  or  less  distichously  arranged, 
stamens  6.  Becc.  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buifenz.  ii.  152,  164,  t.  13.  Macro- 
cladus  sylvicola,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  489 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind. 
177,  t.  239  A,  B. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Malacca,  in  the  Ching  forests,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Java. 

Trunk  40  ft.  ;  crown  densely  leafy,  subhemispheric.  Leaves  12-15  ft.,  subovate 
in  outline  ;  leaflets  2  j-3  ft.  by  2  in,,  white  and  scurfy  beneath  ;  petiole  5  ft.  Spathes 
and  spadix  scurfy.  Spadix  paniculately  branched,  nodding,  branches  slender ; 
flowers  white.    Fruit  I5-I2  in.  diam.,  smooth,  whitish. 


424  CLXiii.  faJjUEm.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f .) 

15.  NZPA,   Wurmb. 

A  prostrate  aestuarial  gregarious  iDalm  ;  stem  (or  rootstock)  brauclied. 
Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  plicate.  S]pathGs  many,  sheatliing. 
Syadix  terminal,  branched,  erect,  fruiting  drooping  ;  flowers  monoecious, 
male  in  catkin-like  lateral  branches  of  the  spadix,  female  in  a  globose 
terminal  head,  perianth  glumaceous.  Male  fi.  minute  mixed  with  seta- 
ceous bracteoles  ;  sepals  linear,  with  broad  truncate  inflexed  tips,  imbricate  ; 
petals  smaller  ;  stamens  3,  filaments  cuneate,  anthers  linear  basifixed  ; 
pistillode  0.  Feiii.  Ji.  much  larger;  sepals  6,  rudimentary,  displaced; 
staminodes  0;  carpels  3,  tips  free,  each  with  an  oblique  stigmatic  line; 
ovules  3,  erect.  Fruit  large  globose,  syncarp  of  many  obovoid  hexagonal 
1-celled  1-seeded  carpels,  with  j)yi"iimidal  tips  aad  infra-apical  stigmas, 
pericarp  fleshy  and  flbrous,  endocarp  spongy  and  flowery.  Seed  erect, 
grooved  on  one  side,  testa  coi-iaceous  viscid  within,  and  adherent  to 
the  endocarp,  liilum  broad;  albumen  equable,  hollow;  embryo  basilar, 
obconic. 

1.  N.  fruticahs,  Wtinroh.  in  Verii.  Bat.  Genootscli.  i.  349;  ex  Bhime 
Eumph.  ii.  72  ;  iii.  164,  165  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  305,  t.  208  ;  Lam. 
Illustr.  t.  897  ;  Lahill.  in  Mem.  Mus.  Par.  v.  t.  21,  22  ;  Gaud.  Voy.  Bonite, 
t.  Q7  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  110,  589  ;  3Iiq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  150  ;  Grif.  Noiul. 
iii.- 168;  Ic.  PL  Asiat.  2U;  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  650;  Thw.  Fn'um.  327; 
Kurz.  For.  Fl.  ii.  541. 

From  the  Sundebbunds,  southwards  to  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Ceylon. — 
DiSTElB.  Malay  Archip.  and  Australia. 

Trunk  or  rootstock  very  stout.  Leaves  15-30  ft.  ;  leaflets  4-5  ft,,  ri^id,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  petiole  4-5  ft.,  very  stout.  Spadix  4-7  ft. ;  peduncle  3-4  it.  Fruit  as 
large  as  a  n)an's  head;  carpels  4-6  in.  loug,  smooth,  brown. — Not  recorded  as 
existing  in  either  coast  of  the  Deccan  Peninsula. 


16.  PHCENZX,  Linn. 

Low  or  tall  dioecious  palms.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate  or 
ensiform,  sides  induplicate.  S^padices  nsually  several,  interfoliar,  erect  or 
drooping  in  fruit,  branched  ;  spathe  basilar,  complete,  coriaceous  :  flowers 
small,  yellowish,  coriaceous.  Male/l.,  calyx  cujDuiar  8-toothed  ;  petals  3, 
obliquely  ovate,  valvate;  stamens  6  (3-9),  tilaments  subulate,  anthers 
erect,  dorsifixed ;  pistillode  miuute- or  0.  Fern.  fl.  globose,  calyx  of  the 
male,  accrescent;  petals  rounded,  imbricate;  staminodes  6,  or  a  6-toothed 
cup ;  carpels  3,  free,  stigmas  sessile,  uncinate ;  ovules  erect.  Fruit 
oblong,  terete,  1-seeded,  stigma  terminal,  pericarp  fleshy,  endocarp  mem- 
branous. Seed  oblong,  ventrally  grooved ;  albumen  equable  or  sub- 
ruminate,  embryo  dorsal  or  subbasilar.  — Species  10  or  11,  African  and 
Asiatic. 

The  following  attempt  at  diagnosing  the  Indian  species  of  Phoenix  is  tentative, 
and  awaits  much  further  knowledge  of  the  living  plants  before  it  can  be  accepted  as 
tiustworthy.  The  true  Date,  JP.  dacty  lifer  a,  has  been  introduced  into  Siudh  and 
N.VV.  India.— J".  X>.  H. 

*  Embryo  ventral. 

f  Stem  tall,  {or  short  in  P.  zej/lanica). 


Fhcenix!]  CLXiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  425 

1.  P.  sylvestris,  Eoxh.  Hort.  Beng.  73;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  787;  trunk 
solitary  stout,  petiole  spinous,  leaflets  1-2  ft.  fascicled  2-4-farious  rigid 
glaucous  green,  male  spadix  2-3  ft.,  fruit  1-1^  in.  long,  terete.  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat,  Falm.  iii.  276  (e.ccl.  syn.  Linn.  Sc  Kaetnjpf.)  326,  t.  136.  Kunth 
Fnum.  iii.  255  ;  Wall.  Cat.  8602 ;  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  350 ; 
Falms  Brit.  141,  t.  228  A;  ?  Balz.  Sc.Gihs.  Bomb.  Fl.  278;  Brand.  For. 
Fl.ob^i  Kurz,For.  Fl.  ii.  535;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  347,  364,  t.  43,  f.  3. 
Elate  sylvestris,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1189,  in  pari.  Katou  Indel,  Mam.  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  86. — Rlieede  Hort.  Mai.  iii.  t.  22,  25. 

Cultivated  throughout  the  plains  of  India  and  Buema.  Wild  in  the  Indus 
basin,  Aitchison. 

Trunk  25-40  ft.,  clothed  with  the  persistent  bases  of  petioles.  Leaves  10-15  ft., 
quite  glabrous.  Spatlie  12-16  in.,  scurfy,  petiole  short.  Spadices  erect,  fruiting 
inclined  with  spreading  brandies  ;  branches  of  male  filiform  ;  male  fl.  ^-^  in.  long. 
Fruiting  peduncle  short,  6  in.  or  more.  Fruit  orange  yellow,  seed  rounded  at  both 
e)ids,  pale  }>ro\vn. — Ver}'  near  P.  dactt/lifera  and  possibly  the  origin  of  that  plant,  of 
which  the  leaflets  point  more  forward  and  are  of  a  brighter  green,  and  the  seeds  are 
acute  at  both  end.*,  but  most  variable  in  this  respect  and  often  imperfect.  The 
Bombay  Flora  is  cited  above  with  doubt,  as  its  authors  imply  that  the  leaflets  are 
not  fascicled.  They  say  "  Roxburgh  says  the  leaflets  are  fascicled,  this  is  surely  a 
mistake."  They  mention  another  species  as  growing  in  the  Hewra  Garden,  and 
brought  from  the  Gliats,  with  a  stem  ii-8  ft.  high,  and  leaves  more  slender  and 
delicate  than  sylvestris  and  acaulis.  The  Elate  sylvestris  of  Linnaeus  includes  this 
and  a  Ceylon  palm  (see  P.  zeylanica). — Griffith  observes  that  Rheede's  figure  repre- 
sents the  fruit  as  very  much  smaller  and  of  a  different  shape  from  that  of  the  Bengal 
plant.     The  whole  subject  wants  a  careful  study. 

2.  P.  zeylanica^  Trimen  in  Journ.  Bot.  1885,  267 ;  Syst.  Cat. 
Zeyl.  Fl.  96  ;  stem  14  ft.  or  less,  leaflets  subequidistant  quadrifarious 
bright  green  rigid,  fruiting  spadix  with  long  slender  spreading  branches, 
fruit  scarlet  then  dark  purple.  P.  zeylanica,  Hort;  Hook.  f.  inKew  Report, 
1882,  63.  P.  sylvestris,  Thtvaites  Fnum.  329.  P.  pusilla,  Gcerin.  Fruct.  i. 
24,  t.  9  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  273,  321,  t.  136  {partly  as  to  descr., 
and  ea-cl.  figs,  x.,  xi.,  in  t.  W.,  and  1-15  in  t.  124).  Elate  sylvestris,  Linn. 
Sp.  PI.  1189  {the  Ceylon  plant  only). 

Ceylon  ;  in  shady  woods. 

Stem  8-20  ft.,  rarely  nnu-h  shorter.  Leaves  rather  short ;  leaflets  very  many, 
not  fascicled,  7-10  in.,  pungent,  spreading  at  right  angles.  Fruit  |  in.  or  rather 
more,  i  in.  diam.  Seed  nearly  as  long,  with  the  groove  dilating  into  a  canaj  of 
various  forms. — (Trimcu's  appropriate  name  should  replace  Gsertner's  misleading 
one,  even  if  Gairtuer  had  been  right  in  assuming  his  plant  to  be  the  "  Palma  dacty- 
lifera  aculeata  minima"  of  Plum.  Gen.  Amer.  3,  which  he  cites  doubtfully  as  a 
synonym,  and  wiiich  is  an  American  plant. — J.  L>.  H.) 

3.  P.  rupicola^  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  13;  trunk 
solitary  slender  naked,  leaflets  I5  ft.  bifarious  and  not  fascicled  flaccid 
bright  green,  fern,  spadix  3-4  ft.  long  peduncled,  fruit  f  in.  long.  Becc. 
Males.  Hi.  348,  395.  P.  Andersoni,  Cat.  Hort.  Calcut.  :^o.  U9  (1886-7), 
p.  29  ?  ;  Card.  Chron.  1877,  ii.  45,  fig.  4. — Phoenicoidea,  Griff.  Journals, 
46. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  400-1400  ft.,  Anderson.  Assam  and  the  Misumi 
Hills,  Griffith. 

Trunk  15-20  ft.  by  8  in.  diam.  Leaves  10  ft.,  quite  glabrous ;  petiole  com- 
pressed. Spadices  elongated,  much  compressed,  females  with  a  few  fascicled  spikes 
ou  the  acute  margins  near  the  apex  ; '  spathe  1  ft.   long.     Fruit  oblong,  shining, 


426  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Phoenirr. 

yellow.     Seed  |-f  in.  long ;    groove  dilated  inwards. — The  numerous  bright  green 
decurved  leaflets  all  in  one  plane,  are  peculiar  to  this  beautiful  species. 

ft  Stem  normally  very  short  or  0  (sometimes  elongate  in  P.  Immilis). 

4.  P.  acaulis,  Buck,  ex  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  783,  Hart.  Seng.  73  ; 
stem  bulbiform,  leaflets  in  subopposite  fascicles  multifarious  subglaucous, 
spathes  6-8  in.,  rigid,  spadix  and  its  peduncle  very  short,  and  branches 
erect  very  stout,  fruit  ^  in.  long.  Ham.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  87; 
Ktmth  Enum.  iii.  257  ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  345 ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  137,  var.  melanocarpa,  II.  cc.  346,  138,  t.  227  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat. 
Palm,  iii.  274.  321 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl  278  ;  Brandts,  For.  FL  555; 
Becc.  Males.  348,  397,  t.  44,  iv.  f.  51-57 ;   Wall.  Gat.  8602  C. 

NoRTHEEN  and  Central  India  ;  from  Kumaon  eastwards  to  the  Khasia  Hills 
and  Burma. 

Stem'S-lO  in.  diam.,  densely  clothed  with  sheaths  and  bases  of  petioles.  Leaves 
2-6  ft.  ;  pinnules  i-lh  ft.,  very  rigid  ;  marginal  nerve  very  strong;  petiole  1  ft.  or 
more  with  many  spines.  Spadix  6-10  in.,  compressed,  rather  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  obtuse  spathc,.  branches  very  stout;  male  fl.  ^-^  in.  long.  Fruif 
elliptic-oblong,  mucronate,  bright  red  to^blue  black.  Seed  ^-\  in.  long,  groove 
broad. 

5.  P.  farinifera,  Roxh.  Gov.  PI.  i.  55,  t.  _  74 ;  Hort.  Beng.  73 ;  Fl. 
'Ind.  iii.  785  ;  stem  very  short,  leaflets  subopposite  4-farious  ensiform  rigid 

pungent  dark  green,  fruiting  spadix  8-12  in.,  branches  spreading,  drupe 
small  black.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  274  (excl.  syn.  pusilla)  ;  Griff, 
in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat  Hist.  v.  348 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  140  {excl.  syn.) ; 
Brand.  For.  Fl.  556;  Steavens.  in  Proc.  Agric.  Hort.  Soe.  Madras,  N.S.  iv. 
(1886)  346.  ?  P.  pusilla,  Trim,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiii.  173  ;  Becc.  Males. 
349,  402,  t.  44,  f.  28-37. 

CoROMANDKL  coast,  not  far  from  the  sea.  Ceylon,  in  the  north  part  of  the 
island. 

Shrubby  ;  stem  at  most  4  ft.,  thickly  clothed  with  old  leaf  sheaths.  Petiole 
with  one  or  more  pairs  of  spines.  Spathes  leathery  smooth,  marcescent.  Spadix 
8-12  in.,  much  branched  ;  male  fl.  ^  in.  long.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  large  French 
bean,  pulp  sweet  and  mealy.  Seed  pretty  smooth,  brown,  grayish  within. — 
Roxburgh,  who  is  the  only  sure  authority  for  this  species,  does  not  give  the  length 
of  the  fruiting  peduncle,  of  the  spathe^  or  of  the  petiole.  The  stem,  he  says,  has  a 
farinaceous  pith.  Mr.  Steavensou  observes  that  the  foliage  is  so  spinous  that  it  is 
impossible  to  walk  through  clumps  of  this  species. 

6.  P.  humilis,  Poyle  HI  394,  397,  399;  stems  short  tufted  (and 
bulbiform  ?)  rarely  elongate,  leaves  subglaucous,  leaflets  scattered  inter- 
ruptedly fascicled,  fruiting  spadix  long-peduncled,  branches  spreading 
rather  slender,  fruit  oblong,  pericarp  thin.     Becc.  Male/yiii.  347,  373. 

Hilly  districts  of  India;  from  Kumaon  eastwards  to  Burma,  and  southwards  to 
Malabar. — Disteib.  China,  Cochin  China. 

Neither  the  published  description  nor  available  collections  suffices  to  distin- 
guish this  satisfactorily  by  habit  and  foliage  from  P.  acaidis,  though  it  is  doubtless 
a  different  species,  and  easily  recognized  when  in  flower  and  fruit.  According  to 
Royle  (who  gives  no  description)  both  inhabit  Kumaon,  as  both  do  the  Khasia  hills. 
The  following  forms  are  referred  to  it  by  Beccari,  besides  the  var.  €,  P.  Hdnceana, 
of  China,  and  his  remarkable  Parusnath  var.  y,  rohusta,  which  I  discovered  H  1848, 
and  which  cannot,  I  think,  be  included. — J.  D.  H. 


Fhoemcc.']  clxtii.  talmem,     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  427 

Var.  a,  typica,  Becc.  I.e.  347,  379,  t.  44,  and  ii.  f.  22-24;  stem  short  or  mode- 
rately long,  leaHets  elongate  pale  green  in  usually  remote  fascicles,  fruiting 
peduncle  usually  very  long,  fruit  rather  long,  groove  of  seed  very  short.  P. 
humilis,  Royle  I.e.  P.  Ouseleyana,  Grirff.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  347  ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  139.  P.  sylvestris  ?',  TFall.  Cat.  8602  B.— Outer  Himalaya,  alt.  1-5000  ft., 
from  Kumaon  eastwards.  Assam  (Jenkins),  the  Khasia  hills  and  Central  India  ;  at 
Chota  Js'agpore,  Cal.  Ouseley. — Griffith  describes  P.  Ouseleyana,  from  an  Assam 
specimen,  as  having  the  ovoid  bulbous  stem  of  P.  acauUs,  a  foot  long  by  6  in.  diam., 
leaves  2^-3  ft.,  leaflets  very  narrow  indeed  and  strongly  conduplicate  1  ft.  long  by 
(owing  to  the  conduplication)  \  in.  broad,  lower  spinescent,  male  spadix  1  ft.  rather 
longer  than  the  spathe,  fem.  spadix  2-2|^  ft.  much  longer  than  its  spathe  with  few 
terminal  long  flexuose  spikes,  m^tle  fl.  ^  in.  long  (in  Sikkim  specimen).  The  seeds 
examined  are  from  Sikkim,  g-f  in.  long,  with,  a  broad  groove. 

Var.  ^,  Lourlerii,  Becc.  I.e.  348,  379,  t.  44,  ii.  f.  16,  17  ;  stem  short  or  very  short, 
leaflets  subglaucous  often  approximate  mostly  falciform,  fruiting  peduncle  elongate, 
fruit  ovoid,  P.  Loureirii,  Kwith  Enum.  iii.  257.  P.  pusilla,  Jjour.  Fl.  Cochinch. 
614  («ow.  Gartn.).  P.  Roebelinii,  O'Brien,  in  Gard.  Chron.  1889,  ii.  475,  758, 
fig.  68. — Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Burma,  Munnipore,  Cochin  China. 

Var.  5,  peduncu'ata,  Becc.  I.e.  379,  387,  t;  44,  f.  13-15,  18-21,  25-27  ;  stem 
short,  pinnae  subglaucous  more  or  less  fascicled,  spathe  8  in.  long,  margin  fringed, 
fruiting  peduncle  very  long,  fruit  small  oblong-ovoid  black,  groove  of  seed  usually 
dilating  into  a  canal.  P.  pedunculaYa, *PaZms  BK^. /n-^.  139.  P.  acaulis,  Miq.  PL 
Hoken.  Nilg.  No.  12  tS, — Western  Ghats,  from  the  Concau  southwards,  ascending  to 
about  6000  ft.  oa  the  Nilghiri  hills,  Wight,  k^. — Griffith  describes  this  as  soboll- 
ferous,  with  leaves  4-5  ft,,  leaflets  1  ft,,  petiole  bearing  solitary  or  fascicled  spines, 
male  spadix  about  a  span  long,  fem.  a  little  longer,  with  a  very  long  fruiting 
peduncle,  fruit  ^-|  in.  by  \-^  in.  diam. — Mr.  J.  Steavenson  {in  Journ.  Agric. 
Hort.  Soc.  Madras,  N.S.  (1866),  337),  observes  that  this  is  a  graceful  pale  green 
palm,  with  the  stem  never  more  than  a  foot  or  so  high.  The  seeds  described  above 
are  from  Nilghiri  specimens  and  are  ^-^  in.  long.  Specimens,  presumably  of  this 
var.,  sent  by  Mr.  Talbot  from  N.  Canara,  have  spathes  8  in.  long,  with  a  deep  brown 
fringe  of  matted  woolly  hairs;  fruit  black  ;  seeds  i-fin.  long  groove  narrow  hardly 
dilated  within. 

**  Embryo  basilar. 

7.  IP. -psiludosa.,  Boxb.  Mort.  Ben ff.  75;  Fl.  Ind.  789;  gregarious, 
subarboreous,  leatiets  opposite  and  alternate  bifarious  ensiform  with  iiliform 
tips  whitish  or  farinose  beneath,  branches  of  spadix  spreading,  fruit  ovoid 
black.  Mart.  Hisf.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  272,  320,  t.  136;  Kunth  Enum.  iii. 
256  ;  Wall.  Gat.  8603  ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  353  ;  Falms 
Brit.  Ind.  144,  t.  229  A,  B  ;'  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  202  ;  For. 
Fl.  ii.  ^(  Brandis,  For.  Fl.  556 ;  *  Gamble,  Man.  Ind.  Timh.  419.  P. 
siamensis,  ~i^jK^.  Palm.  Archij).  Ind.  14, 

Aestuarial  shores  from  Bengal  to  Burma  and  the  Andaman  Islands — 
DiSTRiB.  Siam,  Cochin  China. 

Trunks  8-25  ft.,  often  inclined,  soboliferous,  annulate,  12-18  in.  diam.  •  Leaves 
8-10  ft.,  leaflets  1-2  ft. ;  petiole  3-5  ft.,  slender,  scurfy,  with  many  long  spines, 
sheath  fibrous.  Male  spadix  with  its  peduncle  Ii  ft.,  compressed  ;  spathe  as  long, 
Bcurfy;  fem.  spathe  shorter  ;  male  fl.  \  in.  long;  fem.  subglobose  with  6  staminodes. 
Fruit  \  in.  long,  macronate,  black  purple  when  fully  ripe. 

IMPERFECTLY   KNOWN    SPECIES. 

8.  P.  robusta,  HooJc.f.;  trunk  15-20  ft.  as  thick  as  a  man's  body 
closely  clothed  and  appearing  tessellated  from  the  sheaths  of  the  fallen 
leaves,    le.aves  about    3    ft.  long,   leaflets   fascicled   quadrifarious    strict, 


428  CLXiii.  PALME;!':.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Phcenix. 

strongly  conduplicate,  fruiting  peduncle  2  ft,  P.  humilis,  var.  robusta, 
Becc.  Males,  348,  o84. 

J3EHAR  ;  on  Parnsnath,  alt.  4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c. 

A  very  remarkable  species  from  the  great  bulk  of  the  trunks,  and  their  tessellated 
appearance,  due  to  the  comparatively  small  size  of  the  appressed  old  leaf-sheaths,  of 
which,  judging  from  excellent  photographs  procured  for  nie  by  Mr.  Clarke,  there 
must  be  very  many  in  a  plane  cutting  the  diameter  of  the  trunk  ;  they  give  to  the 
trunk  the  appearance  of  a  Cycas.  The  figure  of  P.  ci/cadifolia,  Regel,  Gartenfl. 
1879,  131,  t.  974,  a  plant  referred  to  dactylifera,  strongly  resembles  robusta  in  the 
bulk  aud  marking  of  the  trunk. 

17.  CORVPKA. 

Tall  stout  iinarmecl  palms,  dying  after  once  flowering  and  fruiting. 
Leaves  very  large,  orbicular  or  lunate,  flabellately  multifid ;  petiole 
spinous.  Spadix  very  large,  terminal,  erect,  j^aniculate  ;  spathes  many, 
tubular.  Flowers  small,  bisexual.  Calyx  cupnlar,  3-fid.  Petals  3,  con- 
nate below  in  a  stipes,  ovate,  acute,  imbricate  or  subvalvate.  Stamens  6, 
filaments  subulate,  anthers  dorsifixed.  Oyar^  3-lobed,  3-celled  ;  style  short, 
subulate,  stigma  minute.  Fruit  of  ]-3  globose  fleshy  drupes,  styles 
basilar.  /S'eerf  erect,  globose  or  oblong;  albumen  equable  ;  embryo  spiral. 
— Species  about  6,  tropical  Asiatic. 

1.  C.  elataj  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  176 ;  trunk  spirally  ridged,  leaves 
luuate,  petiole  with  black  margins  and  curved  spines,  panicle  rounded 
ovoid,  branches  spreading,  drupe  about  1  in.  diam,  stipitate.  Mart.  Hist. 
No.t.  Falm.  233  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  236.  Grif.  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist. 
V.  314;  Fahns  Brit.  Ind.  112,  t.  220  D.  C.  Gebanga,  iTwr^  For.  Fl.  ii. 
525,  an  Blume  ? 

Bengal  and  Burma. 

Trunk  sU'Right,  60-70  ft.  high  by  2  ft.  diam.  Leaves  S-10  ft.  diam.,  80-100- 
fid  to  about  the  middle ;  lobes  ensifonn,  obtuse  or  2-tid;  petioles  6-12  ft.,  spirally 
arranged,  auricled.  Spadix  about  j  the  height  of  the  trunk,  much  narrower  in  span 
than  the  foliage,  supradecompound  ;  spathes  many.  Floiver.s-  in  scattered  fascicles 
on  the  rather  stout  spreading  branchlets  of  the  spadix;  calyx  3-toothed,  petals  re- 
flexed  ;  ovary  suddenly  contracted  into  the  short  style.  Drupe  very  shortly  stipitate, 
olive  colrd.,  smooth;  pericarp  friable,  endocarp  adnate  to  the  testa.— Griffith  describes 
the  leaves  as  nearly  circular,  5-6  by  15  ft.  broad,  with  narrower  segments  than  in  the 
other  Indian  species. 

2.  C.  umbraculifera,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  Fd.  ii.  1657  ;  trunk  annulate, 
leaves  sublunate  or  circular  palmately  pinnatifid  conduplicate  above  the 
middle,  panicle  pyramidal,  primary  branches  piercing  the  spathes,  drupes 
1^^  in.  diam.  Gsertn.  Fruct.  i.  18,  t.  7  (seed  inverted) ;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  236; 
Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  177 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Falm.  iii.  232,  t.  108,  127  {partim) ; 
Griff,  in  Gale.  Jour7i.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  319  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  116.  Tkw. 
Fnum.  329;  Falz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  Suppl.  94;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  525; 
Brand.  For.  Fl.  549  ;   Wall.  Cat.  SQlb.—Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  iii.  t.  1-12. 

Malabar  Coast  and  Ceylon. 

Trunk  60-80  ft.  diam.  Leaves  6  ft.  long  by  13  broad,  '80-100-fid  to  about 
the  middle,  segments  obtusely  2-fid ;  petiole  7  ft.,  spines  often  in  pairs.  Spadix 
attaining  20  ft.,  pyramidal,  branches  spreading.  Calyx  broadly  3.1obed.  Ovary 
suddenly  contracted  into  the  style.     Drupe  shortly  stipitate. 

3.  C.  Talliera,  Boxh.  Cor.  PI.  iii.  251,  t.  255,  256 ;  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  174; 


Cori/jjJia.]  CLXiii.  palmeje.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  429 

trunk  obsoletely  annulate,  leaves  subrotund  complicate  above  the  middle 
subglaucous,  basal  lobes  overlapping,  panicle  pyramidal,  branches  axillary 
to  the  spathes  spreading,  secondary  forked,  drupes  1^  in,  diam.  Kunth 
JEnum.  \\i.  236;  Mart.  Nat.  Mist.  jPalm.  iii.  23 i  ;  Griff,  in  Cole.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  317  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  114,  t.  220  E,  F,  Wall.  Cat.  8616. 
Talliera  bengalensis  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  18.  T.  Tali,  Mart,  in  Roem.  &  Sell. 
Syst.  vii.  1306. 

Bengal,  Roxhtorgh. 

Trun/c  about  30  ft.,  durk  brown,  rather  rough.  Leaves  6  ft.  long  by  15  broad, 
90-lOO-fid,  lobes  deeper  and  broader  than  in  umhraculifera,  the  central  3-3^  ft.  ; 
petiole  5-10  ft.,  not  spirally  arranged,  biauricled,  spinous.  Spadix  20  ft.  or  more 
high ;  primary  branches  with  ascending  tips,  secondary  bifarious,  drooping ;  flowers 
in  close  clusters.  Calyx  obscurely  3-lobed.  Ovary  suddenly  contracted  into  the 
style.     Drupes  1-3,  dark  olive  or  greenish-yellow. 

4.  C.  xnacropoda,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Beng.  As.  Soc.  xliii.  ii.  (1874) 
197,  t.  15  ;  For.  Ft.  iii.  525  ;  stemless,- leaves  palmately  llabellate  12-20  ft. 
diam.  divided  to  the  middle  6-10  ft.  long,  petiole  18-25  ft.  slender  base  as 
thick  as  the  arm,  sjoines  black,  drupe  the  size  of  a  cherry  smooth  olive 
brown. 

South  Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. 

IMPERFECTLY  KNOWN   SPECIES. 

5.  C.  MAETIANA,  JBecc.  mss. ;  panicle  hemispherical,  branchlets  pendulous,  petiole 
armed  with  small  strong  black  spines,  calyx  broadly  3-lobed,  ovary  conico-ovoid 
narrowed  into  the  short  style,  drupe  on  a  stipes  -j-*7  in.  long. 

Burma;  Mergui  ?  {Hart.  CalcutL). 

6.  C.  UMBRACULIFEEA,  imra. ;  Wall.  Cat  8615;  branchlets  of  panicle  about 
2  ft.,  as  in  C.  Talliera,  calyx  distinctly  3-lobed,  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a 
short  style. — Hort.  Carey  1828,  Wallich. 

18.  NANNORHOPS)  S.  Wendl. 

A  gregarious  tufted  low-growing  glabrous  palm,  with  prostrate  branch- 
ing robust  rhizomes  or  stems.  Leaves  cuneately  flabellate,  rigid,  plicate, 
split  into  curved  2-fid  segments;  petiole  short.  Spadix  interfoliar,  ranch 
branched;  spathes  tubular,  sheathing,  spathels  ochreate ;  flowers  poly- 
gamous. Calyx  tubular,  membranous,  unequally  3-lobed.  Corolla  3- 
partite,  segments  valvate.  Stamens  in  her  ma  ph.  fl.  6,  in  male  about  9. 
Ovary  trigonous ;  style  short,  stigma  3-toothed ;  ovules  basilar.  Drupe 
small,  globose  or  oblong,  1-seeded,  style  basilar.  Seed  free,  erect, 
ventrally  hollowed;  hilnm  small,  albumen  equable;  embryo  dorsal  or 
subbasilar. 

1.  N.  Ritchieana,  H.  Wendl.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  1879,  148  ;  Aitchis.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  140,  141  and  187,  t.  26.  Chainterops  Ritchieana, 
Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  342 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  135  ;  Brand. 
For.  Fl.  547 ;  Gard.  C/iron.  1886,  662,  fig.  128, 129  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm. 
iii.  252. 

SiNDH,  and  the  Western  Panjab  ;  on  the  Salt  Range  and  at  Attok, 
Aiichison. —  Disteib.  Aifghanistan. 

Stem  or  rhizome  8-10  ft.  long,  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  dichotomously  branched, 
covered  with  old  leaf  sheaths.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  long  and  broad,  whitish,  split  to  the 
middle  or  lower  into  rigid  segments  with  often  interposed  fibres  ;  petiole  6-12  in. ; 
margins  serrulate.  Spadix  pyramidiil,  2-3  ft.,  branches  ascending  and  recurved, 
branchlets  slender;    flowers  in  pairs    within    a    membranous   spathella,  one    sessile 


430  CLXiir.   PALMES.     (Beccaii  &  Hook,  f.)       \_Nannorhcyps, 

bracteate,  the  other  pedicelled  ebracteate.  Stamens  in  the  male  fl.  inserted  in  the 
corolla-tube;  in  the  hermaph.  fl.  in  its  throat;  anthers  deeply  sagittate.  Ovary 
narrowed  into  the  style.  Drupe  globose  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  from  the  size  of  a  pea 
to  a  bullet. 

19.  ZiICUAZiA. 

Low,  rarely  tall  palms  ;  stems  annulate.  Leaves  more  or  less  orbicular, 
or  flabellate,  plicate,  deeply  partite ;  petiole  usually  spinous.  Spadices 
interfoliar,  sheathed  by  tubular  coriaceous  persistent  spathes,  simple  or 
branched,  glabrous  tomentose  or  scurfy ;  flowers  usually  small,  scattered, 
hermaj^hrodite ;  bracts  and  bracteoles  obscure  or  0.  Calijx  cupular  or 
tubular,  mouth  3-fid.  Corolla-lohes  coriaceous,  valvate.  Stamens  6, 
filaments  subulate  ;  anthers  cordate.  Ocary  of  3  free  or  nearly  free  truncate 
1-ovuled  carpels ;  styles  filiform  ;  ovules  erect.  Drupes  small ;  style  ter- 
minal. Seed  erect,  globose,  free,  ventral  face  often  hollowed  ;  albumen 
equable,  embryo  dorsal. — Species  about  45,  trop.  Asia,  Australia  and 
Pacific. 

There  are  several  unnamed  Burmese  and  Malayan-Peninsular  species  in  the  Kew 
Herbarium,  which  1  lail  to  identify  with  any  of  the  Indian  ones  enumerated  by 
Beccari.  I  refrain  from  describing  them,  as  tliey  are  solitary  specimens,  and  may  be 
the  same  as  known  Malayan  island  species,  of  which  I  have  seen  no  specimens. — 
J.  D.  H. 

A.  Flowers  \-'l  in.  long. 

1.  1^.  peltata,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  179;  leaf  orbicular  12-30- partite, 
petiole  armed  throughout  with  strong  curved  spines,  spadix  with  many 
superposed  branches  tomentose  and  llowers  tomentose.  Ham.  in  Mem. 
Wern.  Soc.  v.  313  ;  Griff,  in  Ca/c.  Jour?!.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  325  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  120,  t.  222.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Falm.  234,  1. 162  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  238  ; 
Wall.  Cat.  8617;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  204;  For.  Fl. 
ii.  527  ;  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  13  ;  Gard.  Chron.  1872,  1657, 
fig.  350. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Silhet,  Burma  and  the 
Andaman  Islds. 

Stams  8-15  ft.,  usually  gregarious.  Leaves  3-5  ft.  diam.,  segments  variously 
connate,  many-toothed  at  the  apex,  teeth  i-2  in  ;  very  variable  in  length  and 
breadth,  obtusely  2-fid;  petiole  3-4  ft.,  stout.  Spathes  tubular,  6-12  in.  long  by 
^-|  in.  broad,  mouth  irregularly  toothed  or  lobed.  SpiJces  of  tall  stout  spadix 
distant,  6-10  in.,  pendulous,  fulvous-tonieutoi"e;  flowers  stipitate.  CaZi/a?  campanu- 
late,  silkily  pubescent,  shortly  lobed.  Petals  ^-^  in.  long,  lanceolate,  very  coriaceous. 
Fruit  ^  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  narrowed  equally  at  both  ends,  orange-colrd.  Seed 
with  the  intruded  hilar  process  dilated  within. 

B.  Flowers  much  less  than  ^  in.  long. 

1.  Spathes  tubular,  with  entire  or  lacerate  mouths. 

*  Spadix  with  8-10  superposed  branched  inflorescences  arising  from 
special  spathes. 

2.  Ii.  paludosa,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  233;  Falms  Bi-it. 
Ind.  118,  t.  221,  A,  B,  0;  leaves  flabelliform  or  orbicular  7-9-partite, 
lateral  segments  deeply  acutely  3-4-lobed,  the  rest  tiuncately  4-8-lobed, 
petiole  unarmed  above,  flowers  minute  glabrous,  petals  very  short.  Becc. 
Males,  iii.  74. 


LtcuaJa.]  clxiii.  palme.e.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  431 

Malacca;  Grifith.  Peeak,  Scortechini,  Kind's  Collector,  7339,  8534. — 
DiSTRiB.  Siam. 

Siem  4r-10  ft.  3-9  in.  diam.,  smooth.  Leaves  3  ft.  diam. ;  petiole  1-2  ft.,  spines 
few  short,  recurved  ;  sheaths  very  fibrous.  Spathes  f  in.  broad,  mouths  lacerate. 
Spadix  very  stout;  branches  4-8  in.,  spreading  and  recurved  ;  flowers  sessile.  Calyx 
cup-shaped,  J^  in.  broad.  Petals  ovate.  Fruit  spherical,  \  in.  diam. — GriflBth 
observes  that  this  species  approaches  L.  splnosa,  but  is  abundantly  distinct  by  its 
smooth  stem,  which  does  not  look  much  like  tlie  stem  of  a  Palm,  and  by  the  small 
smooth  turbinate  flowers.  I  doubt  Kurz's  Andaman  plant  being  the  same,  it  has 
shortly  tomentose  branches  of  the  spadix  and  flowers. 

3.  Ii.  long-ipes,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Joutvi.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  330 ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  125,  t.  224'  A,  B  ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  orbicular  about  20-partite, 
segments  curieate  crenate  lateral  obliquely  truncate  terminal  about  11- 
toothed,  crenatures  2-fid  crenulate,  petiole  shortly  armed,  spathes  short 
broad,  spadices  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  branches  spreading  and 
flowers  glabrous  or  pubescent,  calyx  cylindric,  base  truncate,  petals  cordate- 
lanceolate,  ovary  villous.  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  20-4 ;  For. 
Ft.  ii.  .528. 

Tenasserim  ;  forests  in  Mergui.     Malacca,  Griffith,  Kurz. 

Leaves  3-4  It.  diam.  ;  petiole  4-5  ft.,  trigonous,  deeply  channelled  above, 
glabrous  ;  spines  very  variable  in  sizt>  and  number,  but  never  long.  Spathes  3-6  in. 
long  by  \  in.  broad,  compressed,  deeply  lacerate  at  the  mouth.  Spadix  stout  and 
flowers  sparsely  or  sometimes  densely  pubescent ;  branches  stout,  curved  and  spread- 
ing ;  flowers  sessile.  Calyx  shortly  lobed,  lobes  2-fid.  Petals  very  short.  Ooary 
villous.  Fruit  seated  on  the  pedicel-like  perianth. — The  cylindric  calyx  with  a  broad 
truncate  base  is  a  good  character. 

**  Spadix  with  3-6  digitate ly  branched  or  forked  inflorescences. 

f  Branches  of  spadix  and  Jioioers  pubescent  or  scurfy. 

4.  Zi.  spinosa,  Wurmh.  in  Verli.  Bat.  Genooisch.  ii.  469;  leaves 
orbicular-reniform  sub  18-partite,  lateral  segments  obliquely  premorsc 
3-4-lobed  or  2-partite,  median  10-11-lobed,  petiole  armed  throughout,  spadix 
with  many  finely  pubescent  dense-fld.  spikes  and  flowers,  fruiting  calyx 
carajDanulate,  petals  very  small,  ovary  glabrous,  fruit  obnvoid.  Boxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  ii.  1 81  ?  {excl.  syn.  Rumph.) ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  -JSat.  Hist.  v.  321  ; 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  119  ;  Blume  Rumph.  ii.  39,  t.  82,  88:  Mart.  Hist.  Nat. 
Palm.  iii.  235,  318,  t.  135,  I,  2  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  53  ;  Suppl.  254. 
Becc.  Males,  iii.  74.  L.  paludosa,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  528; 
For.  Fl.  ii.  528.  L.  ramosa,  Bl.  in  Sckult.  Syst.  vii.  1303 ;  Eurnphia,  ii.  39. 
L.  horrida,  Blume  Rumpli.  ii.  41,  t,  89,  f.  1  :  Mart.  I.  c.  237,  318. 

Malacca,  Griffltli.  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz,  l/aji.— Distrih.  Malay 
Islands. 

Stems  8-10  ft.,  stout,  2-4  in.  diam.,  densely  tufted,  rough  with  scars  of  fallen 
leaves.  Leaves  4  ft.  diam.  ;  petiole  obtusely  trigonous,  spines  stout  curved  ;  ligule 
1-1|  in.,  scarious.  Spathes  very  long,  scurfy,  f  in.  diam,,  mouths  lacerate.  Spadix 
rather  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  branches  7-10,  adnate  to  the  rachis  up  to  the  mouth 
of  the  spathes  ;  lower  compound,  spreading,  generally  secund ;  flowers  2-3-nate. 
Calyx  lobed  to  the  middle.  Petals  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Fruit  obovoid, 
i  in.  long,  pedicelled  by  the  calyx-tube,  red. — Beccari  (mss.)  refers  Kurz's 
Andaman  L.  paludosa  to  spinosa,  I  think  rightly  (./.  D.  H.). 

5.  Ii.  znalayana^  Becc  Males,  iii.  197  ;  leaves  peltately  digitate,  seg- 
ments 20-26,  teeth  very  short  broad  obtuse,  petiole  very  long  spinous  at 


432  CLXiir    PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Licuala. 

the  base  only,  spadix  elongate,  branches  many  3-partite  spreading  pubes- 
cent, flowers  solitary  spirally  disposed  finely  pubescent,  calyx  tubular 
campanulate  hardly  toothed,  base  truncate  and  intruded,  petals  rather 
longer  acute,  ovary  glabrous,  fruit  globose. 

Perak,  Scortechini ;  Gdping,  King's  Collector,  469,  8127. 

Stem  4-6  ft.,  \}:  diam.  Leaves  about  3  ft.  diam.;  pt'tiole  5-6  ft.,  slender. 
Spathes  narrow,  4-6  in.  long  by  J  in.  broad,  subfurfuraceous  ;  lower  acutely  keeled, 
mouth  shortly  lacerate.  Spadix  2^-3  ft,,  branches  spreading  and  curved  or  flexuous; 
flowers  inserted  in  small  tubercles  which  (in  the  dried  state)  are  sunk  in  the  lobulate 
base  of  the  calyx.  Staminal  cup  deeply  lobed.  Fruit  ^  in.  diam.,  rather  longer 
than  broad,  tipped  with  the  scale-like  remains  of  the  aboi-tive  carpels,  dried  pericarp 
chiefly  lacemose. — Allied  to  L.  spinosa,  distinguished  by  the  petiole  armed  only  at 
the  base,  the  form  of  the  flowers,  and  the  staminal  cup  deeply  divided  into  large 
lobes. 

6.  Zi.  triphylla,  Griff,  in  Cole.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  352 ;  Pahns 
JBrit.  Ind.  126,  t.  225 ;  stem  very  short,  leaves  few  flabeiliform  o-9-partite, 
segments  broadly  crenate,  median  narrowed  into  a  petiolule,  petiole  very 
long  and  slender  sparingly  armed  with  small  spines,  spathes  very  slender, 
sj)adix  short  slender,  branches  fevv  slender  few-fld.  and  flowers  puberulous, 
calyx  turbinate,  petals  minute,  frait  pisiform.  '^^ 

Malacca  ;  forests  Ayer  Punnus,  Griffith.  Perak,  King's  Collector  (2860, 
3007). 

Stem  3-4  in.  Leaves  with  segments  8-10  in.  long,  of  very  various  breadth,  the 
tips  of  the  central  crenate  with  very  short  rounded  notched  lobes,  the  lateral  obliquely 
premorse  and  notched  ;  petiole  2  ft.,  not  ^  in.  broad  ;  spines  ^  in.  Spathes  1  j-2  in. 
long  by  i-^  in.  diam.,  mouth  split.  Spadix  a  foot  long,  very  slender,  branches 
short,  flowers  y\j  in.  long,  scattered,  subsessile.  Petals  minute,  acute.  Seed  with 
a  curved  internal  process. 

7.  Zi.  ferrugrinea,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  orbicular  3-7-partite,  segments 
broadly  crenate,  the  central  subpetiolulate,  petiole  very  long  armed  almost 
throughout  furfuraceous  or  glabrate,  spathes  large  broad  flattened  furfura- 
ceous,  spadix  and  its  branches  very  stout  thickly  f urfuraceously  tomeutose, 
flowers  sessile,  calyx  cupular,  petals  very  small. 

Singapore,  Gaudichaud,  Lohh.  Peeak,  at  Sunki,  100-800  ft.,  King's 
Collector  (3041). 

Leaves  3  ft.  diam.,  young  furfuraceous  towards  the  base  below,  segments  merely 
notched  as  in  L.  triphylla  ;  petiole  3-4  ft.  with  concave  face  and  sides,  and  rounded 
back,  young  villously  furturHceoas  along  the  margin  between  the  short  stout  spines. 
Spathes  4-6  in.  long  by  1^-2  in.  broad,  compressed,  2-keeled,  mouth  lacerate. 
Spadix  very  stout;  with  stout  rusty -tomentose  branches  6-8  in.  long  ;  flowers  sessile, 
-jL  in.  diam,,  rusty  pubescent.  Calyx  very  short,  lobes  rounded.  Fruit  ^  in.  long, 
ellipsoidly  obovoid,  obscurely  3-ribbed  when  dry. 

ft  Branches  of  spadix  and  jiowers  glabrous. 

8.  Ii»  g-labra,  Griff,  in  Oalc.  Jour)i.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  329  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  124,  t,  223  ;  stem  slender,  leaves  flabeiliform  16-18-partite,  segments 
linear-cuneate  median  2-3-fid,  tips  with  short  bifid  lobes  separated  by  a 
broad  sinus,  petiole  very  slender  almost  unarmed,  spathes  glabrous, 
spadix  slender  elongate  and  flowers  quite  glabrous,  branches  adnate  to 
the  rachis  far  above  the  spathes  4-5-partite,  calyx  campanulate,  petals 
lanceolate. 

Malacca  ;  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith,  Hullett  (852) .  Peeak  ;  on  Gunong  Batu  Pateh, 
alt.  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (8148)  ;  Scortechini  (319*',  593^^  ). 


LicuaJa.]  clxiii.  palme^e.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  433 

Stem  3-1  fu,  1-1^  in.  diam.  Leaves  2-3  fc.  diam.  ;  petiole  4-5  ft.,  plano- 
convex. Spathes  3-6  in.  narrow,  cylindric,  the  lower  a  little  compressed,  mouth 
oblique  bitid,  tips  ijuite  entire.  Spadix  4  ft.  (in  King's  specimens),  perfectly 
glabrous  throughout,  rachis  quite  smooth,  furrowed  when  dry ;  branches  4-6  in., 
divaricate ;  flowers  subsessile.  Calyx  obscurely  3-lobed.  Petals  twice  as  long, 
acuminate.  Young  fruit  ellipsoid,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  keeled,  ^  in.  long, 
stipitate  by  the  calyx  tube  and  spreading  petals,  tipped  by  the  remains  of  the 
abortive  carpels. 

II.  Spathes  compressed,  split  on  one  side  (tubular  in  L.  Kingii). 

*  Spadix  ivith  2  or  tnore  superposed  simple  or  branched  infiorescences. 

9.  Xi>  modesta,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  195  ;  stem  elongate,  leaves  semi- 
circular, segments  very  many  narrowly  cuneate,  petiole  very  long  spinous 
towards  the  base  only,  spathes  flattened  acutely  2-edged  glabrous  margins 
of  mouth  quite  entire,  branches  of  spadix  and  flowers  fulvous  pubescent, 
staminal  cup  6-lobed,  ovary  glabrous. 

Peeak  ;  Maxwell  hill,  Scortechini,  alt.  3360  ft. ;  Larut,  King's  Collector  (1945, 
1951,  1983,  2420,  3243). 

Stem  2-10  ft.  Leaves  palmately  multifid  j  segments  2-3  nerved  ;  petiole  3-4  ft., 
spines  short  recurved.  >Spa^7ies  4-6  long  by  ^  in.  broad,  flat,  glabrescent.  Spadix 
16-30  in, ;  branches  spreading ;  flowers  seated  on  small  tubercles ;  calyx  campanulate, 
lobes  very  short  tipped  with  hairs  ;  corolla  rat  her  longer ;  style  subulate.  Fruit  glo- 
bosely  obovoid,  about  ^  in.  long,  pedicelled  by  the  calyx. — Difficult  to  distinguish 
from  acutifida. 

10.  Xi.  XLunstleri,  Becc. ;  stem  robust,  leaves  long-petioled,  mid- 
segment  not  petiolulate,  petiole  armed  at  the  base,  spathe  much  com- 
pressed furfuraceous  mouth  not  lacerate,  branches  of  spadix  very  scurtily 
and  rustily  hairy,  flowers  pedicelled  pubescent. 

Perak  ;  on  Ulu  Bubong,  Kunstler  (10,205). 

Stem  4  ft.  by  4-5  in.  diam.  Calyx  campanulate,  base  narrowed,  pubescent ; 
petals-  rather  longer. — Only  a  solitary  imperfect  specimen  seen,  well  characterized  by 
the  pedicelled  flowers.  Allied  to  acutifida,  diff*ering  in  the  robust  stem,  mucli 
broader  leaf -segm  ents,  and  longer  floral  pedicels. 

11.  Zi.  acutifida,  Mart  Sist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  236,  t.  135,  f.  3,  4  (excl. 
Syn.  E/Oxb.)  ;  stem  slender,  leaves  many  long-petioled,  segments  15-20 
very  narrow  termiuatiug  in  long  narrow  bifid  lobes,  median  petiolulate, 
petiole  very  slender  shortly  armed  and  furfuraceous  towards  the  base, 
spadix  spathes  and  flowers  furfuraceously  velvety,  flowers  seated  on  a 
rather  prominent  pedicel,  calyx  obconic.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  JSfaf.  Hist. 
V.  327 ;  Falms  Brit.  Ind.  122,  t.  222  A,  B  ;   Wall.  Cat.  8618. 

Penanq,  Letois,  Oxley.     Singapore,  Lohh. 

tStem  15-20  ft.,  1-2  in.  diam. »  Zeaues  1-2  ft.  diam.,  segments  1-3-costate; 
terminal  lobes  \-\  in. ;  petiole  18-48  in. ;  ligule  elongate.  Spathes  paleaceously 
scurfy,  2-lobed,  4-6  in.  long  by  \  in.  diam.,  silkily  or  silverily  paleaceous.  Spadix 
12-18  in. ;  spikes  3-5  in,,  simple  or  forked,  adnate  to  the  rachis,  lower  flowers 
2-nate,  upper  solitary;  calyx  obtusely  3-fid,  pubescent;  petals  striate.  Ovary 
obovoid,  smooth  ;  style  filiform.  Fruit  |  in,  diam.,  stipitate  by  the  calyx.  Seed 
pisiform. 

12.  Zi.  pusilla,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  194 ;  stemless,  leaves  palmately  9-fid, 
segments  very  narrow,  median  3-fid  on  3-partite  shortly  and  obtusely 
toothed,  lateral  with  very  oblique  tips  having  several  short  and  one  long 

VOL.   VI.  F  f 


434  CLXiTi.  PALME2E.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Licuala. 

tooth,  mouth  of  spathe  lacerate,  spadix  nodding  compressed,  branches  3 
simple  subtomentose,  flowers  sessile,  calyx  campaniilate  pabescent,  fruit 
very  small  pisiform. 

Peeak;  at  Semhi,  King's  Collector  (3028). 

Closely  allied  to  L.  triphyllcb,  but  leaf-segments  more  numerous,  mid-segment 
not  petiolnlate,  and  branches  of  the  spadix  simple.  Fruit  (dried)  ^  in.  diam. — 
I  have  seen  no^flowers.     J.  D.  H. 

**  Spadix  hearing  a  solitary  simple  or  digitately  branched  inflorescence. 

13.  Zi>  Scortechini,  Becc.  ^Males.  iii.  192 ;  leaves  semicircular  sab 
17-partite,  segments  with  long  2-tid  teeth,  mid-segments  9  lateral  1-3- 
nerved,  spathes  2  acutely  2-keeled  inflated  above  acute,  spadix  and  flowers 
fnlvously  pubescent,  branches  4-5  filiform  digitately  branched,  calyx  ob- 
conico-campanulate  truncate,  petals  pubescent  striate,  staminal  cup  6- 
toobhed,  ovary  glabrous. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini. 

Described  from  a  single  leaf  and  flowering  spadix. 

14.  Xi.  Kiingriana,  JBect*.  Males,  iii.  193;  stem  slender,  leaves  small 
semicircular  5-partite,  segments  broad  obtusely  obliquely  toothed,  median 
broadest  sessile  cuneiform,  petiole  very  slender,  spathes  2,  outer  tubular 
acuminate  split  at  the  side,  upper  very  narrow  mouth  lacerate,  spadix 
terminating  in  a  solitary  dense-fld.  spike,  calyx  campanulate  hairy, 
staminal  cup  6-toothed,  ovary  glabrous. 

Peeak  ;  at  Goping,  Kunstler  (471). 

Stem  about  5  ft.  by  1  in,  diam.  Leaves  10-12  in.  diam. ;  segments  all 
cuneiform,  many-toothed;  teeth  \-\  in.,  obtuse,  entire  or  2-fid;  petiole  18-20  in., 
armed  from  the  lower  third  with  small  straight  or  recurved  spines.  Spathes  very 
slender,  ^-\  in.  diam.,  nearly  glabrous.  Spadix  6-10  in.,  erect,  and  spike  (2-4  in.) 
tomentose.  Calyx  irregularly  lobed.  Petals  broadly  ovate,  finely  pubescent,  not 
striate.     Ovary  turbinate,  glabrous;  style  subulate.     Fruit  not  seen. 

20.  ZiZVZSTONA,  Br. 

Tall  palms,  trunk  annulate.  Leaves  orbicular,  flabellately  plicate,  split 
to  the  middle  into  2-fid  narrow  lobes  ;  petiole  long,  margins  spinous. 
Spadices  interfoliar,  long  peduncled,  erect,  fruiting  pendulous,  loosely 
panicled ;  spathes  many,  tubular,  sheathing;  flowers  minute,  2-8exual. 
Sepals  3,  rounded,  imbricate.  Corolla  3-lobed,  coriaceous,  lobes  valvate. 
Stamens  6,  filaments  subulate,  united  in  a  ring  ;  anthers  cordate.  Ovary 
of  3  nearly  free  carpels ;  styles  short,  free  or  coherent,  stigmas  minute ; 
ovules  basilar,  erect.  Drupes  1-3,  globose  oblong  or  ellipsoid ;  style  sub- 
terminal.  Seed  erect,  ventral  face  hollowed ;  albumen  equable ;  embryo 
dorsal. — Species  about  13,  tropical  Asiatic  and  Australian. 

L.  chinensis,  Br.  (L.  sinensis.  Mart. ;)  Griff.  Palms  of  Brit.  Ind.  131,  t.  226  D; 
Wall.  Cat.  8620,  a  Chinese  and  Japanese  species,  is  cultivated  in  India,  and  may  be 
recognized  by  its  reniformly  flabellate  leaves  with  long  pendulous  deeply  bipax-tite 
divisions  and  the  olive-like  drupe. 

1.  Zi.  cochinchinensls,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  242 ;  leaves 
9-10  ft.  diam.  orbicular,  lobes  2-partite,  segments  very  long  linear  pendu- 
lous, tips  filiform,  drupe  globose  i-|  in.  diam.     Becc.  Males,  iii.  69.     L. 


Liviatona.']  CLXrri.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  435 

spectabilis,  Griff,  hi  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Rist.  v.  336 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  130, 
t.  226  0.  Coryptia  Saribus,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochinchin.  i.  212.  Saribns  cochin- 
cliinensis,  Blume  Ramph.  ii.  49. 

Malacca,  Griffith.     Penang,  Lewis.— Bist rib.  Cochin  China. 

Trunk  50-60  ft.,  smooth.  Leaves  about  90-fid,  divisions  ensiform,  central 
2^3  ft. ;  petiole  obtusely  trigonous,  spiny  throughout  its  length,  spines  stout  com- 
pressed recurved.  Spadices  4-5  ft.,  nodding ;  branches  1-1^  fc,  spreading,  much 
divided ;  spathes  coriaceous,  bi'own.  Flowers  sessile.  Calyx  cupular  obtusely 
3-toothed  to  the  middle,  corolla  a  little  longer.  Carpels  cohering  by  their  styles. 
Drupes  pale  blue  ;  endocarp  subopeous. 

2.  Ii.  Jenkinsiana,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  334 ;  Palms 

Brit.  Ind.  128,  t.  226  A,  B  ;  leaves  5-6  ft.  diam.  reniforaily  flabellate 
giancous  beneath,  divisions  very  narrow  straight  shortly  obtusely  2-toothed, 
drupe  reniformly  globose,  f-1  in.  diam. 

Assam,  common,  Jenkins. 

Trunk  20-30  ft.  by  6-7  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-6  ft.  broad,  70-80- fid ;  petiole 
spinous  throughout  its  length.  Spadices  2-3  ft.,  branches  dichotomous,  simple  or 
compound;  spathes  2  ft.,  woody,  scurfy.  Flowers  clustered  on  small  tubercles, 
small,  greenish,  ebracteate  ;  calyx  cupular,  base  truncate  intruded;  corolla  twice  as 
long.     Drupes  f-1  in.  diam.,  leaden  blue. 

3.  Ii.  speclosa^  Kurz  in  Journ.  Beng.  As.  Soc.  xliii.  ii.  (18745,  196, 
204,  t.  13,  14;  For.  Fl.  ii.  526;  leaves  6-7  ft.  diam.,  palmately  flabellate 
divisions  very  shortly  2-toothed,  teeth  lanceolate  acuminate  converging, 
drupe  obovoid  |-1  in.  long. 

Pegu  and  Tenasserim  ;  Kurz,  Brandis. 

Trunk  50-70  ft.-  Leaves  as  broad  as  long,  divisions  linear ;  petiole  with  very 
strong  sharp  long  recurved  flattish  black  spines  throughout  its  length.  Spadix 
2-4  ft.,  paniculate  ;  spathes  brown,  smooth.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  on  small 
tubercles ;  sepals  and  petals  about  -^^  in.     Drupes  |  in.  long,  dark  blue. 

4.  Ii<  ILingriana,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  199 ;  leaves  15  ft.  diam.  orbicular, 
divisions  broadly  lanceolate  rigid  2-fid  lobes  triangular,  drupe  globose 
1^-2  in.  diam. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  Kunstler  (3904). 

Trunk  60-100  ft.  by  12-18  in.  diam.  Leaves  as  broad  as  long,  very  coriaceous, 
divisions  2-2^  in.  broad ;  petiole  6  ft.,  armed  throughout  its  length  with  sigraoidly 
flexuous  very  large  stout  spines  like  shark's  teeth  and  |  in.  long.  S2}adix  much 
branched,  branchlets  subulate  slender.  Drupe  smooth,  peculiarly  fleshy,  endocarp 
grumous  and  tessellated. 


21.  TRACKVCARPUS,  H.  Wendl. 

Tall  unarmed  palms.  Leaves  suborbicular  or  reniform,  plicately  multi- 
fid,  segments  narrow,  rachis  0.  Spadices  many,  interfoliar,  stout,  branched ; 
spathes  many,  sheathing,  embracing  the  peduncle  and  branches  of  the 
spadix,  coriaceous,  compressed,  tomentose  ;  bracts  and  bracteoles  minute ; 
flowers  small,  polygamo-monoecious.  Sepals  3,  ovate.  Petals  3,  broadly 
ovate,  valvate.  Stamens  6,  filaments  free  ;  anthers  short,  dorsifixed.  Carpels 
3 ;  stigmas  3,  recurved ;  ovules  basilar.  Drupes  1-3,  globose  or  oblong, 
style  subterminal.  Seed  erect,  ventrally  grooved,  hilum  basilar;  albumen 
equable;  embryo  dorsal. — Species  2  or  3,  Himalayan,  Chinese  and 
Japanese. 

F  f  2 


436  CLXiii.  PALME.E.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)       [Tr  achy  carpus. 

1.  T.  IHartiana,  S.  Wendl.  in  Bull  Soc.  JBot.  Fr.  viii.  (1861)  429 ; 
trunk  for  the  most  part  naked  annulate,  fern.  fl.  solitary  sessile,  drupe 
oblong  equally  rounded  at  both  ends,  seed  grooved  throughout  its  length 
embryo  opposite  the  middle  of  the  groove.  T.  khasiana,  H.  Wendl.  I.  c. ; 
Kooh.f.  Bof.  Mag.  t.  7128.  Chamaerops  Martiana,  Wall.  Cat.  n.  8621; 
Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  5,  t.  211 ;  Sist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  251,  320  ; 
Roi/le  III.  394,-7,-9  ;  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  339  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  133.  C.  Grifiithii,  Lodd.  Gat.  Palm.  1841 ;  Sort.  Par.  ex  Rev.  Hortic. 
1879,  212,  f.  43,  ed.  1881,  143.  C.  khasyana,  Grif.  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  y.  341;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  134,  t.  227  A,  B,  O';  Brand.  For.  Fl.  546; 
Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  204 ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  626 ;  Gamble  Man. 
Ind.  Timh.  418 ;  Houllet  in  Rev.  Hortic.  1879,  272  {wit/i  woodcut). 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  from  Nepal  eastwards,  the  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4000-5000  ft.    Munnipoee,  WatL     Burma,  alt.  4-3509  ft.,  Kurz. 

Trunk  20-50  ft.,  slender;  clothed  beneath  the  crown  with  persistent  leaf- 
sheaths  ;  young  parts  softly  furfuraceously  hairy.  Leaves  4-5  ft.  diam.,  subglaucous 
beneath,  cut  about  half  way  down  into  linear  2-lohed  segments  ;  rigidly  coriaceous  ; 
petiole  l|-2^  ft.,  margins  denticulate;  sheath  leaving  stiff  erect  fibres.  Spadix 
1-1 1^  ft.,  nodding,  glabrous;  basal  spathes  1  ft.,  coriaceous,  split.  Flowers  yeWow, 
ovaries  villous.  JDrupe  1-3,  I  iii*  loiig>  blueish,  "dirty  blue"  {Kurz)  "yellow 
lepidote"  (ITaW.). 

2.  T.  excelsa^  H.  Wendl.  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  viii.  429  ;  trunk 
clothed  throughout  with  old  leaf-sheaths,  flowers  clustered  2-4  on  a  tubercle, 
drupe  reniform,  deeply  hollowed  on  one  side,  embryo  opposite  the  umbili- 
cus. T.  Fortunei,  Wendl.  I.  c.  Chamaerops  excelsa,  Thunb.  Fl.  Jap.  130 
inot  var.  /3) ;  Mart.  Mist  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  251.  Miquel  Prolus.  Fl.  Jap.  329. 
J.  Gay  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  viii.  410 ;  Franch.  &  Sav.  Fnum.  PI.  Jap.  ii.  1 ; 
Carriere  in  Rev.  Hortic.  1877,  223.  C.  Fortunei,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5221. 

Uppee  Burma,  Yunan,  T.  Anderson. — Disteib.  China,  Japan. 
T.  excelsa  closely  resembles  T.  Martiana,  except  in  the  trunk  being  clothed  with 
old  leaf -sheaths. 

22.  PKOZiXDOCARPUS,  Blume. 

Trunk  tall.  Leaves  orbicular,  4-5-partite ;  pebiole  spinous.  Fruit 
globose  or  ovoid  with  a  tessellated  pericarp.  Seed  laterally  inserted,  hilum 
oval ;  albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  basilar. — Species  6,  Malayan,  all  very 
imperfectly  known. 

1.  P.  macrocarpa,  Becc.  Males,  iii.  90,  92,  t.  9,  f.  1-3 ;  fruit  glo- 
bosely  obovoid  4-4^  in.  diam.  distinctly  tessellate,  endocarp  globose  densely 
fibrous,  fibres  elongate.  PP.  Ihur,  Miq.  FL.  Ind.  Bat.  591  {non  Blume). 
PLivistona  Diepenhorstii,  Teysm.  fid.  Miq.  I.  c. 

Malayan  Peninsula  ;  Klang,  near  Selangore,  Keheding. 

Nothing  further  of  this  species  is  known;  it  differs  from  the  P.  Ihur  of  Am- 
boyna  in  the  larger  more  deeply  tessellated  fruits,  and  the  long  fibres  of  the  outer 
coat  of  the  endocarp. 

23.  CALAMUS,  Linn. 

Armed,  erect  or  scandent,  tufted  palms.  Lea.ves  alternate,  pianatisect; 
leaflets  acuminate,  nerves  parallel,  rachis  often  produced  into  an  armed 


Calamus.']  clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  437 

flagellum ;  sheath  armed,  produced  into  a  ligula  or  ochrea,  and  with  or 
without  a  lateral  armed  flagellum.  Spadices  axillary,  usually  elongate, 
much  branched,  sometimes  produced  into  a  flagellum.  Spathes  tubular  or 
open,  persistent,  sheathing  the  peduncle  and  branches  of  the  spadix  and 
passing  into  bracts  and  bracteoles  (spathels  and  spathellules).  Flowers 
small,  polygamo-dioecious,  in  usually  distichous  often  scorpioid  spikelets 
solitary  or  binate  (a  fem.  or  male  or  both)  in  the  bracteoles.  Male  fl. 
Calyx  cupular,  3-toothed.  Petals  3,  acute,  coriaceous,  valvate.  Stamens 
6,  filaments  short,  anthers  dorsifixed.  Fem.  fl.  slightly  accrescent,  fruiting 
pedicelliform  or  jexplanate.  Calyx  of  the  male.  Corolla  tubular  below, 
3-fid,  valvate.  Staminodes  forming  a  cup.  Ovary  incompletely  3-celled, 
clothed  with  retrorse  scales  ;  style  short  or'  rather  long,  stigmas  3 ;  ovules 
basilar,  erect.  Fruit  globose  or  ellipsoid ;  style  terminal ;  pericarp  thin, 
clothed  with  appressed  deflexed  closely  imbricating  polished  scales.  Seed 
subglobose  or  oblong,  smooth  or  pitted ;  albumen  equable  or  ruminate ; 
embryo  ventral  or  basal. — Species  about  160-170  trop.  Asiatic,  Malayan, 
Australian  and  a  few  trop.  African. 

The  following  arrangement  of  the  groups  and  species  is  taken  from  Beccari's  mss. 
The  diagnoses  and  descriptions  of  the  species  are  from  his  rough  notes  and  the  works 
of  Eoxburgh,  Griffith,  Martina  and  Kurz,  in  all  cases  aided  by  specimens  when  I  had 
access  to  them.— J.  D.  H. 

Group  I.  Leaves  with  many  equidistant  leaflets.  Spathe  Ist,  elongate- 
tubular,  dilated  and  lacerate  above  ;  2nd,  tubular,  infundibular.  Spadix 
with  the  partial  infl.  and  spikelets  provided  with  a  pedicellar  portion 
included  in  their  respective  spathes.  Fruiting  perianth  explanate. 
Spathellule  of  fem.  fl.  short,  not  pedicelliform.     Sp.  1-9. 

Group  II.  Leaves  with  very  few  radiating  or  digitate  leaflets,  rachis 
not  flagelliferous  ;  leaf  sheath  flagelliferous.  Spathe  1st  very  long,  tubular, 
mouth  lacerate ;  2nd,  thick,  inflated,  lacerate.  Spadices  male  and  fem. 
simply  decompound  ;  partial  infl.  and  spikelets  with  a  pedicelled  portion 
inserted  at  the  mouth  or  back  of  their  respective  spathes.  Fruiting 
perianth  explanate.  -  Spathellules  of  fem.  fl.  short,  not  pedicelliform.  Fruit 
scales  more  than  12-15-seriate.  Seed  not  ruminate;  embryo  basilar. — 
(Slender  scandent  species ;  stamens  2-seriate,  filaments  thickened  at  the 
base,  tips  not  inflected).     Sp.  10-12. 

Group  III.  Leaves  paripinnate,  leaflets  equidistant ;  rachis  not  flagelli- 
ferous, leaf-sheath  flagelliferous.  Spathe  1st,  elongate-tubular,  closely 
sheathing.  Partial  infl.  and  spikelets  (inserted  at  the  mouth  and  back  of 
the  spathe).  Fruiting  calyx  explanate  or  hardly  callous  and  pedicelliform. 
Spathellules  of  fem.  fl.  not  pedicelliform.  Seeds  not  dorsally  ruminate- 
alveolate  ;  embryo  basilar.     Sp.  13-31. 

Group  IY.  Eachis  of  leaves  not  flagelliferous ;  leaf-sheath  flagelliferous 
or  not.  Spathe  1st  very  long,  at  first  tubular  closed,  at  length  longitudi- 
nally split  open,  loriform,  laminar  or  foliaceous.  Seed  not  superfiieially 
alveolate ;  albumen  equable.     Sp.  32-39. 

Group  V.  Rachis  of  leaves  not  flagelliferous;  sheath  flagelliferous. 
Spathe  1st  submembranous,  at  first  elongate  tubular  at  length  longitudi- 
nally more  or  less  split  and  partly  sublaminar.    Fruiting  calyx  more  or 


438  OLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccan  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

less   pedicelliform.     Sjpathellules  of  fem.  fl.  pedicelliform.     Seed  dorsally 
alveolate;  albumen  subruminate  ;  embr;yo  basilar.     Sp.  40,  41. 

Group  VI.  Bachis  of  leaves  not  flagelliferous  ;  leaf-sheath  flagelliferous. 
Spat  he  1st  tubular,  coriaceous,  narrow,  not  split  or  lacerate.  Spathellule 
of  fem.  fl.  exserted  beyond  the  spathels,  and  as  it  were  supported  on  a 
pedicel.  Fruiting  perianth  pedicelliform.  Seed  superficially  furrowed ; 
albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  basilar.     Sp.  42-43. 

Group  YII.  JRachis  of  leaves  not  flagelliferous  ;  leaf-sheath  flagelliferous. 
Spathes  tubular,  strictly  sjieathing.  Spathellules  not  pedicelliform. 
Fruiting  calyx  pedicelliform  ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate.     Sp.  44-47. 

Group  YIII.  Bachis  of  leaf  not  flagelliferous;  leaf-sheath  flagelliferous. 
Spathes  strict,  tubular ;  spathellules  distinctly  pedicelliform.  Fruiting- 
perianth  pedicelliform.  Seed  with  many  plaits  radiating  from  the  centre 
to  one  face  ;  embryo  lateral.     Sp.  48. 

Geoup  IX.  Leaf-sheaths  flagelliferous;  leaflets  broad,  many-nerved, 
two  terminal  completely  free  with  a  very  short  interposed  flagellum. 
Spathe  strict,  tubular  ;  spathellules  of  fem.  fl.  not  pedicelliform.  Fruiting - 
perianth  subpedicelliform.  Albumen  superficially  ruminate;  embryo 
basilar.     Sp.  49. 

Group  X.  Bachis  of  leaves  flagelliferous  ;  leaf-sheath  not  flagelliferous. 
Spathe  elongate,  tubular,  narrow.  Spathellule  of  fem.  fl.  not  pedicelliform. 
Fruiting  calyx  pedicelliform.  Albumen  ruminate  or  not,  embryo  basilar 
or  lateral.     Sp.  50-56. 

Group  XI.  Bachis  of  leaves  flagelliferous  ;  sheath  not  flagelliferous. 
Spathe  narrow,  elongate,  tubular.  Spathellules  of  fem.  fl,  not  pedicelliform. 
F'ruiting-perianth  pedicelliform  or  not.  Albumen  not  iuin.insd.ei  embryo 
basilar.     Sp.  57-63. 

Group  XII.  Bachis  of  lower  leaves  or  leaves  of  young  plant  not  flagel- 
liferous, of  the  adult  plant  or  its  upper  leaves  shortly  flagelliferous  ;  leaf- 
sheath  flagelliferous.  Spathes  elongate,  tubular,  narrow;  spathellules  of 
fem.  fl.  not  pedicelliform.  Fruiting  calyx  distinctly  pedicelliform.  Seed 
strongly  dorsally  alveolate,  at  least  superficially  ruminate  ?  embryo  basilar. 
— Leaflets  large  or  in  any  case  with  not  fewer  than  3  primary  nerves.  Sp. 
64-70. 

Group  XIII.  Leaves  imparipinnate,  subflagelliferous ;  sheath  flagelli- 
ferous. Spadix  Gontr acted.  Spathes  tubular  at  the  base,  open  dilated  and 
auriculiform  above;  spathellules  of  fem.  fl.  not  pedicelliform.  Fruiting- 
peria7ith  explanate.  Albumen  deeply  ruminate  ;  embryo  basilar,  excentric. 
Sp.  71,  72. 

Group  I.  See  p.  437. 

*  Albumen  ruminate,  embryo  basilar. 

1.  C.  erectus,  Bo«h.  Fl.  Lnd.  iii.  774 ;  stems  tall  stout  erect,  leaf- 
lets concolorous  subequidistant  linear-lanceolate  margins  and  midrib 
beneath  remotely  ciliolate,  spines  of  petiole  and  rachis  and  lower  spathe 
in  half  whorls   flat   straight   pale,    spadices  branched  elongate  ending 


Calamus.']  clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  439 

in  a  flagellum,  spathels  cymbiform  acute,  flowers  \  in.  long.  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  332 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  35 ; 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  43 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  438,  v.  829  i  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
Beng.  xliii.  ii.  209,  t.  23,  24  {excl.  longisetus) ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  516.  C.  schiz- 
ospathus,  Griff.  II.  cc.  32  Sc  41,  t.  187;  Mart.  I.  c.  332;  Walp.ll.  cc.  482, 
829 ;  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  7. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  Silhet,  Chittagokg,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Mtjn- 
NiPOBE  and  Pegu,  ascending  to  4000  ft. 

Stems  densely  tufted  12-18  ft.  high,  internodes  2-3  in,  long,  I-I5  in.  diam. 
Zea-yes  12-18  ft. ;  leaflets  few,  1^-2  ft.  by  li-2  in.,  1-nerved ;  young  petiole  fur- 
furaceous,  spines  on  the  full-grown  petiole  |  in.  and  upwards.  Spadices  1-2  ft.  ; 
spikes  6-10  in.  by  |  in.  across  the  imbricating  coriaceous  spathels.  Calyx  acutely 
3-toothed  ;  corolla  thrice  as  long.  Stamen  free,  filaments  broad,  erect.  Fruit  about 
1  in.  long,  ovoid-oblong,  subtended  by  the  spreading  perianth;  scales  trapezoid, 
dark  brown  with  a  yellow  base. 

Var.  jS.  COLLINA,  Becc. ;  smaller,  petiole  with  solitary  or  sparingly  clustered 
spines,  spadices  shorter  often  depauperate  shortly  peduncled,  tip  not  or  shortly 
cirrhiferous,  fruit  ellipsoid.  0.  collinus,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  31  ; 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  39  {excl.  leaf),  t.  186  (spadix  only). — Khasia  hills. 

Var.  7.  MACROCARPA,  Becc,  fruits  larger.  C.  macrocarpus,  Grff.in  Mart.  I.e. 
333,  t.  176,  f.  X.  Oriff.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  40,  t.  186,  A.  f.  i.  ii.  Walp.  II.  cc.  484, 
380.~Sikkim,  &c. 

2.  C.  flagrellum,  Griff,  in  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  333, 1. 176,  f.  ix. ; 
stem  stout  at  lengtli  scandent,  leaflets  subopposite  linear-lanceolate  con- 
colorous  margins  and  midrib  beneath  remotely  setulose,  petiole  furfuraceous 
rachis  and  peduncle  of  the  spike  and  upper  spathes  armed  with  short 
recurved  spines,  leaf-slieaths  scurfy  bearing  a  clawed  flagellum  armed 
with  long  and  short  spines  and  bristles.  Griff.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  48; 
Walp.  Ann.  iii.  484,  v.  830;  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  8.  C. 
Jenkinsianus,  Grif.  I.  c.  40,  t.  186  A.,  f.  iii.  {not  89).  PC.  polygamus, 
Poxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  780. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  Silhet,  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  ascending  to 
4000  ft. 

Stem  1-lJ  in.  diam.  Leaves  6-7  ft. ;  leaflets  2-2^  ft.  by  1-1^  in.  broad,  con- 
colorous;  petiole  1-1^  ft.  Spathes  tubular,  lowest  1^-2  ft.,  compressed,  upper 
lacerate.  Spadix  8-10  ft.  ;  spikes  8-10  in.,  pendulous,  unarmed ;  spathels  very 
like  0.  erectus.  Flowers  J  in.  long,  decurved.  Calyx  3-tid  to  the  middle.  Corolla 
twice  as  long.  Stamens  free.  Fruit  1  by  f  in.,  ovoid-oblong,  cuspidately  beaked, 
subtended  by  the  spreading  perianth  ;  scales  deeply  furrowed,  pale  with  a  dark  band 
down  the  middle. 

**  Albumen  equable. 

f  Erect  or  scandent.     No  flagellum  on  leaf- sheath  or  spadix. 

3.  C.  arbofescenSj  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ-  Nat.  Hist.  v.  33 ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  42,  t.  188  A,  B,  C  ;  stem  erect  tufted  stoloniferous,  leaflets 
equidistant  linear-lanceolate  white  beneath  margins  closely  setulose, 
midrib  beneath  and  sometimes  above  setose,  petiole  scurfy,  armed 
with  whorls  or  half  whorls  of  long  flat  black  spreading  spines,  spadix 
very  long  pendulous,  spathels  very  short  closely  imbricate  truncate. 
Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  332 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  483,  v.  829 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  113;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  208,  t.  22  ;  For.  Fl.  ii. 
516.     C.  hostilis,  Sort  Calc. 


440  CLXiii.  PALME JE.     (Beccaii  &  Hook,  f.)  ICalamus. 

Pegu  ;  in  marshy  places,  Griffith. 

Stem  15-20  ft.,  2^  in.  diam, ;  internodes  7  in.,  crown  densely  leafy.  Leaves 
5-6  ft.,  decurved  leaflets  8-18  in.  by  1-1^  broad  ;  petiole  naked  except  for  the  long 
usually  very  black  spines  i-2  in.  long.  Loioer  spathes  with  many  half-whorls  of 
short  black  spines  ;  upper  short,  unarmed.  Spadices  longer  than  the  leaves,  very 
graceful ;  spikes  4-6  in.  long  by  f  in.  across  the  flowers,  which  are  nearly  ^  in.  long, 
curved.  Calyx  trifid  to  the  middle.  Petals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  Stamens 
shortly  monadelphous. 

4.  C.  castaneus,  Oriff.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  28  ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  37,  t.  185  A,  B,  0  ;  stem  very  short  stout,  leaves  very  long, 
leaflets  very  many  equidistant  linear  3-costate  margins  and  costse  beneath, 
remotely  prickly,  petiole  very  stout  and  short,  sheaths  armed  with  very 
unequal  scattered  solitary  or  2-3-nate  rather  short  straight  stout  flattened 
pale  spines,  spadices  erect  or  nodding  very  stont  nearly  unarmed,  male 
decompound,  spathels  very  short  and  broad.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii. 
331 ;   Waljp.  Ann.  iii.  482  ;  v.  829 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Pat.  iii.  112. 

Malacca,  Griffith,  Maivgay  {Kew  Distrih.  1533)  ;  Peeak  at  Gopung,  King's 
Collector  (5880). 

Siem  3-5  ft.,  with  the  sheaths  3-4  in.  diam.  Leaves  with  the  petiole  12-15  ft. ; 
leaflets  12-24  by  1-2^  in.,  very  dark  green,  young  scurfy  beneath  ;  petiole  as  thick 
as  the  little  finger,  rounded  with  a  channelled  upper  surface.  Spathes  generally 
unarmed.  Spadices  2-3  ft.,  male  panicled,  elongate  flexuous,  fern,  shorter,  nearly 
as  broad  as  long,  simply  branched ;  spikes  of  male  2-3  in.,  of  fern,  much  larger, 
scorpioidly  recurved,  ^  in.  broad.  Male  ji.  l  in.  long.  Calyx  trifid  to  the  middle. 
Petals  hardly  longer.  Stamens  inflexed  in  bud.  Fern.  ji.  larger.  Fruit  1  in.  long, 
ellipsoid,  embraced  at  the  base  by  the  ei'ect  perianth ;  strongly  beaked,  scales  in 
24-26  rows,  minute,  dark  brown. 

5.  C.  G-riffithianus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  332 ;  closely  allied 
to  G.  castaneus,  and  dwarf  like  it,  in  the  leaflets  spadices,  &c.,  but  the 
petioles  are  described  as  terete,  and  the  fruits  are  larger  more  globose 
with  fewer  (18-20)  rows  of  larger  scales.  Waljo.  Ann.  iii.  482 ;  v.  829 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat:  iii.  112.  C.  castaneus  {jpartly)  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  29.     0.  castaneus,  var.  a  Griff.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  38. 

Malacca,  Griffith.     Pebak,  King's  Collector  (3040,  3048). 
Probably  only  a  form  of  castaneus. 

tt  Scandent,  stout.  Leaf- sheath  flagelliferous.  Sjpadix  long,  often 
flagelliform.     8;pilcelets  much  flattened. 

6.  C.  lonffisetus,   Griff,   in  Gale.   Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  36;  Palms 

Brit.  Ind.  44,  t.  189  A^,  B  ;  scandent  or  erect  ?  glabrous,  leaflets  lanceolate 
concolorous,  lower  fascicled  3-costate,  margins  and  midrib  above  and  be- 
neath and.  lateral  nerves  beneath  setulose,  terminal  connate,  petiole  and 
its  sheath  and  lower  spathes  densely  armed  with  whorls  and  half  whorls 
of  straight  black  flattened  spines  intermixed  with  scattered  shorter  ones-, 
male  spadices  decompound  nodding,  upper  spathes  unarmed,  spathels 
densely  imbricate  truncate,  fruit  ovoid-oblong  narrowed  into  a  very  stout 
beak.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  333  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  483  ;  v.  830;  Jlfig'. 
Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  114.  C.  tigrinus,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Bang,  xliii.  ii. 
211,  t.  xxiv.  xxvi. ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  519. 

Pegu,  Hort.  Bat.  Calc,  Oriff.  (Kew  Bistrib.  6392),  McLelland;  Burma,  and 
the  Andaman  Islands,  Kurz. 

Stem  upwards  of  1  in.  diam.   Leaves  4-8  ft.,  rachis  not  flagelliferous ;  leaflets  1^2 


Calamus.l  clxiii.  palme.^..     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  441 

ft.  by  f-2  in. ;  petiole  and  rachis  pale,  smooth,  except  for  the  spines  ;  sheaths 
very  strongly  armed.  Male  spadix  slender,  branched,  jem.  much  stouter  and 
shorter.  Lotver  spathes  elongate,  tubular,  compressed,  strongly  armed,  upper  short, 
lacerate ;  spathels  densely  imbricate,  scurfy,  truncate,  often  lacerate.  Fruit  1  in. 
stipitate  by  the  erect  perianth  ;  scales  i  in.  long  and  broad,  flat,  thin,  yellowish 
with  a  very  broad  lunate  brown  baud  across  the  middle  and  fimbriate  margins  (the 
whole  fruit  banded  like  a  tiger-skin). — GriflBth  describes  longisetus  as  erect,  and 
Kurz  tigrinus  as  scandent. 

7.  C.  Thwaitesii,  Becc.  ;  differs  from  G.  longisetus  in  the  rachis  of 
the  petiole  bearing  very  stout  recurved  claws  with  black  tips,  the  upper 
spathes  bearing  scattered  spinescent  tubercles,  and  in  the  smaller  fruits 
with  fewer  paler  tumid  scales  erose  or  the  margin  channelled  down  the 
centre  and  with  a  narrow  brown  marginal  band.  C.  longisetus,  Thw. 
JEimm.  330  {not  of  Griff.). 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Central  Province,  Tkwaites.     Canaea,  MUchie,  Talhot. 
A  Canara  plant  collected   by  Ritchie  and    Talbot,    probably  belongs  here,   the 
fruit  is  exactly  similar  to  that  of  the  Ceylon  plant. 

ttt  Scandent,  slender.  Leaf-sheaihs  Jiagelliferous.  Spikelets  shorty 
scorpioid. 

8.  C.  leptospadix,  Griff\  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  49 ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  60,  t.  194  A,  B,  C  ;  leaflets  very  many  close-set  narrowly  linear 
acuminate,  margin  and  sometimes  the  3  costae  beneath  setulose  or  aculeo- 
late,  petiole  terete  and  scurfy  rachis  with  distant  straight  flattened 
spines  and  a  few  short  claws  at  the  base,  sheath  short  scurfy  sparingly 
armed,  spadices  very  long  slender  pendulous,  with  very  many  distichous 
short  recurved  spines,  lower  spathes  long  slender  densely  armed  with  flat 
thin  spikes  and  minute  recurved  ones  upper  shorter  unarmed,  flowers  small, 
fruit  small  globose  mucronate.  Mart.  Mist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  335,  f.  ii. ; 
Wal/p.  Ann.  iii.  485 ;  v.  483.     T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  8. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  J.  J>.  if.,  &c. ;  Khasia  Hills,  Griffi^,&c.',  Munnipoee 
and  I^AGA  Hills,  Watt. 

Stem  slender,  scandent.  Leaves  3-4  ft.  ;  leaflets  8-10  by  ^-^  in.,  thin,  pale 
green  ;  rachis  armed  with  simple  recurved  spines.  Spathes  very  slender,  tubular. 
Spadices  several  feet  long,  branched,  below  and  armed  with  hooked  short  spines, 
branches  very  long  and  slender,  with  20-40  recurved  spikelets  ^-1  in.  long,  and  i  in. 
diaui. ;  flagellum  of  spadix  very  long,  armed  with  1-3-tid  recurved  claws.  Spathels 
cupular,  acute  membranous.  Male  Ji.  ^  in.  loDg  ;  calyx  3-fid  to  the  middle;  petals 
twice  as  long.  Fruit  i  in.  diam.,  subtended  by  the  spreading  perianth  j  scales  very 
small,  broad,  yellow  with  a  red-brown  margin. 

9.  C.  rivalis,  Thw.  ex  Trimen  in  Journ.  Pot.  xxiii.  (1885),  268;  {Err. 
typ.  nivalis) ;  habit  of  G.  leptospadix,  leaflets  numerous  equidistant 
linear-lanceolate  setulose  on  the  margins  and  three  costse  beneath,  sheaths 
copiously  armed  with  straight  flat  pale  spines,  rachis  with  recurved  ones, 
spadices  very  long  slender  armed  with  short  recurved  spines  and  ter- 
minated by  a  clawed  flagellum,  spikes  very  many  short  distant  recurved, 
lower  spathes  or  all  armed  with  very  short  prickles,  fruit  small  ovoid 
beaked.     C.  rudentum.  Mart.  Mist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  340  (nan  Lour.). 

Ceylon  ;  Walker,  &c. 

Leaves  about  3  ft  long,  leaflets  12-18  by  ^-f  in.,  broader  and  more  coriaceous  than 
in  C.  longisetus;  rachis  scurfy.  Spathels  very  obliquely  cup-shaped,  coriaceous. 
Male  ji.  crowded,  calyx  trifid  to  the  middle.     Petals  and  stamens  stipitate.     Fern,  H. 


442  CLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  ICalamus. 

larger,  less  crowded.  Fruit  i  in,  long,  subtended  by  the  spreading  perianth ; 
scales  broader  than  long,  pale  yellow,  not  channelled,  narrowly  bordered  with  red- 
brown. 

Grgtjp  II.     See  p.  437. 

10.  C.  pachystemonus,  Thw.  JEnum.  431  (in  part.);  stem  slender 
scandent,  leaves  pinnately  4-7-foliolate,  leaflets  elliptic  acute  or  acuminate 
3-5-costate,  margins  and  costaD  beneath  setulose,  petiole  short  and  rachis 
armed  with  solitary  stout  recurved  spines,  sheath  striate  sparingly 
tubercled  and  armed  with  flat  pale  spines,  ochrea  very  short  truncate, 
spadices  very  slender  elongate  decompound,  spikes  very  many  recurved, 
male  corolla  slender. 

Ceylon  ;   Walker  ;  near  Galle,  Thwaites. 

The  greater  part  of  Thwaites  C.  pachystemonus  including  the  fruiting  specimens 
are  C.  digitatus,  which  differs  in  the  longer  petioles,  few  terminal  longer  oblanceolate 
leaflets  and  smaller  curved  male  flowers. 

11.  C. dig*itatus, Becc. m**.; leaflets digitateIy2-4-foliolate  oblanceolate 
cuspidately  acuminate  3-5-costate,  petiole  slender,  sheath  armed  with  long 
strong  straight  flat  spines  and  conical  short  ones,  ochrea  ligulate,  spadices 
very  slender  elongate  decompound,  spikes  very  man}'- recurved,  male  corolla 
slender,  fruit  small  globose.  C  gracilis,  Thwaites  Enum.  330  (not  of 
Eoxh.). 

Ceylon;  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  island,  Thwaites  (C.  P.  2334  in  part). 
Stems  very  slender,  scandent.  Leaflets  at  the  end  of  the  short  petiole,  8-12  by  1-2 
in.,  concolorous,  many-nerved;  petiole  6-8  in.,  unarmed  or  with  a  few  solitary  re- 
curved spines  and  small  prickles ;  sheath  copiously  armed.  Spadices  3-4  ft., 
branched  below,  male  spikes  |  in.,  fern.  1-2  in.  Lower  spathe  elongate,  cylindric  ; 
upper  very  slender,  mouth  truncate,  entire ;  spathels  cupular,  truncate.  Malefi. 
^  in.  long  ;  corolla  very  narrow,  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  2- 
seriate,  filaments  thickened  upwards.  Fruit  \  in.  diam.,  subtended  by  the  spreading 
perianth  ;  scales  pale  yellow,  very  broad  with  narrow  brown  margins. 

12.  C.  radiatus,  Thw.  Enum.  431 ;  leaflets  6-7  subradiately  disposed 
at  the  apex  of  a  shortly  spinous  petiole  linear  acuminate,  sheath  densely 
armed  with  short  straight  spines  and  long  bristles,  spadices  very  long 
slender  branched  armed  with  small  recurved  spines,  spikes  many  short 
recurved. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  island.     Walker,  Thwaites. 

Stems  very  slender,  scandent.  Leaflets  8-12  by  |-1  in.,  thin,  midrib  beneath  and 
margins  quite  without  bristles  or  spines  ;  petiole  2-3  in.  with  scattered  short  re- 
curved spines.  Spathes  few,  very  long  and  slender.  Peduncle  of  spadix  2-3  ft.  long, 
as  slender  as  a  sparrow-quill  j  spikes  ^-^  in.  long ;  spathels  cup-shaped,  not 
densely  imbricate,  deeply  striate.  Fruit  |  in.  diam.,  globose,  shortly  beaked;  scales 
broader  than  long,  triangular,  pale  yellow  with  a  narrow  brown  entire  border. 

Group  III.     See  p.  437. 

*  Fruiting  calyx  hardly  callous  below,  indistinctly  or  not  pedicelli- 
form. 

f  Leaflets  few  broad  ;  terminal  large^  often  connate  at  the  ba^e. 

13.  C.  javensis,  JBlume  Bumph.  ii.  137,  iii.  62,  var.  peninsularis,  Becc. 
mss.;   leaflets  3-6  inequidistant  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate  7-9-costate, 


Calamus.']  clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  443 

basal  pair  reflexed  on  the  sheath,  petiole  very  short  and  rachis  armed  with 
short  scattered  recurved  spines,  sheath  with  short  straight  spines,  spadix 
very  long  slender,  fruit  small  subglobosely  ovoid  shortly  beaked,  scales 
in  17-18  series.     ?0.  penicillatus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii,  781. 

Penang  and  the  Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  alt.  300-3500  ft.,  King's  Collector 
(1996  $  ,  2673  ^ ). 

Stem  10-25  ft.,  with  the  leaf-sheaths  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  scandent. 
Leaves  1^-2  ft.  ;  leaflets  8-10  by  1^-2^  in.,  often  opposite,  the  upper  pair  free  or 
confluent,  margins  and  costae  beneath  quite  smooth  ;  sheaths  and  their  short  spines 
pale.  Spadices  very  long  and  slender  and  long  slender  spathes  armed  with  small 
hooked  spines  ;  spikes  2-3  in.,  slender,  \  in.  across  the  flowers  ;  spathels  densely 
imbricate,  shallow,  acute,  striate  and  subscabrid  ;  flowers  J  in.  long.  Calyx  S-Qd  to 
the  middle.  Corolla  not  striate;  segments  narrow.  Scales  in  12-18  series. — 
G.javensis  is,  as  its  name  implies,  a  Javan  species. 

Subvar.  polypht/llus,  Becc.  ;  as  above,  but  leaflets  8-12  subequidistant,  basal 
reflexed  or  spreading. — Perak,  summit  of  Gunong  Tambang  Betall,  Scortechini 
(657^)  ;  King's  Collector  (6312). 

Subvar.  intermedins,  Becc. ;  as  above,  but  more  slender,  and  with  fewer  inequi- 
distant  leaflets. — Perak,  Scortechini  (236). 

Subvar.  tenuissimus,  Becc.  ;  very  slender,  leaflets  fewer  (3-4)  remote  longer, 
petiole  longer,  fruit  elliptic-obovoid  moderately  beaked,  scales  more  than  15-seriate. 
— Perak,  summit  of  Guuong  Tambang  Batok,  Scortechini  (648^). 

Subvar.  ?  purp^irascens,  Becc. ;  like  the  type,  but  leaflets  few  large  basal  much 
reflexed,  sheath  moderately  spiny. — Penang,  Curtis.  Perak,  King's  Collector 
(7932). 

Subvar.  ? penangiana,  Becc.  ;  as  in  purpurascens,  but  sheath  with  strong  spines. 
— Penang. 

14.  C.  filipendulus,  Becc.  mss. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini,  232bj  King's  Collector  (5659,  5773,  8019). 

I  have  seen  no  specimens  of  this  species,  and  fail  to  draw  up  a  diagnosis  of  it  as 
distinguished  from  C  javensis,  from  Beccari's  notes,  except  as  regards  the  fruit 
which  he  describes  as  ovoid-conic  about  ^  in.  long,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  very 
slender  acute  beak  terminated  by  the  recurved  stigmas  and  with  the  scales  in  only 
12  series.  The  terminal  pair  of  leaflets  are  confluent,  as  they  are  sometimes  in 
C.  javensis. 

ft  Leaflets  man^,  narrowly/  ensiform  ;  upper  distinct  or  hardly  connate 
at  the  base. 

15.  C.  rugrosus,  Becc.  mss. ;  stem  very  slender,  leaves  long-petioled, 
leaflets  very  many  equidistant  narrowly  lanceolate  finely  acuminate 
3-costate,  upper  pair  quite  free,  petiole  rachis  and  spadix  very  slender 
armed  with  few  scattered  short  recurved  spines,  sheath  armed  with  short 
straight  spines,  spadices  filiform,  branches  very  distant  with  few  slender 
spines,  spathels  scabrid. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini. 

Stem  with  the  sheaths  \  in.  diam.  Leaflets  7-8  by  about  \  in.,  concolorous, 
setulose  on  the  margins  and  3  costse  above  and  only  on  the  median  beneath,  petiole 
5-7  in,,  margins  acute  ;  sheath  gibbous  above,  larger  spines  flat,  others  minute  and 
seriate.  Spathes  2,  lower  prickly,  upper  and  spathels  scabrid. — I  have  seen  no 
specimen. — J.  D.  H. 

16.  C-  radulosus,  Becc.  mss. ;  stem  slender,  leaves  sessile,  leaflets  very 
many  narrowly  ensiform  equidistant  concolorous,  margins  naked,  3-costate 


444  CLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

costae  beneath,  armed  with  rigid  bristles,  the  central  alone  sparsely 
setulose  above,  rachis  armed  beneath  and  at  the  margins  with  short 
hooked  scattered  spines,  sheath  densely  armed  with  scattered  flat  spines, 
lower  spathe  densely  armed  upper  and  spathels  finely  scabrid,  spadices  very 
long. 

Peeak  ;  ScortecJiini  (468^);  Goping,  King's  Collector  (8171). 

A  lofty  climber  ;  stem  with  the  sheaths  1-li  in.  diam.  Leaves  2-2 J  ft. ;  larger 
leaflets  18  by  1  in.,  upper  much  shorter  and  shortly  connate  at  the  base.  Lower 
spathe  elongate-tubular,  with  shorb  spines  on  the  outer  faces,  upper  scabrid  and 
scurfy  with  a  lacerate  mouth.  Spadix  with  the  partial  inflorescences  very  long, 
bearing  many  recurved  spikelets.  Fruit  small,  pisiform,  long-beaked. — Well 
characterized  by  the  armature  of  the  sheath,  the  naked  margins  of  the  leaflets,  and 
the  scabridity  of  a  portion  of  the  spadix. 

17.  C.  vixninalis,  Willd.  Sp.  PL  ii. 1. 203 ;  var.  fasciculatus,  Becc.  mss. ; 
stem  rather  stout,  leaflets  many  inequidistant  or  fascicled  3-costate,  margins 
and  costse  beneath  spinulose,  floccose  rachis  and  petiole  with  scattered 
long  straight  spines,  sheath  and  flagelli  with  scattered  short  hooked  spines, 
spadix  very  long  clothed  with  long  spathes,  tip  flagelliferous,  branches 
paniculate,  spikes  4-6  in.,  lower  spathes  compressed  with  subulate  spines, 
upper  prickly,  fruit  small  globose  beaked.  C.  fasciculatus,  Roorh.  Fl.  Ind. 
iii.  779  {excl.  cit.  Bheede)  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  208  ;  Mart.  Rist.  Nat.  Falm. 
iii.  338,  t.  116,  f.  iv.  ;  Wal'p.  Ann.  488,  v.  831  ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  V.  52 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  62,  t.  195  B  (excl.  A.  RoxhurgUi),  t.  190  A, 
f.  ii.  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  127 ;  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  27 ;  Xurz  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  210,  t.  27  B  ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  517.  C.  extensus,  Mart. 
I.  c.  iii.  210,  Ed.  1,  partly,  t.  116,  f.  iv.  1  (reduced  in  Ed.  2  to  fasciculatus). 
C.  Pseudo-Eotang,  Mart.  I.  c.  209,  Ed.  1,  t.  116,  f.  vi.  (reduced  in  Ed.  2  to 
fasciculatus) ;   Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  42 ;    Palms  Brit.  Ind. 

53  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  207.— Wall.  Gat.  8608,  8611. 

Lower  Bengal,  Orissa,  and  the  Caenatic,  Chittaqong,  Buema,  the 
Andaman  Islands  and  Penang,  Wall. — Disteib,  Cochin  China.  (Of  the  type 
Malay  Islands.) 

A  stout  scrambling  and  climbing  species.  Leaves  2-3  ft. ;  leaflets  4-10  by 
§-f  in.,  pale  green,  young  and  rachis  and  sheath  white-floccose,  petiole  short  and 
rachis  very  stout,  spines  slender  ^-li  in.  long,  pale  hardly  flattened.  Spathes 
coriaceous,  mouth  obliquely  truncate ;  flagelli  with  hooked  2-3-fid  claws.  Spadix 
and  its  spreading  branches  rather  stout,  iuternodes  (and  truncate  spathels)  ^-f  in. 
Fruit  i-^  in.  diam. ;  scales  pale  yellow,  obscurely  channelled  down  the  middle. 

18.  C.  concinnus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  332;  erect  or  stem- 
less  ?,  leaflets  many  subequidistant  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  glossy 
above  3-costate,  margins  and  costas  beneath  setulose,  rachis  and  spadix 
rusty  tomentose  sparingly  armed  with  short  stout  straight  deflexed  spines, 
spadix  stout  decompound,  spathes  loose  coriaceous  armed  with  short  spines, 
secondary  lax  membranous  long  acuminate,  spathels  annular,  fruit  small 
globose  beaked.  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  207  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  483,  v.  829 ;  Griff, 
in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  49  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  59  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As. 
Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  214,  t.  20  C.—  Wall.  Gat.  8607. 

Tenasserim,  Wallich  ;  at  Mergui,  Belfer  (Kew  distrih.  6388,  6394,  6395). 
Leaflets  in  the  only  specimens  I  have  seen  10-18  by  1-H,  very  shining  on  both 
surfaces.     Fruit  ^  in.  diam. 

19.  C.  floribundus,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat  Hist.  v.  56;   Palms 


Calamus.']  olxiii.  tlluem,    (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  445 

Srit.  Ind.  QQ,  1. 197  ;  leaflets  few  inequidistant  linear-lanceolate  acuminate 
■uppermost  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  rachis  and  often  connate,  margins 
and  costae  beneath  setulose,  petiole  lower  spathe  and  rachis  armed  with 
very  short  stout  and  long  scattered  flattened  pale  spines,  sheath  densely 
armed  with  needle-like  setae  and  spines,  spadix  elongate  decompound, 
internodes  sheathed  by  truncate  ciliate  spathels,  spikes  short  spreading 
and  recurved,  lower  spathe  very  long:  keeled,  fruit  globose  shortly  beaked. 
Mart  Hist.  Nat  Palm.  iii.  337 ;  Wal^.  Ann.  iii.  487,  v.  831.  C.  mish- 
miensis,  Griff.  II.  cc.  55  and  65 ;  Mart.  I.  c. ;  Walp.  Ann.  11.  cc.  C. 
multiflorus,  Mart.— Wall.  Cat.  n.  8613. 

Assam,  Silhet  and  the  Khasia.  Hills,  Wallich,  &c.  Mishmi  Hills, 
Griffith. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger.  Leaflets  bright  green,  10-18  by  1-1|  in.  j 
spines  of  rachis  ^-1  in.  long,  rather  flattened  and  deflexed.  Lower  spathe  18  in., 
coriaceous,  terete,  mouth  very  oblique.  Sjpathels  acuminate,  and  flowers  almost 
floccose  with  long  white  hairs,  striate.  Flagelli  with  short  or  long  simple  or  com- 
pound recurved  claws  and  spines.  Fruit  ^  in.  diam. ;  scales  very  pale  yellow, 
channelled  down  the  back. 

20.  C.  pseudo-tenuis,  Becc.mss.  ;  leaflets  many  equidistant  linear- 
lanceolate  minutely  setulose  on  the  margins  setose  or  not  on  the  3  costae 
beneath,  rachis  (young  brown  scurfy)  armed  with  strong  flattened  straight 
and  short  recurved  spines,  sheath  densely  armed  with  flattened  spreading 
pale  spines,  spadix  very  long  decompound,  spikelets  very  short  decurved, 
male  flowers  and  spathellules  minute  quite  glabrous,  fruit  small  ovoid 
strongly  beaked.     C.  tenuis,  Thw.  Enum.  330  {not  of  Boxb.). 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  hotter  parts  of  the  island.  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  on  the 
Western  Ghats  ;  from  Canara  southwards. 

Stem  slender.  Leaflets  10-18  by  |-f  in.,  upper  free;  rachis  rather  stout; 
petiole  short;  sheath  f  in.  diam.  Spathes  flattened,  lower  2-edged ;  spathels 
elongate.  Spadix  2-3  ft.,  branches  6-10  in. ;  spikes  of  male  fl.  very  short,  of  fruits 
4-6  in.  Malefi.  -^^  in.  long,  shining,  not  striate.  Fruit  \  in.  diam.  ;  scales  rounded, 
pale  with  broad  brown  margins. — Readily  distinguished  from  viminalis  by  the  equi- 
distant leaflets,  glabrous  spathellules,  and  ovoid  fruit. — A  plant  collected  by  Talbot 
near  the  seashore  at  Marmagoa,  Bombay,  seems  a  very  different  plant,  has  black 
tipped  claws  on  the  rachis  of  the  leaf  and  spadix  and  flagellum,  and  curved  male 
flowers  i  in.  long. — J.  D.  B. 

21.  C.  densiflorus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  very  shortly  petioled,  leaflets 
many  equidistant  linear-ensiform  finely  acuminate  concolorous  upper 
gradually  smaller  terminal  very  short  margins  setulose  costae  3  all 
spinulose  above  and  sparsely  setulose  on  the  middle  one  only  beneath, 
sheath  strongly  armed  with  pale  flat  horizontal  spines,  spadix  very  long, 
spikes  elongate  dense-fld.,  spathels  and  spathellules  scabridly  pubescent, 
fruit  small  beaked  ovoid. 

Peeak  ;  at  Thaiping  and  Larut,  King's  Collector  (8434,  5527). 

Stem  scandent,  l^-H  in.  diam.  with  the  sheaths.  Leaflets  rigidulous,  larger 
13-14  by  about  ^  in.  ;  sheath  with  a  long  stout  clawed  flagellum,  gibbous  above, 
mouth  truncate ;  rachis  armed  with  strong  claws.  Spadix  5  ft.,  stout,  clawed. 
Lower  spathe  strictly  sheathing,  prickly  ;  upper  unarmed  glabrous  truncate.  Spikes 
2^-3^  in.  ;  spathels  and  spathellules  very  short,  striate.  Fruit  immature,  with  a 
distinctly  pedicelliform  perianth,  about  ^  in.  diam;  scales  scarcely  channelled,  pale 
margined  with  brown. — I  have  seen  no  specimens.     J.  D.  H. 

22.  C.  lurldus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  rather  numerous  equidistant  remote 


446  CLXiii.  pALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  \_Calamus. 

elongate  ensiform  acuminate  with  3  strong  costas  beneatli,  terminal  pair 
shortly  adnate  below,  margins  and  cost^  beneath  more  or  less  setnlose, 
sheath  closely  armed  with  long  flat  horizontal  unequal  spines,  spadix  very 
long  ending  in  a  flagellam  panicalately  branched,  lower  spathes  tubular 
strictly  sheathing  spiny  on  the  outer  side,  upper  smooth  striate,  fruit 
globosely  ovoid. 

Perak,  summit  of  Gunong,  Scortechini ;  Malacca  and  Larut,  Kind's  Collector 
(2647,  6284,  6400,  7203). 

Stem  slender,  scandeat.  Leaflets  14-16  by  1^  in.  ;  petiole  4-6  in.  Spadix 
8-12  in. ;  spikelets  1^-2^  in.  Cal^x  tube  short,  corolla  rather  longer.  Fruiting 
perianth  very  shortly  pedicelHform,  strongly  striate. — I  have  seen  no  specimens, 
/,  D.  H. 

23.  C.  delicatulus,  Thw.  Enum.  330,  431 ;  leaflets  very  many  equi- 
distant linear-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  margins  and  3  costse  setose, 
petiole  very  short  shortly  spiny,  rachis  brown-scurfy  when  young  clawed, 
sheath  densely  armed  with  short  and  long  slender  black  flattened  spines, 
male  spadix  very  long  filiform  decompound,  spathes  unarmed  long-ciliate 
at  the  tip,  spikes  very  slender,  flowers  rather  distant  very  minute. 

Ceylon  j  at  Galle  and  Hinidoon  Pattoo,  Thwaites. 

Leaves  2-3  ft.  Leaflets  8-10  by  ^  in.,  concolorous,  shining,  upper  smaller,  tips 
filiform;  flagellum  very  long,  slender,  clawed.  Fruit  about  ^  in.  diam.,  scales  pale 
with  a  very  uarrow  brown  border. —  Very  near  G.  Helferianus,  but  the  leaflets  are 
not  aggregate,  the  spikelets  more  slender,  and  flowers  smaller. 

24.  C.  Kelferianus,  Kurz.  in  Journ.  As.  8oc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  213  ;  For. 
Fl.  521 ;  leaflets  many  scattered  inequidistant  in  series  of  2-8  on  a  side, 
narrowly  linear  finely  acuminate  3-co8tate  margins  and  lateral  costae  above 
and  median  beneath  setulose,  rachis  slender  8-gonous  armed  with  short 
scattered  recurved  spines,  spadix  long  very  slender  compound  glabrous, 
spathes  narrow  tubular  compressed  and  truncate  partial  sparingly  shortly 
spiny  or  unarmed,  spikes  1^-3  in.,  male  spathellules  very  short  crowded, 
fern,  more  remote,  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  not  striate. 

Tenasserim  (or  the  Andaman  Islands),  Relfer  (6389  ^,  6392  $  ). 

Sparingly  armed.  Stem  slender,  scandent.  Leaves  without  flagelli,  leaflets 
8-12  by  |-|  in.,  concolorous,  uppermost  quite  free,  costae  3-5  strong  beneath  ;  rachis 
with  naked  intervals  sometimes  4  in.  long,  on  one  or  both  sides  ;  sheath  not  seen. 
Spadix  several  feet  long,  flexuous,  as  thick  as  a  sparrow-quill ;  upper  spike  simple, 
lower  panicled,  males  shortest  and  more  slender.  Lower  spathe  long,  narrow,  com- 
pressed, with  a  short  erect  limb  and  short  spines  on  the  keels,  partial  1^-1  in.  long. 
Spathellules  of  male  fl.  very  short  and  crowded,  of  fern,  a  in.  long.  Male  fl.  ^^  in. 
long,  calyx  3-fid.     Fruit  unknown, 

25.  C.  nicobaricus,  Becc. ;  leaflets  very  many  equidistant  linear- 
ensiform  long-acuminate  sparsely  setose  on  the  median  costa  only  on  both 
surfaces  lateral  costae  slender  naked,  petiole  channelled  above  armed  with 
long  straight  marginal  spines  and  short  _claws  on  the  back,  sheath  very 
pale  at  first  scurfy  densely  armed  with  very  unequal  long  flat  spines  and 
short  claws. 

NicoBAR  Islands,  E.  H.  Man. 

A  very  slender  species,  with  varnished  internodes  ^-\  in.  diam.  Leaflets  7-8^ 
by  about  i  in.,  shiuiug  above.  Spadix  and  fruit  unknown.  Flagelli  exceedingly 
slender. — Appears  to  be  allied  to  C.  delicatulus,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 
the  leaflets  being  setose  only  on  the  median  costa. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 
J.  D.  H. 


Calamus.']  clxiii.  palmej;.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  447 

**  Fraiting  perianth  distinctly  pedicelliform. 

26.  C  tenuis^  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  780 ;  leaflets  very  many  equidistant 
uppermost  gradually  smaller  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  3  costae  all  setose 
above,  the  median  only  below,  petiole  short  margined  with  straight 
spines  and  rachis  armed  with  one  row  of  short  recurved  spines, 
sheaths  flagelliferous  sparingly  armed  with  short  flat  spines,  spadix  very 
long  decompound  flagelliferous,  spathes  elongate  tubular  lower  with  a 
short  limb  and  scattered  recurved  spines,  partial  short  unarmed  young 
scurfy,  spathellules  densely  crowded  cymbiform,  flowers  very  small,  fruit 
subglobose.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  211 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  {Ed.  1, 
212),  335 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Rist.  v.  46  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  57,  t. 
193  A,  B,  C  ;  Waly.  Ann.  iii.  485,  v.  830 ;  Miq.  FL  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  118 ; 
Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  212,  t.  31  B  ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  520.  0. 
Royleanus,  Griff.  II.  cc.  40  and  53,  t.  191 ;  Mart.  I.  c.  335 ;  Walp.  II.  cc. 
485  and  830.  C.  amarus,  Lour.  i.  210.  0.  Heliotropium,  Serb.  Ham. ; 
Mart.  I.  c.  211,  334;  Kunth  I.  c.  210;  Griff.  II.  cc.  51  and. 61;  Walp.  Ann. 
II.  cc.  484  and  830. 

Teopical  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon  eastwards,  Bengal,  Assam,  Silhet, 
Chittagong  and  Bokma. — Disteib.  Cochin. 

Stems  very  long,  scandent ;  internodes  not  thicker  than  a  goose-quill.  Leaves 
1^-2  ft.  ;  leaflets  approximate,  lower  8-12  by  i-i  in.,  margins  minutely  setulose  or 
spinulose,  bristles  on  costse  ^  in. ;  petiole  pale,  stout ;  spines  with  broad  laterally 
compressed  conical  bases;  flagelli  filiform.  Lower  spathes  6-10  in.  by  nearly  |  in.diani., 
upper  shortly  scurfy.  Lower  spikes  panicled,  14-4  in.  long.  Male  fl.  J„  in.  long, 
not  distichous  and  spreading  but  secund  in  3-4  series,  imbricating,  suberect.  Fruit 
\  in.  diam.,  mucronate ;  scales  pale  with  a  shallow  median  channel  and  very  narrow 
discoloured  margins. 

27.  C.  difiusuS;  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  many  equidistant  rigidulous  upper 
shorter  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  very  long-acuminate  margins  naked 
slightly  thickened,  costse  3  setose  above  the  median  spinulose  beneath, 
rachis  armed  throughout  with  half  whorls  of  hooked  spines  or  3-fid  claws, 
male  spadix  diffusely  supra-decompound,  branches  of  partial  infl.  spirally 
inserted,  lower  spathe  tubular  green  smooth  coriaceous  armed  with  hooked 
spines  on  the  outer  surface,  upper  tubular-infundibular  unarmed,  spathels 
short  broad,  flowers  rather  distant,  calyx  campanulate  striate,  corolla  twice 
as  long. 

Singapore  ;  Lohh. 

ieaves  apparently  2-3  ft. ;  leaflets  10-12  by  |-f  in.  Male  spiJcelets  1-2  in.; 
flowers  crowded,  distichous,  ^-^  in.  long ;  spathellules  and  calyx  strongly  ribbed  ; 
corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  not  striate. — Fem.  fl.  and  fruit  unknown,  position 
hence  uncertain. 

28.  CRotenkS,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  1,  325 ;  Ed.  2,  463  (the  Ceylon 
plant  only) ;  leaflets  many  equidistant  linear-ensiform  rarely  subaggregate 
upper  smaller,  margins  spinulose,  petiole  very  short  or  0,  rachis  armed 
beneath  with  short  stout  uniseriate  claws,  sheath  armed  with  short 
straight  conical  based  scattered  spines,  male  spadix  slender  decompound, 
spikelets  ^-1  in.  recurved,  spathellules  short,  flowers  crowded,  corolla 
deeply  striate,  fem.  spikelets  much  stouter  and  longer,  flowers  distant,  fruit 
globose  very  pale.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iii.  202  {excl.  Syn.  Lour)  ;  Lamk.  III. 
t.  770,  f.  1 ;  Schult.  f.  Syst.  Veg.  vii.  ii.  1322  {excl.  all  cit.  but  Linn.  Sc 
Willd.) ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  777  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  334,  t.  116,  f.  8; 
Kunth  JSnum.  iii.  207  ;  Blume  Bumph.  iii.  33  ;    Walp.  Ann.  iii.  484,  v.  830; 


448  cLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  117.  C.  Koxburghii,  Gri^.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  V.  43  ;  Pahns  Brit.  Ind.  55,  t.  195  A  {under  fasciculatus)  (and  t,  112 
p  monoicus,  Roxb.) ;  Thw.  Enum.  330.  C.  moaoicas,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
783;  Mart.  I.  c.  (209,  Ed.  1)  334  {excl.  descr.)  Wall.  Cat.  n.  8604  .P ;  Griff. 
II.  cc.  48  and  58  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  208  ;  Walp.  11.  cc.  484  and  830.  C.  scipionum, 
Lam.  {in  part)  Encyd.  vi.  304  {{excl.  Syn.  Lour.  &  Rheede). 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. 

Stem  scandent,  very  slender.  Leaves  2-3  ft. ;  leaflets  8-10  by  |-|  in.,  median 
costa  unarmed  on  both  surfaces  or  armed  beneath  only,  lateral  unarmed  on  both 
surfaces  ;  in  Madras  specimens  there  is  often  a  strong  solitary  spine  above  the  base 
of  the  leaflet  on  the  midrib  beneath ;  sheath  in  Madras  specimens  with  horizontally 
flattened  spines.  Spadlx  and  its  slender  tubular  spathes  unarmed  or  nearly 
so.  Male  fl.  biseriate,  but  not  distichous,  densely  crowded,  ^-^  in.  long ;  spathellules 
acuminate.  Fruit  f-f  in.  diam. ;  scales  with  an  obscure  sometimes  discoloured 
channel,  margins  not  or  faintly  narrowly  discoloured. 

29.  C.  Brandisii,  Becc.  mss.;  stem  slender, leaflets  fewfascicled  lanceo- 
late ensiform  naked  beneath  sparsely  setose  above  on  the  3  costae,  petiole 
slender  with  few  very  long  slender  straight  spines,  rachis  with  long  stout 
solitary  straight  and  recurved  spines,  sheath  armed  with  solitary  or  aggre- 
gate slender  flattened  straight  spines  mouth  with  very  long  needle-shaped 
spinules,  male  spadix  elongate  shortly  flagelliferous  with  few  partial  inflo- 
rescences, spathes  narrow  tnbnlar  upper  funnel-shaped  unarmed  embracing 
the  bases  of  the  spikelets,  flowers  4-seriate  in  bud. 

Travancore;  at  Courtallam,  alt.  3-5000  ft,  Brandis. 

1  have  seen  no  specimen  of  this  species,  which  appears  from  a  photograph  to  be 
remarkable  for  the  long  straight  very  slender  spicules  at  the  mouth  of  the  leaf- 
sheath.— J.  J).  S. 

30.  C.  Feanus,  Becc.  mss. ;  stem  scandent,  leaflets  few  remote  subequi- 
distant  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  7-9-costate,  petiole  very  short  and 
rachis  armed  with  short  hooked  spines,  sheath  flagelliferous  coriaceous 
green  marbled  with  black  scurfy  spots  strongly  armed  with  scattered  long 
spreading  or  deflexed  and  short  stout  reflexed  spines,  male  spadix  decom- 
pound erect  rigid  with  7  partial  inflorescences,  lower  spathe  tubular 
2-keeled  mouth  compressed  keels  armed  with  short  stout  spines,  upper 
truncate  obliquely,  spikelets  recurved,  fruit  broadly  ovoid. 

Tenasserim  ;  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  L.  Fea. 

Stem  scandent  J  internodes  ^-^  in.  diam.  Leaves  rather  short,  about  3  ft.  3  in. 
long ;  sheath  ^-|  in. ;  ochrea  very  short,  truncate  ;  leaflets  6-8,  the  larger  8-12  by 
2-2f  in.,  terminal  free.  Male  spadix  1^  in.  Fruit  about  ^  in.  by  ^  diam.,  beak 
conical  acute;  scales  about  15-seriate,  not  channelled  on  the  back,  where  they  are 
opaque  and  as  if  pulverulent  with  a  broad  rather  discoloured  band.  Seed  deeply 
pitted. — Near  acanthospathus,  but  very  distinct  by  the  opaque  not  channelled  scales 
of  the  fruit. 

31.  C«  acanthospathus,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  39 ; 
Palms  Brit.  Ind.  50,  t.  190  B  (excl.  A,  f.  1)  ;  leaflets  few  large  inequidis- 
tant  elliptic-lanceolate  strongly  5-7-costate  usually  unarmed  on  both 
surfaces,  rachis  and  long  petiole  very  stout  scurfy  and  armed  with 
2-3  series  of  very  stout  recurved  spines,  sheath  stout  densely  armed 
with  long  flattened  and  short  stout  straight  or  recurved  spines,  spadices 
very  stout  flagelliferous,  peduncle  armed  with  unequal  subulate  spines, 
lower  spathe  very  stout  tubular  compressed  with  a  lanceolate  limb,  back 
armed  with  conical  based  spines,  upper  spathes  clavate  unarmed,  partial 


Calamus.]  clxiii.  palmeje.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  449 

inflorescence  sheathed  np  to  the  spikelets,  fruit  obovoid  or  globose  shortly 
beaked  brown.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  333,  t.  176,  f.  vi. ;  Walp.  Ann. 
iii.  484,  V.  830.     C.  montanus,  Anders,  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc.  xi.  9. 

Easteen  Nepal,  Sikkim  and  Bhotan  Himalaya,  ascending  to  6000  ft., 
J.  D.  H.,  &c.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  Griffith,  &e.  ■ 

Stem  slender,  seandent,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  ;  leaflets 
10-16  by  2-3  in.,  margins  naked  or  spinulose.  both  surfaces  quite  naked  or  very 
rarely  with  a  few  small  spines  on  the  costae  of  the  upper  surface  ;  flugellum  of  the 
sheith  10-12  ft.  Spadijc  4-6  ft,,  erect,  armed  with  short  recurved  spines  ;  branches 
of  fruiting  spadix  very  stout;  spikes  1-4  in.,  strongly  recurved.  Lower  spathe  1  ft., 
scurfy,  as  thick  as  the  thumb;  uppermost  glabrous.  Fruii  -|  in.  diara.,  pericarp 
thin;  scales  chesnut  brown,  obscurely  channelled,  shining;  fruiting  calyx  large, 
cupular,  ^  in.  diam.,  lobes  very  short.     Seed  deeply  pitted. 

Group  IY.     See  p.  437. 

32.  C.  G-uruba,  Mam.  in  Mart  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  206  and  330, 
t.  175,  f.  1 ;  leaflets  alternate  equidistant  narrowly  linear,  margins 
and  3  costae  above  setose  midrib  usually  alone  setose  beneath,  long 
slender  petiole  and  rachis  armed  with  long  brown  recurved  and  short 
conical  spines  below  and  on  the  margins,  sheaths  flagelliferous  covered 
with  long  flattened  spuies  and  crowded  smaller  ones,  spathes  glabrous 
tube  of  lower  compressed  margins  with  long  spines  back  with  short  ones, 
limb  recurved,  upper  spathes  nearly  unarmed,  male  spadix  elongate  very 
slender  decompound,  spikes  spreading  very  slender,  spathellules  very 
shallow,  flowers  distichous  pointing  forwards,  fruit  pisiform  apiculate. 
Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  42 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  54  ;  Kunth 
PJnum.  iii.  210 ;  Xurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Peng,  xliii.  ii.  214 ;  Por.  Ft.  ii. 
522.  C.  Mastersianus,  Griff.  II.  cc.  76  and  84.  t.  206.  Dsemonorops 
Guruba,  Mart.  I.  c.  330;  Walp.  II.  cc.  479  and  828;  Miq.  Ft.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  100. 

Br-vgal,  Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Silhet,  CniTTAaoNa  and  Burma. 

Tall,  seandent,  stem  without  the  sheaths  very  slender.  Leaves  5-6  ft.  ;  leaflets 
12-15  by  ^— I  in.,  npper  smaller  free,  sometimes  quite  naked  on  both  surfaces  ;  sheath 
with  a  long  membranous  lacerate  ligule.  Spathes  with  terete  tubular  bases  and 
long  flat  thinly  coriaceous  obtuse  brown  laminae,  of  the  lower  12-18  long  by  l-li^ 
broad,  flagellum  very  stout  and  stoutly  armed.  Male  spikes  2-3  in.,  flexuous  ;  spathel- 
lules very  small  membranous  cups.  Flowers  ^  in.  long,  c.ilyx  striate  ;  corolla  twice 
as  long,  polished.  Fruit  ^  in.  diam.,  abruptly  beaked  ;  scales  very  pale,  obscurely 
channelled,  margin  brown. 

33.  C.  nitidus?  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  334 ;  leaflets  equidistant 
rigidulous  close-set  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  shining  margins  thickened, 
costae  3  setulose  on  both  surfaces'or  on  the  upper  only,  rachis  with  simple  or 
compound  recurved  spines,  spadices  decompound,  spathes  glabrous,  fruit 
globose,  scales  brown  in  the  middle  17-18-seriate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  211  ; 
Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  49  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  69 ;  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  117  ;    Walp.  Ann.  iii.  484 ;  v.  830  ;    Wall.  Cat.  8609. 

Tknasskrim,  WalHch,  Heifer  {Kew  distrih.  (6390,  6396,  6398). 

Very  near  to  and  probably  not  distinct  from  G.  Guruba,  but  the  leaflets  are  shorter 
6-7  by  i-^  in.,  and  the  flowers  smaller,  about  y\j  in.  long. — The  specimens  are  very 
insufficient. 

34.  C.  platyspathus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  210 ;  leaflets  few- 
scattered    alternate    ensiform   acuminate   strongly   5-7-costate,   margins 

VOL.   VI.  G  g 


450  CLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)         [Calamus. 

costae  almost  unarmed,  racbis  armed  with  straight  and  recurved  strong 
solitary  and  binate  spines  with  swollen  bases,  sheath  armed  with  close- 
set  straight  subulate  spines,  male  spadix  long  very  slender  sparsely  shortly 
armed,  inflorescences  short  subsessile  paniculately  branched,  spikelets  very 
short  few-fld.  upper  spathes  with  very  short  sheaths  and  flat  linear-oblong 
laminae,  spathellules  very  short  acute,  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx 
not  striate.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Mist.  v.  75 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  83  ; 
Xurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Bengj  xl.  214.  C  polyspathos,  Wall.  Cat.  8610. 
Dasmonorops  platyspathus.  Mart.  I.  c.  Ed.  2,  206,  329;  Miq,  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  99 ;   Walp.  Ann.  iii.  479,  v.  828. 

Tenasserim,  at  Tavoy,  Gomez. 

Leaflets  10-12  by  1-1^  in.,  rigid,  margins  bristly  towards  the  apex,  young  pale 
softly  scurfy  beneath,  margins  thickened  with  obscure  distant  asperities.  Upper 
spathes  3-4  by  \-\  in.,  flat.  Inflorescences  of  male  spadix  as  long  as  their  spatlies, 
very  compound ;  spikelets  \-\  in.  Flowers  y\j  in.  long,  pale,  close-set,  pointing 
forwards.     Calyx  sharply  toothed,  striate.     Fern,  spadix  and  fruit  unknown. 

35.  C.  paspalanthus^  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  equidistant  close-set  very 
narrow  finely  acuminate  3-costate  costse  closely  spinulose  beneath  more 
remotely  above,  margins  nearly  smooth,  petiole  very  long  white  armed 
below  with  flat  appressed  long  and  short  spines,  rachis  brown  scurfy 
rounded  beneath  with  short  recurved  single  and  trifid  spines,  lower 
spathe  very  long  tubular  armed  with  short  spines,  male  spadix  stout  erect 
decompound  with  erect  branches  and  very  short  lacerate  spathels,  spikes 
erect  very  dense-fld.,  spathellules  closely  imbricating  lunate  very  strongly 
nerved,  flowers  minute. 

Perak;  at  Goping,  King's  Collector  (577). — Distbib.  Borneo, 
leaves  not  flagelliferous ;  leaflets  4-10  by  ^  in.,  shining,  strict ;  petiole  about 
2  ft.,  white,  but  covered  with  a  fige  brown  scurf  when  young;  sheath  flagelliferous. 
Spadix  quite  unlike  any  other,  from  the  upright  branches  and  spikes,  and  dilacerate 
short  membranous  spathels.  Spikes  ^-f  in.,  strict,  like  those  of  some  Panicum ; 
spathellules  very  peculiar,  flabellately  nerved.  3fa7e^.  distichous,  spreading  hori- 
zontally, -Jy  in.  long.  Calyx  cupulnr,  striate,  broadly  obtusely  lobed.  Corolla  not 
twice  as  long  ;  petals  broadly  elliptic,  obtuse,  obscurely  striate. — I  have  seen  no 
complete  spathe.  Described  from  Borneo  specimens  collected  at  Sarawak  by  Lobb, 
which  Beccari  says  are  identical  with  those  from  Perak  (which  I  have  not  seen). 
He  adds  that  its  affinities  are  uncertain,  and  it  is  perhaps  allied  to  C.  leptospadix. 

36.  C.  ramosissimus,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  78; 
Palms  Brit  Ind.  87,  t.  207 ;  leaflets  very  large  scattered  ensiform  or 
elliptic-lanceolate  acute  coriaceous  many-costate,  margins  and  costse 
sm(  oth,  petiole  very  stout  armed  below  with  scattered  very  long  straight 
flat  and  many  small  spines,  rachis  very  stout  back  rounded  armed  with 
broad  short  recurved  solitary  and  2-3-nate  claws,  male  spadix  ovoid 
decompound  erect  densely  branched,  peduncle  very  stout  tomentose, 
branches  and  spikes  erecto-patent,  spathes  very  large  blade  thickly  coria- 
ceous lower  with  a  spinous  tube,  upper  open,  fem.  spadix  furfuraceous  with 
very  stout  simple  spikes,  spathellules  of  both  sexes  very  short.  Daemono- 
rops  ramosissimus.  Mart.  Mist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  330 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  100 ;   Walp.  Ann.  iii.  479,  v.  828. 

Malacca  ?  Griffith.  Peeak  ;  Larut,  on  Gunong  Tjuk,  Scortechini  (51^,  1235)  ; 
alt.  2500-3500  ft..  King's  Collector  (2617,  2910,  6342,  7181). 

Stem  20-30  ft.,  scandent,  1-1^  in.  diam.  ieave*  6-8  ft.,  dark  green,  glossy ; 
leaflets  18-24  by  1^-2  in.,  7-13-costate,  almost  plicate  ;  rachis  as  thick  as  the  little 
finger,  plano-convex,  spines  4-i  in.  long,  recurved,  longer  spines  on  lower  part  of 
petiole  li  in.,  on  sheath  2-3  in.     Blade  of  lower  spathe  1-2  ft.  by  1-2  in.    Inflo- 


Calamus.']  clxiii.  palmej;.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  451 

rescewces  of  male  spadix  10-12  by  3-4  in.,  f  urf  uraceous  ;  peduncle  as  thick  as  the 
little  finger,  compressed;  branches  fastigiate,  strict,  suberect ;  spikes  distichous, 
1-1^  in.;  spathelliiles  very  shallow;  tlowers  close-set,  pointing  forwards,  |-  iu.  long, 
Calyx  shortly  tubular,  obliquely  acutely  trifid,  striate.  Corolla  twice  as  long,  smooth. 
Fcm.  spadix  se?>^\\e ;  spikes  1^-2^  in.,  brown  scurfy,  i  in.  diam.  Fruit  (young) 
globose  with  a  very  stout  beak  ;  scales  all  brown  — Described  from  a  Perak  specimen, 
the  male  spadix  of  which  does  not  resemble  the  sleuder  lax  flowered  one  of  GriflSth's 
t.  207. 

37.  C.  perakensls,  Becc  mss.  ;  stem  erect  very  short,  leaves  terminal, 
leaflets  very  numerous  equidistant  strictly  ensiform  acutely  3-costate 
above  spinulose  on  3  costse  above  and  only  on  the  median  beneath,  petiole 
long  armed  with  long  stout  horizontal  marginal  spines,  male  and  fem. 
spadices  subsimilar  strict  erect  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  white  cottony 
tomentum,  spathes  unarmed  much  compressed  shorter  than  their  respec- 
tive partial  inflorescences,  fem.  spadix  not  very  decompouad,  flowers 
cylindric. 

Perak,  Scortechini  (317^'). 

The  above  description  is  from  Beccari' s  notes,  who  adds  that  it  is  a  vpry  distinct 
species,  somewhat  allied  to  C.  ramosissimus. — I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.D.R. 

38.  C.  hypoleucus,  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  523 ;  leaflets  alternately  and 
interruptedly  approximate  by  twos  on  each  side  oblong-lanceolate  acumi- 
nate ciliate  towards  the  apex  white  beneath  many-costate,  petiole  short 
armed  with  long  and  short  conical  straight  and  recurved  spines,  rachis 
with  scattered  recurved  spines,  sheaths  densely  spiny  with  unequal  ppines 
1  in.  long  and  less,  fem.  spadix  small  short,  peduncle  slender  spinous, 
spathes  oblong-lanceolate,  spathels  tubular  small  distant,  flowers  dis- 
tichous, calyx  2^^-  in.  shortly  3-lobed,  corolla  twice  as  long  segments  acute. 
Daemonorops  hypoleucus,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  8oc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  208 
{jpartim),  t.  xviii.  (excl.  t.  xix.). 

Burma;  on  Thoungyeen,  Brandis. 

Stem  slender,  scHudent,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  without  the  sheaths.  Leaves 
2-3  ft.,  not  flagelliferous  ;  sheaths  flagelliferous  ;  leaflets  6-9  in.  long.  Fem.  spadix 
12  in.  long;  peduncle  about  1  in.  Male  fl.  and  fruit  unknown. — Description  from 
Kurz.     I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.JD.H. 

39.  C.  xnyrianthus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  very  long  narrowly  elliptic- 
lanceolate  many-costate  pale  almost  white  beneath  smooth  on  both  sur- 
faces or  with  minute  bristles  on  the  costse  beneath,  margin  obscurely 
aculeolate,  rachis  dorsally  rounded  shortly  spinous,  male  spadix  very  long 
slender  sparsely  spinous,  spathels  tubular  truncate,  inflorescences  laxly 
decompound,  branches  very  slender,  spike  i-^  in.  zigzag  almost  filiform, 
spathellules  minute,  flowers  minute  pointing  forward  closely  imbricate, 
calyx  acutely  3-lobed  striate,  corolla  twice  as  long  acute  estriate. 
Daemonorops  hypoleucus,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  208  (partim) 
t.  xix. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Mergui,  Selfer  (Kew  distrib.  6397). 

The  only  materials  for  this  species  seen  by  me  are  Heifer's  specimens,  consisting 
of  a  portion  of  the  rachis  of  a  leaf  with  two  leaflets,  and  portions  of  a  male  spadix  ; 
the  leaflets  are  30  by  2  in.,  very  thin  and  pale  beneath,  with  indistinct  cross  nervules. 
— Beccari  has  identified  with  it  the  plate  xix.  of  Kurz's  C.  hypoleucus  on  the  faith  of 
some  specimen  supposed  to  be  of  Kurz's  plant  communicated  by  Dr.  Biandis.  That 
figure  represents  much  shorter  and  broader  leaflets  than  those  of  Heifer's  plant,  with 
distinct  bristles  on  the  margins  and  costse  beneath. — There  is  no  evidence  of  Heifer's 
plant  belonging  to  this  section.  J.D.H. 

G   g    2 


452  CLXiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

Geoup  Y.     See  p.  487. 

40.  C.  travancoricusj  Beddome  mss. ;  leaflets  in  distant  opposite 
groups  of  3-5  narrowly  oblanceolate  acuminate  thin,  costse  3  very  slender 
naked  above  sparsely  setulose  beneath,  rachis  and  petiole  very  slender 
armed  with  small  straight  and  recurved  spines,  sheath  armed  with  slender 
straight  flattened  prickles,  spadix  long  slender  flagelliferous,  inflorescences 
shorter  than  the  membranous  flat  spathes,  male  decompound,  fern.  with, 
simple  distichous  spikes,  upper  spathes  and  spithels  tubular  obliquely 
truncate,  spathellules  short  acute,  calyx  strongly  striate,  corolla  estriate 
twice  as  long. — Rheede  Ifort,  Mai.  xii.  t.  64. 

Deccan  PENi>fSULA  ;  from  Malabar  to  Travaucore,  WigM,  Beddome. 

Stem  very  slender,  scandetit.  Leaves  18-24  in. ;  leaflets  4-6  by  i-|  iu.,  broadest 
about  or  above  the  middle  and  thence  tapering'  to  a  capillary  point,  suiniug  above; 
rachis  scurfy  when  young ;  petiole  4-6  in.,  dorsally  rounded,  margins  acute  much 
compressed  towards  the  base  and  there  chiefly  spiny.  Spadix  flagelliferous,  2-3  ft. ; 
peduncle  short,  flattened,  young  white  scurfy,  margins  shortly  spiny.  Lower 
spathes  tubular,  compressed  at  the  base,  with  shortly  spinous  angles,  produced  into  a 
long  membranous  sheathing  lamina ;  upper  with  unarmed  tubes.  Inflorescences  about 
2  in.  long,  mdes  with  spreading  very  slender  branches  bearing  short  flexuous  almost 
capillary  spikes  of  flowers  J  in.  long;  fem.  with  simple  recurved  spikes  and  rather 
larger  flowers. — Rheede's  figure  is  very  good  for  its  time. 

41.  C.  Rheedel,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  73  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  36,  83  ;  leaflets  in  very  distant  groups  of  3  on  a  long  rachis  armed 
with  scattered  short  recurved  spines  linear-lanceolate  acuminate,  fruiting 
spadix  with  the  flat  open  acute  spathes  longer  than  the  ovoid  dense  clusters 
of  ellipsoid  or  oblong  fruit.  Dsemonorops  Rheedii,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm. 
iii.  330 :  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  100 ;  Wal^.  Ann.  iii.  479,  v.  82S.—Eheede 
Hort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  65. 

Malabae,  Rheede. 

Of  this  species  nothing  is  known  beyond  Rheede's  rude  plate,  which  is  very  infe- 
rior to  that  of  C  travancoricus,  from  which  it  diff'ers  in  the  much  Lmger  leaf  the 
leaflt^ts  being  grouped  in  threes,  one  of  each  group  apparently  on  one  side  of  the  rachis 
and  2  on  the  other;  four  leaflets  terminate  the  rachis.  Ihe  fruits  are  represented  as 
f  in.  long  by  ^  in.  broad  and  very  shortly  beaked.  Beccari  thinks  that  a  Calamus 
fruit  sent  from  Malabar  to  Kew  by  Major  Campbell  exactly  corresponds  to  Rheede's 
figure. 

Group  YI.    See  p.  438. 

42.  C-  Hueg-elianus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  338;  leaflets  many 
equidistant  elongate  ensiform  acuminate  strongly  3-costate,  margins 
smooth  unarmed  above  beneath  pale  and  with  a  very  few  long  bristles  on 
the  lateral  costae,  petiole  stout  young  scurfy  back  rounded  with  very  stout 
short  recurved  spines,  sheath  armed  with  very  stout  scattered  long  and 
short  spines,  fem.  spadix  stout  erect,  spathes  sparingly  armed  with  stout 
claws  narrowly  tubular  truncate,  fruiting  branches  6-10  in.  very  stout, 
spikes  recurved,  calvx  pedicelled  cupular  with  spreading  lobes,  fruit  globose 
black  shining.  Walp  Ann  iii.  488,  v.  831.  0.  Wightii,  Griff.  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  102,  t.  216  C.  C.  melanolepis.  R.  Wendl.  in  Kerch.  Palm.  237. 
Daemonorops  melanolepis,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  331,  t.  175,  f.  xi.  ; 
342  under  G.  dioicus  and  tab.  116,  f.  xi. ;   Walp.  U.  cc.  481,  and  829. 

NiLGHiRi  Hills  ;  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  at  Sisparah,  Wight,   &c. ;    at    Kaduvatam, 

Oamhle. 


Calamus.l  clxiii.  palme^e.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  453 

Apparently  a  stout  scandent  species.  Leaflets  12-16  by  |-1  in.,  tips  spinelosely 
ciliate,  margins  below  obscurely  aculeolate,  pale  green,  not  shining',  almost  white 
bi  neath,  the  very  distant  bristles  on  the  lateral  nerves  beneatli  sometimes  absent, 
at  others  nearly  ^  in.  long  ;  rachis  and  petiole  pale.  Fruit  §-|  in.  diam.,  very 
shortly  beaked  ;  scales  subacute,  with  fimbriate  margins,  not  channelled  j  fruiting 
calyx  nearly  5  in.  diam.  ;  petals  acute. 

43.  C.  G-amblei,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  as  in  0.  Huegelianus,  bnt  with. 
Rhorter  scattered  bri.-tles  oq  the  3  costas  of  the  lower  surface  and  a  few  on 
the  upper,  fruiting  spikes  of  the  spadix  recurved,  calyx  cupular  long- 
pedicelied,  lobes  very  short,  fruit  globose  or  broadly  obovoid,  scales  pale 
}ellow  acute  deeply  chanuelled. 

KiLGHiHi  Hills  ;  Makurti  forests,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Gamble. 

A  very  distinct  species  differing  from  Huegtlianus  by  the  longer  leaflets,  2-2^  ft., 
the  more  slender  spathellules,  longer  pedicel  of  the  more  campauulate  calyx  which 
has  shorter  lobes,  and  by  the  pale  fruit  with  deeply  channelled  scales. — A  variety 
^vith  spherical  fruit  is  mentioned  by  JBeccari. 

Geoup  VII.     See  p.  438. 

44.  C.  gracilis,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  781  {excl.  Syn.  Hort.  MaL) ;  leaflets 
few  in  opposite  groups  of  8-5  on  each  side  of  the  slender  rachis  elliptic- 
lanceolate  acuminate  3-7-costate,  costae  very  slender  more  or  less  setose 
above,  petiole  short  and  rachis  and  sheath  armed  with  short  hooked  spines, 
fem.  spadix  elongate  slender  drooping  tiagelliferoas  spathes  tubular 
acuminate  sparingly  spinous,  upper  unarmed,  spathels  not  imbricate, 
fruiting  calyx  sessile  shortly  cylinclric,  lobes  very  short,  fruit  oblong,  scales 
very  pale  ripe  channelled.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Pahn.  iii.  3.-)8  ;  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  209  ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  64  ;  Palms  .Brit  Ind.  64,  t.  196  ; 
Walp.  Ann  iii.  488,  v.  831 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  212, 
t.  ol  C  ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  520. 

The  Khasia  Hills,  ascending  to  4900  ft.;  Uppee  Assam,  Mann.  Cachar, 
Keenan.     Cuittagong,  Kurz. 

Sltnder,  srandeut;  naked  stem  not  thicker  than  a  quill.  Leaves  2-^  ft.  ;  leaflets 
5-7  in.,  mai gins  obscurely  bristly  except  at  the  tip  where  the  bristles  are  long; 
petiole  very  short  and  vachis  fugaciously  scurfy  ;  sheaths  green,  glabrou-!.  Spathes 
fugaciously  brown-scurfy  ;  spathels  unarmed.  Corolla  three  times  as  long  as  the 
Ciilyx.  Fruit  f  in.  long  ;  scales  straw-cold,  with  or  without  a  narrow  brown  border; 
fruiting  calvx  pedicelliform.     Seed  wrinkled.— Descript.  chiefly  from  Kurz. 

45.  C.  melanacanthus,  Mart.  Eist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  333,  t.  116,  f.  13 
{in  part)  ;  leaflets  many  equidistant  membranous  linear  with  capillary  t'pa 
8-costate  upper  much  shorter,  shortly  setose  or  naked  on  the  costae  beneath, 
rachis  with  a  single  row  of  short  recurved  black  spines,  sheath  with  sub- 
wborled  spines,  fem.  spadix  decompound  ending  in  a  flagellum,  spathes 
shortly  sparsely  spinous  uj  per  nearly  unarmed,  fruiting  calyx  sessile  cam- 
pauulate pedicelliform,  fruit  ellipsoid  shortly  beaked,  scales  very  pale 
channelled,  embryo  lateral.  Kunlh  Enum.  iii.  211;  Griff,  in  Gale  Journ. 
Nat.  Rid.  v.  49  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  59  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  484,  v.  830 ;  Miq. 
Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  119  ;  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  11 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
Beng.  xliii.  ii.  215,  t.  xx.  B.—Wall.  Gat.  8606  B. 

Tenasseeim  ;  at  Chapnedong,  Wallich. 

Scandent.  Leaflets  6-13  by  ^  in.,  upper  2-3  in.,  shining,  tips  sparsely  bristly  or 
naked.  Corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  (fruiting)  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  f  in.  long, 
greyish   yellow   with  very  narrow  brown  margins;    lobes    very    short.      Albumen 


454  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [^Calamus,, 

deeply  ruminate ;  embryo  in  the  middle  of  the  side,  a  rery  unusual  position  in  the 
genus. — The  specimens  examined  are  of  the  portion  of  a  leaf  and  of  a  fruiting 
spadix. 

46.  C-  Diepenhorstil,  Miq.  in  Journ.  Bot.  Neerl,  Indt  i.  21 ;  Palm. 
Archip.  Ind.  27 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  594 ;  leaflets  very  many  equidistant  long 
narrow  finely  acuminate  3-costate,  costse  naked  or  very  sparsely  setose 
above,  margins  thickened  smooth,  petiole  very  long  armed  with  straight 
scattered  spines,  rachis  angular  armed  with  one  row  above  and  two  below 
of  short  recurved  spines,  sheath  copiously  armed  with  long  flat  straight 
deflexed  black  spines,  spadices  very  long  supradecompound,  fruiting  calyx 
very  short  sessile  cupular,  fruit  obovoid  shortly  beaked,  embryo  basal. 
C.  melanacanthus,  Mart,  {partim). —  Wall.  Cat.  8606  A. 

Penang,  Wallich,  Curtis  (765).  Peeak  ;  on  Gunong  Tambang  Batok, 
alt.  500-2000  ft,,  Scortechini  (647^).  Larut  and  Gunong  Malacca,  King's  Collector 
(7201,  2552).— DiSTRiB.  Sumatra. 

Stem  20-30  ft.,  stout,  scandent.  Leaves  3-4  ft.  j  leaflets  18-20  by  -f-f  in., 
straight,  upper  smaller  ;  spines  of  sheath  ^-|  in.  long.  Fruiting  spadix  10-12  ft., 
slender.  Fruit  f  in.  diam.,  orange-yellow  when  ripe  (King's  collector)  ;  fruiting 
calyx  very  short,  sessile,  lobes  obscure  ;  scales  channelled,  very  narrowly  bordered 
with  brown. — Very  distinct  from  melanacanthus  in  the  much  stouter  petiole  and 
rachis,  long  flat  spines  on  the  sheath,  long  leaflets  with  thickened  margins,  vei'y  long 
fern,  spadix,  with  very  long  branches,  and  basal  embryo. 

P47.  C.  singraporensis,  Becc.  mss.;  leaflets  many  rather  distant 
narrowly  linear  finely  acuminate  3-costate,  tips  setose,  margins  and  costae 
on  both  surfaces  unarmed  or  nearly  so,  upper  part  of  rachis  slender  angled 
with  1-2  rows  of  short  recurved  black  spines,  male  spadix  very  slender 
flagelliform  decompound,  spathes  very  slender  tubular  lower  shortly 
spinous,  upper  ending  in  flat  laminae  uppermost  with  oblique  membranous 
mouths,  spikes  1  in.,  spathellules  densely  imbricate  short  striate,  flowers 
very  young. 

Singapore  ;  in  the  forest  near  the  Bot.  Garden,  Murton. 

Apparently  a  very  slender  species  of  doubtful  position,  known  only  by  an  upper 
portion  of  a  leaf  and  yo~ung  male  spadix.  Leaflets  10-12  by  i-|  ip.,  margins  hardly 
thickened. 

Group  VIII.    See  p.  438. 

'  48.  C.  exilis,  Griff.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  51  (axilis,  35) ;  leaflets  many 
equidistant  narrow  finely  acuminate  copiously  setulose  on  the  margins, 
cost£8  and  often  the  intermediate  nerves  above  and  beneath,  rachis  scurfy 
setose  and  armed  with  a  single  row  of  hooked  spines,  petiole  long  flattened 
2-edged  with  marginal  straight  slender  spines,  sheath  scabrid  and  armed 
with  short  straight  flattened  spines,  fem.  spadix  decompound  scabrid  all 
over  as  are  the  spathes,  fruit  linear  oblong  sharply  beaked.  Mart.  Hist. 
Nat.  Palm.  iii.  333,  t.  176,  f.  7  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  484,  v.  830 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  116. 

Malacca;  on  Gunong  Ladang,  Fernandez.  Peeak,  Larut  and  Ulu  Bubong, 
alt.  4000  ft.,  Scortechini  (657^),  King's  Collector  (2734,  6245,  8457)  10,259,  Herb. 
Calc). 

Stem  15-20  ft.,  f  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-3^  ft. ;  leaflets  8-10  by  |-i  in.,  cross 
nervules  strong;  petiole  scaberulous,  with  distant  dorsal  hooked  spines  and  many 
marginal ;  sheath  with  coarse  matted  hairs  at  the  mouth.  Lower  spathes  12-14  in., 
compressed  and  2-edged  with  slender  marginal  spines  below  and  smaller  ones  above, 
mouth  oblique,  upper  spathes  4-6  in.,  tubular,  armed  with  small  scattered  spines. 


Calamus,]  clxiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  455 

Branches  of  fern,  spadix  6-8  in.,  coarsely  scabrid,  bearing  short  alternate  few-fld. 
spikes;  fruiting  calyx  petlicelled  and  pedieelliform,  campanulate  ;  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube  and  as  the  peuils.  Fruit  nearly  1  by  i  in.  diam.,  dirty  yellow;  scales 
margined  with  brown.  Seed  linear-oblong,  transversely  grooved ;  albiilnea  not 
ruminate;   embryo  in  the  middle  of  the  back. 

Group  IX.     See  p.  438. 

49.  C.  tomentosus,  Becc.  mss.;  sbeatb,  racbis  and  flagellum  softly 
almost  tiocculently  white-tomentose,  leaflets  few  distant  or  in  distant  pairs 
elliptic  acuminate  coriaceous  strongly  nerved,  margin  crisped  or  waved. 

PfiKAK,  ScortecUni  (431^) ;  alt.  2500-3000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (5332,  6993). 

Stem  20-40  ft.,  §-f  in.  diam.,  light  grey.  Leaves  2-3  ft. ;  leaflets  8-14  by 
3-6  in.,  base  narrowed,  green  on  both  surfaces  or  yellowish  beneath  with  brown  stripes 
above;  nerves  flabellate;  sheath  unarmed,  ochrea  annular  very  coriaceous,  acute 
posteriorly  ;  petiole  short,  very  stout,  subterete,  armed  with  few  distant  3 -fid  short 
claws  ;  flagellum  8-10  ft.,  ending  in  a  long  filiform  prickly  tip,  armed  with  strong 
3-fid  claws  at  about  equal  distances,  towards  the  base  the  surface  of  the  petiole  is 
granulate  when  dry.  A  portion  of  a  flowerless  and  fruitless  spadix  is  terete  with 
tubular  spathes  and  bears  distant  spreading  spikes  4  in.  long,  with  rather  distant 
coriaceous  subcampannlate  spathels. — A  remarkable  plant  of  which  the  specimens 
are  very  imperfect.  The  description  of  the  stem  and  colour  of  the  leaflet  is  from 
notes  by  King's  Collector ;  the  rest  from  his  specimens,  one  of  which  (5332),  with 
smaller  leaves  is  from  Larut,  "within  300  ft.,"  perhaps  meant  for  3i)00  (As  in 
n.  6993). 

Group  X.     See  page  438. 

50.  C>  zeylanicus^  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  many  long  equidistant  ensi- 
form  long  acuminate  .".-5-cGstate,  margins  minutely  setulose  or  naked, 
costae  very  sparingly  setose  above  naked  beneath,  rachis  very  stout,  male 
spadix  decompound,  lower  spathe  acute  armed  with  very  short  scattered 
prickles,  upper  striate  smooth  or  sparsely  acaleate,uppermost  funnel-shaped 
truncate,  branches  of  male  spadix  6-10  in.  clothed  with  short  broad  im- 
bricate spathels,  spikelets  very  many  distichous,  spathellules  extremely 
short  and  densely  imbricate,  fem.  spikes  and  spikelets  much  longer  and 
laxer,  fruit  globos^Jong- beaked.  (J.  rudentura,  Thw.  Knam.  330  {excl. 
syn^)  (non  Lour.) ;  Hance  in  Jo  urn.  Bat.  1874^,  262. 

Ceylon,  Walker;  Suffragam  district,  Thwaites  (CP.  287'^).. 

Stem  very  stout.  Leaves  probably  4-5  ft.  long  ;  leaflets  1^-2  ft.  by  1-1|  in., 
smooth;  rachis  pale,  finely  scurfy,  with  short  appres^ed  marginal  spines  above  and 
lower  down  with  3-fid  claws  beneath  ;  flagellum  very  stout,  with  very  broad  claws 
of  3-6-uate  recurved  black  spines.  Ma'e  spadio)  with  long  spreading  branches 
clothed  with  short  spathels  and  bearing  short  broad  flat  spikelets  ^-1  in,  long  and  ^ 
broad  of  most  densely  imbricate  short  spathellules  and  small  flowers  ^  in.  lonj:.  Fetn. 
spadix  ;  branches  and  spilces  much  longer  ;  calyx  sessile,  very  short,  deeply  3-lobed  ; 
fruiting  calyx  sub-pedicelliform  ;  petals  as  long,  both  striate.  Fruit  f  in.  diam., 
dull  yellow  ;  scales  deeply  channelled,  mai'gins  scarious  pale.  Seed  globose ; 
albumen  deeply  ruminate,  embryo  lateral. 

51.  C.  latifolius,  Roxh.  Fl.  lud.  iii.  7751 ;  leaflets  few  large  scattered 
or  2-nate  elliptic  or  elliptic-lameolate  3-9-costate  tips  setose,  margins 
aculeolate,  costas  naked  on  both  surfaces,  rachis  flagelliferous  very  stout 
variously  armed  with  scattered  spines,  sheath  densely  covered  with  very 
short  broad  whorled  spines  and  a  few  very  large  straight  flat  solitary  or 
whorled  ones,  spadix  decompound,,  spathes  s.hort  subcompressed  sparsely 


456  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

spinous  moutli  oblique,  spathels  short, male  spikes  densely  imbricate,  fruiting 
calyx  sessile,  pedicelliform  broadly  campannlate  lobes  short,  fruit  sub- 
globose  pale.  3fart.  HisL  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  339,  t.  160,  f.  5:  Griff,  in  Calc. 
Journ.  Nat  Bist.  v.  60;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  68,  t  198  (exrl.  cit.  Hort. 
Malab.) ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  210  [excl.  t.  31  A) ;  For, 
FL  ii.  518  {partim).  C  macracanthus  et  inermis,  T.  Anders,  in  Journ: 
Linn.  Soc.  xi.  10,  11 ;  PC.  hurailis,  Eoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  773. 

From  the  Siekim  Himalaya  and  Assam,  ascending  to  2000  ft.,  to  Tenasskkim. 

Stem  stout,  1-2  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  with  the  flagellum  10-15  ft. ; 
leaflets  1-2  ft.  by  1-2^  in.,  upper  sometimes  flabellately  clustered  or  connate  at  the 
base ;  cross  nervules  very  many  and  close  ;  petiole  short  or  long,  sometimes  bearing 
the  leaflets  only  far  up  the  flagellum  ;  base  sometimes  f  in.  broad,  smooth,  b.convex, 
spines  very  various  always  scattered.  Spadix  very  large ;  spathes  and  branches 
usually  armed  with  scattced  very  short  broad  spines.  Fruit  (not  quite  ripe)  nearly 
1  in.  long,  rather  narrower,  pale  dull  yellow  ;  scales  convex,  deeply  channelled, 
shining,  margin  very  narrowly  scarious. — C.  humilis,  Koxb-.,  is  probably  founded  oa 
a  very  young  plant  of  C.  latifoUus  with  undeveloped  flagella.   • 

52.  C.  Dorlaei,  Becc.  mss. 

BrEMA  ;  on  Mt.  Karin,  L.  Fea. 

Only  a  portion  of  a  spadix  with  fruit  known.  It  appears  to  be  nearly  allied 
to  C.  latif alius,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  elongate  fruit  |-1  by  ^  in. — 
I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.D.H. 

53.  C.  simplex^  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  flagelliferous,  leaflets  very  few 
large  elliptic  3-6-costate,  spadix  supra-axillary  quite  simple  elongate  not 
flagelliferous  bearing  at  every  primary  spathe  a  solitary  simple  spikelet  or 
at  most  two  from  the  lowest  spathe,  fruiting  calyx  callous  shortly  pedi- 
celliform, fruit  rather  large  broadly  ovoid,  seed  globose,  albumen  deeply 
ruminate,  embryo  subbasilar. 

Pebak  ;  on  Gunong  Tambang  Batak.,  Scortechini  (432). 

Difiers  from  all  other  known  species  in  the  few  divisions  of  the  spadix. — I  have 
Been  no  specimen.  J.D.H. 

54  C.  caesius,  Blume  Bumph.  iii.  57 ;  leaves  subsessile  flagelliferous, 
leaflets  very  inequidistant  in  distant  fascicles  of  5-7  oblanceolate  cuspi- 
dately  acuminate  glaucous  or  farinose  beneath  acutely  4-costate  above  and 
setulose,  margins  setulose  acute,  rachis  armed  with  solitary  and  sub- 
whorled  spines,  sheath  not  flagelliferous  very  gibbous  above  fngaciously 
scurfy  armed  with  scattered  long  horizontal  spines  with  broad  callous  bases 
and  small  acute  tubercles.  Mart,  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  340  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii. 
490,  V.  832  ;  Miq.  Anal.  Bat.  Ind.  i.  6 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  129  ;  Palm. 
Archip.  Ind.  2S.  C.  glaucescens,  Blume,  I.e.  65;  Mart,  l.c,  339;  Walp. 
II.  cc.  489,  830 ;  31iq.  II.  cc. 

Perak,  Scortechini.— Di&TRiB.  Borneo. 

A  lofty  climber.     Leaves  2-3  ft. ;   leaflets  12-14  by  2-2^  in.  Fruit  unknown. — 

Appears  to  be  allied  to  C.  melanoloma  of  Java.  I  have  seen  no  specimen. 
J.B.H. 

55.  C.  axillaris,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  shortly  petioled,  leaflets  numerous 
very  inequidistant  above  oblanceolately  ensiform,  margins  smooth,  rachis 
unarmed  below  armed  above  with  scattered  simple  and  ternate  claws, 
spadix  not  flagelliferous  elongate  with  several  erect  partial  inflorescences, 
spathes  1st  and  2nd  fugaciously  scurfy  unarmed  or  the  lower  scarcely  armed. 


Calajnus.'}  clxiii.  palmej:.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  457 

spikelets  short  scorpioid,  3rd  spathe  infundibular,  limb  open  truncate 
margin  fimbriate,  spathels  and  spathellules  striate  margins  ciliate,  flowers 
distichous,  calyx  finely  striate. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  which  I  have  not  seen.  The  fruit,  and  hence 
the  position  of  the  species,  is  unknown.  J.I),  ti. 

66.  C.  pallidulus^  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  subsessile,  leaflets  inequidistant 
hardly  fascicled  ensiform  acuminate,  costae  3  unarmed  on  both  surfaces, 
margins  sparsely  spinulose,  rachis  strongly  armed  with  uniform  short 
black- tipped  3-fid  claws,  sheath  with  scattered  short  straight  spines,  spathes 
armed  with  short  stout  scattered  simple  conical  spines,  fruit  spherical 
shortly  beaked  pale,  seed  deeply  pitted,  albumen  ruminate. 

Perak;  at  Tbaipin^,  TFray  (2392,  3017). 

Leaflets  8-10  in.  The  upper  spathes  are  naked  with  much  dilated  obliquely 
truncate  mouths.  The  fem.  spikes  2-2^^  in., 'str()ngly  recurved;  spathels  strongly 
muricate.  Fruit  f  in.  diani.,  very  pale;  scales  obscurely  channelle<l,  uiargiusJ 
hardly  scarious,  beak  cylindric  ;  fruiting  calyx  pedicell.form. —Described  from  two 
leaves,  a  small  portion  of  a  sheath,  a  fragment  of  a  spadix  with  ripe  fruit. 

Group  XI.     See  p.  438. 

*  Fruiting  perianth  not  pedicelliform. 

h7.  C.  ovoideus,  Thw.  ex  Trimen  in  Journ  Bot.  1885,  269 ;  leaves 
petioled,  leaflets  equidistant  broadly  linear  alternate  3-costate  tip  bristly, 
margin  thickened  smooth,  costae  setose  beneath,  rachis  fugaciously  scurfy, 
margins  prickly  back  rounded  with  solitary  hooked  spines,  sheath  densely 
armed  with  rings  ol:  flat  deflexed  often  lacerate  black  spines,  lower  spathes 
armed  with  short  broad  flat  reflexed  spines,  fruiting  spadix  with  very 
stout  recurved  spikelets,  fruiting  perianth  stellate,  fruit  obovoid  strongly 
beaked. 

Ceylon;  SaflFragara  district,  Thwaites  (CP.  3925). 

Stem  stout,  scaadeiit.  Leaves  14  ft.  and  more  incluiling  the  flagellum  ;  leaflets 
10-14  by  f-1  in.,  bright  green  above,  duller  beneath.  Fruit  |-f  in.  long,  strongly 
beaked,  scales  pale  greyish  yellow,  strongly  channelled,  narrowly  margined  with 
orange-brown. — Described  from  Trimen  1.  c. 

58.  C.  andamanicus,  Ktirz  in  Journ.  As.  Sac.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  211, 
t.  xxvii.  A,  xxviii.  ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  519 ;  leaflets  alternate  equidistant  linear 
subulate-acuminate  3-costate,  margins  thickened  and  costae  setose,  petiole 
and  rachis  armed  with  stout  recurved  spines,  petiole  with  blackish  tuberous- 
based  ones  mixed  with  long  black  spines,  sheath  red  brown  covered  with 
seriate  whorls  of  capillary  black  and  broad  flat  black  spines,  spadix  decom- 
pound nodding,  spathes  subcompressed  armed  with  strong  reflexed  solitary 
and  teruate  spines,  partial  unarmed,  fruit  elliptic-ovoid  acuminate,  scales 
with  long  fimbriate  tips. 

Andaman  and  Nicobae  Islands,  Kvrz,  Man. 

Stem  lofty,  scandent,  as  thick  as  the  arm  (with  the  sheaths  on).  Leaflets  2-2^  ft. 
by  1  in.  broad.  Fruit  distichous,  uniformly  brown,  about  2"  in.  long;  scales  rhom- 
boid, greenish,  bordered  with  chesnut-brown,  rather  flat,  not  furrowed,  tips  pro- 
longed into  a  lanceolate  pale  brown  opaque  acute  ciliolate  membranous  appendage, 
longer  than  the  scale  itself.  Seed  semiconvex,  grooved  j  albumen  equable. — (The 
above  from  Kurz.) 


458  OLxiii.  PALMEJE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus, 

59.  C.  palustris,  Oriff.  in  Gale  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  62  ;  Palms  Brit, 
Ind.  71, 1. 199  ;  leaves  shortly  petioled,  leaflets  alternate  the  median  approxi- 
mate in  pairs  broadly  elongate-lanceolate  acuminate  with  bristly  tip» 
8-costate  and  many-nerved,  margins  not  thickened  and  costse  smooth, 
petiole  with  1-2  rows  of  short  very  broad  fascicled  or  simple  hooked  spines 
with  swollen  bases,  sheath  green  sparingly  armed  with  short  black  or. 
broad  hooked  spines,  spathes  tnbnlar  obliquely  truncate  armed  with 
recurved  spines,  spathels  glabrous,  fruiting  perianth  stellate,  fruit  elFpsoid- 
oblong,  scales  obtuse.  Mart,  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  339 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  131;  Walj).  Ann.  iii.  490,  v.  831.  0.  latifolius,  Xurz  (not  Boxh.)  in, 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  210,  t.  31  A;  F(yr.  Fl.  ii.  518  {partly). 

Tenasseeim,   Griffith.    Peeak,  ScortecUni  (50^).    Andaman  Islands,  Kurzy 
Man. 

Stem  scandent,  everywhere  glabrous,  with  the  sheaths  on  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves 
8-12  ft.  ;  leaflets  1-2  ft.  by  3-5  in.,  rather  thin,  uniformly  green.  Spadix  bi- 
fariously  decompound,  elongate,  droopiiii?.  Fruit  about  ^  in.  long,  scales  slightly 
biconvex,  hardly  channelled,  pale  brown  with  a  blackish  border.  Seed  almost  semi- 
convex ;  grooved  and  irregularly  wrinkled. — (Descript.  from  Kurz.) 


»* 


Fruiting  perianth  more  or  less  pedicelliform. 


60.  C.  unifarius,  H.  Wendl.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xvii.  (1839)  158;  var. 
Pentong,  Becc.  mss. 

Nicobar  Islands.    E.  H.  Man. 

The  plant  referred  as  above  consists  of  a  leaf  and  a  portion  of  a  spadix  with  the 
fruit  wanting.  C.  unifarius  is  a  Javan  plant,  described  as  having  rather  few 
inequidistant  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  iicuminate  7-costate  leaflets  ;  the  fruit 
is  subglobose  about  —  in.  diam.,  with  channelled  scales  and  deeply  sinuately 
furrowed  seeds  with  a  basal  embryo. — I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.D.H. 

61.  C.  negrlectus,  Becc.  mss. 

Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  6399  bis). 

This  species  is  founded  in  the  flagtUiferous  apex  of  a  leaf  and  a  portion  of  a 
fruiting  spadix.  The  flagellum  is  very  slender;  the  leaflets  snbequidistaut,  4-6  in. 
by  i  in.,  membranous,  linear-lanceolate,  finely  acuminate,  setaceous  pointed,  with 
3  slender  costse  and  thickened  setose  margins  ;  spathes  coriaceous,  tubular,  obliquely 
truncate,  armed  with  short  scattered  straight  stout  spines;  fruiting  calvx  subpedi- 
celliform,  with  broad  spreading  obtuse  lobes  ;  young  frnit  i  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  scales 
dull  pale  yellow  with  broad  scarious  brown  margins  and  tips,  not  channelled,  beak 
stout. — I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.D.H. 

62.  C.  viridispinuSj  Becc.  mss. ;  leaf  flagelliferous,  leaflets  in  very 
distant  fascicles  variously  grouped  ensiform  finely  acuminate,  costse  3 
strong  sparingly  setose  above  naked  beneath,  rachis  trigonous  smooth  with 
few  solitary  very  short  hooked  spines  on  the  lateral  angles,  spadix  elon- 
gate filiform,  fem.  spikes  elongate  with  alternate  remote  horizontal  flowers, 
young  fruit  oblong  strongly  beaked,  fruiting  calyx  pedicelliform,  petals 
small,  albumen  solid. 

Peeak,  Scortechini  (316^) ;  at  Larut,  alt.  3500-4000  ft.     (Herb.  Calcutt.  4127). 
^iem  20-25  ft.     Leares  bright  green;    leaflets    10  by  nearly  1  in. — I  have  seen 
only  a  fragment  of  a  leaf,  from  Larut,  and  a  spike  of  very  young  fruit.  J.D.H. 

63.  C.  Oxleyanus,  Teysm.  &  Binnend.  Cat.  PI.  Hort.  Bogor.  1886, 
75  {name  only)  erect,  leaflets  very  many  in  subopposite  distant  fascicles 
linear-lanceolate   acuminate,    tip    bristly,    costa3    5    setose    above  naked 


Calamus,']  clxiii.  palmeje.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  459 

beneath,  petiole  long  stoutly  armed,  sheath  excessively  armed  with  large 
seriate  straight  or  deflexed  spines  and  scattered  short  ones.  Miq.  Palm. 
Arcliijo.  Ind.  17,  with  jig.  C.  Fernandezii,  H.  Wendl.  in  Kerchov.  Palm. 
236.  Daemonorops  fasciculatus,  3f«rl  Hist.  Nat.  Palm,  iii,  330;  Walp. 
Ann.  iii.  480,  v.  829  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  101. — Rotaiig  Pajare,  Griff,  in 
Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  89 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  95. 

Malacca,  Fernandez,  Oxley. — Distbib.  Banca  ? 

Stem  with  the  sheaths  about  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  10-11  ft.  long  exclusive  of  the 
long  flagellum  ;  leaflets  1  ft.  by  f  in. ;  petiole  about  2  ft. ;  its  lower  part  armed 
like  the  sheath  j  sheath  with  a  very  oblique  mouth. — Descript.  from  Griffith. 

Group  XII.    See  p.  438. 

64.  C.  iyiartianus,5ecc.  mss. —  C. paniculatus,'^B,ri.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm, 
iii.  334  (not  of^Roxb.). 

Penan G ;  Oaudichaud. 

Stem  sciiudent.  Leaflets  4-5  in.,  equidistant,  alternate,  lanceolate,  tip  shortly 
acuminate  and  bristly  7-9-costKte,  margins  and  surfaces  unarmed,  petiole  very  short, 
rachis  and  slender  flaorellum  armed  with  short  spines,  sheath  with  a  short  obliquely 
truncate  ochrea.  Male  spadix  decompound,  lower  spathes  subterete  faintly  2-keeled 
and  rachis  armed  with  short  scattered  spines,  upper  unarmed,  spikes  slender  spreading 
equalling  or  twice  as  long  as  their  spiithes. — Description  from  Martins,  neither 
Beccari  nor  have  I  seen  specimens. — J.B.H. 

65.  C.  spatlmlatuSj  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  very  few  alternate  distant 
uppermost  pair  connate  at  the  base  elliptic  obtnse  convex  above, 
costse  5-9  and  margins  quite  smooth,  petiole  very  short  and  slender, 
rachis  copiously  armed  with  large  solitary  and  2-3-nate  recurved  black- 
tipped  spines,  sheath  flagelliferous  elongate  cylindric  copiously  armed  with 
uniform  short  straight  conical-based  spines,  fern,  spadix  slender  flagel- 
liferous, spathes  slender  terete  armed  with  short  hooked  spines,  fruiting 
calyx  pediceliiform  short  contracted  sessile,  base  broadly  truncate,  fruit 
(young)  long-beaked  very  pale. 

Malacca,  Lolh,  Hervey. 

Stem  scandent ;  very  slender.  Leaves  probably  2-3  ft.  long;  leaflets  4-7  by 
2-2j  in.,  coriaceous,  shining  above,  base  acute,  cross-nervules  very  many  and  cIosm  ; 
petiole  and  rachis  subterete,  flagellum  very  slender ;  sheath  as  thick  as  the  fore- 
linger,  thickly  coriaceous,  pale,  smooth  between  the  short  flattened  subseriate  spines, 
flagellum  very  stout.  Fem.  spadix  long,  slender,  with  distant  branches  which  are 
adnate  to  the  rachis  far  above  the  slender  closely  appressed  spathes ;  spathule  of 
branches  tubercled  ^  in.  long;  spikes  1-1§  in.,  spreading  and  recurved  j  spathellules 
very  short.  Fruit  (young)  ^  in.  long,  shortly  oblong  or  ellipsoid  with  a  long 
cylindric  beak  ;  scales  very  pale  straw-cold.,  faintly  channelled. 

Var.  rohusta,  Becc. ;  spadix  much  larger,  very  stout. — Perak,  Geelong- Malacca, 
King*s  Collector  (7136). 

^Q.  C.  Inslffnis,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  58 ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  69 ;  leaflets  few  distant  alternate  uppermost  pair  connate  at  the 
base  elliptic-oblong  or  -oblanceolate  cuspidately  subacute  convex  7-9-costate 
margins  thickened  recurved  and  both  surfaces  quite  smooth,  rachis  slender 
and  terete  petiole  shortly  very  sparingly  prickly,  sheath  long  slender 
polished  very  sparingly  armed  with  tubercular  spines  or  conical  tubercles. 
Mart.  Hist  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  338 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  488,  v.  831 ;  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  128. 


460  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Calamus. 

Malacca,  Fernandez.     Peeak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  scandent,  as  thick  as  a  goosequill,  shining:;  internodes  2  in.  Leaves 
12-18  in.  ;  leaflets  3-6  by  1-1 -|  in.,  polished  above,  cross-nervulcs  very  many  and 
close  set;  petiole  3-5  in,;  sheath  nut  so  thick  as  the  little  fiiitrer,  very  long, 
cylindric  and  smooth. — The  leaflets  resemble  those  of  C  s  pathul  at  us  hnt  are  smaller. 
— 1  have  seen  no  Perak  specimens,  of  which  Beccari  says  that  they  are  more  robust, 
and  have  rather  larger  and  more  numerous  leafl.ets  with  more  distant  transverse 
nerves.  J.B.S, 

^1.  C.  quinquenervius,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  777;  scandent,  leaves 
flagelliferous,  leaflets  alternate  remote  equidistant  narrowly  lanceolate, 
spines  in  belts  slender,  fniit  spherical.  •  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  209 ;  Mart.  Hist. 
Nat.  Palm  iii.  339;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat,  Hist.  v.  61  ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  72. 

SiLHET,  Roxburgh. 

Climbing.  Stem  exclusive  of  the  leaf-sh?aths,  about  as  thick  as  the  middle 
finger,  internodes  6-8  in.^ — ^Probably  a  well-known  species,  but  not  identifiable  by 
the  character  given,  nor  recognized  by  Beccari  or  myself. 

68.  C.  ornatus.  Plume  in  Roen.  8f  Sch.  Syst.  vii.  ii.  1326 ;  Pumjphia, 
iii.  t.  148 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  208,  t.  li6,  f.  2:— 

Yar.  HORRiDA,  Becc.  mss.  leaves  petioled  not  flagelliferous,  leaflets  large 
equidistant  narrowly  ensiform  acute  3-5-costate  glaucous  beneath,  margin 
and  costae  beneath  caduconsly  setulose,  petiole  and  rachis  shortly  armed, 
sheaths  with  long  flat  spines,  fern,  spadix  very  long  flagelliferous,  spathes 
tubular  armed  with  very  long  spines,  branches  few  erect,  spathels  smooth, 
male  spikes  close  set  recurved  very  stout,  spatnellules  broadly  imbricating. 
C.  ornatus,  Griff,  in  CaJc.  .Tourn.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  37  ;  Palms  of  Brit.  Ind. 
46;  Miq.  in  Jiurn.  Bot.  Neerl.  Ind.  i.  21 ;  Ft.  Ind.  Bat.  8uppi.  256.  C. 
ovatus  and  C.  aureus,  Peinw.  ex  Mart.  I.  c.  208,  241. 

Malacca.  Fernandez.  Peeak  ;  Scortechini  (587^)  {Herb.  Calc.  3931). — 
DiSTRiB.  Malayan  Islands. 

Stem  robust;  50-80  ft.,  1-i  in.  diam.  without  the  sheaths;  sheaths  about  2  in. 
diam.  Leaves  12-15  ft.;  leaflets  2-2;^  ft.  by  2^  in.  broad,  tip  rather  obtuse  often 
2-fid,  bristly;  mid-costa  above  with  stout  bristles  towards  the  tip;  petiole  3  ft., 
1|  in.  diam.,  somewhat  flattened,  rusty-pubescent,  much  armed  with  broad  strong 
flattened  spines  ^  in.  long  ;  sheath  copiously  armed  with  whorled  flut  appressed 
often  imbricating  spines  1  in.  long,  and  J-^  in,  broad  at  the  base.  Spadix  16-18 
ft,  ;  branches  2^  ft.  apart ;  spathes  tubular,  armed  like  the  sheaths;  spikes  2-3  in.  ; 
spathels  smooth,  bracts  and  spathellules  ciliate.  Male  spikes  recurved,  flattened,  f  in. 
across  the  distichous  large  spreading  spathellules ;  male  fi.  broadly  ovoid,  terete, 
obtuse  ;  calyx  sessile,  hemispheric,  petals  twice  as  long.  Calyx  oblong,  shortly  3- 
toothed,  fruiting  pedicelliform.  Fruit'2  in.  long,  obovoid  ;  scales  rufous,  m  irgins  pale, 
licerate.  —  Descript.  chiefly  from  Grifiith;  of  the  fruit  from  Martins. — Beccari  regards 
the  Malacca  plant  as  a  var.  {horri'a)  with  glabrescent  sheaths,  seriate  spines,  and 
adult  leaflets  3-  or  sub  5-costate  and  scarcely  spiuulose. 

69.  C  griffanteus,  Becc.  mss. ;  very  robust,  leaves  large  flagelliferous, 
leaflets  many  equidistant  broadly  ensiform  acuminate  plicately  sub  5- 
costate,  costae  and  margins  unarmed,  petiole  long  and  rachis  armed  with 
short  spines,  sheath  very  stout  woody  smooth  densely  armed  with  very 
broad  basal  flat  long  scattered  or  subseriate  spines  and  short  scattered 
ones,  male  spadix  supradecom pound,  branches  close  together,  spathes 
tubular  shortly  spiny,  iruitiug  calyx  pedicelliform,  fruit  large  ellipsoid- 
ovoid,  acute. 


Calamus?^  olxtii.  palme/E,     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  461 

Perak  ;   Scortechini. 

Apparently  sciiudent,  lenf-slie.«ths  2-3  in.  diara.  Leaves  8-10  ft.  long;  petiole 
3  ft.. ;  leaflets  2  fc.  by  l|-2  in.  Fruit  above  an  incb  long,  suddenly  contracted 
into  a  conical  point ;  scales  shining,  straw-cold. — Very  near  C.  ornatus,  but  more 
robust,  and  more  densely  armed;  abundantly  distinct  in  the  non-flagelliferou3 
spadix,  longer  branches,  and  armed  secondary  spathes. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 
J.D.H. 

70.  C.  sciplonum,  Lour.  Fl.  CocJiinch.  i.  210;  leaves  not  flagelli- 
ferous,  leaflets  numerous  firm  equidistant  upper  gradually  smaller  elongate- 
lanceolate  or  subensiform  aculeolate  tips  brit<tly,  costse  5-7  naked  on  both 
surfaces  or  sparsely  acnleolate  beneath,  margins  nearly  smooth,  upper- 
most pair  connate  at  the  base,  rachis  and  petiole  armed  witli  very  stout 
conico-subulate  scattered  recurved  spines,  spadices  very  long  flagelliferous, 
lower  spathes  very  long  tubular  unarmed  or  their  keels  armed,  fruiting 
calyx  very  small  pedicelliform,  fruit  small  ovoid  or  globose  abruptly 
mammiUate  brown.  Lam.  Encyd.  vi.  304  {non  Illustr.  &  excl,  syn.) ;  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  342;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  206;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  342; 
v.  832 ;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  35  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  43 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  138.  C.  micranthus,  Blume  Biimph.  iii.  53 
{leaf  only),  t.  157  {excl.  spadix  &  anal.  fl.). — Ching,  Griff.  I.e.  c.c.  37  and 
46. 

Malacca,  Griffith.  Perak,  Scortechini  (501^) ;  at  Gunong-Malacca,  King's 
Collector  (7171) — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Stem  40-60  ft.,  sheath  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  4-5  ft. ;  flagellum  10-12  ft. ;  larger 
leaflets  18-20  i)y  l|-2  in.,  rather  coriaceous,  tips  not  produced  ;  rachis  as  thick  as  the 
little  finger,  smooth  except  from  the  scattered  spines,  obtusely  trigonous.  Male  spadix 
20  ft.;  fern,  about  10  ft.  long  ;  lower  spathe  compressed,  upper  cyliudric  ;  spathels  1  in., 
tubular,  truncate,  smooth,  unarmed,  or  with  a  few  conical  tubercles ;  branches  of 
fem.  spadix  long;  fjpikes  2-4  in.,  rather  distant,  spreading  and  recurved,  stout.; 
spatheilules  and  bracts  very  short  imbricate  ;  fem.  fl.  sessile.  Fruiting  calyx  small, 
broadly  urceolate,  base  truncate  intruded,  mouth  much  contracted,  lobes  very 
short;  petals  rather  longer,  broadly  ovate.  Fruit  (young)  -i  in.  long,  scales  brown 
shii  ing  tumid  hardy  channelled,  with  broad  pale  scarious  margins.  Seed  (young) 
sub-obovoid,  alveolate,  embryo  basilar. 

Group  XIII.     See  p.  438. 

71.  C.  conirostris,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaf  long-petioled  shortly  flagelli- 
ferous, leaflets  numerous  equidistant  narrowly  ensiform  tips  slender 
strongly  setulose,  costse  3  more  or  less  setulose  above  the  median  only 
beneath,  rachis  and  flagellum  armed  with  stout  recurved  3-5-fid 
claws,  petiole  very  stout,  margins  densely  armed  with  subsolitary  stout 
straight  erect  and  spreading  spines,  sheath  armed  with  very  long  and 
slender  spines,  spathes  copiously  armed  with  subseriate  straight  spines, 
fem.  spadix  very  stout,  spathels  densely  spinous,  spikes  very  short  and 
stout,  bracts  large  densely  imbricate  cupular,  fl.  large,  fruit  narrowly 
ovoid  narrowed  into  a  stout  beak  black. 

Perak  ;  at  Goping,  alt.  500-1000  ft..  King's  OoUector  (4593,  5808). 

Stem  15-20  ft.,  1-1^  in.  diam.  L-aves  6-8  ft.  glossy;  leaflets  10-18  ft.  ^y 
f-liu.;  upper  smaller,  membranous;  petiole  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger,  concave- 
convex,  back  sparsely  shortly  armed ;  upper  spines  of  sheath  4  in.  long,  acicular. 
Fruit  11  in.  long  by  f  in.  diam.,  very  smooth  ;  scales  flat,  brown-black,  quite  smooth 
and  polished,  closely  imbricating,  the  basal  concealed  part  yellow  ;  fruiting  calyx  j^  in. 
diam.,  cupular,  not  pedicelliform  ;  lobes  large  broad  appressed ;  petals  very  small. 
Seed  ovoid,  rough  ;   albumen  cancellate  throughout. 


462  cLxiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)       [^Dcemonorops. 

72.  C.  liobblanus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  equidistant  linea.r-lanceolate 
caudate-acaminate  membranous,  clothed  beneath  with  an  appressed  white 
substance  (as  if  coated  with  lime),  costaB  3  all  naked  or  with  a  very  few 
bristles  beneath,  spadix  slender  and  racbis  and  upper  spathes  aculeate,  male 
spikes  crowded  very  short  and  broad  with  densely  crowded  distichous  large 
flowers. 

Singapore,  Lobb,  O.  Panti  (210  Herb.  Calcutta). 

A  small  palm,  stem  18  in.,  6-8  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-6  fl. ;  leaflets  12-14  by 
1-1^  in.,  rachis  of  the  portion  seen  unarmed.  Spathes  (upper?)  with  a  short  keeled 
sheath  and  acuminate  limb,  armed  with  straight  slender  spines  ^-5  in.  long  on  the 
sides  and  keel  ;  branch  of  male  spadix  3  in.  long,  oblong;  spathellules  most  densely 
imbricate,  5  in.  diam.  Male  fl.  nearly  \  in.  ;  calyx  cupular,  with  broad  triangular 
lobes,  not  pedicelliform  ;  petals  twice  as  long,  the  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate. — I  have 
seen  only  the  branch  of  a  male  spadix  and  a  fragment  of  a  leaf  with  7  leaflets,  both 
from  G.  Panti.  J.D.R. 

DOTTBTFUL  SPECIES. 

C.  EXTENSUS,  'Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  777.     Probably  0.  palustris. 

C.  HUMiLis,  Roxh.  I.  c.  773,  is  possibly  51,  latifolius. 

C.  Mktzianus,  Schlecht.  in  Linncea,  xxvi.  727  from  Canara  (?=  C  rivalis,  Tbw.). 

C.  PENICILLATUS,  Soxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  781.  If  for  30-40  pair  of  segments  in 
Roxburgh's  description,  3-i  be  substituted,  this  might  apply  to  C.  javensis,  Bl. 

C.  POLYGAMUS,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  780  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  210 ;  Oriff.  in 
Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  48  j  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  58,  is  not  recogniable. 


24.  DHSmONOXlOPS,  Blume. 

Characters  of  Calamus,  but  outer  sheaths  or  spatbes  cymbiform,  decidu- 
ous, at  first  enclosing  the  inner ;  flowers  often  more  pedicellate. — Species 
about  80.     Distrib.  as  of  Calamus. 

Dcemonorops  differs  so  little  from  Calamus,  and  by  sectional  rather  than  generic 
characters  according  to  Griffith,  Kurz  and  others,  that  it  was  united  with  the  latter 
in  the  "  Genera  Plantarura."  As,  however,  Beccari,  the  latest  and  best  authority 
on  Indian  Palms,  keeps  them  apart,  and  as  the  elaboration  of  .the  species  no  less  than 
their  nomenclature  in  this  work  owes  so  much  to  him,  I  think  it  right  to  follow  his 
lead.  The  difficulty  of  separating  them  in  practice,  working  upon  herbarium  speci- 
mens, is  show  n  by  the  synonymy  of  various  species  of  both. 

Sect.  I.  CymbospathaB.  Spathes  cymbiform,  beaked,  two  outer 
completely  enveloping  the  inner.    Male  spadix  fusiform  before  flowering. 

*  Stem  scandent. 

1.  D.  Jenkinsianus,  Mart.  Hist  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  327 ;  leaflets  equi- 
distant linear  finely  acuminate,  costas  3  all  sparsely  setose  above  with  very 
long  bristles,  the  central  only  beneath,  margins  setulose,  petiole  rachis  and 
flagellum  with  many  marginal  and  dorsal  hooked  spines  or  3-5-fid  claws, 
sheath  armed  with  very  long  flat  deflexed  and  shorter  more  slender  spines, 
spadix  elongate  decompound,  outer  spathe  flattish  2-keeled  armed  with  flat 
spines  narrowed  into  a  long  spinescent  beak,  fruiting  calyx  nearly  flat,  fruit 
globose  apiculate.  Walp.  Ann.  Hi.  47b  ;  v.  827.  D.  nutantiflorus,  ilfar^. 
I.e.  326 ;  Walp.  LI.  c.c.  474,  827.     Calamus  Jenkinsianus,   Griff,  in   Calc. 


D(jemonoro])s.']     clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  463 

Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  81 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  89  {excl.  fruit.  &  1. 185  A.  f.  3  (=C. 
Fla^ellum),  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xi.  11.  C.  nntantiflorus. 
Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  79 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  88,  t.  208. 

The  SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Bengal  and  Chitta- 

GONG. 

Stem  very  stout,  with  the  sheaths  If  in.  diam.,  young  parts  grey-pubescent. 
Leaves  large  ;  leaflets  2  ft.  by  f-f  in. ;  petiole  5-6  in. ;  spines  of  rachis  many,  short, 
scattered ;  of  sheath  1-1^  in.  long.  Outer  spathe  1-2  ft.,  spines  ^— |  in. ;  inner  12— 
18  in.,  lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  quite  smooth.  Male  spadix  thyrsifonn,  dense- 
fld.  ;  calyx  oblong,  3-toothed,  and  petals  and  bracts  deeply  grooved.  Fern,  spadix  with 
spreading  branches,  fruiting  erect ;  calyx  cupular,  not  pedicelliform  ;  petals  twice  as 
long.  Fruit  f  in.  diam.,  pale  yellow  bi*own  ;  scales  deeply  channelled,  margins  narrowly 
scarious.  Seed  subglobose,  smooth ;  albumen  punctate,  or  the  surface  ruminate  by  Very 
slender  channels. 

2.  D.  IMCanii,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  very  many  and  narrow  naked  be- 
neath setulose  on  the  3  costae  above,  spadix  very  long  slender,  peduncle 
compressed  hardly  armed,  outer  spathe  very  long  gradually  narrowed  into 
a  long  pale  dorsally -keeled  beak,  spines  few  large  flat,  inner  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate, fruiting  spadix  erect  glabrous,  fruit  globose  sbortly  mammillate  scales 
pale  slightly  channelled  margins  pale,  tip  not  discoloured. 

Andaman  Islds.,  E.  H.  Man. 

Allied  to  C.  Jenkinsianus. — I  have  seen  no  specimen.  J.D.H. 

3.  D.  ILurzianus ;  stem  and  petioles  very  stout,  leaflets  very  many 
equidistant  elongate  ensiform  acuminate  margins  minutely  aculeolate, 
costse  3-5  naked  or  with  a  few  long  bristles  above,  rachis  semi-terete  very 
stout  flat  above  with  short  scattered  spines  on  the  margins,  outer  spathe 
with  seriate  spines  inner  linear,  fruiting  spadix  erect  branches  very  stout, 
fruiting  calyx  explanate,  fruit  globose  very  shortly  beaked  pale  yellowish. 
D.  grandis,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Sac.  Beng.  xliii.  ii.  208  {not  of  Mart.). 
Calamus  grandis,  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  623  {not  of  Griffith). 

South  Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. 

Stem  with  the  sheath  as  thick  as  the  arm.  Leaves  shortly  petioled  j  leaflets 
1-2  ft.  by  1-1:1  in.,  tips  ciliate  ;  rachis  enormously  stout,  1|  in.  diam.,  dorsally 
convex  and  unarmed,  ending  in  a  clawed  flagellum ;  petiole  armed  below  with  long 
flat  and  short  recurved  spines ;  sheath  with  whorled  spines.  Outer  spathe  cymbi- 
form,  scurfy,  inner  unarmed.  Fruity  in.  diam.,  pale  brownish  yellow,  scales  deeply 
channelled,  margins  brownish  with  a  very  narrow  scarious  edge  ;  fruiting  calyx  with  a 
very  short  base  and  broad  striate  lobes ;  petals  twice  as  long,  striate.  Seed  sub- 
compressed,  albumen  as  in  C  Jenkinsianus. — 1  have  seen  only  a  portion  of  a  leaf  with 
the  enormous  rachis  described  above,  imperfect  leaflets,  and  a  very  old  fem.  spadix 
with  fruit.  J.D.H. 

4  D.  g-randis,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  327,  t.  173 ;  leaves  and 
leaflets  as  in  D.  Kurzianus,  but  pale  and  subglaucous,  costae  beneath  naked 
or  sparsely  ciliate  as  are  the  margins,  spathe  as  in  D.  Kurzianus,  calyx 
subentire  villously  ciliate,  fruit  globose.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  88 ; 
Teysm.  8f  Binn.  Cat.  Hart.  Bogor.  74;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  476,  v.  827. 
Calamus  grandis,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  84 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind. 
91,  t.  210  A  (?B  et  C).,  t.  216,  f.  iii.  Miq.  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  28. 

Malacca,  Griffith.     Perak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  very  stout,  scandent,  sheaths  2  in.  diam.  Leaves  15—16  ft.  j  leaflets 
18-20  by  1^  in. ;  petiole  about  2  ft.  Lower  spathes  14-15  in.  long,  inner  in- 
cluded, unarmed,  rustily  scurfy.     Male  spadix  15-18  in.,  decompound,  spikes  about 


4G4  CLxiii.  PALMEiE.     (BeccaH  &  Hook,  f.)     \_Dcemonorops. 

^  in.,  flexuous.  Calyx  oblong-,  shortly  S-toothed.  Fern,  spadix  very  stout,  scurfy, 
branches  ascending;  spikes  short.  Flowers  shortly  pedicelled,  calyx  striate;  petals 
J  longer.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  larj^e  marble.  Seed  erect,  abounding  in  dragons' 
blood;  albumen  ruminate;  embryo  basilar.- — Descript.  chiefly  from  Griffith  I.e. 

5.  D.  hygrophilus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  in.  204,  t.  177,  f.  11  ; 
robust,  leaflets  very  many  and  narrow  equidistant  linear  tip  filiferons, 
margin  and  3  costae  above  bearing  long  bristles  and  a  few  on  the 
mid  costa  beneath,  sheath  armed  with  long  flat  spines,  outer  spathe 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  beak  as  long  as  the  body  dorsally  armed 
with  broad  flat  scattered  spines  and  a  few  longtr  ones.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  90 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  476,  v.  827.  Calamus  hygrophilus,  Griff.  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  96,  t.  213  0. 

Malacca,  Fernandez.     Perak,  Scorf echini. 

Stem  stout,  sheaths  1^  in.  diam.  Leaflets  12  by  ^  in. ;  petiole  forming  a  thick 
ring  around  the  sheath,  armed  with  scattered  spines  below  and  with  stout 
recurved  ones  above  and  on  the  rachis,  young  rusty  woolly.  Spadix  nearly  2  ft. 
Outer  spathe  2-keeled,  inner  unarmed. — Descript.  from  Griffith.  I  have  seen  no 
specimen.  J.D.H. 

6.  D.  ang-ustifolius^  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  329 ;  leaves  shortly 
petioled,  leaflets  very  many  narrow  and  close  set  equidistant  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate  tip  filiform,  costae  3  all  and  margins  setulose  or  with  the 
median  only  beneath,  bristles  very  long,  lachis  ^-terete  armed  with  straight 
and  recurved  trifid  claws,  petiole  with  small  scattered  flat  spines,  sheath 
armed  with  scattered  flat  spine?!,  outer  spathe  narrow  long-beaked  armed 
like  the  sheaths,  spadix  thyrsiform  scurfy.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  89 ; 
Walp.  Ann.  iii.  476,  v.  827.  Calamus  angustifolius.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  89 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  95,  t.  213  A,  B. 

Maxacca,  Qriffith. 

Scandent.  Leaves  5-5i  fc,  flagelliferous ;  leaflets  8-10  by  \-l  in. ;  petiole 
3-4  in.  Outer  spathe  about  14  in.  long,  the  beak  half  its  length,  flat;  2ud  spathe 
sparsely  spinous.  ilfaZe  s;)«di.r  with  a  slender  sparingly  armed  peduncle;  branches 
crowded,  erect;  spikes  1  in.,  flexuous,  8-10-fl(l.  ;.  flowers  small,  oblique;  calyx 
cylindiic-oblong,  teeth  small;  petals  thrice  as  long. — Descript.  from  Griffith,  who 
describes  it  as  in  all  respects  a  very  distinct  species,  but  I  do  not  see  how  he  dis- 
tinguishes it  by  his  description  from  D.  hygrophilus.  I  have  seen  leaves  only  of 
which  the  flat  spines  of  the  leaf  and  brown  scurfy  sheath  are  erect,  white,  and  closely 
appressed  ;  the  petiole  is  concave  above  at  the  base.  J.D.H. 

7.  D.  Jntermedius,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  377,  t.  176,  f.  viii. ; 
leaves  long-petioled,  leaflets  opposite  or  scattered  linear-lanceolate  acumi- 
nate, margins  and  3-5  costae  on  both  surfaces  more  or  less  setulose,  petiole 
armed  with  scattered  and  flattened  spines,  sheath  with  seriate  black  flat 
spines,  outer  spathe  ovoid  very  long  and  stoutly  beaked,  its  spines  long 
slender  deflexed,  beak  longer  than  the  body,  flowers  and  fruit  as  in  D. 
grandis,  but  scales  tipped  with  black.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  88  ;  Walp. 
Ann.  iii.  476,  v.  827.  (Jalamus  intermedins.  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  V.  86  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  93,  t.  211  A,  B. 

Malacca,  Fernandez.     Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector  (7135). 

Stem  15-20  ft.,  f  in.  diam.  Leaves  4-6  ft.  ;  leaflets  18-20  by  1-1^  in.,  mem- 
branous, dark  green,  median  costa  stout  lateral  very  slender  ;  rachis  ^-terete,  sparingly 
armed  ;  petiole  1  ft.  Outer  spadix  18  in.,  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body.  Spadix 
thyrsitorm.  JF'rwtV  f  in.  diam.,  suddenly  contracted  into  a  narrow  beak;  scalesyellow, 
obscurely  channelled;  fruiting  calyx  not  pedicelliform,  broadly  3-lobed  ;  petals  much 


Dcemonorops!]      clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  465 

longer,  linear.  Seed  globose,  ranriculate ;  albumen  foveolately  ruminate. — Griffith 
sa;ys  "  vvitli  difficulty  distinguishable  from  granxis,  and  chiefly  by  the  very  slender 
more  numerous  deflexed  spines  of  the  spathe." 

8.  I>.  Sepal^  Becc.  trvis. ;  leaflets  rather  numerous  equidistant  nar- 
rowly linear  finely  acuminate  setulose  on  the  3  costse  above  and  margins, 
rachis  armed  with  3-tid  claws,  petiole  dorsally  compressed  armed  with 
scattered  and  clustered  short  straight  flattened  spines,  sheaths  with  sub- 
seriate  flat  spines  their  mouth  with  long  spines,  outer  spathes  long-beaked 
dorsally  armed  with  flat  slender  and  shorter  clustered  spines,  fruiting 
spadix  nodding  or  pendulous,  fruit  obovoid. 

Perak,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (4133)  ;  on  Gunong  Tambang,  Scorte- 
chini  (433b). 

Stem  20-30  ft.,  ^-|  in.  diara.  Leaves  6-8  ft. ;  leaflets  8-12  by  |-f  in.  ;  spines 
of  sheath  f  in.  long,  mixed  at  the  juncture  with  the  petiole  witii  more  slender 
shorter  black  ones.  Fruit  f  in.  lonsf,  abruptly  beaked,  light  brown,  glossy  ;  scales 
deeply  channelled,  margins  brown ;  fruiting  calyx  pedicelliform,  lobes  broad  ;  petals 
twice  as  long. 

9.  D.  Pseudosepal^  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  not  numerous  very  long  and 
narrow  setiferous  on  the  3  costae  above  and  median  beneath,  petiole  with 
scattered  very  short  spines  except  at  the  base  where  longer  and  more 
slender,  sheath  with  very  long  elastic  flat  seriate  spines,  mouth  nearly 
naked,  fern,  spadix  short,  fruit  globose  with  a  short  broad  mucro. 

Perak  ;  alt.  300  ft..  King's  Collector  (7975) ;  Scortechini. 

Stem  10-15  ft.,  nearly  f  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-4  ft.  ;  leaflets  inequidistant,  dark 
green,  -f-f  in.  broad  ;  petiole  15-18  in.,  armed  on  the  back  and  margins.  Fruit 
f  in.  diam.,  pedicelled,  dirty  yellow;  scales  few,  channelled,  margins  narrowly 
scarious,  tips  discoloured ;  fruiting  calyx  not  pedicelliform. — Affinity  doubtful  from 
want  of  spathes. 

10.  D.  liewislanus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat  Palm.  327,  t,  175,  f.  iv. ;  leaflets 
equidistant  approximate  linear  bristle-pointed  costae  3  setulose  above 
nearly  naked  beneath,  margins  appressedly  setulose,  petiole  dorsally  armed 
with  hooked  spines  and  long  flat  straight  whorled  and  solitary  ones,  mar- 
gins with  shorter  conical  spines,  sheath  armed  with  solitary  or  seriate 
black  flat  spines,  outer  scathe  shortly  beaked  armed  with  weak  deflexed 
long  black  spines,  inner  with  2  rows  of  slender  spines,  spadix  as  in  D. 
iiitermedius,  but  branches  more  slender  and  less  s:curfy,  fruiting  spadix 
erect,  fruit  spherical.  Calamus  Lewi.sianus,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist  V.  87 ;  Falms  Brit  Ind.  94,  t.  212  A. 

Penang;  Lewis. 

S^e^n  scandent.with  the  sheaths  about  1  in.  diam.  Petiole  about  1  ft.,  base 
much  swollen  and  then  armed  with  scattered  short  deflexed  spines,  and  above  with 
spines  1^  in.  long  ;  leaflets  13-15  by  f-1  in.  Outer  spathe  3-9  in. ;  peduncle  armed 
with  flat  spines,  beak  one-third  the  length  of  the  body.  Male  and  fern,  spadix  as 
long  as  the  spathe  ;  flowers  scuify,  males  most  so.  Ma/e  calyx  obtusely  toothed, 
margins  bearded ;  fruiting  petals  twice  as  long.  Fruit  pale  yellowish;  scales  in  15 
rows,  blackish  towards  the  margin. — Descript.  chiefly  from  Martins  and  Giiffith. 

**  Stems  erect  or  suhscandetit,  upper  leaves  alone  withjtagella. 

11.  D.  monticolus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  328,  t.  175,  f.  v.  ; 
leaves  petioled,  leaflets  equidistant  alternate  linear-subulate  acuminate, 
costae  3  all  bristly  above  naked  beneath  except  the  median  at  the  apex, 

VOL.  VI.  H  h 


466  CLXiii.  PALMEiR.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  \_Dannonorops. 

margin  bristly,  racliis  unarmed,  petiole  armed  with  Btont  hooked  spines, 
sheaths  scurfy  armed  with  long  flat  black  deflexed  seriate  spines,  outer 
spathe  long-beaked  dorsally  armed  with  weak  long:  deflexed  flat  spines, 
spadix  unarmed  scurfy,  fruit  globose  cuspidate.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
90 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  4771,  v.  827,  Calamus  monticolus,  Grrif.  in  Gale.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  V.  90 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  97,  t.  214  A,  B,  0. 

Malay  Peninsttla  ;  on  Goonong  Miring,  a  spur  of  Mt.  Ophir,  alt.  1500-2000  ft., 
and  Penang  Hill,  halfway  up,  Griffith, 

Stem  about  8  ft.  Petiole  10  in.  ;  leaflets  10-11  by  \  in.  Outer  spathe  very 
open,  16-17  in.  long;  beak  9-10  in.,  flut,  sparino^ly  armed  except  towards  the  apex. 
Fruit  the  size  of  a  marble,  tawny;  scales  cliauneded  and  with  a  dark  brown  intro- 
marginal  line  ;  fruiting  calyx  pxplanate,  lobeS  broad  ;  petals  twice  as  lon^,  ovate. 
Seed  with  a  fleshy  covering, — Descript.  from  Griffith,  The  Penang  plant  has  much 
coarser  spines  on  the  spathe  and  the  fruit  is  more  narrowed  inr,o  a  beak;  Beccari 
doubts  its  being  conspecific  with  the  Malaccan.  I  have  seen  only  very  imperfect 
specimens. 

12,  D.  petiolaris,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  326 ;  slender,  scurfy, 
leaves  long-petioled,  leaflets  very  long  crowded  equidistant  very  narrowly 
linear  tips  spinulose,  costae  3  setulose  above  the  median  only  beneath,  mar- 
gins setulose,  petiole  armed  below  with  seriate  spines  above  with  dorsal 
hooked  spines,  sheaths  crinitely  clothed  with  long  close-set  ascending 
slender  seriate  spines,  outer  spathe  shortly  beaked  densely  armed  with 
long  slender  spines,  spadix  short  fusiform,  branches  tomentose,  male  calyx 
cylindric  3-toothed.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  87;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  475,  v. 
827.  Calamus  petiolaris.  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  93  ;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  101,  t,  216,  f.  vii. ;  ?  Miq.  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  28. 

Malacca,  Griffith. 

Stem  erect,  ieave*  4-5  ft,,  exclusive  of  the  5-7  ft,  petiole;  leaflets  15-17  by 
•5-f  in.  Spathe  4-5  in,,  narrowly  fusiform,  scurfy,  beak  i-i  the  length  of  the  body, 
or  longer.  Petals  narrowly  lanceolate. — Griffith  says  that  probably  two  species  are 
included  here,  differing  in  the  length  of  the  leaves  ;  one  with  an  unarmed  rachis  of 
the  leaves,  longer  more  tomentose  spadices  and  longer  spikes  and  a  cylindric  acutely 
shortly  toothed  calyx,  but  his  defiuition  of  the  two  is  not  very  clear. 

13,  D.  tabacinus,  Bece.  mss. ;  sheaths  rachis  and  petiole  of  leaf  and 
branches  of  spadix  brown-furfuraceous,  leaves  long-petioled,  leaflets  very 
many  equidistant  narrowly  linear  tips  spinulose,  costas  3  setulose  above 
and  on  the  median  beneath,  margins  setulose,  petiole  subcylindric  and 
sheath  armed  with  small  flat  pale  spines,  outer  spathe  narrowed  into  a 
beak  as  long  as  the  body  or  longer,  crinitely  clothed  with  long  straight 
slender  spines,  fruit  subglobose  pale,  beak  conical. 

Peeak  ;  King's  Collector  (2537). 

Stem  erect,  2-3  ft.  Leaflets  12-14  by  |-f  in.  Spathe  6  in.,  its  beak  3  in. 
Fruit  f  in,  diam.,  pale  straw-cold.,  suddenly  narrowed  at  both  ends;  scales  chan- 
nelled, tips  dark-cold.  ;  fruiting  calyx  subpedicelliform,  lobes  broad ;  petals  twice  as 
long, — Distinguished  from  D.  petiolaris  by  the^long  beak  of  the  spathe. 

14,  D.  calicarpus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  326,  t.  175,  f.  vi, ; 
leaflets  equidistant  very  many  linear  bristle-pointed,  3  costse  above  setu- 
lose median  or  all  beneath,  margins  setulose,  petiole  armed  with  long 
straight  and  short  hooked  spines,  sheaths  scurfy  armed  with  long  slender 
subseriate  flat  erect  spines,  outer  spathe  moderately  beaked,  crinite  all 
over  with  long  slender  pale  bristles,  2nd  and  3rd  bearded  chiefly  along 
the  middle,  male  spadix  much  branched,  margins  of    pedicels    bearded. 


Dcemonorops.']         clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  467 

spikes  scnrfy,  fruit  globose  tav^ny.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  87  ;  Walp.  Ann. 
iii.  475,  V.  827.  Calamus  calicarpus,  Grifj^.  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v. 
92 ;  Falms  Brit.  Ind.  99,  t.  215  A,  B,  C,  D,  t.  116,  f.  v.  vi. 

Malacca,  Griffith.     Perak,  ScortecMni. 

Stem  erect  or  subscandent,  with  the  sheaths  1  in,  diam.  Leaves  6-8  ft.,  upper 
small,  with  long  flagella  ;  leaflets  12-13  by  \-\  in.  ;  petiole  1  ft.,  base  not  gibbous 
or  puckered.  Outer  spathe  12-16  in.,  spines  and  hairs  1-1^  in.  long  ;  beak  2-3  in., 
naked  or  bristly  at  the  base  only.  Male  spadix  6-16  in.,  much  branched  ;  spikes 
flexuous,  scurfy ;  calyx  subcylindric,  3-toothed ;  petals  not  twice  as  long.  Fern, 
spadix  shorter,  4-8  in.,  less  but  more  stoutly  branched ;  calyx  ovoid,  teeth  bearded. 
JFruit  cuspidately  mammillate,  f  in.  diam.,  tawny,  scales  with  a  dark  marginal  band, 
deeply  channelled;  fruiting  calyx  explanate,  lobes  broad;  petals  rather  longer. 
Seed  globose ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate ;  embryo  basilar. — Descr.  chiefly  from 
Griffith.  Beccari  says  of  it,  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from  petiolaris  and  monti- 
colus  in  the  absence  of  complete  specimens  of  all. 

Sect.  IT.  Piptospathse.  Outer  spathe  not  completely  enclosing  the 
inner.     Spadix  diffusely  branched. 

*  Spathes  at  first  tubular,  then  open  ;  all  deciduous  or  the  outer  alone 
more  persistent,  armed  with  short  stout  spines.  Spadix  narrow  and 
elongate  before  flowering,  then  paniculate. 

t  Mouth  of  sheath  naked  or  armed  with  scattered  spines  pointing 
variously.     Fruit  resiniferous  except  D.  leptopus. 

15.  D>  micracanthus,  Becc.  mss.;  leaflets  alternate  or  distantly 
subopposite  linear-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  costae  3  minutely  setulose 
on  both  surfaces,  as  are  the  margins,  petiole  very  gibbous  and  transversely 
puckered  at  the  base  slender  2-edged  biconvex  armed  with  long  rather  dis- 
tant small  curved  prickles  on  the  back  and  here  and  there  on  the  sides  and 
on  the  rachis,  sheath  long  slender  glabrous  armed  with  very  short  de- 
ciduous prickles,  at  length  muriculate.  Calraus  micracanthus,  Qriff.  in 
Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  62  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  72 ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat. 
Palm,  iii  339 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  128 ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  489,  v.  831 
{micranthus). 

Malacca,  Griffith. 

The  only  specimen  seen  is  of  a  leaf  with  a  eylindric  pale  sheath  a  foot  long, 
covered  with  scattered  or  subseriate  minute  tubercles  ;  a  rather  slender  petiole,  6  in. 
long,  dilated  at  the  base  and  gibbous,  with  small  very  scattered  spines;  the  rachis 
more  flagelliferous,  very  slender  and  smooth ;  the  leaflets  8-10  by  i  in.,  with  very 
long  filiform  bristly  tips. 

16.  D.  proplnquus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  numerous  equidistant  linear- 
lanceolate,  costae  3  all  sparsely  setulose  above  the  median  alone  beneath, 
margins  setulose,  rachis  very  stout  with  large  flat  solitary  straight  spines, 
petiole  with  stout  dorsal  and  very  long  scattered  lateral  flat  spines  as  has 
the  sheath,  spathes  many  imbricating  almost  woody  with  obtuse  points 
and  recurved  margins  outer  armed  with  seriate  deflexed  spines,  spadix 
erect  fruiting  nodding,  fruit  globosely  ovoid  strongly  beaked  red  brown, 
scales  deeply  channelled.  Calamus  Draco,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat. 
Hist.  V.  65 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  75  {excl.  Syn.  Boxb.),  t.  201  A,  B  ;  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  175,  f.  10,  3-8. 

Penang,  Gh-iffith,  Lewes.     Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib,  Sumatra. 
Stem  stout,  erect,  at  length  scandent.      Leaflets  12-18   by    ^-|    in. ;    petiole 
i-terete,  1  in.  diam.     Fruit  f  in.  diam.,  exuding  dragon's-blood  copiously,  stoutly 

H  h  2 


468  CLXiii    PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Dcemonorops. 

pedicelled ;  scales  naturally  whitish  but  incrusted  with  red  gum.  Seeds  rarely  2, 
suboonical,  dorsally  alveolate  and  tubereled  with  a  deep  lateral  cleft.— The  Perak 
fruits  are  accompanied  by  ensiform  leaflets  2  ft.  long  by  2  in.  broad  with  aculeolate 
margins.  Beccari  doubts  their  belonging  to  the  same  species  as  the  fruits. — The 
seeds  of  Griffith's  plant  are  globose  and  smooth.     J.B.H.  ^ 

17.  O.  didymophylluB,  JBecc.  mss. ;  leaflets  in  distant  opposite  or 
alternate  pairs  broadly  ensiform  or  elliptic,  costae  and  margins  quite 
smooth,  fruit  as  in  D.  propinquus,  but  with  less  resin. 

Pebak,  Scortechini ;  alt.  2500-3000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (2593,  5704,  6313). 
JouoBB,  Kurz. — DiSTEiB.  Sumatra. 

/S^em  20-3  )  f t. ,  scandent.  Leaves  5-7  ft.;  leaflets  8-16  by  1-2^  in.,  acute, 
many-nerved,  quite  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  as  are  the  margins ;  petiole  2-3  ft., 
and  rachis  semiterete,  both  armed  with  scattered  small  short  stout  nearly  straight 
spines  and  tubercles ;  rachis  armed  with  distant  solitary  spines  and  3-fid  claws; 
sheaths  scurfy,  armed  with  very  broad  flat  spines,  mouth  oblique  naked.  Spathes 
coriaceous,  flat,  lower  6-10  in.,  transversely  armed  with  many  series  of  confluent 
short  irregular  spines  ;  upper  persistent,  smaller.  Spadix  erect ;  peduncle  armed 
with  strong  straight  flat  scattered  spines;  spikes  densely  fascicled,  slender,  erect, 
flexuous.  Fruit  f  in.  diam.,  cuspidate,  red  brown,  and  explanate  calyx  as  in  D. 
propinquus. 

18.  D«  leptopus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  206,  329 ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  leaflets  many  equidistant  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  caudate- 
acuminate,  costse  3  all  naked,  or  setulose  beneath  near  the  margins,  rachis 
very  stout  armed  with  short  stout  simple  and  2-3-fid  claws,  petiole  armed 
with  short  solitary  spines,  sheath  swollen  at  the  petiole  armed  with 
fascicled  or  seriate  flat  spines,  outer  spathe  with  revolute  margins 
towards  the  open  tip,  keels  2  armed  with  stout  spines,  fruit  ovoid  or 
ellipsoid.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  99  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  479,  v.  818.  Calamus 
leptopus,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  73  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.,  87, 
t.  205,  A,  B. 

Malacca,  Griffith.     Perak,  King's  Collector  (4774,  5919)  ;  Scortechini. 

Stem  acandent,  20-30  ft.,  sheaths  about  1  in.  diam.  Leaflets  15-16  by  f-1  in., 
tip  capillary  bristly,  rachis  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  subbiconvex;  petiole  about  2  ft., 
trigonous;  lower  spines  1  in.  and  upwards.  Spathes  coriaceous,  lower  8-10  in., 
lanceolate,  open,  tip  flat  broad  ;  upper  open  much  longer  than  their  inflorescences. 
Spadioe  3-4  ft.,  very  slender  ;  peduncle  stoutly  armed,  branches  erect,  unaruied 
spikes  1^-3  in.,  flexuous,  flowers  unilateral.  Calyx  rather  large,  teeth  acute,  corolla 
ventricose.  Fruit  f  in.  long,  pedicelled  by  the  calyx  and  spathellules,  cinnamon 
brown,  scales  deeply  channelled.  Seed  with  a  hard  resinous  coat,  chalaza  grooved  ; 
albumen  ruminate;  embryo  basal. — The  young  spadix  resembles  D.  propinquus,  the 
mature  is  more  like  D.  Hystrix. — Descript.  chiefly  from  Griffith. 

tt  Mouth  of  leaf -sheath  armed  with  long  fl,at  erect  spines ;  fruit  not  or 
sparing ly  resiniferous . 

19.  D.  Hystrix,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  205,  328,  t.  176,  f.  4, 
3-4- ;  leaflets  very  many  equidistant  narrow  setaceously  acuminate,  margins 
and  3  costas  setulose  on  both  surfaces,  rachis  clawed,  petiole  armed  with 
scattered  long  straight  and  short  spines,  sheath  swollen  armed  with  very 
long  (1  foot  long)  flat  erect  and  shorter  spines?,  lower  spathe  small  elliptic 
thickly  armed  upwards  with  strong  long  spines,  fruiting  spadix  with 
spreading  branches  and  spikes,  fruit  ellipsoid  long-pedicelled.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  91;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  477,  v.  828.  D.  hirsutus,  Blume  Rumph.  iii. 
21  iexcl.   descr.  fruit),  t.  135,  f.  A,  B,  C  (excl.  D,  E  oblongus) ;  Miq.  I.  c. 


Dcemonorojos.]         clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  469 

Swppl.  593.     Calamus  Hystrix,   Griff,  in   Cede.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  71 ; 
Falms  Brit.  Ind.  80,  t.  204,  A,  B,  C  ;  Miq.  Palm  Archip.  Ind.  28. 

Malacca,  Qriffith;  at  Ager  Punnus,  Maingay.  Perak,  Scortechini,  King's 
Collector  (951).— Distbib.  Java,  Sumatra. 

Ste7n  scaudent,  with  the  very  stout  sheaths  1;^  in.  diam.  Leaves7-10  ft. ;  rachis 
flagelliferous ;  leaflets  10-18  by  ^-|  in.,  tips  very  slender,  setulose  costsR  sometimes 
5;  petiole  1-2  ft.;  sheath  woody,  scurfy,  obliquely  crossed  with  half-whorls  of 
close  set  flat  spines,  of  which  the  lower  series  are  ^-^  in.  long  lanceolate  very 
thin  and  appressed  to  the  surface,  the  upper  or  oral  enormously  long,  strict. 
Lowest  spathe  4-5  in.,  almost  woody,  stoutly  ai*med,  not  beaked;  upper  narrower, 
.more  or  less  armed.  Spadix  2-3  ft.,  peduncle  rather  slender,  armed  ;  spikes  2-3  in., 
scurfy,  ascending,  flexuous  ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  calyx  cupular,  teeth  obtuse  villous- 
tipped;  corolla  twice  as  long,  ovoid.  Fruit  about  §  in.  long  by  |  in.  diam.,  pale 
brown,  not  shining,  shortly  mammillate;  scales  obtuse,  channelled,  margins  of  channels 
rather  elevated.  Seed  oblong,  pitted,  pits  resinous ;  albumen  deeply  ruminate ; 
embryo  basilar. — The  enormous  spines  of  the  leaf-sheaths  are  a  remarkable 
character. 

V&r. 'minor,  Becc.  mss. ;  stem  2-8  ft.,  with  the  sheaths  ^-f  in.  diam.,  leaves  1-4 
ft.,  leaflets  5-10  in.,  fruit  much  smaller.— Perak  300-1500  ft.,  King's  Collector 
(5097,  5142,  5486). 

20.  D.  ZiLunstleri,  Becc.  mss.i  leaflets  many  equidistant  linear 
setulose  on  the  3  costae  above  and  median  beneath,  margins  setulose, 
petiole  robust  scurfy  margins  armed  with  long  stout  spreading  spines, 
sheath  with  many  oblique  series  of  long  stout  flat  spines  alternating  with 
shorter  setiform  ones,  mouth  with  a  few  very  long  ones,  lower  spathe 
coriaceous  softly  scurfy  keel  spinous,  peduncle  of  spadix  long  slender 
armed  with  whorls  of  spines,  fruit  globose  top  conicdl  not  beaked. 

Perak;  Scortechini  (652),  King's  Collector  (10,204). 

Stem  erect,  2-3  ft.,  sheaths  3  in.  diam.  Leaflets  14-18  by  |-f  in.,  rachis  armed 
with  3-fid.  claws.  Peduncle  of  spadix  8-10  in.  Fruit  f  in.  diam.,  tawny,  top  suddenly 
contracted  into  a  low  cone ;  scales  few,  channelled,  broad,  margins  not  scarious  and 
hardly  discoloured ;  fruiting  calyx  small,  explanate.  Seed  subglobose. — I  have  seen 
only  a  portion  of  a  leaf  and  of  a  fruiting  spadix. 

21.  D.  vagrans,  Becc.  mss. 

Perak  ;  alt.  4000-5000  ft.,  King's  Collector  (4129). 

Stem  scandent,  sheaths  f  in.  diam.  Leaflets  14  by  f  in.,  very  narrow  straight 
and  finely  acuminate.  Fruit  as  in  Kuntsleri  but  smaller. — I  have  seen  only  a  portion 
of  a  leaf  and  fruit  without  calyx. 

**  Outer  spathes  at  first  tubular,  then  open,  all  deciduous  or  the  outer 
more  persistent,  hardly  spinous,  but  densely  clothed  with  rigid  needle-like 
spiculaB.  Sheath  of  leaf  with  a  spinulose  membranous  collar  or  ring. 
Spadix  elongate  before  flowering,  then  paniculate. 

22.  D.  Sabut,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  in  fascicles  of  9-10  in.,  the  lower 
part  of  the  rachis  and  4-6  on  the  upper  elongate  oblanceolate  suddenly 
narrowed  to  a  setulose  tip,  margins  and  3  costse  setulose  above  the  median 
alone  beneath,  petiole  very  stout  stoutly  armed  with  short  and  long  single 
and  compound  spines,  sheath  with  a  toothed  setulose  and  spinular  mouth. 

Perak,  Scortechini  (653^). 

Internodes  6-8  in.,  with  a  reversed  membranous  collar.  Flagellum  of  rachis 
Tery  short. — I  hare  seen  no  specimen.     J.D.U. 


470  cLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Dcemonorops. 

23.  D.  olig-ophyllus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  10-12  in  distant  fascicles 
elongate-oblanceolate  with  sebulose  tips,  costse  3  nearly  naked  on  both 
surfaces,  sheath  densely  filamentonsly  scurfy,  internodes  with  2-3  mem- 
branous strongly  nerved  collars  appressed  to  the  sheath  and  densely 
crinite,  petiole  biconvex  margins  obtuse  rather  closely  armed  with  claws. 

Peeak:,  Scortechini. 

Founded  on  two  flowerless  specimens,  neither  of  which  have  I  seen. — J.B.H. 

24.  D.  macrophyllus,  J5ecc. ;  leaflets  4  in  2  very  distant  pairs  oblong- 
lanceolate  20  by  4-5  in.  with  7-8  acute  naked  costae,  petiole  2  ft.  biconvex, 
armed  with  2-3-fid  spines,  sheaths  f-f  in.  diam.  with  3-4  membranous 
collars. 

Peeak  ;  Scortechini. 

Founded  on  a  single  flowerless  specimen,  which  I  have  not  seen. — J.D.H. 

25.  D.  verticillaris,  ilfaH.  Hist  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  329,  t.  175,  iii.  t. 

72,  f.  vi.,  vii. ;  leaflets  many  equidistant  ensiform  setaceously  acuminate, 
margins  and  costae  very  sparingly  setulose,  sheath  armed  with  whorls 
of  very  long  flat  weak  spines  alternating  with  whorls  of  confluent  black 
bristles,  lower  spathe  thinly  coriaceous  densely  crinite  with  series  of 
fascicled  black  bristles,  male  spadix  slender,  spikes  sub-erect  slender, 
flowers  minute  densely  crowded  in  two  collateral  series,  fruit  small  sessile 
globose.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  99  ;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  478  ;  v.  828.  Calamus 
verticillaris,  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  63 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  73,  t. 
200  A,B,  C,  D. 

Malacca,  Griffith.  Perak,  Scortechini ;  at  Larut  and  Goping,  King's  Collector 
(576,  6388). 

Stem  20-40  ft.  scandent,  sheaths  about  1|  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-15  ft, ;  leaflets 
10-18  by  f-1  in. ;  rachis  flagelliferous,  armed  dorsally  with  multifid  claws ;  petiole 
stout,  armed  below  with  half  whorls  of  pale  flat  weak  spines  1-5  in.  lon^,  and  short 
black  bristles ;  sheath  with  similar  long  flat  pale  erect  spreading  or  deflexed  spines, 
closely  alternating  with  comb-like  whorls  of  densely  compacted  black -tipped  bristles 
confluent  into  stifi"  laminae^  in.  deep.  Lovjer  spathe  2-3  ft.,  with  a  long  narrow 
point ;  bristles  ^-1  in.  long,  in  closely  packed  whorls,  black,  shining ;  upper  spathe 
quite  or  nearly  smooth.  Spadix  2  ft.  long,  scurfy,  decompound,  male  rather  con- 
tracted, fern,  with  spreading  branches,  peduncle  unarmed.  Male  spikes  f-1  in.; 
spathellule  cupular,  acute.  Flowers  distichous,  horizontal,  most  densely  packed  j 
calyx  cupular,  obscurely  toothed ;  petals  twice  as  long.  Fern,  spikes  3-4  in.  Fruit 
^  in.  diam.,  top  conical,  scales  whitish  faintly  channelled,  margins  brown.  Seed 
globose,  albumen  deeply  ruminate. 

***  Outer  spathe  acutely  2-keeled,  keel  alone  setose.  Leaf  sheaths 
armed  with  flat  spines  confluent  in  an  annular  spinulose  crest. 

26.  D.  greniculatus,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  329 ;  leaflets  scattered 
or  in  groups  of  3-7  elongate  ensiform  tips  filiform  very  long,  costae  3-5 
smooth  or  more  or  less  setulose,  margins  smooth,  petiole  stout  armed  to- 
wards the  base  with  simple  and  compound  very  long  white  flat  stiff  spines, 
mouth  of  sheath  with  a  few  similar  spines  and  a  brush  of  needle-like 
bristles  below  which  is  a  thick  ring  of  confluent  bristles,  outer  spathe 
lanceolate,  spadix  much  branched,  male  fl.  densely  crowded  in  collateral 
series,  fruit  subglobose  shortly  stoutly  beaked.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  93 ; 
Walp.  Ann.  iii.  478,  v.  828.  Calamus  geniculatus,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ. 
NaU  Hist.  v.  Q7 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  77,  t.  202,  A,  B  ;  Miq.  Palm.  Archip.  Ind. 
28. 


DcBmonorops.']         clxiii.  palmed.     (Beocari  &  Hook,  f.)  471 

Penang,  Lewes.  Peeak,  alt.  2-3500  ft.,  King's  Collector  (2931,  2735,  6306, 
7849).    Singapore,  Lohh. 

Stem  stout  20-25  ft ,  scandent ;  nodes  swollen.  Leaves  10-14  ft. ;  leaflets  16-20 
by  |-1  in.,  margins  quite  smooth,  long  tips  setose;  petiole  stout,  spines  on  lower 
portion  often  ternate  with  the  central  6-7  in.  long  and  slender  but  stiff.  Spathes 
all  deciduous,  upper  thinly  coriaceous,  unarmed.  Spadix  (geniculate,  Griff.)  3  ft.; 
peduncle  6-12  in.,  flattened,  with  marginal  spines,  not  2-edged  ;  spikes  J-f  in., 
spreading,  with  the  flowers  ^  in.  broad.  Male  flowers  most  densely  imbricate, 
horizontal  in  two  series,  ^  in.  long  and  narrow ;  spathellules  quite  entire ; 
calyx  shortly  cylindric,  striate  ;  corolla  terete,  four  times  as  long,  smooth,  not 
striate,  very  narrow.  Fruit  f  in.  long,  shortly  pedicelled ;  sometimes  almost 
ellipsoid,  piile  dull  yellowish  brown ;  scales  with  a  shallow  channel  and  brown 
margin. — There  may  be  more  than  one  species  included  here,  the  fruiting  spadices 
of  Nos.  576  and  7849  look  vei-y  different.  No.  576  from  Goping  Perak  has 
the  slender  fruiting  spadix,  with  distant  fruits,  as  in  Griffith's  figure.  No.  2735 
from  Perak  is  a  male  plant  and  has  the  mouth  of  the  sheath  with  needle-shaped  spines. 
No.  2931  from  Perak  has  the  very  long  spines  on  the  petiole.  No.  7819  from  Perak 
has  the  branches  of  the  fruiting  spadix  as  broad  as  long  with  very  short  stout 
internodes  and  stout  spikes  4-6  in.  long;  it  most  resembles  the  Penang  form. 

****  Outer  spathe  lanceolate,  slenderly  2-keeled,  wholly  deciduous  after 
flowering.  Leaf  sheaths  armed  with  isolated  or  confluent  spines,  not 
annular  crests.     Spadix  elongate. 

27.  D.  longripes.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  329,  t.  176,  f.  v.  2,  3, 
leaflets  equidistant  linear-lanceolate  or  ensiform  subulate-acuminate 
margins  and  tips  bristly  3  costce  setulose  above  or  on  both  surfaces,  petiole 
convex  below  and  armed  with  long  irregular  spines,  channelled  above,  with 
toothed  margins,  rachis  triangular  with  solitary  short  dorsal  teeth,  sheath 
armed  with  broad  stout  flat  solitary  or  seriate  spines  mixed  with  bristles, 
spathes  narrowly  lanceolate  long  acuminate  unarmed,  spadix  very  long 
long-peduncled,  spikes  flexuous,  fruit  ovoid-oblong  shortly  stipitate,  beak 
conical.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  93;  Walp.  Ann.  iii.  478,  v.  828.  D. 
strictus,  Blume  Bumpk.  iii.  19,  t.  163  A,  B  ;  Mart.  I.  c.  326.  Miq.  I.  c.  86 ; 
Suppl.  255 ;  in  Journ.  Bot.  Neerl.  i.  18 ;  Walp.  I.  c.  474,  827.  Calamus 
longipes,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  68 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  78,  t. 
203  A,  B  {excl.  syn.  Bumph.).     C.  strictus,  Miq.  Palm.  Arckip.  Ind.  28. 

Malacca,  Fernandez,  Maingay,  Bervey. — Disteib.  Sumatra,  Banca. 

Leaves  with  the  flagellum  about  12  ft.;  petiole  2  ft.,  young  floccosely  scurfy ; 
leaflets  12-14  by  1^  in.  Spathes  long  and  narrow,  thinly  coriaceous,  nearly  or 
quite  unarmed,  young  scurfy.  Male  spadix  nodding ;  peduncle  2  ft.,  2-edged, 
unarmed  or  with  a  few  marginal  spines;  branches  decompound;  spikes  ^-1  in.,  very 
slender  and  zig-zag,  spathellules  (or  bracts  ?)  very  minute.  Flowers  i  in.  long, 
erecto-patent ;  calyx  obtusely  toothed,  quite  glabrous,  striate ;  petals  hardly  twice  as 
long,  not  striate.  Fruiting  spadix  large,  very  broad,  much  branched ;  branches  not 
stout,  scurfy;  spikes  3-5  in.  Fruit  ^  in.  apart,  f  in.  long;  calyx  very 
shortly  pedicelled,  broadly  campanulate,  3-lobed  to  the  middle  lobes  appressed 
to  the  base  of  the  fruit;  scales  pale  yellow-brown,  shining,  concolorous,  faintly 
channelled,  Seeds  oblong;  albumen  strongly  ruminate;  embryo  basal. — Griffith 
describes  Calamus  longipes  as  having  equidistant  leaflets,  his  specimens  are  too 
imperfect  to  show  this  character.  In  Maingay's  specimen  they  are  inequidistant  as 
described  by  Blume  in  his  I),  strictus.  As  in  other  species  the  coataa  of  the  leaflets 
probably  vary  much  as  to  being  more  or  less  setulose  on  one  or  both  surfaces. 

IMPERFECTLY  KNOWN   SPECIES. 

Besides    enumerating    the   above  more   or  less   imperfectly   described    species, 


472  cLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook.,  f .)  [Dcemonorops. 

Beccari  has  indicated  the  existence  of  about  7  other  new  Malayan  Peninsula  ones, 
but  these  are  in  far  too  imperfect  a  condition  to  render  it  advisable  to  register  here 
the  names  he  has  given  them. 

25.  ZAI.ACCA,  Seinw. 

Steraless,  soboliferous,  armed  palms.  Leaves  pinnatisect,  not  flagelli- 
ferous;  leaflets  narrowly  linear-lanceolate.  Spadix  interfoliar,  penclnlous, 
flowering  branches  catkin-like.  SjOG.thes  persistent;  lower  sheathing,  in- 
complete; bracteoles  cupular,  2-celled ;  flowers  coriaceous,  densely  crowded, 
polygamous.  Male  fl.,  calyx  tubular,  3-fid. ;  corolla  tubular,  segments 
valvate ;  stamens  6,  anthers  short.  Fern.  fl.  larger  ;  perianth  accrescent ; 
calyx  tritid;  corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  valvate ;  staminodes  3  or  6  ;  ovary 
3-celled,  stigmas  3,  subulate ;  ovules  basilar.  Fruit  globose  or  obovoid, 
1-3- seeded,  clothed  with  reversed  or  spreading  scales.  Seeds  1-3,  erect, 
top  excavated,  testa  crnstaceous,  outer  coat  fleshy;  albumen  equable; 
embryo  subbasilar. — Species  9  or  10,  chiefly  Malayan. 

The  species  are  for  the  most  part  imperfectly  known.  The  Malayan  Z.  edulis, 
Reinw.,  not  hitherto  found  in  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  has  the  leaflets  white 
beneath. 

1.  Z.  secunda,  Grif.  in  Calc.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist  v.  12 ;  Falms  Brit. 
Ind.  14,  t.  177  ;  leaflets  straight  concolorous  acutely  3-costate  margins 
Betulose  above  the  middle,  costaa  spinulose  on  the  under  face,  male  spadix 
compact,  spikes  much  longer  than  their  spathes  peduncled,  fem.  spadix 
paniculately  branched,  spikes  tomentose,  fruit  clothed  with  spreading 
lanceolate  scales.  Becc.  Males,  iii.  673.  Calamus  collinus,  Griff.  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  t.  186  {leaf  only). 

Upper  Assam,  Mann;  in  the  Mishmi  Mts.,  Griffith. 

A  very  imperfectly  known  species,  of  which  Griffith  describes  only  the  male 
spike.  Mann's  specimen  consists  of  a  leaflet,  and  young  fruit ;  he  describes  the  leaf 
as  30  ft;  long  ;  the  leaflets  as  33  in.  long  by  nearly  3  broad,  coriaceous,  with  three 
stout  costse  acute  on  both  surfaces  and  spinulose  beneath. — Fruits  received  quite  re- 
cently at  Kew  from  Mr.  Mann  are  unfortunately  in  too  broken  a  condition  to 
determine  their  form  ;  they  appear  to  have  been  ovoid,  2  in.  ?  long,  ending  in  a 
stout  cone  as  in  Eugeissonia ;  the  pericarp  thin,  clothed  with  spreading  and  ascend- 
ing subulate-lanceolate  recurved  dark  brown  scales  ^  in.  long  and  under ;  there  is  no 
appearance  of  a  succulent  endocarp.  Seeds  (1-3  ?)  l-H  in-  long,  very  various  in 
shape,  from  subglobose  to  hemispheric  or  trigonous  with  a  convex  back,  and  very 
rounded  angles,  dark  brown,  not  polished,  with  a  deep  small  apical  hollow  leading  to 
the  canal  which  extends  more  than  half  way  into  the  dense  albumen  ;  embryo  above 
the  base  dorsal  or  sublateral,  indicated  externally  by  a  cii'cular  convexity  with 
depressed  margins  4  in.  diam.  or  less. 

2.  Z.  affinls,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  9  ;  Palms  Brit  Ind. 
12,  t.  176,  A,  B,  C  ;  leaflets  concolorous  strongly  falcate  costae  3  and 
margins  not  setulose,  male  spadix  elongate,  spikes  small  tomentose  shortly 
exserted  from  the  sides  of  their  long  spathes,  fem.  spadix  compact  with 
short  interrupted  spikes  much  shorter  than  their  spathes,  fruit  ovoid 
smooth.    Becc.  Males,  iii.  67. 

Malacca,  Griffith.  Perak,  at  Larut,  King's  Collector  (3448). — Disteib. 
Sumatra. 

Leaves  12-13  ft. ;  petiole  half  the  length,  slender,  armed  with  long  slender  spines, 
leaflets  fascicled,  18-20  by  2^  in. ;  costae  slender,  acute  beneath.  Male  spadix  about 
1^   ft. i    spathes  imbricate    lacerate.     Spikes   |-f   in.;    bracts   membranous,  2-fld.  ; 


Zalacca.l  clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  473 

bracteoles  peniciUate.  Fruit  2^  by  If  in.,  cuspidately  mammillate  ;  scales  closely 
imbricare,  chesnut  brown.     Seeds  1-3,  plano-convex. — Descr.  chiefly  from  Griffith. 

3.  S.  conferta,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  16 ;  Palms  Brit. 
Ind.  19,  t.  180,  A,  B,  C  ;  leailets  linear-ensiform  concolorous  straight  or 
slightly  falcate,  fern,  spadix  large  copiously  branched  from  the  base  very 
compact,  spikes  densely  crowded  much  longer  than  their  spathes,  fruit 
turbinate  not  spinous.  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Halm.  iii.  201,  t.  173,  174  ;  Becc. 
Males,  iii.  67. 

Malacca,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Stems  stout,  less  tufted  than  in  others,  forming  an  impenetrable  jungle.  Leaves 
18-20  ft.  ;  petiole  half  the  length  of  the  blade,  stout,  flattened  above  ;  spines  short, 
white,  fascicled  ;  leaflets  equidistant,  alternate,  2  ft.  by  2|  in.,  subulate-acuminate, 
tip  and  margins  setose,  costse  of  upper  leaflets  bristly  on  the  upper  surface.  Spadix 
8-12  in,,  crowded  with  cylindric  spikes  6  in.  long;  male  fl.  in  pairs;  bracteoles 
villous.  Fruit  crowded  in  a  formless  mass ;  scales  quite  smooth,  aspect  waxy  and 
shining,  margins  denticulate,  tawny  greenish  ;  mesocarp  white  spongy.  Seed  broadly 
turbinate.  — Distinguished  by  habit,  direction  of  the  leaflets  their  bristly  costSD  and 
slender  short  white  spines  and  crowded  thyrsiform  fruiting  spadixes. — Descr.  from 
Griffith. 

4.  Z.  Wallichiana,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  200,  325,  t.  118,  119, 
136  ;  leaflets  inequidistant  falcate  oblong-lanceolate  with  very  long  filiform 
setulose  tips,  costse  naked,  male  and  fern,  spadices  very  long  fastigiately 
branched,  spikes  very  distant  much  shorter  than  their  spathes,  fruit  obovoid 
shortly  imbricate,  scales  with  long  reflexed  points.  Kwz  in  Natuurk. 
Tijdshr.  Ned.  Ind.  xxvii.  (1864)  216 ;  For.  Fl.  li.  511 ;  Becc.  Males,  iii.  6Q. 
Z.edulis,  Wall.  Gat.  n.  bOOO  ;  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  U,t.  222-224!;  Z.BimpUi', 
Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  b;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  10,  t.  175. 
Blume  Bumphia,  ii.  159.  Z.  macrostachya.  Griff.  II.  cc.  13,  and  15,  t.  178 
A,  B,  C ;  Becc.  I.  c.  66. 

BuBMA,  Kurz.  Malacca;  at  Ching,  Griffith.  Penang  and  Singapoee. — 
Distrib.  Slam,  Banca. 

Stem  very  short  or  0.  leaves  15-20  ft. ;  leaflets  approximate  in  groups  of  2-4, 
and  alternate,  2-3  ft.  by  l|-2  in.,  spinulosely  ciliate  above  the  middle,  upper  con- 
fluent ;  petiole  8-10  ft.  and  rachis  copiously  armed  with  broken  spirals  of  strong 
subreflexed  spines.  Spadices  several  feet  long,  rachis  woolly.  Spikes  cylindric, 
villous,  1^-2  in.  long  ;  flowers  small,  rose-cold.  Spathes  variously  ruptured,  floral 
terminated  by  dense  tufts  of  rose-cold,  paleaceous  hairs.     Fruit  in  dense  heads, 

1  in.  long  or  more,  1-3-celled ;  scales  brown,  tips  terminating  in  a  reflexed  brittle 
bristle. — Descr.  from  Kurz  For.  Fl.  1.  c. — "  Spadices  dimorphic,  one  male  only, 
with  densely  tomentose  spikes ;  the  other  monoecious  very  dense-fld.  and  difficult  to 
make  out ;  each  bract  I  And  to  correspond  to  a  cluster  of  3  flowers,  a  female  between 

2  males  or  neuters,  and  with  two  densely  tomentose  bracteoles." — Beccari,  Griffith's 
Z.  macrostachya  referred  to  Wallichixna  by  Beccari  (mss.)  is  a  much  stouter  form, 
with  oblanceolate  leaflets  and  spikes  3  in.  long  and  nearly  1  in.  diam.  In  Griffith's 
figure  of  the  whole  plant  (Tab.  178  C)  the  leaves  have  not  the  long  tapering  filiform 
tips  of  Z.  Wallichiaria. 

5.  Z.  g-labrescens,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  14;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  17,  t.  179;  leaflets  close  set  slightly  falcate  concolorous,  tips 
subulate  filiferous,  male  spadix  much  branched,  spikes  much  longer  than 
their  spathes,  fern,  spadix  reduced  to  few  branches  each  bearing  a  very 
large  solitary  long  peduncled  nodding  glabrous  spike  clothed  with  broad 
glabrous  imbricating  bracts. 


474  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Zalaeca, 

Penang,  Lewes,  Wray  (2435). 

Leaves  12-15  ft.  ;  petiole  slender,  trigonous,  apparently  armed  with  a  simple  row 
of  spines  on  each  face  ;  leaflets  equidistant,  20-22  by  2|  in.,  margins  setose  towards 
the  tips.  Spadices  much  branched,  less  covered  than  usual  in  the  genus  by  the 
primary  spathes ;  branches  entirely  covered  by  loosely  sheathing  spathes ;  young 
spikes  slender,  looking  as  if  annulate  by  the  broad  shallow  bracts,  glabrous  exter- 
nally. Males  3-4  in.,  slender,  bracteoles  obsolete  or  nearly  so.  Fern.  fl.  large, 
oblique.  Ovary  strigose  with  erect  stout  hairs,  ovoid.  Fruit  (accompanying  Wray's 
specimen)  globose,  1  in.  diam.,  suddenly  contracted  into  a  columnar  beak  \  in.  long, 
clothed  (including  the  beak)  with  small  very  dark  brown  scales  in  vertical  series, 
each  with  a  short  recurved  setose  tip,  and  an  obtuse  keel  on  the  back.— "  Erroneously 
referred  to  Z.  edulis  in  Malesia  iii.  64." — O.B. 

6.  Z>  Beccarii,  HooJc.f.;  leaflets  strict  concolorous  elongate-en siform 
acuminate,  tips  shortly  filiform,  margins  spiniilosely  setose,  costa?  3  with 
few  scattered  long  bristles  beneath,  rachis  with  short  hooked  black  claws, 
fern,  spadix  very  long,  rachis  brown  woolly,  lower  spathes  very  long,  upper 
twice  as  long  as  the  large  stout  spikes,  fruit-scales  recurved  spinescent. 

Rangoon,  McLelland. 

Leaflets  apparently  equidistant,  18-24  by  1^  in.,  shining  on  both  surfaces,  mar- 
gins with  strong  straight  setse  almost  throughout  their  length,  mid-costa  stout, 
lateral  slender;  bristles  ^-^  in.  long,  black;  very  young  leaflets  pale  beneath  with 
very  long  slender  pale  bristles  on  the  costse.  Fern,  spadix  3  ft.  long  or  more ; 
lower  spathe  1  ft.  long ;  upper  4-6  in.  Spikes  2|  in.  long,  f  in.  diam. ;  bracts 
woolly ;  flowers  ^  in.  long  ;  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  broadly  ovate,  acute.  Fruit 
(much  broken)  apparently  small ;  scales  pale  chesnut,  with  broad  bases  and  paler 
recurved  spinous  tips. — Very  distinct  from  Z.  Wallichiana  in  the  long  strict  leaflets 
with  long  bristles,  short  tips,  and  margins  armed  throughout  their  length. 


26.  KORTKAX.SZA,  Blume. 

Scandent,  spinous  palms.  Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  more  or  less 
cuneate  or  trapezoid  and  erose  (except  K.  echinoTnetra) ;  rachis  flagellife- 
rous  ;  petiole  short,  sheath  often  produced  into  a  large  ligule  (ochrea). 
Spadix  axillary,  loosely  branched,  pendulous,  sheathed  with  tubular  per- 
sistent spathes ;  bracts  membranous  ;  bracteoles  reduced  to  hairs.  Flowers 
bisexual,  crowded  in  cylindric  catkin -like  spikes ;  sepals  orbicular  or 
oblong ;  petals  ovate  or  lanceolate,  valvate  ;  stamens  6  or  more,  filaments 
short,  anthers  linear ;  staminodes  6  or  more  ;  ovary  imperfectly  3-celled  ; 
ovules  basilar,  i^reei^  globose  or  ovoid,  1 -seeded;  pericarp  thin,  tessellate 
with  recurved  shining  scales.  8eed  erect,  top  hollowed,  chalaza  lateral ; 
albumen  ruminate;  embryo  ventral. — Species  about  20,  Indian  and 
Malayan. 

The  swollen  ochreae  of  the  first  section  form  nidi  for  ants.  The  species  are  very 
imperfectly  known. 

*  Ochrea  inflated. 

1.  IL.  echinometra^  Becc.  Males,  ii.  66,  t.  vii. ;  ochrea  narrow 
elliptic-lanceolate  armed  with  long  flattened  black  spines,  leaflets  very 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  mealy-white  beneath  more  or 
less  toothed  towards  the  tip. 

Pebak,  Scortechini  (n.  458^). — Distbib.  Borneo. 


KortTialsiaJ]  clxiii.  palme^e.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  475 

Steni  about  f  in.  diam.  Leaves  flagelliferous  ;  leaflets  opposite,  12-15  in.  long, 
6-8  broad,  acuminate,  green  and  shining  above,  3-4-uerved  ;  petiole  about  20  in. ; 
spines  short ;  rachis  with  stout  claws ;  sheath  armed  with  short  flattened  spines 
almost  enveloped  by  the  ochrea,  which  is  5-6  in.  long,  and  armed  with  scattered 
spines  2-3  in.  long. — Flower  and  fruit  unknown. 

2.  K*  scaphlg'era,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  211 ;  oclirea  cymbi- 
form  lanceolate  armed  with  short  conical  spines,  leaflets  rhomboid- obovate 
or  -cuneate  acuminate  erosely  lobulate  above  the  middle.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii,  750  ;  Falm.  Archip.'lnd.  26  ;  Becc.  Males.  67,  t.  5.  K.  Lobbiana, 
JS.  Wendl.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xvii.  174 ;  Miq.  II.  cc.  K.  rostrata,  Blume,  Bumjph. 
ii.  168.  ?  Calamosagus  scaphiorera.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  30,  t.  184  A  ;  Kurz 
For.  Fl.  ii.  613.     G.  wallichicBfolius,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  lo.  211. 

Malacca,  Griffith.  Peeak,  King's  Collector  (6833,  8144).  —  Disteib. 
Sumatra. 

Stem  slender,  i-i  in.  diam.  Leaves  2^  ft. ;  leaflets  distant,  sessile,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  sheath  armed  with  a  few  scattered  conical  prickles  and  generally  split 
along  the  back  into  a  fibrous  network ;  ochrea  forming  the  upper  |,  boat-shaped, 
closely  half  embracing  the  next  sheath  j  petiole  roundish,  back  armed  with  claws. — 
Descr.  from  Griffith. 

3.  BL.  Scortechinii,  Becc.  mss. ;  ochrea  elongate  armed  with  short 
scattered  spines,  leaflets  linear  or  cuneately  oblanceolate  8-10  times  longer 
than  broad. 

Peeak,  Scortechini. 

Leaflets  14-16  by  1^-2  in.,  alternate  and  subopposite,  equidistant,  oblanceolate, 
white  beneath,  5-7-nerved,  acutely  toothed ;  sheath  and  ochrea  (6-8  in.  long)  armed. 
— Distinguished  from  Z.  scapTiigera  by  the  much  longer  ochrea,  and  more  numerous 
narrower  leaflets. 

4.  K.  wallichlsBfolia,  H.  Wendl.  in  Kerchof  Palm.  248;  leaflets 
many  broadly  cuneately  obovate  obtusely  erosely  toothed  as  long  or  twice 
as  long  as  broad.  Becc.  Males,  ii.  75.  Calamosagus  wallichiasfolius. 
Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  24;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  t.  184.  0. 
harinasfolius.  Griff.  I.  c.  in  text  p.  29. 

Malacca  (from  the  interior),  Griffith. 

A  very  little-known  plant.  Griffith  describes  the  leaves  as  resembling  those  of 
Z.  laciniosa,  but  with  less  deep  more  obtuse  incisions ;  the  spadix  as  covered  with 
long  smooth  spathes  with  lacerate  mouths ;  spikes  (immature)  a  span  long  by  ^  in. 
diam. ;  lateral  pedicels  plano-convex,  bearing  a  long  spathe  about  the  middle,  which 
reaches  the  base  of  the  spike  j  bracteae  broad,  longer  than  the  dense  wool. 

**  Ochrea  not  inflated. 

5.  XL.  laciniosa,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat  Palm.  iii.  212;  leaflets  rhomboid 
ovate  or  trapezoid  about  as  long  as  broad  acutely  erosely  toothed,  ochrea 
dilacerate  sparingly  armed,  spikes  tomentose.  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
xUii.  pi.  ii.  (1874)  207 ;  Becc.  Males,  ii.  74  (excl.  pi.  Salangore).  K.  scaphi- 
gera,  Kurz  I.  c.  206  {excl.  all  syns.)  t.  20,  21 ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  513  {not  of  Mart.). 
K.  andamanensis,  Becc.  Males,  ii.  76.  Calamosagus  laciniosus,  Griff,  in 
Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  23,  t.  1  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  27,  t.  183. 

BuEMA,  the  Andaman  and  Nicobae  Islds. 

Stem  slender,  ^  in.  diam.  Leaves  2-4  ft. ;  leaflets  sub  approximate,  4-7  in.  long, 
terminal  broadest,  fugaciously  white   tomentose  beneath  j    petiole   1^-2  ft.,    with 


476  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)         \KorthaUia, 

straight  spines;  rachis  and  flagellum  with  reversed  cLiws.  Spikes  3-4  in.,  tawny- 
tomentose,  very  compact ;  bracts  smooth,  a  little  longer  than  the  villous  bracteoles. 
Fruit  i  in.  long,  obovoid,  mucronate  ;  scales  with  a  broadly  lacerate  pale  brown 
membranous  border. — Descr.  from  Kurz  (of  his  scaphigera)  in  For.  Fl.  I.  c.  referred 
here  by  Beccari. 

6.  IL^  ferox,  Becc.  Males,  ii.  73  ;  leaflets  shortly  petiolulate  trapezoid 
about  as  long  as  broad  pale  beneath  obtusely  erosely  toothed,  sheath  and 
ochrea  thickly  armed  especially  on  the  petiolar  side  with  short  spines, 
above  fibrous-reticulate  glabrous  or  finely  scurfy. 

Var.  malayana,  Becc.  mss. ;  spines  of  the  sheath  and  ochrea  shorter,  and  covering 
the  ventral  face  of  the  latter. 

Var.  malayana,  Peeak,  at  Larut  (Hort.  Culc.  6563)  ;  at  Gunong  Tjick,  Sept., 
1844,  Scortechini. 

I  have  seen  no  specimen.     The  type  is  Bornean. 

7.  K..  polystachya,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  210,  t.  172,  f.  1 ; 

leaflets  cnneiform  or  obliquely  trapezoid  glaucous  beneath  obtusely 
toothed,  sheath  and  ochrea  unarmed,  spikes  long  slender  flexuons.  Miq. 
Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  77  ;  Becc.  Males,  ii.  74.  Calamosagus  polystachyus. 
Griff,  ex  Mart.  I.  c.  211.  C.  ochriger,  Qriff.  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  p.  x.  t.  216, 
f.  1. 

Malacca.,  Griffith. 

Stem  very  slender,  about  ^  in.  diam.,  including  the  sheaths.*'"  Leaves  about  2  ft., 
including  the  flagellum,  subsessile  ;  leaflets  10-12,  irregularly  alternate,  ferruginously 
woolly,  shortly  petiolulate,  6  by  3  in. ;  rachis  and  flagellum  arn,ed  with  claws,  young 
rusty-pubescent ;  ochrea  short,  truncate.  Spadices  from  the  terminal  axils,  together 
forming  a  panicle  3-3^  ft.  long,  clothed  with  long  closely  appressed  spathes  ;  branches 
a  span  to  a  foot  long.  Spikes  5-7  in,  ;  peduncle  with  a  tertiary  spathe  ;  lower 
bracts  empty  ;  upper  broad,  1-fld.,  and  filled  with  stout  wool. — Descr.  from  GriflSih's 
C.  ochriger.  Beccari  thinks  that  Kurz  is  mistaken  in  uniting  this  with  K.  rigida, 
Blume. 

8.  XL.  tenuissima,  Becc.  Ma^es.  ii.  27b;  very  slender,  leaflets  3-6 
obovate  or  oblanceolate  acuminate  subacutely  toothed  pale  beneath,  sheath 
sparingly  armed,  ochrea  unarmed,  spikes  few,  spathes  tubular  inflated 
dilated  above. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  at  Larut,  King^s  Collector  (4057). 

Leaves  with  a  very  slender  petiole  ;  leaflets  1-4  in.  long  by  1-1^  broad;  petiole 
very  short,  base  callous  swollen.  Spikes  apparently  glabrous  from  the  bracts 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

9.  X.>  flagrellaris,  Miq.  in  Journ.  Bot.  Neerl.  15;  FL  Ind.  Bat. 
Suppl.  255,  691 ;  leaflets  numerous  narrow  elongate-cuneate  rusty  pubes- 
cent beneath  acutely  erosely  toothed,  sheath  armed  dorsally  unarmed  on 
the  petiolar  side,  ochrea  armed  only  ventrally,  spikes  tomentose.  K. 
angustifolia,  Miq.  Palm.  Archip.  Ind.  15,  26  (excl.  sp.  from  Borneo  and 
var.  j8)  (not  of  Blume). 

Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  Scortechini;  at  Assam  Kumbung,  Wray 
(n.  3127). 

Resembles  in  the  form  of  its  leaflets  and  their  colouring  beneath  Z.  ruhiginosa, 
which  has  longer  straighter  less  cuneate  leaflets  with  short  not  subulate  teeth. 


Ceratolobus.]     clxiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  477 

27.   CERATOZiOBUS,  Blume. 

Palms  with  the  habit  and  foliage  of  Korthalsia,  but  with  flagelliferous 
leaves.  ^§/9ac?'a;  very  slender,  loosely  panicled;  branches  filiform  ;  peduncle 
very  long,  pendulous,  prickly,  usually  adnate  to  the  sheath  of  the  leaf 
opposite  ;  spathe  small,  solitary,  membranous,  narrow,  flattened,  beaked, 
at  length  split  down  the  ventral  face  ;  flowers  polygamous,  in  pairs,  the 
upper  ebracteate,  the  lower  bracteate  and  bracteolate.  Male  ji.  Calyx 
small,  3-fid ;  lobes  triangular,  valvate  ;  stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the 
petals,  anthers  linear ;  pistillode  minute.  Fern.  jl.  Calyx  of  the  male; 
corolla  3-fid,  valvate ;  ovary,  ovoid ;  ovules  3,  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  small, 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  pericarp  as  in  Korthalsia.  Seed  globose,  erect ;  testa 
fleshy  ;  albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  basilar. — Species  Malayan. 

1.  C.  ISBvigratus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  in  inequidistant  groups  of  2-3 
pairs  narrowly  linear-  or  ob- lanceolate  acuminate  suddenly  contracted  into 
a  long  straight  point  naked  on  both  surfaces  and  margins,  spadix  shortly 
peduncled,  fruit  spherical  broadly  beaked.  Calamus  laevigatas,  Mart.  Hist. 
Nat.  Falm.  iii.  339  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  129.  Calami  sp.  Griff,  in  Gale. 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  72,  &  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  72  {last  5  lines). 

Peeak,  King's  Collector  (575,  971,  5916)  ;  on  Waterfall  hill,  Wray  (2919). 

Stem  15-20  ft.,  about  i  in.  diam.  Leaves  18-30  ft.  ;  leaflets  concolorous,  dark 
green,  5-9  by  \-^  in.,  thin  ;  rachis  slender,  sparsely  armed  with  solitary  recurved 
spines  ;  petiole  very  short,  base  tumid ;  sheath  strongly  ribbed,  araied  with  scattered 
simple  flattened  spines.  Spadix  4-8  in.,  very  shortly  peduncled,  erect,  narrow  ; 
branches  slender,  sparsely  pubescent.  Spathe  6-10  in.,  linear-laueeolate,  coriaceous, 
smooth.  Male  fl.  sessile,  subglobose,  -^^  in.  diam.  ;  calyx  cupular,  3-lobed  and  broad 
petals  and  bracteoles  deeply  grooved.  Fruit  brown,  sabglobose  or  ovoid,  narrowed 
to  a  broad  conical  beak;  scales  obscurely  channelled..  Seed  obtusely  tubercled. 
Fruiting  calyx  as  in  the  male,  but  petals  much  narrower  and  longer. 

Var.  angustifolia,  Becc.  mss. ;  more  slender,  leaflets  narrower  gradually  produced 
into  a  slender  point,  median  costa  setulose,  spathe  4  in,  long,  much  thinner  and  spadix 
much  smaller,  probably  a  diflerent  species,     Perak;  King's  Collector  (1879). 

2,  C.  XLingrianuB,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaflets  few  large  cuneately  rhomboid 
or  trapezoid,  lobed  and  toothed  in  the  upper  half  deeply  plicate  pale  be- 
neath, spadix  sessile,  fruit  spherical  shortly  broadly  beaked. 

Peeak,  Hullett  (Herb.  Calc.  2547,  2856,  5589) ;  Wray  (2869), 
Stem  20-25  ft.,  about  1^  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-4  ft. ;  leaflets  6-9  by  3-4  in., 
lower  half  trianf^ular-cuneate  ;  rachis  stout  urmed  with  short  solitary  and  2-5-fid. 
claws  ;  petiole  6-8  in.,  more  or  less  muricate  and  armed  with  scattered  short  simple 
and  compound  spines;  sheath  transversely  muricately  ridged,  unarmed,  young 
white  furfuraceous,  Spadix  8-10  in.,  erect,  narrow  ;  brandies  short,  glabrous. 
Spathe  8-12  in.,  elongate-oblong,  flat,  thinly  coriaceous,  quite  smooth.  Male  fl. 
sessile,  about  -^^  in,  long,  narrowly  oblong  ;  calyx  minute,  cupular  ;  petals  narrow 
thricfe  as  long,  both  deeply  grooved.  Fruit  |-f  in,  diam.,  brown,  scales  hardly 
channelled.     Seed  nearly  smooth.     Fruiting  calyx  minute ;  petals  broadly  ovate. 


28.  PXiSCTOCOMZA,  Mart. 

Scandent  monocarpic  spinous  palms,  stem  very  long.  Leaves  flagelli- 
ferous ;  leaflets  linear  lanceolate.  Spadix  simply  branched ;  branches 
very  long,  pendulous,  clothed  with  closely  imbricating  distichous  inflated 
coriaceous  persistent  spathels  which  conceal  the  spicate  dioecious  flowers. 


478  CLXiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)        [Fledocomia. 

Spikelets  short,  male  many-fld.,  fem.  shorter  few-fld. ;  bracts  and  bracteoles 
subulate..  Male  fl.  Calyx  cupular,  3-toothed  ;  petals  lanceolate,  valvate  ; 
stamens  6-12,  filaments  cuneate  below,  anthers  linear.  Fem.  fl.  larger, 
perianth  accrescent;  corolla  3-tid,  lobes  valvate;  staminodes  6.  Ovary 
3-celled  ;  ovules  basilar.  Fruit  globose,  1-  rarely  3-seeded,  beaked ;  pericarp 
thin,  tessellated  with  reflexed  shining  scales.  Seed  erect ;  albumen  eqiiable, 
embryo  basilar. — Species  6  or  7,  Himalayan  and  Malayan. 

1.  P.  khasyana,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.Sist.Y.  106;  Palrns  Brit. 
Ind.  106.  t.  218  ;  leaflets  strongly  3-costate  finely  furfuraceous  bened,th  tip 
not  filiferous,  rachis  of  spadix  glabrate,  of  spikelets  white-tomentose, 
spathels  rusty-puberulous,  male  petals  5  in.  long  elongate-lanceolate, 
fruit-scales  ciliate  and  with  deciduous  recurved  fimbriate  tips.  Mart. 
Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  199.  P.  assamica,  Sook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1505  {excl. 
syn.). 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4^5000  ft.,  QriffitTi,  &c. 

Stem  60-80  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  arm.  Leaves  30  ffc.  including  the  flagellum; 
leaflets  8-16  by  2-3  in.,  broadly  lanceolate;  rachis  armed  beneath  with  very  short 
digitate  spines.  Male  spadix  branched  from  the  base  ;  branches  3  ft.  long  by  2  ft. 
across  the  spathels,  which  are  1^  in.  long,  oblong,  white  with  broad  green  acute  or 
acuminate  tips  and  a  broad  brown  interposed  band.  Spikelets  1  in.,  many-fld. 
Stamens  8-12.     Fruit  1-1^  in.  diam.,  globose,  abrubtly  beaked. 

2.  P.  himalayana?  Griff,  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  100;  Palms 
Brit.  Ind.  108,  t.  218 ;  leaflets  concolorous  tips  filiform,  spadix  and 
spikelets  scurfily  tomentose,  male  petals  i  in,  fruit- scales  fimbriate  tips 
appressed.  Mart.  Sist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  129  ;  T.  Anders,  in  Journ.  Linn, 
^oc.  xi.  12.     P.  montana,  Serb.  Ind.  Or.  Sook.f.  &  Thorns. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  4-7000  ft. 

Stem  1  in,  diam.  Leaves  6-8  ft.  including  the  flagellum ;  leaflets  12-16  by 
1-1^  in.,  with  5  slender  costae,  margins  aculeolate,  rachis  scurfy  and  flagellum  armed 
with  recurved  claws;  petiole  unarmed  or  margins  spiny;  sheath  tubular,  scurfy, 
spines  whorled.  Spathes  conduplicate,  scurfy.  Spadices  erect ;  branches  2-3  ft., 
drooping ;  spathels  1-2  in.,  rhomboid,  acute  ;  spikelets  3-7-fld.  Calyx  (male  and 
fem.)  cupular,  3-toothed,  petals  ovate-lanceolate.  Fruit  ^  in.  diam.,  depressed- 
globose  ;  scales  very  small. 

3.  P.  G-riffithii,  Becc.  mss. ;  very  stout,  leaflets  glaucous  beneath, 
spathels  glabrous  or  scurfy  towards  the  tips,  male  spikelets  sparsely  scurfy 
sessile,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  scales  of  fruit  fimbriate  and  toothed.  P.  elon- 
gata,  Griff,  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  96;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  104, 
t.  217  A,  B,  0  {not  ofBlume). 

Malacca,  Griffith. 

A  gigantic  species.  Stem  as  thick  as  a  man's  leg.  Leaves  with  the  flagellum 
about  20  ft. ;  leaflets  distant,  2-3  ft.  by  2-3  in.,  decurved  ;  rachis  and  flagellum 
armed  as  in  other  species.  Spadix  very  large,  branches  many,  2  -3  ft.  Spathels 
If  in.  broad.  Fruits  3-5  in  each  spathel,  "  size  of  a  carbine  bullet," -in  diam. — 
Allied  to  P.  elongata,  diflering  in  the  more  numerous  flowers  of  the  fem.  spikelet, 
and  by  the  much  smaller  fruit,  the  scales  of  which  are  not  striated. — I  have  seen  no 
specimen.     J.D.H. 

4.  P.  luacrostachya,-  Kurz  in  Journ.  Beng.  As.  Soc.  xliii.  pt.  ii. 
207,  t.  16,  17  ;  For.  Fl.  ii.  514 ;  leaflets  white  beneath,  rachis  of  spadix 
scurfy,  spathels  acute  glabrous,  male  spikelets  scurfy,  flowers  shortly 
pedicelled,  margins  of  calyx-teeth  densely  tomentose. 

Tenasserim  j  on  the  Bithoko  hills,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Kurz,  Brandts. 


Pledocomia.']  clxiii.  palmej!.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  479 

A  lofty  climber.  Leaflets  approaching  in  pairs,  12-18  in.  lonp,  linear-lanoeolate, 
finely  acuminate ;  petiole  and  racbis  spinous,  spines  straight.  Branches  of  spadix 
4-5  ft.;  spathels  1^-2  in.  long,  blackish  towards  the  upper  border.  JF'rui^ unknown. 
— I  have  seen  no  specimen.     J.D.S. 

5.  P.  assaxnica.  Griff-  in  Gale.  Journ.  Nat.  Sist.  v.  97  ;  Palms  Brit. 
IndM07,  t.  218  a. a. ;  leaflets  white  and  finely  furfuraceoua  beneath,  tip  not 
thread  like,  costas  slender,  branches  of  fruiting  spadix  very  stout  scurfy, 
spathelfi  2^  in.  long,  sepals  broadly  ovate  ^  in.  long,  petals  lanceolate  i  in. 
long^-lrtiit  villous  from  the  deeply  ciliate  split  recurved  points  of  the  scales. 
Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  199,  t.  176,  f.  11. 

Assam  ;  Bort.  Bot.  Calc. 

Leaves  vary  l^rgQ ;  leaflets  18-24  by  2-2|  in.,  lateral  costse  marginal;  petiole 
1|  in.  broad,  with  short  stout  marginal  spines  and  short  seriate  scattered  clusters  of 
more  slender  dorsal  ones.  Branches  of  fruiting  spadix  4-5  ft.  long  by  4-5  in.  across  the 
large  subacute  neaily  glabrous  spathels  ;  racbis  rusty  tomentose.  Spikelets  8-10  fld. 
Male  calyx  cupular,  3-toothed  ;  petals  lanceolate,  ^-|  in.  long.  Fruiting  sepals 
broadly  ovate,  ^  in.  long  ;  petals  lanceolate,  ^  in.  Fruit  1  in.  diam.,  bright  rusty  red. 
— A  mutilated  spadix-branch  of  this  or  a  nearly  allied  species,  sent  by  the  late  Major 
Hannay  from  Debraghur  to  the  Calcutta  Gardens,  has  narrower  spathels,  brown 
mealy  externally,  ovate-lanceolate  fern,  sepals  ^  in.  long  and  petals  narrowly  lanceo- 
late f  in.  long ;  the  very  young  fruit  is  clothed  with  recurved  lacerate  scales. 

6.  P.  elongrata.  Mart,  in  Poem.  ^  Sch.  Syst.  vii.  1333 ;  Hist  Nat. 
Palm.  199,  t.  114  and  116,  f.  1 ;  leaflets  sparsely  white  furfuraceous  beneath 
tip  not  tiliferous,  costae  3  very  slender,  branches  of  spadix  very  long, 
spathels  1^  in .  sub-3-lobed  acute  glabrous,  flowers  very  small,  calyx  of 
male  rrdmite  3-toothed,  petals  i  in.  obliquely  oblong-ovate  acute,  calyx  of 
fem.  larger  urceolate  3-toothed,  petals  small  linear-lanceolate,  fruit  1  in. 
diam.,  densely  villous  from  the  long  lacerate  spreading  tips  of  the  scales. 
Kunth  Enwm.  iii.  202  ;  Blume,  Rumphia,  iii.  68, 1. 158  and  lc3  A.  Calamus 
maximus,  Eeinw.  ex  Blume  Cat.  Hort.  Bogor.  59. 

Penang,  JacJc,  Wallich ;  alt.  2500  ft.,  Curtis. — Disteib.  Sumatra,  Java. 

Le^-ye^  very  large  ;  petiole  stout ;  leaflets  1-1^  ft.  by  2  in.  broad,  rather  mem- 
branous, lateral  costae  marginal.  Branches  of  spadix  3-4  ft.,  2-3^n.  across  the 
spreading  spathels,  which  have  acutely  angled  sides. 


29.  PZiECTOCOBIZOPSZS,  Becc.  mss. 

Characters  of  Pledocomia,  but  upper  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  with 
long  flagella  and  no  leaflets,  spathels  small,  infundibular,  and  fruit  clothed 
with  very  minute  almost  microscopic  scales,  arranged  in  vertical  series. 
Seed  globose,  smooth  ;  albumen  equable ;  embryo  basilar. — Species  3, 
Malayan. 

1.  P.  greminiflorusq  Becc.  mss.;  leaves  subsessile,  leaflets  very 
many  and  narrow  equidistant  finely  acuminate,  spadices  with  long 
pendulous  spikes,  the  lower  branched,  spikelets  very  short  2-3-fld.,  fruit 
subturbinate  with  more  than  35  rows  of  minute  scales.  Calamus  gemini- 
florus.  Griff,  ex  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  338  ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  70,  t. 
199  A.     Piectocomia  geminiflora,  H.  Wenil.  mss. 

Malay  Peninsula,;  Malacca,  Fernandez -^  Perak,  Scortechini  (No.  283''). 


480  CLxiii.  PALMEiE.     (Beccaii  &  Hook,  f.)     [Plectocomiopsis. 

Stem  slender,  attaining  80  ft.  Sheaths  striate,  sparsely  prickly,  uppermost  un- 
armed. Leaves  6-10  ft.  ;  leaflets  5-10  by  \  in.,  finely  acuminate,  keel  sparsely 
bristly  above,  smooth  beneath.  Spadices  many,  from  the  uppermost  leaf-sheaths, 
which  bear  a  simple  armed  flagellura  and  no  leaflets;  lower  4-5  in.,  with  4-5  pendu- 
lous spikes  each  6-8  in.  long.  Spathes  short,  tubular,  like  the  secondary  spathes  of 
Calamus.  Spikes  flexuous,  rusty-pubescent ;  flowers  2-bracteolate,  outer  bracteole 
minute,  inner  auricular.  Fruit  immature;  pei-icarp  spongy;  scales  brown,  with 
whitish  fimbriate  margins. 

2.  P.  Wrayii,  Becc.  mss.;  leaves  petioled,  fruit  globosely  ovoid  shortly 
narrowed  at  the  top  with  about  23  rows  of  scales. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Perak,  Wray  (2421  $  )  ;  Herb.  Hort.  Calcutt  (5282  ?  , 
3447  c^). 

Very  near  P.  geminijlorus  ;  distinguished  by  the  longer  petiole  and  fruit. 

3.  P.  paradoxus,  Becc.  mss. ;  leaves  shortly  petioled,  leaflets  lanceo- 
late scattered  in  distant  pairs  shortly  acuminate,  spadices  bifarioasly 
decompound,  spathels  tabular,  male  spikelets  exserted  recurved.  Calamus 
paradoxus,  Xurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  xliii.  (1874)  ii.  213,  t.  29,  30;  For. 
Flor.  ii.  521. 

Mabtaban,  Kurz. 

Stem  with  the  sheaths  1-2  in.  diam.  Leaves  5-7  ft. ;  leaflets  1-1^  ft.  by  1  in., 
in  alternate  pairs,  thin,  obscurely  remotely  appressedly  ciliolate  ;  petiole  ,  armed, 
sheath  with  pectinate  spines ;  flagellum  very  long.  Spatkes  tabular,  smooth, 
obli(]uely  truncate  and  acuminate  ;  spathels  similar,  but  much  smaller,  distichously 
imbricated  ;  bracts  spreading,  glabrous.     Fem.ji.  a.nd  fruit  unknown. 

30.  MVRIAXiISPXS,  Becc.  mss. 

Characters  as  far  as  known  of  Plectocomiopsis,  but  the  minute  scales 
of  the  fruit  are  disposed  without  order. — Species  2,  a  Bornean  and  the 
following. 

TH.  Scortechini,  Becc,  mss. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Perak,  Scortechini  (n.  457^). 

Leaves  unknown.  Fern.  fi.  solitary  in  the  spathels ;  calyx  3-lobed  ;  corolla  rather 
longer.  Fruit  globose ;  scales  acuminate,  tips  not  recurved ;  mesocarp  between 
spongy  and  corky.  Seed  globose;  albumen  horny,  equable. — Differs  from  the 
Eornean  species  (Jf.  triqueter,  Becc,  Calamus  triqueter,  Becc,  Malesia,  iii.  62)  in 
the  obtusely  angled  trigonous  sparsely  spinous  leaf-sheaths.  The  specimens  are  very 
imperfect.  • 

81.  EUGEISSONZA,  Griff. 

Tufted  monocarpic  spinous  palms.  Leaves  pinnatisect;  leaflets  lanceo- 
late ;  fSK^s  armed,  not  flagelliferous.  /S^ac/ia;  terminal,  erect,  thyrsiform, 
clothed  bet^wwith  reduced  flagelliferous  leaf-sheaths ;  branches  erect, 
clothed  with  su^Aifitichous  obtuse  spathes  passing  into  bracts  and  brac- 
teoles.  Flowersmi'ge,  coriaceous,  solitary  or  2-3-nate,  l-2-8exual.  Male 
fl.  calyx  cupular,  3-fid;  petals  elongate-lanceolate,  pungent,  valvate; 
stamens  about  12,  anthers  elongate,  basifixed.  Fern.  ji.  larger  ;  perianth 
accrescent ;  calyx  of  the  male  ;  petals  with  a  dilated  base  and  transverse 
crest  of  hairs ;  ovary  oblong,  3-celled,  stigmas  flattened.  Fruit  ovoid, 
narrowed  into  a  very  broad  obtuse  beak,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  scales  minute  ; 
endocarp  osseous.  Seed  ovoid,  6-12-grooved;  albumen  equable;  embryo 
basilar. — Species  about  6,  Malayan. 


Uugeissonia.']         clxiii.  palmed.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  481 

S.  tristiS;  Griff,  in  Gale.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  101 ;  Palms  Brit.  Ind. 
109,  t.  220  A  ;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  212,  t.  179,  180;  Becc.  in  Nuov. 
Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  iii.  28. 

Malay  Peninsula  and  Penang,  Griffithy  &c. 

Stims  densely  tufted,  very  short  or  0.  Leaves  15-20  ft. ;  leaflets  many,  2-2\  ft., 
narrow-lanceolate,  subulate,  acuminate,  midrib  bristly  above ;  petiole  7-10  ft., 
armed  with  flat  brown  spines.  Spadix  4-6  ft.,  sheaths  and  spathes  armed ;  flowers 
1-1^  in.  long,  terminal  on  the  flexuous  branches  of  the  spadix ;  bracts  many,  closely 
imbricating.    Fruit  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  beak  clothed  to  the  tip  with  scales. 

32.  METROXVZ.ON,  Pottb. 

Stent  monocarpic  palms.  Leaves  equally  pinnatisect,  leaflets  opposite. 
Spadix  very  large,  panicled,  clothed  with  coriaceous  spinous  spathes ; 
spikes  sessile,  catkin-like,  short,  distichous,  recurved ;  bracts  broader  than 
long,  bracteoles  cupular.  Flowers  polygamous,  densely  crowded ;  perianth 
coriaceous.  Male fl.  ca,\jx  3-fid,  funnel-shaped,  nerved;  corolla  segments 
oblong,  valvate  ;  stamens  6,  anthers  dorsifixed ;  pistillode  3-partite.  Fern, 
fi.  like  the  males,  perianth  hardly  accrescent ;  staminodes  a  membranous 
cup;  ovary  oblong,  retrorsely  scaly,  imperfectly  3-celled;  style  conic, 
3-toothgd,  ovules  3,  basilar.  Fruit  ellipsoid  or  subglobose,  1-celled, 
1 -seeded,  pericarp  tessellate  with  reversed  scales;  endocarp  spongy.  Seed 
erect,  subglobose,  rough ;  albumen  ruminate  ;  embryo  ventral.  Species  6  ? 
Malayan  and  Pacific. 

1.  BI.  Sagrus,  EoUb.  in  Nye  Saml.  K.  DansJc.  Vid.  Skrift.  ii.  527  ; 
spathes  unarmed.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  147 ;  Becc.  in  Nuov.  Giorn. 
Bot.  Ital.  iii.  29.  M.  inermis,  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm,  iii.  215.  Sagus 
Isevis,  Bumph.  Herb.  Amb.  i.  76  ;  Blume  Bumphia,  ii.  147,  t.  86 ;  Griff,  in 
Gale.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  20;  Palms  Brit.  Ind.  24  (not  t.  182).  S. 
Rumphii,  Blume  I.  c.  t.  126,  227.  ?  S.  Kcenigi,  Griff.  II.  cc.  19  and  22, 
1. 181.     S.  inermis,  Boa-b.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  623. 

Malacca  (wild  or  cult.  ?)  Jack,  &c.— Distrib.  Malay  Islds. 

Trunk  about  20  ft.  with  many  basal  offshoots,  as  stout  as  that  of  the  cocoa-nut, 
annulate,  clothed  above  with  old  leaf  sheaths.  Leaves  as  in  the  cocoa-nut,  but 
more  erect,  unarmed  ;  leaflets  linear,  acute,  keeled,  smooth.  Injl.  appearing  when  the 
plant  is  about  twenty  years  old.  Spadices  several,  terminal,  alternately  branched, 
spikes  5-8  in.  Flowers  minute,  sunk  in  rusty  wool,  hardly  larger  than  a  grain  of 
mustard  seed,  bisexual.  Fruit  (takes  three  years  to  mature)  globose,  size  of  a  small 
apple,  scales  shining,  channelled. — Desc.  from  Jack  in  Mai.  Misc.,  but  according 
to  Griffith  the  Indian  Metroxylon  bears  no  resemblance  to  a  CocQa-nut  Palm. — The 
Sago  Palm. 

2.  1«.  Rumphli,  Mart.  Nat.  Hist.  Palm.  iii.  213,  313,  t.  102,  159 ; 
spathes  armed  with  long  spines.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  140 ;  Becc.  in  Nuov. 
Joum.  Bot.  Ital.  iii.  30;  Malesia,  i.  91.  Sagus  Eumphii,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv. 
404  ;  Boa-b.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  623.  S.  genuina,  Blume  Bumphia,  ii.  150.  S.fari- 
nifera,  Gsertn.  ii.  186,  t.  120,  f.  3.—Bumph.  Herb.  Amb.  i.  75,  t.  17,  18. 

Malacca  (wild  or  cult.).— Distrib.  Malay  Islds. 

There  appears  to  be  great  confusion  in  the  synonymy  of  the  two  common  species 
of  this  genus,  and  that  here  given  may  be  0})eu  to  correction.  Beccari  states  that 
M.  Bumphii  is  much  less  cultivated  than  if.  Sagus. 

33.  BORASSUS,  Linn. 
A  very  tall  dicecious  palm  ;   trunk  stout,  unarmed.     Leaves  terminal, 

VOL.   VI.  I  i 


482  CLxiii.  palmed:.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f.)  [Bm-assifs. 

fan-shaped,  plicately  miiltifid ;  petiole  spinous,  ligule  short.  Spadices  very- 
large,  simply  branched;  peduncle  sheathed  with  open  spathes,  males  with 
stout  cylindric  branches  that  are  densely  clothed  with  closely  imbricating 
bracts,  enclosing  spikelets  of  flowers  which  hence  appear  as  if  sunk  in 
cavities  of  the  branch ;  fem.  spadix  sparingly  branched,  bearing  few 
scattered  solitary  flowers.  Male  fl.  small,  mixed  with  scaly  bracts,  secnnd 
in  two  series  in  a  small  spikelet,  and  protruding  one  by  one  from  the 
cavities  of  the  branch  of  the  spadix,  as  the  rachis  of  the  spikelet  elongates  ; 
perianth  glumaceous  ;  sepals  3,  narrowly  cuneate,  tip  in  flexed  truncate^ 
imbricate ;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  obovate-spathulate,  imbricate ; 
stamens  6,  anthers  subsessile  large  oblong  ;  pistillodes  of  3  bristles.  FeTn. 
fl.  larger,  globose;  perianth  fleshy  greatly  accrescent;  sepals  reniform, 
imbricate  ;  petals  smaller,  convolute  ;  staminodes  6-9  ;  ovary  globose,  sub- 
trigonous,  entire  or  3-4-partite,  3-4-celled ;  stigmas  3,  sessile  recurved ; 
ovules  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  large  subglobose  drupe  with  1-3-obcordate 
fibrous  pyrenes  ;  pericarp  thinly  fleshy,  stigmas  terminal.  Seeds  oblong, 
top  3-lobed;  testa  adherent  to  the  pyrene;  albumen  equable  hollow; 
embryo  subapical. 

B.  flabellifer,  Zinn.  Sp.  PI.  1187;  B.  flabelliformis,  Murr.  Syst.  Ed. 
xiii.  827 ;  Roxh.  Cor.  PL  i.  50,  t.  71,  72  ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  790 ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii. 
167;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  221,  t.  108,  121,  162;  Kunth  Fnum.  iii. 
222 ;  Thw.  Fnum.  329  ;  Prand.  For.  Fl.  544 ;  Xurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  529 ;  Plume 
Pumph.  ii.  88 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Pat.  iii.  45.  B.  dichotomus,  White  in  Grah. 
Cat.  Pomb.  PI.  226,  B.  sethiopum.  Mart.  I.e.  221.  Lontanus  domestica, 
Rumph.  Herh.  Amh.  i.  t.  10.  Ham.  in  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.  v.  314 ;  Gsertn. 
Fruct.  i.  21,  t.  8.—Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  i.  t.  9,  10. 

Cultivated  throughout  the  plains  of  India,  Buema  and  Ceylon. — Disteib. 
Malaya ;  Af r.  trop. 

Trunk  60-70  ft.,  very  rarely  branching,  often  swollen  above  the  middle.  Leaves 
6-10  ft.  diain.,  palmately  fan-shaped,  rigidly  coriaceous;  segments  2-4  ft.,  linear, 
2-fid,  margins  spinulose.  Spadix  male  and  fem.  several  feet  long  and  very  stout. 
Male  ji.  small ;  ie*n.  1  in.  diam.     Drupe  broadly  obovoid,  brown,  8  in.  diam. 


34.  COCOS)  Linn. 

Unarmed,  monoecious  palms.  Leaves  pinnatisect ;  leaflets  narrow. 
Spadix  erect,  at  length  drooping,  simply  panicled ;  branches  bearing 
scattered  fem.  fl.,  often  between  2  males  towards  their  bases  and  males 
above.  S'pathes'2  or  more,  lower  short,  upper  fusiform  or  clavate  ;  bracts 
various ;  perianth  coriaceous.  Male  fl.  unsymmetric ;  sepals  small,  val- 
yate;  petals  oblong,  acute,  valvate;  stamens  6,  filaments  subulate,  anthers 
linear,  erect ;  pistillode  minute  or  0.  Fem.  fl.  usually  much  larger,  ovoid ; 
perianth  greatly  accrescent ;  sepals  imbricate ;  petals  shorter,  convolute 
with  imbricate  tips  ;  disk  annular  or  0  ;  ovary  3-celled,  usually  1-ovuled; 
style  short,  stigmas  recurved ;  ovules  subbasilar.  Fruit  large,  ovoid, 
terete  or  trigonous,  1-seeded,  style  terminal;  pericarp  thick,  fibrous  ;  endo- 
carp  bony  or  stony,  with  3  basal  pores,  the  remains  of  the  3  cells.  Seed 
cohering  with  the  endocarp ;  albumen  solid  or  hollow,  or  merely  lining 
the  endocarp  with  a  thick  hard  coat;  embryo  opposite  one  pore. — Species 
about  30,  all  American,  one  of  them  cosmopolitan  in  the  tropics. 

C.  nucifera,  lAnn.  Sp.  PI.  1188;  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  iii.  123. 
t.  62,  75,  88 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  285  ;  Roxh.  Cor.  PI.  i.  52,  t.  73 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 


Cocos.']  CLxiii.  PALMES.     (Beccari  &  Hook,  f .)  483 

614;  Thw.  JEnum.  330:  Brand.  For.  Fi  556  ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  540;  Blume 
Bum^pk.  iii.  82 ;  Mlq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  61 ;  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1850),  t.  1. 
C.  nana,  Griff.  Notul.  ii.  IQQ.—Rheede  Hart.  Mai.  i.  t.  1-4. 

Cultivated  in  the  hot  damp  regions  of  India,  Burma,  and  Ceylon,  especially 
near  the  sea  (indigenous  in  the  Cocos  Isld.  and  N.  Andaman,  Kurz). — Distrib. 
All  tropical  shores. 

Trunk  40-80  ft.,  flexuous,  annulate,  base  thickened.  Leaves  12-18  ft. ;  leaflets 
2-3  ft.,  coriaceous,  flaccid  ;  petiole  3-5  ft.  stout.  Spadix  4-6  ft.,  branches  flexuous  ; 
lower  spatho  2-3  ft.,  oblong,  hard,  splitting  lengthwise  ;  male  fl.  small ;  fem.  1  in. 
long,  2-bracteolate,  disk  annular.  Drupe  4-10  in.  long,  trigonously  obovoid  or  sub- 
globose,  green  or  yellowish ;  albumen  lining  the  endocarp.  C.  nana  is  a  small  low 
var.  grown  in  the  Maldive  Islds.  and  Ceylon. 

Addendum  to  Palms. 

Tetsmannia  ALTIPRONS,  Beichb.  f.  ^  Zoll.  in  Linncea  xxviii.  657  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Sat.  iii.  749. — Mr.  Ridley  (Singapore)  informs  that  this  noble  Sumatran  Palm  is 
also  a  native  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  The  genus  is  of  doubtful  affinity,  but  most 
probably  belongs  to  the  Tribe  Coryphees.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its  almost 
stemless  habit,  and  enormous  erect  elongate-rhombic  plaited  leaves. 

Order  CLXIY.     PANDANEIE. 

Small  dicecions  trees  or  scrubs,  often  scandent  with  aerial  roots.  Leaves 
usually  trifarious,  narrow,  acaminate,  coriaceous,  margins  and  keel  usually 
spinously  toothed.  Spadices  axillary  or  terminal,  simple  or  branched, 
clothed  with  leafy  spathes ;  flowers  small,  crowded  on  a  catkin-like  spadix 
or  its  branches,  bracts  and  bracteoles  0.  Perianth  0.  Male  fl.  stamens 
many,  filaments  free  or  connate ;  anthers  erect,  basifixed ;  pistillode  0  or 
small.  Fem.  fl.  staminodes  0  or  small ;  ovary  ]  -celled,  free  or  connate  with 
those  of  contiguous  flowers  ;  stigmas  subsessile,  papillose ;  ovules  solitary 
and  suberect,  or  many  and  parietal.  Fruit  a  globose  oblong  mass  of  free 
or  connate  1-x  -celled  woody  or  fleshy  angular  drupes.  Seeds  minute,  testa 
striated,  albumen  hard  fleshy  ;  embryo  minute. 

Stem  erect  or  prostrate.   Staminodes  in  fern.  fl.  0.  Carpels  1-ovuled.     1.  PandanuS. 
Stem  usually  climbing.    Staminodes  of  fem.  fl.  hypogynous.     Car- 
pels many  ovuled 2.  Frbycinetia. 

1.  PANDANUS,  Linn.f. 

Characters  as  above. — Species  numerous,  all  tropical,  chiefly  Mascarene 
and  Malayan. 

I  am  compelled  to  be  brief  with  the  characters  of  the  Indian  species,  very  few 
of  which  are  fully  described  ;  and  of  the  Malayan  especially,  the  available  specimens 
are  most  unsatisfactory.  I  omit  many  usually  cited  references,  and  some  synonyms 
which  appear  to  me  to  be  doubtful,  and  am  by  no  means  confident  as  to  the  value  of 
much  that  remains. 

*  Carpels  not  united  in  groups. 

t  Male  fl.  of  free  stamens  with  very  sJiort  filaments. ,  Drupes  with  a 
pyramidal  crown  produced  into  a  straight  or  curved  spinescent  style. 

1.  P.  foetidus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  742;  shrubby,  leaves  4-6  ft.  by 
3-4  in.,  strongly  spinous-toothed,  anthers  very  long  blender,  fruit  sub- 
solitary  oblong  or  subglobose,  crown  of  drupes  smooth  or  nearly  so.     Kunth 

I  i  2 


484  CLxiv.  PANDANEJU.     (Hook.  f.)  [Pandafius. 

Enum.  iii.  98 ;  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  101,  t.  62,  f.  4,  5,  6  ; 
(Hr  For.  Fl'  ii.  506 ;  Solms  in  lAnncea,  xlii.  (1878)  8.  Frisquetia  macrocarpa, 
Gaud.  Voy.  Semite  Bot.  t.  iv.  f.  2-8.— Pandan.  Wall.  Cat.  8591. 

Assam  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Eastwards  to  Burma.     The  Concan  ? 

A  densely  branched  shrub.  Leaves  with  large  strongly  incurved  usually  dis- 
tant marginal  spinules.  Spathes  pale  yellow.  Anther  ^-^  in.  long.  Fruit  very 
variable  in  size,  from  a  hen's  egg  to  a  man's  fist,  red  when  ripe. 

2.  P.  caricosus,  Spreng.  Syst.  iii,  897 ;  shrubby,  leaves  5-8  ft.  by 
2-2^  in.  spinulose-toothed,  spinules  minute  white,  anthers  very  long 
slender,  fruits  spicate  subglobose  obovoid  or  broadly  oblong,  crown  of 
drupes  va.urica^r  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  98  ;  Sassk.  in  Flora,  1842,  ii.  Beihl.  13 
Sc  Gat.  Hart.  Bogor.  60 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  163,  Sf  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat 
ii.  64 ;  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  100,  t.  62,  f.  1-3  &  in  Journ.  As. 
Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  ii.  (1869)  146,  in  Flora  (1869)  450  ;  Solms  in  Linneea 
xlii.  (1878)  7 ;  Carriere  in  Bev.  Sortie.  (1878)  405,  with  ic.  of  male  spadix. 
P.  atrocarpus,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  160. 

Malacca,  Griffith. — Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 

Apparently  closely  allied  to  fcetidus,  and  like  it  with  foetid  yellow  spathes, 
differing  in  the  spicate  dark  coloured  or  even  blackish  fruits  and  mnricate  crowns 
of  the  drupes.  I  have  seen  no  specimens.  I  do  not  cite  Rumph.  Herb.  Amb.  iv. 
154,  though  it  is  the  authority  for  the  species,  the  description  and  plate  not  being 
sufficiently  explicit.     Nor  are  others  of  the  authorities  cited  quite  dependable. 

**  Male  ji.  of  many  anthers  umbellate  on  the  connate  filaments.  Drupes 
with  a  low  crown  and  subulate  or  flattened  simple  or  forked  stigma. 

3.  T.  farcsitus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  in.  744;  arboreous,  leaves  15-20  ft., 
subglaucous  beneath  spinously  toothed,  spines  curved,  fruits  solitary  or 
racemed  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  drupes  obconic  crown  convex,  style  very  short 
flattened  entire  or  2-3-fid.  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  898 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  98 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  162,  t.  37  male  fl. ;  Hassk.  PI.  Jav.  Ear.  163 ;  Kurz  in 
Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  102,  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  ii.  (1869) 
147,  in  Miq.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii:  54;  in  Flora  (1809)  450,  8f  For.  Fl.  ii.  507  ; 
Solms  in  Linncea,  xlii.  (1878)  13 ;  Regel,  Gartenfl.  1878,  298  ;  Carr.  in 
Bev.  Hortic.  1879,  290,  with  fig.,  and  1881,  174.  P.  crassipes,  Wall.  mss. 
P.  caricosus,  Miq.  Analect.  Ind.  ii.  16.  P.  spinifructus,  Bennst.  Schluess. 
Hort.  Malab.  23.  Ryckia  furcata,  De  Vriese  in  Verhandl.  Kl.  Acad.  Wet. 
(1854) ;  in  Tuinb.  Fl.  i.  161,  Sc  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  vi.  (1854)  268.  Barrotia 
diodon,  Gaud.  Voy.  Bonitt  Bot.  t.  xiii.  f.  15-24. — Pandan.  Wall.  Cat.  8951. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  2-5000  ft.  J.D.H.  Assam,  Khasia  and  Niga  Hills, 
and  Silhet,  alt.  0-4000  ft.,  CHiTXAOONa  and  Burma. — Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 

Stem  30-40  ft.,  with  aerial  roots  towards  the  base,  as  thick  as  the  arm  or  leg, 
sparingly  dichotomously  bi-anched  above.  Leaves  4  in.  broad,  marginal  spines  |-i 
in.  long,  flattened,  lower  curved.  Spathes  inodorous,  l|-2  ft.,  golden  yellow,  very 
coriaceous.  Stamens  8-14,  filaments  united  in  a  fleshy  tube  longer  than  the  anthers, 
tips  free  or  variously  cohering.  Fruit  6-9  in.  long  or  less,  very  variable  in  size,  red 
brown.  Drupes  rather  fleshy,  5-6-angled  ;  style  shining. — In  specimens  from  Churra 
in  the  Khasia  and  from  Sikkim,  the  column  of  filaments  is  much  broader  and  the  free 
portion  is  much  shorter  than  in  those  from  Silhet. 

4.  P.  ceylanicus,  Solms  in  Linnsea,  xlii.  (1878)  16  ;  stems  tall  tufted 
very  slender,  leaves  elongate  margins  with  strong  recurved  spines,  anthers 
very  short  crowded  on  a  very  short  fleshy  tube,  fruit  broadly  oblong, 
crown  conical  narrowed  into  a  nearly  straight  spinescent  style  notched  at 
the  tip.     P.  furcatus,  Thiv.  Enum.  327. 


Pandanus.']  clxiv.  pandanej:.     (Hook,  f.)  485 

Ceylon,  Thwaiies. 

According  to  a  photograph  of  this  plant  as  growing  in  the  Ceylon  Botanical 
Gardens,  it  has  the  habit  of  P.furcatus  bat  with  a  much  more  slender  stem,  more 
erect  branches,  and  narrower  leaves.  In  the  dried  specimens,  the  spathes  are  much 
smaller,  with  long  slender  tips,  the  anthers  much  shorter,  and  the  combined  filaments 
very  short.  The  fruit  resembles  P.fcetidus,  but  the  anthers  are  very  different,  about 
T^o  in.  long. 

5.  P.  minor,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Gat.  8592 ;  dwarf,  stem  prostrate  slender, 
leaves  ensiform  flat  margins  spinulose  tips  abruptly  caudate,  spathes 
navicular  apiculate,  filaments  in  palmate  clusters,  anthers  minute,  fruit 
solitary  broadly  oblong,  drupes  smooth,  crown  hemispheric  with  a  small 
concave  central  claw-like  style.  Solms  in  Linncsa,  xlii.  (1878)  18.  P.  unguifer. 
Hook./.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6347. 

In  hot  valleys  of  the  SiKKiM  Himalaya,  Assam,  Silhet,  Chittagong  and 
Pegu. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  subdistichous,  18-24  by  1-2  in., 
flaccid,  marginal  spines  distant.  Fruit  shortly  peduncled,  as  large  as  the  fist, 
yellow.  Drupes  obovoidly  clavate,  very  smooth;  style  red. — In  young  fruit,  the 
style  is  flattened  and  often  forked,  much  as  in  P.furcatus.     Mdlefl.  unknown. 

**  Carpels  connate  in  groups.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate  or  reniform'. 
Filaments  connate,  anthers  apiculate  or  aristate. 

6.  P.  fascicular  is,  Lam.  Encycl.  372,  t.  i. ;  shrubby,  rarely  erect, 
densely  branched  with  copious  aerial  roots,  leaves  3-5  ensiform  caudate- 
acuminate,  margin  with  ascending  spinules,  anthers  interruptedly  spicate, 
fruit  large  drupes  obconic.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  98  ;  Solms  in  Linncea,  xlii. 
(1878)  38.  P.  odoratissimus,  Boxh.  Cor.  PL  i.  65,  t.  94-96 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  738  ; 
Kunth  I.  c.  94,  excl.  some  syn. ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  159  :  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  174; 
Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  608  ;  Presl.  Epimel.  239.  P.  Candelabrum,  Kurz  in  Journ. 
Bot.  V.  (1867)  127  [_non  Beauv.\  P.  odoratus,  Salish.  Prodr.  3.  P.  verus, 
Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  125,  in  Flora,  1869,  453.  P.  Rheedii,  * 
Gaud.  Voy.  Bonite,  Bot.  t.  22,  f.  12.  P.  leucacanthus,  Hassk.  in  Flora,  1842, 
ii.  Beibl.  14. — Pandanus,  Wall.  Gat.  8590.  Hasskarlia  leucacantha, 
Walp.  Ann.  i.  753. — Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  ii.  t.  1-8. 

Throughout  the  hotter  moister  parts  of  India,  and  much  planted  for  fences. — 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  Islds.  and  Mauritius,  China,  Polynesia. 

Stem  sometimes  erect  and  10-12  ft.,  usually  much  lower  and  branching  from  the 
base.  Leaves  drooping,  glossy  green.  Spathes  white,  fragrant.  Fruit  6-8  in. 
diam.,  orange  yellow  or  brown.  Drupes  confluent  in  groups  of  5-20  rarely  fewer, 
very  woody,  1^-2  in.  long,  top  rounded  or  sublobate  with  a  depressed  centre  bearing  '1^ 
a  depressed  small  variously  lobulate  stigma. — I  have  given  only  a  selection  of  the  """"^ 
citations  and  synoilyma  of  ■LhlsJ"Wldely  difl"used  species.  The  P.  odoratissimus  of 
Vidal,  Fl.  Forest.  Filip.  Atlas  xlii.  t.  95  A  appears  to  differ  in  the  very  small  fruit 
and  obtuse  anthers.  Possibly  some  of  the  plates  of  Rheede's  "  Perin  Khaida  Taddi," 
and  especially  t.  8,  may  belong  to  a  different  species,  its  carpels  are  all  free ;  it  is 
the  P.  unipapillatus  of  Dennst.  Schluess.  Hort.  Mai.  23. 

7  P.  andamanensium,  Kurz.  in  Journ.  As.  8oc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  ii. 
(1869)  148 ;  in  Flora  1869,  452  ;  For.  Flor.  iii.  507  ;  trunk  60-70  ft.  as  thick 
as  the  human  body,  leaves  15-18  ft.  by  4-5  in.,  marginal  spines  slender, 
fruit  solitary  large  globose,  drupes  with  a  flat  or  depressed  crown  and  an 
oblique  lamelliform  depressed  style  pungent  when  dry.  Solms  in  Linnsea^ 
xlii.  (1878)  59.     P.  Leram,  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  105. 

Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. 

Habit  of  a  gigantic  P.  furcatus;   fruit  as  large  as  the  human  head  or  smaller, 


486  CLXiv.  PAT^DANE-E.     (Hook,  f.)  [Pandanus, 

orange  yellow.     Drupes  2|-3  in.  long,  usually  in  groups  of  3-5  in.  one  series  but 
often  more,  epicarp  fleshy. — Descr.  from  Kurz. 

Imperfectly  known  and  undesckibed  species. 

1.  P.  ALBUS,  Hort.  ex  Sleud.  Horn.  Ed.  2,  ii.  251.—"  Ind.  Or." 

2.  P.  GRAMiNiFOLiTJS,  KuTz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  104  ;  For.  Flor.  ii. 
507;  leaves  12-18  by  ^-^  in.,  margins  with  minute  straight  spinules,  young  fruit 
erect  ellipsoid,  stigma  sessile  trigonous.  Solms  in  Linnepa,  xlii.  (1878)  50. — 
Tenasserim,  Heifer. 

3.  P.  HUMILIS,  Thwaites  JEnum.  327  (excl.  syn) ;  leaves  7  ft.  by  1-li  in.,  very 
coriaceous,  with  stout  marginal  spines,  filaments  very  short,  anthers  very  slender 
^-^  in.  long,  fruit  globose  spicate  and  drupes  like  those  of  P.  furcatus.' — Ceylon, 
Thwaites ;  CP.  3740  (used  for  fencing). 

4.  P.  HoTJLLETii,  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hortic.  1868,  210,  f.  23  ;  leaves  6  ft.  6  in.  by 
3-3^  in.  abruptly  caudate-acuminate  reddish  green  above  coppery  red  beneath, 
marginal  spines  distant  incurved,  male  spadix  16  in.  long,  spikes  2|— 4^  in.,  spathes 
coppery  rose-colrd.,  stamens  in  compact  bundles. — Singapore. 

5.  P.  iNTEGRiPOLius,  Lozir.  ex  Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  2,  ii.  251. — **  Ind.  Or.  China." 
— I  do  not  find  this  name  in  Loureiros  Fl.  Cochinch.  or  elsewhere. 

6.  P.  Lais,  Kurz  in  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.xxvn.  (1864)  218;  in  Ann.  Mus.  Bot. 
Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  54  ;  habic  of  P.  furcatus,  fruit  solitary  or  racemed,  crown  flat  or 
depressed,  stigmas  more  slender  incurved  bifid.  Solms  I.  e.  P.  horridus,  Reinw. 
(fid,  Kurz).  P.  furcatus,  Ilassk.  PI.  Jav.  Ear.  163 ;  ?  Miq.  Analeet.  Ind.  ii.  10, 
t.  11,  pi.  fj?.  P.  furcatus  )8  malesica,  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  102. — 
Singapore  {Kurz),  Sumatra,  Java,  &c. 

7.  P.  LAEVis,  Rumph,  ;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  508  ;  arboreous  or  shrubby  much 
branched  20-25  ft.,  branches  rooting,  leaves  elongate  linear  glaucous  green  2-4  ft. 
by  2-2^  in.  very  acuminate  without  spines,  male  spadix  very  scented  exactly  as  in 
P.  adratissimus,  but  margins  and  midrib  of  the  white  spathes  quite  unarmed, 
stamens  racemosely  connate,  anthers  mucronate,  fruit  unknown.  ?  Wall.  Cat. 
8588  B. — Burma,  cultivated,  Kurz;  ?  Tavoy,  Wallich — Descr.  from  Kurz. 

8.  P.  Leram,  Jones  in  As.  Research,  iii.  (1799)  163,  with  two  plates;  a  tall  tree 
40-50  ft.,  with  the  habit  of  P.  furcatus,  hut  very  slender,  and  with  much  larger 
fruit,  drupes  aggregate.  Voigt  Hort.  Suburb.  Calcutt.  683  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
Beng.  xxxviii.  fl869)  452  ;  For.  Fl.  iii.  507 ;  Solms  I.  c.  66.  P.  Leram,  var. 
niacrocarpa,  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  106.  Roussinia  indica,  Qaud. 
Voy.  Bonite  Bot.  t.  21. — Nicobar  Islds.,  Fontana ;  Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. 

9.  P.  Linnet,  Gaud.  Voy.  Bonite  Bot.  t.  22,  f.  1-8 ;  Solms  I.  c.  67.— India. — 
Of  this  Solms  remarks,  cf.  F.fascicularis.  According  to  Gaudicbaud's  figure  the 
drupes  are  very  large,  3  in.  long,  in  groups  of  10  with  rounded  crowns  and  short 
stigmas  grooved  on  one  side ;  nothing  is  known  of  its  origin. 

10.  P.  ORNATUS,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  (1869)  147  ;  in  Flora, 
1869,  451 ;  leaves  very  long  caudate-acuminate  acutely  serrate,  fruit  solitary  ter- 
minal long  peduncled  cylindric  glaucous  surrounded  by  very  short  scale-like  spathes, 
drupes  unripe  small  obcouic  densely  crowded  but  not  confluent  in  groups,  crown 
polygonal  glaucous  narrowed  into  a  spiniform  slender  upcurved  style  with  a  linear 
stigma.  Solms  I.  c.  11.  Fisquetia  ornata  and  militaris,  Gaud.  Voy.  Bonite  Bot.  t.  5  ; 
Sotms  I.  c.  65. — Malacca  and  Singapore,  Gaudichaud,  Griffith. — Described  chiefly 
from  Solms,  who  examined  Gaudichaud's  specimen  and  drawing.  There  are  young 
fruits  of  it  in  the  Kew  Museum,  from  Griffith ;  they  are  spicate,  cylindric,  3-4  in. 
long  by  1-1|  diam.,  and  i-emarkable  for  their  glaucous  surface. 

11.  P.  OVATUS,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  (1869)  147 ;  in  Flora, 
1869,  451 ;  a  small  species  according  to  Gaudichaud's  figure,  with  leaves  18-24  by 
f   in.,    gradually  narrowed  into  tine  points,  and  small  globosely  oblong    terminal 


Pandantis,']  clxiv.  pandanej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  487 

fruits  2  in.  by  IJ  in.  diam.  j  drupes  with  conical  crowns  passing  into  an  upcurved 
subulate  style.  Fisquetia  ovata,  Gaud.  Bot.  Bunite  Voy.  t.  4,  f.  1. — Malacca, 
Gaudichaud  ;  Keddah  Peak,  Lt.-Col.  Low. 

12.  P.  POLTCEPHALUS,  Lam. ;  JFall.  Cat,  858S  A  ;  leaves  gradually  finely 
acuminate,  margins  with  stout  distant  incurved  marginal  spines  in  one  speciuien,  and 
smaller  closer  ones  in  another,  fruits  spif'ate  resembling  those  of  P.  foetidus,  carpels 
not  in  groups,  but  drupes  with  rather  longer  spinescent  crowns. — Buruia,  at  Amherst, 
Wallich. — Lamarck's  description  of  P.  ^oZycepAa^ws,  founded,  may  apply  to  this. 

13.  P.  TURBINATIJS,  Lodd.  ex  Stetid.  Nom.  Ed.  2,  ii.  251. — "  Ind.  Or."— Probably 
an  undescribed  plant  of  Loddige's  Catalogue. 

14.  P.  YvANi,  Solms  inLinncea,  xlii.  (1878)  20;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  caudate- 
acuminate  more  than  12  in.  long  serrulate,  teeth  pale,  spathes  concave  elongate 
ovate,  fem.  fl.  minute  densely  crowded  narrowed  into  a  simple  upcurved  shining 
spine. — Malacca,  Yvan  {Herb.  Delessert). — The  above  characters  (from  Solms)  are 
worthless  for  the  identification  of  a  Fandanus. 

15.  Pandanus  sp. ;  dwarf,  stem  about  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  leaves  12-18 
by  l^-H  ii3-  flat  ensiform  rather  abruptly  caudate  acuminate  finely  spinulose-serrate 
with  erect  spinules  1-nerved,  fruit  terminal  solitary  young  globose  f  in.  diam.  drupes 
not  aggregate  crown  conical  narrowed  into  a  stout  incurved  spine. — Malacca,  Griffith, 
Kew  JDistrib.  6373. — Apparently  a  very  well  marked  species,  closely  resembling 
ovatus  in  fruit,  but  with  very  difi'erent  leaves,  and  which  more  resemble  those  of 
P.  minor.    In  the  present  chaotic  condition  of  the  genus  I  do  not  name  it. 

2.  FREVCINETZA,  Gaud. 
Characters,  see  p.  483. — Species  Malayan,  Australian  and  Polynesian. 

1.  P.  angrustlfolla,  Blume  Bumph.  i.  159,  t.  43  ;  leaves  linear  12-18 
by  i-^  in.  finely  acuminate  margins  smooth  or  minutely  serrulate,  spadices 
racemose,  fem.  cylindric,  filaments  very  short  conic.  Kunth  Enum.  iii. 
587;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  17 ;  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  134>inpart; 
Solms  in  Linnaia,  xlii.  (1878)  81.  F.  Brunoniana,  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3660.  F. 
Debregeseana,  Gaud.  Voy.  Bonite  Bot.  t.  37,  f.  1-11. — Paudaneas,  Wall. 
Herb.  n.  9124  {not  distributed). 

Tavot,  Gomes;  Pen  an  a,  Singapore  and  Malacca,  Wallich,  &c.— Distrib. 
Malay  Islds. 

Dioecious.  Stems  climbing,  as  thick  as  a  goose  quill.  Leaves  grass  like,  costa 
very  slender,  nerves  close  set.  Spadices  3-5,  racemed  on  a  short  peduncle,  males 
^-1  in.  by  ^— J  in.  diam.,  very  dense-fld.,  fem.  f-1  by  ^-^  in.  diam. ;  staminodes 
minute ;  stigmas  3-4  j  spathes  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  acuminate. 

2.  r.  pycnophylla,  Solms  in  Linnsea,  xlii.  (1878)  91 ;  stem  and  leaves 
as  in  F.  angustifolia,  spadices  in  sessile  umbels,  fem.  oblong,  filaments 
elongate.     F.  angustifolia,  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  v.  134  in  part. 

Ceylon,  Walker,  Thwaites  (CP.  366). 

Very  similar  to  F.  angustifolia,  but  at  once  distinguished  by  the  larger  spathes, 
oblong  male  and  fem.  spadices  forming  a  sessile  umbel  or  stout  pedicel  ^-f  in.  long, 
and  their  greater  size  ;  males  ^-f  by  ^  in.  diam.,  fem.  ^-f  by  -|-^  in.  diam. 

3.  P.  Walkeri,  Solms  in  Linncea,  xlii.  (1878)  92;  leaves  elongate 
linear-lanceolate  finely  acuminate  margins  spinulose  towards  the  base 
18-24  by  |-f  in.,  spadices  few  in  sessile  umbels,  fem.  very  stoutly  pedicelled 
oblong,  anthers  subsessile. 

Ceylon,   Walker,  Thwaites,  CP.  2333.    ?  Andaman  Islds.,  on  Mt.  Harriet, 


488  CLXiv.  PANDANE^.     (Hook.  f.)  [Freycinetia. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger.  Leaves  much  longer  broader  and  more 
coriaceous  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Male  spadices  in  bad  condition  j  fem. 
1^-2  by  |-1  in.  diam. ;  pedicel  as  long. 

4.  r.  G-audichaudii,  Bennet,  PI.  Jav.  Bar.  31,  t.  9 ;  leaves  5-6  by 
-|-|  in.  strict  linear-lanceolate  serrulate  towards  the  caudate  tip,  spadices 
■umbellate  stoutly  shortly  peduncled,  fem.  stout  cyliudric,  spathes  short 
fleshy.  KunthJE num.  ii\.  102;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  ii.  170;  Kurz  in  8eem. 
Journ.  JBot.  v.  (1867)   134 ;  Solms  in  Linnsea,  xlii.  (1878)  86. 

Malacca,  Maingay  (Kew  Distrih.  1537). 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  coriaceous,  flat ;  sheaths  short,  mem- 
branous. Spathes  1^-2  in.,  cymbiform.  Fem.  spadix  1^  by  ^  in.  diam.  or  more. — 
The  fem.  spadices  appear  longer  stouter  and  upon  much  shorter  pedicels  than  are 
represented  in  the  figure  cited,  but  no  dependence  can  be  placed  on  drawings  and 
descriptions  of  a  succulent  inflorescence  made  from  dried  specimens. 

6.  r.  insigrnis,  Blume  Rumjph.  158,  t.  42  ;  leaves  1^-3  ft.  by  |-1  in., 
acuminate  spinulose-serrate  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath,  spadices 
2-3  peduncled  erect,  outer  spathes  greenish  inner  red,  fruit  2-4  in.  elongate- 
oblong  green,  berries  free  at  the  conical  3-5-cornered  apex,  stigmas  3-1 
horse-shoe  shaped.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  686 ;  Miq.  PI.  Jung.  i.  166 ;  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  170;  Kurz  For.  Fl.  ii.  509. 

Andaman  Islds.,  Kurz. — Disteib.  Java. 

A  lofty  sparingly  branched  climber. — I  have  seen  no  specimens ;  the  characters 
are  from  Kurz. 

Order  CLXV.    TVPKACESS.     By  J.  D.  Hooker. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  linear,  erect  or  floating. 
Flowers  small  or  minute  densely  crowded  in  globose  or  cylindric  unisexual 
bracteate  spikes  the  upper  of  which  are  males  ;  perianth  of  green  scales  or 
fine  hairs.  Male  fi.  Stamens  1-7,  filaments  free  or  connate,  anthers  basi- 
fixed.  Fem.fi.  Ovary  superior,  1-2-celled,  cells  1-ovuled,  styles  persistent, 
stigmas  laterally  papillose ;  ovule  pendulous  from  the  top  of  the  cell. 
Fruit  small,  membranous  or  drupaceous.  Seed  pendulous,  albumen  fleshy 
or  floury ;  embryo  axile,  cylindric,  radicular  end  thickened,  plumule  in  a 
lateral  sUt. — Genera  2,  species  about  15,  cosmopolitan. 

Perianth  of  slender  hairs 1.  Typha. 

Perianth  of  green  scales 2.  Spaeganium. 

1.  TVPKA,  Linn. 

Marsh  herbs.  Leaver  erect,  spongy.  Flowers  in  very  dense  superposed 
cyliudric  spikes  (catkins),  often  intermixed  with  capillary  bracteoles  (hairs 
with  dilated  tips).  Perianth  of  capillary  hairs,  or  0  in  the  male.  Stamens 
1  or  more,  tip  of  connective  thickened.  Ovary  (often  reduced  to  a  clavate 
tjpped  hair)  very  minute,  on  a  long  capillary  stipes,  narrowed,  into  a 
capillary  style  with  a  clavate  or  filiform  stigma.  Fruit  very  minute  ;  peri- 
carp membranous,  indehiscent  or  laterally  dehiscent ;  albumen  floury. — 
Species  about  10,  temp,  and  trop. 

In  all  the  Indian  species  the  male  spike  is  more  or  less  distant  from  the  fem.  I 
am  very  doubtful  as  to  their  limits  and  synonyms.  I  am  indebted  to  the  works 
referred  to  under  the  species  of  Rohrbach  and  Korner  for  indications  of  some  minute 
chaiacters.     The  male  fl.  are  sometimes  replaced  by  clavate  bodies. 


Typha.']  CLXV.  typhacej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  489 

1.  T.  elephantina,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  in.  566;  stem  6-12  ft.,  leaves 
1-1|  in.  broad  trigonous  above  the  sheath,  margins  often  undulate  above 
the  middle,  flowers  bracteolate,  pollen  4-globate,  stigma  lanceolate.  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  92  ;  Schnizl.  Typha,  26  ;  Kcerner  in  Ver/i.  Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien. 
xxxix.  165,  t.  5,  f.  10;  Kurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  v.  95  ;  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng. 
sxxviii.  i.  146.  T.  latifolia, -E'c^greiu.  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  vi.  (1862)  194; 
Xurz  I.  c.    T.  Maresii,  Balland.  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  1887,  389. 

Marshes  from  N.W.  India  to  Assam  and  southwards. — Distrib.  Algiers. 

Male  spike  8-12  in.,  rachis  clothed  with  short  often  forked  hairs  ;  bracts  3  or 
more ;  anthers  1-5,  Jjj  in.  long.  Fern,  spike  much  stouter  6-10  by  ^-1  in.  diaui. ; 
flowers  mixed  with  chivate  pistillodes ;  bracteoles  with  fasciate  tips  much  longer 
than  the  hairs,  which  are  shorter  than  the  stigmas. 

2.  T.  javanica,  Schnizl.  in  Zolling.  Verz.  Ind.  Arch.  PJl.  77 ;  stem 
4-6  ft.,  leaves  ^f  in.  broad  biconvex  above  the  sheath,  hairs  of  male  fl. 
simple  forked  or  toothed,  bracteoles  with  subspathulate  tips  and  hairs 
Bhorter  than  the  linear  stigmas,  fem.  fl.  mixed  with  pistillodes,  pollen 
simple.  Bohrb.  in  Verh.  Bot.  Ver.  Brandenh.  1869,  98 ;  Kcernerin  Verh. 
Bot.  Zool.  Ges.  Wien.  xxxix.  157,  t.  v.  f.  6.  T.  angustifolia,  Thw.  Enum. 
•331.     T.  latifolia.  Moon  Gat.  Geyl.  PI.  81. 

Ceylon,  Thwaites,  &c. — Distrib.  Ms.  Mascarene  and  Malay  Islands. 

A  smaller  plant  than  T.  elephantina,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  form  of  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  simple  pollen  and  linear  stigma.  Fem.  spike  5-6  by  ^-f  in.  diam. 
Anthers  ^  in. 

3.  T.  angrustata,  Ghauh.  &  Bory  Exped.  Sclent.  Moree  Bot.  338 ; 
stem  6-10  ft.,  leaves  f-1  in.  broad,  semioylindric  above  the  sheath,  brac- 
teoles of  fem.  fl.  subspathulate  equalling  the  linear  stigmas,  both  longer 
than  the  hairs,  fem.  fl.  mixed  with  clavate-tipped  pistillodes,  pollen  simple. 
Bohrb.  in  Verh.  Bot.  Ver.  Brandenb.  1869,  81 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  60 ; 
Aitchis.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  iii.  120;  Kcerner  in  Verh.  Bot.  Zool. 
Ges.  Wien.  xxxix.  159,  t.  iv.  f.  6,  v.  f.  1.  T.  angustifolia,  Kurz  in  Journ.' 
Bot.  V.  95  {excl.  syn.) ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  567;  Aitchis.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xix.  188 ;  Wall.  Gat.  4989. 

Northern  India,  from  Kashmir  to  Munnipoee  and  southwards  to  Scinde 
and  COROMANDEL. — Distrib.  N.  Asia  and  westward,  N.  Africa  and  S.  Europe. 

Closely  resembles  the  common  European  T.  angustifolia,  Linn.,  which  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  bracteoles  shorter  than  the  stigmas. 

4.  T.  Xiaxmannl,  Lepech.  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Petersb.  8i,  355  {excl. 

syn.  DC),  t.  4.;  dwarf,  2-3  ft.  high,  leaves  slender  semioylindric  at 'the 
sheath,  male  spikes  1-2  in.,  fem.  §-1  in.  by  |-i  in.  diam.,  fem.  fl.  ebracteolate 
mixed  with  pistillodes,  hajrs  very  short  much  shorter  than  the  subobtuse 
stigmas,  pollen  simple.  Kcerner  in  Verh.  Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien.  167, 
t.  iv.  f.  3,  V.  f.  15.  T.  minima,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  v.  96.  T.  Martini, 
Aitchis.  in  Jout^n.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  188.  T.  stenophylla,  Bohrb.  in  Verh. 
Bot.  Ver.  Brandenb.  90  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  50. 

Kashmir,  alt.  9000  fb.,  Thomson,  Giles. — Distrib.  N.  Asia  and  westwards  to 
Russia. 

At  once  distinguished  from  ail  the  previous  species  by  its  small  size  and  slender 
leaves,  but  very  closely  allied  in  the  European  and  Oriental  T.  minima,  which, 
according  to  Kcerner,  has  bracteoles. 

2.  SPARGANXUM,  Linn. 
Flowers    in    globose    unisexual    heads,    subtended   by   leafy  bracts. 


490  CLxv.  TYPHACBiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  \_Sparganium, 

Perianth  of  3-6  membranous  scales.  Stamens  2-3,  connective  hardly  pro- 
duced at  the  tip.  Ovary  1-  rarely  2-celled ;  style  very  short,  persistent, 
stigma  unilateral ;  cells  1-seeded.  Drupes  obovoid,  spongy ;  endocarp 
bony,  tip  perforated.     Seed  adherent  to  the  endocarp. — Species  about  6. 

1.  S.  ramosum,  ITuds.  Fl.  Angl.  401 ;  erect,'  leafy,  leaves  linear 
triquetrous  at  the  base,  heads  sessile  on  the  branches  of  a  panicle,  drupes 
sessile  shortly  beaked.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  89  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  48.  S. 
erectum,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  96.  S.  stoloniferum,  Sam.  in  Wall, 
Cat.  4990.     S.  carinatum.  Ham.  ex  Boyle  III.  408. 

North  West  India  ;  from  the  plains  to  5200  ft.  in  Kashmir.  Buema,  Griffith. 
' — DiSTRiB.  N.  temp,  regions. 

Stems  1-4  ft.  Leaves  2-5  ft.,  1  in.  broad  or  less ;  margins  concave.  Male 
heads  olive-brown,  ^f  in.  diam.,  deciduous;  fern.  1  in.  diam.  in  frt.  j  scales  linear, 
tips  spatbulate.     Drupe  ^  in.  long,  angled ;  stigma  linear. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Ends.  Fl.  Angl.  401  ;  erect,  leafy,  leaves  linear  tri- 
quetrous ^at  the  base  rarely  floating,  fern,  heads  racemose,  male  spicate, 
drupe  shortly  stipitate  long-beaked.  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  89 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  48.  S.  erectum,  var.  ^  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  971 ;  Xurz  in  Journ.  Bot.  v. 
(1867)  96. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  7-9000  ft.,  J.D.S.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft., 
Griffith,  &c.     Burma,  Griffith. — Distrib.  N.  temp,  regions. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  narrower  than  in  8.  ramosum,  margins  flat.  Male  heads 
yellow.     Scales  linear-oblong,  tips  toothed.     Drnpes  fusiform,  simple  linear. 

Order  CLXYI.    AROZDE^. 

Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves,  or  scandent  shrubs.  Leaves 
alternate.  ^Flowers  1-2-sexual,  sessile  on  a  spadix  which  is  more  or  less 
enclosed  in  a  green  or  coloured  spathe ;  if  unisexual  the  males  usually 
towards  the  apex  and  fem.  at  the  base  of  the  spadix,  with  often  neuters 
between  them  and  above  the  males  ;  perianth  0  or  of  scales.  Anthers  2-4- 
celled,  dehiscence  dorsal  or  by  pores;  pollen  various.  Ovary' sessile, 
1-3-celled,  style  short  or  long,  stigma  discoid  or  lobed;  ovules  1  or 
more,  variously  inserted.  Fruit  baccate.  Seeds  1  or  few,  rarely  many, 
often  imbedded  in  pulp;  testa  various ;  albumen  0  or  copious;  embryo 
axile,  or  in  exalbuminous  genera,  thick  with  the  plumule  in  a  lateral 
slit. — Genera  about  100,  species  about  1000,  for  the  most  part  tropical. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  studies  of  Mr.  N.  E.  Brown  for  valuable  notes  on  many  of 
the  Indian  species  entered  in  the  Kew  Herbarium,  and  for  aid  in  the  preparation  of 
the  following  descriptions  :  — 

Series  A.  Flowers  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious  in  Arissema). 
Perianth  0. 

Tribe  I.  Arine^.     Spadix  with  a  flowerless  top  (appendage)  or  0  in 
Pistiasbudi  Gryptocoryne.     Stamens  hee  ;  anther-cellslargerthan  their  con- 
nective.    Fem.fl.  Staminodes  0.     Ovary  1-celled,  ovules  orthotropous. 
Submerged  or  marsh  herbs.     Ovaries  in  one  whorl  ^      .       1.  Gryptocoryne. 
Marsh  herbs.     Ovaries  spirally  disposed     ....'.       2.  Lasenandra. 

Floating  stemless  herb '    ,     .     .     .       3.  Pistia. 

Terrestrial  tuberous  herbs  : 

Leaves  compound  ;  ovules  basal 4.  Aeis^jia. 

Leaves  pedatipartite,  appearing  after  the  flowering;  •  ( 

ovules  basal •       5.  Saueomatum. 


CLxvi.  AROiDEji.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  491 

Leaves  undivided ;  ovules  parietal       6.  Aeum. 

Leaves   various    and   flowers   coetaneous;  ovules    . 

basal 7.  Ttphdnium. 

Leaves  pedatipartite ;  ovules  basal  and  apical     .     ..      8.  Theeiophonum. 

Tribe  II.  Pythonie^.  Spadix  with  or  without  an  appendage.  Stamens 
free,  anther-cells  broader  than  their  connective.  Oyar?/ 1- or  more-celled  ; 
ovules  anatropous  or  semianatropous, — Taberons  herbs,  often  flowering 
before  leafing  ;  leaves  3-sect,  segments  pinnatifid.     • 

Appendage  naked  ;  neuters  0 9.  Amoephophallus. 

Appendage  slender,  n^ked  ;  neuters  below  the  males     .  10.  Synantheeias. 

Appendage  covered  with  conical  neuters 11.  Thomsonia. 

Appendage  0  ;  neuters  very  large 12.  Plesmonium. 

Tribe  III.  Colocasie^.  Spadix  with  or  without  an  appendage,  usually 
shorter  than  the  spathe.  Anthers  sessile,  densely  crowded,  prismatic  or 
broad,  free  or  connate,  connective  very  thick.  Leaves  undivided,  often 
peltate. 

*  Tube  of  spathe  not  enclosing  the  fruit.  Fern.  inji.  partially  adnate 
to  the  spathe. 

Ovary  many-ovuled  ;  stigma  4-6-cleft 13.  Aeiopsis. 

Ovary  many-ovulcd  ;  stigma  discoid 14.  Stetjdneea. 

Ovary  1-ovuled ;  stigma  discoid 15.  Hapaline. 

**  Tube  of  spathe  enclosing  the  fruit.  Spadix  wholly  free  from  the 
spathe. 

Limb  of  spathe  refracted,  open  ;  ovules  parietal  ...     16.  Remusatia. 
Limb  of  spathe  refracted,  convolute  ;  ovules  basal    .     .     17.  Gonatanthus. 
Limb  of  spathe  erect ;  ovules  many  parietal      ....     18.  Colocasia. 
Limb  of  spathe  erect ;  ovules  few  basal -  19.  Alocasia. 

Tribe  IV.  Philodendrejs.  Spadix  without  an  appendage,  usually 
shorter  than  the  spathe.  Stamens  free,  rarely  connate  in  a  prismatic 
body ;  connective  usually  broader  than  the  cells.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the 
tube  of  the  spathe. — Perennial  herbs,  flowering  and  leafing  at  the  same 
time. 

Spathe  deciduous ;  ovary  1-2-celled '  .     20.  Aglaonema. 

Spathe  wholly  persistent ;  ovary  2-4-celled      ....     21.  HOmalonema. 
Limb  of  spathe  deciduous  ;  ovary  1-celled 22.  Schismatoglottis. 

Series  B.    Flowers  hermaprodite,  a  few  rarely  unisexual.    Perianth  0. 

Tribe  V.  CalletE.  Spadix  without  an  appendage.  Stamens  distinct; 
filaments  flat,  anther-cells  terminal.  Ovary  truncate,  stigma  central. — 
Mostly  climbers. 

Spadix  stipitate ;  ovule  1  basal ;  berries  free   .     ...  23.  Anadendeon.            ^j. 

Spadix  sessile ;  ovule  1-basal ;  berries  free      .     .     .     :  24.  Sctndapsus.             j^^^ 

Spadix  sessile ;  ovary  1-2-celled,  many-ovuled  j  berries  - 

confluent 25.  Ehaphidophori  '  .     % 

Spadix  sessile.     Ovary    1-celled ;    ovules    2  or   more  "^ 

(rarely  1)  basal 26.  Epipekmnum, 


492  CLXVi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

Series  C.     Flowers  hermaplirodite.    Perianth  of  4-6  segments. 
Tribe  VI.  ORONTiEiE.     Spadix  without  an  appendage. 

*  Spadix  flowering  downward  ;  ovary  1-celled. 

Prickly  rigid  herbs  ;  spathe  many  times  longer  than  the 

sessile  spadix 27.  Lasta. 

Prickly  rigid  herb ;  spadix  stipitate 28.  Podglasia. 

Prickly   rigid   herbs ;    spathes   twice   as  long  as  the 

spadix 29.  Ctrtosperma. 

Unarmed  herbs  ;  leaves  membraneous,  pinnate    ...  30.  Akaphyllum. 

**  Spadix  flowering  upwards ;  ovary  1-3-celled. 

Stem  scandent ;  leaves  distichous 31.  Pothos. 

Stemless  j  leaves  ensiform  ;  spathe  0 32.  AcoRus. 

1.  CRVPTOCORITNE,  Fisch. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstock  and  short  stem  or  0. 
Leaves  broad  or  narrow.  Tube  of  spathe  with  connate  margins  and  a 
transverse  septum  within.  Spadix  very  slender,  its  tip  adnate  to  the  sep- 
tum of  spathe;  male  infl.  cylindric ;  anthers  2-celled,  cells  with  conical 
perforate  tips,  pollen  vermiform ;  fem.  infl.  a  single  whorl  of  connate  1-celled 
many-ovuled  ovaries  with  a  few  neuters;  styles  short,  recurved;  ovules 
erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  of  coriaceous  connate  2-valved  many-seeded 
carpels.  Seeds  oblong,  albuminous ;  embryo  axile. — Species  about  25, 
tropical  Asiatic. 

*  Tube  of  spathe  narrow,  longer  than  the  limb  (or  as  long  in  C. 
Griffithii). 

1.  C-  cillata,  Fisch.  ex  Schott  Melet.  16 ;  leaves  linear-oblong 
or  -lanceolate,  limb  of  spathe  oblonsr  densely  fimbriate.  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  12 ;  Schott  Aroid.  7 ;  Syn.  2 ;  Prodr.  15  ;  in  Bonpland.  (1857),  222  ; 
Wight  Ic.  t.  775 ;  Wall.  Cat.  8914 ;  Griff,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac  xx.  t.  10-12  ; 
Blume  Bumph.  i.  86 ;  .Engler  Arac.  624,  and  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  297  ; 
N.  F.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  245.  C.  elata,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  134 ; 
Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  170,171  (alata).  C.  drymorhiza,  ^ipp.  in  Miq.  Ann.  Mus. 
Bot.  i.  122.  Ambrosinia  ciliata,  Boxb.  Cor.  PI.  iii.  90,  t.  294 ;  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
491. 

Bengal,  in  ponds,  &c.  (in  salt  marshes,  Kurz).  Malacca,  Griffith. — Disteib. 
Malay  Islds. 

Tuberous,  stoloniferous.  Leaves  6-16  in.,  lower  half  sheathing,  midrib  stout. 
Scape  very  short.  Tube  of  spathe  4-10  in. ;  limb  2-3  in.,  oblong,  cuspidate,  fimbriae 
purple.  Ovaries  5-7.  Fruit  long-peduncled,  globose,  1  in.  diam. ;  cells  6-8-seeded. 
JEtnhryo  polyphyllous,  germinating  in  the  fruit. — Javan  specimens  have  leaves  14  by 
3i  in. 

2.  C.  Walkeri,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1857)  221;  Prodr.  Aroid. 
5 ;  leaves  long-petioled  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  base  cuneate  or 
■piTided,  .liinb  of  spathe  linear-lanceolate  strongly  twisted  glabrous. 
Terr^^  -krac.  625.     C.  spiralis,  Thw.  Enum.  334. 

JTLON,  Walker. 

li^ves  2-3  in.,  acute,  thin  ;   petiole  6  in.,  very  slender.     Scape  very  short. 
ovathe  2  in.;  limb  li  in.     Ovarie9  4r-b. 


Cryptocoryne,']  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  493 

3.  C.  retrospiralis,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  12 ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  nar- 
rowly linear,  tube  of  spathe  and  glabrous  limb  both  closely  twisted. 
WigU  Ic.  t.  772;  Schott  Aroid.  8;  8^n.  2;  Prod.  18;  in  Bonpland. 
(1857)  222 ;  Angler  Arac.  625  Sf  Ic  ined.  No.  16.  Ambrosinia  retrospiralip, 
Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  492. 

Bengal,  Burma,  Central  India  and  the  Deccan. 

Leaves  3-12  by  5-f  in.,  narrowed  into  a  short  stout  petiole,  or  sessile,  finely 
acuminate,  costa  slender.  Spathe  subsessile,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves,  deep 
green  streaked  with  purple.     Ovaries  5-6,  3-  or  more-ovuled ;  stigmas  orbicular. 

4.  C.  consobrina,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1857)  222;  Prodr.  16; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  finely  acuminate,  petiole  long,  limb  of  spathe 
ovate  long-caudate  glabrous  not  twisted.     Engler  Arac.  626. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  FerroUet,  &c. 
•     Leaves  4-6  by  f-1  in.,  midrib  stout.     Spathe  about  equalling  the  petiole,  its 
tail  about  three  times  longer  than  the  blade. 

6.  C.  cordata,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  138  ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  1. 172 ;  leaves  long- 
petioled  broadly  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  base  cordate  or  emarginate,  tube  of 
peduncled  spathe  very  long,  limb  small  lanceolate  not  twisted  glabrous. 
Schott  Syn.  2;  Prodr.  Aroid.  14;  in  Bonpland.  (1857)  220.;  Engler 
Arac.  626  4"  Ic  ined.  No.  6 ;  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  298 ;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc  xiii.  242. 

Malacca,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Leaves  3-4  in.,  petiole  usually  much  longer.  Spathe  very  variable  in  length 
(according  to  depth  of  water) ;  tube  10-12  in. ;  limb  1^  in.,  purplish  green,  base 
contracted,  peduncle  2-3  in.     Ovaries  6-8  j  ovules  many. 

6.  C.  Griffithil,  Schott  Syn.  Aroid.  1 ;  Prodr.  Syst.  Aroid.  14 ;  leaves 
broadly  oblong  or  orbicular  ovate  subcordate  petiole  very  long  and  slender, 
tube  of  spathe  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  cuspidate  limb.  "Engler 
Arac.  631 ;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc  xviii.  244.  Cryptocoryne, 
sp.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  139 ;  Ic  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  173,  f.  3  (ovules). 

Malacca,  Griffith. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  obtuse,  base  very  varions,  rarely  rounded  sometimes 
2-aTiricled,  green  above  purple  beneath,  nerves  obscure;  petiole  6-8  in.  Spathe 
2-2J  in.,  dark  livid  red  and  papillose  within,  and  having  a  dimidiate  hollow  cone 
descending  from  the  base  of  the  convolute  portion  and  enclosing  the  male  fl.  Fruit 
ovoid,  rugose,  reddish,  few-seeded. 

7.  C.  Beckettii,  Thw.  ex  Trim,  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxiii.  (1885)  269; 
leaves  long-petioled  oblong-lanceolate  undulate  base  cordate,  tube  of  small 
sessile  spathe  narrow  straight  about  twice  as  long  as  the  small  tailed 
blade. 

Ceylon;  Matale  east,  jBecA;ei^. 

Ledves  2\-4im.,  subacute,  5-7-nerved;  petiole  4-8  in.  Spathe  not  1  in.  long, 
limb  shortly  tailed.  Stipes  of  male  infl.  shorter  than  it.  Qarpels  5. — Desc^.  from 
Trimen. 

8.  C.  Wierhtiij  Schott  Prodr.  Syst.  Aroid.  17;  leaves  narrowly  linear 
narrowed  at  both  ends  strongly  crisped  and  waved,  tube  of  long-peduncled 
spathe  very    long,   limb    lanceolate    acuminate    not    twisted    glabrous. 

Engl.  Arac  627.     C.  unilocularis,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  1857,  2!^3  {not  of 

Kunth). 

Mysore,  Wight. 


494  CLxvi.  AROiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Cryptocoryne. 

Leaves  6-10  hy  i  in.;  petiole  shorter.  Tube  of  spathe  Z-Q  in. ,  limb  1^-2  in.; 
peduncle  2-2^  in.     Ovaries  6-7,  stigmas  orbicular. 

9.  C.  affinis,  N.  E.  Br.  mss.  leaves  petioled  oblong-ovate  base  roanded 
or  emaiMiiiate  strongly  bullate,  spathe  peduncled,  tube  about  as  long  as 
the  twisted  limb,  base  inflated. 

Pebae,  Scortechini  (586,  586^). 

Leaves  1-2^  in.  by  ^-1  in.,  subacute,  purplish  beneath,  5-7-nerved,  margin  snb- 
crenate;  petiole  1-3  in.  Spathe  2|-3  in.,  with  the  peduncle  lengthening  after 
flowering,  limb  narrowly  lanceolate  dark-purple.  Appendage  of  spadix  sessile,  ovoid. 
Carpels  6-7,  very  many-ovuled  ;  stigmas  oblong. 

**  Tube  of  spathe  shorter  tban  the  limb. 

•f-  Limb  of  spathe  transversely  rugose  or  plicate  within. 

10.  C.  spiralis,  Fisch.  mss.  ex  Wydler  inLinnsea,  v.  428  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  spathe  sessile,  tube  very  short  obconic,  limb  linear-lanceolate, 
strongly  twisted  at  first.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  12 ;  JBlume  Rumph.  i.  84,  t. 
36  C. ;  Wight.  Ic.  t.  773 ;  Schott  Melet.  16  ;  Syn.  Aroid.  2 ;  Gen.  t.  1 ; 
Frodr.lS',  Aroid.  8,  t.  13 ;  Schnitz.  Iconog.l,  t.  72;  Engler  Aran.  628. 
Ambrosinia  spiralis,  JRoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  492.  Arum  spirale,  Betz  Obs.  i.  30 ; 
JBol.  Mag.  t.  2220;  Lodd.  Bat.  Gat.  t.  525. 

Bengal,  the  Deccan  Peninsula,  &c. 

Leaves  3-8  by  \-^  in.,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  both 
ends,  costa  slender,  nerves  parallel ;  petiole  long  or  short.  Spathe  3-5  in.  long,  at 
first  twisted,  transversely  lamellate  within.  Ovaries  5-6,  several-ovuled ;  stigmas 
broadly  elliptic. 

11.  C.  Kuegrelii»  Schott  Aroid.  8,  t.  12;  Prodr.  18  ;  petiole  as  long  as 
the  elliptic-oblong  leaf-blade,  spathe  shortly  peduncled,  tube  very  short 
cylindi'ic,  limb  linear-lanceolate  long-acuminate,  ovaries  4-2-ovuled. 
Engl.  Arac.  628. 

East  Indies,  Huegel  in  Herb.  Vienna. 
I  have  seen  no  specimen  of  this  species. 

ft  Limb  of  spathe  smooth  within. 

12.  C.  cogrnata,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  1857,  222 ;  Prodr.  16 ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  margins  undulate,  limb  of 
spathe  much  longer  than  the  tube  narrowed  into  a  very  long  twisted  tail. 
fngl.  Arac.  629. 

The  CoNCAN,  Law,  &c. 

Leaves  6-10  by  1-1|  in,,  narrowed  and  acute  at  both  ends;  midrib  very  broad  ; 
petiole  very  stout,  shorter  than  the  blade.  Spathe  7-8  in.,  shortly  peduncled,  tube 
2-2^  in.,  limb  5-6  in. 

13.  C.  Roxburg-hiiv  Sc/iott  Prodr.  18;  leaves  narrowly  linear 
acuminate,  spathe  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  limb  much  lonorer  than 
the  cylindric  tube  very  slender  closelv  twisted.  Engl.  Arac.  629.  C. 
Roxburghii,  Dalz.  4*  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  257.  C.  unilocularis,  Wight.  Lc.  t. 
774  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  13.  Ambrosinia  unilocularis,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  493. 
Arum  spirale,  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  228. 

Northern  Circabs  and  the  Concan. 

Leaves  8-12  by  \-%  in.,  ecostate,  nerves  parallel.  Tube  of  spathe  about  |  in., 
blade  6-8  in.  Ovaries  4-5,  stigmas  orbicular  or  oblong,  close  to  the  stipes  of  the 
spadix ;  ovules  very  many.     Fruit  conical,  5-celled,  many-seeded. 


Cri/ptocoryne.]  clxvi.  aroidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  495 

14  C.  Thwaitesil,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  1857,  221;  Prodr.  14; 
leaves  broadly  ovate  or  subobovate  base  cordate  or  emarginate,  tube  of 
spathe  cylindric  one-third  shorter  than  the  linear  hardly  twisted  limb. 
Engler  Arac.  630  ;  Ic.  ined.  No.  7  ;  Thw.  Enum.  334. 

Ceylon,  in  forests,  Thioaites. 

Leaves  2-2^  by  l\-\\  in.,  densely  papillose  above,  petiole  rather  shorter  than  the 
blade,  margin  undulate.  Spathe  subsessile,  1^  in.  long,  limb  oblong,  gradually 
narrowed  into  a  slender  tail,  tube  hardly  swollen  at  the  base.  Ovaries  6  ;  styles, 
rather  long,  stigmas  oblong. 

15.  C.  G-oxnezil,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  1857,  221;  Prodr.  14;  leaves 
long-petioled  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  obtuse  base  cordate,  spathe  long- 
peduncled,  limb  broadly  lanceolate  not  twisted  three  times  as  long  as 
the  oblong  ovoid  tube  narrowed  into  a  long  tail.  Engler  Arac.  630. 
— Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  8958. 

SiLHET,  Gomez. 

Leaves  2-3  by  1-1|  in.,  base  often  unequal-sided,  tip  obtuse  acute  or  rounded. 
Tube  of  spathe  i-f  in.,  liinb  lf-2  in.,  broad  below  and  concave. 

16.  C.  elliptica,  JSf.  E.  Br.  mss. ;  leaves  orbicular-  or  ovate- cordate, 
tube  of  peduncled  spathe  2-2|  times  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  limb,  which 
is  twisted  and  bent  forward  at  the  apex. 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  Kind's  Collector. 

Allied  to  C.  Griffithii,  but  leaves  smaller  not  so  deeply  cordate,  and  limb  of 
spathe  much  smaller  narrower  and  not  papillose  within.  Leaves  1-1^  by  1^  in. 
obtuse  fleshy,  brown  beneath ;  petiole  2-3  in.,  sheath  short.  Spathe  with  the 
peduncle  hardly  lengthening  in  fruit;  tube  white,  1^  in.,  base  slightly  inflated;  limb 
^-^  in.,  black  within.     Fruit  6-celled,  stigmas  small. 

DOUBTFUL   SPECIES.  ^ 

.  C.  Dalzellii,  Schott.  in  Bonpland.  1857,  221 ;  Prodr.  15;  leaves  lanceolate 
margin  erosely  serrulate,  lateral  nerves  4  on  each  side  ascending,  fruit  ovoid 
5-gynojis,  seeds  biseriate  oblong  subtrigonous. — Bombay,  Dalzell, 


2.  Z-AaSNANDBA,  Dalzell. 

Habit  and  characters  of  Gryptocoryne,  but  the  fem.  inflor.  consists  of  a 
spiral  row  of  many  free  ovaries,  with  peltate  or  discoid  stigmas,  and  the 
fruit  is  baccate  and  indehiscent. — Species  4,  Indian. 

1.  Zi.  tozicaria,  Dalzell  in  HooJc.  Journ.  Bot.  iv.  (1852)  289;  v.  (1858) 
t.  4  ;  petiole  as  long  as  the  oblong  or  elliptic-oblong  obtuse  or  acute  leaf, 
nerves  very  slender  divergent  from  the  stout  costa,  spathe  lanceolate 
caudate-acuminate  slightly  twisted,  tube  much  shorter  than  the  long-tailed 
limb.  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  257  ;  Schott  Syn.  Avoid.  3  {excl.  syn.) ; 
Engler  Arac.  621.  L.  ovata,  Thtcaites  Enum.  334.  Cryptocoryne  ovata, 
Schott  Melet.  i.  16  ;  Blume  Bumph.  i.  86  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  12,  Caladium 
ovatum.  Vent,  in  Boem.  Arch.  ii.  357.  C.  montanum,  Herb.  Heyne.  Arum 
ovatum,  Linn.  8p.  PI.  967. — Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  23. — Aroid.  Wall. 
Cat.  8966. 

The  South  Concan,  and  Belgaum,  in  marshes,  Dalzell.  Ceylon;  common  in 
the  central  provinces. 

Rootstock  creeping.  Leaves  with  petiole  8-36  by  2-5  in.,  coriaceous,  buse 
acute  or  rounded ;  sheath  of  petiole  elongate.  Spathe  longer  than  the  compressed 
peduncle,  3-8  in.  long;  tube  broad,  limb  lanceolate.     Syncarp  globose,  1^-2  in. 


496  CLxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooter.)  [^Lagenandra, 

diam.  •  carpels  in  many  cycles,  free,  about  \  in.  lonjif.     Seedis  several  in  each  carpel, 
minute,  basal. 

2.  Zi.  Thwaltesii,  Engler  Arac.  621 ;  petiole  longer  or  shorter  than 
the  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate  leaf,  nerves  diverging  from  the  costa,  spathe 
slender  convolute  at  length  open,  tube  very  much  shorter  than  the  limb. 

Ceylon,  Thwaites. 

JRootstock  branched.  Leaves  4-6  by  f-1^  in.,  base  acute  or  rounded;  petiole 
2-6  in.,  rather  slender,  sheath  short.  Spathe  1^-2  in,,  much  longer  than  the 
peduncle ;  tube  ovoid ;  appendage  of  spadix  very  short.  Carpels  in  8-9  cycles, 
connate  at  the  base. — A  much  smaller  species  than  L.  toxicaria.  The  specimens 
are  not  very  good. 

3.  Zi.  lancifolia,  Thw.  jE?ium.  334 ;  petiole  about  equalling  the  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate  leaf,  nerves  diverging  from  the  costa,  spathe 
oblong  beaked  rugose  within,  tube  obconic  half  as  long  as  the  limb. 
Engler  Arac.  622.  Cryptocoryne  lancifolia,  Schott  in  JBonpland.  1857, 
221  ;  Prodr.  Avoid.  15  {in  part) ;  Gen.  t.  1. 

Ceylon  ;  or  banks  of  streams,  Thwaites. 

Leaves  2-i  by  f-l^  in,,  dotted  with  white,  sparsely  above,  densely  beneath  ;  base 
rounded  or  acute  ;  sheath  of  petiole  short.  Spathe  1-2  in.,  dark  purple ;  appendage 
of  spadix  very  short.     Carpels  30-40,  in  5-6  cycles ;  stigma  conical. 

4.  Ii.  Koenigrii,  Thw.  Enum.  334 ;  leaves  subsessile  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate,  nerves  at  first  parallel  to  the  costa,  peduncle  long 
slender,  spathe-tube  several  times  shorter  than  the  subulate  limb.  Engler 
Arac.  623;  and  Jc.  iwecZ.  N"o.  15.  Cryptocoryne  Kcjenigii,  Schott  in  Bonpland. 
1859,  81 ;  Prodr.  16. 

Ceylon  ;  in  the  Singhe-rajah  forest,  Thwaites, 

Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  \-%  in.,  dotted  with  white  beneath  j  costa  stout  below  evanescent 
above  ;  petiole  reduced  to  a  short  sheath.  Spathe  3-3^  in.  long ;  peduncle  2-8  in. 
Appendage  of  spadix  c\a,\ate.  Carpels  about  30,  in  many  cycles,  1-ovuled.  Berries 
smooth.     Seed  deeply  grooved. 

5.  Zi.  insigrnis,  Trim.  Gat.  PI.  Geyl.  97 ;  in  Journ.  Bat.  i.  (1885) 
269;  petiole  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  or^ oblong  acuminate  leaf, 
nerves  very  many  and  slender  scurfily  papillose/uivergent  from  the  very 
stout  costa,  spathe  very  large,  tube  infundibular,  limb  very  broad  ex- 
panded abruptly  caudate. 

Ceylon  ;  Pasdun  Korle,  Trimen. 

Leaves  12  by  3-4  in,,  closely  dotted  beneath.  Spathe  stoutly  peduncled,  tube 
1^-2  in. ;  limb  4-6  in.  broad,  droopiug,  crisped  and  undulate,  membranous,  purple  with 
white  veins  (like  an  Ariscema). 

3.  FISTXA,  Unn. 

A  floating,  gregarious,  stemless,  stoloniferous  herb.  Leaves  sessile, 
obovate-cuneate,  together  forming  an  erect  cup.  Spathe  small,  shortly 
peduncled,  tubular  below,  ooen  above.  Spadix  adnate  to  back  of  the  tube 
of  the  spathe,  free  above.  Male  infl.  of  few  sessile  connate  stamens  beneath 
the  apex  of  the  spadix,  slits  vertical,  with  a  ring  of  confluent  minute 
neuters  below  them.  Eem.  infl.  a  solitary  cpnico-ovoid  1-celled  ovary  ;  style 
conical,  stigma  discoid ;  ovules  many,  orthotropous,  basal  or  subparietal. 
Fruit  membranous,  few- seeded.  Seeds  oblong  or  obovoid,  albuminous, 
testa  at  length  rugose;  embryo  minute,  apical,  cuneiform. 


Pistia.l  CLxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  497 

P.  Stratlotes,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  963  ;  Hoxh.  Cor.  PI  iii.  63.  t.  269 ;  Fl. 
Ind.  iii.  131 ;  Griff.  Notul.  12,  211 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  260,  261 ;  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  281 ;  Pot.  Mag.  t.  ^^G^.—Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  t.  32. 

Throughout  India,  and  Ceylon  ;  in  still  sweet  water. — Disteib.  tropica 
generally. 

Soots  of  tufted  simple  white  fibres  clothed  with  fibrillse.  Leaves  1^-4  in.  long 
in  Indian  forms,  apex  rounded  or  retuse,  nndulate,  pubescent  above  and  beneath ; 
nerves  raised  beneath,  flabelliform,  converging  within  the  margin.  SpatTie  white, 
obliquely  campanulate,  ^in.  long,  tomentose  externally,  gibbous  and  closed  below, 
contracted  about  the  middle,  dilated  and  nearly  circular  above. 

4.  ASEtZSJSSXHA,  Mart. 

Tfiberous  herbs.  Leaves  3-sect,  pedatisect,  or  leaflets  whorled.  Spathe 
deciduous,  tube  convolute,  limb  often  acuminate  or  tailed,  usually  in- 
curved. Spadix  included  or  exserted,  appendage  various  often  excessively 
long  and  filiform.  Male  fi.  many,  stipitate  (sessile  and  connate  in  a 
continuous  stratum  in  A.  j^ai^z^m),  anthers  2-5  oblong  or  subglobose.  ^  Fem. 
fl.  densely  crowded ;  ovary  1-celled ;  style  short  or  0,  stigma  disciform  ; 
ovules  2  or  more,  basilar,  orthotropous.  Neuters  0,  or  a  few  above  the 
males  or  females,  or  on  the  appendage,  subulate.  Berries  1-few-seeded. 
Seeds  albuminous  ;  embryo  axile. — Species  about  60,  temp,  and  trop.  Asia, 
and  JST.  America. 

The  characters  taken  from  the  plants  being  mono-  or  dicBcious  are  not  absolute 
but  very  constant,  as  are  those  of  leaves  one  or  two. 

A.  Teisecta.    Leaves  trifoliolate  (Sp.  1-17). 

*  Appendage  much  shorter  than  the  limb  of  the  spa^the. — ^Usually  all 
dioecious. 

•1.  A.  Rozburgrhil,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  18 ;  leaves  2,  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  lateral  subsessile  median  petiolulate,  limb  of 
spathe  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  incurved  or  involute,  appendage  very 
slender  acute  naked  or  with  a  few  basal  neuters.  Schott  Syn.  Aroid.  27 ; 
Prodr.  33.  A.  cuspidatum,  Fngler  Arac.  536.  Arum  cuspidatum,  Eoxb. 
Fl.  Ind.  iii.  506 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  784. 

Penano,  Eoxlurgh  ;  on  Govt.  Hill,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Ou-^tis.  Peraz,  Scortechini, 
Kunstler. — Distbib.  Java  (Ic.  Horsfield.) 

Mootstock  horizontal,  rooting  all  over.  Petiole  elongate  sheathing  the  scape, 
14-18  in.,  and  peduncle  mottled-green  and  pink ;  leaflets  4-10  by  1-5  in.  Spathe 
pale  yellow-green,  tube  4  in.,  longer  than  the  limb,  margins  not  recurved  around 
the  mouth  of  the  tube  in  Roxburgh's  drawing,  but  distinctly  in  one  of  Scortechini's, 
which  represents  a  much  broader  strongly  incurved  limb  of  the  spathe  with  a  caudate 
tip.  Male  spadix  very  slender,  tapering  into  the  short  filiform  appendage  which 
bears  a  few  subulate  neuters. 

2.  A.  XLunstleri,  Hook.f. ;  leaf  solitary,  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late subcaudately  acuminate  all  or  the  median  only  petiolulate,  limb  of  the 
green,  spathe  suberect  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  about  as  long  as  the 
tube  but  broader,  base  dilated  round  the  tube  hardly  recurved,  male 
spadix  very  slender  ending  in  a  very  slender  naked  finely  acuminate 
appendage. 

Peraz,  Kunstler  (Ic.  in  Serb.  Calcutt.).  Penai^g,  King's  Collector  (1653),  on 

Govt.  Hill,  alt.  2000  ft.,  Curtis.    ?  Khasia  Hills  j  Nya  Bungalow,  alt.  2000  ft. 
Clarice. 

VOL.   VI.  K  k 


498  CLXvi.  AKOiDE^,     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [AriscBma. 

Root  tuberous.  Peiiole  and  peduncle  4-10  in.,  slender,  green,  obscurely  mottled 
with  red.  Leaflets  membranous,  3-6  in.,  lateral  unequal  at  the  base,  median  acute 
orcuneate  at  the  base,  margins  sometimes  obscurely  erose  (when  dry).  Spathe  2-3 
in.  long. — Very  near  A.  laminatum,  Blume  of  Java,  which  has  a  white  tube  of  the 
spathe,  and  the  green  limb  is  contracted  at  the  base,  and  is  not  carried  round  the 
mouth  of  the  tube. 

3.  IL.  alburn^  N.  B.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  247 ;  leaf  solitary, 
leaflets  petiolulate  lateral  dimidiate-ovate  median  elliptic  base  cuneate  or 
acute,.tube  of  white  spathe  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate 
limb,  appendage  filiform  shorter  than  the  spathe  bearing  towards  the  tip 
scattered  subulate  neuters.     Arisaema,  Wall.  Gat.  n.  8924. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  '4000  ft.,  de  Silva,  Clarice. 

Tuber  depressed.  Petiole  10-12  in. ;  lateral  leaflets  about  8  by  4  in.,  base  very 
unequal,  tips  filiform,  median  rhombic-ovate  5  petwlules  f-1  in.  Peduncle  about  as 
long  as  the  petiole.  Spathe  3-4  in.,  tip  filiform,  margins  below  not  revolute.  Spadix 
(female)  with  scattered  neuters  on  the  base  of  the  appendage,  besides  those  towards 
its  tip. 

4.  A.  petiolulatum,  Hook.f. ;  leaf  solitary,  leaflets  all  petiolulate 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong  abruptly  cuspidatelj  caudate,  tube  of  spathe 
equalling  the  lanceolate  acuminate  limb  contracted  at  the  base,  appendage 
slender  cylindric  erect  obtuse  naked. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  it.,  J.B.H.  8r  T.T.,  Clarice,  Munnipoee,  alt. 
8800  ft.,  Watt. 

Eootstock  elongate,  rooting  all  over.  Petiole  and  shorter  peduncle  slender ; 
leaflets  subequal,  6-10  by  2^-3f  in.,  lateral  cuneate  or  unequal -sided  at  the  base, 
median  with  an  acute  base.  Spathe  with  a  funnel-shaped  tube  and  purplish  limb 
5  in.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  male  spadix. 

5.  A.  Wattii;  Sooh.  f. ;  leaves  2,  leaflets  subsessile  finely  acuminate, 
lateral  dimidiate-ovate  median  elliptic-oblong,  tube  of  spathe  longer  than 
the  orbicular-ovate  caudate-acuminate  limb,  appendage  long-stipitate 
stout  cylindric  naked  top  rounded. 

MuNNiPORE  ;  at  Mao,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Watt. 

Petiole  8-10  in.,  leaflets  6-8  in.,  lateral  2-3^  in.  broad,  inner  half  very  narrow 
and  evanescent  below  ;  nerves  many,  strong.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole. 
Spathe  5-6  in.  long,  limb  2  in.  broad,  margins  below  surrounding  the  tube  and 
recurved.     Appendage  2^  in.,  ^  in.  diam.,  stipes  ^  in. 

6.  A.  anomalum,  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Bot.  (1887)  205 ;  leaves  soli- 
tary, leaflets  petiolulate  ovate  acuminate  tips  filiform,  limb  of  spathe  broad 
ovate  acuminate  strongly  incurved  broader  and  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube,  appendage  slender  narrowed  upwards  naked.  N.  E.  Br.  in  Gard. 
Chron.  (1890)  i.  321 ;  Bot.  Mag,  t.  7211. 

STfiAiTs  OF  Malacca,  Larut  Islds.,  Curtis.  Pebak,  alt,  2500-3500  ft,, 
ScortecMni,  King's  Collector. 

Eootstock  deformed,  lobed  ;  lobes  bearing  solitary  leaves  or  peduncles  or  both. 
Petiole  slender,  green,  leaflets  4-6  by  If  in.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole, 
purplish-green.  /SpaiAe  2  in.  long,  tube  striped  purplish -brown  ;  limb  dark  brown 
purple,  striped  with  white,  lower  margin  forming  a  broad  recurved  border  round 
the  mouth  of  the  tube.  Spadix  male  or  bisexual ;  male  fl.  often  mixed  with  subulate 
neuters.  Stigma  penicillate. — There  is  in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium  a  drawing  of  a 
closely  allied  plant  from  Penang,  with  a  dull  purplish  tube  and  green  limb  of  the 
spathe,  and  no  neuters  amongst  the  male  fl. 


Arisceina.]  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  499 

**  Appendage  much  longer  than  the  spathe,  tapering  into  a  very  long 
filiform  pendulous  tip. 

f  Appendage  naked. 

a  Limb  of  spathe  broad,  rounded  truncate  retuse  or  2-lobed. — All 
dioecious. 

7.  A.  verrucosum,  8ckott  in  CEstr.  Bat.  Wochenbl.  (1857)  341 ; 
Prodr.  29  ;  leaf  solitary,  petiole  sheath  and  peduncle  warted,  leaflets  sessile 
rhomboidly  orbicular  or  lateral  ovate,  limb  of  spathe  very  broad  obcordate 
cuspidately  acuminate  decurved,  base  of  appendage  dilated  into  a  lobed 
disc.     Engler  Arac.  537. 

Eastern  Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft,  J.D.H.     Clarke. 

Tuber  large,  depressed.  Petiole  8-10  in.,  very  stout,  dull  dark  green,  studded 
with  minute  warts  ;  leaflets  2-7  in.,  dark-purple  beneath,  margins  waved  purplish, 
nerves  stout  beneath.  Peduncle  like  the  petiole.  Spathe  5-7  in.,  tube  white 
closely  striped  with  dark  purple  ;  limb  twice  to  five  times  as  broad,  reticulated  with 
white  and  dark  purple  ;  apex  ^-2  in.  long.  Spadix  stout  shortly  stipitate,  dark 
purple,  base  intruded,  narrowed  above  it  into  a  fusiform  body  that  tapers  into  an 
exserted  thread  12-18  in.  long  or  more. — Very  near  to  A.  utile,  from  which  the 
warted  petiole  and  peduncle  distinguish  it.  The  colours  are  taken  from  a  drawing 
of  my  own,  and  no  doubt  vary  much. 

8.  A.  ariffithli,  Schott  Syn.  Aroid.  26;  Prodr.  54;  leaves  2, 
leaflets  sessile  all  rhombic-orbicular  acuminate  crenate,  limb  of  spathe 
galeate  many  times  broader  than  the  tube  which  it  overhangs  deeply 
2-lobed,  with  a  long  linear  interposed  tail  that  embraces  the  filiform  tail 
of  the  appendage.  Engler  Arac.  538  ;  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi. 
386  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6491.  A.  Hookerianum,  8chott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wbchenhh 
(1857)  334;  Prodr.  30.  A.  Hookeri,  8ckott  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  6,  f.  11-19. 
— Pythonii  8p.  Griff.  Bin.  Notes,  201,  No.  1179. 

Eastern  Temperate  Himalaya;  Sikkim,  alt.  7-10,000  ft.  Bhotan,  alt. 
3-5000  ft.,  Griffith. 

Tuber  depressed,  3-5  in.  diam.  Petiole  as  thick  as  the  middle'  finger,  green, 
smooth;  leaflets  6-10  in.,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  margins  faintly  yellow, 
nerves  deeply  sunk.  Peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Tube  of  spathe 
2-3  in.,  purple  ribbed  with  white  ;  limb  5-8  in.  broad,  incurved,  head  rounded, 
lobes  forming  two  broad  dull  violet  flaps,  reticulate  with  green;  sinus  2-3  in.  deep  ; 
tail  2-4  in.,  purple.  Spadix  stout ;  appendage  purple,  stipitate,  suddenly  narrowed 
from  a  broad  disciform  lobed  intruded  base  into  a  tortuous  capillary  tail  1-3  ft. 
long. — Variable  in  colour  and  size.  Clarke  observes  that. in  ascending  from  8000  to 
12,000  ft.  the  spathe  varies  from  6-8  in.  broad  curved  and  ridged,  to  1  in.  broad 
scarcely  dilated  with  obscure  ridges ;  but  possibly  other  species  were  confounded 
with  Qriffithii. 

9.  A.  Utile,  RooJc.  f.  in  Schott  Prodr.  Aroid.  30 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6474 ; 
leaves  solitary,  leaflets  sessile  rhombic-ovate  or  obovate  crenate,  limb  of 
spathe  broadly  obcordate  or  obovate  oblong  retuse  or  2-lobed  with  a  short 
interposed  tail  that  embraces  the  filiform  tail  of  the  appendage.  Engler 
Arac.  537  and  Ic.  ined.  No.  55. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  from  Kashmir,  alt.  7500  ft.,  ClarJce,  eastwards  to 
Sikkim,  alt.  9-13,000  ft.,  J.D.H.,  &c. 

A  smaller  plant  than  A.  Griffthii  with  the  same  habit,  but  with  pale  green 
leaves  with  undulate  golden  margins  and  a  much  narrower  limb  of  the  spathe  4  in. 
broad  or  less,  which  is  not  longer  than  the  tube,  is  red  brown  or  purplish  and  coarsely 

K  k  2 


600 


0LX7X,  ABOXDaJB.      (J.  D.  llookor.) 


[Am(rfm(%. 


rplU'uluto.l.  A|>i>oiultt(r«  M  In  J.,  Or^tWi,  of  w}»!ch  Clurko  {Journ.  Linn,  Soo.  xxl. 
asU)  ooimMiTu  it  M  trlrtlnjj  vurioty.  Tho  Hot.  Mn^r.  n^:uio«,  howovor,  upholil  th« 
olu\riu'l«'r«  which  I  novor  M\vd  to  ohiorvo  In  Siklviin.  Ilyhridi*,  of  coui'mo,  niny 
(K .  ui  I  lir  WoKteru  ipeolmoitH  hAVo  loiitf«r  potlol<»K  ftiul  ))(nl«iiu<U«N  tuul  pulor  ((icimmm' 
All  UI.Y  ipooUMOni  urt  l-lMVtai  but  two  arc  n-prcBouU'*!  in  tho  rtaluooJ 

iiu  Hot   Mnjf.  drawing. 


►  I'M 
fir-' 


,/l 


//ri  tancfola^f  ooumina^i,  or  oautfa^t.-^DlcBoiuuH,  oxoept 


ic    A.  HpooloAum,  ^f^^^'t.  in  Flora  (IH'MV  t 

Itvii     .111  11  \     l.:illi'l«  III!   |>(^liolulut<>   lUMimiii 

Il\tMllMn    ..\.lli\     lirrXCM      I'VOM.llv      l'i"t  iiMll:iti\      IlIU"    .M 

ilUMU'Vc.l   .-,111.1. lie  ,1.11111111.1  (.-.    .ipi 


inl!:ilr.l    1. 

,l,..il..Mn 


'     Tf  a/A  Cat,  802a ; 
iiui*Ui»to  oonhi.t.o 

1     .      oVMi(>    lin»('(H)lut.O 

.11. 1. 1;.'    .'N  liii.li  1.'   .'I     I  II  .ir.irjM    \\\    l.!u>    oft.lMl 

\    l.Mii.-  liliUirm    tail,  liai.o   not.  t.niiiO!lt«>  or 

I  .    h'i(n(li  /uji/m.  iii.  18;   ,Srhotf   Mth't.i, 

Jointi    I. inn,  iSoc.  xxiii.  yUO;  Hot,  Maq. 

Mu    IV.   urn,  Wall.  Tint  Fl,  Nej>,  iJ9. 


t.ATAi  from  Kttaion»  to  Sikklm,  nit.  7-8000  ft.,  nml  Ilhotnn 


.'Mmuo,  or  nhorMy  otv«'|>in  m.l  i,..im  ;  ofton  B  In.  <\liuu.  Vf>fioh 
Vtr.N  ;  luiii,  ^;iiiii,  nuu>oth,  ofh'M  luiuM.  .1  umIiIm.mmi  or  j»urplo  J  loufU'ta  lO-U)  in., 
vdgVii  With  itul  or  purphs  »ur»Ui>u  .un.ii.  .m  i.Muulcii  i\l  tho  Uuhoj  prtiolulo 
i-a  In.  PoiUnofp  murh  nhi>rl»'r  Ihuo  lli««  i'.ii.>lr.  /'n/»i«  of  nputho  2  4  in.,  utrijxHl 
with  pnrploj  limb  2  (I  In.  loti^-.  linntl«ul  whilo  tuul  onvplo.  Sfnuiiv  pink  or  yoilowitth 
tnU  12  18  In  ,  ihnk  pnrpio  j  hiiHo  of  n\\\w\\Kh\^i>  \\^\u\\\y;  t>voiil  j  «nthor-oolU4  ft  j  ovtuii'i* 
ov«»l«l,  Kti^•nm  kokkIIo  pnlviiml. .     \  .  ly  vnriiihlo  '\n  h\i,o  luul  oolonrlti^r.     St'hott  nuulo 


tlnoowpooioM  o(  it,  ro«lno«'tl  l> 

th«\Y    «V0  .•!.  t'MMWf'W.N',  S«'lu>ll    in    il 
ulniply  u  niy«u\tli»  mnn-hnon  wilh  ili- 
8(1(1  nod  Ul,  \\\l\\  nn  Hboorntnllv  u  ii 
M.  8Uaft  In  IVult,  (VomTwvov.  »i  m 

Vt.  A.  Intarmodiinu, 

•fimilo  lutonil  dinu«liit((  .v  ii< 

OWUoato    t\orv«»M    l»vtv>«ll\     1.1;,  11 

nurvownl   m(..    :i    hill. 

t>iifr.>\v.<.l      I1..111     .1      ,l;'.i|. 


(o  t\v«»  v«rioti«'K,  Itoili  foti\Hl»Hl  on  >ny  ilnnvin^fsj 

Hot     /oilHohr.   ^lS7i>)  3r»7  !  t^fjft'  Aroiil,  30, 

|mi1m-  S  in.  lon^  ;  un»l  A.  tuirnhiU^  Sohott  11.  00. 

. .!  1  1  .  of  tho  «pponili>tfo.     WHllich'n  At^ntPtt^a, 


\s 


i    l<^'.^ ;  lojivM  1  or  2,  UMillots 

-M    .-.M.!.!!.'  ni..li  n   elliptic  bftse  nouto  or 

1.1 1.-.    Imil'  .'I    :.i>,iilu«  limoooluto    incurved 

>ii   p.     nip.'u.i.i  •.■      Ill  .slipitjitc     Nuboylimlrio 

i:-.:l,.iMi       1     I-;.-      n.;,.      i      \,TV     l..H,<-     rilsirorUl      tip. 

.     .  <_  .  >;?;> ;   rro<tr, 

!'..i^0%    11.      A.  .U'Kvsmii,  »SV/.,'.'7    /)(     luuiphind. 


TkMVKIUATK  \V  r.sn  i;\    II  im  vi 
A    winHllor  pliuii     than    .1.    sy 
tho  nu'dinn   ot  which    in  cllipti> 
d»tlVr»  in  tho  rlliptio  n^otHun  hn 

19.  A*  VrftUlchianuni. 

irhombio-orbioulnr,  Im  *    .  uiu  1 
bttwtfi   UtirvoH    la-oiully    ictui 
Oi^udat«*llCtMninnto,    npponil:. 

diioiform  luuTitwoil  into  m  \. 

O^t  8988  HUM  i/aW.  iN«)r  A  1  m 


;   ;  inn'  it  .  I^i>m  Simlu  to  KuninotK 
Willi    in,  K'    tuftnhnun^n!*  Hi'ssilo  loutlotn, 
.i\    M.ui.    1  M  .',      Fn>n»  \\  ollichiiinhm  il 
ii.r\!\iuMi  Ml    onoo  diHtinguisho*  it  iWmi 
iH  in  uo  wtiy  iliU'cr  from  ift<tfr>Hr«ftNMi. 

'•'   ;    It'll f    iw^lltavv.    l-'iiilcts    st^ssilo   all 

1M-;  iiii.ii;i,it.\  l,i;,T.il  .-i-.lu-.iual  at  the 

:  ;  he     .'M.Mi.,',     ov      laiU'<H>luto 
>',    Imsc  villa  It'vl    1  nnu-att»  or 

. .    : , ,    i  , ,  1         \       .>.-.< !  i    . ; ; 


I 


Ani^mna.]  ri.wi.  auoidk.ic.     (.1.  h.  I  looker.)  601 

TicMiMCHATio     Himalaya  j     iVoiu    Simla,    ult.    ti  80OO    ft.,     to    Sikkim,    nit. 

la  M.(»oort. 

Tuhor  (lopvcKnod.  PtHoh  fl-18  In.  j  lenfloti  3-8  In.,  «nd  ni  brojwl,  mthor  mpm- 
hnuioun.  /Vi/(UK«/iJ  Hhortor  tluin  tlio  poliolo.  Sputhc  W  H  in.,  nivrrow,  Hti'lpud  with 
ihwk  purpli' ;  limb  KvUnMvot  or  Hli^litly  inomvtui,  much  lon^or  tliaii  tlu>  tulu',  tip 
illifonn, —  I  ho  SiKUlin  HptH'imtiiH  iin»  much  nnuvllor  tliiiii  tlio  N«>p»iloMo  iiiid  woKtt»ru. 
A  tlno  (Intwin^  ol'  Miih  iuiuIo  ill  Nt^pitl  b)'  W'tilluh'ii  luttivo  urtittlM  1m  ill  KuW 
lloi'builiuii. 

l:).  A.  proplnquum,  Schott  in  (S$it.  Bot,  Z*iUohr»  (18A7)  833; 
Vroifr.  An>i(t.  'M^  \  InivcM  2,  loiiiloti  leHlle  tUMitniiiate,  Ifttoral  diinidiute- 
ovttto,  inotiian  rlioinlioidly  oibirular  bHie  oontrai-ted  Bubpetioluluto,  noi'vos 
broiidly  rotirubito,  limb  of  HpiitiK'  oliloii".  oi  Innrohiti*  (  utdtite^auaminntei 
uppiMuiu^o  Htipittito  riisiforiii  mI»>\<  tli<'  <lilii<,l  iiim ute  lubulattt  bftH 
iiiu'rovvcd  info  n  lilir.uin  liortly  oxHorLtul  Liul.  A.  iiitormodium,  var, 
j)ro|>in(]uuiii,  /     /  '  /     I  - 1  I . 

HiKKiM  Himalaya,  nil.  Ili.ikhi  (i..  X D.fr.,  Clafk§, 

lioottifiu'k  «l(>pi»«Km>(l  ^:lol)..s.«.  r<>tioh  very  Htout,  8  In.  lonjf,  prot»n,  cloiely 
vpcrkUnl  uiiti  Ntiinto  with  diiik  ^i'«<(<ii  ;  IcalMM  3-4  In.  long  nnd  brond,  MU0cub«nt, 
itbiiiiii^',  iirrvt  M  Htl-l)n^' IxMiciilli  ;  hiiKitl  Nhnii  hi  buig,  iri'oruut  with  pink  piirplu  ivud 
gi'oi'it.  /V(/i<Mo/r<  iibttnt  ('(piiillin^  iho  potidle.  8ttt*,lho  vovy  Wko  WaUivhiitimm  and 
nvtuHOHMm  I  limb  huImtooJ.  htriptui  willi  pmploon  tlio  hldon,  rotlculato  tovvunU'lhu  top. 
♦S/'(w/»*  pink. —  l)«'Horibod  rhiilly  fVoui  it  ilrnwin^j:  of  iiiino.  Tiio  wliortly  OKHvrti'd 
appt'iidii^o  N(<ttiUM  to  bi<  ti  conttlant  cliaractor  nnd  ii  ^:t'('llt  oontmitt  to  ititiillit'M.  It  hu» 
bt'i'ii  n'Kard(»«1  by  liliiKb'r  an  a  vmit'ty  of  intt/rtnodittin,  fiHJin  whlah  tUo  two  loavon  and 
rboiubtt^  luodiiui  buillrt  diHtin^uieili  it. 

It.  A.  ooAtatum,  Mnrl,  in  h'lora  (1831)  ii.  4^8;  leaf wolitary, loaflotn 
hoshIIo  or  HubH(*HMilo  lat«>ral  (limidiato-oonbiio  inodian  brcwidly  ovato  all 
nMulaio-ncnmiuato,  and  with  viM-y  oIoho  Hot  paraliid  norvoH,  limb  oF  Npatho 
obloii.'  l:i  n.  (-t)liiio  iiKMirvod  NUtblonly  nan*ovvo«l  into  a  loni;  lililorm  tip, 
nppiMul.i:.'  Mhortly  Niipitato  Hnbcyliiidrin  from  a  dilaiod  lobtilato  baHt>  thou 
narrowod  into  a  vt»ry  lotii^  lilironii  tail.  lt/u»to  li.mnpU.  i.  lOl;  Kuntk 
J^Jnum.  iii.  17;  Srhoff  Sj/n.  Aroid.  'Jd ;  i^nnli'.  )1\}  i  ICmjivi'  Araa.  1>H, 
Aniin  coHlatnni,  Wall.  'Jriif.  hi.  i\'tp.  28,  t.  ID. 

Mki'ai«;   Witllich. 

Tuhtir  dt*prt'KNi'il,  !l  i  in.  ditnn.  Pi^tiolt*  12  18  in.,  very  dtonfc,  nhotith  cmbnioing 
tlio  utout  groon  p«'(iimol»';  InillolH  10  1(5  l»y  fi  7  in.,  ihirk  ^(rooii.  Sinithe  4-6  In.f 
whilo  ntripi'd  wiUi  dull  piii-pli<.  >\\'(tlli(*h'H  piibliHhod  ll^'uro  in  IVnt.  Kl.  Nop.,  tind  ft 
lbii<  Cdlourod  driiwiiij^  iiiudo  in  Nopal,  now  in  Kow  Morbaiiuin,  (Voin  whioli  itiMtukOHi 
nro  llio  oidv  iintiiorily  I'ur  thiit  iipouiuit  whluli  in  tUu  uuvvutiun  ut'  thu  luavus  diU'urM  IVon 
ull  itrt  ('()ii^:onorM. 

1^.  A.  Prazorlf  Honk./.;  loaf  Nolit-ary,  leaflets  ovato  aonto  or 
aotiniinatt*.  lateral  HtibHOHHilu  niodian  poti(diihito,  norven  vary  nlondor 
diNtani.  tnbo  of  Hnatho  Mbort,  limb  nimdi  longer  oblongdunceoiato  acute 
oontractrd  at  the  base,  appendage  Hlonder  twice  ai  long  as  the  ipatho, 
base  not  Hwollon. 

Ui'iM'K  lluiiMA  I  Koul,  J.  0,  P«i»#r. 

7i'(io/.<(/  r^  tiihoroiiii.  JPttiolt  10-18  in.,  ihrftthing  bpyinul  tbo  niiddio,  or  not  | 
loiillotN  ii  i  by  about  2  in.,  nciirly  lyminvtrionl  or  latoml  rathor  obluput  will)  rouuddd 
or  broadly  oniuuto  Imncii  j  mtMilan  more  elliptic,  limn  aouto.  /'(k/mmo/o  loii^or  or 
■hortor  than  tho  potlolo,  nlondor.  i^pnthf  8|  In.,  tube  1  in.,  liudi  apparontly  oroot, 
about  \  in.  broad.  Malv  Jt.  very  Hinall,  Nubittliilo.  Ovarivn  ininut(<,  oontraatitd 
into  a  nluirt  Ntylo  with  UUcUbriu  atigum.— A  fuw  iuhIo  fl.  ooour  on  thu  iitipoa  uf  tho 
njtpondagu. 


503  CLXVi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Ariscema, 

16.  A.  g-aleatum,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  (1879)  ii.  102 ;  leaf 
solitary,  leaflets  all  petiolulate,  lateral  dimidiate-ovate  or  -cordate  acumi- 
nate crenulate,  median  elliptic  or  ovate,  tube  of  green  spathe  cylindric 
top  incurved  galeate  much  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate 
pendulous  limb  the  lower  margins  of  which  are  recurved,  appendage 
gradually  narrowed  from  an  elongate  conic  truncate  base  into  a  long 
thread.     Bot.  Mag.  t.  0457. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;   Gammie  {Hort.  Kew). 

Tuher  small.  Petiole  1-2  ft. ;  leaflets  7-14  in.,  median  broadest,  nerves  broadly 
reticulate ;  petiolules  1-1^  in.  Peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe 
4-5  in.,  striped  with  white;  limb  H  in.,  hanging  half-way  down  the  tube.  Spadix 
white;  appendage  sessile  in  the  fern.,  stipitate  in  the  male,  thread  pale  purple 

tt  Appendage  of  spadix  far  exserted  bearing  many  neuters. 

17.  A.  fimbriatum,  Masters  in  Gard.  Ghron.  (1884)  ii.  680,  f.  119  ; 
leaf  solitary,  leaflets  subsessile  broadly  ovate  caudite-acuminate,  tube  of 
purple  spathe  shorter  than  the  large  erect  or  incurved  ovate-lanceolate 
limb,  appendage  filiform  clothed  with  fi^liform  neuters.  Begel  Gartenfi. 
(1886)  357,  f.  40;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7150 ;  Journ.  of  Hortic.  1886,  f.  19. 

Langkawi  Islds.,  north  of  Penang  (Hort.  Sander),  Curtis. 

Rootstoch  tuberous.  Petiole  6-10  in. ;  leaflets  5-7  in.,  nerves  deeply  sunk. 
Peduncle  as  long  as  the  petiole.  Spathe  about  6-7  in.,  tube  2|  in.,  stripedsgreen 
and  white,  limb  striped  purple  and  white.  Spadix  very  slender  throughout;  appen- 
dage twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  pendulous,  red-purple,  I'ase  not  swollen;  neuters 
nearly  1  in.,  flexuous  ;  male  fl.  with  a  few  ovaries  scattered  amongst  the  lower  flowers. 
— The  Philippine  Isld.  locality  recorded  in  Qard.  Chron.  is  probably  an  error. 

B.  Pedatisecta.     Leaves  pedatisect.     (Sp.  18-22.) 
*  Appendage  of  spadix  elongate,  far  exserted. 

18.  A.  tortuosum,  Schott  Meletem.  i.  17;  8i/n.  29;  Prodr.  36; 
leaves  2-3,  leaflets  5-18  sessile  or  petiolulate  ovate-  or  linear-lanceolate 
snbcaudately  acuminate,  tube  of  green  spathe  about  as  long  as  the  large 
incurved  broadly  cymbiform  acuminate  limb,  appendage  narrowed  from 
the  base  to  the  tip  erect  then  porrect  and  again  erect.  Kuntli  JEnum.  iii.  19  ; 
Blume  Rumph.  i.  105 ;  Engler  I.e.  545,  and  Ic.  ined.  n.  58.  A.  curva- 
Xnm,  Kunth  I.e.  20;  Schott  Syn.  29;  Prodr.  37;  Dalz.  So  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl  258 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5931 ;  Engler  I.  c.  544,  and  Ic.  ined.  No.  57.  A. 
Stendelii,  8ehott  in  Bonpland.  (1839)  26 ;  Prodr.  37  ;  Engler  I.  c.  and  Ic. 
ined.  n.  61.  A.  helleborifolium,  Schott  St^n  29;  Prodr.  36.  A.  commu- 
tatum,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859)  26 ;  Prodr.  35.  Arum  curvatum,  Boxb 
Fl.  Ind.  iii.  506 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  788.  A.  tortuosum.  Wall.  PL  As.  Bar  ii.* 
t.  10.— Arissema,  Wall.  Cat.  8926,  8927. 

Temperate  and  Stjbtbopical  Himalaya,  alt.  8000  ft.,  from  Simla  to  Bhotan. 
The  Khasia  Hills,  Mfnnipoee,  the  Westeen  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  to 
Malabar. 

Tubers  spheroidal,  attaining  5  in.  diam.  Petiole  1-3  ft.,  green  or  with  the 
sheaths  mottled  with  purple;  leaflets  8-18  in.,  distant  or  crowded,  or  almost 
radiately  disposed.  Peduncle  2-4  ft.  Spathe  4-6  in.,  pale  green  or  purplish,  tube 
subcylindric,  gaping,  gradually  dilating  into  the  limb.  Spadix  uni-  or  bisexual ; 
appendage  like  a  rat's  tail,  quite  smooth.— Very  common  and  varying  greatly  in 
stature,  the  numbers  and  proportions  and  breadth  of  the  leaflets,  colour  of  the 
spathe,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  In  A.  Steudelii  there  are  a  few  neuters 
above  the  male  fl.     The  recorded  Ceylon  habitat  is  an  error. 


Ariscejna.]  clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  503 

19.  A.  Wrayi,  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Bot.  (1887)  205 ;  leaves  1-3,  leaflets 
6-9  petiolnlate  narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate  tips  apiculate  or  filiform,  tube 
of  spathe  open  as  long  or  longer,  limb  ovate  obtusely  acuminate  dilated  at 
the  base  with  two  largo  revolute  anricles,  appendage  very  long  filiform 
pendulous.  N,  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  (1889)  ii.  136;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  7105. 

Perak,  Wray;  Larut,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  8 cort echini. 

Tuber  subglobose,  rooting  all  over.  Petiole  12-18  in.  and  petiolules  mottled 
green  and  white  and  dotted  with  redj  leaflets  6-10  by  1-2  in.,  dark  green,  median 
longest  with  petiolule  1-2^  in.  Peduncle  taller  than  the  petiole,  slender.  Spathe 
5-7  in.,  erect;  limb  pale  yellow  green  or  lilac  with  darker  stripes.  Spadix 
very  slender ;  fern,  with  scattered  didymous  bicuspidate  anthers  on  long  filaments 
on  the  base  of  the  appendage.     Stigma  penicillate. 

**  Appendage  qfspadix  included  or  shortly  exserted. 

20.  A.  decipiens,  Schoft  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1857)  373; 
Prodr.  34 ;  dioecious,  leaves  2,  leaflets  5-7  elliptic-lanceolate  caudate- 
acuminate,  lateral  sessile  on  a  common  petiolule,  median  long-petiolulate, 
tube  of  spathe  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  caudate  incurved  limb,  tail  as  long 
as  the  rest  of  the  spathe,  appendage  hardly  longer  than  the  tube  sub- 
truncate  straight.  Mngler  Arac.  542  ;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xviii. 
251. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Griffifh,  &c. 

i^oots^oc^"  horizontal,  rooting,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Petiole  12  16  in.,  slender,, 
sheaths  very  long,  mottled  ;  leaflets  6-10  in. ;  petiolule  of  median  1-1^  in. ;  lateral 
divaricate.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  4-  5  in.,  excluding  the  filiform 
tail  which  is  3-5  in.,  dull  purple;  lower  margins  not  recurved.  Spadix  slender; 
appendage  stipitate,  cylindric,  erect,  rather  thickened  towards  the  base  j  male  fl. 
subsessile. — The  Javan  habitat  is  an  error. 

21.  A.  flavum,  Schott  Prodr.  40 ;  moncBcious,  leaves  2,  leaflets  9-11^ 
lateral  sessile  oblong  or  lanceolate  acuminate,  median  sessile  or  petiolulate, 
spathe  very  short,  limb  ovate  cuspidate  or  acuminate  as  long  or  twice  as 
long  as  the  subhemispheric  tube,  base  not  recurved,  spadix  included, 
appendix  very  short  clavate.  Angler  Arac.  548.  A.  abbreviatum,  Schott 
in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1857)  382  ;  Prodr.  40 ;  PJngler  I.  c,  and  Ic.  ined. 
No.  7.  Dochafa  flava,  Schott  Syn.  24i;  Gen.  Aroid.  App.  Arum  flavum, 
Forsh.  Fl.  ^gypt.  Arab.  157. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  and  Western  Tibet,  alt.  5-9000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to 
Kumaon.  Chumbi;  N.E.  of  Sikkim,  King's  Collector. — Disteib.  Aftghanistan, 
Arabia. 

RootstocJc  globose.  Pttiole  8-12  in.,  sheath  usually  very  long ;  leaflets  2-4  in. 
Spathe  1-2  in,,  green,  yellow,  or  the  limb  faintly  purple  below.  Spadix  conical  ; 
fem.  infl.  of  a  few  rows  of  closely  packed  globose  ovaries,  in  close  contact  with  the 
male  infl.,  which  consists  of  a  most  dense  layer  of  subsessile  connate  anthers,  from  the 
top  of  which  emerges  the  appendage,  which  is  about  |  in.  long. — A  highly  curious 
plant,  the  spadix  quite  unlike  that  of  any  congener.  I  find  no  difierence  whatever 
between  the  Himalayan  and  Arabian  specimens. 

22.  A.  Scortechini,  S^ook.  f. ;  dioecious,  leaf  solitary,  leaflets  3-5 
lanceolate  acuminate,  lateral  subsessile,  median  petiolulate,  tube  of  spathe 
cylindric,  limb  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  erect,  tip  shortly  filiferous,  base 
dilated  into  two  large  rounded  spreading  auricles. 

Penang,  Curtis.    Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 


604  CLxvi.  ABoiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Anscema. 

jRooistocJc  horizontal,  rooting  all  over.  Petiole  2-6  in.,  slender,  green  ;  leaflets 
4-6  in.,  dark  green  (with  white  along  the  middle  in  a  drawing  in  Herb.  Calcutt. ), 
tips  often  shortly  filiferous.  Spathe  S  in.,  green;  limb  1^  in.  long,  erect,  white 
towards  the  centre,  auricles  dull  yellow-green.  Spadix  (male)  dull  purple,  narrowly 
conical,  tapering  into  the  erect  naked  yellow  obtuse  appendage. 

C.  Radiatisecta.     Leaflets  whorled,     (Sp.  23  to  end.) 

*  Spadix  much  longer  than  the  spathe. 

23.  A.  neg-lectum,  Sdwit  in  BonpJand.  (1859)  26;  Prodr.  36; 
monoecious,  leaflets  4-7  sessile  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  cuspidately  acumi- 
nate, tube  of  spathe  cylindric  base  swollen,  limb  about  as  long  oblong- 
cymbiform  acuminate  top  incurved,  appendage  twice  as  long  as  the  spathe 
erect  then  porrect  and  again  erect.  JEngler  Arac.  554..  A.  tiliforme,  Thvi. 
Enum.  334  {not  of  Bl).     A.  Wightii,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5507  {not  of  Schott). 

Westeen  Ghats  ;  from  the  Concan  to  the  Nilghiri  hills,  alt.  6000  ft.  Ceylon  ; 
in  the  south  part  of  the  island,  Thwaites,  Suegel. 

Tuber  globose.  Leaves  1  or  2 ;  petiole  green  or  clouded;  leaflets  usually 
broadest  in  the  middle.  Spathe  3-4  in.,  green  ;  limb  open,  margins  not  recurved, 
base  not  dilated.  Spadix  rather  stout,  appendage  sessile,  remarkably  Uke  that  of 
A.  tortuosum. 

**  Spadix  not  longer  than  the  spathe. 

t  Dioecious  {rarely  monoecious).  Fern,  spadix  with  neuters  above  the 
inflorescence. 

24.  A.  nepenthoides,  Mart,  in  Flora  (1831),  458 ;  in  Wall.  Cat, 
8919  ;  leaflets  6-sessile  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  acuminate,  tube  of  spathe 
elongate,  limb  elliptic-ovate  base  dilated  into  two  broad  rounded  recurved 
auricles,  appendage  erect  subcylindric  top  rounded.  Schott  Melet.  i.  17  ; 
8yn.  31 ;  Prodr.  48;  Blume  Bumph.i.94:'^  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  16;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  6446;  Fngler  Arac.  551.  Arum  tiepenthoidee,  Wall.  Tent.  Ft.  Nep, 
26,  t.  18. 

Tempekate  Himalaya;  alt.  9-11,000  ft.;  Nepal,  WalUch,  Sikkim,  J.V.R, 
&c. 

Tuber  globose,  very  large.  Leaves  2  ;  petiole  peduncle  and  tube  of  spathe  dull 
yellowish  clouded  with  dark  streaks.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe 
6-8  in.,  tube  2-3  in.,  cylindric,  base  not  swollen  ;  limb  4  in.,  whitish  within,  yellow 
■without ;  auricles  nearly  1  in.  broad-green  spotted  with  brown  and  with  a  broad 
purplish.brown  margin.  Spadix  whitish  ;  appendage  stipitate,  much  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  contracted  in  the  middle.  Ovaries  obovoid,  contracted  into  a  rather  long 
style,  stigma  simple.— Lateral  leaflets  sometimes  lobed  at  the  outer  base,  showing  a 
tendency  to  the  pedate  section. 

25.  A.  Iieschenaultil,  Blume  Eumph  i.  93 ;  leaflets  5-11  oblanceo- 
late acuminate  serrulate,  tube  of  spathe  cylindric  as  long  as  the 
suberect  cymbiform  long  caudate-acuminate  limb,  appendage  stoat 
cylindric  or  slightly  clavate  tip  rounded.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  15 ;  Schott 
Syn.  Aroid.  30 ;  Prodr.  51  :  Engler  Arac.  552.  A.  papillosum,  Steud.  ex 
Schott  Prodr.  46  ;  Thw.  Enum.  335 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5496  (excl.  syn.  erubes- 
cens) ;  ?  A.  erubescens,  Dalz.  Sc  Oihs.  Bomb.  Fl.  258.  A.  Huegelii,  Schott 
Syn.  27;  Prodr.  44.— ArisEoma,  Wall.  Cat.  8921. 

Westeen  Ghats,  from  the  Concan  southwards. 

Tvher    large,   globose.     Leaf  solitary ;  petiole  1-2  ft.,    usaally   mottled   and 


Arisceyna.l  clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.).  505 

banded  with  red  and  brown;  leaflets  4-6  by  1^-2^  in.  Spathe  3-8  in.,  green 
with  broad  dark  purple  bauds  ;  tube  narrow  ;  limb  leaning  forward,  m  rgins  below 
hardly  recurved,  tip  straight  obtusely  acuminate,  very  variable  in  length.  Bpadix 
4  in,,  nearly  cyliudric  throughout,  hardly  stipitate  ;  neuter  fl.  few  short. 

26.  A.  consangruineum,  ScJiott  in  Bonjpland.  (1859),  27;  Prodr. 
62  ;  leaflets  about  15  (10-20)  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  with  long  capillary 
tips,  spathe  green,  limb  about  equalling  the  tube  broadly  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  incurved  with  a  long  filiform  tip  margin  recurved  at  the  base, 
appendage  stout  cylindric  obtuse. — Arisaema,  Wall.  Cat.  8915. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  5-7000  ft.  from  Garwhal  to  Sikkim.  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.     Munnipore,  Watt. 

Tuber  depressed  globose,  1-5  in.  diam.  Leaf  solitary ;  petiole  1-4  ft.,  often 
very  stout  and  peduncle  mottled  dark  pink  and  red  or  brown;  leaflets  3  16  in., 
i-2  in.  broad,  filiform  tips  1-3  in.  Spathe  3-7  in.,  excluding  the  filiform  tip, 
margins  more  or  less  recurved  below.  Spadix  hardly  longer  than  the  tube, 
appendage  subsessile  with  a  few  neuters  at  the  base. 

27.  A.  concinnum,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859)  27;  Prodr.  Avoid. 
50;  leaflets  7-11  subsessile  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  acuminate, 
tube  of  spathe  elongate  cylindric,  limb  broadly  ovate  narrowed  into  a  very 
long  decurved  tail  margins  below  not  or  slightly  recurved,  spadix  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  appendage  very  slender  erect  tipclavate 
truncate,  base  not  thickened.  Engl.  Arac.  556  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5914 ;  N.  E. 
Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  xviii.  254.  A.  alienatum  &  affine,  Schott  II.  cc. 
26,  27  ;  45-51.— Arisaema,  Wall.  Cat.  8920. 

Temperate  Himalaya,  alt.  6-10,000  ft.  from  Garwhal  to  Bhotan. 

Tuber  globose.  Leaf  solitary ;  petiole  1-2  ft.  and  peduncle  green  or  mottled 
with  brown  or  purple  ;  leaflets  8-12  in.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe 
green  or  purple  striped  with  white,  tube  2-3  in.  ;  limb  as  long  or  shorter,  open. 
Spadix  slender ;  sometimes  monoecious ;  appendage  exserted  beyond  the  tube, 
fem.  with  a  few  neuters  at  its  base. — Very  near  A.  Leschenaultii,  differing  in  the 
slender  appendage.  A  small  state  from  Sikkim,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  has  more 
cuneately  obovate  cuspidately  caudate  leaves. 

28.  A.  pulchrum,  N.E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  252,  t.  6 ; 
leaflets  8-12  cuneately  oblanceolate  cuspidate,  tube  of  spathe  elongate 
cylindric  below  infundibular  and  gaping  above,  limb  broadly  ovate  sud- 
denly narrowed  into  a  decurved  tail  as  long  as  the  tube  margins  below 
revolute,  appendage  stout  cylindric  erect  rather  thickened  below,  tip 
rounded. 

India  (Hort.  JBidl.). 

Tuber  globose.  Leaf  solitary  j  petiole  and  peduncle  stout,  clouded  and  speckled 
with  pale  red-brown ;  leaflets  4-6  in.,  dark  green  above,  subglaucous  beneath. 
Spathe  3  in.,  purplish  striped  with  green,  limb  2  in.  broad.  ,  Spadix  much  shorter 
than  the  spathe,  shortly  exserted  beyond  the  tube ;  appendage  with  an  elongate 
ovoid  base,  and  a  few  scattered  neuters. 

**  Dioecious.    Neuters  0. 

29.  A.  Jacquemontii,  Blume  Bumph.  i.  95 ;  leaflets  5-7  elliptic-  or 
obovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  tube  of  spathe  narrow  green,  limb  as 
long  or  longer  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate  incurved  narrowed  into  a 
long  acuminate  erect  or  drooping  tail,  appendage  elongate  stipitate 
narrowed  from  the  conical  or  truncate  base  to  the  slender  forward 
curving  tip.     Decne.  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  168,  t.  168 ;  Kunih  Enum.  iii. 


506  CLxvi.  AR0IDE2E.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  lAriscema, 

16  ;    Schott  Syn.  Avoid.  31 ;    8yst.  43 ;   Bngl.  Arac.  555.     A.  cornutum, 
Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  27 ;  Prodr.  48  ;  Engler  I.  c.  557. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya,  from  Kashmiri  alt.  7-8000  to  Bhotan,  alt.  10-12,000 
ft. 

Tuber  subglobose.  Leaves  solitary  or  2  ;  petiole  ^-3  ft,,  stout  or  slender ; 
leaflets  2-6  by  1-2|  in.,  almost  caudate-acuminate  but  not  filiferous.  Spathe  3-5 
in.,  striped  with  white,  margins  narrowly  recurved  below,  tip  often  thread-like 
^-3  in.  long.  Appendage  stipitate,  sometimes  with  a  truncate  base,  at  others  slender 
from  an  ellipsoid  base. — Very  variable  in  size.  In  a  specimen  apparently  of  this 
species  from  Sikkim  and  another  from  Kumaon  (Duthie,  6063)  the  appendage 
is  4  in.  quite  as  long  as  the  limb  of  the  spathe  (without  its  long  point).  The 
spathe  is  incurved  above  the  middle  and  terminates  in  a  very  long  erect  horn. 

30.  A.  exile,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  aSo9),  26;  Prodr.  42;  leaflets 
5-11  narrowly  oblanceolate  finely  acuminate,  spathe  very  narrow,  tube 
elongate,  limb  as  long  lanceolate  narrowed  into  a  long  thread,  appendage 
stipitate  very  slender  filiform  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  spathe.  JEngler 
Arac.  654. — Arisaema,  Wall.  Cat.  8918. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich. 

Tuber  small.  Leaves  solitary  or  2;  petiole  8-26  in.,  very  slender;  leaflets 
3-6  in.,  minutely  erose.  Peduncle  longer  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  4  in.,  limb  hardly 
broader  than  the  tube,  pale  green  striped  with  white,  slightly  incurved,  margins 
hardly  recurved  below,  filiform  tip  1-3  in.  Spadix  very  slender ;  appendage 
stipitate,  base  ovoid. 

31.  A.  erubescens,  Schott  Meletem.'i.  17;  Syn.  30;  Prodr.  53; 
leaflets  9-12  narrowly  oblanceolate  acuminate  glaucous  beneath,  tnbe  of 
pink  spathe  cylindric,  limb  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate  incurved 
narrowed  into  a  long  filiform  tail,  margins  below  recurved,  appendage 
stont  erect  subcylindric  from  an  elongate  ovoid  base,  tip  rounded.  Blume 
Pumph.i.  93;  Kunth  E  urn.  iii.  16;  Engler  Arac.  557.  A.  vituperatum, 
Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  28.  Arum  erubescens.  Wall.  PI.  As.  Par.  ii. 
30,  t.  135.— Arissema,  Wall.  Cat.  8917. 

Temperate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich;  Sikkim  6-8000  ft.,  J. D.ff. 

Tuber  subglobose.  Leaf  solitary;  petiole  12-18  in.,  and  peduncle  pale  rose-colrd., 
streaked  with  red  in  bars ;  leaflets  5-7  in.,  margins  undulate,  tips  not  filiferous. 
Spathe  about  4  in.,  excluding  the  filiform  tail,  white  striped  with  rose  ;  tube  longer 
than  the  incurved  rather  broader  limb.  Appendage  hardly  exserted  beyond  the 
tube  pale. — Differs  from  A.  exile  chiefly  in  the  stout  short  appendage. 

32.  A.  echinatum,  Schott  Meletem.  i.  17 ;  Prodr.  49 ;  leaflets  7-9 
narrowly  lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  tnbe  of  green  spathe  infundibular, 
limb  ovate-lanceolate  incurved  tapering  into  a  very  long  pendulous  tail 
margins  below  revolute,  appendage  short  cylindric  top  truncate  rugose  or 
echinulate.  Blume  Bumph.  i.  94;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  16;  Engler  Arac.  555  ; 
Wall.  Cat.  8916.  Arum  echinatum,  Wall.  PI.  As.  Par.  ii'.  30,  t.  136.— 
Pythonium,  sp.  Griff.  Itin.  Notes  176 ;  Notul.  iii.  156  ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t. 
163. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  Nepal,  Wallich ;  Sikkim,  alt.  9-11,000  it.—J.D.H. ; 
Bhotan,  Griffith. 

Tuber  small,  globose.  Leaf  solitary  ;  petiole  10-18  in.,  and  peduncle  all  green 
or  streaked  with  red-brown,  leaflets  6-12  in.  Spathe  6-10  in.,  greenish,  striped  with 
white  and  brown,  or  purple  within,  tail  longer  than  the  limb  and  tube.  Spadix 
hardly  exserted ;  appendage  stipitate,  contracted  in  the  middle,  white  streaked  with 
purple,  base  rather  swollen  rounded,  tip  green. 


\ 


Arucema.li  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  507 

33.  A.  filicaudatum,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  253 ; 
leaflets  5-7  shortly  petiolulate  oblanceolate  cuspidately  acuminate,  tube 
of  spathe  short  cylindric,  limb  about  as  long  very  broadly  ovate  abruptly 
caudate,  tail  very  long  and  slender  tip  clubbed,  spadix  very  slender, 
appendage  slender  exserted  erect  hardly  thickened  at  the  base  tip 
clavellate  smooth. 

Ceylon,  at  Morowe  Korle,  alt.  3000  ft.,  TTiicaites. 

Zea/ solitary ;  pftiole  1  ft.;  leaflets  petiolulate,  6  by  2-2|  in.,  very  thin. 
Peduncle  about  equalling  the  petiole.  Tale  of  spathe,  1^  in.,  limb  short,  incurved, 
tail  filiform  6  in..  Spadix  unisexual ;  male  fl.  scattered,  subsessile. — Only  one 
specimen  seen. 

34.  A.  fraternum,  Schott  in  Banpland.  (1859),  26 ;  Prodr.  45 ; 
leaflets  7-9  elliptic-lanceolate  finely  acuminate,  tube  of  green  spathe 
cylindric  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  erect  cuspidately  acuminate  (not 
candate)  limb,  appendasre  sessile  stout  subclavate  top  rounded.  A. 
Leschenaultii  {in  part),  Engler  Arac.  552. 

Khasia   Hills  ;  Churra,  alt.  4000  ft.     Griffith. 

Tuber  depressed  globose.  Leaf  solitary ;  petiole  6-12  in.,  reddish  barred  with 
duller  streaks  ;  leaflets  3-5  in.,  sessile,  tips  not  filiferous.  Peduncle  shorter  than 
the  petiole.  Spat/ie  4-5  in.,  suberect,  limb  recurved  at  the  base.  Spadix  very 
stout,  shortly  exserted,  of  male  sessile,  green. — Griffith's  are  the  only  specimens  that 
1  have  seen,  but  there  is  a  fine  drawing  in  Herb.  Calcutt.  without  a  habitat. 

35.  A.  Wigrhtil,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  26 ;  Prodr.  43 ;  leaflets 
5-8  cuneately  obovate  cuspidately  acuminate,  tube  of  spathe  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  caudate  acuminate  limb  margin  below  recurved,  append- 
age stipitate  slender,  narrowed  from  a  conical  base  to  the  tip.  A. 
Jacquemontii  {in  part),  Engler  Arac.  555. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills,  Wight,  King. 

Tuber  spherical.  Petiole  8-12  in. ;  leaflets  4-5  by  11-2  in.,  sessile  or  shortly 
petiolulate.  Spathe  4-6  in.,  apparently  striped  white  and  purple,  limb  rather  broader 
than  the  tube,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  tail  |-2  in.  long.     Male  spadix  2  in. 

36.  A.  ochraceuxn,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  27 ;  Prodr.  49 ; 
dioecious,  tube  of  spathe  cylindric  rather  swollen  below  as  long  as  the 
ovate  cymbiform  erect  shortly  cuspidate  limb,  appendage  stipitate  stout 
cylindric  contracted  in  the  middle  tip  rounded  base  swollen  lobulate 
truncate  intruded.     Engler  Arac.  559. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;    summit  of  Tonglo,  alt.  10,000  ft.—J.D.H. 

Leaves  radiatisect.  Peduncle  stout  and  tube  of  spathe  pale  red  streaked  with 
brown.  Spathe  5^  in.  long ;  limb  yellowish  with  brown  stripes,  lower  margin  not 
revolute.  Fern,  spadix  stout,  appendage  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb  of  the  spathe, 
yellowish  ;  ovaries  green  with  purple  stigmas. — Founded  on  a  drawing  of  mine  of  a 
female  spathe  and  spadix,  and  note  as  to  the  leaves  being  radiatisect. 

***  Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious.    Neuters  0  or  few. 

37.  A.  IMEurrayi,  ffoolc.  Bat.  Mag.  t.  4388;  leaflets  5-9  ovate-  or 
oblong-lanceolate  acuminate,  tube  of  spathe  broadly  cylindric  base  almost 
truncate,  limb  as  long  or  longer  broadly  ovate  cymbiform  acute  (not 
caudate)  incurved  lower  margins  dilated  round  the  mouth  of  the  tube, 
appendage  curved  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  tip  included  or  exserted. 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  El.  258  ;  Schott  Syn.  31 ;  Prodr.  44 ;  Engler  Arac. 
552 ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  i.  1322.     Arum  Murrayi,  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  229. 


508  CLXVi.  AROiDEJi.     (J,  D.  Hooker.)  {^Ariscema. 

The  CoNCAN;  in  the  Ghats,  Gibson,  ^c. 

Tuber  large,  ieo/ solitary,  maturing  after  the  flowering  ;  petiole  10-14  in.  and 
subequal  p  duncle  greenish  mottled  witli  red-brown  ;  leaflets  4-6  in.  Spafhe  3-5  in., 
tube  green  striated,  |-1  in.  diam. ;  limb  rather  broader,  margins  not  recurved, 
except  round  the  mouth  of  the  tube.  Spadix  narrowed  from  the  base  upward  ; 
appendage  1-1|  in.,  sessile;  malefl.  scattered,  with  a  few  neuters  above  them. 

38.  A.  caudatum,  Engler  Monog.  Arac.  559 ;  leaflets  7  cuneately 
elliptic  acuminate  with  long  capillary  tips,  tube  of  spathe  elongate 
cylindric,  limb  incurved  ovate-lanceolate  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a 
very  long  subulate  tail,  margins  below- recurved,  appendage  rather  short 
not  thickened  below  included. 

The  CoNCAN,  Stoelcs  (Ic.  in  Herb.  Kew). 

Tuber  depressed  globose.  Leaf  solitary ;  petiole  stout,  and  peduncle  irro- 
rately  barred  and  streaked  ;  leaflets  petiolulate,  5  by  2  in.  exclusive  of  the 
thread-like  tips  which  are  1-3  in.  long.  Peduncle  very  short.  Spathe  6  in.,  ex- 
clusive of  the  3  in.  caudate  tip.  Spadix  androgynous ;  appendage  shorter  than  the 
flowering  portion,  tip  rounded. — Described  from  a  drawing  by  Stocks  ;  I  have  seen 
no  specimen. 

TJNEECOGNIZED    SPECIES. 

A?  PENTAPHYLLUM,  Schott  Meletem.  i.  17 ;' Syn.  28  j  Prodr.  59;  Kunth 
Enum.  in.  20;  Blume  Rumph.  i.  109;  Engler  Arac.  560.  Arum  pentaphyllum, 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  964.— Ind.  Or. ;  China. 

A?  HEPTAPHYLLUM,  Blume  RumpJiia  i.  109;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  20.  Schott 
Byn.  31 ;  Prodr.  59 ;  Bngler  Arac.  560.— Ind.  Or. 

5.  SAUROniATUBX,  Schott. 

Tuberous  herbs,  leafing  after  flowering.  Leaf  solitary,  pedatipartite. 
Spaihe  shortly  peduncled,  tube  cylindric  short,  margins  connate  below ; 
limb  very  long,  reflexed,  narrow,  open.  Spadix  sessile,  very  long ;  male 
and  fern.  infl.  widely  distant,  short,  dense  fld.,  with  a  few  large  clavate 
scattered  neuters  close  above  the  fem. ;  appendage  slender,  as  long 
as  the  spathe.  Anthers  subsessile,  4-celled.  Ovaries  oblong,  1-celled ; 
stigma  sessile  ;  ovules  1-2,  basal,  erect.  Berries  obpyramidal,  1-seeded.^ 
Species  tropical  Asiatic  and  African. 

S.  g-uttatum,  Scroti  Meletem.  i.  17;  Prodr.  71;  Blume  Bumph.i. 
126 ;  Engler  Arac.  570.  S.  pedatum,  Schott  Melet.  I.  c. ;  Gen.  t.  11  ;  Si/n. 
24 ;  Prodr.  70 ;  Blume  I.  c. ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  28  ;  Engler  I.  c.  569  ;  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  4465  ;  Begel  Gartenfl.  (1866),  3,  t.  495.  S.  venosum,  Schott  Prodr. 
71.  S.  sessiliflorum,  Kunth  I.  c.  ;  Schott  I  c;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Juurn.  Linn. 
Soc.  xviii.  256.  S  simlense,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1858),  i.  263  ; 
Prodr.  72 ;  N.  E.  Br.  I.  c. ;  in  Gard.Chron.  (1880),  ii.  134, 198.  S.  punctatum, 
C.  Koch  in  Berlin  Wochenschr.  i.  263 ;  iV.  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Chron.  I.  c. 
Arum  guttatum,  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  ii.  10,  t.  115.  A.  pedatum,  Willd. 
Enum.  Suppl.  54  ;  Link,  et  Otto  Ic.  19,  t.  8.  A.  sessiliflorunn,  Boxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  iii.  507  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  800.  A.  venosum,  Zindl.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1017. 
A.  clavatum,  Desf.  Gat.  Sort.  Par.  385. 

The  Panjab,  Upper  Gangetic  Plain,  and  the  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  to 
Simla,  ascending  to  5000  ft.  ?     The  Concan,  Berh.  Stocks. 

Tuber  large.  Petiole  stout,  12-18  in. ;  leaf  6-12  in.  broad,  segments  or  lobes 
7-15,  very  variable,  2-15  by  1-3  in.,  lobes  of  young  leaves  sometimes  rounded  or  the 
lateral  dimidiate-ovate  or  cordate,  when  numerous  oblong  or  lanceolate.  Peduncle 
1-2  in.,  very  stout,  green  or  spotted.     Spathe  12-28  in.,  tube  ovoid  or  subglolose  ; 


Sauromatum.']        clxvi.  aroidejj.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  509 

limb  linear-lanceolate,  thick,  green  or  yellowish  with  dark  purple  spots  or  blotches, 
margins  usually  purple  and  waved.  Spadix  as  long  as  the  spathe  or  nearly  so  ;  fem. 
infl.  ^  in. ;  neuters  ^  in.  long,  spreading  ;  male  infl.  3  in.  above  the  fem.,  ^  in.  long; 
anthers  densely  packed  ;  appendage  2-8  in.,  cylindric  and  obtuse,  or  narrowed  from 
the  base  to  a  fine  point,  green  or  dark  purple. — S.  guttatum  is  confined  to  North- 
West  India,  except  Stocks*  specimens  should  prove  to  be  from  the  Concan,  of  which 
there  is  no  evidence. 

6.  ARUIVC,  Linn. 

Tuberous  berbs.  Leaves  simple.  8pathe  deciduous  or  withering,  tube 
convolute ;  limb  cymbiform,  erect.  Spadix  exserted,  androgynous,  with 
subulate  suberect  neuters  between  the  male  and  fem.  infl.,  and  deflexed 
ones  above  the  male ;  appendage  subcylindric.  Anthers  sessile,  pollen 
vermiform.  Ovarii/  1-celled  ;  stigma  sessile ;  ovules  many  on  2-3  parietal 
placentas.  Berries  obovoid,  many-seeded.  Seeds  albuminous,  embryo 
axile. — Species  about  20,  Europe,  N.  Africa,  W.  Asia. 

A,  Jacquexnontii,  JBlume  Rumph.  i.  118 ;  leaves  hastately  sagittate 
or  hastate,  limb  of  spathe  narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate  or  caudate. 
Schott  Prodr.  99.  A.  Griffithii,  Schott  Syn.  i.  15 ;  Prodr.  I.  c. ;  Boiss. 
Fl.  Orient,  v.  38;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  257. 

N.W.  India,  Jacquemont.  Kashmir;  Gilgit,  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  Giles. — Disteib. 
AflPghan. 

Tuber  as  large  as  a  chesnut.  Leaves  5-12  in.  j  petiole  5-16  in.  Peduncle  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  petiole.  S^pathe  3-7  in.,  white-greenish  or  purplish.  Ovaries 
globose.     Berries  red. 

7.  TVPKONIUM,  Schott. 

Tuberous  herbs.  Leaves  entire,  3-5-lobed  or  pedatisect.  Tube  of 
spathe  short,  convolute,  mouth  constricted,  persistent ;  limb  ovate-oblong 
lanceolate  or  linear,  deciduous.  Spadix  exserted,  male  and  fem.  infl. 
distant  with  neuters  above  the  fem.  and  sometimes  below  the  males ; 
appendage  elongate,  smooth.  Anthers  subsessile.  Ovaries  1-celled ; 
stigma  sessile  ;  ovules  1-2,  basal,  erect,  orthotropous.  Berries  ovoid,  1-2- 
seeded.  Seeds  globose,  albuminous;  embryo  axile. — Species  about  13, 
tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

*  Limh  of  spathe  broadly  ovate,  open,  narrowed  into  a  long  point. 

1.  T.  trilobatum,  Schott  in  Wien.  Zeitschr.  iii.  (1829)  72;  Aroid.  i. 
12  ;  1. 16  ;  Syn.  18 ;  Prodr.  108  ;  leaves  hastately  3-lobed  or  sub-3-partite, 
neuters  above  fem.  infl.  very  many  and  long  filiform  curved,  appendage 
stipitate  base  expanded  truncate  lobulate  intruded.  Blume  Rumph.  i.  132 
(in  part) ;  Kunth.  JEnum.  iii.  26  (in  part)  ;  Engler  Arac.  614;  in  Bull.  Soc. 
Tosc.  Ori.  iv.  301 ;  N.  JE.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  261.  T.  orixense, 
Schott  inWien.  Zeitsch.  I.  c. ;  Wall.  Gat.  8829.  T.  siamense,  Engler  I.  c. 
615.  T.  triste.  Griff.  JSfotul.  iii.  145.  Arum  trilobatum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI. 
965  ;  Thw.  Enum.  334;  Grali.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  228.  A.  orixense,  Roxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  iii.  503 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  801 ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  442 ;  Andr.  Bot.  Bep. 
t.  356  ;  Bot.  Beg.  t.  450  ;  Griff.  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  50  {anal.).  ?  A.  pumilum, 
Lamk.  Engc.  iii.  8.  ?  Arissema  pumilum,  Blume  Rumph.  i.  107  ;  Kunth 
I.  c.  20 ;  Schott  Syn.  27 ;  Prodr.  59. 

LowEE  Bengal,  Buema,  the  Eastern  and  Westeen  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. 
— Disteib.  Siam,  Malay  Islds. 


510  CLXvi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Typhonium. 

Ihiher  subglobose.  Leaves  5-12  in.  diara.  ;  lobes  ovate,  acute  ;  petiole  1  ft.  or 
shorter.  Peduncle  1-4  in.  Spathe  3-12  in.  long ;  limb  1^-4  in.  broad,  red  purple 
inside,  nearly  flat,  tip  not  twisted.     Appendage  bright  red,  stout  or  slender. 

2.  T.  Roxburgrhii,  Schoft  Avoid,  i.  12,  t.  17;  Prodr.  106;  leaves 
hastate  or  cordately  triangular  or  S-lobed  or  3-partite  with  1  rarely  2  veins 
in  the  sinus,  neuters  above  the  fern.  infl.  subulate  crowded  spreading  and 
decurved,  appendage  very  slender  stipitate  base  truncate.  Saunders, 
Refug.  Bot.  t.  283.  T.  divaricatum  y  and  S,  Engler  Arac.  612.  T. 
javanicum,  Miq.Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  193  ;  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  iii.  t.  3  B,  in 
Bot.  Zeit.  (1856)  563  ;  Schott  Prodr.  107  ;  Engler  Ic.  ined,  No.  13.  Arum 
trilobatum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  505  ;  Wig/it  Ic.  t.  803. — Arisarum  amboin- 
ense,  Bumph.  v.  320,  t.  110,  f.  2. 

Singapore,  Kunstler  {in  Herh.  Calcutf.),  Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Distbib.  Java. 

A  smaller  and  more  delicate  plant  than  A.  trilobatum  with  a  very  slender  spadix 
and  much  shorter  decurved  neuters.  The  tip  of  the  spathe  is  very  slender  and 
usually  twisted  in  Ceylon  specimens,  as  in  Roxburgh's  description ;  but  not  in 
Saunders'  figure. 

3.  T.  Motleyanum,  Schott  Prodr.  106 ;  differs  from  T.  Boxhurghii 
in  the  presence  of  2-3  veins  in  the  sinus  of  the  leaves  which  are  consider- 
ably larger.  T.  divaricatum  var.  Motley anum,  JEngler  Arac.  612 ;  Ic. 
Arac.  ined.  No.  130. 

Malacca,  Berh.  Wight-  Maingay.  Penang,  King's  Collector. — Distbib. 
Borneo. 

Very  near  T.  Boxhurghii,  with  similar  neuters,  but  leaves  with  much  more 
numerous  nerves. 

4.  T.  divaricatum,  Becne.  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  (1834) ;  leaves 
hastate  or  deeply  cordately  sagittate  entire  or  8ub-3-lobed,  tip  of 
spathe  twisted,  neuters  above  the  fem.  infl.  short  linear  suberect,  base  of 
appendage  rounded  or  truncate.  Wight  Ic.  t.  790  ;  Blume  Bumph.  i.  130, 
t.  36 ;  Kunth  BJniim.  iii.  26 ;  Schott  Aroid.  i.  12,  t.  18 ;  Gen.  Avoid,  t.  17 ; 
Syn.  17  ;  Prodr.  106  ;  Engler  Arac.  611  {excl.  vars.)  Ic.  ined.  No.  128  ;  *S'o- 
Mokou  Zoussets,  Ed.  2,  xix.  t.  4  Arum  divaricatum,  Linn.  Sp.-Pl.  Ed.  2, 
1369  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  603  ;  Wall.  Cat.  8930  ;  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  228. 
A.  trilobatum,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  339  and  2324.— -BAeeo^e  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  20. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Mootaloor,  Herh.  Wight  (ex  Wall.  Cat.).  Ceylon;  at 
Colombo  and  Peradenya. — Distbib.  Malay  Islds.,  Japan,  China. 

Tuber  curved.  Leaves  2-5  by  2-4  in.  ;  petiole  4-8  in.  Peduncle  1-2  in. 
Spathe  4-7  by  1^-3  in.,  red  brown,  narrowed  into  a  long  tail  sometimes  twisted 
at  the  tip. 

**  Limb  of  spathe  linear-ohlong . 

5.  T.  diversifoliuixii   Wall.    Cat.    8933;     leaves    ovate-lanceolate 

cordate  sagittate  or  hastate  to  3-5-lobed  or  pedatisect  lateral  lobes  or  all 
triangular  to  linear,  spathe  acuminate,  neuters  above  the  fem.  infl.  with, 
clavate  tips,  appendage  shorter  than  the  spathe  slightly  swollen  at  the 
cuneate  base  obtuse.  Schott  Ic.  Aroid.  i.  13,  t.  20;  Engler  Arac.  617 ;  N.  E. 
Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  261.  T.  Huegelianum,  Schott  I.  c.  t.  19.  T. 
foliolosum,  Engler  I.  c.  618.  Heterostalis  diversifolia  &  foliolosa, 
Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeit.  (1857)  261 ;  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  18;  Prodr.  110.  H. 
Huegeliana,  Schott  II.  cc.\  N.  E.  Br.  in  Card.  Chron.  (1879)  ii.  1Q.— 
ArisEema  ?  Wall.  Cat.  8928  in  part. 


Typkonium.']  clxvi.  aroide^e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  611 

Wksteen  Himalaya;  Nepal  and  Kumaon,  alt.  6-8000  ft,  Wallich,  &c. 
SiKKiM,  alt.  7-10,000  ft.  Tempeeate  Himalaya,  alt.  &-ll,000  ft.,  from  Simla  to 
Bhotan. 

Tuber  globose.  Leaves  extremely  variable,  3-5  in.  long,  and  as  much  across  the 
lobes  which  vary  from  3-7,  from  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  and  spread  variously  ; 
petiole  3-12  in.  Peduncle  2-9  in.  Spathe  erect,  2-8  in.,  acuminate,  purplish. 
Appendage  stout  or  slender. 

***  Limb  of  spathe  narrowed  from  an  ovate  or  lanceolate  short  base 
into  a  long  tail. 

6,  T.  brevipes,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  pedately  5-7-partite,  segments 
lanceolate  long-acuminate,  peduncle  very  short,  spathe  lanceolate  pro- 
duced into  a  narrow  linear  tail,  neuters  above  the  fern.  infl.  with  clavate 
tips,  appendage  very  long  and  slender,  base  not  thickened.  T.  pedatum, 
Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1857)  262  (in  part). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  near  Darjeeling,  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  on  rocks  and  tree  trunks, 
J.D.H.,  Clarice,  Gammie. 

Tuber  depressed  globose.  Leaves  membranous  ;  segments  2-10  by  ^1^  in, ; 
petiole  4-12  in.  Peduncle  ^-f  in.  Spathe  with  a  tumid  ellipsoid  tube  f  in.  long, 
limb  4^  in.  long  by  ^  in.  broad,  membranous.  Neuters  yellow  on  capillary  stalks ; 
appendage  as  long  as  the  spathe  very  slender. — A  curious  species.  I  have  seen  but 
one  spathe,  collected  by  Mr.  Gammie. 

7.  T.  bulbiferum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  iv.  (1852)  113 ;  leaves 
triangular-hastate  sagittate  or  cordate,  spathe  very  slender  from  a  short 
lanceolate  base,  neuters  above  the  fern.  infl.  linear  erect,  appendage  equal- 
ling the  spathe  filiform  base  rounded  or  cuneate.  Schott  Frodr.  106; 
Engler  Arac.  611 ;  Ic.  ined.  n.  129  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Ft.  258. 

SoiTTHERN  CoNCAN,  Stocks,  &G. 

Tuber  i-^  in.  Leaves  2-4  in.  long  and  often  as  broad  across  the  '  lobes, 
angles  acute ;  petiole  5-6  in.,  slender,  usually  with  a  pisiform  tuber  at  the  top. 
Peduncle  1-2^  in.  Spathe  pale  rose,  3-5  in.,  convolute.  Spadix  as  long,  slender, 
yellow  ;  neuters  in  one  series  fleshy,  rather  incurved,  yellow  (acinaciform,  Stocks). 

8.  T.  pedatum,  Schott.  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1857)  262  (in  part) ; 
Prodr.  108  (non  Engler)  ;  leaves  pedatisect,  segments  lanceolate,  spathe 
linear  acuminate,  neuters  above  the  fem.  infl.  manv  crowded  filiform  erect, 
appendage  slender,  base  not  thickened.  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xviii.  260. 

Pegu,  McLelland. 

Leaves  about  4  in.  broad  ;  segments  7,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  4  by 
f  in.,  outer  smaller,  Peduncle  If  in.  Spathe  2\  in.,  longer  than  the  spadix. — 
Founded  on  a  single  specimen.  As  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Brown,  the  Sikkim  plant 
referred  to  this  by  Schott  is  another  species  (T.  brevipes,  H.  f.),  and -that  of  Engler 
(Arac.  613)  is  T.  fallax,  N.  E,  Br.,  a  native  of  Java. 

9.  T.  cuspidatuxn,  Blume  Cat.  Hort.  Buif.  101 ;  Bumph.  i.  133, 
t.  10,  f.  1-3;  leaves  sagittateiy  cordately  or  hastately  ovate  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  limb  of  spathe  with  a  short  lanceolate  base  produced  into 
a  very  long  slender  tail,  lower  neuters  above  the  fem.  infl.  clavate  upper 
subulate,  appendage  produced  into  a  long  filiform  tail  equalling  the  spathe 
base  conical.  Decne.  Bescr.  Herb.  Timor.  39  ;  Kunth  Hnum.  iii,  26 ;  Schott 
Ic.  Aroid.  i.  12;  Syn.  19  ;  Mig^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  194;  Engler  Arac.  616  ; 
N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  262.     T.  flagelliforme,  Blume  in  Wall, 


512  CLXVi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \Typlionium. 

Cat.  n.  8931.  Arum  cuspidatum,  Blume  Gat.  Hort.  Buitenz.  101.  A. 
flagelliforme,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.t.  396;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  502;  Wight  Ic. 
t.  791  ;  Griff.  It  In.  Notes,  13,  No.  193;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  144(flagelliferQin). 
A.  angulatum,  Griff".  Notul.  iii.  143. — jRheede  Hort.  Mai.  ii.  t.  20. 

Lower  Bengal,  the  Malayan  Peninsula  and  Burma. — Disteib.  Malay  Islda. 

Tuber  subglobose.  Leaves  1-7  in.,  sometimes  almost  3 -partite  and  6  in.  across 
the  linear  or  oblong  lobes,  at  others  quite  simple  with  a  rounded  or  cordate  base. 
Fetiole  6-12  in.  Peduncle  slender,  long  or  short,  Spathe  4-8  in.,  lurid  red,  papillose 
within.     Appendage  as  long  as  the  spathe  or  a  little  longer. 

10.  T.  grracile,  Schott  Avoid,  i.  12;  JProdr.  108  ;  leaves  pedately  3-5- 
partite,  segments  elliptic-oblong  acuminate  lateral  lobed  at  the  outer  base, 
epathe  very  long  and  slender  from  a  lanceolate  base,  neuters  above  the 
fem.  infl.  filiform  recurved  or  revolute,  appendage  sessile  as  long  as  the 
spathe  narrowed  from  the  base  to  tbe  very  slender  tip.  Engler  Arac.  613. 
Arum  gracile,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  505  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  793  ;  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb. 
PI.  228.  ?  Arisaema  gracile,  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  21. — Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi. 
t.  21. 

SiLHET,  Roxhurffh;  KB^ksi A  EiJjmy  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih.  6000).— The  Pattjab; 
Jhelum  river,  Aitchison. 

Tuber  globose.  Leaves  4-6  in.  broad  across  the  segments,  which  are  sessile  or 
petiolulate,  and  from  broadly  oval  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  petiole 
6-12  in. ;  petiolules  sometimes  ^  in.     Peduncle  1-1^  in.     Spathe  6-8  in. 

8.  TXERIOPKONUM,  Blume. 

Characters  of  Typhoniwm,  but  leaves  always  undivided  cordate  or  sagit- 
tate, neuters  all  subulate,  anthers  didymous  and  the  more  numerous 
ovules  basilar  and  pendulous  from  the  top  of  the  ovarian  cell. — All 
Indian. 

*  Ardhers  beahed,  opening  by  slits.  Neuters  many,  all  near  the 
anthers. 

1.  T.  crenatuxn,  Blume  Bumph.  i.  128 ;  spathe  4-5  in.  subcylindric 
margins  waved  and  crenate,  anthers  shortly  beaked,  neuters  ^-^  in. 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  196;  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1858)  2; 
Avoid,  i.  15,  t.  21;  Prodr.  102;  Engler  Arac.  607  (excl.  var.  rostra- 
tum);  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xviii.  259.  T.  Kleinii,  Schott  in 
(Estv.  Bot.  Zeit.  1858 ;  Z.  c.  3 ;  Prodr.  103.  Typhoninm  crenatum,  Schott 
Melet.  i.  17.  Wall.  Cat.  8934.  Arum  crenatum,  Wight  in  Hook.  Bot. 
Misc.  ii.  100  ;  Suppl.  t.  3  ;  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  228. 

The  Deccan,  Cong  an  and  Carnatic,  Ueyne,  &c. 

Tuber  small.  Leaves  3-4  in.  long  and  often  as  broad,  orbicular  hastate  or  cor- 
dately  sagittate ;  petiole  4-12  in.  Spathe  membranous,  pale  yellow-green;  base  of 
tube  broadly  truncate,  intruded.  Spadix  half  as  long  as  the  spathe ;  appendage 
cylindric,  dark-purple. 

2.  T.  Wig-htil,  Schott  in  (Estv.  Bot.  Zeitschv.  (1858)  3  ;  Prodr.  103 ; 
.  spathe  4-6  in.  linear-oblong  acute,  anthers  long-beaked,   lower   neuters 

^-^  in.  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xviii.  259.  T.  crenatum,  var. 
rostratum,  Engler  Arac.  607  {excl.  syn.  arum  crenatum).  Typhonium 
minutum,  Schott  ex  Wall.  Cat.  8932  {not  of  Blume). 

The  Carnatic,  Wight. 

Very  near  T.  crenatum.     Leaves  sometimes  3 -lobed. — Specimens  indifferent. 


Theriophonum.']      clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D  Hooker.)  513 

3.  T.  zeylanicum,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  258  ;  spathe 
2a~3^  in.,  anthers  globose  shortly  beaked,  lower  neuters  twice  as  long  as 
the  upper.     Arum  divaricatum,  Thw.  Enwrn.  33-4  {excl.  syn.). 

Ceylon  ;  common  in  the  hotter  parts  of  the  island,  Thwaites. 
Leaves  hastate,  3^7  in.  long,  lobes  linear  or  median  broader;    petiole  4-12  in. 
Peduncle  l^-4i  in.    Sjpadix  1^-2  in.     Ovaries  few. 

**  Anthers  not  beaked,  opening  bi/ pores.  Lowerneuters  near  the  ovaries, 
upper  feto  or  0. 

4.  T-  Dalzellil,  Schott  Aroid.  i.  15  ;  Syn.  21 ;  spathe  5-7  in,  Engler 
Arac.  608.  Tapinocarpus  Dalzellii,  Schott  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  15 ;  JProdr,  104. 
T.  indicus,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  iii,  (1851)  346. 

The  Southern  Concan  and  Northern  Canara,  Stocks,  Talbot. 

Tuber  size  of  a  walnut.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  elliptic  oblong  or  linear,  base  rounded 
hastate  or  sagittate  ;  petiole  3-10  in,,  very  stout.  Peduncle  stout ;  fruiting  twisted 
and  decurved  to  the  ground.  Spathe  oblong-lanceolate,  tube  white ;  limb  flat, 
dark  purple.  Appendage  terete,  twice  as  long  as  the  iufl. — Much  the  stoutest 
species. 

5.  T.  Infaustum,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  260;  spathe 
lJ-2  in.  T.  Wightii,  Engl.  Arac.  608  {not  of  Schott).  Calyptrocoryne 
Wightii,  Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1857)  262;  Prodr.  105;  Gen. 
Aroid.  t.  16.  Typhoniuni  minutum,  Blume  Bumph.  i.  134  ;  Engler,  I.  c.  609. 
Arum  minutum,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  484 ;  Grah.  Cat.  Bomb.  PL  228.  A, 
mucronatum,  in  part,  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  769. — Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  17 
(smalljigure). 

Malabar  {Bheede)  ;  Paul  Ghat,  Wight. 

Leaves  as  in  T.  Balzellii,  but  smaller  with  the  basal  lobes  usually  rounded. 
Spathe  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  white  or  purplish.  Appendage  stipitate,  base 
elongate  conical. 

9.  ABdORPKOPKAZiZiUS,  Blume. 
Tuberous  herbs,  flowering  before  leafing.  Leaves  3-partite,  segments 
pinnatisect.  Spathe,  various  ;  limb  campanulate  infundibular  convolute  or 
open,  marcescent.  Spadix  exserted  or  included  ;  appendage  large,  short  or 
long;  infl.  cylindric,  dense  fld.,  male  and  fem,  contiguous,  neuters  0. 
Anthers  2-4,  sessile,  cells  oblong,  pores  apical.  Ovaries  globose  or  obovoid, 
1-4-celled  ;  style  short  or  long,  stigma  entire  or  2-4-lobed  ;  ovules  solitary, 
subbasilar,  anatropous.  Berries  suhglobose  or  obovoid.  Seeds  exalbumi- 
nous;  embryo  macropodous. — Species  about  30-40,  tropics  of  the  Old 
World. 

*  Style  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary. 

1.  A.  campanulatuS)  Blume  ex  Decne.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat. 
Par.  iii.  (1834),  366  {excl.  all  syn.  but  Boxb.) ;  peduncle  very  short  and 
petiole  rough,  spathe  campanulate  limb  suberect  or  recurved  vsraved  and 
crenulate,  spadix  hardly  longer  than  the  spathe,  appendage  globosely 
conoid  or  amorphous  sinuously -lobed.  Thw.  Enum.  335,  Dalz.  <Sc  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Ft.  259  ;  Engler  Arac.  309  {excl.  many  syns.  Sf  citations).  A.  Chatty, 
Andre  in  Illustr.  Hortic.  (1872),  361.  A,  virosus,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Gard. 
Chron.  (1885)  759;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6978.  Candarum  Roxburghii,  Schott 
Melet.  i.  17,  Arum  campanulatum,  Boxb.  Cor.  PI.  iii.  68,  t.  272  ;  Fl. 
Ind.  iii,  509  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  785,  and  ?  782. 

Plains  op  India,  from  the  Panjab  to  Bengal,  the  Deccan,  and  Cbylon. 
VOL.   VI.  L  1  ' 


614  CLXvr.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)    [Amorphophallus, 

Tuber  a  depressed  bulbilliferous  sphere  8-10  in.  diara.  Leaves  1-2, 1-3  ft.  broad, 
Begments  simple  or  forked ;  leaflets  oblong,  acute ;  petiole  dark  green  with  pale 
blotches.  PedwMcZe  elongating  in  fruit ;  sheaths  linear-oblong.  Spatke  6-9  in.  across 
the  orbicular-ovate  obtuse  limb,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  variable  in  colour,  green,  usually 
with  white  spots  below,  greenish  purple  above,  rough  and  dark  purple  within  towards 
the  base.  Spadix  very  stout;  fem.  infl.  cylindric,  male  subturbinate ;  appendage 
dark-purple,  sometimes  6  in.  diani.  Berries  obovoid, — The  geographical  limits  of 
this  species  are  quite  uncertain  (owiug  to  its  being  cultivated  widely  in  the  East  for 
its  tubers)  ;  and  its  synonymy  is  so  mixed  that  I  have  withheld  many  supposed 
synonyms  and  all  habitats  but  India.  The  name  campanulatus  first  appeared  under 
Amorphophallus  in  1834,  in  Decaisne's  paper  cited  above,  as  a  Timor  plant ; 
and  Roxburgh's  Arttm  campanulatum  is  there  given  by  Blume  as  its  type,  together 
with  Arum  Rumphii,  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  127,  t.  34,  &c.  Whether  either  of  the 
above  is  the  Timor  plant  has  never  been  discovered,  but  the  appended  description 
applies  to  Roxburgh's  species.  In  1835  in  Rumphia,  Blume  described,  also  as  Rox- 
burgh's Arum  campanulatum,  and  giving  the  same  diagnosis  as  in  Decaisne) 
a  very  much  larger  Javanese  plant,  with  a  widely  expanded  spathe  and  longer 
spadix  with  a  long  conico-ovoid  appendage.  As  Blume  evidently  all  along 
believed  that  he  was  dealing  with  Roxburgh's  Indian  plant  I  think  it  best  to  name 
and  limit  the  Indian  species  in  accordance  with  his  intentions  and  his  and  Roxburgh's 
diagnosis,  and  accept  Dr.  Prain's  name  for  the  Javanese  plant  {A.  Rex)  which 
being  also  a  native  of  the  Andaman  Islds.,  comes  within  the  pale  of  the  Brit. 
Ind.  Flora.  Wight  gives  copies  of  two  drawings  of  Roxburgh's  A.  campanu- 
latus, one,  t.  785,  the  true  plant ;  the  other,  t.  7s2,  has  a  much  larger  broadly 
campanulate  spathe,  15  in,  diam.,  with  recurved  margins,  more  like  that  of 
A.  Rex,  but  with  a  short  broad  appendage  8  in,  diam.  and  about  as  tall.  Of  this 
Wight  says  he  finds  no  description  in  Roxburgh's  Flora;  it  is,  however,  no  doubt 
to  it  that  Roxburgh  alludes  in  speaking  of  large  plants  with  the  appendage  6  in. 
diam. 

2.  A.  Rex^  JPrain  mss. ;  peduncle  very  short  and  petiole  rough, 
spathe  broadly  campanulate  with  waved  revolute  margins,  sgadix  much 
longer  than  the  spathe,  appendage  elongate  conoid  sinuously  wavedi  A. 
campanulatus,  Blume  Bumph.  i,  139,  t,  32,  33  (excl.  s^n.). 

Andaman  Islds,  ;  Narcondam  Islds,,  Brain. — Disteib,  Java. 

A  very  ttiuch  larger  plant  than  A.  campanulatux,  with  the  depressed  tuber 
attaining  nearly  a  foot  diam,,  the  leaf  blade  5  ft,  diam,,  the  alternate  segments 
6-10  in,,  the  petiole  attaining  5  ft.,  and  stout  peduncle  2-3  in,  elongating  to  30  in. 
in  fruit,  Spathe  very  broadly  campanulate,  12-18  iu.  diam.,  with  broad  undulate  re- 
volute  margins,  sometimes  produced  on  one  side  into  a  prolonged  pendulous  apex,  pale 
red-purple.  Spadix,  &c.,  as  in  A.  campanulatus,  but  much  larger,  with  a  sinuate 
appendage  10-14  in.  long,  that  rises  high  above  the  spathe,  is  broadly  conical 
and  purple-brown  or  pale  and  spotted  with  brown. 

3.  A.  dubius,  Blume  Humph,  i.  142 ;  petiole  rough,  spathe  3-5  in. 
diam.  subsessile  campanulate  with  a  rather  long  oblong  tube  and  ovate 
waved  quite  entire  suberect'  or  spreading  limb,  spadix  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  appendage  globosely  ovoid  quite  smooth,  Kunth  JSnum.  iii.  32 ; 
Schott  Si/71.38;  Prodr.  130;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5187  ;  Engler  Arac.  310.  Dracon- 
tium  polyphyllum,  Denst.  Clav.  Hort.  Mai.  38  {not  of  Linn.). — Sort. 
Mai.  xi.  t.  18. 

Malabae  {Rheede),  Ceylon,  Thioaites. 

Leaves  as  in  A.  campanulatus  ;  petiole  green  with  pale  blotches.  Peduncle  very 
short ;  sheaths  equalling  the  tube  of  the  spathe,  oblong,  retuse,  apiculate.  Spathe 
with  the  tube  3  in.  long,  green  without  and  within ;  limb  ovate  in  outline,  disk  dull 
dark  purple  with  a  bright  green  narrow  waved  border.  Spadix  4  in,,  male  infl. 
nearly  1  in.  diam.:  fem.  J  in.;  appendage  1\  in.   diam.,   chesnut-browft^  anthers 


Amorphoph alius.]   clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  515 

linear-oblong;    stigma  2-fid. — Described  from   the  figure  in  Bot.  Mag.     Rheede's 
figure  represents  fem.  infl.  much  shorter  than  in  A.  caynpanulatws. 

4.  A.  longristylus,  Kurz  Andaman  Rep.  50  (name) ;  spathe  long- 
peduncled,  limb  acute  or  acuminate  hardly  broader  than  the  convolute 
ovoid  tube,  appendage  cylindric  narrowed  to  the  tip  many  times  longer 
than  the  infl.  and  spathe. 

Andaman  Islds.  ;  Kurz. 

Tuber  a  depressed  sphere,  not  bulbilliferous.  Leaf  very  large,  leaflets  3-5  by 
2-2^  in.,  broadly  elliptic  ovate  or  obovate,  base  contracted  ;  petiole  2-3  ft.,  green 
spotted  with  purple  ;  sheaths  closely  wrapping  the  base.  Spathe  13  by  5  in.,  dull  red 
purple  with  darker  blotches,  sides  infolding  above  the  middle  convolute  low  down. 
Bpadix  &Q%s\\e  I  infl.  shorter  than  the  spathe;  male  ^  in.,  fem.  shorter  ;  appendage 
7  in.,  dark  violet-purple.  Anthers  very  short. — Described  from  a  drawing  in  Serb. 
Qalcutt. 

**  Style  very  short  or  0. 

t  Spadix  not  or  very  little  longer  than  the  spathe. 

5.  A.  bulbifer,  Blume  Rumph.  i.  148 ;  spathe  long-peduncled  tube 
broad  turgid  limb  rather  longer  ovate  cymbiform  obtuse,  spadix  very  stout 
shorter  or  a  little  longer  than  the  spathe,  appendage  as  long  as  infl.  and 
broader  than  elongate  conoid  or  oblong  top  rounded.  Kunth  Enum.  iii. 
34  ;  Regel  Gartenfl.  (1871),  t.  688  ;  Angler  Arac.  317,  and  Ic.  ined.  No.  156. 
Arum  bulbiferum,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  510 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2072,  2508 ;  Grah. 
Cat.  Bomb.  PI.  229;  Wall.  Cat.  8935,  8936  (spathe).  A.  occultatum  and 
taccoides.  Herb.  Mam.  Pythonium  bulbiferum,  Schott  Melet.  i.  18. 
Conophallus  bulbifer,  Schott  Syn.  34;  Gen.  t.  30  ;  Prodr.  128. 

Eastern  Bengal,  Sikkim,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Buema,  ascending  to 
5000  ft.     The  Concan,  Graham. 

Tuber  globose.  Leaf  12-18  in.  diam.,  ultimately  bulbilliferous  at  the  base,  forks, 
and  nerves  above;  leaflets 3-8  in.,  obovate  or  lanceolate;  petiole 3-4  ft., and  peduncle 
8-10  in.,  green  and  pink  streaked  with  green  or  black.  Spathe  5-8  in.,  erect,  pale 
pink  or  yellowish -clouded  with  pink,  rose-pink  within.  Spadix  sessile;  infl.  3  in. 
by  i  diam. ;  appendage  3-4  in.,  pale  flesh-colrd.  or  white.  Anthers  short.  Stigma 
2.1obed. 

6.  A,  comxuutatus,  Engler  Arac.  319  ;  spathe  long-peduncled  erect 
ovate-lanceolate  obtuse  base  shortly  sheathing,  spadix  about  as  long  as  the 
spathe,  appendage  three  or  four  times  Ignger  than  the  infl.  but  not 
stouter,  tapering  from  the  sessile  base  upwards.  Conophallus  commu- 
tatus,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  28  ;  Prodr.  128. 

The  Concan  ;  Stocks. 

Tuber  and  leaf  unknown.  Peduncle  1-3  ft.  Spathe  6-10  by  1^-4  in.,  rough 
at  the  base  within,  tip  obtuse.  Spadix  columnar,  sessile;  male  infl.  1^-2  in.,  fem. 
^-Ij  in.,  both  cylindric ;  appendage  not  contracted  above  the  infl.,  smooth,  tip  obtuse. 
Anthers  very  shortly  oblong.     Stigma  sesbile,  disciform. 

7.  A.  purpurascens,  Kurz  mss.;  leaflets  elliptic-obovate,  spathe  small 
very  long-peduncled  cymbiform  acute  base  shortly  convolute,  spadix  shorter 
or  rather  longer  than  the  spathe  stout,  appendage  rather  longer  but  little 
broader  than  the  infl.  stout  elongate  conoidal  tip  rounded. 

Pecu,  Martaban,  and  in  the  Irrawaddt  and  Sittang  Yalleys,  Kurz. 
Tuber  small,  2  in.  diam.,  not  bulbilliferous.     Leaf  small,  10  in.   diam.,  3-sect 
with  segments  3-5  by  1-2  in.,  petiole  18  in.,  pale  green.     Peduncle  16  in.,  red-purple, 

L  1  2 


516  OLXvi.  AROiDEiE].     (J.  D.  Hooker.)    [Amorphophallus. 

striate  j  wrapped  at  the  base  by  short  sheaths.  Spaihe  (perhaps  immature)  3  in., 
dark  green,  blue  at  the  sides  with  red  margins.  Spadix  3  in.  ;  infl.  cylindric,  stout, 
male  the  longest ;  appendage  nearly  2  in.,  not  contracted  at  the  base,  white. 
Anthers  very  short.     Stigma  sessile,  disciform,  lobulate. 

8.  A.  chlorospathus,  Kurz  mss. ;  leaflets  linear,  spathe  cymbiform 
erect  base  shortly  convolute,  spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe  stont,  appen- 
dage rather  longer  but  not  broader  than  the  infl.  stout  elongate  conoidal 
tip  rounded. 

Pegu,  the  Ieawadt  and  Sitang  Valleys,  Kurz. 

Tuber  a  depressed  sphere  or  hemisphere,  2  in.  diam,,  not  bulbilliferous.  Leaf 
2  ft.  diam.,  trisect,  segments  winged  and  pinnatifidly  cut  into  finely  acuminate 
leaflets  5-8  by  \-\  in.;  petiole  18-20  in.,  green.  Peduncle  16  in.,  stout,  green, 
pale  reddish-brown  below;  sheaths  not  long.  Spathe  4  in.,  green,  paler  within. 
Spadix  2^-3  in.,  infl.  cylindric,  male  longest ;  appendage  not  contracted  at  the  base, 
white.     Anthers  very  short.     Stigma  sessile,  discoid. 

9.  A.  sparsiflorus,  HooJc.  f. ;  spathe  with  an  ovate-oblong  snberect 
acute  limb  the  basal  margins  revolute  round  the  mouth  of  the  infundibular 
tube,  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  appendage  fusiformly  conoid 
as  long  as  the  infl.,  male  and  fern.  fl.  scattered. 

Perak  ;  Maxwell's  Hill,  Wray  (No.  Ill),  Kunstler. 

Tuber  orange-shaped.  Leaf  bulbiferous  at  top  of  petiole,  green,  shaded 
with  red  or  brown;  leaflets  7,  shortly  petiolulate,  6-8  by  1^^  in.,  oblanceolate, 
acuminate.  Feduncle  1-2^  in.,  sheaths  longer,  linear.  Spathe  5  in. ;  tube  1^  in., 
pale  red-brown  spotted  with  purplish-brown.  Spadix  3|  in.  Anthers  minute,  very 
short.     Ovaries  small,  globose,  style  very  short,  stigma  capitate. 

ft  Spadix  much  longer  than  the  sjoathe. 

10.  A.  oncophylluSy  Prain  mss.;  spathe  long-peduncled  tube  ovoid 
dilating  into  a  large  orbicular-ovate  limb  the  lower  margins  of  which  are 
revolute  round  the  open  mouth  of  the  tube,  spadix  far  exserted,  appendage 
as  long  as  the  infl.  elongate  conoid. 

Andaman  Islds.  ;  on  Cocos  Islets,  Prain. 

Tuber  depressed,  5-9  in.,  diam.,  bulbilliferous.  Leaf  3^  ft.  broad ;  leaflets  6-8  in. ; 
petiole  2-3  ft.,  dull  green,  blotched  with  greenish  white.  Peduncle  12-15  iu.,  fruiting 
longer,  very  stout ;  sheaths  2-7  in.  Tube  of  spathe  3  in.  long  and  broad,  whitish, 
obliquely  streaked  with  green  and  spotted  with  dull  green  ;  limb  8  in.  long  by 
5  broad,  inclined,  dull  red-purple  blotched  with  yellow.  Spadix  8-18  in.,  sessile; 
male  in^.  about  equalling  the  fern. ;  appendage  creamy-yellow.  Anthers  shcrt. 
Stigma  2-lobecl. — A  superb  species,  described  from  a  drawing,  dried  specimen  and  a 
living  plant  at  Kew. 

11.  A.  Prainii,  Hook.  f. ;  spathe  obliquely  campanulate  tube  very 
broad  subcylindric  base  truncate,  limb  short  orbicular-ovate  margins 
waved,  spadix  very  stout,  exserted  appendage  very  large  conoid  smooth 
much  longer  and  broader  than  the  infl. 

Peuak;  Larut,  Scortechini,  Kunstler.     Penan 0-  (7c.  in  Herb.  Kew). 

Tuber  6-10  in.  diain.,  not  bulbilliferous.  Leaves  4  ft.  broad,  leaflets  4-8,  lanceo- 
late, caudate-acuminate ;  petiole  3-5  ft.,  green  mottled  with  grey,  or  white  and  red. 
Peduncle  3-5  in. ;  sheaths  very  large,  8-12  by  4  in.,  pinkish.  Tube  (or  rather  con- 
volute parts)  of  spathe  2  in.  long  and  as  broad,  pale  green  spotted  with  white  ; 
limb  C-S  in.  diam.,  yellow,  base  within  rough  purple-brown.  Male  infl.l  sub- 
turbinate,  tern,  about  as  long,  appendage  6-8  in.  by  2-3  diam.  cream-colrd.  smooth, 
AnthfTs  linear.  Stigma  2-lobed. — Spathe  and  spadix  more  like  A.  campamUatus 
than  are  others  with  short  styles. 


Amorphophallus.]   olxvi.  aeoide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  517 

12.  A.  burmanicus,  Sook.f.;  spathe  broadly  ovate  from  a  short 
tumid  oblong  tube  erect,  spadix  far  exserted,  appendage  ovoid  or  cylindric- 
ovoid  much  shorter  than  the  male  infl. 

Burma;  on  the  Karen  Hills,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Kurz. 

Peduncle  4-6  in.,  much  longer  than  the  sheaths,  Spathe  4-5  by  3-4  in.,  nearly 
smooth  within,  tube  1|-  in.  long.  Spadix  3-6  in.,  male  infl.  1-2  in.,  fem.  f-2  in, ; 
appendage  1^  in.,  anthers  short,  prismatic.  Ovaries  depressed-globose,  with  a  short 
stout  st)le,  stigma  large,  quite  entire. — Tuber  and  leaf  wanting. 

13.  A.  haBinatospadix,  SooJc.  f. ;  spathe  campanulate  convolute 
below  dilating  above  into  an  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  obtuse  erect  limb 
with  margins  revolute  all  round  the  mouth  of  the  tube  nearly  to  the  tip, 
spadix  stout  exserted,  appendage  cylindric-clavate  three  times  as  long  as 
the  infl.  blood-red  tip  rounded. 

Penang  ?  Curtis  (Hort  Kew,  1892.) 

Tuber  shortly  turbinate,  2^  in.  diam.  Leaf  about  20in.  diam. ;  leaflets  5-7  in. 
oblong-lanceolate,  finely  acuminate ;  petiole  16  in.,  very  stout,  green,  terete  below, 
ribbed  and  keeled  above.  Peduncle  10  in.,  terete,  brown,  striated;  sheaths  appressed 
to  the  base,  red -brown.  Spathe  5  in.,  limb  primrose-yellow,  tube  striate  with  pink, 
dark  purple  within.  Spadix  sessile,  7  in. ;  infl.  1^  in.,  male  3  times  as  long  as  the 
few-fld.  fem. ;  appendage  f  in.  diam.  at  the  thickest  part.  Anthers  very  short. 
Ovary  globose,  narrowed  into  a  short  rather  slender  style,  stigma  small,  capitate. 

14.  A.  elatuSf  Hook./.;  peduncle  very  tall  rough,  spathe  lanceolate 
acute  erect  sheathing  for  the  lower  half  margins  not  revolute,  spadix  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  spathe  very  stout,  appendage  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  infl.  narrowed  from  below  the  middle  to  the  slender 
tip. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Larut,  Perak,  Kunstler. 

Tuber  and  leaves  unknown.  Peduncle  3-4  ft.,  and  petiole  variegated  gr^en 
brown  white  and  red.  Spathe  6  in.,  cream-colrd.,  membranous,  appressed  to  the 
spadix,  apparently  mottled  ;  tube  1|  in.  diam.,  base  rounded.  Spa'dix  a  foot  long, 
rather  narrowed  towards  the  base,  about  f  in.  diam.  in  the  thickest  part,  dark  and 
light  blue ;  male  infl.  3  in. ;  fem.  If  in.  Anthers  small,  very  short.  Ovaries 
globose  ;  style  very  short,  stout,  stigma  capitate. — A  stately  species,  the  colours  are 
taken  from  Kunstler's  notes.  The  specimen  is  unique  in  Herb.  Calcutta ;  its  nearest 
ally  is  perhaps  Blume's  A.  variabilis. 

IMPEEFECTLY   KNOWN   AND   EXCLUDED    SPECIES. 

A.  GiGANTEUS,  Blume  Bumph.  i.  147,  t.  34,  is  not  British  Indian ;  and  the  re- 
ference under  it  to  Denst.  Clav.  Hort.  Mai.  and  Mheede  Hort.  Mai.  should  be 
struck  out. 

A.  LTEATUS,  Engler  Arac.  319  (Arum  lyratum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  508,  Cono- 
phallus  lyratus,  Schott  Syn.  35  ;  Prodr.  130)  is  according  to  Koxburgh's  drawing 
Tacca  pinnatifida,  with  the  detached  berry  of  an  Ariscema  ? 

A.  TUBEBCULIGEE,  Engler  Arac.  317;  tuber  small,  leaf  3-sect,  branches  1-2  in. 
pinnatifidly  or  pinnatisectly  3-5-foliolate,  segments  3-4  by  1-1^  in.  sessile  elliptic- 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate ;  petiole  10-12  in.  bearing  a  pisiform  bulbil  at  the  top. 
Conophallus  tuberculiger,  Schott,  Bonpland.  (1859),  78;  Prodr.  129. — Khasia  Hills, 
alt.  3-4000  ft.  J.  D.  H.  and  T.  T.— Described  by  Schott  from  leaves  only.  Engler 
has  added  a  description  of  the  spathe  of  A.  hulhifer,  from  the  drawing  of  a  Sikkim 
specimen  of  that  plant  which  he  supposed  to  be  the  same. 

10.  SVNANTKERIAS,  SchoU. 
Characters  of  Amormophallus,  but  male  and^  fem.  infl.  distant,  with 
oblong  depressed  interposed  neuters. 


518  CLXYi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)    ,    \_Synant7ierias. 

Rhaphiophallits,  Schott  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  27  ;  8yn.  125  ;  Engler  Arac.  321, 
would  appear  from  the  characters  given  not  to  be  separable  from  Synantherias. 
It  was  founded  on  a  Canara  plant  collected  by  Hohenacker,  of  which  I  have 
seen  no  specimen  ;  and  is  described  and  figured  as  having  a  few  gibbous  neuters, 
and  a  slender  subulate  appendage  shorter  than  the  spathe.  In  other  respects  it 
agrees  with  S.  si/lvatica. 

S.  sylvatica,  Schott  Gen.  Aroid.  i.  28;  Prodr.  176;  Engler  Arac. 
320;  Ic.  ined.  No.  155;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7190.  Araorphophallus  sylvaticus, 
Kunth  Enum.  iii.  34  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  259.  A.  zeylanicus,  Blume 
Bumph.  i.  148  ;  Tliiv.  Enum.  335  ;  Engler  Arac.  314.  Brachyspatha  sylvatica, 
Schott  Syn.  35.  B.  zeylanica,  Schott  Syn.  35 ;  Prodr.  127.  Arum  sylva- 
ticum,  Hoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  511 ;   Wight  Ic.  t.  802. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  the  northern  Circars  to  the  Concan,  and  south- 
wards to  Ceylon. 

Tuber  subglobose,  bulbilliferous.  Leaves  1  or  2,  1^-2^  ft.  diam. ;  divisions 
1-2-pinnatifid ;  leaflets  2-6  in.,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  ;  petiole  and  peduncle 
1-2  ft.,  and  spathe  clouded  barred  and  streaked  with  green  and  pale  pink.  Spathe 
2-i  in.,  tube  broad  convolute,  base  truncate;  limb  very  short,  ovate,  acute.  Spadix 
stipitate  ;  infl.  as  long  as  the  spathe,  terminating  in  a  brown  flexuous  appendage  5-6 
times  as  long  ;  infl.  cylindric,  male  narrowed ;  neuters  sub  2-seriate,  quite  flat,  pel- 
tately  adnate,  yellow-brown.  Malefi.  of  scattered  or  fascicled  minute  sessile  obcuneate 
anthers.     Ovaries  globose,  style  very  short ;  stigma  capitate  ;  ovules  subbasilar. 

11.  TKOnXSONIA,   Wall. 

Characters  of  Amorphophallus,  but  appendage  clothed  below  with 
depressed  neuters  and  all  over  above  with  tubercles. 

T.  nepalensis.  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  83,  t.  99;  Blume  Rumph.  i.  150; 
Engler  Arac.  306.  T.  Hookeri,  Engler  I.  c.  307.  Pythonium  Wallichia- 
num,  Schott  Melet.  i.  17  ;  Syn.  36 ;  Gen.  t.  25  ;  Prodr.  123  ;  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  30.     Arum  grandiflorum,  JSerh.  Ham. — Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  n.  8949. 

Tropical  Himalaya;  Nepal,  Wallich;  Sikkim,  alt.  2-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 
Assam,  Hamilton.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  1-5000  ft. 

Tuber  4-5  in.  diam.,  not  bulbilliferous.  Leaf  12-18  in.  diam.  or  more;  leaflets 
3-5  in.,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  caudate-acuminate;  petiole  18  in.  and  very 
stout.  Peduncle  light  green  blotched  with  much  darker,  sheaths  pink,  Spathe 
12-18  by  3-6  in.  diam.,  oblong-cymbiform,  shortly  narrowly  convolute  at  the  base, 
erect,  green.  Spadix  5-10  in.,  exserted,  very  stout';  male  infl.  2-5  in.,  fem.  \-J!,  in.  j 
appendage  3-4  in.  and  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  male  infl.,  cylindric,  green 
changing  to  yellow,  top  rounded.  Anthers  3-5,  substipitate,  compressed,  2-celled, 
pollen  vermiform.  Ovaries  globose,  2-celled;  style  stout ;  larger  than  the  cells,  up- 
curved,  stigma  discoid  ;  obscurely  lobed ;  ovule  1,  basilar,  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  ? 
T.  Hookeri,  Engler  Arac.  307  (Allopythion,  Hookeri  Schott  Gen.  24,  t.  24; 
Prodr.  122  ;  founded  on  a  very  bad  specimen  of  a  Khasian  plant  (the  leaf  of  which 
Mr.  Brown  thinks  may  be  that  of  an  AriscBma)  is  altogether  doubtful.  There  is  a 
drawing  in  Herb.  Kew  of  a  curious  state  of  T.  nepalensis,  with  a  fan-shaped  green 
f oliaceous  spathe,  cut  irregularly  and  deeply  into  lanceolate  acuminate  costate  lobes. 

12.  PZiESiaONZUlKC,  Schott. 

Characters  of  Amorphophallus,  but  male  and  fem.  infl.  distant,  with 
large  obovoid  pearl-like  or  turbinate  neuters  interposed,  and  no  append- 
age. 

P.  margraritiferum,  Schott  S^n.  34 ;  Gen.  t.  26  ;  Prodr,  124 ;  Engler 


Plesmoiiim.]  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.D.Hooker.)  519 

Arac.  303.  Amorphophallus  margaritiferus,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  34.  Arum 
margaritifer,  Soxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  612 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  795.  Caladium 
discretum,  Herb.  Ham.— Wall.  Cat.  8937  A. 

HiNDOSTAN  ;  Roxlurgh.     Bengal,  at  Dacca,  Clarke. 

Tuber  6  in.  diam.  or  less,  bulbilliferous  all  over.  Leaves  1^  ft.  diam.,  3-sect; 
segments  pinnatisect,  lateral  forked ;  leaflets  few,  4-6  in.,  linear,  acuminate ; 
petiole  1^2  ft,,  green.  Peduncle  12-18  in.,  stout,  pale  green  streaked  with 
darker  green.  Spathe  5-6  in.  by  4  broad,  erect,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  concave, 
loosely  convolute  below  the  middle,  pale  yellow-green,  flushed  with  pink  within, 
dark  purple  at  the  base.  Spadix  very  stout,  stipitate,  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  spathe  ; 
male  infl.  much  the  longest ;  neuters  as  large  as  peas,  white.  Anthers  crowded, 
very  short,  pores  confluent.  Ovaries  scattered,  globose,  narrowed  into  a  short 
style ;  stigma  large,  2-3-lobed. — P.  dubium,  Schott  {Prodr.  125  ;  lEngler  Arac.  I.  o.) 
founded  on  a  very  imperfect  spathe  and  spadix  from  Pegu  {McLelland)  is  distin- 
guished by  its  anther  by  the  neuters  being  (in  a  dried  state)  turbinate  with  acute 
margins  all  round. 

13.  ARZOPSZS,  Mmmo. 

Small  tuberous  herb.  Leaves  entire,  peltate.  Spatlie  small,  cymbiform, 
open  (tube  0)  persistent.  Spqjdix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  appendage  0 ; 
male  fl.  cylindric ;  fern,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  spathe.  Male  fl.  em- 
bedded in  the  tissue  of  the  spadix ;  anthers  connate  in  groups  of  3,  each 
2-celled,  surrounding  a  pore  into  which  all  open.  Ovaries  few,  oblong, 
1-celled ;  stigma  sessile,  4-6-fid  ;  ovules  many,  .orthotropous,  2-seriate  on 
4-6  parietal  placentas.  Berries  3-6-angled,  many-seeded,  stigmas  stellate. 
Seeds  pendulous,  albuminous  ;  embryo  axile. 

This  genus  has  hitherto  been  ascribed  to  Graham,  in  whose  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  of  Bombay  and  its  vicinity"  it  first  appeared,  and  where  the  letter  N. 
following  the  name  was  assumed  by  Schott  and  all  subsequent  authors  to  mean 
"  Nobis."  It  really  means  "  Nimmo,"  Graham's  coadjutor  in  the  work,  an  excellent 
botanist. 

1.  A.  peltata^  Nimmo  in  Grah.  Cat.  Bomh.  PI.  252;  Schott  Syn. 
40 ;  Gen.  t.  85  ;  Prodr.  135  ;  Bot.  Mag-  t.  4222 ;  Bugler  Arac.  628.  A. 
protanthera,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Rep.  R.  Gard.  Kew,  1877,  67.  Eemusatia  vivi- 
para,  Wight  Ic.  t.  900  {not  of  Schott).  Caladium  ?  ovatum,  Herh.  Ham. — 
Aroid.  Wall.  Gat.  8956,  8957. 

Western  subtkopical  Himalaya,  from  Nepal  to  Sikkim,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  Burma  ; 
in  the  Karen  Hills,  Kurz.  Western  Ghats;  from  the  Concan  to  Travancore, 
Ueyne,  ^c. 

Tubers  small,  clustered.  Leaves  1-6  in.  diam.,  orbicular  or  cordate,  tip 
rounded  or  acute,  membranous,  glaucous  beneath ;  petiole  2-7  in.,  slender.  Peduncle 
1-4  in.,  very  slender.  Spathe  1  in.,  incurved,  apiculate,  violet  with  a  green  dorsal 
ridge,  paler  within.  Spadix  decurved ;  male  infl.  dark  purple  j  fem.  green,  stigma 
yellow. — A.  protanthera,  owes  its  origin  to  the  fact,  that  whereas  all  the  Himalayan 
specimens  then  in  Kew  Herbarium  from  various  collections  showed  that  flowering 
had  preceded  leafing  by  a  considerable  interval ;  all  those  from  the  Western  Ghats 
showed  that  those  processes  had  been  contemporaneous.  Specimens  of  the  Himalayan 
plant  recently  received  from  the  Calcutta  Herbarium,  have  invalidated  the  above 
character. 

14.  STEUDNERA,  C.  Koch. 

Herbs ;  caudex  stout.  Leaves  ovate,  long-petioled,  peltate.  Spathe 
shortly  convolute  at  the  base,,  limb  ovate-lanceolate,  expanded,  reflexed, 
marcescent.    Spadix  very  short,  dense-fld. ;  male  infl.  clavate  or  capitate ; 


•^20  CLXVi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Steudnera. 

fern,  adnate  below  to  the  spathe.  Stamens  3-6,  connate  in  a  peltate  body 
with,  a  flat  crennlate  crown;  anther-cells  globose.  Ovaries  mixed  with 
clayate  staminodes,  subglobose,  1-celled ;  stigma  4-5-lobed;  ovules  many, 
parietal,  orthotropous. — Species  6  or  8,  Indian  and  Burman. 

1.  S.  discolor,  Sort.  Bull.  {Gat.  1875,  No.  75);  leaves  10-12  in. 
ovate  acute  with  dark  blotches  between  the  nerves,  base  retuse,  spathe 
4s\  in.  ovate  acuminate  golden  yellow  on  both  surfaces,  base  within  purple. 
S.  colocasisefolia,  Hooh.f.  JBot.  Mog.  t.  6076  {copied  in  Fl.  des  Serves,  xxi. 
t.  2201).     S.  colocasiEefolia,  var.  discolor,  FJngl.  Arac.  452. 

India,  Eort  Suit. 

Stem  short,  stout,  clothed  with  brown  sheaths.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler 
with  dark  blotches  beneath.     Spadix  1|  in.,  palej  staminodes  4-5,  clavate. 

2.  S.  colocasiaefolia,  C.  Koch  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Wochenschr.  (1862), 
114;  leaves  10-12  in.  ovate  acute  concolorous,  base  retuse,  spathe  6  in. 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  golden  yellow  without  dark  purple  within. 
Schott  in  Bonpland.  x.  (1862),  222 ;  Eegel  Gartenfi.  (1869),  323,  t.  633 ; 
Andre  III.  Hortic.  xix.  33,  t.  90;  Bot.  Mag.i.  6762  ;  Engler  Arac.4<h2,  and 
Ic.  ined.  No.  141  (excl.  var.  discolor  and  Rab.  Burma,  and  Syn.  Gona- 
tanthus). 

Maetaban,  and  the  Karen  Hills,  Kurz. 

Closely  allied  to  S.  discolor,  but  a  larger  coarser  plant,  with  stronger  nerves,  a 
longer  differently  coloured  spabhe,  and  fewer  staminodes. 

3.  S.  assaxnica,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  7-8  in.  ovate-oblong  acute  base 
rounded,  spathe  3-3|  in.  lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  red  purple  on  both 
surfaces.     Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  8953. 

Assam;  Duphla  Hills,  Lister  {Ic.  in  Herh.  Calcutt).     Cachab,  Keenan. 

Caudex  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  fibrous  above.  Leaves  bright  green,  paler  beneath; 
petiole  6-8  in.,  slender.  Feduncle  3-5  in.  Spathe  erect.  Spadix  f-1  in. ;  male 
infl.  cylindric. — Wallich's  specimen  is  without  locality. 

4.  S.  Griffithii,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1862),  222;  leaves  -4-5  in. 
ovate-oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  base  emarginate  or  shortly  2-lobed,  spathe 
2-3  in.  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  yellowish  green  on  both  surfaces  brown 
purple  below  the  middle  within.  Gonatanthus  Griffithii,  Schott  Prodr. 
143.— Arum  sp.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  144;  Ic.  PL  Asiat.  t.  164,/.  1. 

Upper  Burma,  Griffith,  at  Namtuseek  {Kew  Distrib.  5970). 

Caudex  prostrate,  elongate,  clothed  with  fibres,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill. 
Leaves  deep  green  above,  glaucous- white  beneath.  Spadix  i  in.,  male  infl. 
cylindric. 

5.  S-  colocasioides,  Hook.f.;  leaves  ,9-24  in.  broadly  ovate  acute 
base  broadly  retuse,  spathe  5-9  in.  narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate  tube 
convolute  limb  creamy-yellow,  fem.  infl.  half  free.  Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  8944, 
8947. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  King  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt.).  Silhet,!)*  Silva.  Cachar, 
Keenan  {Hort.  Kew). 

Caudex  elongate,  1^  in.  dlara.,  fibrous  above.  Leaves  thin  in  texture,  light 
green  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  petiole  12-18  in.,  green.  Peduncles  several, 
5-7  in.  Spathe  erect,  tube  1  in.,  ovoid,  green  ;  limb  membranous.  Spadix  2  in., 
fem.  infl.  cylindric  above  the  middle  ;  male  as  long  as  the  fem.  cylindric.  Ovaries 
globose ;  staminodes  very  minute,  clavate  ? — Very  diflferent  from  its  congeners  in 
size  and  spathe. 


Steudnei^a."}  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  521 

6.  S-  capitellata^  Sooh.  f. ;  leaves  8-9  by  7-8  in.  orbicular-ovate 
subacute  base  broadly  retuse,  spathe  3|~i  in.  pendulous  from  the  de- 
curved  peduncle  lanceolate  acuminate  yellowish-brown  without  pale 
purple  and  striated  within,  male  infl.  globose. 

Burma;  in  evergreen  forests,  Tonkyaghet,  Kurz  {Ic.  in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Caudex  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  densely  fibrous  ;  sheaths  4  in.  Leaves  pale 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  nerves  about  5  pairs,  strong,  arched ;  petiole  1  ft., 
slender.  Peduncles  many  (i  in  the  drawing),  4-5  in.,  very  slender.  Spadix  ^-1  in., 
fem.  infl.  very  long. 

15.  KAPAX.INB,  Schott. 

Small  tuberous  berbs.  Leaves  membranous,  cordate  or  sagittate. 
Spathe  long-pedancled,  tube  cylindric,  decurrent  tightly  convolute,  limb 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  flat.  Spadix  equalling  the  spathe ;  male 
and  fem.  infl.  remote ;  male  elongate ;  fem.  adnate  to  the  spathe,  of 
few  uniseriate  ovaries.  Male  fl.  an  elongate  hexagonal  peltate  shortly 
stipitate  body,  with  4-6  minute  globose  anther-cells  pendulous  from  its 
margin.  Ovaries  ovoid,  1-ceiled,  1-ovuled  ;  stigma  disciform  ;  ovule  erect, 
anatropous. 

1.  H.  Benthamlana,  SchoU  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1857),  85 ; 
Prodr.  162 ;  leaves  oblong-sagittate  basal  lobes  narrow  obtuse  more  than 
half  as  long  as  the  anticous,  spathe  acuminate  ;  Engler  Arac.  489 ;  Kurz  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlii.  ii.  (1873),  109,  t.  9.  Hapale,  SchoU  Gen.  Avoid. 
t.  U.— Avoid.  Wall.  Gat.  8953  A. 

Burma  ;  banks  of  the  Attran  river,  Wallich.  Pegu  and  Martaban,  in  dry 
forests,  Kurz. 

Tuber  small.  Leaves  few,  3-4  in.  long  ;  sinus  deep,  narrow ;  petiole  and  peduncle 
slender.     Spathe  2-3  in.  long,  membranous,  white. 

2.  K.  Brownii;  SooJc.  f. ;  leaves  ovate  acuminate  deeply  cordate, 
basal  lobes  rounded  ird  the  length  of  the  anticous,  spathe  oblong  apiculate. 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Quedah,  alt.  100-500  ft.     King's  Collector. 

Habit  of  jH".  Benthamlana,  differing  in  the  basal  lobes  of  the  leaf  and 
form  of  the  spathe. — Named  after  Mr.  N.  E.  Brown,  assistant  in  the  Kew  Herbarium. 
(See  p.  490). 

16.  B£»IUSATZA,  ScJiott. 

Tuberous  hevhs,  flowering  and  leafing  in  alternate  years  ?  bearing 
long  radical  bulbilliferous  shoots.  Leaf  solitary,  entire,  peltate.  Spathe 
coriaceous ;  tube  convolute,  ovoid,  accrescent  over  the  fruit ;  limb  broad 
or  narrow,  erect  or  spreading  and  reflexed,"  deciduous.  Spadix  very 
short,  sessile,  male  and  fem.  infl.  separated  by  neuters;  appendage  0;  male 
infl.  clavate,  of  densely  packed  angular  table-topped  male  fl.  and  neuters  ; 
fem.  short,  cylindric.  Stamens  with  a  fleshy  connective  bearing  2-3  small 
anther-cells  opening  by  terminal  slits.  Ovaries  ovoid,  1-celled  ;  stigma 
sessile,  disciform ;  placentas  parietal ;  ovules  many,  orthotropous. 
Bevvies  small.     Seeds  albuminous,  embryo  axile. 

1.  B.  vivipara^  Schott  Melet.  i.  18 ;  Syn.  43 ;  Gen.  Avoid,  t.  36 ; 
!Prodr.  t.  137 ;  in  Ann.  Gand.  (1846),  t.  66  ;  bulbilliferous  shoots  very  stout 
euberect  or  ascending  simple  or  very  shortly  branched,  limb  of  spathe 


622  CLxvi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Remusatia. 

reflexed  broadly  orbicular-obovate  cuspidate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  36  ;  Miquel 
Fl  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  205 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  259 ;  Grah.  Gat  Bomb.  PI. 
228;  Wall.  Gat.  8939;  Engler  Arac.  496.  Caladium  viviparum,  Lodd. 
Bot.  Gab.  t.  281.  Colocasia  vivipara,  Thw.  Enum.  336.  Arum  viviparum, 
Boxb.  Fl,  Ind.  iii.  496 ;   Wight  Ic.  t.  798.~Rheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  9. 

SUBTEOPICAL  Himalaya  ;  alt.  2-3000  ft.  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim.  The  Khasia 
Hills  and  Bttema.  Behab,  on  Parasnath,  alt.  4500  ft.,  Clarke.  The  Westeen 
Ghats,  and  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Java. 

Tuber  size  of  a  hazel  or  walnut,  viviparous  shoots  6-11  in.,  bulbils  squamosely 
crinite.  Leafh  by  3J  to  18  by  12  in.  membranous,  orbicular  ovate  or  cordate,  acute 
or  acuminate  ;  petiole  1  ft.  or  less.  Spathe  4-5  in.  long,  tube  green,  limb  2-3  in. 
broad,  golden  yellow.     Spadix  1-1^  in. 

2.  R.  Kookeriana,  Sc/iott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenhl.  (1858),  133; 
Frodr.  187  ;  bulbilliferous  shoots  slender  prostrate  or  pendulous  much 
branched,  limb  of  spatbe  erect  ovate-oblong  acuminate.    Engler  Arac.  497. 

Tkmpeeatb  Himalaya  ;  Simla  to  Sikkim,  alt.  4-7000  ft. 

Tuber  as  in  R.  vivipara.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  cordate,  caudate-acuminate 
beneath  between  the  nerves  ;  petiole  2-9  in.  Spathe  1^-2^  in.,  limb  \-\  in.  broad, 
sometimes  coppery,  more  or  less  convolute. 

17.  GONATANTKUS,  Klotzsch. 

Tuberous  herbs,  with  the  habit  foliage  and  bulbilliferous  shoots  of 
Bemusatia,  but  the  shoots  are  branched  and  the  spathe  has  a  slender 
elongate  convolute  limb,  there  are  no  neuters  between  the  male  and  fem. 
infl.,  and  the  ovules  are  numerous  and  basilar. 

G-.  sarznentosus;  Klotzsch  in  Link  &  Kl.  Ic.  PI.  i.  33,  ii.  14 ;  leaves 
ovate-cordate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  36  ;  Schott  Syn.  44 ;  Gen.  t.  39  ;  Prodr. 
142;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5275;  Gartenfl.  (1868),  227,  t.  588;  Engler  Arac.  571. 
Caladium  pumilum,  Eon  Prodr.  21.  Colocasia?  pumila,  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  40.— Aroid.  Wa/l.  Gat.  8952. 

Tkmpeeate  Himalaya  j  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim,  alt.  4-6500  ft.  Khasia  Hills, 
alt.  4-5000  ft. 

Tuber  small  and  slender  branched  shoots  with  the  small  crinite  bulbils  of 
Remusatia  HooJceriana.  Leaves  peltate,  acuminate,  dark  green  above ;  petiole 
4-8  in.  Peduncle  2-3  in.  Spathe  6-10  in.  long,  tube  ^-f  in.,  ovoid,  green;  base 
©f  limb  as  long  or  longer  than  the  tube,  inflated,  reclined,  the  rest  suberect, 
with  a  long  recurved  tip,  golden  yellow,  contracted  at  the  base,  margins  completely 
convolute.  Spathe  with  the  fem.  infl.  in  the  tube,  the  stipitate  clavate  red-brown 
male  in  the  swollen  base  of  the  limb.  Spadix  1-li  in.  long;  stipes  of  male  infl. 
angular  and  crown  of  anthers  chocolate-brown  ;  fem.  infl.  short,  ovaries  few  closely 
packed,  globose,  stigma  a  disciform  area.  Berries  yellow.  Seeds  on  long  f unicles, 
ovoid  ;  testa  rough,  with  a  fleshy  yellow  coat. 

2.  G-.7  ornatuSf  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1858),  121 ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  base  cordate. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  Thomson.    Khasu  Hills,  alt.  5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Sf  T.  T. 

In  the  absence  of  inflorescence  this  is  an  altogether  doubtful  plant.  It  differs 
from  Q.  sarmentosus  in  the  much  narrower  leaves,  5-10  by  1^-3^  in.,  which  in  the 
origiurtlly  described  Khasia  specimens  were  of  a  fine  coppery-purple  between  the 
green  nerves  and  the  broad  green  margin.  In  specimens  apparently  of  the  same 
plant  from  both  Sikkim  and  the  Khasia"  Hills,  the  leaves  are  green  and  concolorous. 
No  bulbilliferous  shoots  have  been  seen,  * 


CLXVi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  523 

18.  COZiOCASZA,  Linn. 

Tall  coarse  herbs,  tuberous  or  with  a  stout  short  caudex,  flowering  and 
leafing  together.  Leaves  stoutly  petioled,  peltate,  ovate-cordate.  Spathe 
stoutly  peduncled ;  tube  thick,  accrescent,  persistent,  mouth  constricted  ; 
limb  erect,  deciduous.  Spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  stout  or  slender ; 
male  and  fem.  infl,  with  usually  interposed  flat  neuters  ;  appendage 
cylindric  subulate  or  0.  Ovaries  and  ovules  as  in  Remusatia.  Berries 
obconic  or  oblong.  8eeds  oblong,  sulcate,  albumen  copious  ;  embryo  axile. 
— Species  6  or  7  tropical  Asiatic. 

1.  C.  Antiquorum,  Schott  Melet.  i.  18 ;  Syn.  40  ;  Prodr.  38  ;  leaves 
large  ovate  with  a  broad  triangular  basal  sinus,  tube  of  spathe  oblong  2-4 
times  shorter  than  the  narrow  lanceolate  limb,  appendage  very  variable. 
Miquel  Fl.  Ind.  Bat  iii.  202  ;  Kunth  FJnum.  iii.  37  ;  Thwaites  Enum.  335  ; 
Benth.  Fl.  Austral.^ii.  155;  JEngler  Arac.4Q\  and/<?o«.merf.No.251.  C.  escu- 
lenta,  and  acris,  Schott  Melet.  i.  18 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  0.  nymphaeifolia,  Kunih  I.e. 
C.  Fontanesii,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bat.  Wochenhl.  (1854),  409.  C.  pruinipes,  Zbc/i 
Sf  BoucU,  Ind.  Sem.  Sort.  Berol.  (1854),  4.  C.  enchlora,  C.Koch.  (Sf^  Lindi.l.  c. 
App.  Caladium  esculenturn.  Vent.  Hort.  Cels.  30 ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  489  ;  C. 
acre,  Br.  Prodr.  336  ;  C.  nymphaeifblium,  Vent.  I.  c. ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  144,  t. 
161  B.  2  (ovules).  Arum  Colocasia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  965  ;  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
494  ;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomh.  PI.  228  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  786,  f.  1.  A.  nymphseifolium, 
Boxb.  &  Grah.  II.  cc. ;  Wight  I.  c.  i.  2.  A.  peltatum,  Lam.  Fncycl.  iii. 
13.— Colocasia,  Wall.  Cat.  SQ4<Z—Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  23. 

Throughout  the  hotter  parts  of  India  (up  to  7600  ft.  in  the  Himalaya)  and 
Cbylon,  in  moist  and  dry  places,  wild  or  cultivated. — Distrib.  cult,  in  all  hot 
countries. 

Leaves  6-16  in.,  dark  green,  dull,  sometimes  clouded  with  black;  petiole  stout, 
3-4  ft.,  green  or  violet.  Peduncles  solitary  or  clustered  and  connate,  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles.  Spathe  8-18  in.,  caudate-acuminate,  erect,  pale  yellow.  Spadix 
shorter  than  the  spathe ;  fem.  infl.  as  long  as  that  of  the  staminodes,  male  infl. 
longer. — "\  ery  common  and  variable,  Roxburgh  distinguishes  3  varieties  besides 
nymphceifolia,  they  are — 1,  a  dark  one  from  wet  places  in  which  the  roots  (base  of  stem?) 
naver  swell,  but  send  out  many  suckers,  and  the  leaves  and  petioles  are  more  or  less 
purple,  it  is  much  eaten ;  2,  one  that  grows  on  dry  ground  with  dark  purple  or 
iiluish  clouds  in  the  leaf ;  3,  one  like  the  last  but  all  green.  Of  nymphoeijolia,  which 
he  describes  as  having  repand  leaves.  He  says  that  he  doubts  if  it  is  anything  but  a 
large  aquatic  state,  abundant  wild  on  borders  of  lakes,  with  the  subterraneous  stem 
often  as  long  and  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  reddish  petioles  peduncles  and  leaves, 
narrower  leaves,  and  a  short  appendage  ;  all  parts  are  eaten. 

2.  C.  affinis,  Sclott  in  Bonpland.  (1859)  28  ;  Prodr.  138;  leaves  ovate 
or  orbicular- ovate  base  rounded  retuse  or  cordate  nerves  very  slender,  tube  of 
spathe  cylindric  4-6  times  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  long  acuminate 
limb,  appendage  as  long  or  twice  as  long  as  the  infl.,  stigma  sessile  disci- 
form. Engler  Arac.  492.  Colocasia,  No.  3,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Hf.  &  T.  Alocasia 
Jenningsii,  Veitch  in  III.  Hort.  (1869),  t.  585 ;  Gard.  Chron.  (1869),  136 ; 
Flora  des  Serres,  xvii.  1818.— Aroid.  Wall.  Gat.  8952  B. 

SiKziM  Himalaya,  King.  Assam,  Hamilton.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft. 
J.  D.  H.  and  T.  T.    Burma  ;  Prome  Hills,  Wallich. 

Tuber  small.  Leaves  4-6  in.  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  membranous,  green  with 
dark  blotches  between  the  nerves,  glaucous  beneath,  tip  obtuse  or  acute;  petiole 
slender,  6-8  in.  Peduncle  3-5  in.  Spathe  4-6  in.,  tube  1  in.,  tumid,  green;  limb 
primrose  yellow.     Spadix  with  a  narrow  neck  between    the  male  and  fem.  infl. 


524  OLxvi.  ARoiDEjB.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  \_Colocasia. 

covered  with  flat  neuters  ;  appendage  slender,  narrowed  to  the  tip,  golden  yellow,— 
In  a  fine  drawing  of  this  species  in  Herb.  Calcutt.  the  stigma  is  represented  as 
disciform. 

3.  C.  fallax,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  28;  Prodr.  138;  leaves 
orbicular-ovate  base  cordate  or  emarginate,  nerves  strong,  tube  of  spathe 
4-6  times  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  limb,  fruiting  subspherical,  style 
short,  stigma  disciform.  C.  Wendlandii,  Engl.  Ic.  ined.  No.  240. — Aroid. 
Wall.  Gat.  n.  8952  A. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1-3000  ft.,  Clarke.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  1-4000  ft. 
J.  D.  H.  and  T.  T. 

Tuber  small.  Leaves  4-6  by  3-5  in.,  largest  8  by  7  in.,  much  thicker  in  texture 
and  with  much  stronger  nerves  than  0.  afinis.  Spathe  and  spadix  much  as  in 
afinis,  but  usually  with  fewer  neuters  between  the  male  and  fem.  infl.  Anthers 
stellately  crenate  in  both. 

4.  C  virosa,  Kunth  Enwm.  iii.  39  {in  part) ;  leaves  large  ovate  sub- 
undulate  and  repand,  base  retuse,  tube  of  spathe  oblong  much  shorter  than 
(but  hardly  distinct  from)  the  narrowly  lanceolate  blade,  spadix  four 
times  shorter  than  the  spathe,  appendage  0,  Schott  Syn.  41 ;  Prodr.  139 ; 
JEngler  Arac.  494.  Calla  virosa,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  517  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  808. 
Zantedeschia  virosa,  G.  Koch  Ind.  Sent.  Hort.  Berol.  (1854),  App.  9. 

Bengal  and  the  lower  Provinces  of  India,  Roxburgh. 

Stem  short,  simple,  cylindric.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  6-15  in. ;  petiole  about  as  long, 
terete,  smooth,  green.  Peduncles  clustered.  Spathe  nearly  straight,  subulate, 
convolute.  Spadix  3  in.,  obtuse,  lower  third  female.  Anthers  peltate,  8-12- 
celled ;  ovaries  broadly  ovoid  1-celled,  stigma  large  subsessile  peltate  j  placentas  3-4. — 
Descript.  from  Roxburgh  ;  nothing  further  being  known  of  this  plant. 

5.  C.  Blannii,  ^00^./, ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  base  sagittate  lobes  very 
obtuse  sinus  broad  acute,  spathe  narrowly  oblong  cymbiform,  spadix  half 
as  long  as  the  spathe  sub-acute,  appendage  0. 

Upper  Assam  ;  at  Makum,  Mann. 

Leaves  '8-12  by  4-7  in.,  nerves  6-7  pairs,  not  stout,  basal  lobes  4  in. ;  petiole 
1-3  ft.  Peduncle  rather  slender.  Spathe  6-7  in.,  tube  1  in.  Spadix  1-^—4  in. ;  male 
infl.  1  in.  intermediate  space  ^  in, ;  male  li-li,  tip  rounded.  Anthers  stellately 
crenate.     Ovaries  globose,  stigma  a  discoid  area. 

6.  C  grigrantea,  Hooh.  f.  petiole  pruinose,  leaves  very  large  ovate- 
cordate,  spathe  6  in.,  limb  oblong  or  elliptic-oblong  cymbiform  cuspidate, 
appendage  very  short  acute.  C.  indica,  Engler  Arac.  494  {not  Kunth). 
Leucocasia  gigantea,  Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenhl.  (1857),  84  ;  Prodr.  141 
{excl.  syn.  pruinipes). 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Disteib.  Cochinchina,  Java. 

Leaves  18-20  by  14-18  in.,  base  deeply  cordate,  margin  repand ;  nerves  8-10 
pairs,  very  stout ;  lobes  6-8  in,,  rounded,  sinus  open  ;  petiole  2-3  ft.  Peduncle  very 
stout,  tall.  Spathe  5-6  in.,  coriaceous;  tube  2J  in,,  glaucous,  limb  erect.  Spadix 
yellow,  fem.  infl.  1^  in.  conic;  neuter  infl.  1  in.  slender;  male  stout,  cylindric,  ter- 
minating in  a  rudimentary  conic  appendage.  Ovaries  very  numerous,  narrow, 
stigma  very  broad,  covering  the  whole  ovary ;  ovules  parietal,  scattered. — The  ovaries 
are  quite  unlike  those  of  its  congeners. 

19.  AXiOCASZA,  Schott. 

Characters  of  Golocasia,  but  ovules  few,  basilar,  erect. — Species  perhaps 
20  or  30,  tropical  Asiatic. 


Aloeasia.]  olxvi.  aroideje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  525 

*  Leaves  not  or  slightli/  peltate,  lower  nerves  approximate  and  flahellately 
spreading. 

1.  A.  cucullata,  Schott  Melet.  18;  in  CEsfr.  Bat.  Wochenhl.  (1854), 
410 ;  Si/n.  48 ;  Prodr.  156  ;  leaves  subpeltate  broadly  ovate-cordate  nerves 
6-7  pairs,  petiole  very  long,  peduncles  shorter  subsolitary.  Engler  Arac.  498. 
A.  rugosa,  Schott inWochenhl.  I.  c.;Syn.  49  ;  Prodr.  I.  c.  Colocasia  cochleata, 
Miq.  Epimel.  Bern.  Hort.  Amstelod.  (1853).  C.  rugosa,  Kunth  JEnum.  iii. 
41.  C.  cucuUata,  Schott  Melet.  i.  18 ;  Wall  Gat.  8940 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  38 ;  Thw. 
Enum.  336.  Caladinm  cucullatum,  Pers.  Syn.  ii.  575.  Arum  cucullatum. 
Lour.  Fl.  Cochinch.  656  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  501 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  787. 

Bengal,  Roxburgh  (cultivated  Clarice).  The  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft. 
J.  L.  H.  and  T.  T.    Pegu,  Kurz.     Ceylon  (native?)  Thwaites. 

BootstocTc  1-2  ft.,  with  many  suckers,  branched,  inclined.  Leaves  6-12  by  4-7  in., 
^-circular,  nerves  very  stout ;  petiole  1-3  ft.,  green.  Spathe  6-12  in.  fleshy,  tube 
2-4  in. ;  limb  narrowly  cymbiform,  margins  convolute.  Spadix  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  appendage  short. 

2.  A.  montana,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Pot.  Wochenhl.  (1854),  140 ;  Syn. 
47 ;  Prodr.  154 ;  leaves  broadly  ovate-cordate  repand,  nerves  5-6  pairs, 
petiole  short  stout,  peduncles  many  coanate  below.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  209 ;  Engler  Arac.  499.  Colocasia  ?  montana,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  40. 
Arum  montanum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  497 ;   Wight  Ic.  t.  796. 

NoETHERN  CiRCARS,  JRoxhurgh. — DiSTBiB.  Java. 

Eootstock  subcylindric,  as  thick  ms  the  wrist,  with  long  suckers  from  the  crown. 
Leaves  6-8  in.,  shining ;  petiole  8-10  in,,  sheathing  half  way  up.  Spathe  4-6  in., 
coloured,  limb  thrice  as  long  as  the  tube.  Spadix  nearly  as  long  as  the  spathe  j 
appendage  2^  in.     Stigma  3-4-lobed. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

3.  A.  rapiformis,  Schott  Prodr.  157 ;  Engler  Arac.  510.  Colocasia 
rapifojrmis,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  40. 

Pegu,  Carey. 

DiiFei's,  according  to  Roxburgh,  from  A.  montana  in  having  a  tuberous  turnip - 
shaped  root. — I  have  seen  no  specimen. 

**  Leaves  not  or  hardly  peltate,  nerves  pinnate. 

4.  A.  indica,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Wochenhl.  (1854),  410  ;  Syn.  46 ; 
Prodr.  144;  leaves  large  ovate  deeply  sagittately  cordate  repand,  lobes 
rounded  sinus  narrow,  tube  of  spathe  many  times  shorter  than  the  very 
long  linear-oblong  subtruncate  cuspidate  limb,  stigma  sessile  3-4-cleft. 
Miquel  Fl.Lnd.  Bat.  iii.  206  ;  Engler  Arac.  501.  Colocasia  indica,  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  39.  Arum  indicum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  498  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  794. — 
Aroid.  Wall.  Gat.  8948. 

Tropical  Asia  ;  native  and  cultivated.— Distrib.  tropics  (cult.). 

Stem  attaining  8  ft.,  stout,  3-8  in.  diam.,  emitting  bulbilliferous  suckers.  Leaves 
2-3  ft.,  tip  a  deflexed  cusp,  basal  lobes  sometimes  very  shortly  connate,  nerves  about 
8  pairs;  petiole  stout,  transversely  clouded.  Peduncles  (always  in  pairs,  Eoxh.) 
shorter  than  the  petioles.  Spathe  8-12  in.,  pale  yellow -green.  Spadix  equalling 
the  spathe ;  appendage  longer  than  the  infl.     Geary  1-celled. 

5.  A.  denudata,  Engler  Arac.  507 ;  leaves  triangular-sagittate, 
shortly  acuminate  about  a  third  as  broad  as  long,  basal  lobes  nearly  as 
long  as  the  anticous  with  the  costse  marginal,  petiole  and  peduncle  long 
blender.     A.  singaporensis,  Linden  in  Gartenfi.  xiv.  292. 


526  CLXVi.  aroidej:.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Alocasia. 

Singapore,  Qaudichaud. 

I  have  seen  only  two  leaves  of  a  cultivated  specimen  of  A.  singaporensis  which 
so  conform  to  the  description  and  habitat  of  A.  denudata,  that  I  conclude  they  are 
referable  to  that  species,  one  has  a  triangular  ovate  hastate  leaf  with  divaricate 
lobes,  the  other  more  sagittate  with  approximate  lobes  as  long  as  the  terminal. 

***  Leaves  peltate,  basal  lobes  connate  for  yq-^  {rarely  ^)  their  length. 

6.  A.  macrorrhiza,  Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Wochenhl.  (1854),  409; 
S^/n.  45 ;  Gen.  t.  40 ;  Prodr.  146 ;  leaves  broadly  ovate-sagittate  repand 
basal  lobes  rounded  connate  for  -^^  their  length,  sinus  narrow,  peduncles 
short,  tube  of  spathe  half  as  long  as  the  coriaceous  incurved  cymbiform 
cuspidate  limb,  stigma  subsessile  disciform  entire.  Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
205  ;  Engler  Arac.  502  ^  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  iii.  Pt.  ii.  202,  t.  46,  47.  A. 
odora,  G.  Koch  Ind.  Bern.  Hort.  Berol.  (1854),  App.  5;  Engler  Arac.  503. 
A.  commutata,  Schotf  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1854),  409.  Colocasia 
macrorrhiza.  Schott  Melet.  i.  18 ;  Thw.  Enum.  336 ;  C.  odora,  Brongn.  in 
Ann.  Mus.  Par.  iii.  (1834),  145,  t.  7 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  39.  C.  odorata, 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3935.  (J.  mucronata,  Kunth  I.  c.  40.  Caladium  macror- 
rhizon,  Br.  Prodr.  336.  C.  odorum,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  641.  C.  odoratis- 
simum,  G.  Koch  in  Berl.  Allg.  Gartenz.  (1857),  20.  C.  glycirrhizum, 
Eraser  in  Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  i.  (1830),  259.  Philodendron  ?  peregrinum, 
Kunth  I.e.  51.  Arum  macrorrhizon  and  peregrinum,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  965, 
966.  A.  odorum,  Boxb.  El.  Ind.  iii.  499  ;  Wight  Ic,  t.  797  ;  Lodd.  Bot.  Cat. 
t.  416.— Colocasia,  Wall.  Cat.  n.  8941. 

Teopical  and  subteopical  India,  wild  and  cult.  Cult,  in  the  tropics 
generally. 

Stem  6-16  ft.,  attaining  1  ft.  diara.  Leaves  2-4  by  6-18  in.,  nerves  10-12 
pairs,  very  stout,  basal  lobes  incurved ;  petiole  2-4  ft.,  base  sometimes  as  thick  as  the 
arm.  Peduncles  2  (or  more?)  in  each  axil,  6-8  in.,  stout.  Spat/ie  6-10  in., 
limb  hooded  and  cuspidate  at  the  top.  Spadix  nearly  as  long  as  the  spathe ; 
appendage  nearly  equalling  the  infl.,  cylindric,  obtuse,  sinuously  sulcate.  Ovary 
incompletely  4-celled.     Berries  size  of  a  cherry. 

7.  A.  decipiens,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  vii.  (1859),  28 ;  Prodr.  28 ; 
leaves  oblong  sagittate  twice  as  long  as  broad  cuspidate,  posticous  lobes 
half  the  length  of  the  anticous  united  for  ^-y^  their  length,  petiole  long 
slender,  peduncles  long,  tube  of  spathe  shorter  than  the  oblong  cymbiform 
acuminate  limb,  style  short,  stigma  capitate  entire. 

Pegu,  McLelland.     Andaman  Islds.,  Brain. 

Leaves  9-18  by  4-9  in. ;  lobes  7  in.,  ovate-oblong,  sinus  broad  open  ;  nerves 
6-7  pairs  ;  petiole  2-3  ft.  Peduncle  12-24  in.  Spathe  4  in.,  tube  1^  in. ;  appendage  ? 
Ovaries  globose.  Fruiting  tube  of  spathe  ellipsoid  or  pyriform,  1-1^  in.  Seeds 
A-^  in.  diam. 

8.  A.  fornicata,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1854),  410;  Syn. 
47 ;  Prodr.  157 ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  sagittate  basal  lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  anticous  connate  \  or  \  their  length  obtuse  or  subacute  sinus 
narrow  acute,  tube  of  spathe  about  half  as  long  as  the  oblong  cymbiform 
acuminate  limb,  ovary  narrowed  into  a  distinct  style,  stigma  3-4-lobed. 
Engler  Arac.  506.  Colocasia  ?  fornicata,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  41.  Arum 
fornicatum,  Boxb.  Fl  Ind.  iii.  501  ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  792  {not  t.  789) ;  Griff. 
Notul.  iii.  130,  132,  t.  167.— Colocasia,  Wall.  Cat.  8941,  8945. 

Bengal,  Silhet,  Assam  and  Chittagong,  Roxburgh,  &c. 


Alocasia.']  olxvi.  aroideje,     (J.  B.  Hooker.)  527 

Stem  1-3  ft.,  inclined  or  prostrate,  1^  in.  diam.  Leaves  8-12  by  4-5  in.,  acute 
or  obtuse,  slightly  waved,  nerves  6-S  pairs  ;  petiole  8-12  in.  and  shorter  peduncle 
clouded.  (S^^atTie  3-4  in.,  greenish  yellow.  Spadix  nearly  as  Ions:  as  the  spathe; 
appendage  ^-1^  in.,  about  as  long  as  the  infl.     Seeds  ^  in.  diam.,  globose. 

9.  A.  naviculariSj  Koch  8f  Bouche  Ind.  Sem.  Sort.  Berol.  (1855), 
A^pp.  2;  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Ser.  iv.  i.  338,  leaves  broadly  oblong  sagittate 
contracted  opposite  the  triangular  obtuse  divergent  posticous  lobes  which 
are  united  for  i-|  their  length,  tube  of  spathe  half  as  long  as  the  oblong 
cymbiform  acute  limb,  style  very  short,  stigma  disciform  obscurely  lobed. 
Engler  Arac.  505  {excl.  syn.  fallax) ;  Jc.  Arac.  No.  124.  Colocasia  navi- 
cularis  Koch  &  Bouche  I.  c.  (1853),  13. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  1-4000  ft.— J".  D.  K.  ^  T.  T. 

Stem  short.  Leaves  8-18  by  5-S  in.,  cuspidate;  basal  lobes  3-7  in.,  much 
shorter  than  the  anticous,  nerves  4r-6  pairs ;  petiole  1-2  ft.  Spathe  4-5  in.  j  spadix 
about  3  in. ;  appendage  as  long  or  longer  than  the  infl.,  sinuously  sulcate.  Seeds 
turbinate,  \  in.  long. 

10.  A.  fallaz,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  vii.  (1859),  28;  Prodr.  150;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  orbicular-ovate  sagittate  basal  lobes  one-third  as  long  as 
the  anticous  connate  from  ^-\  their  length  converging  sinus  narrow,  tube 
of  spathe  oblong  lanceolate  cuspidate  limb,  ovaries  narrowed  into  a  rather 
long  style,  stigma  3-cleft. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-4000  ft. ;  J.  D.  H.  ^  T.  T. 

Leaves  12-20  by  9-12  in.  or  more ;  basal  lobes  4-8  in. ;  nerves  numerous,  7-9 
pairs;  petiole  1-2  ft.  Fedancle  18  in.  Spathe  5-6  in., membranous,  yellow;  fruiting 
tube  2-2^,  ellipsoid  or  pyriform.  Seeds  ^  in.  diam,,  globose. — Near  A.  decipiens,  but 
seeds  larger,  and  stigma  very  different,  basal  lobes  of  many-nerved  leaves  approxi- 
mate.    It  is  probably  nearer  A.  fornicata. 

11.  A.  long-iloba,  Miq.  FL  Ind.  Bat  iii.  207  ;  in  Bot.  Zeit.  (1856),  564 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  sagittate,  basal  lobes  obtusely 
triangular  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  anticous  connate  from  ^-1  in., 
sinus  triangular  obtuse.  Schott  Prodr.  153  ;  Kngler  Arac.  506.  A.  ama- 
bilis,  Rort.  Bull.  Caladium  heterophyllum,  Presl.  Plant,  Jav.  Zolling.  n. 
601. 

SiNGAPOEE  (Herb.  DC),  ?Wallich,  without  name,  number  or  locality. — Distrib. 
Java,  Borneo. 

Leaves  12-20  by  4-5  in.  across  the  insertion  of  the  petiole.  Limb  of  spathe 
4  in,,  lanceolate,  acuminate.     Spadix  3  in.     Seeds  xq-- g^  in.  diam. 

****  Leaves  peltate,  basal  lobes  connate  for  half  or  all  their  length. 

12.  A.  acuminata,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  vii.  (1859),  28 ;  leaves  elon- 
gate-rhombic caudate-acuminate  contracted  opposite  the  basal  lobes  which 
are  half  as  long  as  the  anticous  and  connate  for  f  their  length.  Engler 
Arac.  450.— Colocasia  ?   Wall.  Cat.  8946. 

Chittagong,  J.  D.  H.  and  T.  T. ;  Pegu,  Kurz.  Uppee  Buema,  Anderson;  Salueu 
river,  Wallioh. 

Caudex  horizontal.  Leaves  6-12  by  3-5  in.,  membranous,  costal  nerves  3-4 
pairs,  lobes  nearly  parallel,  sinus  narrow,  obtuse. 

13.  A.  Beccarii,  Engler  Arac.  Sp'icileg.  Born,  e  Pap.  14;  leaves 
coriaceous  oblong-ovate  or  -lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  narrowed  to  the 
basal  lobes  which  are  connate  throughout  their  length  and  \-^  as  long  as 


628  OLxvi.  AROiDBiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [Alocasia. 

the  anticous,  tube  of  spathe  as  long  as  the  cymbiform  limb,  appendage  as 
long  as  the  infl.     A.  perakensis,  Hemsl.  in  Journ.  Bot.  xvii.  (1887),  205. 

Pebak;   Wray,  ScortecJiini. 

Stem  subscandent,  rooting,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  thickly  coriaceous 
or  fleshy,  nerves  3-4  pairs,  slender,  depressed,  posticous  lobes  parallel ;  petiole  3-5 
in.,  slender,  sheath  very  short.  Peduncle  as  long  as  the  petiole.  Spaihe  2^  in., 
white  or  green,  tube  oblong;  appendage  cylindric,  obtuse.  Ovaries  scattered, 
obovoid ;  style  long,  stigma  disciform,  3-lobed.     Seeds  globose,  ^  in.  diam. 

DOUBTFUL   AND   EXCLUDED   SPECIES. 

A.  ALBA,  Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Zeitsehr.  (1852),  59  ;  8yn.  48;  Prodr.  149  ;  is  a 
Javan  species,  attributed  to  Ceylon  on  the  faith  of  a  specimen  from  Herb. 
Burmann  {in  Serb.  Delessert.) 

A.  FOENiCATA  (Caladium),  Eoxb.  of  WigM  Ic.  t.  789  {not  of  Fl.  Ind.  8(  Wight  Ic. 
t.  792).— Ic.  Roxh.  n.  1655. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  wrist,  annulate.  Leaves  ovate -cordate,  acuminate,  6-7  by 
5  in.,  basal  lobes  connate  for  -^  of  their  length,  sinus  very  acute,  nerves  5-6 
pairs ;  petiole  8-12  in.,  sheathing  half  way  up.  Peduncles  binate,  6  in.  Spathe 
4  in.,  tube  1  in.,  ellipsoid,  green ;  limb  1^  in.  broad,  obovate,  cuspidate,  open, 
yellow.  Spadix  as  long  as  the  spathe,  pale  yellow ;  appendage  stout,  conical, 
acuminate,  as  long  as  the  infl.  Ovary  ovoid,  narrowed  into  a  style  with  a 
3-fid  stigma.  Seed  broadly  ovoid. — I  cannot  identify  this  with  any  Indian  species  ; 
it  is  probably  one  of  Koxburgh's  plants  collected  near  Samulcottah  in  the  Northern 
Circars. 

Alocasia,  sp.  Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  6308,  6009),  and  A.  sp., 
Malacca,  Maingay  {Kew  Distrib.  1549,  1549 '^)  may  both  be  new,  but  are  not  in  a 
good  state,  and  may  be  referable  to  Malayan  species  unknown  to  me. 


20.  AG-XiAONSMA,  Schott. 

Herbs,  caudex  erect  or  prostrate.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong.  Spathe 
erect,  deciduous,  tube  convolute,  limb  cymbiform  gaping  or  base  shortly 
convolute.  Spadix  equalling  the  spathe,  or  shorter,  stipitate ;  male  and 
fem.  infl.  usually  contiguous,  with  rarely  neuters  interspersed ;  append- 
age 0.  Stamens  2-4,  distinct,  subclavate  ;  anthers  short,  cells  remote  with 
apical  pores.  Ovaries  few,  1-rarely  2-celled,  stigma  large  or  small,  discoid 
or  cupular ;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  anatropous,  subbasilar.  Berries 
capitate.  Seeds  exalbuminous ;  embryo  macropodal. — Species  about  20, 
Tropical  Asiatic  and  African. 

*  Nerves  of  leaf  numerous,  close,  parallel,  all  uniform,  very  slender. 
(See  also  10.  A.  pumilum). 

1.  A.  Grriffithii,  Schott  Syn.  123 ;  leaves  12-16  by  3-4  in.  linear- 
oblong  obtuse,  petiole  2-3  ft.,  stigfma  cup-shaped.  A  palustre,  Teysm.  and 
Binnend.  in  Naturk.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  xxv.  (1863),  305;  Kurz  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xiv.  pt.  ii.  (1876),  153.  Aglaodorum  Griffithii,  Schott  Gen. 
t.  58  ;  Prodr.  306  ;  JEJngler  Arac.  443. 

Malacca,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  5991). — Distrib.  Sumatra. 
Leaves  coriaceous  ;  petiole  very  stout.     Peduncle  12-18  in.,  very  stout.     Spathe 
2  in.,  oblong,  cuspidate.     Ovaries  2-celled. 

2.  A.  oblongrifolium,  Schott  in  Wien.  Zeitsehr.  iii.  (1829),  892  {ex 
Linnsea  vi.  (1831),  Litterh.  53) ;  leaves  8-24  by  2-4  in.  linear-oblong  acu- 


Ai/laonema.']  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  529 

minate  base  acute,  petiole  4-6  in.  sheathing  to  near  the  top,  spathe  2-4  in. 
oblong  cuspidate.  Kunth  Enum  iii.  55.  A.  integrifolium,  Schott  Melet. 
20.  A.  uitidum,  Kunth  I  c.  56 ;  Schott  Syn.  122  ;  ^Prodr.  302 ;  JEngl.  Arac. 
438,  Calla  oblongifolia,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  5l6;  Wight  Ic.  t.  806.  C. 
nitida,  Jack,  in  Mai.  Misc.  i.,  No.  1,  24.  Arum  integrifolium,  Link.  Enum. 
Hort.  BeroL  ii.  394.— Aroid.  Wall.  Cat  8965. 

Penang,  Peeak,  and  Sinoapoee,  Wallich,  &c. — Disteib.  Borneo. 

Caudex  1-3  ft.  Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green,  shining.  Feduncles  4-8  in. 
Spathe  green,  margins  white.  Spadix  stout,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spathe  ;  male 
infl.  subacute.  Ovart/  1-celled ;  stigma  tabular,  much  broader  than  the  ovary 
(ex  Ic.  Scortechini). 

3.  A.  Kelferi,  Hook./.;  leaves  6-10  by  2-2^  in.  oblong-lanceolate 
caudate-acuminate  base  acute,  petiole  5-6  in.  sheathing  for  the  lower 
third,  peduncles  2-3  in.,  spathe  1  in.  oblong-lanceolate  acute. 

Tenasseeim,  Heifer  {Kew  Distrib.  5994). 

Caudex  6  in.  and  upwards,  branched,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  leafy  upwards. 
Leaves  thin,  costa  not  very  stout,  nerves  very  slender.  Spadix  with  the  stipes 
nearly  equal  the  infl.     Ovary  1-ovuled,  stigma  disciform. 

4.  A.  Clarkei,  Hooh.  f. ;  scandent,  leaves  7-9  by  2-3  in.  elliptic- 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  base  acute,  petiole  8-9  in.  slender  sheathing 
at  the  base  only,  peduncle  5-6  in.,  seeds  J-1  in.,  fusiform. 

Chittagong  ;  at  Kasalong,  Clarke. 

Near  Helferi,  but  the  petioles  are  much  longer  and  more  slender,  the  leaves  of  a 
firmer  texture  with  stronger  costa  and  nerves. 

**  Primary  nerves  much  stronger  than  the  intermediate  or  secondary. 

t  Leaves  8-12  in. 

5.  A.  Kookerianum,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  vii.  (1859)  30;  Prodr. 
301 ;  leaves  8-11  by  3^-4^  in.  elliptic-ovate  or  -oblong  acuminate,  base 
rounded  or  cuneate  and  unequal- sided,  primary  nerves  6-8  pairs  arching, 
petiole  6-8  in.  stout  sheathing  to  about  the  middle  or  beyond  it,  snathe 
1^-2  in.  oblong  cuspidate.  Engler  Arac.  438  ;  N.  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Chron. 
(1882)  iii.  333. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  Qrlffitli,  &c.  Cachae,  Keenan.  Chittagong, 
at  Seetakooud,  ff.f.  ^  T.,  Lister.     Akeakan  ;  Kurz. 

Caudex  elongate,  \  in.  thick,  nodose.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  dark  green 
above  ;  nerves  very  slender.  Spathe  cymbiform,  dark  green.  Spadix  long-stipitate. 
Ovaries  few,  flagon-shaped,  narrowed  into  a  conical  style.  Seeds  a— 1  in.  long, 
cylindric. 

6.  A.  birmanicum,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  8-10  by  2^-3^  in.  elliptic- 
oblong  or  -lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  base  rounded,  primary  nerves 
about  10  pairs  erecto-patent  slightly  curved,  petiole  2-5  in.  sheathing 
to  about  the  middle,  peduncle  very  short,  spathe  1^  in.  linear-oblong 
caudate-acuminate. 

Uppee  Buema  ;  in  low  woods  towards  Nempean,  Griffith. 

Caudex  2  ft.,  erect,  probably  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  leafy  at  the  top  only  ; 
sheaths  1-2  in.,  red.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  primary  nerves  distinct.  Peduncle 
^-1  in.  Spathe  greenish.  Spadix  white. — The  less  curved  nerves  and  narrow  cau- 
date spathe  are  quite  unlike  any  allied  species. 

7.  A.  Schottianum,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  316 ;  in  But.  Zeit.  (1856), 

VOL.   VI.  M   m 


530  CLxvi.     AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookev.)         [Aglaonema. 

565;  leaves  8-12  by  li-4|  in.  oblong  acuminate  or  subcaudate,  base 
acute  rounded  on  cordate  sometimes  unequal-sided,  primary  nerves  9-12 
pairs,  petiole  sheathing  to  ^-^  its  length,  peduncles  short,  spathe  11  in. 
oblong  cuspidate.  Schott  Prodr.  303 ;  Engler  Arac.  440.  A.  longe- 
cuspidatum,  Schott  I.  c.  304.  A.  malaccense,  Schott  in  JBonpland.  (1859) 
30 ;  Prodr.  302.— Aroid.  Wall.  Cat  8961. 

BuEMA  ;  from  Pepfu  to  Tenasserim,  Wallich,  &c.  Perak,  Scortechini.  Ma- 
lacca, Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  .5984,  5985). — Distbib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stem  stout  (climbing  often  30-40  ft.,  King's  Collector).  Leaves  subcoriaceous, 
usually  3  times  as  long  as  broad,  with  parallel  sides,  rarely  ovate-lanceolate  ;  lower 
nerves  spreading  and  arching  or  nearly  straight;  petiole  3-7  in.,  stout.  Seeds  i  in. 
long. — The  narrower  leaved  specimens  represent  the  typical  Schottianum. 

8.  K.  nicobaricuxn,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  shortly  acumi- 
nate, base  rounded  equal  or  somewhat  unequal-sided,  principal  nerves 
7-9-pairs,  petiole  short  sheathed  to  the  middle,  peduncles  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  petiole,  spathe  1^  in.  oblong  acuminate. 

NicoBAR  Islands,  Kurz,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  probably  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  8-10  by  3-4^  in.,  secondary 
nerves  indistinct ;  petioles  3-5  in.,  rather  slender. — The  broad  thin  leaves  with  short 
points  are  very  different  from  hirmanicum  and  malaccense. 

ft  Leaves  3-4  in.  long ;  petiole  sheathing  at  the  base  only. 

9.  A.  Scortecliinii,  HooJcf.;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptic-oblong  acumi- 
nate, primary  nerves  6-7  pairs  arched  strong  beneath  secondary  few  obscure, 
petiole  \~\  in.  sheathing  at  the  base  only,  spathe  terminal,  peduncle  \-2  in. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Stem  erect,  6-12  in.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaven  membranous,  rather 
waved,  "pustular  beneath,"  Scort.).     Seed  ellipsoid,  obtuse,  s  by  i  in. 

10.  A.  pumilum,  Hooh.f. ;  leaves  3-4|^  in.  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate,  base  rounded,  primary  nerves  very  faint  arched,  petiole  shorter 
than  the  limb,  spathe  f  in.  oblong  apiculate,  peduncle  slender  nearly  as 
long  as  the  petiole.     Aroid.  Wall.  Oat.  8960  B. 

Burma;  Chappedong  Hill,  Wallich;  Mergui,  Griffith. 

Caudex  probably  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  rooting.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous, 
primary  nerves  sometimes  undistinguishable  from  the  secondary.  Seed  ^  in.  long, 
ellipsoid. 

11.  A.  minus,  Hook.f.;  leaves  3-4  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  acuminate, 
base  rounded,  primary  nerves  3-4  pairs  faint  arched,  petiole  shorter  than 
the  limb,  peduncle  very  short.  A.  pictum,  Engler  Arac.  in  part  {not  of 
Kunth).— Aroid.  Wall.  Gat.  8960  A. 

Singapore,  Wallich. 

Caudex  erect,  6-7  in.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous, 
brown  when  dry,  primary  nerves  sometimes  undistinguishable  from  the  secondary  ; 
petiole  slender.     Peduncle  |-f  in. 

12.  A.  nanum,  Hook.f  ;  leaves  4-5  in.  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate 
acuminate  coriaceous,  base  subacute  unequal-sided,  primary  nerves  5-6  pairs 
arched,  sunk  above  prominent  beneath,  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade, 
peduncles  1-1|  in.,  spathe  f  in.  oblong  beaked. 

Perak  ;  in  dense  Bamboo  forests,  alt.  4-600  ft..  King's  Collector. 

Stem  as  in  ^.  minus,   but  leaves  much  more   coriaceous,  with  strong  nerves, 


Aglaonema.']         clxvt.  aroide^e.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  531 

secondary  very  indistinct.     Petiole  not  half  the  length  of  the  blade,  slender.     Sputhe 
yellow-green.     Seed  ^  in.  long,  linear-oblong. 

13.  A.  costatum,  N.  JE.  Br.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1892,  i.  426;  leaves 
4-5  in.  ovate  acute  or  cuspidate,  blotched  with  white  base  retuse  or  sub- 
cordate,  primary  nerves  7-9  pairs  spreading  and  strongly  arched,  petiole 
fctout,  shorter  than  the  blade,  peduncle  stout,  spathe  1  in.  obovoid,  spadix 
protruding. 

Perak,  Curtis  (Hort  Veitch). 

Leaves  2|-3  in.  broad,  dark  green,  costa  stout,  base  rather  unequal-sided; 
petiole  |- in.  diam.,  terete,  sheath  basal.  ^/?a(!7ie light  green, subacute.  Spadix  very 
large,  the  protruding  male  part  f  in,  long,  ^  in.  diam. 

21.  K0BIAZ.01MCENA,  Schott. 
Herbs,  rhizome  stout  or  0.  Leaves  e  itire  very  variable  in  shape.  Spathe 
usually  erect,  convolute,  wholly  persistent  round  the  fruit.  Spadix  in- 
cluded;  male  and  fern.  infl.  close  together,  cylindric ;  ovaries  with  or 
without  clavate  staminodes.  Stamens  distinct,  in  dense  groups  ;  anther- 
cells  very  short  or  oblong  opening  by  pords  or  slits;  connective  thick. 
Ovaries  ovoid  or  globose,  perfectly  or  imperfectly  2-4-celled,  stigma  sessile  ; 
ovules  2-seriate  or  the  placentas,  anatropous  or  ^-anatropous.  Berries  few- 
or  many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  ovoid,  albuminous.  Embryo  axile. — Species 
about  30,  tropical. 

Chamcecladon,  as  constituted  by  Schott,  cannot  (as  Mr.  N.  E.  Brown  had 
previously  observed)  be  separated  from  Homalomena  by  the  ovarian  cells,  or  by  any 
other  character.  A  more  natural  generic  division  of  the  species  of  both  would  be 
into  those  with  the  spathe  contracted  above  the  fem.  infl.  and  those  with  no  such 
contraction  ;  and  I  have  adopted  this  as  a  sectional  character.  The  further  group- 
ing of  the  species  here  described  is  artificial,  and  not  very  reliable,  it  is  the  best  I 
could  devise  from  Herbarium  and  often  hardly  sufficient  specimens.  H.  rostrata 
tlifFers  from  the  generic  character  in  having  a  vacant  space  in  the  spadix  between 
the  male  and  fem.  infl. 

*  Spathe  contracted  above  the  female  infl. 

1.  K.  sag'ittsefolia,  Jungh.  ex  Schott  Prodr.  311 ;  leaves  ovately 
or  deltoidly  sagittate  acuminate  not  much  longer  than  broad,  basal  lobes 
usually  spreading,  sinus  rounded  at  the  base,  spathes  many  3-4  in.  long, 
tube  much  shorter  than  the  limb.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  212  ;  Engler 
Arac.  334.  ?  H.  propinqua,  Schott  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  i.  280 ; 
Engler  I.  c.  33. 

Peeak;  Scortechinl,  Wray,  alt.  2500-3G00  ft.,  King's  Colleetor.-^B istuib. 
Borneo. 

Robust  (stemless,  Scortech.).  Leaves  8-14  by  6-10  in.,  firm;  lobes  rarely 
conniving,  sinus  broad  or  narrow ;  nerves  rather  strong  ;  petiole  1-1^  ft.,  sheathing 
to  the  middle.  Peduncle  6-9  in.  Tube  of  spathe  1-1^  in.,  limb  2-3  in.  by  1  broad, 
white,  pink  when  young.  Spadix  stipitate.  Male  infl.  3  in.  by  ^  in.  diam.,  fem. 
1  in.  Stamens  in  groups  of  5-6.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  stigma  pulvinate. — 
Descript.  chiefly  from  notes  by  Scortechini. 

2.  K.  paludosa,  Sooh.  f. ;  leaves  oblong-hastate  usually  twice  as 
long  as  broad  acuminate,  basal  lobes  divaricate  obtuse  or  rounded,  sinus 
broad  rather  deep,  base  rounded,  spathes  numerous  3-4  in.,  tube  as  long 
as  the  limb. 

M  m  2 


532  CLXVi.  AhoiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)      \_Homalomenn. 

Pebak;  Larut,  in  very  wet  jungly  places,  King^s  Collector,  Scortechini, 
Leaves  7-10  by  2|^-4  in.  ;  primary  nerves  slender;  petiole   8-12  in.,  sheathing'  to 
the  middle.     Peduncles  2-7,  6-7  in.  when  flowering,  elongating  to  12  in.     Scathe 
white,  striped  with  pale  green.     SpadJx  stout,    stipitate,   male  infl.  rather  slender, 
about  equalling  the  fern.     Ovary  3-celled;  stigma  pulvinate,  obscurely  3-lobed. 

3.  K.  rostrata,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  164  {err.  tyjp.  roshalum)  ;  limb  of 
leaves  12-20  by  3-6  in.  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate,  petiole  as  long 
sheathing  to  beyond  the  middle,  spathes  many  4-6  in.  8c hott  Syn.  119  ; 
Prodr.  312.  Chamgecladon  sanguinolentum,  Grif.  I.  c.  147  ;  Schott  Prodr. 
316. 

Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  5989,  5990). 

Habit;  of  Calla  aromatica  (Griffith).  Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green,  undulate, 
base  acute  or  cuneate  ;  primary  nerves  many,  faint.  Peduncles  crowded,  blood-red, 
8-12  in.  Spathes  constricted  below  the  middle,  fleshy,  green,  margins  white ;  tube 
narrow,  limb  convolute.  Spadix  shortly  stipitate,  slightly  curved  ;  male  infl,  about 
twice  as  long  as  fem.  with  a  short  naked  space  intervening;  staminodes  capitate. 
Ovaries  subglobose,  2-4-celled  ;  stigma  pulvinate. 

**  Spathe  not  contracted  above  the  fem.  infl. 

t  Leaves  6-12  in.  broad,  deeply  cordate  sagittate  or  hastate.  Spathe 
2-4  in.  long. 

4.  XX.  rubescens^  Kunth  Plnum.  iii.  57 ;  leaves  cordate  or  sagittately 
cordate  acuminate,  basal  lobes  semi-ovate  or  rounded  approximate  much 
shorter  than  the  anticous,  sinus  narrow,  spathes  red.  8chott  Syn.  118; 
Prodr.  310 ;  Engl.  Arac.  336  (excl.  singoporetisis).  H.  rubra.  Hassle,  ex 
Pegel  Gartenfl..  (1869),  t.  634.  Zantedeschia  ruhens,  C.  Koch  Ind.  Sem. 
Sort.  Berol.  1854,  app.  Calla  rubescens,  Roxh.  Ft.  Ind.  iii.  515 ;  Wight 
Ic.  t.  807. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  and  Khasia  Hills,  J.  D. -ff.  Chittagong,  Buchanan. — 
DisTBiB.  Java. 

Caudex  short,  rooting,  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  6-12  in  ,  usually  tinged  with  red, 
sinus  subacute  or  rounded  at  the  red  petiole,  which  is  longer  than  the  leaf,  and 
sheathing  for  ^  its  length.  Pec^w«cZe,s  several,  3-1  in.,  stout.  /S/»a?'7ie  3  in.,  oblong, 
acute  at  base  and  top. — I  am  very  doubtful  as  to  the  limits  and  habitats  of  this 
species,  it  being  impossible  to  distinguish  some  forms  of  coerule^cens  from  it.  Rox- 
burgh, perhaps  by  error,  describes  the  petioles  as  1-5  ft.  long  ;  lie  figures  the  sinus 
as  more  acute  than  in  any  of  the  specimens  I  refer  to  the  species. 

5-  ZX.  aromatica,  Schott  Melet.  i.  20 ;  Syn.  117 ;  Prodr.  309 ;  leaves 
as  in  H.  rubescens  but  lobes  divaricate  and  spathe  green.  Pngler  Arac. 
335.  H.  cordata,  SchoH  Melet.  20  ;  Syn.  118 ;  Prodr.  309  ;  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  57  ;  Miq.  Kl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  211.  H.  Gaudichaudii,  Schott  in  Miq.  Ann. 
Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  i.  280.  Zantedeschia  aromatica,  cordata  and  foetida,  C.  Koch 
hid.  Sem.  Hort.  Berol.  (1854),  ajp-p.  Calla  aromatica,  Boxh.  Fl.  Lid.  iii. 
513 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2279 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  805.  C.  occulta,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab. 
1. 12. 

Assam  ;  Masters,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  5966,  5967).     Chittagong,  Roxburgh. 

This  is  no  doubt  a  different  plant  from  H.  rubescens,  as  living  specimens  would 
show;  but  except  the  green  more  obtuse  spathe,  as  shown  in  Roxburgh's  drawing,  I 
find  no  diagnostic  characters  given,  and  I  have  seen  no  authentic  specimers.  Rox- 
burgh's character  of  basal  lobes  rounded  and  divaricate  is  contravened  by  one  of  the 
leaves  in  his  drawing,  which  accord  in  its  deeply  cordate  base  and  very  acute  sinus 
•  with  H.  rubescens. 


Homalomena^^         olxvc.   /VROide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  533 

6.  H.  coerulescens,  Jungh.  ex  Scliott  Prodr.  310,  leaves  deltoidly 
ovate  acute  or  acnminate,  base  subhastate  or  cordate  with  a  broad  shallow 
sinus,  rarely  sagittately  cordate,  lobes  rounded  at  the  tip,  spathe  2t-3|  in. 
subacute  pale  yellow  white  within.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  212  ;  Engler 
Arac.  339,  Ic.  ined.  No.  67.  H.  minus  and  majus,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  152, 
153  ;  Schott  Syn.  119,  JProdr.  312  ;  EngJer-  I.  c.  '343.  H.  Wallichii,  Scliott 
in  Bonp  I  and.  (1859),  30 ;  Prodr.  311;  Engler  I.e.  335.  Caladium  amboi- 
nense,  Herh.  Ham. —  Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  8951. 

Penang,  WaUic'h.  Pkeak,  Scoriechini.  Malacca  ;  Griffith  (Kew  Di^trib. 
5965,  6011).     Main ff (11/  (Kew  Distrib.  1542). — Distrib.  Java. 

Rootstock  short,  as  thick  as  the  thumb  or  thicker.  Leaves  5-12  in.,  and  often 
as  broad  as  long,  nerves  very  many  and  close;  petiole  8-36  in.,  sheathing  for  i  or  :^ 
its  length.  Peduncles  6-10  in.  Spadix  shortly  stipitate,  very  stoat;  fern.  infl. 
about  as  long  as  the  male. — In  the  usually  divaricate  basal  lobes  of  the  majority  of 
the  specimens,  this  accords  with  Roxburgh's  character  of  iJ.  aromatica^  but  the  leaves 
are  rather  more  membranous  and  the  spathe  usually  larger.  Living  specimens  are 
wanted  to  distinguish  this,  aromatica,  and  ruhescens. 

7.  K.  pontederaefolia^  Grriff\  mss. ;  leaves  4-8  in.  coriaceous 
hastately  deltoid  acnminate  base  truncate  or  subcordate,  principal  nerves 
strong,  peduncles  short  stout,  spathe  li-2|  in.  obtuse. 

Malacca  ;  at  Ayer  Punus,  in  heavy  forest,  Griffith  {Kew  List.,  5964).  Peeak, 
Scortechini,  Hervey. 

Stem  short.  Leaves  nearly  black  when  dry,  principal  nerves  6-7  pairs,  interme- 
diate very  obscure;  petiole  6-15  in.,  sheathing  for  ^  of  its  length.  Peduncles 
several,  2-4  in.,  decurved  after  flowering. — In  a  sketch  by  Scortechini  the  spathe 
is  represented  as  inflated  and  spadix  shortly  exserted. 

ft  Leaves  rarely  6  in.  broad,  base  acute  or  rounded  rarely  truncate. 

§  LimJ)  of  leaves  usually  as  long  as  the  petiole  or  longer,  rarely  shorter. 
Spadix  sessile  in  all  hut  H.  Griffithii. 

8.  XZ.  angrustifolia,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  5-6  by  ^-f  in,  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate  at  both  ends  coriaceous,  nerves  few  straight  nearly 
parallel  to  the  margin,  peduncle  very  short,  spathe  f-f  in.  oblong  apiculate 
ribbed.  Chamaecladon  angustifolium,  Schott  in  jBonpland.  (1858),  369 ; 
Prodr.  313  .P  Engler  Arac.  344;  Ic.  ined.  No.  103.  Calla  angustifolia. 
Jack  in  Mat.  Misc.  i.  No.  124. — Aroid.  Wall.  Gat.  8959  {in  'part). 

Prnang,  Wallich. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  prostrate.  Leaves  with  a  thickened  mucro  ; 
petiole  4-5  in.  rather  slender,  sheathing  from  i  or  ^  their  length.  Peduncles  ^-1 
in.     Spathe  thin.      Spadix  with  the  fern.  infl.  ^  the  length  of  the  male. 

9.  K.  lancifolia,  Sook.  f. ;  leaves  6-9  by  1^-2|  in.  narrowly 
elliptic  lanceolate  gradually  acuminate  at  both  ends,  nerves  many  pairs 
erecto-patent,  peduncles  short,  spathe  f  in,,  linear-oblong  cuspidately 
acuminate. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Rootstock  suberect,  rooting.  Leaves  rather  coriaceous,  nerves  raised  above  ; 
petiole  6-10  in.,  sheathing  ^^  its  length.  Peduncles  1^-2  in.  slender.  Spathe 
membranous,  striate.  Spadijc  with  the  fem.  infl.  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  male. — 
Kear  Cham,  consohrina,  8chott,  of  Sumatra,  but  a  much  stouter  plant. 

10.  K.  huxnilis,  JLooTc.  f. ;  leaves  4-6  by  l|-2  in.  elliptic-oblong  acute 


534  CLxiir.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [^Homalomena. 

or  acuminate,  base  rounded  or  cuneate,  nerves  5-8  pairs  erecto-patent 
arched,  petiole  slender  sheathing  half  way  up  or  less,  peduncles  many  very 
short,  spathe  elliptic  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  fem.  infl.  \-\  the  length  of, the 
male.  ChamaBcladon  humile,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  213  ;  Engler  Arac.  345  ; 
Ic.  ined.  No.  104.  Calla  humilis,  Jack  in  Mai.  Misc.  i.  No.  1,  22. — Aroid. 
Wall.  Cat.  8959  {in  part). 

Penang,  Wallich,  Porter.     Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Rootstock  2-3  in.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  rather  thin,  margins  often 
minutely  crisped  when  dry ;  petiole  5-6  in. ;  costa  and  nerves  beneath  slender. 
Peduncles  ^-1  in.  Spathe  rather  raembi'anous,  not  striate.  Spadij}  sessile,  f  in. 
long,  obtuse  ;  fem.  infl.  about  ^  in.  with  or  without  staniinodes. — Engler  figures  the 
nerves  as  very  numerous,  but  describes  them  corectly  as  5-8  pairs. 

11.  K.  velutina,  Scortechini  mss,;  leaves  2|-5  by  li-2|  in.  broadly 
oblong  or  obovate-oblong  acute,  base  rounded  cuneate  or  cordate  at  the 
petiole,  nerves  10-15  pairs  strong  beneath,  petiole  sheathing  i  to  i  of  its 
length,  peduncles  many  very  short,  spathes  ^-f  in.  narrow  with  a  recurved 
cusp,  spadix  sessile,  fem.  infl.  ^-i  the  length  of  the  male. 

Perak,  Scortechini;   at  Sunga  Kyah,  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  copiously  rooting.  Leaves  rather 
coriaceous,  rigid  when  dry,  tip  apiculate,  or  not,  upper  surface  minutely  papillose ; 
nerves  slender,  raised  on  both  surfaces;  petiole  1-2  in. ;  rather  stout.  Peduncles  ^-^ 
in.  Spathe  cyliudric,  blood -red.  Ovaries  with  or  without  small  staminodes,  ovoid, 
stigma  very  large. — Name  given  by  Scortechini,  who  describes  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaf  as  velvety  (which  is,  I  think,  caused  by  minute  papillae)  and  the  under 
surface  as  dotted  with  white.  Probably  a  form  of  H.  humilis,  distinguished  by  the 
moi'e  numerous  nerves  of  the  leaf. 

12.  K.  G-riffithii,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  4-7  by  1^-2*  in.  more  or  less 
obliquely  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  tip  curved  subcaudate 
acuminate  base  rounded  or  cuneate.  nerves  4-5  pairs  erecto-patent  slightly 
arched,  petiole  slender  sheathing  i  the  way  up,  peduncles  many  very 
sbcrt,  spathe  1-li  in.  ovoid  acuminate  or  rostrate,  spadix  stipitate. 
Chamaecladon  Griffithii,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1858),  369;  Prodr.  315; 
Engler  Arac.  346;  Ic.  ined.  n.  113. 

Malacca,  at  Ayer  Punus,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Rhiznme  as  thick  as  the  litile  finger,  copiously  rooting.  Leaves  rather  tliiu, 
base  usually  unecjual-sided,  costa  and  nerves  slender,  tip  mucronate  red-brown ; 
petiole  4-6  in.  Peduncle  1-2  in.  Spathe  green.  Male  injl.  rather  longer  than  the 
fem.  acuminate  ;  fem.  with  many  capitate  staminodes  amongst  the  ovaries. 

13.  K.  Scortechinii,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  5-7  by  1-2  in.  elliptic-  or 
oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  acuminate  base  narrowed  acute  or  obtuse, 
nerves  5-7  pairs  erecto-patent  arched  very  slender,  petiole  slender  sheath- 
ing i-J  way  up,  peduncles  2-3  in.,  spathe  1-1^  in.  oblong  with  a  curved  beak, 
spadix  sessile. 

Perak,  Scortechini ;  on  Mt.  Bubong  in  bamboo  forests.  King's  Collector. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  a  swanks  quill,  rooting.  Leaves  rather  thin,  tip  curved, 
base  rarely  unequal-sided;  petiole  2-6  in.  Peduncle  rather  slender.  Spathe  W^ht 
green  with  a  darker  green  center  (King's  Coll.);  dark  green  *'  with  (velvety  gloss 
above,"  Scortechini).  Spadix  sessile,  fem.  infl.  shorter  than  the  slender  male. 
Ovaries  globose,  stigma  disciform. — Near  H.  Oriffithii,  but  the  leaves  are  narrower 
at  the  base,  the  peduncles  much  longer,  the  spathes  larger,  obtuse  with  a  recurved 
btak,  and  the  spadi.^  is  sessile. 

14.  H,  oMiquata^  Hook.  f.\  leaves  4-6   by  l|-3  in.  lanceolate  or 


Homalomena.']  clxvi.  aroide/E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  535 

ovate-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  base  obliquely  acute  rounded  subtrun- 
cate  or  subcordate,  nerves  6-10  pairs,  petiole  slender  sheathing  |-^  way  up, 
peduncles  very  short,  spathe  \-%  in.  oblong  cuspidately  beaked,  spadix 
sessile,  fem.  infl.  half  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  male.  Ohamascladon 
obliquatum,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1858),  369  ;  Frodr.  315 ;  Engler  Arac. 
347 ;    Wall.  Cat.  n.  8963. 

Penang,  Phillips,  Wallich  ;  Malacca,  Maingay. 

Rootstoch  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  very  variable,  usually  broadest  at  the 
base  with  unequal  rounded  sides ;  nerves  slender,  nearly  straight,  except  the  basal 
where  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  broad,  tip  with  a  thick  longmucro.  Peduncles  \-2i  in. 
Stigma  disciform.  Seeds  many,  faintly  sulcate,  red  brown. — Closely  resembles  H. 
Qriffithii,  but  the  spadix  of  that  plant  is  stipitate. 

15.  H.  King-ii,  Hook,  f.;  leaves  4-5  by  2-2i  in.  oblong  or  ovate- 
oblong  acute  and  mucronate,  base  rounded  or  subcuneate,  nerves  4-5  pairs, 
petiole  stout  sheathing  from  \-^  way  up,  peduncles  short,  spathes  f-1  in. 
oblong  cuspidately  beaked,  fem.  infl.  nearly  as  long  as  the  male. 

Singapore  ;  in  swamp«,  King. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  slightly  unequal- 
sided  ;  nerves  erecto-patent,  slightly  arched,  tip  with  a  thick  macro ;  petiole 
rather  stout.     Peduncle  1^-1^.   Berries  about  15-seeded.     Seeds  red-brown. 

16.  K.  truncata,  SooJc.  f. ;  leaves  3-4  by  1-1^  in.  oblong  or 
triangular-  or  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  from  a  broad  truncate  or  sub- 
hastate  base,  nerves  very  slender,  petioles  slender  sheathing  from  ^\  their 
length,  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter,  spathes  1-1:^  in. 
oblong  cuspidately  beaked,  fem.  infl.  half  as  long  as  the  male  or  more,  with 
many  staminodes  intermixed  and  below  the  infl.  Ohamsecladon  truncatum, 
Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1868),  369 ;  Frodr.  314  ;  Engler  Arac.  347. 

Meegui,  Griffith.— DisuRiB.  Borneo? 

Rootstock  as  thick  os  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  very  membranous ;  nerves  many, 
nearly  straight,  except  the  basal,  base  usually  uneqnal-sided,  tip  mucronulate. 
Spathes  slightly  curved,  narrowly  oblong  in  flower,  broader  in  fruit.  Spadiv 
narrowed  and  few-fld.  at  the  base  but  hardly  stipitate.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds 
very  many,  striate. — The  Bornean  specimen  included  by  Schott  has  identical  leaves, 
but  a  larger  narrower  falcate  finely  acuminate  spathe,  a  distinctly  stipitate  spadix, 
no  (or  obscure)  staminodes,  and  furrowed  seeds. 

17.  H.  pumila,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  1^-2  in.  elliptic-ovate  obovate  or 
oblong  subacute  apiculate  membranous  nerves  very  faint,  petiole  very 
slender  sheathing  at  the  base,  peduncles  short  slender,  spaihe  \-\  iu. 
linear  oblong  cuspidately  beaked,  spadix  sessile,  fem.  infl.  \  the  length  of 
the  acute  male,  staminodes  few. 

Singapore,  Maingay. 

Rootstock  creeping  and  copiously  rooting,  rather  slender.  Leaves  green ;  nerves 
3-5  pairs,  arching.  Peduncles  \-^  in.  Seeds  few  in  the  berries,  pale  spotted  with 
black.— Very  near  the  Javan  and  Bornean  H.  purpurescens  (Ohamcecladon,  Schott) 
but  the  leaves  are  green,  of  a  very  much  more  delicate  texture,  the  petiole  much 
more  slender,  and  the  fem.  infl.  shorter. 

18.  K.  nutans,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  4^-5  by  2-2|  in.  elliptic  acuminate 
at  both  ends  tip  mucronate,  nerves  very  faint,  petiole  sheathing  for 
half  its  length,  peduncles  short  decurved  above,  spathe  cernuous  broadly 
ovate  with  a  recurved  cusp,  spadix  stout  sessile  much  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  fem.  infl.  half  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovoid  obtuse  male. 


536  CLxvi,   ARoiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Hom.alomena . 

Perak  ;  at  Larut,  alt.  100-1000  ft.,  King's  Collector. 

Hhizome  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  elongate,  rooting.  Leaves  seriate  on  the 
rhizome  (not  tufted)  coriaceous,  pile  beneath,  primary  nerves  inconspicuous  straight ; 
petiole  rather  stout.  Peduncles  1-2  in.  Spathes  rather  turgid.  Spadix  about  half 
the  length  of  the  spathe.  Ovaries  ovoid;  stigma  large,  pulvinate  ;  staminodes  0  ? — 
The  spathe  exactly  resembles  Engler's  figure  of  that  of  Schismato glottis  elongata. 

§§  Petiole  longer  than  the  leaf  blade.     Spadix  stlpitate  in  all. 

19.  K,  elliptica,  Hoolc.  f. ;  leaves  3-4  bv  l|-2  in.  subfalcate  elliptic- 
ovate  acute  or  acuminate  hardly  mucronate  many-nerved  base  cuneate, 
petiole  slender  sheathing  for  ^  to  |  its  length,  peduncles  elongate,  spathe 
■|-1  in.  linear-oblong  cuspidately  beaked,  spadix  shortly  stipit^te,  fem. 
infl.  not  i  the  length  of  the  male  with  intermixed  staminodes. 

Perak  ;  along  watercourses,  Scortechini. 

Rootstock  creeping,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaven  more  or  less  unequal- 
sided,  coriaceous;  nerves  7-8  pairs,  rather  strong,  impressed  above,  slightly  arched. 
Peduncles  few,  3-4  in.     Spathe  nearly  straight. 

20.  H.  ovata^  HooJc.f.-^  leaves  Q~7  by  3-4  in.  ovate  acuminate  base 
rounded  few-nerved,  petiole  rather  longer  than  the  blade  sheathing  less 
than  half  way  up,  peduncle  2-3  in.,  spathe  1^  in.  linear-oblong  acute, 
spadix  stipitate,  fem.  infl.  half  the  length  of  the  male,  staminodes  0. 
ChamaDcladon  ovatum,  Sc/iott  in  Bonpland.  (1859),  30  ;  Prodr.  315  ;  Engler 
Arac.  348.— Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  n.  8964. 

SiNO-APOKE  ;  Wallich.     Penang  ;   Herb.  Delessert. 

Roots'oek  as  thick  as  the  middle  linger.  Leaves  rather  coriaceous,  base  unequal 
or  nof,  nerves  5-6  pairs  slightly  arched,  rather  stronar  beneath,  pecond:^r.v  obscure  ; 
petiole  not  very  stout.  Spathe  1-1^  in.,  straight.  Spadix  as  long  as  the  spathe  ; 
fem.  infl.  not  half  as  long  as  the  elongate  conoidal  acute  male;  ovaries  subglobose, 
stigma  subcupular  obscurely  lobed. 

21.  K.  trapezifolla,  Hookf. ;  leaves  4-5  by  2J-4  in.  trapezoidly  or 
deltoidly  ovate  caudate-acuminate  many-nerved,  base  cuneate  or  truncate 
and  cuneate  at  the  insertion  of  the  long  petiole  which  is  sheathing  ^-i  of 
its  length,  peduncle  elongate,  spathe  1  in.  narrowly  oblong  acuminate, 
spadix  stipitate,  fem.  infl.  hardly  half  as  long  as  the  narrow  male. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini,  Kivg's  Collector. 

S  oof  stock  creeping,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  chartaceous,  narrowed  from 
a  broad  base  with  rounded  angles  to  a  fine  slender  curved  apiculate  tip,  sides  some- 
times incurved ;  nerves  about  10  pairs,  rather  strong,  nearly  straight,  or  the  lower 
spreading  and  arched ;  petiole  6-14  in.,  slender.  Peduncles  2-3  in.,  stout. 
Staminodes  0  or  few  and  clavate.      Stigma  disciform. 

22.  K.  deltoidea ;  leaves  6  by  4  in.  deltoidly  ovate  or  subhastate 
acuminate  basal  angles  or  lobes  rounded,  sinus  very  broad  rounded  not 
cuneate  at  the  insertion  of  the  petiole,  peduncles  short,  spathe  2  in. 
narrowly  ellipsoid  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  cusp. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  chartaceous,  ve  y  like  those  of 
//.  trapezifolia,  but  not  cuneate  at  the  insertion  of  the  petiole  ;  nerves  4-5  pairs, 
with  innumerable  slender  intermediates;  petiole  12-14  in.  sheathing  for  \  its 
length.  Peduncles  several.  Spathe  not  constricted  above  the  rem.  infl.,  much 
longer  than  in  JL.  trapezifolia,  and  spadix  stouter.  Stigma  diPcoid. — I  have  seen 
only  one  specimen. 


Homalomf-na.']  CLXVi.  aroide/E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  537 

DOUBTFFL    SPECIES. 

H.  siNGAPORENSis,  Regel  Ind.  Sem,.  Sort.  Petrop.-  (1869),  18;  in  Gartenfi. 
(1870),  53 ;  leaves  7-9  by  6-8  in.,  almost  exactly  deltoid  acuaiinate,  base  truncate, 
basal  angles  rounded,  petiole  clouded  sheathing  half-way  up,  red  at  the  base,  spathes 
green  without  white  within. — Singapore. 

22.  SCHISBIATOGI^OTTIS,  Zoll.  &  Morritz. 

Stotoniferous^  herbs  ;  stem  short.  -  Leaves  entire,  intramar^inal  nerve 
strong.  Spatlie  cylindric,  convolute,  hardly  constricted,  limb  deciduous. 
Spadix  sessile,  included  in  the  spathe,  appendage  0,  with  barren  organs 
in  the  middle  or  top.  Inflorescences  contiguous  or  nearly  so;  male 
cylindric  or  clavate ;  stamens  2-->,  distinct,  tilament  flat;  anthers  trun- 
cate, prismatic  or  compressed,  cells  with  large  pores,  connective  warted 
at  the  tip;  j^ollen  vermiform.  Feifn.  Infl..  cylindric  or  conic  ;  staminodes 
few,  clavate,  or  0.  Ovary  oblong,  1  celled;  stigma  discoid;  ovules  many, 
anatropous;  parietal.  Berries  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  spathe, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  ellipsoid. — Species  about  15,  Malayan. 

*  Tube  of  spathe  after  flowering  subcylindric. 

f  Leaves  rounded  or  if  cordate  not  deeply  lohed  at  the  base. 

1.  T.  Wallichii,  Hook./.;  limb  of  leaf  5-9  in.  shorter  or  longer 
than  the  petiole  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  nerves 
8-10  pairs  or  more,  petiole  sheathing  for  ^  its  length,  spathe  h-ng- 
peduncled  narrowly  linear-oblong  acuminate,  spadix  with  neuters  in  the 
middle  and  male  at  the  top. — Aroid.  Wall.  Cat.  8962. 

Pebak,  Scortecliini,  King's  Collector.  Singapore,  Wallich.  Malacca  ; 
Maxngay. 

Leaves  1^-2^  in.  broad,  rather  membranous,  with  slender  reticulate  secondary 
nerves  between  the  primary,  base  rounded  or  subcordate;  petiole  8-12  in.  Peduncle 
3-4  in.  Sjjathe  3-3|  in.,  nearly  straight,  acuminate,  white.  Spadix  rather 
slender;  fern.  infl.  as  long  as  the  neuter,  male  shorter  clavate;  ovaries  globose, 
stigma  disciform. 

Vae.  oblongata;  leaf  8-10  by  3§-4  in.  more  coriaceous  cuspidately  caudate 
base  rounded,  costa  very  stout,  nerves  obscure. — Perak,  in  marshy  places,  Scortecliini, 
King's  Collector.     Perhaps  a  diflEerent  species. 

2.  S.  brevlcuspis,  ITook  f.;  limb  of  leaf  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
petiole  4-6  by  1^3  in.  oblong-ovate  acuminate  with  a  very  short  subu- 
late cusp,  nerves  many  spreading  arching,  intermediates  few,  petiole 
sheathing  for  half  its  length,  peduncles  short,  spathe  3  in.  long- 
acuminate,  spadix  nearly  equalling  the  spathe,  fem.  infl.  elongate 
followed  by  a  short  neuter  portion,  male  infi.  elongate  its  conical  tip 
sterile. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Mootstock  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  elongate,  trailing.  Leaves  membranous, 
deep  green  above,  the  intermediate  nerves  forming  areolae  between  the  primary. 
Feduncle  1-3  in.  Spatlie  greenish.  Ovaries  oblong,  2-3-lobed  j  stigma  subsessile, 
disciform. 

3.  S.  Scortechini,  Hook.f. ;  limb  of  leaf  about  equalling  the  petiole 


538  CLXVi.   AEOiDE/E.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [ScMsmatoglottis. 

oblong  or  obovate  obtusely  acuminate  not  apiculate  base  rounded  acute 
or  subcordate,  nerves  many  spreading  and  arched,  petiole  sheathing  i  of 
its  length,  peduncles  very  short,  spathe  2-2|-  in.  cylindric  acuminate, 
spadixi  stout,  fern.  infl.  short,  male  twice  as  long  with  a  few  neuters  at  its 
base  and  terminated  by  a  cylindric  sterile  cone  as  long  as  the  whole 
infl. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

RootstocU  stout.  Leaves  5-7  by  2|-3  in.,  coriaceous  ;  costa  stout ;  nerves  20-30 
pairs,  slender;  petiole  5-7  in.  Peduncle  1-2  in.,  very  stout.  Spathe  slightly  con- 
tracted above  the  fern,  infl.,  sessile  by  a  very  obliqu-e  base.  Spadix  1^-2  in.  Ovaries 
turbinate,  the  top  covered  by  the  flat  circular  stigma. 

4.  S.  brevipes,  Hook.f.  ;  limb  of  leaf  longer  than  the  petiole  coria- 
ceous ovate  or  oblong  acute  base  cordate,'  nerves'  spreading  and  arching, 
petiole  sheathing  beyond  the  middle,  peduncles  few  very  short,  spathe 
li  in.  much  constricted  above  the  fern,  infl.,  spadix  constricted  in  the 
middle,  fem.  infl.  with  a  few  capitate  neuters  intermixed,  male  infl.  sterile 
above. 

Perak,  Scortechini. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill.  Leaves  3-5  by  1^-2  in.,  tip  not  apiculate, 
nerves  8-12  pairs.  Tube  of  spathe  f  in.,  ellipsoid.  Spadix  1^  in.,  sessile  ;  fem.  infl. 
about  as  long  as  the  sterile  portion  of  the  male.  Ocaries  turbinate;  stigma  pulvi- 
nate. 

5.  S.  minor,  Hook.f.;  limb  of  leaf  small  shorter  than  the  petiole 
membranous  oblong  or  ovate  acute  base  cordate,  nerves  very  slender 
spreading  and  arching,  petiole  slender  sheathing  for  |-^  its  length  or  less, 
peduncle  solitary  slender,  spathe  oblong  acute  hardly  contracted  in  the 
middle. 

Pebak,  Scorlechini. 

Rootatock  very  slender,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  elongate,  flexuous,  rooting. 
Leaves2-2^hy  1-1^  in.,  pale  beneath,  tip  not  apiculate,  costa  and  nerves  (7-8  pairs), 
papillose  beneath  ;  petiole  3-4  in.  Peduncle  2,-2,^  in.  Tube  of  spathe  f  in>,  limb 
ovate.  Spadix  with  the  fern.  infl.  adnate  for  nearly  half  its  length  to  the  spatbe. 
Ovaries  scattered  below,  globose,  few-ovuled  ;  placentas  2  ;  stigma  pulvinate,  sessile. 
• — The  specimens  are  very  scanty  and  contained  but  one  spathe. 

ft  Leaves  deeply  cordate  at  the  base. 

6.  S.  xnutata,  Scortechini  mss. ;  leaves  ovate-cordate  or  subsagittate 
cuspidately  acuminate  membranous  many-nerved,  petiole  sheathing  for  -3-  or 
I  its  length,  peduncles  several,  spathe  |-5  in.  very  narrow  acuminate  tip 
recurved  slightly  constricted  much  below  the  middle,  spadix  with  the  fem. 
and  male  infl.  about  equal  each  ^  the  length  of  the  spadix  with  a  narrow 
intervening  constriction  covered  with  neuters,  male  terminating  in  an 
elongate  barren  cone. 

PekaK  ;  Scortechini  ;  at  Goping,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  sometimes  2  ft.,  nearly  1  in.  diam.  {King's  Collector).  Leaves  6-9  by 
4-5^  in.,  tip  not  apiculate,  sinus  acute  ;  basal  lobes  rounded,  sometimes  diverging 
and  narrowed  to  the  rounded  tip  ;  nerves  18-20  pairs,  spreading  and  arched,  inter- 
mediates very  slender ;  petiole  5-12  in.  Peduncle  2-4  in.  Spathe  yellow,  tube 
1^  in.,  limb  membranous.  ^Spadix  rather  slender;  male  and  fem.  infl.  each  about 
1  in.,  cylindric ;  sterile  cone  1  in.,  covered  with  very  large  flat  sinuous  neuters. 

7.  S.  Xongripes?  Mi^.  Fi  ind.  Bat,  iii.  214;  in  Bot.  Zeit.  (1856)  565; 


Schismahfflottis.']  clxvi.  arotde.k,     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  539 

leaves  cordately  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  caudate-acummate  membranous 
many-nerved,  petiole  sheathing  for  i-  or  :^  its  length,  peduncles  many, 
spat  tie  2-3  in.  constricted  about  the  middle,  spadix  with  fem.  infl.  for  half 
its  length  followed  by  a  constriction  with  neuters,  male  infl.  clavate, 
the  upper  half  broadlv  conic  sterile.  Schott  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  56;  Prodr. 
321.  -        " 

V^s-Kik,  ScortecMni. — Distrib.  Java,  Sumatra. 

Rootstock  e\ong?ite,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  rooting.  Leaves  5-7  by  2-83  in., 
pale  beneath,  tip  with  a  deciduous  long  mucro,  costa  stout;  nerves  12-18  pairs, 
spreading  and  arching ;  petiole  equalling  or  exceeding  the  limb.  Peduncles  4:-^ 'u\. 
Spathe  with  an  inflated  acumiuate  limb,  tube  f-1  in.  Ovaries  oblong;  stigma 
pulvinate,  obscurely  lobed. — Reduced  to  8.  calyptrata,  Zoll.  and  Morr.  (Syn.  Veiz. 
!2oll.  83),  by  Engler,  which  is  founded  on  Calla  calyptrata,  Roxb.  (Wight  Ic.  t.  799), 
an  Amboyna  plant  with  oblong  leaves,  short  stout  petioles  and  a  capitate  summit 
of  the  male  infl. 

•8.  S.  ILurzil,  ifoo^\ /. ;  leaves  8-12  by  4-6  in.  ovate  deeply  cordate 
many-nerved  membranous,  basal  sinus  very  acute,  petiole  12-14  in.  broadly 
sheathed  to  the  middle. 

Pegu  Yomah,  Kurz. 

Resembles  8.  mutata,  but  a  much  larger  leaved  plant,  with  a  very  stout  petiole. 
I  have  seen  no  spathe.  It  is  interesting  as  the  most  northern  species  of  the  genus 
known  in  India. 

**  Tube  of  spathe  after  flowering  broadly  funnel-shaped.  (Rhyncopyle, 
Engler.) 

9.  S.  elong-ata,  Engler  in  Bull.  Soc.  Ort.  Tosc.  iv.  (1879)  298 ;  leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  acute  at  both  ends.  Rhyncopyle  elon- 
gata,  Engler  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  289,  t.  23,  f.  3-15;  Ic.  ine'd.  n.  199. 

Perak  ;  sandy  creeks,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Scortechini. — Disteib.  Borneo  (or  Su- 
matra). 

Rootstock  short.  Leaves  4-8  by  1-2^  in.,  coriaceous,  pale  beneath,  tip  with  a 
tubular  mucro  ;  nerves  7-8  pairs,  nearly  straight  and  co3ta  beneath  strong  ;  petiole 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Peduncles  equalling  the  petioles  or  shorter.  Spathe  1^-2  in., 
erect  or  inclined,  green,  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate.  Spadix  sessile,  much  shorter 
than  the  spathe,  stout ;  fern.  infl.  shorter  than  the  male,  narrowed  below,  with  tabulnr 
neuters  below  it ;  male  rounded  at  the  top ;  connective  broad,  pubescent.  Berries 
very  small,  turbin;ite  ;  stigma  a  small  sessile  disc.  Seeds  fusiform,  with  a  trans- 
parent fleshy  coat  which  is  produced  into  a  long  tail  at  top  and  base. — Engler 
figures  the  spathe  exactly  as  in  Homalomena  nutans,  namely,  broadly  ovate  and 
cernuous  on  a  decurved  peduncle. 

23.  ANADENDRVBX^  Schotf. 

Scandent  shrubs  rooting  on  trees.  Leaves  distichous,  entire  or  pinnatifid, 
petiole  geniculate  at  the  tip ;  primary  nerves  many,  se  jondary  branch- 
ing. Spathe  ovate  acuminate,  deciduous.  Spadix  stipitate,  elongate, 
cylindnc  ;  flowers  crowded,  bisexual ;  perianth  0,  annular,  or  cupular. 
Stamens  4-6,  filaments  very  short,  flattened ;  anthers  terminal,  cells 
erect  subreniform.  Ovary  objonic,  truncate,  1-celled,  crown  flat ;  stigma 
small,  sessile,  linear;  ovule  solitary  (or  2  in  A.  medium),  basilar. 
Berries  small,  scattered ;  pericarp  without  intercellular  needles.  Seed 
exalbuminous,  testa  thick  ;  embryo  macropodal. — Species  4  or  6, 
Malayan. 


540  CLXvi.  AROIDR.'R.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Anadendrum. 

*  Leaves  entire. 

1.  A.  xnontanum,  Schoft  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857);  Prodr.  371; 
leaves  drying  black  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  petiole  slender, 
sheath  very  narrow.  Enqler  Arac.  97  ;  Ic.  ined.  No.  83.  Scindapsus  mon- 
tnuwa,  Kunth  E num.  iii.  ^4<',  Miql  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  184  Pothos  malayanus, 
Miq.  I.  c.  Suppl.  596.  P.  elegant^,  Wall.  Cat.  4444.  Calla  montana,  Blwme 
Cat.  Hort.  Buit.  et  in  Flora  (1825),  147. 

Tenasserim  ;  at  Mergui,  Heifer.  Penang,  WaUlch.  Perak,  Scortechini- 
King's  Collector.     Malacca,  Griffith,  Maingay. — Distrib.  Maiay  Islands. 

ISlem  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves  6-12  by  2^—1  in.,  coria- 
ceous, ba>e  ciiueate  rounded  or  subcordate  often  unequal -sided  ;  nerves  very  manv, 
spreading;  petiole  3-9  in.,  sheathed  to  the  knee  in  young  leaves,  to  a  variable 
height  in  older  ;  knee  ^-^  in.  Peduncles  2-4  in,,  slender,  rigid.  S pa,the  l\-2  in., 
beak  long  straight.  Spadix  1—2  in.;  stipes  slender.  Perianth  cupular,  nearly  as 
high  as  the  ovary.     Berries  pisiform. 

Var.  longirostris  ;  beak  of  spathe  as  long  as  the  body. — Perak,  Wray, — Borneo. 

2.  A.  marg-inatuxn,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Wochenbl.  (1857),  117; 
Prodr.  390;  leaves  drying  green  oblong-lanceolate  acute  or  acuuiinate, 
petiole  very  broadly  sheathing  up  to  the  knee.  Engler  Arac.  96.  Pothos 
marginatum,  Walt.  Cat.  4443. 

Penang-,  Porter.     Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — Distrib,  Sumatra. 

aiem  stout.  Leaves  6-12  by  2-3^  in.,  base  acute  acuminate  cuneate  or  rounded, 
usuiilly  unequal-sided;  nerves  very  many,  suberect  or  spreading;  petiole  4-6  in., 
siieath  ^-\  in.  broad,  2-auricled  at  the  tip  ;  knee  short.  Peduncles  3-5  in.  Spathe 
l^-2f  in.  long,  as  in  A.  montanum,  white  on  pale  yellow.      Perianth  annular. 

3.  A.  latifolium,  ffooJc.f.;  leaves  drying  greenish  broadly  oblong 
cuspidately  acuminate  base  acute,  petiole  rather  slender,  sheath  very 
narrow. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  10-13  by  4^-5|  in.,  coriaceous;  nerves 
about  12  pairs,  strong,  spreading  and  arched  ;  petiole  7-10  in.,  narrowly  sheathing 
for  I  its  length.  Peduncle  3-5  in.  Spathe  2-3  in.,  white  within,  greenish  without  ; 
beak  ^-^  the  length  of  the  body.  Spadix  1-2  in.,  shortly  stipitate.  Perianth 
annular. 

**  Leaves  pinnatijid. 

4.  A.  medium,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45;  Prodr.  392;  Rha- 
phidophora  Huegeliana,  Schott  II.  cc.  45,  384.  Scindapsus  medius,  Zoll. 
and  Moritz  Syst.  Verz.  n.  82  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  186.  Epipremnnm 
medium,  Engler  Arac.  250.     Pothos  pinnatus,  Wall.  Cat.  4438. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.  Singapore,  Wallich,  Maingay. — Dis- 
trib. Malay  Islands. 

Stem  20  ft.,  less  than  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  6-14  in.  long  and  broad,  or  broader 
than  long,  membranous,  deeply  pinnatitid  or  pinnatisect,  often  perforate  towards 
the  costa  ;  lobes  2-4  pairs,  obliquely  truncate,  upper  angle  acute,  basal  lobes  dimi- 
diate-ovate; petiole  channelled,  sheathing  towards  the  base.  Peduncle  4-6  in. 
Spathe  2-3  in.,  cymbiform,  pale  green  without,  white  or  cream -colrd.  within. 
Spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  yellow,  stipes  ^  in.  Ovary  2.celled,  according  to 
Maingay,  but  Mr.  Brown  and  1  find  but  one  cell  with  2  erect  basal  ovules,  and  so  it 
is  represented  in  a  drawing  by  Scortechini.  Berry  turbinate.  Seed  (judging  by  a 
figure  of  Scortechini)  with  a  macropodal  embryo. — Engler  has  referred  this  rather 
anomalous  plant  to  Epipremnum,   but   the  etipitate   spadix,   ovules,    the  want  of 


Auadendnmi..']  CLXVI.  ar  )iDEiE.      (J.  D.  Hooker.)  541 

needles  in  the  pericarp,  and  apparently  macropodal  embryo,  all  point  to  Anadendrutn. 
There  are  needles  in  the  tissue  of  the  petioles,  which  I  do  not  find  in  any  other 
Anadendrum. 

24  SCZNDAPSUS,  Sdiott. 

Climbing  shrubs  with  the  characters  of  Anadendrum,  bat  the  spa«iix 
is  sessile,  there  is  no  cupalar  perianth,  and  the  pericarp  of  the  berries 
abounds  in  intercelhilar  needles. — Species  about  10,  tropical  Asiatic, 
Australian  and  Polynesian. 

See  note  under  genus  BhapMdophora. 

*  Leaves  obliquely/  ovate  elliptic  or  lanceolate. 

1.  S.  officinalis,  Schott  Meletem,  i.  21;  Gen.  t.  81;  JProdr.  395; 
branches  wrinkled  when  dry,  leaves  6-10  by  2^-6  in.  ovate  elliptic-ovate 
or  nearly  orbicular  caudate-acuminate  base  rounded  or  slightly  cordate, 
primary  nerves  distinct,  petiole  3-B  in.  broadly  winged  up  to  the  knee, 
spathe4-6  in.  oblong  subcyliudrical  beaked.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  63  ;  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  i.  452;  Engler  Arac.  254.  Pothos  officinalis,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
431  ;  WigJa  Ic.  t.  778  ;   Wall.  Gat.  4436.     Calla  ovata,  Herb.  Ham. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Sikkim  eastwards.  Bengal,  Chittagong-,  Buema, 
and  the  Andaman  Islds. 

Stetn  as  tl)ick  as  the  little  finger.  Leane.s-  dark  green.  Peduncle  solitury, 
terminal,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  about  4-6  in.  long,  green  without, 
yellow  withinj  beak  blender.  Spadix  equalling  the  spathe,  elongating  in  fruit, 
greenish-yellow.  SHgma  elongate ;  fruiting  hemispheric.  Berries,  few  only 
ripening,  fleshy.     Seed  ovate-cordate.— Fruiting  spadix  sometimes  a  span  long. 

2.  S.  pictus,  Hassk.  'Cat.  Hurt.  Boqor.  (1844),  58  ;  PI.  Jav.  Ear.  159  ; 
branches  angled  and  muriculate  when  dry,  leaves  5-7  by  lJ-5  in.  falcately 
ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate  acute  or  acuminate,  petiole  1-li  in. 
winged  to  the  knee,  spathe  Ih-^i  in.  cymbiform  beaked.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  183  ;  Schott  Frodr.  393  ;  Engler  Arac.  252.  S.  pothoides,  Schott 
I.e.  394  (not  of  Miq.).     S.  argyraea,  Engler  I.  c.  255. 

Pkrak  ;  King's  Collector. — DiSTEiB.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stem  6—8  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  more,  4-6-angled  when  dry  tlirougli 
contraction  of  the  tissues,  and  pale  red-brown.  Leaves  thickly  coriaceous,  dull 
green  ;  nerves  very  close  and  slender,  primary  and  secondary  hardly  distinct. 
Peduncle/!  equalling  the  petiole,  very  stout.  Spathe  white.  Spadix  green. — The 
leaves  of  young  plants  are  orbicular-cordate,  green  blotched  with  white. 

3.  S.  Scortechiniij  Ifoo^./. ;  branches  deeply  wrinkled  when  dry  not 
muriculate,  leaves  3-6  by  li-2i  in.  ovate  orbicular  or  falcately  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  base  rounded  or  subcordate,  primary  nerves  very 
obscure,  petiole  2-5^  in.  broadly  winged,  spathe  1^-2^  in.  ovate  acute  or 
acuminate. 

Peeak;  Scortechini,  alt.  3-4000  ft.,  King's  Collector;  on  Maxwell's  Hill, 
Wrai/. 

Stem  scandent,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill  or  less,  pale,  wrinkled,  other- 
wise quite  smooth.  Leaves  thickly  corinceous ;  nerves  very  many,  primary  hardly 
distinguishable  from  the  secondary  ;  petiole  winged  to  the  knee  or  f  way  up.  Peduncle 
much  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  yellowish  on  both  surfaces.  Spadix  much 
shorter.     Berries  about  ^  in.  diam.  across  the  crown. 


542  cLxvi.  ARoiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Scindapsus. 

4.  S.  hederacea,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857),  45 ;  Prodr.  395 ; 
branches  terete  smooth,  leaves  5-8  by  1-2|  in.  falcately  lanceolate 
acuminate  base  acute,  primary  nerves  indistinct,  petiole  2-4  in.  broadly 
winged  up  to  the  knee,  spathe  2-2^  in.  narrow  long- beaked.  Engler  Arac. 
253  ;  Ic.  ined.  No.  13  {young  plant).  S.  pothoides,  Mie[.  FL  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
184  {not  of  Schott).  S.  inquinatus,  Schott  in  Miq.  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat. 
283. 

Perae  ;  Scortechini,  King^s  Collector.  Malacca;  Griffith,  Maingay. — DiSTElB. 
Java. 

Stem  climbing,  30-40  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  more.  Leaves  rather 
thinly  coriaceous  ;  petiole  with  pale  sheaths.  Peduncle  1-2  in,,  stout.  Spathe 
much  narrower  than  in  any  of  the  previous  species,  terete,  slightly  curved,  pale 
yellow.  Fruiting  spadix  3-4  in.,  white.  Berries  about  \  in.  diam.  across  the 
crown. — Leaves  broadly  ovate  cordate  in  young  plants. 

5.  S>  perakensis^  Hook.f.;  branches  stout  terete  smooth,  leaves 
8-12  by  2-3  in.  oblong-lanceolate  or  falcately  lanceolate  acuminate  thinly 
coriaceous,  base  acute  or  rounded,  primary  nerves  distinct  beneath,  petiole 
4-7  in.  broadly  winged  up  to  the  knee,  peduncle  3-6  in.  very  stout,  spadix 
(after  flowering)  3-5  in.  cylindric  or  subclavate. 

Pkbak  ;  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  30-40  ft.,  2-3  in.  diam.  {King's  Coll.),  pale  when  dry.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
costa  rather  slender ;  primary  and  secondary  nerves  undistinguishable  above,  nervules 
trabeculate  ;  petiole  sometimes  1  in.  across  the  opened  sheath.  Peduncle  3-4  in. 
Spathe  not  seen.  Fruiting  spadix  nearly  1^  in.  diam. ;  carpels  slatey  blue,  i  diam. 
across  the  crown.     Seeds  lenticular,  ^  in.  diam.,  black. 

**  Leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  ohlong,  rarely  ovate  or  suhlanceolate. 

6.  S.  crassipes  1  Engler  in  Bat.  Jahrb.  i.  182  ;  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  4i ; 
Ic.  ined.  No.  1 ;  branches  as  thick  as  the  thumb  terete  smooth,  leaves  8-10 
by  2-3  in.  oblong  acute  base  rounded  densely  coriaceous,  costa  very 
thick,  primary  nerves  obscure,  petiole  1-2  in.  broadly  thickly  winged, 
peduDcle  very  stout. 

Perak,  Scortechini. — Distrib.  Borneo  ? 

I  have  seen  only  an  imperfect  specimen  and  drawing  by  Scortechini,  in  which  the 
leaves  are  narrower  and  petiole  shorter  than  in  Engler's  figure.  In  Scortechini's 
drawing  and  specimen  the  stem  is  very  stout;  petiole  1  in.  across  the  thick 
coriaceous  wings  ;  peduncle  2  in. ;  young  fruit  6  in.  by  1  diam.  Berries  i  in.  diam. 
across  the  crown. 

7.  S.  Beccarii  1  Engler  Bat.  Jalirh.  i.  182  ;  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  277  ; 
branches  very  stout,  leaves  12-18  by  4-5^  in.  oblong  or  linear-oblong  acumi- 
nate-coriaceous, base  acute,  petiole  6-12  in.  winged  to  the  knee,  primary 
nerves  distinct  beneath,  peduncle  included  in  the  leaf  sheath,  spathe  3-3| 
in.  oblong  terete  acute. 

Penang  and  Perak,  Scortechini,  King't,  Collector.— Distrib.  Sumatra. 

Differs  from  Engler's  figures  of  8.  Beccarii,  in  the  petiole  sheathing  to  the  knee, 
and  in  the  spathe  emerging  from  the  middle  of  the  leaf  sheath,  and  not  from  its  apex. 
King's  Collector  describes  the  stem  as  15-20  ft.  and  1^-2  in.  diam.;  leaves  dark 
glossy  green  ;  spathe  waxy  white;  spadix  cream-colrd.  The  ovaries  are  very  narrow 
and  laterally  compressed,  not  -^\  in.  across  the  crown. 

8.  S.  cuscuaria,  Presl.  Epimel.  242  ?  stemless,  leaves  12-18  by  4-7 
in.  caudate-acuminate,  base  acute  or  rounded,  nerves  very  many  and  close 


Scindapsus.']  clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  U.  Hooker.)  5  43 

uniforin  anastomosing,  petiole  as  lon^  as  the  blade  or  longer  stout  winged 
to  the  knee,  peduncle  very  stont,  spathe  3  in.  cymbiform  acaminate,  spadix 
stout.  S.  maraatsefolius,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  187.  Cuscaaria  marantic 
folia,  Schott  Gen.t.  80;  Prodr.  398;  Engler  Arac.  251.  C.  spuria,  Schott 
in  Bonpland.  ix.  (1861),  367.  Aglaonema?  cuscuaria,  Miq.  I.  c.  217. 
C.  Rumphii,  Schott  in  Miq.  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bot.  i.  130. 

NicoBAH  IsLDS. ;  {JelinTc.  in  Herh.  Galcutt.) — Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 

Rootstock  very  stout.  Leaves  coriaceous,  costa  stout,  base  unequal-sided. — 
The  only  specimen  is  an  imperfect  one,  but  agrees  so  far  with  the  Javan  plant.  I 
have  taken  the  synonymy  from  Engler. 

25.  RKAPKZDOPKORA,  Schott. 

Habit  and  characters  of  Anadendrmn,  bat  spadix  sessile,  perianth  0, 
ovules  many  parietal;  the  many-seeded  berries  confluent  and  their  tissue 
loaded  with  intercellular  needles ;  seed  albuminous,  embryo  axile. — 
Species  about  30,  tropical  Asiatic,  Australian  and  Polynesian. 

I  greatly  doubt  the  value  of  characters  taken  from  the  stigmas  of  dried 
specimens  of  this  genus,  Scindapsus  and  Epipremnum,  whether  raised  or  sessile  in 
the  crown  of  the  ovary,  and  whether  orbicular  or  oblong,  or  linear  ;  they  appear  to 
change  in  form  with  age,  and  certainly  do  so  in  drying  The  nerves  of  the  leaves 
which  afford  characters  in  the  dried  state  are  often  invisible  in  the  fresh. 

*  Leaves  entire  and  imperforate  (see  also  B.  pertusa). 

t  Petiole  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  blade  (a  rather  variable 
character). 

1.  R.  crassifolia,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  6-7  by  l|-2  in.  subfalcately  lanceo- 
late acuminate  thickly  coriaceous  base  narrowed  acute  or  rounded,  nerves 
very  obscure,  petiole  li-2^  in.  slender  channelled  up  to  the  blade,  peduncle 
very  short,  spathe  3  in.  cylindric  apiculate,  stigma  raised. 

Perait,  King's  Collector. 

Stem  20-30  ft.  as  tliiek  as  a  goose-quill  or  thicker.  Leaves  very  dark  grey  and 
opaque  when  dried,  with  recurved  margins;  costa  rather  slender,  nerves  sunk  in  the 
tissue,  most  obscure  above  and  tliere  marked  only  by  superficial  wrinkles,  absolutely 
concealed  beneath  under  the  smooth  epidermis.  Spathe  thickly  coriaceous,  cream'- 
colrd.  Ovaries  -Jg-  in.  diam.,  with  raised  pulvinate  central  stigmas. — Closely 
resembles  M.  angustifolia,  Schott,  in  form  of  foliage,  but  quite  distinct  in  the 
texture  and  nervation  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  large  spathes.  In  the  Calcutta 
collection  of  drawings  is  that  of  a  plant  named  Polhos  ventricona,  Wall.  mss.  from 
N.  E.  Bengal,  which  resembles  this;  the  spathe  is  represented  as  purple. 

2.  R.  Maingrayi,  Hook.f. ;  leaves  6-8  by  2-2^  in.  oblong-lanceolate 
acute  shining  above,  base  acute,  nerves  uniform  and  raised  on  the  upper 
surface  primary  very  slender  but  distinct  beneath  erecto-patent,  petiole 
short,  spathe  sessile  ?  41  in.  cylindric  beaked,  stigma  circular  depressed  on 
the  surface  of  the  (dry)  ovary. 

Malacca,  on  trees,  Maingay. 

The  specimens  are  imperfect,  the  leaves  being  detached  from  a  portion  of  appa- 
rently a  tortuous  branch  as  thick  as  the  little  fins;er.  Leaves  coriaceous,  drying: 
yellow  brown,  costa  rather  slender,  the  apparent  difference  between  the  nervation  of 
the  two  surfaces  is  great,  the  nerves  in  the  upper  being  raised  through  the  shrinking  of 
the  tissues,  whilst  beneath  the  erecto-patenc  primaries  are  capillary,  the  secondaries 


544  CLxvi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        \_Rhaph!rlophora. 

very   obscure.     Spathe  remarkably   thick-walled   (at  least   ^   in.   thick).     Ovaries 
naiTow,  -j\j  in.  across  the  crown. 

3.  R.  Wrayi,  IIooTc.f.\  leaves  7-12  by  1^-2  in.  narrowly  lanceolate 
caudate-acuminate  submembranous,  base  narrowed  acute  or  rounded, 
nerves  capillary  on  both  surfaces,  petiole  2-3  in.  slender  channelled  up 
to  the  blade,  spathe  li-2i  in.  peduncled  cylindric  or  ovoid  beaked  spadix 
as  long  as  the  spathe,  stigma  raised  pulvinate. 

Peeak;   Wray  (with 'No.  662),  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.     . 

Stem  30-40  ft.,  woody,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  les«,  internodes  |-1  in.,  sur- 
face striate.  Leaves  drying  greenish-brown  and  quite  opaque ;  nerves  crecto-patent, 
Jy-^  in.  apart  with  anastomosing  nervules;  petiole  slender,  stiff'.  Peduncle  ^-1  \  in. 
Spathe  terete,  walls  very  thick,  green,  cream-colrd.  within.  Fruiting  spadix  oblong, 
2i  in.  long  by  1  in.  diam.     Stamens  2.     Berries  ^  in.  across  the  crown. 

4.  R.  Xiobbil,  Schott  in  JBonpland.  v.  (1857),  45 ;  Prodr.  379  ;  leaves 
3-8  by  1^-3  in.  ovate  oblong  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  acuminate  or  cau- 
date thinly  coriaceous,  base  acute  or  rounded,  primary  nerves  distant  and 
usually  well  marked  beneath  all  spreading  and  arched,  petiole  1-2^  in. 
channelled  up  to  the  knee  or  limb,  spatbe  small  (1-li)  peduncled  oblong 
beaked,  stigma  raised.     Engler  Arac.  241. 

Perak  ;  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.  Malacca  ;  Griffith,  Maingay.  Singa- 
pore ;  Lohh. — DiSTEiB.  Borneo,  Java. 

Stem  20-30  ft.  much  branched,  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  less.  Leaves  greenish 
brown  and  opaque  when  dry ;  8-10  primary  nerves  very  indistinct  above,  undersur- 
face  very  smooth.  Peduncle  1  in.  Spathe  turgid.  Spadix  oblong.  Ovaries  -^^  in. 
diam.  across  the  crown. —  Stamens  6-8  and  ovary  2-3-celled.   Maingay,  mss. 

5.  It.  minor,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  3-5  by  li-H  in.  elliptic-lanceolate 
acute  or  acuminate  base  acute  or  cuneate,  primary  nerves  many  slender 
erecto-patent  raised  on  both  surfaces,  petiole  1-2  in.  broadly  channelled  up 
to  the  blade,  spathe  peduncled  2-3  in.  beak  long  slender,  stigma  raised 
pulvinate. 

Perak;  Scortechini.    Malacca  ;  Griffith  (Keto  Distrib.  5988),  Maingay. 

Branches  as  thick  as  a  goose-quill  or  less,  soft,  striate,  and  foliage  pale  yellowish 
brown,  not  thining  when  dry.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous  ;  nerves  slightly  arching. 
Peduncle  \-\\  in.,  yellowish.  Spathe  coriaceous,  apparently  red,  beak  ending  in  a 
very  slender  point.  Spadix  cylindric.  Ovaries  -^^  in.  diam.  across  the  crown. 
Berries  ^  in.  diam. 

6.  R.  Schottii»  Hook./.;  leaves  8-14  by  2-4^ in.  falcately  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  caudate-acuminate  coriaceous,  base 
acute,  nerves  very  many  and  slender  uniform  erecto-patent  raised  on  both 
surfaces,  petiole  l|-3  'in.  stout  channelled  to  the  middle  of  the  knee, 
spathe  3  in.  ovoid  ncuminate,  spadix  peduncled  very  stout,  stigma 
raised  pulvinate.  B.  Peepla  (in  part),  Schott  in  Bonpland.  y.  {I8b7),"^0. 
Engler  Arac.  242. 

Assam  ;  Masters.     Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  0-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Sf  T.  T. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  little  fiuger,  smooth,  terete,  purple  except  the  young 
branches.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  in  young  plants  distichous  3-4  in.  ovate  acute, 
base  very  oblique.  Peduncle  1-4  in.  SpC'the  yellow  inside  and  out.  Spadix  reddish, 
when  advancing  to  fruir.  3  in.  by  1  in.  diam.  Ovaries  transversely  elongate,  ^  in  diam. 
— In  the  dried  spadix  (Assam)  advancing  to  fruit,  the  pulvinate  stigmas  are  raised  on  a 
very  short  conical  style;  but  in  my  drawing  of  the  ovary,  made  in  the  Khasia  Hills, 
it  is  a  depx'essed  areole  in  the  centre  of  the  flat  crown  of  the  ovary.     The  petioles 


Rhaphidophora,']         clxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  545 

vary  greatly  in  length.— Near  R.  Feepla,  but  a  very  much  stouter  plant,  with  larger, 
longer  and  narrower  leaves. 

7.  R.  Scortechinii,  HooJc.f. ;  leaves  10-12  by  3-4  in.  ovate-lanceolate 
unequal-sided  caudate-acuminate  base  cuneate  submenibranous,  primary 
nerves  14-20  pairs  strongly  raised  on  both  surfaces  spreading  and  arched, 
petiole  4-6  in.  broadly  channelled  up  to  the  limb,  peduncle  3-4  in.,  spadix 
2  by  f  in.,  stigma  elliptic  sessile. 

Pebak  ;  Scortechini. 

Stem  creeping  or  stones,  nearly  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Leaves  sub- 
coriaceous,  yellow  undulate  and  "opaque  when  dry. — The  above  is  chiefly  from 
Scortechini's  drawing  and  notes  attached  to  his  specimens.  The  nerves  of  the  leaves 
are  at  least  14-20  pairs,  united  by  oblique  nervules.  Scortechini  describes  the  seeds 
as  winged,  the  lateral  wings  oblique,  but  he  does  not  figure  them  so. 

ft  Petiole  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  leaf-blade. 

8.  R.  lancifolia,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1857),  45  ;  Prodr.  380;  leaves 
6-10  by  1^-3  in.  falcately-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  or  cau- 
date membranous,  base  acute  or  rounded  unequal-sided,  nerves  very  many 
raised  on  both  surfaces  erecto-patent,  petiole  4-7  in.  channelled  to  the  knee, 
spathe  peduncled  3-4  in.  ovate-oblong  long  beaked,  stigmas  raised  pulvi- 
nate.  JSngler  Arac.  241 ;  Masters  in  Gard.  Chron.  (1874),  ii.  611 ;  fig. 
124. 

The  Khasia  Hills  and  Munnipoee  ;  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  Griffith,  Watt,  &c. 

Stem  scandent,  rooting,  as  thick  as  a  goose  or  swan's  quill.  Leaves  thinly 
coriaceous,  adult  greenish-brown  when  dry,  not  shining  above ;  nerves  with 
anastomosing  nervules  ;  petiole  slender.  Peduncle  1-4  in,  Spathe  thickly  coriaceous, 
pale  or  darker  red  within.  Spadix  1^-2  in.  (fruiting  3-4  in.)  ;  ovaries  ^  in.  diam. — 
The  3-5  erecto-patent  primary  nerves  described  by  Schott  are  with  difficulty  distin- 
guished from  the  secondary,  and  in  very  few  leaves  only. 

9.  R.  Peepla,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857),  45  (partly) ;  leaves  5-8 
by  2-4i  in.  very  unequal-sided  obliquely  ovate  cuspidately  acuminate 
coriaceous,  base  rounded  or  cuneate,  nerves  very  many  uniform  raised  on 
both  surfaces,  petiole  4-8  in.  channelled  up  to  the  limb,  peduncle  3-5  in.  long, 
spathe  2i  in.  lanceolate  narrowed  into  a  straight  beak,  stigmas  raised.  E. 
calophyllum,  Schott  I.  c.  ;  Prodr.  242 ;  JEngler  Arac.  242.  Scindapsus 
Peepla,  Schott  Melet.  i.  21 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  62.  Pothos  Peepla,  Roxb. 
Ft.  Ind.  iii.  454;  Wight  Ic.  t.  780  {not  of  Wallich).  Monstera  Peepla, 
Schott  {ex  Linnsea),  vi.  (1831),  Litterat.  Ber.  62. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.  j  Roxburgh,  Qriffitli 
{Kew  Distr.,  5959) .     Buema  ;  on  the  Karen  Hills,  Kurz. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a.  swan's  quill,  smooth,  terete.  Leaves  coriaceous,  drying:  pale 
yellow-brown  and  shining  above,  nerves  with  rectangular  nervules.  Spathe 
greenish  yellow.  Ovaries  creamy,  ^  in.  diam. ;  stigma  pulvinate  on  a  very  short 
conical  style. — Roxburgh's  figure  represents  a  spatlie  5  in.  long  and  the  leaves  as 
having  5-7  pairs  of  primary  arching  nerves,  which  are  not  distinguishable  in  the 
dried  specimens.  1  have  seen  no  Ceylon  specimens,  for  Thwaites'  B.  Peepla  is  E. 
pertusa. 

10.  R.  g-racilipes,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  6-8  by  2  4  in.  broadly  or 
narrowly  oblong-ovate  unequal-sided  cuspidately  acuminate  submem- 
branous  opaque,  base  rounded  or  cuneate,  primary  nerves  14-16  pairs  raised 
beneath  widely   spreading    and   arching,  petiole   5-10  in.   very   slender,. 

VOL.  VI.  K  a 


546  CLXVi.  4R0iDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_Rliaphidopliora. 

grooved  channelled  up  to  the  limb,  spathe  3-4  in.  cylindric  long-beaked, 
stigmas  raised  pulvinate. 

Perak  ;  Larut,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 

(Stem  20-40  ft.  by  1-1§  in.  diam.,  branches  i  in.  diam.,  Kind's  Collector). 
Leaves  pale  greenish  or  yellowish-brown  and  undulate  when  dry;  petiole  pale. 
Peduncle  1-2^  in.  Spathe  yeWow,  cream-colrd.,  or  tinged  with  pink  within.  Spadix 
shorter  than  the  spathe.  Ovaries  Jg  in.  diam. ;  stigmas  orbicular. — In  form  the  leaves 
closely  resemble  JR.  Peepla,  but  their  texture  and  nervature  are  very  different. 

11.  Xt.  XLiinstleri^  Hook,  f, ;  leaves  10-16  by  2|-5  in.  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  rather  membranous,  base  acute  or  cuneate, 
primary  nerves  many  spreading  and  arched  prominent  beneath,  petiole 
10-15  in.  grooved  channelled  up  to  the  blade,  spathe  6-8  in.  cylindric 
with  a  long  stout  beak,  stigmas  raised. 

Perak,  at  Larut,  Kunstler  (King's  Collector). 

(Stem  40-60  ft.,  3-4  in.  diam.  Kiunstler),  branches  5^  in.  diam.  Leaves  rigidly 
undulate,  opaque  and  dirty-brown  when  dry,  sometimes  very  unequal-sided  at  the 
base,  deep  green  when  fresh,  crowded  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  j  nervules  oblique  ; 
petiole  slender,  pale.  Peduncle  1-3  in.,  very  stout.  Spathe  white,  thick  walled. 
Ovaries  ^\  in.  diam.,  stigma  minute. — The  spathe  is  one  of  the  longest  in  the  genus. 

12.  R.  Kookeri,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  (1857),  45;  leaves  7-24  by 
2^-12  in.  membranous  oblong  cuspidately  caudate-acuminate,  base  unequal- 
sided  cuneate  rounded  or  cordate,  primary  nerves  very  many  spreading 
and  arched,  petiole  3-12  in.  channelled  up  to  the  knee,  spathe  2|-3^  in. 
ovoid-oblong  turgid,  beak  long  slender,  stigmas  very  broad  orbicular  pulvi- 
nate.     Pothos  Peepla,  Wall.  Cat.  4444  (in  part). 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  1-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.  Upper  Assam,  Griffith.  Silhet 
and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  Wallich,  &c.  Mcjnnipore,  alt.  6000  ft., 
Watt. 

A  lofty  climber;  stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  the  largest  of  the  entire- 
leaved  species,  very  thin  in  texture,  dark  green,  drying  a  dull  grey-brown,  with  a 
rather  shining  surface.  Petiole  pale,  not  deeply  channelled.  Spathe  green,  yellow 
within  and  along  the  outer  margins,  walls  very  thick,  base  rounded.  Spadix  short, 
stout.     Ovaries  ^  in.  diam. ;  stigmas  remarkably  large  for  the  genus. 

**  Leaves  perforated,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnatisect. 

13.  Xt.  Beccarii,  Engler  Bot.  Jahrh.  i.  181  ;  in  Beccari  Males,  i.  271, 
t.  19,  f.  6-9  ;  leaves  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  an  acute  base  entire  or 
pinnatifid  with  falcate  caudate-acuminate  1-many-nerved  lobes,  petiole 
6-10  in.  of  young  leaves  broadly  winged,  peduncle  4-8  in.,  spathe  3-4  in. 
cylindric  acuminate,  stigmas  orbicular  or  oblong  raised.  Epipremnum 
Eeccarii,  Engler  in  Bull.  Soc.  Tosc.  Ort.  1879,  269.— Wall.  Cat.  4438  B. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Siam,  Borneo. 

Rootstock  short,  tufted,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  creeping  and  rooting  (or 
15-20  ft..  King's  Collector).  Leaves  10-15  by  4-8  in.,  unequal-sided,  pale  beneath  ; 
lobes  very  variable  in  breadth ;  petiole  channelled  up  to  the  limb.  Spathe  dull 
cream-coloured. — The  stigmas  in  a  drawing  by  Scortechini  are  sessile,  very  small  and 
oblong,  but  in  his  and  other  dried  specimens  they  are  large  oblong  or  orbicular  and 
often  cupped.     Engler  figures  them  as  oblong  raised  and  cupped. 

14.  B.  pertusa,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45;  Prodr.  382;  leaves 
8-18  in.  long  and  6-10  in.  broad,  young  small  ovate  entire,  old  pinnatifid 
to  below  the  middle  or  perforate,  base  truncate  or  subcordate,  lobes  few 


RhapMdopJiora.']         clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  547 

broad  falcate  acuminate,  primary  nerves  5-8  pairs,  spathe  5-7  in.  ovate- 
oblong  beaked.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  185  ;  Engler  Arac.  244.  Scindap- 
sns  pertnsus,  Scliott.  Melet.  i.  21 ;  Kunth  Enu7n.  iii.  62.  S.  Peepla,  Thw. 
JEnum.  336.  Pothos  pertusas,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  434,  Wight  Ic.  t.  781.  P. 
officinalis,  Wall.  Cat.  4436  G.—Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  20,  21. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  Coromandel,  Malabar,  and  southward  to  Cbylon. — 
DiSTRiB.  Malay  Islands. 

A  tall  climber.  Leaves  usually  with  oblong  holes  on  one  side ;  petiole  about  as 
long  as  the  blade,  deeply  channelled,  young  winged,  wings  not  auricled  at  the  top. 
Spathe  shortly  peduncled.  Spathe  yellow.  Ovaries  4-angled  ;  stigma  sessile, 
pulvinate. 

15.  It.  grlauca,  ScJiott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45 ;  Prodr.  382 ;  leaves 
6-10  in.  long  and  broad  glaucous  beneath  pinnatisect,  segments  falcate 
linear  or  broader  caudate-acuminate  2-7-nerved,  petiole  as  long  as  the 
blade  slender  channelled  up  to  the  blade,  spathe  4-6  in.  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late cuspidate.  Engler  Arac.  245 ;  Ic.  ined.  101.  Scindapsus  glaucus, 
ScJiott  Melet.  i.  121 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  61.  Monstera  glauca,  C.  Koch  ex 
Schott.     Pothos  glaucus,  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  ii.  45,  t.  156  ;  Gat.  4440. 

Tropical  and  Subtropical  Himalaya  ;  from  Nepal,  Wallich,  eastwards  to 
the  KiiAsiA,  Kaga,  and  Munnipobe  Hills,  ascending  to  7000  ft. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  climbing  lofty  trees.  Leates  of  a  fine  glaucous  blue 
beneath ;  young  elliptic-ovate  j  segments  2-4  pairs,  narrowed  towards  the  base, 
2-5-nerved  j  petiole  6-10  in.  Peduncle  3-7  in.  Spathe  very  variable  in  size, 
longer  than  the  spadix,  yellow  on  both  surfaces.  Spadix  pale  yellow.  Stigma 
of  fresh  ovary  a  longitudinal  slit,  of  the  dried  pulvinate  and  raised. 

Var.  ?  khasiana  ;  leaves  12-14  in.,  segments  3-7,  7-9  in.  long. — Khasia  Hills  at 
Churra  and  Pomrang,  J.D.H.  Sf  T.  T. — Referred  by  Schott  to  JR.  glauca,  with  which 
it  agrees  in  form  of  segments  of  leaf,  and  spathe  and  spadix,  but  the  leaves  are  longer 
with  more  numerous  and  longer  segments. 

16.  R.  eximia,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45  ;  Prodr.  387  ;  leaves 
1-2  ft.  longer  than  broad  oblong  pinnatisect  with  4-7  pairs  of  obliquely 
truncate  acute  l-costate  and  many-nerved  segments,  petiole  very  stout, 
spathe  a  foot  long  oblong  cuspidate,  stigma  raised  on  the  conical  top  of 
the  ovary.  R.  grandis,  Schott  in  (Estr.  Bot.  Zeit.  1858,  394;  Prodr. 
386. 

Tropical  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Strachey  ^  Winterhottom ;  Sikkim, 
alt.  2-5000  ft.,  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  0-4000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 

A  lofty  climber  ;  stem  as  thick  as  a  child's  wrist.  Leaves  bright  green  on  both 
surfaces.  Peduncle  6-10  in.,  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Spathe  orange -yellow,  out- 
side and  in.     Spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  white. 

17.  R.  decursiva,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45;  Prodr.  385; 
leaves  1-3  ft.  longer  than  broad  oblong  pinnatisect  base,  broadly  cordate, 
segments  8-15  pairs  falcately  ensiform  acuminate  costate  and  with  several 
lateral  nerves,  petiole  very  stout,  spathe  5-7  in.  subcylindrically  cymbi- 
form  yellow  beaked,  stigma  raised  on  the  conical  top  of  the  ovary.  Engler 
Arac.  246  {excl.  many  syns.) ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7282.  Scindapsus  decursivus, 
Schott  Meletem.  i.  21 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  62 ;  Wight  Ic.  t.  779 ;  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  186 ;  Thw.  Enum.  336  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7282.  Monstera  de- 
cursiva, Schott  in  Wien.  Zeitschr.  1829  (Linntpa  (1831)  Literat.  Ber.  62). 
Pothos  decursiva,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  436 ;  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  ii.  83,  exel. 
the  Attran  plant).  P.  decurrens  (error for  decursivus),  Wall.  Cat.  4437  A, 
in  part. 

N  n  2 


548  CLXvi.  AROiDB^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Rhaphidophora, 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  2-5000  ft.,  J.D.H.    Khasia  Hills,  alt.  0-4000  ft. 

A  lofty  climber,  stem  as  thick  as  a  child's  wrist.  Leaves  bright  green  on  both 
surfaces,  segments  6-18  by  1-2  in.,  tip  sometimes  almost  truncate  but  always  more 
acuminate  than  in  JR.  eximia ;  petiole  1-2  ft.,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.  Peduncle 
3-6  in.     Sjpathe  bright  yellow  on  both  surfaces. 

18.  It.  affinis,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45;  Prodr.  385;  leaves 
1-2  ft.  longer  than  broad  oblong  base  broadly  cordate  pinnatisect  or 
pinnate,  segments  many  pairs  falcately  ensiform  acuminate  narrowed  at 
the  base  1-costate  with  very  slender  lateral  nerves,  spathe  5-6  in.  oblong 
cymbiform  purple  cuspidate,  stigma  raised  on  the  conical  top  of  the  ovary. 
Enyler  Arac.  247. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  Qriffitli  {Kew  Distrib,  5952),  &c. 

Habit  and  characters  of  JB.  decursiva,  and  as  robust,  differing  as  far  as  my 
ppecimens  and  drawing  tell,  in  the  beautiful  violet-purple  spathe,  and  very  slender 
lateral  nerves  of  the  narrower  unicostate  leaflets. 

19.  R.  XLorthalsii*  8chott  in  Miq.  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  i.  129; 
leaves  oblong  1-2^  ft.  by  6-15  in.  pinnatisect  longer  than  their  petioles, 
segments  many  pairs  linear  falcate  truncate  acute  2-4-costate  and  many- 
nerved,  spathes  crowded  6-8  in.,  stigmas  slightly  raised.  Engler  Arac. 
247. 

V^tjik^Qr,  Maingay  {Kew  Distrib.  1555).  Peeak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 
— Distrib.  Java. 

S(em  30-40  ft.,  2-3  in.  diam.,  branching  above,  densely  crinite  below  the  upper- 
most leaves  and  inflorescences.  Leaves  dark  green ;  segments  3-8  iu.,  base  not 
contracted;  petiole  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  sheathed  up  to  the  knee.  Peduncles 
3-8  in.,  very  stout.     Spadix  6-7  in.  cylindric.     Ovaries  very  small. 

20.  R>  tetrasperma,  Sook.f. ;  leaves  5-7  in.  long  and  broad  broadly 
ovate  or  orbicular  cordate  sparingly  pinnatifid  lobes  cuspidate  or  acuminate, 
petiole  rather  shorter  than  the  blade,  spathe  1^-2  in.  turgidly  cymbiform 
acute,  placentas  each  2-ovuled. 

PfiRAK,  Scortechini. 

Stem  \-^  in.  diam.,  flexuous,  terete,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  which  are  3-i  in. 
apart.  Leaves  often  very  unequal-sided ;  lobes  1-2,  broad,  acute,  1-2-costate ;  petiole 
channelled  up  to  the  knee.  Peduncle  1-2  in.,  very  stout.  Spathe  white.  Spadix 
subclavate.  Stigma  a  raised  furrow  on  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Berries  full  of  inter- 
cellular needles. — Scortechini  figures  and  describes  the  ovary  as  2-celled,  with  an 
erect  ovule  in  each  cell ;  but  Mr.  Brown  and  1  find  1  cell  and  2  ovules  on  each 
placenta. 

26.  EPXPREMNUM,  Schoit. 

Characters  of  Rhaphidophcrra,  but  the  ovules  are  1-3  anatropous  on  a 
nearly  basal  placenta,  and  the  berries  are  not  confluent. — Species  about  8, 
Malayan  and  Polynesian. 

This  genus  had  better  be  merged  in  Rhaphidophora. 

1.  E.  g-i^anteum,  Schott  in  Bonpland.  v.  (1857)  45 ;  Prodr.  389 ; 
leaves  entire  oblong  obtuse  base  cordate,  nerves  very  many  and  close 
horizontal,  spathe  6-10  in.  subsessile  fusiform  falcate  woody.  Engler 
Arac.  249.  Scindapsus  giganteus,  Scjiott  Meletem.  i.  21 ;  Kuntli  Enum. 
iii.  63.  Monstera  gigantea,  Schott  in  Wien.  Zeitsch.  (1829),  ex  Linnsea, 
1831,  Litter.  Ber.  53.     Pothos  giganteus,  Roxb.  Ft.  Ind.  i.  434. 

Pknano,  Roxburgh.     Peeak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 


Epipreynnum.]  clxvi.  aroide^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  549 

A  lofty  climber,  over  100  ft.;  stem  2-3  in.  diam.  Leaves  12-24  by  6-12  in., 
bright  green  (drying  yellow-brown)  very  coriaceous,  shining  above ;  costa  very 
stout,  nerves  trabeculate  by  the  rectangular  nervules  ;  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade, 
winged  throughout  its  length.  Peduncle  solitary.  Spathe  ending  in  a  curved  beak. 
Spadix  as  long  as  the  spathe.  Stigmas  on  a  style  that  rises  from  the  hollow  crown 
of  the  ovary. — Roxburgh  describes  the  spathe  as  dirty  dull  purple,  but  it  is  dull 
green  in  his  drawing.  King's  Collector  says  of  the  Perak  spathe,  green  outside  and 
yellow  within,  its  walls  are  about  ^  in.  thick. — A  closely  allied  flowerless  plant  in 
Herb.  Wallich  (No.  4442,  from  Singapore),  has  leaves  18  in.  long  by  5^  broad. 

2.  S.  mirabile,  Schott  Gen.  Avoid,  t.  79 ;  Prodr.  338 ;  leaves  entire 
pinnatifid  or  pinnatisect,  base  cordate,  segments  ensiform  falcate  truncate 
acute  or  acuminate  1-3-costate  base  rounded  or  broadly  cordate,  spathe 
§  in.  cymbiform.  Engler  Arac.  249  ;  N:  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Chron.  1882,  i. 
180,  and  Journ.  Bot.  (1882)  332.  Ehaphidopbora  caudata,  Schott  in  Bon- 
pland.  V.  (1857)  45.  E.  Wallichii,  Scliott  Prodr.  383  ;  Engler  I.  c.  245.  R. 
pinnata  and  pinuatifida,  Scliott  in  Bonpland.  I.  c. ;  Prodr.  384.  R.  lacera, 
JEassk,  Gat.  Sort.  Bogor.  58 ;  PI.  Jav.  Bar.  155.  R.  Cunninghamii,  Schott 
in  Bonpland.  ix.  (1861)  367.  Scindapsus  caudatus,  pinnatifidus  and 
pinnatus,  Schott  Meletem.  i.  21 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  62-63.  S.  candatus, 
Engl.  I.  c.  248.  Pothos  caudatus,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  436 ;  Wall.  PI.  As. 
Bar.  a.  t.  192.  P.  decursivus,  Wall,  in  As.  Bes.  ii.  83,  t.  192  ;  PL  As.  Bar. 
ii.  83  (the  Aftran  plant  only).  P.  pinnatifidus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  437.  P. 
decurrens  {error  for  decursivus),  Wall.  Cat.  4437  A  {in  part),  B. — Monstera 
pinnatifida,  Schott  in  Wien.  Zeitschr.  1820 ;  in  Linncea,  vi.  Litter.  Ber. 
62.     Bumph.  Herb.  Amb.  v.  489,  t.  183,  f.  2. 

Mabtaban  and  Tenasserim,  TFallichy  Falconer.  Penang,  Roxburgh. — Dis- 
TEIB.  Malaya,  Australia,  Polynesia. 

A  lofty  climber ;  stem  stout,  1  in.  diam.,  clothed  above  with  a  network  of  the 
fibrous  remains  of  the  stipular  sheaths.  Leaves  12-20  by  7-12  in.,  always  with  small 
•  fenestrations  or  perforations  along  the  region  of  the  midrib,  by  which  it  may  be 
distifiguished  from  all  allied  plants  ;  lobes  4-10  pairs,  terminal  trapezoid ;  petiole 
8-15  in.,  knee  1-1|  in.  Spathe  4-4^  in.,  green  without,  yellowish  within.  Spadix 
sessile,  |  in.  thick,  obtuse,  green.  Ovaries  l-celled,  placentas  stretching  half-way 
across  the  cell ;  stigma  linear  ;  ovules  1-3  at  the  base  of  the  placentas. — Schott  figures 
many  arrested  ovules  which  I  do  not  find.  Roxburgh  says  of  the  Penang  plant  grow- 
ing in  the  Bot.  Garden,  that  the  extreme  leafless  shoots  ai-e  long  and  pendulous, 
differing  thus  from  all  other  species  of  Pothos  known  to  him.  This  species  (if  the 
identifications  are  correct  with  the  Pacific  plant)  is  the  Tonga  drug,  much  lauded  in 
cases  of  rheumatism.  1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Brown  for  unravelling  the  intricate 
synonymy  of  E.  mirahile  and  Mha^hidophora  decursiva. 

3.  B.  humile,  Hookf.;  dwarf,  leaves  entire  ovate-cordate  acuminate, 
nerves  spreading  and  arched,  spathe  1-1^  in.  cymbiform  beaked.  Ana- 
dryum  humile,  Schott  in  Miq.  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  i.  127  ;  Engler  Arac, 
181 ;  Ic.  ined.  No.  152. 

Penang,  Maingay  {Kew  Distrib.  1560.)  Perak,  Curtis,  Scortechini.—'Disi: rib. 
Sumatra. 

Eoo^s^ocfc  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  creeping  (climbing?).  Leaves  4-7  by 
3-4^  in.,  coriaceous,  acuminate,  sinus  deep  narrow  rounded  at  the  base ;  nerves  many, 
spreading,  arched,  and  branching  with  the  secondary;  petiole  6-12  in.,  not  sheath- 
ing. Peduncle  solitary,  1^-2  in.  Spathe  erect.  Spadix  shorter.  Stamens  4. 
Oi'ary  obpyramidal,  truncate,  l-celled;  placenta  parietal,  stretching  nearly  across 
the  cell,  with  one  erect  anatropous  ovule  on  each  side  of  its  base  ;  stigmas  hemi- 
spheric.— The  ovary  is  certainly  l-celled  according  to  both  Mr.  Brown's  and  my  own 
analyses,  the  ovules  are  detected  with  great  difficulty.  The  habit  is  very  unlike  that 
of  either  E.  giganteum  or  mirabile. 


550  CLXvi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

27.  XiASXA,  Lour. 

A  stout  spinous  marsh  plant ;  rhizome  branched  and  petiole  peduncle 
and  leaf  nerves  beneath  all  prickly.  Leaves  long-petioled,  hastate,  entire 
or  pedately  pinnatifid.  Spathe  very  long,  narrow,  fleshy,  twisted,  base 
convolute,  deciduous.  Syadix  short,  cylindric,  dense-fld.,  flowering  down- 
wards. Sepals  4-6,  obovate,  tips  truncate  incurved.  Stamens  ^6,  fila- 
ments short,  flat ;  anther-lobes  parallel,  slits  extrorse.  Ovary  ovoid,  1-celled, 
1-ovuled;  style  stoat;  stigma  depressed;  ovule  pendulous  from  the  top  ot" 
the  cell,  anatropous  or  semi-anatropous.  Berries  obpyramidal,  6-sided,  top 
warted  or  muricate.  Seed  compressed,  rugose,  exalbuminous ;  embryo 
macropodal. 

Zi.  heterophylla,  Sclwtt  Melet.  21 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  67 ;  Miq.  FL 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  176.  L.  Zollingeri,  Jenkinsii,  and  Hermanni,  Schott  in  Bon- 
pland.  V.  (1857)  125.  L.  desciscens,  Schott  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd,  Bat.  i. 
127.  L.  Roxburghii,  Griff.  Itin.  Notes,  iii.  155  ;  Notul.  iii.  155.  L.  spinosa, 
Thw.  Enum.  336  ;  Engl.  Monog.  Arac.  273.  Pothos  Lasia.  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
438;  Wall.  Cat.  4447.  P.  heterophylla,  Boxh.  I.e.  437;  Wight  Ic.  t.  777. 
P.  spinosa,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Gat.  4447.  Dracontium  spinosum,  Linn.  Sp. 
Fl.  967. 

From  tropical  Sikkim  Himalaya,  Assam,  Bengal,  and  Burma,  southwards  to 
SiNGAPOEE  and  Ceylon. — Distbib.  Malay  Islds.,  China. 

Rootstock  1  in.  diam.  Leaves  6-18  in.  long,  rigidly  coriaceous,  young  hastate  or 
sagittate  with  broad  or  narrow  basal  lobes,  older  often  broader  than  long,  and  deeply 
pinnatifid,  base  cordate,  lobes  1-costate  acuminate ;  petiole  terete,  2-4  ft.,  sheathing 
towards  the  base.  Peduncle  about  as  long  as  the  petiole,  slender.  Spathe  8-14  in., 
claret-colrd.,  opening  at  the  base  only.  Spadix  about  1  in.,  claret-colrd.,  fruiting 
4-5  in.  and  1  in.  diam. 

28.  FODOIiASZA,  N.  E.  Br. 

Habit  and  characters  of  Lasia,  and  like  it  prickly,  but  the  leaves  are 
always  entire,  the  spathe  short,  open  to  the  base,  the  ovul«  is  laterally 
attached  towards  the  base  of  the  ovarian  cells,  and  the  berries  are  globose, 
quite  smooth,  and  entirely  exserted  beyond  the  sepals. 

P.  stlpitata,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Gard.  Ghron.  1882,  ii.  70.  ' 

Peeak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Rootstoch  as  thick  as  the  little  finger  or  thicker,  creeping.  Leaves  8-14  in., 
broad  or  narrow,  hastate  or  sagittate,  6-12  in.  broad  across  the  insertion  of  the 
petiole  ;  basal  lobes  parallel  divaricating  or  horizontal,  ^-4  in.  broad,  acute  or  acu- 
minate J  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade  or  shorter,  slender.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the 
petiole,  very  slender.  Spathe  3-5  in.,  narrowly  cymbiform,  deep  red.  Spadix  about 
I  as  long  as  the  spathe,  red  ;  stipes  ^-^  in.  Berries  J  in.  diam.,  few  on  the  spadix, 
red. 

29.  CVRTOSPSRMA,  Griff. 

Perennial  warted  or  prickly  herbs.  Leaves  hastate.  Spathe  expanded, 
straight  or  twisted,  base  convolute  or  not,  persistent.  Spadix  short,  dense- 
fid.,  flowering  downwards.  Sepals  4-8,  truncate,  tip  incurved.  Stamens 
4-8,  filaments  short,  flat ;  anthers  ovate-oblong,  slits  extrorse.  Ovary  1- 
celled;  stigma  sessile,  pulvinate;  ovules  1  or  more,  semi-anatropous,  pen- 
dulous by  long  funicles  from  near  the  middle  of  the  cell.     Berries  crowded, 


Cyrtosperma.']  clxvi.  aroideJ!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  551 

obovoidly  globose,  smooth,  1-7-seeded,  scarcely  longer  than  the  accrescent 
sepals.  Seeds  compressed,  crested ;  albumen,  scanty ;  embryo  hooked.  — 
Species  about  10^  tropical. 

C.  lasioides,  Griff.  Bin.  Notes  iii.  149 ;  Nolul.  iii.  150;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat. 
t.  169 ;  leaves  sagittate,  lobes  caudate-acuminate,  petiole  and  peduncle 
prickly,  flowers  6-merous,  ovules  2.  ScJiott  Gen.  t.  84 ;  Prodr.  403  ;  Engler 
Arac.  270 ;  Ic.  Ined.  No.  m.—  Wall.  Cat.  4447. 

Peeak  ;  in  marshes,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector.  Malacca.,  Griffith.  Singa- 
POBE,  Gaudichaud,  &c. — Disteib.  Borneo. 

Rootstock  stout.  Leaves  like  those  o(  Lasia,  2^-3  ft.,  basal  lobes  as  long  as  the 
median,  costa  and  nerves  prickly  beneath ;  petiole  2-8  ft.,  sometimes  as  thick  as 
the  middle  finger.  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  1-5  in>.,  lengthening 
to  8  in  fruit,  open  to  the  base,  flat,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  caudate-trcuminate,  many- 
nerved,  white  or  yellow  within,  reddish-brown  without  striped  with  green.  Spadix 
pink ;  stipes  stout,  dorsally  adnate  to  the  spathe.  Fruiting  spadix  4-6  by  1  in. 
diam.     Berries  closely  packed. — Young  plants  are  smaller  in  foliage  and  spathe. 

30.  ANAPKVXiZiUnX,  8chott. 

A  tall  herb,  with  creeping  rootstock.  Leaves  broad,  membranous, 
pinnate  or  pedatipartite.  Spathe  large,  broadlylanceolate,  caudate,  twisted, 
membranous,  deciduous,  base  very  shortly  convolute.  Spadix  short,  cylin- 
dric,  stipitate,  flowering  idown wards,  base  adnate  to  the  spathe.  Sepals  4, 
large,  obovate,  truncate,  incurved.  Stamens  4,  filaments  flat;  anther- 
cells  saccate,  pores  terminal.  Ovary  ovoid  or  oblong,  1-celled,  1-ovuled; 
stigma  sessile,  disciform  ;  ovule  semiauatropous,  parietal.  Berries  obo- 
void. 

A.  Wigrhtii,  Schott  Gen.  Aroid.  t.  83  ;  Prodr.  404 ;  Engler  Arac.  275. 
—Wall.  Gat.  8968. 

Teavancoee  ;  Courtallam.  Wight. 
Leaves  1-2  ft.  long  or  more;  leaflets  2-6  pairs,   sessile  or  petiolulate,  8-18  by 
2-4  in.,  acuminate,  1-costate,  base  cuneate  rounded    or  acuminate,  terminal  lobe 
simple  or  divided  ;  petiole  3-4  ft.,  quite  smooth.     Peduncle  longer  than  the    leaf. 
Spathe  6-12  by  2-4  in.     Spadix  1  in. 

31.  POTKOS,  Linn. 

Climbing  branched  shrubs,  branches  rooting.  Leaves  distichous.  Pe- 
duncles terminal  or  axillary  or  from  lateral  shoots.  Spathe  small,  reflexed, 
cymbiform,  or  elongate,  persistent.  Spadix  sessile  or  stipitate,  flower- 
ing upwards,  stipes  often  decurved  or  flexuous.  Septals  6,  tips  incurved. 
Stamens  6,  filaments  flat;  anther-cells  ellipsoid,  slits  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled  ;  stigma  small ;  ovules  1  in  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous.  Berries  1-3-seeded.  Seeds  exalbuminous  ;  embryo  macropodal. — 
Species  about  20,  tropical  Asiatic,  Australia  and  Pacific,  with  one 
Madagascar. 

A.  Leaves  with  a  broad  flat  truncate  petiole,  and  short  entire  sheath. 
Spadix  (in  the  Indian  species)  very  short,  globose  oblong  or  pyriform,  stipes 
long. 

1.  P.  scandenSy  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  968;  leaves  2-4  in.  obovate  or  lanceo- 
late, peduncles  ^-^  in.,  bracts  very  small,  spathe  cymbiform  cuspidate, 
spadix  globose  ovoid  or  shortly  oblong.     Bot.  Beg.  t.  133  ;  SooTc.  Ic.  PI.  t. 


552  CLXVi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Pothos. 

175 ;  Schott  Meleiem.  i.  21 ;  Avoid,  i.  22,  t.  33  ;  Prodr.  563 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
ii.  457  ;  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  65 ;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PI.  229 ;  Dalz.  8r  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  257  ;  Wall.  Gat.  4435 ;  excl.  D,  E,  F  ;  Fngler  Arac.  84  (excl  var. 
/3).  P.  exiguiflorus  and  cognatus,  ScJiott  II.  cc.  21,  22,  t.  41,  48,  and  561, 
562.  P.  fallax,  ScJiott  Prodr.  560.  P.  decipiens,  Schott  in  Bowpland. 
(1859),  165;  Prodr.  562.  P.  Roxburghii,  De  Vriese  in  Plant.  Jungh.  i.  103. 
— Eheede  Hart.  Mai.  vii.  t.  40. 

Throughout  India,  on  walls  and  tree  trunks,  from  Bengal  eastward  to  Bubm  a,  and 
southward  to  Sinqapoee  ;  and  from  the  Concan  to  Ceylon,  and  the  Andaman  and 
NicoBAR  ISLDS. — DiSTHiB.  Malay  Islds.,  China. 

Stem  as  thick  as  the  little  finger,  much  branched ;  internodes  ^1  in.  Leaves 
very  variable,  5-2  in.  broad,  acute apiculate  or  acuminate;  base  cuneate  or  rounded  ; 
petiole  1-3  by  :^-f  in.,  base  ^-amplexicaul.  Peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
bracts,  which  are  ^-^  in.  long.  Spathe  \-\  in.  green.  Spadix  ^-\  in.  diam., 
yellow,  about  as  long  as  its  stipes.  Berries  i-|  in.  long,  oblong, — P.  cognatus, 
distinguished  by  the  short  peduncle  is  not  even  a  constant  variety,  and  there  are  not  a 
few  other  Schottian  species,  that  must  go  under  P.  scandens. 

2.  P.  Vriesianus,  Schott  Aroid.  22,  t.  36 ;  Prodr.  565 ;  characters 
of  P.  scandens,  but  bracts  much  larger,  \  in.  long  and  broad,  spadix  larger 
erect  inclined  or  deflexed.  Engler  Arac.  80.  P.  Roxburghii,  Schott  Aroid. 
I.e.  t.  37  [not  of  de  Vriese).  Engler  Z.  c.  81.  P.  scandens.  Wall.  Gat. 
4435? 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt,  1-4000  ft.,  J.  D.  R.  Bhotan,  GrijSHtk ;  Silhet, 
Wallich. 

Almost  exactly  intermediate  between  P.  scandens,  of  which  it  has  the  foliage, 
&c.,  and  P.  Cathcartii ;  which  has  larger  but  quite  similar  spathes  and  spadix. 
De  Vriese  erred  in  supposing  that  Roxburgh's  and  Wight's  plant  differed  from 
scandens, 

3.  P.  Cathcartij  Schott  Aroid.  i.  22,  t  44,  45  ;  Prodr.  565 ;  leaves  3-6  in. 
ovate  oblong  or  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate,  peduncle  very  stout  |-|  in., 
bracts  large  concave,  spathe  orbicular,  spadix  stoutly  stipitate  suberect  or 
decurved  oblong  or  globose.  Engler  Arac.  85.  P.  scandens,  Bon  Prodr. 
21 ;  Wall.  Gat.  4435,  D,  E,  F. 

Tbopical  Himalaya,  ascending  to  4000  ft.  from  Kumaon,  Strachey  ^'  Winter- 
bottom  to  Bhotan,  Assam,  the  Khasia  Hills,  Munnipore  and  Burma. 

A  very  muqb  larger  plant  than  P.  scandens,  or  Vriesianus,  with  thickly  coria- 
ceous bracts,  the  inner  sometimes  ^  in.  long,  a  spathe  sometimes  nearl}'  an  inch 
broad,  and  spadix  \~^  in.  diam.,  on  a  stipes  §-f  in.  long.  Berries  J-f  in.  long, 
obovoid  or  oblong,  scarlet. 

4.  p.  angrustifolius,  Presl.  Epimel.  242;  leaves  1^-2  by  i-}  in. 
linear  apiculate,  peduncle  very  short,  bracts  small,  spathe  lanceolate, 
spadix  suberect  minute  globose  or  ellipsoid.  Schott  Aroid.  i.  21,  t.  31 ; 
Prodr.  559  ;  Engler  Arac.  81. 

Tenassebim,  Heifer,  &c. 

Stem  much  branched  ;  branches  short,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill ;  internodes  ^— i  in. 
Leaves  i-^  in.  broad ;  nerves  parallel ;  petiole  i-|in.  Spathe^  in.  long.  Spadix 
-Jg-i  in.  diam. 

5.  P.  Kookeri,  Schott  Aroid.  i.  23,  t.  46 ;  Prodr.  566  ;  leaves  3-4  in. 
lanceolate  acuminate,  peduncle  1^2f  in.  decurved,  bracts  ovate  acute, 
spathe  cymbiform  acuminate,  spadix  oblong.  P.  scandens.  Hook.  Ic.  PL  t. 
176.     P.  scandens,  var.  Hookeri,  Engler  Arac.  84. 


Pothos.']  CLxvi.  AROiDEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  553 

Ceylon,  Walker. 

Stim  and  foliage  as  in  the  common  state  of  P.  seandens  and  Vriesianus. 
Peduncle  often  longer  than  the  petiole.  Spathe  i-f  in.  Spadix  \-\  in.,  its  stipes 
about  as  long. 

6.  P.  macrocephalus,  Scort.  mss. ;  leaves  lanceolate  apiculate, 
petiole  as  long  as  the  blade,  peduncle  1^-2  in.  decurved,  spathe  ovate- 
cordate  or  orbicular  cuspidate,  spadix  globose  or  shortly  pyriform. 

Perak,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. 

Climbing  60-80  ft. ;  branches  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  internodes  ^-f  in. 
Leaves  2^d^  by  i-|  in. ;  rather  broader  than  the  petiole.  Peduncle  rather  stout ; 
bracts  very  variable,  sometimes  few  with  the  longest  only  ^  in.,  at  others  many,  and 
^  in.  long.  Spathe  ^-|  in.  diara.,  white ;  occasionally  a  second  small ei^uperior  spathe 
occurs.  Spadix  ^  in.  diam.,  or  less,  yellow. — This  differs  from  P.  Junghunianus 
and  macrophyllus,  de  Vriese  (in  Plant.  Jungh .  i.  103,  104)  of  Java  and  Sumatra 
solely  in  the  narrower  leaves  and  great  length  of  the  petiole.  I  suspect  that  all 
there  may  prove  forms  of  one. 

B.  Petiole  (knee  only)  very  short ;  sheath  very  long,  split  to  the  base. 
Sjaadix  long,  sessile  or  stipitate. 

*  Spadix  cylindric,  dense-fid. ;  flowers  no  t  in  clusters. 

7.  P.  King-ii,  HooJc.f. ;  stout,  leaves  6-10  by  3-4  in.  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  base  narrowed  rounded,  bracts  1^-2  in., 
spathe  4-6  in.  ovate-lanceolate. 

Pebak;  Scortechini,  King's  Collector;  alt.  2-3000  ft. 

Stem  6-10  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill,  branches  2-3  ft.,  pale.  Leaves  coria- 
ceous, often  unequal-sided,  shining  on  both  surfaces;  petiole  |  in.;  sheath  3-4  in., 
margins  membranous,  at  length  fibrous,  tip  2-anricled.  Spathe  dark  purple  within, 
pale  without.  Spadix  half  as  long.  Ovary  oblong;  style  very  short,  stigma 
penicillate. 

8.  B.  Barberianus,  Schott  Aroid.  24,  t.  53 ;  Prodr.  573  ;  leaves  3-5 
bv  1^-lJ  in.  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  base  rounded,  sheath 
clasping  the  branch,  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary,  spathe  linear- 
lanceolate.     Engler  Arac.  90. 

Peeak;  on  rocks,  Scortechini,  King's  Collector. — DiSTEiB.  Borneo. 

Stem  slender,  branches  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  tip 
sometimes  caudate;  petiole  i  in.,  sheath  2-3  in.,  by  ^^  in.  broad,  biauricled. 
Peduncle  deflexed,  1-1^  in.  Spathe  f-1  in.,  acuminate.  Spadix  as  long,  sessile. 
Stigmas  pulvinate,  sessile. 

9.  P.  Wallichii,  Hook.  f. ;  leaves  3^-4  in.  oblong-lanceolate  acumi- 
nate, base  cuneate  or  rounded,  sheath  divergent  from  the  branch,  peduncles 
axillary  and  terminal,  spatiae  linear-lanceolate  acuminate.  P.  tenera. 
Wall.  Gat.  4439,  B.  {not  Wall,  in  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  Ed.  Carey).  P.  gracilis, 
Schott  Prodr.  572.     Engler  Arac.  91  {not  ofBoxb.) 

Penang,  Porter,  Curtis ;  Peeak,  Scortechini. 

Very  similar  to  P.  Barherianus  in  foliage,  bub  a  more  slender  plant,  with  the 
spreading  leaf-sheaths  not  |  In.  broad,  the  peduncle  1^-3  in.  long  much  more  slender, 
a  shortly  stipitate  spadix,  and  a  slender  minute  style  with  a  very  inconspicuous 
stigma. — In  Carey's  Edition  of  Roxburgh's  Flora  Indica,  Wallich  proposed  the  name 
of  P.  tenera  for  an  Amboyna  plant  cultivated  in  the  Calcutta  Garden,  named  P. 
gracilis  by  Roxburgh  in  mss. 


554  CLXvi.  AROiDEJ!.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  \_Pothos. 

10.  P.  lancifolius,  Hooh.  f. ;  leaves  4-7  by  1-1|  in.  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate  caudate-acuminate  base  cuneate  sheath  divergent  from  the 
branch,  peduncle  terminal,  bracts  0,  spathe  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate. 

Pkbak  ;  Scoriechini. 

A  large  climber,  branches  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous, 
pale  when  dry,  and  undulate  within  the  margin,  tip  slender ;  nerves  erecto-patent ; 
petiole  ^-5  in.,  sheath  slender,  tip  bifid.  Peduncle  1-1^  in.,  spreading  or  deflexed. 
Spathe  1|  in.,  lurid  purple,  striate.  Spadix  1-1^  in.,  subsessile,  cylindric,  obtuse, 
\  in.  diam.     Sepals  and  stamens  6  each  ;  filaments  linear-oblong.     Stigma  minute. 

**  Spadix  slender  ;  flowers  in  small  spirally  disposed  or  whorled  clusters. 

11.  P.  latifolius,  Sook.f. ;  leaves  5-7  by  2|-4  in.  oblong  or  obovate- 
oblong  acute  or  obtuse  base  rounded  or  cuneate,  sheath  divergent  from  the 
branch,  peduncle  terminal,  bracts  0,  spathe  linear  from  a  rounded  base, 
tip  emarginate  mucronate  in  the  sinus  much  shorter  than  the  stipitate 
spadix. 

Peeaz  ;  Larut,  alt.  2-3000  ft..  King's  Collector. 

Stem  climbing,  10-15  ft. ;  branches  rather  stout,  internodes  1-1^  in.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  nerves  nearly  horizontal,  slightly  arching;  petiole  ^l  in.,  sheath  3-4  in. 
Peduncle  deflexed  or  sigmoid.  Spathe  2^  in.,  pale  green,  reflexed,  5-nerved,  mucro 
i  in.  long.  Spadix  3-5  in. ,  yellow,  flowers  in  approximate  equidistant  whorls  or 
spirally  disposed. 

12.  P.  Blaingrayi,  ITook.f. ;  leaves  4-5  by  1-1^  in.  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate  acuminate  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  sheath  divergent  from  the 
branch,  peduncles  terminal,  spathe  linear  oblong  ?  much  shorter  than  the 
slender  stipitate  spadix,  flowers  very  minute  laxly  distantly  whorled. 

Malacca,  Maingay.     {Kew  Distrib.  1538,  P.  gracilis). 

Branches  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill,  internodes  ^-1  in.  Leaves  coriaceous,  drying 
brown  ;  nerves  widely  spreading,  slightly  arched ;  petiole  ^  in. ;  sheath  2^-3  in. 
Peduncle  1^-2  in.,  usually  tortuous.  Spathe  imperfect.  Spadix  3  in.,  stipes  i  in. 
Stamens  very  short. 

13.  P.  Curtisii,  Hoolc.  f. ;  leaves  5-7  by  1^2  in.  oblong-lanceolate 
or  linear-oblong  acuminate  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  sheath  divergent  from 
the  branch,  peduncles  terminal,  spathe  narrowly  linear  from  a  dilated 
rounded  base  shorter  than  the  slender  stipitate  spadix,  flowers  in  crowded 
spirals. 

Peeak  ;  Scortechini ;  King^s  Collector.     Penang  ;   Curtis. 

Resembles  P.  Maingayi  so  closely  that  I  hesitate  to  describe  it  as  specifically 
different,  but  the  flowers  are  more  than  twice  as  large  as  in  that  plant,  and  densely 
clustered  on  the  much  longer  (often  6  in.)  spadix;  and  the  stamens  are  much  longer. 
The  narrow  reflexed  spathe  is  2-2^  in.  long. 

14.  Pi  Kunstleri,  Hooh.  f. ;  leaves  8-12  by  2-3^  in.  unequal-sided 
oblong  or  subfalcately  oblanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  base  cuneate  or 
rounded,  sheath  divergent  from  the  branch,  peduncle  terminal,  spathe 
linear  apiculate,  spadix  very  slender,  flowers  spirally  whorled. 

Peeaz  ;  King's  Collector. 

Stem  climbing  10-15  ft.  Leaves  coriaceous,  very  variable,  the  older  or  lower 
(like  those  of  P.  latifolius)  are  up  to  3  in.  broad,  acuminate,  base  rounded,  the 
younger  are  as  long  but  only  2-2^  in.  broad,  with  very  long  pointed  tips  and  acute 
bases  j  nerves  spreading  and  arching,  much  more  close  in  the  older  leaves  ;  sheaths 


Pothos.']  CLxvi.  AROiDEJ!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  555 

2-3  in.  Peduncle  1^  in.,  decurved  or  tortuous.  Spathe  1|  by  $  in.,  tip  obtuse 
apiculate.     Spadidn  5  in. ;  flowers  solitary  or  clustered. 

15.  P.  remotiflorus,   Hook.  Ic.  Fl.  t.  133 ;  leaves  3-6  by  |-2  in. 

unequal-sided  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  caudate- 
acuminate,  base  acute  or  obtuse,  sheaths  very  slender  divergent  from  the 
branch,  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary,  spathe  linear-lanceolate  apiculate, 
spadix  very  slender  zigzag,  flowers  solitary.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  65 ;  Schott 
Aroid.  i.  25,  t.  54;  Prodr.  573;  TJiw.  Enum.  337;  Engler  Arac.  92. 
P.  elliptica.  Moon  Cat.  PL  Gey  I.  10  {name  only) ;  Mia.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
182. 

Ceylon  ;   Walker  ;  up  to  4000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Stem  as  thick  as  a  sparrow -quill,  much  branched.  Leaves  coriaceous,  tips  fili- 
form; nerves  erecto-patent,  arched;  petiole  \  in.,  very  slender,  sometimes  in  a 
straight  line  with  the  sheath,  which  is  i-l^  in.  long.  Peduncle  1-1^- in.,  erect, 
decurved,  or  slender.     Spathe  f-2^  in.,  striate,  base  rounded.     Spadix  1-2^  in. 

C.  Petiole  very  short;,  base  semi-amplexicaul  (sheath  0). 

16.  P.  Thoxnsonianus,  Schott  Aroid.  i.24,  t.  51 ;  Prodr.  571 ;  leaves 
4-6  by  1^-2  in.  elliptic-  or  oblong-lanceolate  caudate-acuminate,  base 
cuneate,  peduncles  lateral  and  terminal,  spathe  small  oblong-lanceolate, 
spadix  subsessile  cylindric  dense-fld. 

The  Caenatic  ;  G.  Thomson. 

Sranehes  aa  thick  as  a  duck's  quill.  Leaves  thinly  coriaceous,  rather  unequal- 
sided,  drying  yellowish ;  petiole  ^-^  in.  Peduncle  1  in.,  decurved.  Spathe  ^  in. 
Spadix  f-1  in. — Formed  parts  of  a  herbarium  made  by  collectors  in  the  Carnatic 
employed  by  the  late  Gideon  Thomson,  Esq.,  of  Madras,  for  his  brother,  the  late 
Director  of  the  Calcutta  Bot.  Garden. 

INDETERMINABLE    SPECIES. 

P.  BiVAEius,  Wall.  Cat.  4445,  from  Singapore,  young  leaves  only. 
P.  OBLiQuus,  Wall.  Cat.  4446 ;  from  Tavoy,  Gomez. 


32.  ACORUS,  Linn. 

Aromatic  marsh  herbs,  rootstock  creeping.  Leaves  distichous,  ensiform, 
base  equitant,  nerves  parallel.  Peduncle  leaf-lite.  Spathe  the  ensiform 
continuation  of  the  peduncle.  Spadix  sessile,  cylindric,  dense-fld.,  flowering 
upwards.  Sepals  6,  orbicular,  concave,  tips  incurved.  Stamens  6,  fila- 
ments linear  flat ;  anther  reniform,  cells  confluent  above,  slits  extrorse. 
Ovary  conical,  2-3-celled ;  stigma  minute ;  ovules  many,  pendulous  from 
the  top  of  each  cell,  orthotropous.  Berries  few-seeded.  iSeeds  oblong, 
micropyle  often  fimbriate,  albumen  fleshy,  embryo  axile. — Species  2  north 
temp,  regions. 

1.  A.  Calamus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  324;  leaves  3-6  ft.  midrib  stout 
Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  169 ;  Don  Prodr.  21 ;  Wall.  Cat.  196 ;  Grah.  Cat 
Bomb.  PI.  230 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  Suppl.  96  ;  Thw.  Enum.  337  • 
Griff.  Notul.  iii.  157  ;  Ic  PI.  Asiat.  1. 162.  Engler  Arac.  217.  A.  Griffithii 
and  nilaghirensis,  Schott  in  CEstr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  (1858),  357,  and  (1859) 
101 ;  Prodr.  580,  and  579.  A.  Belangeri,  Schott  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat 
i.  284.  A.  Casia,  Bertol.  PI.  Nuov.  Asiat.  ii.  (1865),  8. — Eheede  Hort  Mai 
xi.  t.  48. 


556  CLXYi.  AROiDE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [PotJws. 

Throughout  India,  and  Ceylon,  in  marshes,  wild  or  cult.,  ascending  the  Himalaya 
to  6000  ft.  in  Sikkim.     Distrib.  north,  temp,  and  warm  regions. 

Rootstoch  very  aromatic.  Leaves  3-6  ft,  by  f-li  in.,  margins  waved.  Peduncle 
i-|  in.  broad.  S'pathe  6-30  in.  long.  Spadix  2-4  in.  ^-f  in.  diam.,  slightly 
curved.     Sepals  about  equalling  the  ovary. — Sweet  Flag. 

2.  A.  g-ramineus,  Soland.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  i.  474  ;  midrib  0.  Schott 
Frodr.  580  ;  Engler  Arac.  ii.  218.  A  Calamus,  Benth.  Ft.  Hongk.  345.  A. 
terrestris,  Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  118  ;  Schott  I.  c.  579.  A.  Tatarinovii,  Schott  in 
CEstr.  Bot  Zeitschr.  (1859)  101.     A.  Calamus  var.  terrestris,  Engler  I.  c.  217. 

SiZKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  6000  ft.  J.D.H.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Griffith, 
&c. — DiSTElB.  China,  Japan. 

Much  more  variable  in  size  than  A.  Calamus,  from  6  in.  to  3  ft.,  with  a  shorter 
spathe  and  more  slender  spadix. 

Oeder  CLXYII.     XiBXIINACISS:. 

Minute  or  small  annual  floating  green  scale-like  plants,  rootless  or 
with  capillary  roots,  propagated  by  budding  or  by  hybernating  bulbils, 
rarely  by  seed.  Flowers  1-3,  naked,  or  in  a  spathe  ;  perianth  0.  Stamens 
1-2,  anthers  1-  or  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  short ;  stigma  truncate, 
or  funnel-shaped ;  ovules  1-7.  Utricle  bottle-shaped.  Seeds  1-  or  more, 
testa  coriaceous ;  albumen  0,  or  fleshy;  embryo  axile,  cylindric— Genera 
2,  or  according  to  various  authors  3  or  4.     Species  about  20,  in  all  countries. 

1.  IiBBIKA,  Linn. 

Fronds  with  one  or  more  roots,  bearing  the  flowers  in  marginal  clefts. 
Filaments  slender  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovules  1-7. — Species  17,  natives  of  all 
countries. 

L.  ohcordata,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5201,  is  a  species  of  Biccia. 

1.  Zi.  minor,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  976 ;  root  solitary,  frond  symmetrical 
obovoid  or  oblong  nearly  flat  on  bpth  surfaces,  ovule  solitary.  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  4.  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  14.  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  141,  t.  9, 
10  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  29  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  ix.  266. 

Throughout  India?  Western  Tibet,  to  9500  ft.,  Thomson. — Disteib. 
Cosmopolitan. 

Frond  ^-\  in.  long ;  young  sessile  on  the  old,  but  soon  detached,  green  above, 
epidermal  cells  with  flexuous  walls.  Hoot-sheath  not  appendaged,  cap  obtuse. 
Spathe  2-lipped.  Stamens  2  (each  a  male  fl.).  Style  long.  Seed  horizontal,  hemi- 
anatropal,  albuminous. — Kurz  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  266)  thinks  that  L.  minor 
does  not  occur  in  India  proper.  If  this  be  so,  L.  paucicostata  has  been  mis- 
taken for  it,  a  point  I  must  leave  it  for  local  botanists  to  clear  up.  Hegelmaier  gives 
the  Caucasus  and  W.  Tibet  as  the  only  Asiatic  habitats. 

2.  Xi.  paucicostata,  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  139,  t.  8 ;  root  solitary,  frond 
asymmetrical  obovate  or  obovate-oblong  nearly  flat  on  both  surfaces,; 
ovule  solitary.  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  30.  L.  minor,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  216 ; 
Segelm.  in  Seem,.  Journ.  Bot.  (1865),  112;  Thw.  Enum.  331. 

In  various  parts  of  India  and  Ceylon  ;  ascending  the  Khasia  Hills  to  6000  ft. — 
Disteib.  Cosmopolitan  tropical. 

Distinguished  from  L.  minor  by  the  asymmetric  fronds,  appendaged  root-sheath, 
acute  root-cap,  and  erect  orthotropous  seed. 

3.  Xi.  gribba,  Linn.  Sp.   PL  970;  root  solitary,  frond   orbicular  or 


LemncL.']  clxvii.  LBMNACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  557 

obovoid  tumid  beneath,  ovules  2-7.  Seichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  1. 14 ;  Boiss. 
Fl.  Orient,  v.  30 ;  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  145,  t.  11-13.  Telmatophace  gibba, 
Schleid.  in  Linncea,  xiii.  391  ;  Kunth  JSnum.  iii.  6 ;  JS^urz  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  ix.  266. — Lemna,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  221  (2nd  species),  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t. 
263. 

Still  waters  throughout  India,  ascending  to  7000  ft.  in  the  Himalaya. — Distbib. 
Cosmopolitan. 

Frond  i-^  in.  diam.,  opaque,  young  sessile,  cells  beneath  very  large,  epidermis 
with  flexuous  walls.  Boot-sheath  elongate,  cylindric,  root-cap  acute.  Stamens  2. 
Utricle  circumciss.     Seeds  erect,  anatropous,  albumen  scanty  or  0. 

4.  Zi.  trisulca,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  970 ;  root  solitary,  frond  oblanceolate 
tip  serrate  young  hastate  persistent,  ovule  solitary.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  6 ; 
Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  15  ;  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  134,  t.  5,  6 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  vi.  29 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  281.  L.  cruciata,  Eoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii. 
566.— Lemna,  Griff.  Notul.  218  ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  262. 

Panjab,  Stetoart.  Bengal,  The  Concan,  Munnepore,  and  Buema. — Disteib. 
Temp,  and  trop.  regions. 

Fronds  ^-f  in.  long,  young  on  one  or  both  sides  placed  cross-wise  to  the  old  ; 
epidermis  0.  Root-cap  acute.  Style  very  short.  8eed  hemianatropous,  horizontal ; 
testa  rough,  grooved. 

5.  Zi.  polyrrhiza,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  970 ;  roots  many,  frond  herbaceous 
broadly  obovate  or  orbicular  flat  or  nearly  so  7-nerved,  ovules  1-2  erect. 
Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  15 ;  Thw.  Enum.  331 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  ix.  267.  L.  orbiculata,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  565.  L.  major.  Griff.  Notul 
iii.  216;  Ic.  Plant  Asiat.  t.  264!  {anal.).  Spirodela  polyrrhiza,  Schleid. 
in  Linnsea,  xiii.  392  ;  Kunth.  Enum.  iii.  7  ;  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  151,  t.  13-15  ; 
Boi^s.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  30. 

Common  throughout  India  and  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Temp,  and  trop.  regions. 

Fronds  \-^  in.  diam.,  dark  green  above,  usually  purplish  beneath  j  epidermal 
cells  with  flexuous  walls.  Spathe  2-lipped.  Stamens  2.  Ovules  1-2,  semianatro- 
pous. — Kurz  describes  a  var.  concolor  with  much  larger  fronds,  green  on  both  sur- 
faces, as  occurring  under  trees  in  Bengal. 

6.  Zi.  oligrorrliiza,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  ix.  267,  t.  5  ;  roots 
few,  fronds  membranous  ovate  or  oblong  3-5-nerved.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral. 
vii.  163.  Spirodela  oligorrhiza,  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  147,  t.  16.  S.  melanor  - 
rhiza  and  pleioirrhiza,  F.  Muell.  ex  Kurz  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bat.  (1867)  115. 

Bengal,  Kurz,  and  elsewhere  in  India. — Disteib.  Trop.  Asia,  Australia,  Poly- 
nesia. 

Fronds  \-\  in.  long  by  half  as  broad,  thin,  shining,  collected  in  circinate  groups, 
purple  beneath.  Boots  2-5,  very  long.  Flowers  as  in  L.  minor. — Kurz,  from  whom 
the  above  characters  are  taken,  says  that  he  at  first  took  it  for  an  extreme  form  of 
L.  polyrrhiza,  in  company  of  which  he  always  found  it  in  Bengal ;  but  on  discovering 
the  flowers  he  considered  it  distinct.  It  has  the  general  form  and  size  of  L. 
minor. 

2.  WOZirrZA,  Horlcel. 

Fronds  like  grains  of  sand,  rootless,  j)roliferons,  bearing  the  flowers  on 
the  upper  surface.  Spathe  0.  Anthers  sessile,  1-celled.  Style  short,  stigma 
depressed;  ovule  1,  erect. 

1.  W.  arrhiza,  Wim'm.  Fl.  Schles.  140;  fronds  subglobose.  W. 
Michelii,  Schleid.  Beitrag.  Bot.  233.     W.  Delilii,  Kurz  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 


558  CLXvii.  LEMNACE25.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \_WolJia. 

ix.  265  (not  of  Schleid.).  Lemna  arrhiza,  Linn.  Mant.  294.  L.  globosa, 
Roxh.  Fl.Ind.  ill.  bQh;  Grah.  Gat.  Bomb.  PL  262;  Balz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb. 
FL  281.  G-rantia  globosa,  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  229  ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  267,  f.  2. 
Bruniera  vivipara,  Franchet  in  Billot.  1864,  25. 

Common,  probably  throughout  India  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Cosmopolitan. 
Of  this  Kurz  distinguishes  two  Indian  varieties,  a  larger,  Delili  (Grantia  globosa, 
Griff.),  and  a  smaller  with  more  cylindric  fronds,  the  Lemna  glohosa,  lloxb. 

2,  W.  microscopical  Kurz  in  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  ix.  265 ;  frond  flat 
above,  conical  beneath  and  tapering  into  a  root  ?  Hegelm.  Lemnse,  127. 
Grantia  microscopica,  G^'iff.  Notul.  iii.  226 ;  Ic.  Plant.  Asiat.  t.  266-268. 

Bengal  ,  Griffith. 

Known  only  through  Griffith's  description  and  drawings. 

Order  CLXVIII.     TRZURXDSH:. 

Slender,  leafless,  coloured  annuals.  Stem  subsimple,  filiform,  with  a  few 
distant  scales.  Flowers  unisexual,  small,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  racemes  ; 
pedicels  decurved,  bracteate.  Perianth  inferior,  6-8-partite  or  -lobed  ; 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate  or  subulate,  valvate  in  bud.  Male  fl.  Stamens 
2-6,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  anthers  free  or  immersed  in  a  thick  disk, 
cells  2,  confluent,  slits  extrorse ;  pistillodes  3,  subulate,  or  0.  Fem.  fl. 
Staminodes  0  or  few.  Carpels  many,  sessile  on  a  receptacle,  1-celled ; 
style  terminal  lateral  or  basal,  persistent ;  stigma  acute,  clavate,  or  peni- 
cillate.  Ovules  solitary,  erect,  anatropous.  Achenes  in  a  globose  head, 
obovoid,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  nucleus  hard,  embryo  not  seen. — Genera  2, 
tropical  America  and  Asiatic. 

SCZAPKXZiA,  Blume. 

Perianth  3-8-partite  or  -lobed.  Anthers  sessile  at  the  base  of  tlie 
perianth.  Style  ventral  or  basilar. — Species  about  14,  Asiatic  and 
American. 

1.  S.  erubescens,  Miers  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  (1850)  74  ;  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  48 ;  raceme  many-fld.,  perianth  segments  6  broadly  lanceo- 
late naked  style,  clavate  penicillate  hardly  longer  than  the  ovary.  Tkw. 
Enum.  294 ;  Benth.  in  Hook.  Tourn.  Bot.  vii.  (1855)  10.  Aphylleia  eru- 
bescens.  Champ,  in  Calcutt.  Joi^rn.  Nat.  Hist.  vii.  468. 

Ceylon  ;  in  shady  woods  at  Galle,  Champion ;  Colombo,  Ferguson. 
^'  Stem3-4i  in.     Flowers  |  in.  diaai.,  hyaline,  pale  purplish,   speckled  with  red 
streaks  ;  pedicels  ^  in. 

2.  S.  secundiflora,  Thw.  ex  Benth.  in  Book,  Joum.  Bot.  vii.  (1855) 
10 ;  Enum.  294 ;  raceme  secund,  few-fld.,  perianth  segments  6  subulate 
acuminate  naked,  style  clavate  penicillate  hardly  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Ceylon  ;  forests  near  Sittawake,  !  waites. 

Stem  6-14  in.,  purplish ;  bract,  -oad,  acute.  Flowers  monoecious,  pedicel 
_i_-i  in. ;  perianth  about  i  in.  diam.        /*.,  2rs  sessile,  transversely  oblong,  white. 

3.  S.  janthina,  Thw.  Enum.  294;  flo\?ers  long-pedicelled,  perianth 
segments  8  lanceolate,  stamens  4,  '^^  subbasilar  filiform  much  longer 
than  the  ovary.  Hyalisma  janthin;  amp.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist. 
vii.  (1847)  468  ;  Miers.  in  Trans.  Lin.        yc.  xxi.  49. 

Teayancoke  j  Tinnevelly,  Beddome.     Ceylon  ;  in  damp  forests,  Champion. 


Sciaphila.']  clxviii.  TRiURiDEiE.    (J.  G.  Hooker.)  559 

Stem  4-8  in. ;  bracts  about  -^^  in.  Flowers  alternate,  opposite  and  whorled, 
mono-  or  dioecious,  pedicel  i-1  in. ;  male  ^  in.  diam.,  fem.  ^  in.  Anthers  sessile  on 
a  thick  disk. 

4.  S.  khasiana,  Hook.f.  in  Gen.  Plant,  iii.  1003 ;  perianth  segments 
4-5  ovate-acuminate,  male  fl.  with  3  subulate  pistillodes,  style  ventral 
filiform  much  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.  Sr  T.  T. 

Plant  red -purple.  8tem  3-6  in.,  filiform  or  capillary,  flexuous,  simple  or  branched, 
naked  or  with  a  few  scales,  fem.  much  the  stoutest.  Flowers  dioecious,  racemose, 
male  ^  in.  diam.,  fem  twice  as  large  and  longer  pedicelled;  bracts  of  male  minute, 
of  fem.  i  in.,  subulate ;  perianth  papillose.  Anthers  very  large,  globosely  4-lobed, 
white,  dehiscence  transverse  ;  pistillodes  erect,  subulate,  purple.  Carpels  many, 
papillose.  Achenes  reniformly  obovoid,  pericarp  cellular,  purple.  Seed  conform  to 
the  pericarp ;  testa  chartaceous,  yellow-brown,  transversely  strongly  reticulate ; 
nucleus  oblong,  cellular,  homogeneous,  white. — Described  from  drawings  I  made  in 
the  Khasia. 

Order  CLXIX.    AZiZSHKACISH:. 

Marsh  or  water  plants  of  various  habit.  Leaves  radical,  entire.  Flowers 
regular,  uni-  or  bisexual.  Perianth  segments  6,  2-seriate,  outer  (sepals) 
herbaceous,  inner  petaloid  rarely  0.  Stamens  6  or  more,  hypogynous  or 
perigynous  ;  anthers  erect,  basifixed,  2-celled,  slits  lateral  or  dorsal.  Car- 
pels  3-6  or  more,  1 -celled,  sessile  or  stipitate  on  a  flat  or  raised  receptacle  ; 
style  short,  long  (or  0),  subterminal  or  ventral,  stigma  simple;  ovules  1  or 
more,  insertion  various.  Fruit  of  small  achenes  or  follicles.  Seeds  small, 
exalbuminous  ;  embryo  straight  or  conduplicate. — Genera  12,  species  about 
60,  cosmopolitan. 

Tribe  1.  Alismace.e.    Fruit  of  3  or  more  achenes. 

Flowers  bisexual.     Stamens  6-9.     Receptacle  flat  .         .  1.  Alisma. 

riovvers  polygamous.     Stamens  6.     Receptacle  flat       .         .  2.  Limhophtton. 
Flowers  unisexual.     Stamens  many.     Receptacle  globose  or 

oblong 3.  Saqittaeia. 

Flowers  monoecious.     Stamens  3 4.  Wisneeia. 

Tribe  II.  Butome^.     Fruit  of  follicles. 

Petals  marcescent.     Embryo  straight    .         .   '      .         .         .5.  Butomus. 
Petals  deciduous.     Embryo  hippocrepic         .'  ■       .         .         .6.  Butomopsis. 

1.  AlMlSTdAi^  Linn. 

Scapigerous  herbs.  Ijeaves  lanceolate,  cordate,  or  sagittate.  Flotcers 
bisexual  in  umbelled  or  panicled  whorls,  white  or  pink.  Sepals  3,  het- 
baceou«,  persistent.  Petals  3,  membranous,  deciduous.  Stamens  6  or  9, 
filaments  filiform.  Carpels  few  or  many  ;  receptacle  small ;  stigma  small, 
terminal ;  ovule  solitary,  anatropou8)\'V  lasilar.  Fruit  of  few  or  many 
compressed  or  turgid,  coriaceous  or  jtp'''^  achenes.  Seeds  erect,  testa  mem- 
branous ;  embryo  hippocrepic. — Spc^ifei-  rbout  10,  cosmopolitan. 

1.  A.  Plantagro,  Linn*\  leases  linear  ovate-lanceolate  or  subcordate 
5-7-nerved,  fruiting  sepals  spr  ,' ^•"^,  achenes  membranous  compressed, 
style  slender  deciduous.  KuntH'''^^  'm.  iii.  148 ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii. 
t.  57  ;  Micheli  in  DC.  Monog.  Pr  ,tm.  32;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  9;  Wall. 
Cat.  4998.     ?  A.  intermedium,  Griff,  ex  Voigt  Hort.  Suburb.  Calcutt.  680. 


560  CLXix.  ALiSMACE^.     (J.  D.  Hoolier.)  [Alisma. 

Marshes,  &c.  of  the  Lower  Himalaya,  alt.  1-7000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Munne- 
pore  and  Burma. — Distrib.  N.  and  S.  temp,  regions. 

Jiootstoch  fleshy,  swollen.  Leaves  6-8  in.,  erect  or  spreading.  Scape  1-4  ft. 
Flowers  in  panicled  whorls,  ^  in.  diam. ;  petals  pink  or  rose  with  a  yellow  claw. 
Ackenes  20-30,  in  a  single  whorl ;  style  ventral. — A  small  state  found  in  Kashmir, 
alt.  7000  ft.,  by  Clarke,  resembles  A.  ranunculoides,  but  the  carpels  are  in  one  whorl, 
though  irregularly  disposed. 

2.  A.  reniforme,  Don  Prodr.  22 ;  leaves  orbicular-cordate  or  reni- 
form  13-17-iierved,  fruiting  sepals  persistent,  achenes  5-8  turgid,  endocarp 
thick  hard,  style  slender  persistent.  Wight  Ic.  t.  322  ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii. 
151 ;  Benth.  Ft.  Austral.  186.  A.  calophyllum,  Wall.  Gat.  4997.  A. 
parnassifolium,  /3  majus,  Micheli  in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  iii.  36. 

Marshes,  &c.,  throughout  the  plains  and  low  country  of  India,  ascending  the 
hills  to  5000  ft.  (not  in  Ceylon). — Distrib.  Australia. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  1^-4  in.  (up  to  7  in.  broad),  often  broader  than  long,  tip 
rounded  or  eraarginate,  nervules  very  fine  and  close.  Scape  1-3  ft.  Flowers  white, 
i  in.  diam.,  in  very  large  whorled  panicles;  branches  and  pedicels  long;  sepals  as 
long  as  the  petals,  at  first  erect  in  fruit,  at  length  reflexed.  Achenes  not  whorled, 
obovoid,  dorsally  ribbed,  ribs  smooth  ;  style  subterminal. — United  by  Micheli  with 
the  European  A.  parnassifolium,  but  differing  much  in  the  coriaceous  very  broad  large 
leaves  and  in  geographical  distribution. 

3.  A.  oligrococcum,  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  Phyt.  Austral,  i.  23 ;  leaves 
membranous  broadly  ovate-cordate  with  acute  lobes  and  a  narrow  sinus 
punctate  11-17-nerved,  bracts  very  large  lanceolate,  fruiting  sepals  re- 
tiexed,  achenes  2-6  whorled  turgid  dorsally  keeled  keels  tubercled,  endo- 
carp thick  hard,  style  very  short  terminal  deciduous.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral. 
vii.  185 ;  Micheli,  in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  iii.  87.  A.  glandulosum,  Thw. 
Enum.  B32.     A.  apetalum,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Gat.  4996. 

Marshes,  &c.,  in  the  plains  of  the  Panjab  and  Bengal,  but  not  common.  Ceylon, 
T/iwai^e*.— Distrib.  Africa  trop.,  Australia. 

Leaves  3-6  in.  long  by  2-3  in.  broad,  nervules  distant.  Panicle  6-9  in.  long 
and  broad  J  bracts  herbaceous,  lower  1-3  in.  long,  lanceolate.  Flowers  of  L. 
Plantago, 

2.  I.ZMNOPKVTON,  Miguel. 

An  erect  succulent  marsh  plant,  with  the  characters  of  Alisma,  except 
that  the  flowers  are  polygamous. 

Zi,  obtusifolium,  Mig.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  242?  Micheli,  in  A.DG. 
Monogr.  Phan.  iii.  39.  Alisma  sagittifolium,  Willd.  Sp.  PL  ii.  277; 
Kunth.  Enum.  iii.  151.  A.  Kotschii,  Hoclist.  in  Flora,  1843,  499.  A. 
obtusifolium,  Thw.  Enum.  332.  Sagittaria  obtusifolia,  Linn. ;  Kunth. 
Enum.  iii.  158 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  646 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  El.  249 ; 
Wall.  Cat.  4992.  Dipseudochorion  sagittifolium,  Buchen.  in  Flora,  1865, 
24\.—Blieede  Hort.  Mai.  xi.  t.  45. 

The  Deccan  ;  from  the  Concan  southwards,  in  tanks,  &c.  Ceylon,  Thioaites. — 
Distrib.  Trop.  Africa,  Madagascar. 

Usually  very  robust,  but  sometimes  dwarf.  Leates  6-12  by  4-8  in.,  reniformly 
sagittate  or  triangular,  with  long  tapering  spreading  lobes,  many-nerved ;  petiole 
2-3  ft.  Scape  2-4  ft.,  stout,  angled.  Floivers  many,  \~\  in.  diam.,  white,  upper 
mostly  male.  Sepals  reflexed  after  flowering.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  6,  fila- 
ments of  the  male  enlarged  at  the  base.  Achenes  numerous,  turbinate,  turgid,  epicarp 
fleshy  J  style  ventral,  stigma  capitate. 


I 


CLXix.  ALiSMAOE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  661 

3.  SAGXTTARXA,  Linn, 

Erect  stemless,  usually  perennial  water  plants.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
elliptic  cordate  or  sagittate.  Flowers  in  panicied  or  spicate  whorls, 
unisexual  or  polygamous.  Sepals  3,  herbaceous.  Petals  3,  membranous, 
deciduous.  Stamens  6  or  more ;  filaments  filiform,  compressed.  Car- 
pels very  many,  crowded  on  a  large  globose  or  oblong  receptacle, 
laterally  flattened  ;  style  ventral  or  apical,  stigma  papillose ;  ovules  solitary, 
basilar.  Fruit  a  globose  or  oblong  head  of  flattened  crested  or  winged 
achenes.  Seeds  erect,  testa  thin  ;  embryo  hippocrepic. — Species  about  15, 
temperate  and  tropical. 

1.  S.  sagrittifolia,  Linn. ;  leaves  hastate  or  sagittate,  achenes  flat 
dorsally  winged.  Kunth  FJnum.  iii.  156 ;  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  645 ;  Wall. 
Cat.  4991 ;  Beichb.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  53 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  11  ;  Micheli 
in  A.DC.  Monogr.  Fhan.  iii.  66.  S.  hermaphrodita,  Sam.  in  Wall.  Cat. 
I.  c.     S.  hastata,  JDon  Prodr.  22.     S.  Doniana,  Sweety  Sort.  Brit.  1826. 

In  tanks,  &c.,  throughout  the  plains  of  India  from  the  Panjab  to  Bengal  and 
Munnipore.— DiSTRiB.  Europe,  N.  Asia,  N.  America. 

^  Lmpes  obtuse  or  acute,  2-8  in.  long,  very  rarely  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  lobes  more 
or  less  diverging;  petiole  8-18  in.,  trigonous.  Scape  6-18  in.,  with  3-5  whorls  of 
3-5  flowers  each  ^  ia.  diam. ;  lower  whorls  fem.,  upper  male,  with  longer  pedicels  ; 
bracts  short,  obtuse.  Flowers  f  in.  diam. ;  petals  white,  claw  often  purple.  Achenes 
obliquely  obovate,  apiculate,  wings  broad  entire  or  subcrenate. 

2.  S.  .g-uayanensis,  Humh.  Bonpl.  &  Kunth,  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sjp.  i.  250 ; 
leaves  floating  broadly  ovate  deeply  cordate  obtuse,  achenes  flat  surrounded 
by  a  broad  toothed  wing.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  161.  S.  cordifolia,  Boxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  iii.  647;  Kunth  I.  c.  S.  Lappula,  Bon.  Prodr.  22.  S.  parviflora, 
Wall.  Cat.  {ex  Micheli).  Alisma  P  Hamiltonianum  and  cristatum,  Wall. 
Cat.  4993,  4994,  4995.  A.  stellatum  and  pubescens,  Sam.  ex  Wall.  Cat. 
4993,  4995.  Lophiocarpus  guayanensis,  Micheli  in  A.DC.  Monogr.  Phan. 
iii.  62. 

In  tanks  and  marshes,  throughout  the  plains  of  India,  to  Burma  and  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  but  not  very  common ;  (not  in  Ceylon). — Disteib.  Malay  Islands, 
China,  trop.  Australia. 

Petioles,  scape,  and  pedicels  often  more  or  less  hairy.  Leaves  1-2  in.,  mem- 
branous, lobes  broad  acute  or  obtuse,  sinus  broad  or  narrow  ;  nerves  radiating, 
obscure  ;  petiole  long  or  short.  Scape  6-18  in.,  stout.  Flowers  f  in.  diam.,  white, 
in  few  approximate  irregular  whorls  ;  pedicels  short,  very  stout ;  flowers  of  the  lower 
whorls  usually  ternate,  bisexual,  9-12-androus,  of  the  upper  more  numerous,  male, 
6-10-androus.  Petals  obovate,  erose.  Anthers  cordate  at  the  base.  Achenes  very 
many. 

4.  WZSNERXA,  Micheli. 

Scapigerous  marsh  or  water  herbs.  Leaves  long-petioled,  filiform 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate.  Flowers  minute,  monoecious,  in  remote  involu- 
crate  whorls  on  a  very  slender  rachis ;  involucre  campanulate,  truncate, 
membranous.  Sepals  3,  equal  or  one  larger,  persistent.  Petals  2-4, 
equalling  or  smaller  than  the  sepals.  Male  fl.  Stamens^.  Pistillodes 
subulate.  Fem.  fl.  Staminodes  setsbceous.  Carpels  B-6,  erect,  OYoid;  re- 
ceptacle  small  tumid ;  style  0,  or  terminal,  short,  stigma  minute  ;  ovule 
solitary,  basilar.  Achenes  and  seed  subglobose  or  compressed;  embryo 
conduplicate,  hyppocrepic. — Species  3,  Trop.  Asia,  Africa,  and  Madagas- 
car. 

VOL.   VI.  0  0 


562  cLxvi.  ALiSMACE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [IVisneria, 

W.  triandra,  Micheli  in  A.DG.  Monog.  Phan.  iii.  82 ;  sepals  and  petals 
3  each,  achenes  subglobose,  stigma  sessile.  Sagittaria  triandra,  Dalz,  in 
Hook.  Journ.  Bat.  ii.  (1850),  144 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  249. 

The  CoNCAN ;  in  water  holes,  Malwan,  StocTcs. 

Leaves  with  the  petiole  9-16  in.,  narrowly  linear-spathulate  obtuse,  \-^  in.  broad, 
midrib  stout  penni-nervuled,  lateral  nerves  slender  submarginal.  Scape  shorter 
than  the  petiole.  Flowers  ternate,  very  shortly  pedicelled,  white  ;  sepals  linear- 
oblong ;  petals  much  larger,  obovate.  Filaments  short,  anthers  didymous.  Achenes 
few,  subglobose  or  obovoid,  sraootli. 

5.  BUTOBIUS,  Linn, 

A  glabrons  erect  water  plant,  with  a  stout  creeping  rootstock.  Leaves 
erect,  linear,  elongate,  triquetrous,  blade  0.  Scape  erect,  terete.  Flowers 
bisexual,  in  simple  bracteate  umbels,  pink.  Sepals  and  petals  both 
coloured  and  persistent,  coriaceous,  erect.  Stamens  9,  hypogynous,  fila- 
ments elongate-subulate;  anthers  linear,  didymous  atter  dehiscence. 
Carpels  6,  whorled  on  a  flat  receptacle,  connate  below ;  stigma  ventral 
elongate  furrowed  ;  ovules  many,  scattered,  parietal,  ascending.  Fruit  of 
6  coriaceous  beaked  many-seedecl  follicles.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  furrowed ; 
embryo  straight. 

B.  umbellatus,  Linn. ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  164 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  FL  Gertn. 
vii.  t.  58 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  12 ;   Wall.  Gat.  7244. 

The  Pan  JAB  and  Kashmir  ;  in  marshes,  (Skc,  alt.  1-5000  ffc. — Distrib.  Europe  ; 
N.  Asia. 

Leaves  3-4  ft.  by  \  in.  broad,  acuminate,  base  sheathing.  Umbel  mauy-fld., 
bracts  3  j  pedicels  2-4  in.     Flotvers  1  in.  diam. 

6.  BUTOBZOPSZS,  Kunth. 

An  annual  marsh  herb  with  milky  juice.  Xeo-ve^  elliptic,  acute.  Flowers 
in  solitary  or  superposed  bracteate  whorls ;  perianth  as  in  Butomus,  but 
petals  larger  than  the  sepals,  membranous,  fugacious,  white.  Stamen 
8-12;  anthers  oblong.  Follicles,  Q-7,  erect;  membranous.  Seeds  very 
many,  minute,  smooth. 

B.  lanceolata,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  165  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  249  ; 
Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  187 ;  Micheli  in  A.DG.  Monog.  Phan.  iii.  87. 
B.  ?  latifolia,  Kunth  I.  c.  Butomus  lanceolatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  316 ; 
Wall.  Gat.  4999.  B.  latifolius,  Don  Prodr.  22.  B.  Dobia,  Ham.  in  Wall. 
I.  c.     Tasganocharis  cordofana,  Hochst.  in  Flora  (1841),  369. 

Plains  of  India,  from  Rohilkund  to  Assam  and  the  Deccan. — Distrib.  tropics 
of  the  old  world. 

Very  variable  in  stature  and  stoutness.  Leaves  2-3  in.,  broad  or  narrow,  3-7- 
nerved,  acute  obtuse  or  apiculate.  Scape  as  long  as  the  leaves,  stout  or  slender. 
Umbels  3-20-fld.;  bracts  few,  short,  scarious;  pedicels  2-8  in.,  erect.  Floioers 
|-1  in.  diam.;  sepals  ovate  or  orbicular;  petals  longer,  obovate.  Stamens  8-10, 
filaments  rather  slender,  anthers  oblong.  Follicles  6-7,  tapering  into  short  beaks, 
membranous,  connate  below. 

Order  CLXX.    NAZADACBS:. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  of  various  habit.  Uootstock  usually  creeping. 
Stems  usually  elongate  (short  or  0  in  Triglochin)  branched.     Leaves  erect, 


I 


CLXX.  NAi ADAGES.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  563 

or  submerged  or  floating,  base  sheathing ;  stipules  0  or  within  the  sheath. 
Flowers  inconspicuous,  usually  green,  1-2-sexual.  Perianth  0,  or  tubular, 
or  of  3-4  inferior  valvate  segments.  StaTuens  hypogynous ;  anthers 
1-2-celled.  Ovary  of  1-4  1-ovuled  carpels,  style  long  or  short,  stigma 
various ;  ovule  erect  or  pendulous.  Fruit  of  1-seeded  utricles  achenes  or 
drupelets.  Seed  exalbuminous ;  embryo  straight  or  curved,  radicular  end 
very  large. — Temperate  and  tropical ;  genera  16,  sp.  about  120. 

*  Stigmas  discoid  or  decurrent  on  the  ovary. 

•j*  Perianth  of  serais  or  scales.     Flowers  bisexual. 

Marsh  herbs.     Sepals  6,  herbaceous  green 1.  TEiGLOCHiif. 

Aquatics.     Sepals  1-3,  white,  membranous 2.  Aponogkton. 

Aquatics.     Sepals  4,  herbaceous,  green       3.  Potamogeton, 

ft  Perianth  0.     Flowers  uni-  or  bisexual. 

Aquatics.     Stamen  2.     Carpels  stipitate 4.  Ruppia. 

Aquatics.     Stamen  1.     Carpels  sessile 5.  Zannichellia. 

**  Stigmas  subulate  or  capillary.     Flowers  unisexual. 

Fresh  or  brackish  aquatics.     Perianth  hyaliue 6.  Naias. 

Marine.     Perianth  0 7.  Cymodocea. 

1.  TRXGZiOCKZM,  Linn. 

Scapigerous  marsh  herbs.  Leaves  rush-like,  flat  or  terete.  Flowers 
small,  bisexual,  spicate  or  racemose,  2-bracteate.  Perianth-segments  3  or  6, 
herbaceous,  concave,  deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
segments ;  anthers  didymous,  slits  extrorse.  Carpels  6, 1-celled,  1-ovuled, 
3  alternate  often  imperfect ;  styles  short,  often  connate,  stigmas  peni- 
cillate;  ovules  basilar,  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  of  3  or  6  free  or 
connate  achenes  or  follicles  with  recurved  tips.  Seed  erect;  embryo 
straight. — Genus  cosmopolitan ;  species  about  12. 

1.  T.  palustre,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  338 ;  leaves  ^-terete  throughout,  fruit 
clavate,  carpels  3  slender  attached  to  the  axis  by  a  point.  Kunth  Enum. 
iii.  143 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  51  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  13.— Tri- 
glochin.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  204 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  271. 

Tempeeate  and  Alpine  Himalaya,  and  Western  Tibet,  alt.  8-15,00C 
ft. — DiSTEiB.  N.  temp,  regions  and  S.  America. 

8te->}i  6-24  in.,  tuberous  and  stoloniferous.  Leaves  2-12  in.,  flaccid.  Scapi 
slender  ;  raceme  elongating  after  flowering,  pedicels  short.  Perianth  green,  margins 
purplish.  Anthers  purple.  Fruit  i  in.  long,  appressed  to  the  rachis;  carpels 
dorsally  terete. 

2.  T.  xnaritimuxn,  lAnn.  Sp.  PI.  339 ;  leaves  slightly  flattened  at 
the  tip,  fruit  oblong  of  6  separable  carpels.  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  145; 
Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  52 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  13. 

Temperate  and  Alpine  Himalaya,  and  Western  Tibet,  from  12,000-16,000 
ft. — DiSTBiB.  N.  temp,  regions. 

Larger,  stouter,  and  more  tuberous  at  the  base  than  T.  palustre.  Scape  stout, 
curved  ;  raceme  longer,  but  not  elongating  so  much  in  fruit ;  flowers  larger  ;  fruit 
I  in.,  not  appressed  to  the  scape,  carpels  grooved  on  the  back. 

o  o  2 


564  CLXX.  NAiADAOEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

2.  APONOGETON,  Thumb. 

Submerged  scapigerous  plants  ;  rootstocks  tuberous.  Leaves  floating  or 
erect,  oblong.  Scape  long,  bearing  a  single  or  twin  sessile  spikes  of  often 
unilateral  or  distichous  bisexual  flowers ;  tbe  very  young  spikes  enclosed 
in  a  conical  deciduous  sbeath.  Perianth.  0,  or  of  1-3  equal  or  unequal 
white  segments.  Stamens  6  or  more,  filaments  subulate,  unequal,  persis- 
tent ;  anthers  didymous.  Carpels  3-6,  2-  or  more-  ovuled ;  style  short,  stigma 
discoid  or  decurrent  ]  ersistent ;  ovules  basilar,  anatropous.  Fruit  of  3  or 
more  coriaceous  follicles.  Seeds  erect;  embryo  straight. — Species  about 
20,  Asiatic,  African  and  Australian. 

1.  A.  monostachyon,  Linn.  f.  Sujopl.  214 ;  leaves  floating  oblong 
3-5-nerved  opaque,  cross  nervules  distinct,  spike  solitary,  sepals  2  shorter 
than  the  3  smooth  4-8.seeded  follicles.  Boxb.  Cor.  PI.  i.  .58,  t.  81 ;  Fl.  Incl. 
ii.  210;  Thw.  Em(m.S2^;  Dah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  248;  Griff.  Notul.  iii. 
203  ;  Wall.  Cat.  5167,  A,  B,  C,  E. ;  Andr.  Bat.  Rep.  vi.  t.  406.  A.  mono- 
stachys,  Edgew.  in  Hook.  Land.  Journ.  Bot.  iii.  (1844),  405, 1. 17.  A.  lucens. 
Herb.  Madr.  A.  flavidum,  Herb.  Ham.  Spathium  monostachyum,  Edgeiv. 
in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  (1843),  533,  t.  16.  Potamogeton  indicus, 
Both  ex  Boem.  8f  Sch.  Syst.  iii.  576.  Saururus  natans,  Linn.  Mant.  227. — 
Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  ii.  t.  15. 

Tanks,  &c.,  throughout  India  and  Ceylon. — Distetb.  Trop.  Asia  autl 
Australia. 

Leaves  3-6  in.,  acute  or  obtuse,  herbaceous,  base  cuneate  rounded  or  cordate. 
Spike  1-6  in.,  lax  or  dense-fld.  Sepals  obovate  to  lanceolate.  Stamens  6.  Seeds 
oblong. — Submerged  leaves  membranous  transparent  and  with  distinct  cross- 
nervules  as  in  A.  crispum. 

2.  A.  crispum,  Thunb.  Nov.  Gen.  i.  73 ;  leaves  submerged  from 
linear-oblong  to  lanceolate  3-7-nerved  membranous  translucent  cross- 
nervules  distinct,  spike  solitary,  sepals  much  longer  than  the  3-4  smooth 
1-2- seeded  follicles.  Thw.  Enum.  333.  A.  undulatum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  ii. 
211 ;  Wi^ll.  Cat.  5167,  D.  5168 ;  5175,  F. ;  Aitchis.  Cat.  Panjab  PI.  145. 
Ouvirandra  undulata,  ^<^^ew.  m  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  iii.  (1844),  405, 
t.  18.  Spathium  undulatum,  Edgew.  in  Calc.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  iii.  (1843), 
533,  t.  15. — Limogeton,  Edgew.  ex  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  203. 

Tanks  throughout  India  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Australia. 

Leaves  1-3  ft.,  flat  or  undulate  ;  base  acute  rounded  or  cordate.  Sepals  very 
variable  in  size,  if  two  species  be  not  confounded  under  this  name.  Roxburgh 
describes  them  **as  in  monostachyon,"  but  in  some  specimens  they  are  fully  |  in. 
long. 

3.  A.  echinatum,  Boxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  ii.  210 ;  leaves  floating  linear - 
oblong  3-5-nerved  opaque  cross-nervules  obsolete,  spike  solitary,  sepals 
shorter  than  the  3  echinate  2-seeded  follicles. 

Tanks  in  Bengal,  Roxburgh. 

I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  of  what  1  take  to  be  this  plant,  in  Herb.  Wight, 
named  A.  dispermum.  Wight  says  it  quite  re«embles  A.  monostachyon,  except  in  the 
follicles,  which  are  larger,  2-seeded,  more  narrowed  into  a  nearly  straight  beak,  and 
they  are  dorsally  irregularly  ridged.  Roxburgh  describes  echinatum  as  about 
6-seeded  ;  but  he  figures  on  the  plate  of  ^4.  monostachyon,  apart  from  the  enlarged 
6-seeded  follicles  of  that  plant,  3  others  carpels  which  are  strongly  echinate  and 
2-seeded,  and  to  which  he  doubtless  alludes  under  his  description  of  the  former, 


Aponogeton.]  clxx.  naiadace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  565 

saying,  "  There  is  a  var.  if  not  a  distinct  species  with  hedgehog  2-seeded  capsules, 
but  in  all  other  respects  the  same." — It  follows  that  he,  by  inadvertence,  describes 
the  follicles  of  A.  echinatum  as  6-seeded. 

4.  A.  microphyllum,  Boo'h.  Fl.  Ind.  ii.  211 ;  leaves  very  small 
oblong  long-petioled  sides  incurved,  spike  solitary,  sepals  much  larger 
than  the  3  smooth  1-2- seeded  follicles,  seeds  globose.  Spathium  microphyl- 
lum, Voigt  Sort.  Suburb.  Calcutt.  694. 

Bhotan  Mts.  ;  in  damp  places,  Soxburg/i. 

I  have  seen  no  specimens,  and  Roxburgh's  description  differs  much  from  a 
drawing  in  his  collection.  The  latter  represents  a  plant  seven  inches  high,  with  a 
smooth  naked  tuber,  four  leaves  with  sheathing  petioles  1|  in.  long,  blade  i  by  :|^  in. 
concave  recurved,  apparently  oblong  acute,  and  quite  opaque  ;  spike  1^  in.,  clothed 
with  spreading  white  sepals  ^  in.  long,  and  red- brown  anthers.  Roxburgh,  on  the 
other  hand,  describes  the  leaves  as  many  times  shorter  than  the  spike,  spreading 
close  to  the  surface  of  the  earth,  1  in.  long  by  ^  broad,  and  the  spike  as  everywhere 
covered  with  beautiful  blue  flowers.     The  globose  seeds  are  remarkable. 

3.  POTAXVZOGSTON,  Linn. 

Submerged  water-plants  with  creeping  rootstock.  Leaves  submerged 
or  floating,  opposite  or  alternate,  entire  or  toothed  ;  stipules  intrafoliaceous. 
Flowers  small,  spicate  on  a  scape  rising  from  a  membranous  spathe, 
ebracteate.  Perianth- segments  4,  concave,  green,  valvate.  Anthers  4, 
sessile  on  the  segments,  didymous,  slits  extrorse.  Carpels  4,  sessile, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled ;  stigma  subsessile  or  decurrent,  persistent  ;  ovule  in- 
serted in  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  campylotropous.  Drupelets  small, 
coriaceous  or  spongy.  Seed  subreniform ;  embryo  macropodal. — Species 
about  50,  cosmopolitan. 

In  determining  the  Indian  species  of  Potamogeton  I  have  had  the  invaluable 
aid  of  Mr.  Arthmr  Bennett,  F.L.S.,  whose  knowledge  of  the  genus  is  as  full  as  it  is 
accurate. 

*  Upper  or  all  the  leaves  floating. 

1.  P.  indicus,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  452;  upper  leaves  floating  oblong 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate  coriaceous,  lower  submerged  longer  narrower 
membranous,  stipules  1-li  in.  free,  spike  •  dense-fld.,  drupelets  small 
smooth.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  139  ;  Don  Frodr.  21 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5175  excl.  F. ; 
G^-ah.  Cat.  Bomb.  Fl  200;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  24^.  P.  Eoxburghianus, 
Schult.f.  Mant.  iii.  367.     P.  natans,  Thw.  Enum.  333. 

Throughout  the  plains  of  India,  ascending  the  Himalaya  to  9000  ft.  in  Sikkim. 
BuBMA,  Collett.    Ceylon,  Thivaites. — Distrib.  Malay  and  Sandwich  Islds. 

Stem  terete.  Floating  leaves  S-^i^  by  1-2^  in.,  alternate  or  uppermost  opposite, 
base  acute  or  rounded,  opaque;  stipules  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter.  Peduncle 
stout  or  slender. — Differs  from  P.  natans  especially  in  the  shorter  stipules  and 
smaller  drupelets. 

2.  P.  natans,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  126 ;  upper  leaves  floating  oblong 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate  biplicate  at  the  insertion  of  the  petiole,  sub- 
merged few  or  0,  stipules  4-5  in.  free  spikes  dense-fld.,  peduncle  stout, 
drupelets  dorsally  keeled  shortly  beaked.  Kuntk  Enum.  iii.  127.  Beichh. 
Ic.  Fl.  Germ.Yil  t.  50;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  15  ;  Aitch.  Gat.  Panjah  PL 
145.     P.  rufescens,  Aitch.  I.  c.  145. 


566  CLxx.  NAiADACEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  \Potamogeton. 

The  Panjab,  Thomson.  Kashmir,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Jacquemont,  &€.■ — Distbib. 
widely  diffused  especially  in  temp,  climates. 

Stem  terete.  Leaves  2-6  in.  j  submerged  (if  present)  sessile,  long,  narrow,  and 
without  a  limb.     Peduncle  stout.     Drupelets  i  in.  long. 

3.  P.  oblong-US,  Viv.  Fl.  Ital.  2,  t.  13 ;  floating  leaves  long-petioled 
elliptic  or  lanceolate  thinly  coriaceous,  submerged  narrowly  lanceolate, 
stipules  1^  in.,  peduncle  and  dense-fld.  spike  very  slender,  drupelets 
minute  shortly  beaked  not  keeled.  Engl.  Bat.  t.  2849.  P.  polygonifolius, 
Fourr.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Toul.  iii.  (1788),  325  ;  Sooh.  f.  Students'  Brit.  Fl. 
Ed.  3,  431.     P.  digynus  and  P.  elegans,  Wall.  Gat.  5177,  5178. 

Nepal,  WallicTi.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-5000  ft.  J.B.H.  ^  T.T.  Singapore  ? 
Wallich. — DiSTEiB.  Temp,  and  trop.  regions  of  the  old  world. 

The  more  membranous  leaves,  shorter  stipules,  very  slender  peduncle  and 
spike,  smaller  flowers  and  minute  drupelets  not  -^  in.  long,  distinguish  this  from  F. 
matans. 

4.  P.  javanicus,  HassJc.  in  Verk.  Natuurh.  Ver.  Ned.  Ind.  i.  (1856), 
26 ;  floating  leaves  small  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic  acute  at  both  ends 
5-7rnerved  longer  than  their  petiole,  submerged  linear  acuminate,  stipules 
|-1  in.,  peduncle  slender,  spike  lax  fld.,  drupelets  i-orbicular  beaked,  ribs 
often  toothed  or  tubercled,  beak  hooked,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  750.  P. 
tenuicaulis,  F.  Muell.  Fragn.  i.  90,  244;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  171.  P. 
parvifolius,  Buchen.  in  Brem.  Ahhandl.  vii.  (1880),  32.  P,  heterophyllus, 
Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5181.     P.  hybridus,  Mich.  ?  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Hf.  &  T. 

Plains  of  India  j  ascending  the  Himalaya  to  7000  ft.,  in  the  N.  West,  and 
9O0O  ft.  in  Sikkim.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  6000  ft.— Disteib.  Trop.  Asia,  Africa  and 
Australia. 

Stem  very  slender.  Leaves  ^-1^  in. ;  blade  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole  or  longer 
Spike  \-^  in. ;  flowers  very  small,  in  interrupted  whorls ;  peduncle  as  long  or 
longer.     Sepals  orbicular-obovate.     Drupelets  -^  in.,  turgid,  beak  stout. 

**  Leaves  all  submerged,  ovate  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  translucent. 

5.  P.  perfoliatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  126  ;  stem  stout,  leaves  amplexicaul 
ovate-cordate  entire  5-9-nerved,  peduncle  short  stout,  drupelets  hardly 
keeled  shortly  beaked.  Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  133;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
vii.  t.  29 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  17 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  248. 

Western  Himalaya  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon,  alt.  4-8000  ft.  Western 
Tibet,  alt.  8-14,000  ft.— Disteib.  N.  temp,  regions,  Australia. 

Stem  terete,  dichotomous.  -Leaves  1-4  in.,  margins  scaberulous,  upper  opposite; 
stipules  small,  caducous.  Peduncle  stout,  not  thickened  upwards.  Spike  dense-fld. 
Sepals  long-clawed.     Drupelets  ^  in.,  compressed,  beak  straight. 

6.  P.  crispus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  126;  stem  slender,  leaves  semiamplexi- 
caul  linear  or  linear-oblong  crisped  serrulate  3-nerved,  peduncle  curved 
tapering  upwards,  spike  few-fld.,  drupelets  obliquely  ovoid  long-beaked. 
Kunth  Fnum.  iii.  133  ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  29,  30  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient. 
V.  17.  P.  tuberosus,  Foxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  472 ;  Wall.  Gat.  5174 ;  Grah.  Cat. 
Bomb.  Fl.  200;  Dalz  Sr  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  248.  P.  crenulatus,  Don  Prodr. 
22. 

Plains  of  India  and  Temperate  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir  to  Bhotan,  alt. 
4-6000  ft.     Munnipoee,  Watt. — Disteib.  N.  and  S.  temp,  and  subtrop.  regions. 

Stem  dichotomous,  compressed.  Leaves  1-3  in.,  alternate  and  narrowed  at  the 
base,  or  opposite  and  amplexicaul,  tip  rounded ;  stipules  small,  caducous.     Peduncle 


Potamogetmi,']  clxx.  naiadace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  567 

long.     Spike  very  short,  few-fld. ;   flowers  very  small.     Drupelets  \  in.,  obliquely 
ovoid,  compressed,  ribs  entire  or  toothed. 

7.  P.  lucens»  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  126 ;  stem  stout,  leaves  large  snbsessile 
oblong-lanceolate  cuspidate  undulate  serrulate  many-nerved,  peduncle 
stout  thickened  upwards,  spike  stout,  drupelets  small  turgid  shortly  beaked. 
Kunfh  Enum.  iii.  132 ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  36,  37,  40 ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  16. 

Kashmie,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  Jaequemont,  &c.  Kumaon,  alt.  6400  ft.,  Straehey  Sf 
Winterboftom. — Distrib.  N.  temp,  regions,  Australia. 

Stem  branched.  Leaves  4-10  in.,  very  variable,  upper  opposite  sometimes  float- 
ing ;  stipules  large,  long,  2-winged  or  -keeled.  Drupelets  ^  in.,  convex  on  both 
faces,  obtusely  beaked. 

8.  P.  mucronatus,  Fresl  Ejoimel.  245;  leaves  all  submerged  longer 
than  their  petioles,  elliptic-  or  oblong -lanceolate  acute  or  cuspidate 
membranous  many-nerved  base  acute  or  obtuse,  stipules  much  longer  than 
the  petiole  lanceolate  connate,  peduncle  very  long,  spike  of  interrupted 
groups  or  wborls  of  flowers.  P.  malaianus,  Miq.  III.  Fl.  Archi/p.  Ind.  46. 
P.  lucens,  Sam.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5176. 

Bengal  ;  at  Dinagepore  and  Kulna  and  Karnata,  Samilton. — Distrib.  Borneo 
Pbilipp.  Islds. 

Leaves  3-5  by  ^-|  in.,  5-9  or  more-nerved,  blade  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the 
petiole ;  stipules  1-1^  in.  Spike  1^-2  in.  ;  flowers  laxly  crowded  or  whorled. 
Sepals  suborbicular,  very  shortly  clawed.  Fruit  ^-orbicular,  shortly  beaked. — Has  a 
good  deal  the  aspect  of  P.  lucens,  to  which  Hamilton  referred  it.  The  specimens 
are  very  poor,  and  insufficient  for  a  satisfactory  diagnosis. 

***  Leaves  all  submerged,  very  narrowly  linear  (yr filiform. 

9.  P.  pectinatus,  lAnn.  Sp.  Fl.  127 ;  leaves  filiform  acute  opaque 
1-3-nerved,  margins  slightly  thickened,  stipules  adnate  to  the  leaf-sheath, 
drupelets  large  turgid  smooth  hardly  beaked.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  137  ; 
Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.Germ.  vii.  t.  19  ;  Boiss.  Fi.  Orient.  \.  18;  Aitch.  Gat.  Panjal 
PI.  145.  P.  marinus  ?,  Sam.  in  Wall.  Cat.  6179  A,  B  in  part.  Euppia 
subsessilis,  Thw.  Enum.  333,  in  part. 

Plains  of  India,  the  Himalaya,  and  Western  and  Eastern  Tibet,  alt.  12- 
17,000  ft.  -  Ceylon,  Thioaites, — Distrib.  most  regions. 

Stem  filiform,  densely  distichously  branched.  Leaves  3-8  by  ^^-^  in.,  lower 
sometimes  5-nerved.  Peduncle  not  thickened  upwards;  flowers  interruptedly 
whorled.     Drupelets  i  in.,  dimidiate-obovoid. 

10.  P.  pusillus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  127;  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform 
acute  usually  o-nerved  membranous,  stipules  small  free,  peduncle  long 
filiform,  flowers  few  minute  clustered,  drupelets  turgid  stoutly  beaked 
obtusely  keeled.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  136  ;  Beiclib.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ,  vii.  t.  22  ; 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient  v.  18 ;  Wall.  Cat.  5180. 

Kashmir,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Thomson. — Distrib.  N.  and  S.  temp,  regions. 

Stem  filiform,  densely  distichously  branched.  Leaves  ^-3  in.,  rarely  acuminate, 
rarely  5-7-nerved.     Spike  6-10-fld.     Drupelets  obliquely  ovoid. 

Subsp.  ^ctJeZZaiot*,  Hook,  f..  Students'  Brit.  Fl.  436;  leaves  ^^  in.  broad  3-5- 
nerved.  P.  flabellatus,  Bah.  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  Ser.  ii.  (1853),  nam. ;  in  Pht/tolO' 
gist,  iv.  1158.  P.  marinus?  Bam.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5179  B,  in  part. — Upper  Bengal; 
Patna,  Wallich.    The  Panjab,  Thomson. — Distrib.  Britain. 


568  CLxx.  NAiADACE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.) 

4  RUPPZA,  Linn. 

^  Submerged  slender  branched  brackish-water  plants.  Leaves  elongate, 
filiform,  sheaths  stipuliform.  Flowers  minute,  bisexual,  2-6  together  within 
the  leaf-sheath  on  a  short  peduncle  which  usually  elongates  greatly  after 
flowering,  and  is  then  straight  or  spirally  twisted.  Perianth  0.  Anthers 
2,  sessile,  opposite,  2-celled.  Carpels  4, 1-ovuled,  at  length  (in  fruit)  long- 
stipitate,  stigma  sessile ;  ovule  pendulous.  Achenes  ovoid,  obtuse  or 
beaked.  Seed  uncinate,  embryo  macropodal, — Species  temperate  and  sub- 
tropical. 

^  R.  rostellata^  Koch  in  Beichb.  Ic.  Grit.  ii.  m,  fig.  306  ;  Ic.  Fl.  Germ, 
vii.  t.  25 ;  peduncle  straight  after  flowering,  achenes  obliquely  ovoid  acutely 
beaked.  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  20.  R.  maritima,  Grif.  Notul.  iii.  196 ;  Ic. 
PI.  Asiat.  t.  257-259. 

THKotraHOUT  India,  and  in  Ceylon,  in  brackish  water. — Disteib.  Europe  temp, 
and  trop.  Asia. 

Stem  2  ft.  and  upwards.  Leaves  1-3  in.  Fruiting  peduncle  1-6  in.  Achenes 
tV  in-  long. 

5.  ZANNZCKEZiIiIA,  Unn. 

Submerged  salt-water  plants,  with  slender  rootstock  and  stems.  Leaves 
linear,  sheaths  stipular.  Flowers  minute,  enclosed  in  the  leaf-sheaths,  a 
male  and  fem.  in  one  membranous  spathe.  Male  fi.  a  linear  2-3-celled 
anther,  filament  slender.  Fem.  fl.  perianth  cupular  hyaline.  Carpels 
2-9,  sessile;  style  long  slender,  stigma  oblique  peltate  crenate.;  ovule 
solitary,  pendulous,  orthotropous.  Achenes  4,  sessile  or  stipitate,  reniform, 
crested.  Seed  pendulous,  testa  thin  ;  embryo  subcylindric,  cotyledonary 
end  twice  folded  on  itself. — Species  4-5,  or  forms  of  one.' 

Z.  palustriS;  Linn.  Sp.  PL  969 ;  suhsp.  pedicellata  ;  male  peduncle 
short,  achenes  2-4  subsessile,  back  crenate  or  tubercled,  style  as  long  as 
the  body  of  the  achene  or  longer,  anthers  2-celled.  Aschers.  Fl.  Brandenh. 
668;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  15;  Micheli,  Nov.  Gen.  t.  34,  f.  2.  Z.  pedun- 
culata,  Beichh.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  16 ;  Ic.  Crit.  viii.  t.  760.  Z.  gibberosa, 
Reichh.  1. 1,  c.  c.  t.  16  and  t.  759.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  vii.  t.  21,  22.  Z.  pedi- 
cellata.  Mam.  vn  Wall.  Cat.  5185;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  190;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t. 
255,  256. 

Salt  marshes  and  lagoons  throughout  India,  ascends  to  15,000  ft.  in  W.  Tibet. — 
Disteib.  (of  Z.  palustris),  all  regions  but  ?  Australia. 

I  find  the  following  forms  amongst  the  Indian  specimens  :  a,  from  Western  Tibet ; 
flowers  sessile  or  very  shortly  peduncled,  achenes  stipitate,  dorsally  crenate,  style 
shorter  than  the  achene;  J,  from  the  Panjab  and  Behar;  flowers  sessile,  achenes 
stipitate  smooth  or  tubercled  dorsally  or  ventrally  or  both,  style  very  long ;  c,  from 
Western  Tibet,  alt.  12-13,000  ft, ;  flowers  sessile,  achenes  sessile  very  slender ;  d, 
from  the  Panjab ;  flowers  subsessile,  style  as  long  as  the  achenes;  e,  from  the  Panjab 
and  Behar ;  flowers  peduncled,  achenes  small  as  long  as  their  stalks,  style  shorter 
than  the  achene. 

6.  NAZAS,  Linn. 

Submerged  plants  ;  stem  branched,  filiform,  smooth  or  muricate.  Leav  es 
opposite  alternate  or  whorled,  linear,  entire  or  toothed.  Flowers  minute, 
axillary,  monoecious  or  dicecious.  Male  fl.  Perianth  an  outer  tubular 
or  inflated  entire  or  4-fid  tube  and  a  hyaline  inner.     Stamen  1,  adnate 


Naias.]  clxx.  naiadace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  569 

to  the  inner  perianth,  apiculate  or  cuspidate,  1-4-celled.  Fern,  perianth  0, 
or  hyaline  and  adherent  to  the  carpel.  Carpel  1,  sessile,  1-ovuled  ;  stigmas 
2-4,  slender ;  ovule  basilar,  erect,  anatropous.  Achene  oblong.  Seed 
erect,  testa  very  thin  ;  embryo  straight. — Species  about  10,  temperate  and 
tropical. 

The  Indian  species  of  this  genus  require  a  very  close  examination,  which  I  regret 
to  say  I  have  not  materials  in  flower  and  fruit  sufficient  to  enable  me  to  undertake. 

1.  N.  major,  All.  Fl.  Pedem.  ii.  221;  stem  terete  toothed,  leaves 
linear  almost  pinnatifidly  toothed,  teeth  triangular,  base  hardly  dilated, 
flowers  solitary,  anther  4- celled.  Kunth  Enwm.  iii.  112  ;  Nees  Gen.  Fl. 
Germ.  iii.  t.  x.  ;  in  Linngea,  ix.  t.  7,  and  x.  t.  1 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
27.  N.  fucoides.  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  184;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  251,  f.  1.  N. 
mnricata,  Del.  Fl.  Egypt.  281.     N.  spinosa,  PLam.  in  Wall.  Cat.  5182. 

Throughout  India,  in  fresh  and  brackish  water,  ascending  to  8000  ft.  in  Western 
Tibet.     Ceylon. — Distrib.  Europe,  Asia,  Africa. 

Stem  terete,  branched.  Leaves  \-l\  in.,  teeth  4-8  on  each  side,  dorsally  spinous; 
sheath  with  rounded  entire  sides.  Flowers  dioecious  ;  in  vol.  of  male  oblong,  2-3- 
toothed.     Carpel  oblong,  stigmas  2-3,  fiUform.     Achene  y\-i  in. 

2.  N-  grraminea,  Del.  Fl.  Egypt.  282,  t.  50,  f.  3;  leaves  narrowly 
linear  or  subulate  acuminate  flaccid  acutely  many-toothed,  basal  auricles 
erect  lanceolate  toothed  on  both  margins,  flowers  fascicled  monoecious, 
anthers  4-celled.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  11 5 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  28 ;  A.  Braun 
in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1864)  278,  f.  5.  N.  seminuda,  Griff.  Notul.  iii. 
184 ;  Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  251,  f.  2,  and  t.  253,  254.  N.  semistipula,  Balh.  Fl.  Ticin. 
t.  15.  Caulinia  alzanensis,  Pollin.  Fl.  Veron.  iii.  49.  Fluvialis  indica, 
Pers.  ex  Wall.  Cat.  5183  B. 

Throughout  India  in  still  fresh  water,  and  Ceylon. — Distrib.  the  Old  World 
generally. 

Stem  1-2  ft.  Leaves  f -1  in.,  usually  whorled,  broader,  more  transparent  and 
more  acutely  toothed  than  is  N.  minor. 

3.  If.  minor,  All.  Fl.  Pedem.  ii.  221 ;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear 
remotely  toothed  basal  auricles  rounded  or  truncate  toothed  rarely  acute 
and  entire,  flowers  fascicled  monoecious,  anther  1-celled.  Kunth  Enum.  iii. 
113  ;  Nees  Gen.  Fl.  Germ.  iii.  t.  x. ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  28.  N.  dichotoma, 
Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  749.  N.  ternata,  Boxh.  ex  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  183 ;  Griff". 
Ic.  PI.  Asiat.  t.  252.  N.  indica,  Cham,  in  LinncBa,iY.  501.  Caulinia  indica, 
and  fragilis,  Willd.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Berl.  (1798)  89.  C.  indica.  Wall.  Cat. 
5183,  in  part. 

Throughout  India  and  Ceylon,  in  still  sweet  water. — Distrib.  Old  World 
generally. 

Stem  very  slender,  much  branched.  Leaves  spreading,  or  the  upper  recurved, 
^  in.  or  less,  hardly  -^  in.  broad,  green  or  brown  when  dry. — There  may  be  two 
or  more  species  in  India  under  the  above  name.  The  other  plant  under  Wallich's 
5183  is  a  Chara. 

4.  N.  falciculata,  A.  Braun  in  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1864)  278,  f.  4  ; 
stem  rigid,  leaves  as  in  N.  minor,  but  auricles  falcately  incurved  entire  or 
the  inner  margin  entire  the  outer  toothed. 

Madras  ;  at  Tuticoreen,  Wight. — Distrib.  Philippine  Islands. 

I  greatly  doubt  this  being  distinct  from  N.  minor,  amongst  numerous  specimens 
of  which  I  find  some  with  basal  auricles  very  like  those  figured  by  Braun  aafald- 
oulata. 


570  CLXX.  NAiADACE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  [JVa^■as. 

INDETERMINABLE    SPECIES. 

N.  TENUIS,  A,  Br.  (not  Z.  tenuis,  Keut.  Cat.  Jard.  Gener.,  1854)  is  a  plant 
from  Behar  alluded  to  by  Magnus  in  his  "  Beitrag.  Gatt.  Naias,"  Vorwort^  p.  vii., 
and  refers  probably  to  a  form  of  N.  minor  as  above  diagnosed. 

N.  iiETEEOMOEPHA,  Griff,  cx  Voigt  Sort.  Suburb.  Calcutt.  694.  A  Serampore 
specimen  so  named  in  Herb.  Kew,  by  Griffith,  has  a  very  long  laxly  leafy  stem,  the 
long  toothed  leaves  have  no  auricles,  or  most  minute  toothed  ones.  It  is  not  in 
flower  or  fruit. 

N.  BiGiDA,  Oriff.  Notul.  iii.  181.  I  cannot  identify  any  Indian  species  with 
this.  It  is  a  native  of  Serampore,  described  as  blackish  green  when  dry  with  fleshy 
rigid  leaves.     Some  specimens  included  under  N.  minor  answer  to  the  colour. 

7.  CVXMEODOCSA,  Koenig, 

Submerged  marine  plants ;  rootstock  rigid,  jointed,  creeping.  Leaves 
oblong  or  linear ;  sheaths  stipular.  Flowers  axillary,  nni-  or  bi-sexual, 
in  membranous  sheaths.  Perianth  0.  Male  fl.  Anthers  2,  elongate, 
connate,  stipitate,  slits  extrorse ;  pollen  confervoid.  Fl.  fem.  Carjoels  2, 
subsessile,  ovoid,  compressed,  1-ovuled ;  style  short,  stigmas  subulate 
recurved ;  ovule  pendulous,  orthotropous.  Fruit  of  2  ovoid  coriaceous  or 
woody  and  externally  succulent  carpels.  Seed  pendulous ;  testa  thick ; 
embryo  inflexed. — Species  4  or  5,  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

As  this  sheet  was  passing  through  the  press,  I  received  from  Dr.  Trimen  a  list  of 
the  Ceylon  Halophytes  known  to  him,  and  in  which  I  find  Cymodocea  serrulata  (true) 
and  G.  australis.  And  amongst  the  Hydro  char  idece,  there  are  to  be  added  at  p.  663 
of  vol.  v.,  Salophila  Beccarn,  Asch.,  and  Thalassia  Mernpnchiij  Asch. 

1.  C-  ciliata,  Ehrenh.  ex  Aschers.  in  Sitzb.  Ges.  Naturf.  Fr.  JBerl. 
(1867)  3 ;  in  Linnsea  xxxv.  162  ;  leaves  3-6  by  |-§  in.  linear  falcate,  tip 
rounded  ciliate- serrulate.  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  23 ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii. 
178;  Aschers.  in  Sitzh.  Bot.  Ver.  Brandh.  (1882)  28.  Thalassia  ciliata, 
Kbn.  Ann.  Bot.  ii.  97 ;  Kunth  FJnum.  iii.  120.  Posidonia  serrulata,  Thw. 
JEnum.  333.     Zostera  ciliata,  Forsk.  Fl.  ^gypt.  Arab.  157. 

Andaman  Islds.,  Train,     Cetlon,  Gardner,  Harveij. — Distb.  of  the  genus. 
Stem  or  rhizome  3-12  in.,  woody,  branched,  covered  with  annular  scars.    Fl.  and 
jrt.  unknown. 

2.  C-  serrulata,  Aschers.  Sf  Magn.  in  Sitzb.  Ges.  Naturf.  Fr.  Berl. 
(1867)  3  ;  leaves  4-6  by  ^-^  in.  linear  nearly  straight,  tip  entire  or  denti- 
culate.   Posidonia  serrulata,  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  181. 

Cetlon,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3056). — Distrib.  of  the  genus. 
I  have  seen  no  Ceylon  flowering  or  fruiting  specimens. 

3.  C.  isoetifolia,  Aschers.  I.  c. ;  in  Linnsea,  I.  c.  163 ;  and  in  Nuov. 
Giorn.  Bot.  ii,  182  ;  stem  short,  leaves  terete  fleshy  grooved  tip  3-toothed. 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  22 ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  178.  C.  aequorea,  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  118  {excl.  Syn.) ;  Thw.  £num.  333. 

South  Carnatic  j  at  Tuticoreen,  Wight.  Ceylon,  Earvey,  Glenie. — Distrib. 
Indian  Ocean. 

Leaves  3-5  by  yV~T\j  ^"-j  glaucous.     Flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes. 

4.  C-  australis^  Trim.  Cat.  Ceylon  PI.  99;  leaves  6-7  by  ^-^  in., 
linear  nearly  straight  tip  rounded  or  truncate  and  3-toothed.  Halodule 
australis,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  227.  Diplanthera  tridentata,  Steinh.  in 
Ann.  Sc.Nat.  Ser.  ii.  ix.  98.     Zostera  uninervis,  Forsk.  Fl.  ^gyjpt.  Arab. 

cxx.  and  157. 


Cymodocea.]  clxx.  naiadace^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  571 

Ceylon,  fid.  Asclerson.—BisiRiB.  of  the  genus. 

I  have  seen  no  Ceylon  specimens,  and  regard  the  identification  of  all  the  above 
enumerated  species  but  C.  isatifolia,  as  provisional  only. 

Order  CLXXI.     EaZOCAUZ.EH:. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  scapigerous  herbs.  Leaves  narrow.  Flowers  very 
minute,  in  involucrate  heads,  bracteate,  unisexual,  usually  monoecious  ; 
perianth  inferior.  Male  fl.  Sepals  of  2-3  free  or  connate  scales.  Petals 
2-3,  equal  or  unequal,  often  very  obscure,  inserted  on  the  top  of  a  clavate 
elongate  stipes.  Stamens  6  or  fewer,  some  often  reduced  to  filaments,  3 
opposite  to  or  adnate  to  the  petals  ;  anthers  dorsified.  Pistillode  minute 
or  0.  Fem.  fl.  ;  sepals  2-3,  caducous.  Petals  3  (rarely  2  or  0)  persistent, 
spathulate  or  oblanceolate,  usually  ciliate  or  villous,  and  with  a  black 
gland  on  the  disk.  Ovary  3,  rarely  2-celled  ;  style  short,  persistent,  stigmas 
2-3  slender,  with  sometimes  interposed  lobes  or  appendages ;  ovules  soli- 
tary in  the  cells,  pendulous,  orthotropous.  Capsule  deeply  3-lobed,  mem- 
branous ;  lobes  globose,  loculicidal.  Seeds  pendulous,  testa  coriaceous, 
striolate  and  often  papillose ;  embryo  outside  the  floury  albumen. — Genera 
6,  species  6-700  chiefly  tropical. 

The  Indian  species  all  belong  to  the  genus  Sriocaulon,  in  which  the  anthers 
are  didymous  and  2-celled,  the  stigmas  without  appendages,  and  the  inner  involucral 
bracts  are  not  radiating.  They  are  most  difficult  of  classification,  presenting  no 
good  sectional  characters,  that  of  flowers  trimerous  or  dimerous  being  quite  decep- 
tive. The  leaves  vary  greatly  in  length,  breadth  and  nervation ;  as  do  the  scapes  in 
length.  The  sheath  of  the  scape  is  usually  membranous  at  the  tip,  but  sometimes 
green,  which  latter  is,  I  think,  a  good  character.  The  outer  in  vol.  bracts  may  be 
erect  spreading  or  deflexed,  in  the  latter  case  they  are  usually  hidden  under  the 
flowers,  but  they  are  sometimes  though  hidden  spreading.  The  male  fl.  are  in- 
variably pedicelled;  the  fem.  usually  so,  and  this  appears  to  afibrd  a  pretty  good 
character  ;  as  is  that  of  the  fem.  petals  and  ovary  being  raised  on  a  stipes  above  the 
sepals,  or  not.  The  3  male  sepals  may  be,  in  the  same  head,  connate  in  a  funnel- 
shaped  sheath  split  on  one  side,  or  2,  or  all  free.  The  male  petals  are  often  obsolete, 
and  the  filaments  very  variable  in  number  and  length  in  the  same  head.  The  fem. 
sepals  are  normally  3,  and  are  very  caducous,  but  the  anticous  is  usually  smaller  and 
flatter  than  the  others,  more  caducous,  and  often  easily  overlooked,  when  the  calyx 
appears  to  be  dimerous.  The  fem.  petals  vary  a  good  deal  in  breadth,  length  and 
hairyness,  and  especially  in  the  size  and  position  of  the  gland  (if  present),  even  in  the 
same  head.  I  can  found  no  characters  on  the  length  of  the  stigmas  and  style,  which, 
however,  difler  a  good  deal  in  difterent  species.  The  seeds  in  some  species  vary  a  good 
deal  in  colour,  from  amber-yellow  to  red-brown  ;  normally  they  are  broadly  oblong, 
striated,  with  often  papillose  ridges,  and  most  minute  transverse  striolations.  The 
hairs  of  the  head  are  of  two  kinds,  white  opaque  stout  obtuse  bristles,  and  capillary 
transparent  jointed  ones  ;  they  are  sometimes  intermixed,  and  it  is  often  difficult  to 
say  to  which  category  the  hairs  should  be  referred. 

In  the  following  epitome  of  the  Indian  Eriocaulons  (with  which  I  am  far  from 
being  satisfied)  I  have  been  obliged  to  propose  a  good  many  new  species.  Some  of 
them  may  be  described  Malayan  ones,  of  which  I  have  seen  no  specimens,  and  the 
descriptions  of  which  are  too  imperfect  for  their  identification.  I  have  minutely 
examined  most  of  the  old  world  species  accessible  to  me,  but  find  very  few  conspecific 
with  the  Indian. 

EaZOCAUIiON»  Linn. 

A.  Aquatics.  Stems  elongate,  branched,  submerged,  densely  leafy, 
upper  branches  floating.  Leaves  capillary.  Seads  very  small.  Invol. 
bracts  very  small,  oblong  or  cuneate,  glabrous.  (See  also  E.  Dalzellii  at 
end  of  genus.) 


572  CLxxi.  ERiocAULL^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Eriocaulon.^ 

1.  E.  setaceum,   Linn.  Sp.  PI.  87;   receptacle   conical  villous,   fl.  ^ 
bracts    cymbiform    acute  coriaceous  glabrous  black,    seeds   dark  brown. 
Kunth  Enum.  va..  650.     Steud.  8yn.  PI.   Gyp.  ii.  270;  Thw.  Enum.  341. 
E.  intermedium,  Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  601. — Rheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t. 
63. 

Malabar;  at  Quilon,  Wight.    Ceylon;  Walker,  &c. 

Stem  2-3  ft.,  stout  or  slender,  flexuous.  Leaves  l|^-2  in.,  flexuous,  1-nerved. 
Peduncles  very  many,  slender,  1^^3  in.  ;  sheath  f-1  in.,  tip  membranous.  Heads 
i  in.  diam.  ^aZe  petals  obscure  j  stamens  6;  fem.  sepals  cymbiform,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so ;  petals  narrow,  ciliate,  with  or  without  k  glaud.  Seeds  obloug,  quite 
smooth. 

2.  E.  capillus-naiadls,  Hooh.  f. ;  receptacle  conical  or  convex 
villous,  fl.  bracts  whitish  membranous  outer  glabrous  inner  with  long 
white  dorsal  hairs,  seeds  dark  olive-green  or  black  E.  setaceum.  Wall. 
Cat.  n.  6077 ;  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  29  ;  Koirn.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii. 
{excl.  syn.  Linn.). 

Bengal  ;  Serampore,  Griffitli,  Vicrampore,  Cla/rJce.  Khasia  Hills  ;  at  Nonk- 
reem,  J.  D.  S.  8f  T.  T.  Buemaj  Tavoy  and  Pegu,  Wallichi  &c.  The  Concan, 
Stocks. — DiSTEiB.  Cochin  China. 

Closely  resembles  E.  setaceum  in  habit,  foliage,  &c.  In  the  Burmese  and  Khasian 
specimens  the  fem.  petals  are  ciliate  with  long  hairs,  in  the  Concan  and  Cochin- 
Chinese  they  are  nearly  glabrous. 

3.  E,  bifistulosuiU;  Van  Seurck.  Ohs.  Bob.  105;  receptacle  conical 
glabrous,  fl.  bracts  dark  all  witb  short  dorsal  bristles,  seeds  chesnut 
brown.     E.  setaceum,  Bentli.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  191. 

Khasia  Hills,  at  My  rung,  alt.  5000  ft.  Griffith. — Disteib.  W.  Africa, 
Australia. 

This  is  closely  allied  to  E.  capillus-naiadis  and  setaceum,  differing  from  both  in 
the  glabrous  receptacle,  and  from  the  former  in  the  very  short  hairs  of  the  fl. 
bracts  which  are  more  mucronate  and  less  membranous ;  the  seeds  too  are  much 
smaller.  The  fem.  petals  are  narrow,  glabrous,  with  minute  apical  glands,  as  in  the 
Concan  specimens  of  E.  capillus-naiadis. 

B.  Terrestrial  or  marsb  plants  ;  stem  rarely  elongate. 

*  Petals  of  male  fl.  3,  one  much  the  largest  and  protruded  beyond  the 
floral  bracts,  rarely  snbequal  and  all  protruded.  Lnvol.  bracts  globose  in 
all ;  floral  bearded. 

t  Heads  more  than  |  in.  diam.     Eeceptacle  villoTis. 

4.  E.  rpbustuxn,  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  271 ;  subcaulescent,  scape 
subsolitary  very  stout,  invol.  bracts  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate  acuminate 
pale  shining,  sepals  and  petals  villonsly  bearded,  fem.  fl.  subsessile.  Koern. 
in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  674.     S.  bracteosum,  Steud.  I.  c.  272. 

NiLGHiRi  Hills  ;  alt.  6000  ft.,  Wight,  &a.  4 

Rootstock  often  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  1-9  by  ^-f  in.,  narrowed  to  the 
obtuse  or  rounded  tip,  soft,  thin,  opaque,  very  many-nerved,  striate,  often  shining. 
Scape  8  in .-3  ft.,  as  thick  as  a  crow-quill  or  less.  Heads  ^-l  in.  diam. ;  invol. 
bracts  many-seriate,  scarious ;  receptacle  convex,  villous ;  fl.  bracts  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, acuminate.  Flowers  3-merous  ;  sepals  of  both  sexes  3,  concave  villous  ;  stamens 
6 ;  fem.  fl.  with  the  ovary  and  petals  stipitate  above  the  sepals,  stipes  villous.— 
Much  the  stoutest  Indian  species. 

6.  E.  caulescens,  Hook.  f.  &  Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.;  caulescent, 
scape  subsolitary  from  the  stem  or  its  branches,  invol.  bracts  oblong  outer 


Eriocaulon,']  clxxi.  eriocaull-S!.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  573 

obtuse  inner  acute  black  shining,  fern.  fl.  snbsessile,   sepals   and  petals 
villonsly  bearded.     E.  atratum,  j3  major,    Thw.  Enum.  341. 

Ceylon  ;   WigM;    G.   Thomson;   central  province,   alt.  5-7000  ft.,  ThwaUe-i 
(No.  131). 

Stem  simple,  in  young  plants  3-4  in.  long  and  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  often 
copiously  branched  in  old  ;  branches  6-10  in.  long,  leafy  throughout.  Leaves  2-6 
by  i-i  in.,  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  obtuse  tip,  rigid,  quite  opaque  j  nerves 
very  many,  close,  obscure.  Scape  stout  or  slender.  Seads  ^-|  in. ;  invol.  bracts 
sub  3-seriate,  scarious ;  receptacle  flat,  villous ;  fl.  bracts  oblanceolate,  acute,  dark, 
shortly  bearded  ;  2  sepals  of  fem.  fl.  concave,  the  3rd  flat  ;  petals  very  unequal, 
glands  large  ;  ovary  with  petals  stipitate,  stipes  villous. — The  only  Indian  much- 
branched  species. 

ft  Heads  \  in.  diam.  or  less. 
§  Receptacle  villous. 

6.  E.  subcaulescens»  Kook.  /. ;   stem  short   stout   densely  leafy, 

leaves  linear  acute  concave  thick  opaque,  scapes  2-3,  bracts  all  yellowish, 

involucral  broadly  obovate   scarious,  floral  cuneately  oblanceolate  acute 

bearded,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  petals  oblanceolate  villous,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

Ceylon  ;  Newera  Ellia,  Gardner,  ThwaUes  (C.P.  61  and  789  in  Herb.  Kew). 

Stem  3-4  in.,  as  thick  as  the  little  finger.     Leaves  very  many,  2-3  by  J^-^  in., 

erect,  very  many-nerved,  quite  smooth  on  both  surfaces  ;  sheath  slightly  woolly  at 

the  base.     Scape  12  in.,  slender.     Head   ^-^  in.  diam.,  depressed  spherical,  pale ; 

male  and  fem.  sepals  2  concave,  Iflat,  all  bearded  ;  fem.  petals  oblanceolate  villous; 

ovary  villous  at  the  base.     Seed  sub-globose,  smooth. — Closely  resembles  a  Bornean 

species  from  Kina  Balu,  in  which  the  male  petals  are  shorter. 

7.  B.  longricuspis,  Ifoo^./.;  stem  short  stout,  leaves  short  linear- 
subulate  acuminate  flat  thick  opaque,  scapes  tall  very  slender,  invol.  bracts 
very  small  cuneately  obovate  scarious  blackish,  floral  cuneate  tip  black 
rounded  toothed  and  with  a  long  black  cusp,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  petals 
oblanceolate  ciliate  with  the  ovary  long-stipitate.  E.  cristatum,  var. 
Thw.  Enum.  341. 

Ceylon,  Thwaites  (C.P.  1002  in  Herb.  Kew ;  789  in  Tkiv.  Enum.). 

MootstocJc  as  thick  as  a  swan's  quill.  Leaves  2-2^  in.,  narrowed  from  the  base 
to  the  tip,  many-nerved,  obscurely  striate  ;  sheaths  obscurely  woolly  at  the  base. 
Scapes  18-20  in.,  weak,  flexuous.  Seads  \  in.  diam.,  the  black  cusps  of  the  fl. 
bracts  contrasting  with  the  white  small  petals;  receptacle  hemispheric;  male  fl.  on 
slender  pedicels;  sepals 3,  free,  tips  bearded;  stamens  6;  fem.  petals  very  unequal, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  glands  large. — I  have  seen  only  one  specimen  of  this  well- 
marked  species. 

8.  E.  polycephalum,  Hooh.f. ;  rootstock  very  stout,  leaves  elongate 
narrowly  sword-shaped  acuminate  flat  thin,  scapes  very  many  tall  slender, 
invol.  bracts  very  small  cuneately  obovate  scarious  blackish  shining, 
floral  oblanceolate  long-cuspidate  black  softly  bearded,  fem.  fl.  shortly 
pedicelled,  sepals  and  petals  softly  hairy,  ovary  subsessile. 

Centeal  India  ;  near  Pachmarchi,  Duthie. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  middle  finger.  Leaves  many,  2-8  by  ^-^  in.,  lower 
recurved,  very  many -nerved,  narrowed  to  the  acuminate  tip,  rather  glossy.  Scapes 
30  or  more,  8-20  in.  Heads  l-^  in.,  globose,  ash-colrd.,  hairs  flexuous;  receptacle 
convex,  shortly  villous  ;  tips  and  cusps  of  bracts  black  ;  male  sepals  3,  free  ;  stamens 
6;  fem.  sepals  long,  narrow;  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate,  ciliate  with  long  soft 
hairs. — A  very  handsome  species,  closely  allied  to  E.  longicuspis,  but  very  much 
larger  with  many  scapes. 


574  CLXXi.  ERioCAULLiE.     (J  D.  Hooker.)  [Eriocaulon. 

9.  E.  odoratum,  Dalz.  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  iii.  (1851),  280 ;  leaves 
short  subulate  recurved  7-nerved,  scapes  many  filiform,  heads  snow  white, 
invol.  bracts  short  obovate-oblong  obtuse  scarious  dark,  floral  cuneately 
obovate  bearded,  fern.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  narrow  subequal  oblanceolate, 
petals  oblanceolate  villously  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  very  shortly 
stipitate.     Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  280  ;  Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  683. 

The  CoNCAN  J  prov.  Malwan,  in  stagnant  water,  Dalzell. 

Leaves  1  in.,  ^  in.  broad  at  base,  narrowed  thence  to  the  finely  acuminate  tip, 
translucent.  Scapes  6-10  in.,  deeply  grooved ;  tip  of  sheath  membranous.  Heads 
^—\  in.  diam.,  globose ;  recept.  hemispheric,  shortly  villous  with  brownish  hairs  ; 
fl.  bracts  concealed  by  the  male  petals ;  fern,  sepals  longer  than  the  petals. — Smells 
strongly  of  chamomile,  Dalzell. 

10.  S.  atratum^  KoBrn.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  610;  leaves  very  slender 
linear  obtuse  opaque ;  scape  long  solitary,  invol.  bracts  cuneately  obovate 
black  shining  inner  acute,  floral  black  shortly  bearded  outer  orbicular- 
obovate  very  shortly  cuspidate  inner  narrow  cuneate  acute,  fem.  fl.  sessile, 
petals  oblanceolate  villous. 

Ceylon  ;  Gardner  (n.  972). 

Densely  tufted.  Leaves  4-6  in.,  erect  or  spreading  from  an  erect  base,  To~rV  ^"• 
broad,  sheaths  woolly  at  the  base,  nerves  very  many,  close.  Scapes  1  ft.  and  under. 
Heads  ^  in.  diam.,  hemispheric  j  invol.  bracts  convex,  rigid,  incurved ;  inner  floral 
black  above  the  middle ;  recept.  hemispheric,  densely  villous ;  male  fl.  pedicelled, 
stamens  6 ;  fem.  subsessile  ;  2  sepals  of  fem.  concave,  narrow  flat ;  ovary  sessile, 
base  hairy. — I  am  rather  doubtful  of  this  being  Koernicke's  E.  atratum,  which  he 
describes  from  a  specimen  in  the  Berlin  Herb,  as  being  stouter  than  JE.  cristatum, 
and  broader  leaved.     It  is  most  like  the  Khasian  eristatum  of  the  Ceylon  species. 

§§  Receptacle  glabrous  or  nearly  so  {or  villous  in  E.  eristatum,  var.). 

11.  E.  eristatum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  28 ;  Cat.  6070 ; 
densely  tufted,  leaves  erect  3-6  in.  narrowly  linear  flat  tip  obtuse  rigid 
opaque  many-nerved  striate,  scapes  1  or  more  rigid  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  heads  snow-white,  invol.  bracts  cuneately  obovate  edged  with 
black,  floral  dark  broadly  obcuneate  acute  very  shortly  bearded,  fem.  fl. 
shortly  pedicelled,  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate  villously  ciliate,  ovary 
sessile.    Koern.  in  Linnesa,  xxvii.  609. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  common. 

Leaves  a^^-yo  in.  broad,  narrowed  to  the  obtuse  tip ;  sheaths  short,  not  woolly 
at  the  base.  Scapes  rigid,  deeply  grooved.  Heads  ^-^  in.  diam.,  black  and  white  ; 
invol.  bracts  coriaceous ;  floral  rather  rigid ;  receptacle  flat  or  convex,  quite  glabrous, 
or  very  sparsely  hairy.  Seeds  oblong  with  papillose  ridges. — The  E.  eristatum  of 
Benth.  Fl.  Hongk,  diifers  in  the  equal  or  subequal  male  petals. 

Var.  Mackii;  leaves  broader,  receptacle  densely  villous. — Assam  (probably 
Khasia)  Mrs.  Made. — Perhaps  a  different  species. 

12.  E.  melaleucum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  28  ;  Gat,  6080; 
leaves  1-2  in.  subulate  acuminate  3-7-nerved  opaque,  scapes  subsolitary, 
invol.  bracts  membranous  black,  outer  obovate-oblong  obtuse,  acute, 
floral  acuminate  black  thickly  bearded,  fem.  fl.  subsessile,  petals  linear 
villously  ciliate  tipped  with  short  white  bristles,  glands  0,  ovary  with 
petals  subsessile.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  668 ;  Koern.  in  -Linnsea,  xxvii.  164. 
E.leucomelas,  Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  2,i.585;  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  272;  E.  quinquan- 
gulare,  Herb.  Heyne. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills,  Heyne,  Schmidt.     Areakan,  King. 

Leaves  translucent,  recurved,  more  opaque  in  Schmidt's  specimen;  sheath 
glabrous  at  base.     Scape  strongly  grooved.     Head  i  in.   diam.  black  and  white ; 


EriocaulonJl  clxxi.  eriooaull^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  575 

invol.  bracts  at  length  reflexed  shining;  receptacle  subglobose;  male  sepals  3  free  or 
2 connate,  odd  petal  shortly  protruded;  fern,  sepals  narrow,  as  long  as  the  petals,  2 
free  concave  3rd  flat  j  ovary  and  petals  very  shortly  stipitate.— Very  near  E.  atratum 
in  which  the  recept.  is  villous,  and  the  odd  petal  of  male  fl.  not  protruded.  The 
specimens  are  few  and  poor,  except  King's.  Koernicke  describes  the  recept.  as  villous, 
but  it  is  decidedly  glabrous  in  Wallich's  specimen. 

13.  E.  xnitophyluin,  HooJc.f.\  densely  Ijufted,  leaves  2-3  in.  almost 
filiform  from  a  broad  sheathing  base  acuminate  flattened  opaque,  scape 
twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  heads  very  small  hemispheric,  invol.  bracts 
spreading  obovate-obloog  obtnse  black,  floral  black  caneately  obovate 
obtuse  very  shortly  bearded,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  petals  oblanceolate  obtuse 
villonsly  ciliate. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  Myrung,  alt.  5000  ft.  Griffith  {Kew  Dist.  5578,  5580)  ;  Jaintea, 
alt.  4000  ft.,  Clarke. 

Leaves  flaccid,  5-7-nerved  ;  sheath  not  woolly  at  the  base.  Sheath  of  scape  not 
lacerate  at  the  mouth.  Heads  ^-^  in.  diam.,  white  and  black  ;  invol.  bracts  3-4- 
seriate,  at  length  lacerate,  not  shining ;  receptacle  globose ;  sepals  of  male  3,  free ; 
truncate  tips  bearded ;  odd  petal  shortly  exserted  ;  fem.  sepals  2  concave  3rd  flat ; 
ovary  very  shortly  stipitate. — Perhaps  a  form  of  JE.  miserum,  but  the  large  leaf- 
sheaths  are  very  different,  and  the  receptacle  is  globose. 

14.  S.  miserum,  Koern.  in  Linncea,  xxvii.  607 ;  densely  tufted,  leaves 
very  short  capillary  or  0,  scape  solitary  very  long  filiform,  heads  very  small 
globose,  outer  invol.  bracts  orbicular- oblong  obtuse  coriaceous  lacerate 
pale  brown  or  black,  floral  oblanceolate  acute  bearded,  male  petals  sub- 
equal,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  petals  subequal  spathulate  villous.  E.  cristatum, 
Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Ear.  iii.  28  ;  and  Cat.  6070  {in  part). 

SiLHET;  Bruce  {Herb.  Wall.);  Khasia  Hills,  in  river  sand,  alt.  2500  ft., 
Clar&e. 

Bootsfochs  matted,  1-2  in.  long,  slender  clothed  with  capillaiy  roots.  Leaves 
few,  1-2  in.,  much  shorter,  or  0  in  Clarke's  specimens.  Scapes  12-18  in.  flexuous,  not 
deeply  grooved,  tips  of  sheaths  membranous.  Sead  i-i  in.  diam.,  grey-white ;  fl.  bracts 
concealed  by  the  male  petals ;  invol.  bracts  2-3-seriate ;  receptacle  slender,  columnar ; 
male  sepals  bearded,  petals  subequal  or  one  longest ;  fem.  sepals  2  oblong  cymbiform 
3rd  flat,  all  bearded ;  ovary  with  petals  sessile  or  very  shortly  stipitate. — Wallich's 
specimens  are  young  and  imperfect. 

15.  IS.  Collettii,  Sooh.  f. ;  leaves  short  broadly  subulate  acuminate 
recurved  many -nerved,  scapes  tall  slender,  heads  globose  snow-white,  invol. 
bracts  very  small  linear-oblong  obtuse  membranous  pale,  floral  oblanceo- 
late acute,  petals  of  male  fl.  subequal,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  much  shorter 
than  the  petals  which  are  villoxis  and  with  the  ovary  shortly  stipitate.  ] 

Uppee  Burma;  Shan  Hills,  alt  4000  ft.,  Collett. 

Leaves  1^  by  i  in.,  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  tip,  opaque,  striate.  Scapes 
several,  6-grooved ;  sheaths  rather  short.  Seads  ^^  in.  diam. ;  invol.  bracts 
2-seriate,  pale  or  dark,  at  length  reflexed  and  concealed  under  the  flowers ;  recep- 
tacle convex  ;  fl.  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  male  sepals  truncate  bearded, 
one  petal  largest;  fem.  sepals  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  of  which  2  are  oblong 
obtuse  concave  tip  bearded,  the  3rd  flat ;  petals  oblanceolate,  glands  large. 

16.  E.  breviscapum,  Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  Q7Q  ;  leaves  (floating  ?) 
very  long  strap-shaped  flat  flaccid,  scape  solitary,  head  broadly  hemi- 
spheric (or  globose  ?)  invol.  bracts  few  very  small  oblong  obtuse  scarious 
dark,  floral  oblanceolate  acute  shortly  bearded,  fem.  fl.  sabsessile,  sepals 
villously  bearded,  petals  oblanceolate  villous  with  long  hairs,  ovary  with 
petals  shortly  stipitate. 


576  CLXXi.  ERioCAULL^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)         [Eriocaulon. 

India;  Huegel.  N.  Canaea,  Tinai  Ghat,  alt.  2000  ft.,  in  streams  and  pools, 
Talhot. 

Stem  very  short.  Leaves  6-15  by  i-i  in.,  exactly  linear,  opaque,  7-11-nerved, 
nerves  very  slender.  Scape  shorter  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  sheath  2-2^  in.,  tip 
obtuse  membranous.  Heads  ^  in.  diam. ,  black  and  white,  rather  few-fld.  ;  recep- 
tacle convex,  glabrous ;  invol.  bracts  green,  much  shorter  than  the  floral ;  male 
sepals  densely  bearded,  petals  villous,  one  much  largest ;  stamens  6  j  fern,  sepals 
short  oblong  concave,  tips  truncate  bearded  ;  petals  subequal,  glands  large.  Seeds 
very  minute,  subglobose,  pale  yellowish,  shining. — Male  petals  and  stamens  some- 
times sessile  between  the  sepals,  the  conical  stipes  being  very  short  or  0. 

**  Petals  of  male  fl.  subequal,  or  one'  rather  larger,  often  very  obscure, 
none  produced  beyond  the  floral  bracts. 

t  Involucral  bracts  woolly  or  hairy  (sometimes  glabrous  in  E.  Browni- 
anum).     Eeceptacle  villous  in  all. 

17.  E.  Wig-htianum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Ear.  iii.  28;  Gat.  6067  ; 
tall,  stout,  leaves  broadly  linear  or  ensiform,  tips  obtuse,  heads  globose 
snow-white,  invol.  bracts  pale  cuneiform  reflexed  tips  truncate  or  rounded, 
floral  oblanceolate  acuminate  strongly  cuspidate  villous,  male  petals 
small  subequal,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  narrow  concave,  bearded,  petals 
obovate  or  oblanceolate  villous  with  very  long  hairs,  ovary  sessile.  Kunth 
JS^wwm.  iii.  563 ;  Steud.  Syn.  Fl.  Gyp.  271.;  "Kcern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  658 
[excl.  syn.)     E.  sexangulare,  Serb.  Heyne, 

Tenasseeim,  Wallich,  &c.  Pegu,  Kurz.  The  Concan,  Stocks,  &c.  Ceylon, 
ascending  to  7000  ft.     (C.P.  378,  3382). 

Bootstock  often  as  thick  as  the  thumb.  Leaves  4-10  by  \  in.  (and  scapes), 
glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy,  many-nerved.  Scapes  many,  stout,  ribbed  and  deeply 
grooved;  sheaths  with  long  free  green  tips.  Heads  ^  in.  diam.,  subsquarrose  from 
the  prominent  tips  of  the  fl.  bracts ;  invol.  bracts  coriaceous  at  the  base  ;  receptacle 
convex  villous ;  flowers  pedicelled ;  male  petal  s  minute  in  the  Tenasserim  specimens, 
small  subequal  in  the  Concan ;  stamens  6.  Seeds  globosely  oblong,  dark  red-brown, 
papillose. — Fem.  fl.  sometimes  4-merous. 

18.  Z:.  Brownianum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  Pi.  As.  Mar.  iii.  25,  t.  248 ; 
Gai.  6066;  tall,  slender,  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  ensiform  acuminate 
glabrous  or  hairy,  scapes  solitary  very  tall,  heads  \  in.  diam.  globose  or 
hemispheric  snow-white,  invol.  bracts  obovate-oblong  or  cuneiform  rigid 
spreading  at  length  reflexed,  outer  floral  cuneiform  inner  spathulate 
obtuse,  male  petals  small,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  petals  narrow  villous  with 
very  long  straight  hairs,  ovary  subsessile.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  562  ;  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  271 ;  Kcern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  663.  E.  nilagirense,  Steud. 
I.  c. ;  Kcern.  I.  c.  661. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  common.  Mtjnnipoee,  Watt.  Nilghiei 
Hills,  Wight,  Gardner.  Cbxlon,  Gardner,  ascending  to  7000  ft.,  Thwaites  (C.P. 
377,  1001). 

Bootstock  stout.  Leaves  6-18  by  xV"^  ^"-j  many-nerved,  and  scapes  glabrous 
pubescent  or  copiously  hairy.  Scape  1-2  ft.,  ribbed  and  deeply  grooved ;  sheath 
very  long,  tip  acuminate  green.  Heads  sometimes  depressed  and  concave  beneath, 
the  stiff  pale  or  dark  invol.  bracts  ^-^  in.  long,  equalling  the  flowers  j  receptacle 
flat  or  convex;  male  sepals  free  or  connate,  tips  bearded,  petals  subequal;  fem. 
sepals  cymbiform,  dorsally  hirsute,  acute  or  cuspidate.  Seeds  oblong  or  subglobose, 
papillose  and  striate. — The  hairs  of  the  fein.  petals  are  much  longest  in  the  Khasian 
plant. 


JEriocaulon.']        clxxi.  ERiooAULBiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  577 

19.  E.  sericans,  Mart,  in  Wall  PL  As.  Bar.  iii.  29;  Cat.  6079; 
leaves  short  subulate,  scapes  1-2  slender,  heads  ^  in.  diam.  globose  snow- 
white,  invol.  bracts  oblong  pale  yellow  scarious  not  reflexed  tips  rounded, 
floral  cuneate-obovate  acute  pubescent  tips  of  outer  glabrous,  male  sepals 
small  orbicular,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  narrow  concave,  petals  oblan- 
ceolate  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  very  shortly  stipitate  or  sessile.  Kunth 
Enum.  iii.  568 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cy^.  272.  E.  gracile,  Mart.  I.  c. ;  Wall. 
Gat.  6079 ;  Xunth  I.  c.  558.     E.  infirmum,  Steud.  I.  c.  270. 

Burma  ;  at  Prome  and  Tavoy,  Wallich. 

Bootstoeh  small.  Leaves  ^-1  in.,  erect  and  recurved,  3-5-nerved,  opaque. 
Scapes  4-grooved  ;  sheath  short,  tip  acuminate  green.  Seads  very  pale ;  invol. 
bracts  shining,  pubescent ;  receptacle  small,  hemispheric ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  male 
sepals  3,  narrow,  free  or  2  connate  bearded  j  petals  unequal ;  fem.  petals  unequal, 
glands  0.  Seeds  globosely  oblong,  papillose. — I  have  no  doubt  as  to  the  specific 
identity  of  sericans  with  gracUe;  Koernicke  unites  the  former  with  Wighti' 
anum,  it  is  certainly  very  close,  but  the  heads  are  much  smaller ;  the  male  petals 
larger  and  fem.  broader.  The  ovary  with  petals  is  sessile  in  gracile  very  shortly 
stipitate  in  sericans.     The  specimens  are  very  few. 

20.  IS.  lanceolatuBi,  Miq.  inPl.Metz  exsicc.  n.lSl;  leaves  narrowly 
oblong-lanceolate  many-nerved  translucent,  scapes  many  slender,  sheath 
inflated  above  tip  green,  heads  globose  i  in.  diam.  snow-white,  invol. 
bracts  small  pale  quadrate  o^  obovate  scarious  not  reflexed,  male  petals 
obscure,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  2  deeply  cymbiform  3rd  flat  all  bearded, 
petals  very  unequal  oblanceolate  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  sessile.  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  271 ;  Kcern.  in  Linncea,  xxvii.  656. 

The  CoNCAN  and  Canaea,  Metz,  Stocks. 

RootstocTi  small.  Leaves  1-2^  by  \-^  in.,  acute  or  acuminate,  flaccid,  hardly 
sheathing.  Scapes  4-6  in.,  not  deeply  grooved;  sheath  very  slender  below,  inflated 
above  the  middle,  tip  acuminate.  Heads  very  like  those  of  E.  sericans,  as  are  the 
bracts  and  seeds. — One  of  the  fem.  sepals  is  sometimes  winged  at  the  back. 

tt  Involucral  and  floral  bracts  both  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

§  Receptacle  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy. 

21.  E.  Sieboldianum,  Sieh.  Sf  Zucc.  ex  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  272 ; 
leaves  short  subulate  or  setaceous,  scapes  very  many,  heads  small  globose 
or  ovoid,  bracts  all  scarious,  invol.  oblong  obtuse  gradually  passing  into 
the  oblong-lanceolate  subacute  shining  floral,  fem.  fl.  long-pedicelled,  sepals 
1-2  slender  or  0,  petals  0,  ovary  long-stipitate.  E.  sexangulare,  Mart,  in 
Wall.  PI.  As.  Par.  iii.  28.  E.  hexangulare,  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  551 ;  Thw. 
Enum.  341 ;  Steud.  I.  c.  j  Kcern.  in  lAnncea,  xxvii.  613 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  279  ;  Wall.  Cat.  6073.  E.  setaceum.  Herb.  Heyne.  E.  nitidum 
and  tenue,  Serb.  Ham. 

Throughout  India  ;  from  Kashmir  to  Assam  and  Burma,  and  southward  to 
Ceylon  (C.P.  795).— Disteib.  China,  Japan,  Mt.  Philipp. 

Annual.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  3-5-nerved,  rarely  ^  in.  broad,  opaque  or  translucent. 
Scapes  slender;  sheath  short.  Heads  \  in.  diam.,  pale  whitish  or  purplish;  invol. 
bracts  spreading  or  ascending,  much  shorter  than  the  head ;  receptacle  columnar, 
glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy  ;  fl.  bracts  imbricating  upwards,  closely  appressed,  often 
with  a  broad  purplish  central  band ;  malg  sepals  3,  petals  minute,  stamens  1-6 ; 
fem.  fl.  with  a  long  stipes  above  the  separe  which  is  jointed  between  the  sepals  and 
ovary.     Seeds  minute,  red-brown,  quite  smooth. — Closely  allied  to  Austi-alian  E. 

VOL.  VI.  P  p 


578  CLxxi.  ERioCAULEiR.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  lEHocaulon, 

cinerevm,  Br.,  which  has  a  villous  receptacle.  As  ascertained  by  Trimen  {Linn.  Son. 
xxiv.  136)  from  the  examination  of  Hermann's  Herbarium,  the  E.  sexangulare  of 
Linnaeus  is  E.  Wallichianum  of  Martins.  In  Herb.  Linn.  E.  sexangulare  bears  its 
right  name;  where  there  is  also  a  specimen  of  E.  Sieboldianum,  from  Koenig, 
unnamed. 

22.  E.  Duthiei,  Hooh.f.;  leaves  very  short  broadly  subulate,  scapes 
many  very  slender,  heads  i  in.  diam.  broadly  ovate  or  hemispheric,  invol. 
bracts  spreading  oblong  obtuse  scarious  shining  passing  into  the  dark 
linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate  acuminate  glabrous  glistening  jBloral,  fern.  fl. 
shortly  pedicelled,  sepals  2  very  narrow,  petals  3  filiform. 

Central  Provinces  ;  Bhimkund,  in  the  Khandma  district,  Dufhie. 

Leaves  ^-f  in.,  many-nerved.  Scapes  2-S  in. ;  sheath  short.  Heads  nearly  black, 
glistening  ;  fl.  bracts  strongly  incurved,  sometimes  obscurely  pubescent  towards  the 
tips ;  receptacle  very  tall  and  slender,  quite  glabrous ;  flowers  shortly  pedicelled ; 
male  sepals  2,  narrow,  subacute,  glabrous ;  petals  very  obscure ;  stamens  6 ;  ovary 
with  the  petals  stipitate.     Seeds  broadly  oblong,  quite  smooth,  yellow. 

23.  E.  alpestre,  Hook.f.  &  Thorns.  Herb.  Ind.  Or.;  leaves  broadly 
or  narrowly  subulate,  scapes  very  many  short  stout,  heads  broadly  obconic 
few-fid.,  invol.  bracts  suberect  as  long  as  the  flowers  cuneiform  coriaceous, 
floral  obovate-oblong,  fern.  fi.  sessile,  sepals  oblong  cymbiform  obtuse 
glabrous,  petals  3  subequal  obovate  coriaceous  glabrous  glands  apical.  E. 
kiusianum,  Maxim,  in  Serb.  Hori.  Fetrop. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  8-12,000  ft.,  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5-6000  ft,  J.  D.  S., 
Clarke. — Distrib.  W.  China,  Japan. 

Leaves  very  many,  1-5  by  |-J  in.,  narrowed  from  a  broad  base  to  the  acute  tip, 
few  or  many-nerved,  usually  spreading.  Scapes  shorter  or  longer  than  the  leaves, 
often  fiexuous.  ilearfs  i  in.  diam.  or  less;  invol.  bracts  yellowish  and  black;  floral 
black,  coriaceous ;  receptacle  small,  convex,  glabrous ;  male  sepals  3,  truncate, 
glabrous ;  petals  obscure ;  stamens  6 ;  fem.  petals  white,  shortly  clawed ;  ovary 
with  petals  sessile.  Seeds  large,  oblong,  yellowish  or  dark,  quite  smooth. — An  un- 
usually well-marked  species  by  the  glabrous  coriaceous  fem.  petals. 

24.  E.  truncatum^  Ham.  ex  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  29 ; 
Wall.  Gat.  6076  ;  leaves  1-2  in.  subulate,  scapes  many  stout,  heads  i-^  in. 
diam.  hemispheric,  invol.  bracts  cuneate  spreading  shining,  floral  scarious 
obovoid  tip  concave  truncately  rounded  glabrous,  fem.  fi.  pedicelled,  sepals 
2  narrow,  petals  3  filiform  or  very  narrowly  oblanceolate  ciliate,  ovary 
with  petals  stipitate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  555 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  ii.  270  ; 
Kcern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  631;  Thw.  JEnum.  341  {excl.  syn.).  E.  cinereum, 
Ham.    Leucocephala  spathacea,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  613. 

Assam,  Bengal,  Burma,  and  southward  to  Malacca  and  Ceylon  (C.P.  793). 
— Distrib.  Malay  and  Philippine  Islands,  China. 

Leaves  i  in.  broad  at  the  base  or  less,  acuminate,  few-  or  many-nerved.  Scapes 
1-4  in.  Heads  glistening ;  invol.  bracts  sub-2-seriate ;  floral  incurved  and  imbri- 
cating ;  receptacle  conical,  sparsely  hairy ;  male  sepals  free  or  coherent ;  petals 
minute,  ciliate ;  fem.  fl.  long-pedicelled,  sepals  concave  or  linear  and  flat ;  petals  very 
variable  in  breadth.  Seeds  pale,  ribs  papillose. — This  is  unquestionably  Koxburgh's 
Leucocephala  spathacea,  of  which  he  had  a  good  drawing  made. 

Var.  malaccense ;  floral  bracts  broader,  flowers  of  both  sexes  sessile,  petals 
broader  and  more  coriaceous,  gland  apical,  ovary  with  petals  stipitate,  seeds  larger. — 
Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  5567)  ;  at  Kwala  Pehang,  Itidley. — Possibly  a 
diflerent  species. 

§§  Hecei^tacle  more  or  less  villous. 


Eriocaulon.']         clxxi.  eriocaulej].     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  579 

25.  IS.  oryzetoruxn,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  28;  Wall.  Cat. 
6069  ;  leaves  ensiform,  scapes  many  short  or  tall,  heads  yellow  globose  or 
ovoid,  bracts  all  scarious  hyaline,  invol.  oblong  obtuse  passing  into  the 
cuneate-obovate  cuspidate  densely  imbricate  floral,  fern.  fl.  shortly  pedi- 
celled,  petals  slepder.  Kunth.  Enum.  iii.  552 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PL  Gyp.  270  ; 
Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  639.  E.  Hamiltonianum,  Mart.  I.  c.  29 ;  Wall, 
Cat.  6075 ;  Kunth  I.  c. 

Tropical  Himalaya,  from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim ;  Assam,  Silhet,  Pegtj, 
Chota  Nagpore,  Singapore  and  Penang. 

Sootstock  short,  stout,  or  0.  Leaves  1-3  by  ^-^  in.,  spongy,  very  many-nerved, 
narrowed  to  a  truncate  coriaceous  tip.  Sca/pes  8-18  in.  (shorter  in  dwarf  states), 
soft,  flexuous.  Heads  ^-J  in.  diam.,  straw-colrd.,  base  intruded ;  receptacle  conical 
or  columnar,  densely  villous ;  male  sepals  2,  tips  fimbriate  or  glabrous ;  petals 
minute  or  0;  stamens  6;  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  3,  slender,  caducous;  petals 
filiform  to  oblanceolate,  naked  or  ciliolate,  caducous ;  ovary  with  petals  stipitate 
above  the  sepals.  Seeds  pale  yellow,  very  minute,  smooth. — E.  Hamiltonianum  is 
certainly  an  immature  state  of  oryzetorum. 

26.  E.  stellulatum,  Kcem.  in  Linnaea,  xxvii,  620;  leaves  mem- 
branous broadly  subulate  or  linear,  scapes  many  hairy,  heads  globose, 
bracts  all  many  times  longer  than  the  flowers  white  scarious  stel- 
lately  spreading  and  finely  acuminate,  involucral  ovate-lanceolate,  floral 
narrowly  lanceolate,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  petals  oblanceolate  ciliate  with  long 
hairs,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

The  CoNCAN,  Hugel,  Stocks.     ?  Bengal  {Herb.  Kew). 

Leaves  1-2  in.  by  i-|  in.  broad  at  the  base,  tapering  to  a  point,  very  many- 
nerved.  Scapes  2-7  in.,  hairs  spreading ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  leaves,  tips  long 
free  acuminate.  Heads  5—5  in.  diam.,  perfectly  glabrous  except  the  conical  recep- 
tacle and  ciliate  fem.  petals ;  male  sepals  2,  free  or  connate,  glabrous,  hyaline ;  petals 
very  short ;  stamens  6  ;  fem.  fl.  sessile  ;  sepals  3,  dimidiate-ovate  falcately  incurved 
with  long  slender  recurved  points,  dorsally  crenately  winged,  petals  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate, ciliate.     Seeds  dark  chesnut,  smooth. 

27.  E.  echinulatum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Bar.  iii.  29;  WalU 
Cat.  6082 ;  leaves  subulate  opaque  finely  acuminate,  scapes  many  obscurely 
grooved,  heads  small  globose,  bracts  all  white  rigid  stellately  spreading 
subulate-lanceolate,  floral  many  times  longer  than  the  dimerous  subsessile 
flowers,  ovary  with  petals  stipitate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  568 ;  Steud.  Syn. 
PI.  Gyp.  272 ;  KcBrn.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  519. 

Tavoy  j  Mergui,  Oomez,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Tonkin,  China. 

Leaves  many,  f-1  in.,  erecto-patent,  spongy.  Scapes  rather  stout,  1-5  in., 
terete,  shining;  sheath  short.  Heads  i-^  in.  diam.,  straw-colrd.;  invol.  bracts 
ovate,  narrowed  into  a  slender  rigid  point ;  floral  longer,  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
receptacle  villous  ;  male  sepals  connate,  glabrous  ;  petals  minute,  deformed ;  stamens 
5-6 ;  fem.  sepals  falcately  lanceolate,  clawed,  dorsally  crenately  winged  below  the 
middle,  margins  spinulose-serrate  ;  petals  0. 

28.  E.  minutum,  Sook.  f. ;  very  small,  leaves  subulate  or  filiform 
acute  or  obtuse,  scapes  very  many,  sheaths  membranous  and  inflated  above, 
heads  minute  subglobose  few-fld.  pale,  invol.  bracts  erect  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate  scarious,  floral  oblanceolate  acute  or  cuspidate,  fem.  fl.  subses- 
sile, sepals  falcate  winged  or  keeled,  petals  1-3  very  slender  or  0,  ovary 
with  petals  sessile  or  substipitate. 

The  CoNCAN,  Laiv.     Mysore,  SirF.  Adams.    Rajputana,  on  Mt.  Aboo,  Stocks^, 
Buthie. 

P  p  2 


580  OLXXi.  ERioCAULEiE.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)        [Uriocauloni 

Densely  tufted.  Leaves  ^— f  in.,  compressed,  opaque,  3-5-nerved,  base  dilated  > 
.  and  sparsely  woolly  within.  Scapes  1^2|  in.,  capillary,  flexuous;  sheath  short*'' 
Heads -^-Q  in.  diam.,  shining;  invol.  bracts  much  longer  than  the  floral,  which  are,' 
glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy ;  receptacle  small,  columnar,  sparsely  villous  ;  male  calyx 
infundibular,  split  on  one  side,  tips  bearded;  petals  minute;  stamens  3-4;  fem^ 
sepals  2,  with  rarely  a  j&liform  3rd,  falcately  incurved  with  recurved  tips,  glabrous, 
keel  or  wing  spinulose.  Seeds  oblong. — Resembles  E.  achiton,  but  invol.'  bracts  very 
different. 

ttt  Involucral  bracts  glabrous,  floral  bearded  villous  or  pubescent. 

§  Receptacle  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy. 

29.  E.  sexangrulare,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  87;  tall,  stout,  leaves  long, 
scapes  many  tall,  heads  conoid  or  hemispheric  hard  hoary  base  truncate, 
invol.  bracts  coriaceous  subquadrate  or  orbicular,  floral  persistent  densely 
imbricate  spathulate  cuspidate  rigid,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  petals  short  filiform 
with  a  terminal  pencil  of  hairs,  ovary  with  petals  subsessile.  E.  Wallichi- 
anum.  Mart  in  Wall.  Fl.  As.  Bar.  iii.  26,  t.  249 ;  Cat.  6068 ;  Kunth  Enum. 
in.  564 ;  Nees  in  Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  xix.,  Suppl.  i.  449  ;  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp. 
271 ;  Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  687 ;  T/iw.  Enum.  341 ;  JDalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  280 ;  Trlmen  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xxiv.  186.  E.  quidrangulare,  Lour. 
Fl.  Cochinch.  77. 

Tenasserim,  southward  to  Malacca  ;  and  the  Deccan  Peninsula,  from  Canara 
southwards.  Ceylon,  Macrae,  &c.  (C.P.  220). — Distrib.  Tropical  Asia,  Mada- 
gascar. 

Rootstock  as  thick  as  the  little  finger  or  less.  Leaves  4-12  in.,  ^-f  in.  broad  at 
the  base,  flat,  narrowed  up  to  the  acuminate  or  subacute  tip,  many-nerved,  opaque, 
striate,  drying  brown.  Scapes  up  to  18  in.,  stiff;  tips  of  sheaths  acuminate,  not 
membranous.  Heads  ^  in.  diam.  or  less  ;  invol.  bracts  shining,  horizontal,  rigid, 
appressed ;  floral  dark,  rigid,  with  white  tips ;  receptacle  globose  columnar  or 
hemispheric,  sparsely  shortly  pilose ;  flowers  flat ;  male  sepals  free  or  connate,  one 
sometimes  dorsally  winged,  petals  minute;  fem.  sepals  3,  2  cymbiform  incurved 
acute  dorsally  crtnately  winged  or  not,  3rd  linear,  narrow.  Seeds  subglobose  or 
oblong,  the  ridges  papillose. — In  some  Concan  specimens  from  Dalzell  the  leaves  are 
i-i  in.  broad,  linear,  flaccid,  quite  translucent,  and  the  heads  very  small.  The 
Australian  JS.  australe,  Br.,  hardly  ditters. 

Vab.  longifolium ;  more  slender,  leaves  often  longer,  fem.  fl.  dimerous,  petals 
sparsely  hairy  from  the  middle  upwards.  E.  longifolium,  Nees  in  Herb.  Willd.  ex 
Kunth  I.  c.  567 ;  Steicd.  I.  c. ;  Koern.  I.  c.  690.  E.  sexangulare,  Willd.  Herh.~ 
Tenasserim,  Malacca,  the  Andaman  Islands,  and  Ceylon. 

30.  E.  Dalzellii,  Kcem.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  605 ;  rhizome  elongate, 
leaves  very  slender  finely  acuminate,  scapes  many,  heads  hemispheric 
white  villous,  invol.  bracts  scarious  obovate-  or  cuneate-oblong,  floral 
hyaline  oblanceolate  subacute,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  2  linear  slender, 
petals  3  narrowly  oblanceolate  ciliate  with  flexuous  hairs,  ovary  with 
petals  stipitate.  E.  rivulare,  Lfalz.  in  Soak.  Kew  Journ.  iii.  (1851)  280 ; 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  280. 

South  Con  can  ;  in  the  Mai  wan  Province,  in  streams,  Dalzell. 

Rootstock  elongate,  prostrate,  densely  clothed  with  tortuous  capillary  rootlets. 
Leaves  in  a  terminal  tuft,  4-10  by  yV-To  ^°'>  flexuous,  flattened,  opaque,  7-nerved. 
Scapes  7-18  in.,  10-grooved.  Heads  i  in.  diam.,  base  truncate  or  intruded  ;  invol. 
bracts  short,  yellowish ;  receptacle  hemispheric  or  columnar,  sparsely  hairy  ;  fl.  bracts 
incurved,  hairs  caducous ;  male  sepals  free  or  connate,  tips  villous,  petals  small 
elliptic  subequal ;  stamens  6.     Seeds  globose,  smooth,  shining. — Some  flowerless  very 


^EriocaulonJ]         clxxi.  eriooauleje.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  581 

long  leaved  specimens  have  a  leafy  stem  2-3  in.  Ions',  as  in  Sect.  A,  but  much 
stouter.    E.  fiuviatile,  Trim,  (see  end  of  genus)  is  probably  allied. 

31.  E.  cuspidatum,  Dalz.  in  HooJc.  Kew  Journ.  iii.  (1851)  281  ; 
leaves  short  linear- ensiform  flaccid.  7-9-iierved  translucent,  margins 
thickened,  tip  rounded  and  cuspidate,  scapes  several  very  long,  heads 
globose  or  hemispheric  white  villous,  invol.  bracts  cuneiform  or  rounded, 
scarious,  floral  membranous  cuneate-obovate,  fern.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  3,  2 
deeply  cymbiform  dorsally  tubercled,  ovary  with  petals  sessile.  Dalz.  Sc 
Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  280. 

The  Southern  Concan  ;  between  Vingorla  and  Malwan,  Dalzell. 

Leaves  1-4  by  ^i  in.,  erect  and  recurved.  Scapes  few  or  many,  6-10  in.,  soft, 
shining,  obscurely  furrowed ;  sheath  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  tips  membranous. 
Heads  ^-i  in.  diam.,  base  intruded  ;  invol.  bracts  yellow,  passing  into  the  hyaline 
floral  J  receptacle  convex,  quite  naked;  male  sepals  2,  narrow,  free;  petals  small, 
subequal,  fimbriate;  stamens  6;  fem.  sepals  coriaceous;  petals  3,  very  narrow, 
fimbriately  villous  towards  the  tip.     Seeds  oblong,  quite  smooth. 

32.  E.  nepalense,  Prescott  ex  Bong,  in  Act.  Acad.  Petrop.  Ser.  vi.  i. 
610 ;  leaves  broadly  subulate  or  ligulate  many-nerved,  scapes  many  slender, 
heads  globose  grey,  invol.  bracts  cuneate-obovate  scarious  at  length  recurved, 
floral  linear  oblong  dark  obtuse  or  apiculate,  fem.  fl.  shortly  pedi- 
celled,  sepals  cymbiform,  petals  very  narrowly  oblanceolate  ciliate  with  the 
ovary  stipitate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  554 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  270,  E. 
viride,  Kcern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvi.  637.  B.  quinquangulare,  Wall.  Gat. 
6072  E. 

Tempeeate  Himalaya  ;  from  Garwhal,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  to  Sikkim,  alt.  4-5000 
ft.    The  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft. 

Rootstock  small.  Leaves  2-3  by  ^-^  in. ,  usually  subulate  and  narrowed  from 
the  base  to  the  acute  tip,  but  often  broader  flaccid  linear  and  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  tip,  opaque  or  translucent,  many-nerved.  Scapes  4-9  in.,  soft;  sheaths  with 
membranous  tips.  Head  i  in.  diam. ;  receptacle  convex  or  columnar,  quite  glabrous  ; 
flora)  bracts  finely  hairy  ;  male  sepals  3  ;  petals  minute  ;  stamens  6  ;  sepals  very  con- 
cave, tips  ciliate.  Seeds  oblong,  ribs  papillose. — Very  similar  to  E.  luzulcefolium 
but  the  invol.  bracts  of  the  fully  formed  head  are  recurved,  the  receptacle  is 
glabrous.     The  ligulate  leaved  specimens  look  difierent. 

33.  E.  gregratum,  Kcern.  in  Linnaea,  xxvii.  606 ;  dwarf,  tufted,  leaves 
very  slender  flat  acute  flexuous  opaque,  scapes  subsolitary,  heads  very 
small  hemispheric  or  globose  white  or  hoary,  invol.  bracts  spreading  or 
erect  cuneiform  black,  floral  oblanceolate  obtuse  and  subacute  dark,  male 
petals  small  subequal,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  2  dorsally  bearded  narrowly 
cymbiform  3rd  flat,  tips  villous  with  stout  hairs,  petals  spathulately 
oblanceolate  densely  villous,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  on  rocks  in  streams,  Griffith^  &c. 

Soots  of  capillary  fibres.  Leaves  1-li  by  ^\  in.  Scapes  slender,  often  flexuous, 
deeply  4-  or  5-grooved ;  sheaths  with  membranous  tips.  Heads  ^  in.  diam.,  white 
above  the  black  involucre;  receptacle  columnar,  glabrous;  male  sepals  3,  free  or 
connate  ;  petals  minute,  obovate,  subequal,  villous ;  stamens  2-6 ;  fem.  petals  with 
large  black  glands.  Seeds  broadly  oblong,  yellow. — Mlied  to  E.  mitophyllum  and 
miserum,  but  the  male  petals  are  small  and  equal. 

34.  El  Pumilio,  ITook.f.;  leaves  very  short  subulate  acuminate, 
scape  few  short  slender,  sheath  pale  green  not  striate  subinflated  tip 
rounded,  head  yo  in.  diam.  few-fld.  hairy,  invol.  bracts  3-4  erect  obovate 


582  CLxxi.  EEioCATJLEiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)        [Eriocaulon. 

or  cuneately  oblong  tips  rounded,  floral  cuneately  oblanceolate  subacnte, 
fern.  fl.  sessile,  sepals  2  oblong  concave  tips  ciliate  flat,  petals  oblanceo- 
late ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

Westeen  Himalaya j  Kumaon,  3-4000  ft.  and  Garwhal,  alt.  8-9000  ft., 
ButMe. 

Leaves  \-^  in.,  spongy,  opaque,  green.  Scapes  1-1^  in.,  obscurely  4-grooved  j 
sheath  as  long  as  the  leaves,  tip  membranous.  Heads  subglobose;  invol.  bracts 
scarions,  glistening,  pale  or  dark;  floral  dark,  sprinkled  with  white  hairs  ;  receptacle 
small,  conical,  glabrous  ;  male  sepals  free,  tips  ciliate  ;  petals  very  minute  ;  stamens 
6.  Seeds  oblong,  pale,  with  papillose  ridges. — Near  JS.  achitony  but  the  receptacle 
is  quite  glabrous. 

§§  Receptacle  villous. 

35.  IS.  luzulsefolium,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PI.  As.  Ear.  iii.  28;  Oat. 
6071 ;  leaves  short  broadly  subulate  many-nerved,  scapes  many  flexuous, 
head  small  hemispheric  pubescent  base  truncate  and  intruded,  invol.  bracts 
spreading  or  erect  (never  reflexed)  outer  broadly  cuneiform  shining,  floral 
cuneately  oblanceolate  obtuse,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  slender  concave 
tipped  with  bristles,  petals  3  linear-lanceolate  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals 
stipitate.  Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  553  ;  Schnizl.  Icon.  t.  46,  f .  2,  5  ;  Steud.  Syn. 
PI.  Gyp.  270 ;  Koern.  in  Linnsba" xkyH.  636. 

Throughout  India  ;  from  Bengal  to  Burma  and  the  Concan,  ascending  the 
Khasia  Hills  to  6000  ft.,  common.     Ceylon,  Gardner. 

Hootstoch  elongate  and  as  stout  as  a  swan's  quill,  or  slender,  densely  fibrous. 
Leaves  1-3  by  -^q-^  in.,  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  tip,  opaque,  rarely  trans- 
lucent. Scapes  3-12  in.,  slender;  sheath  obtuse.  Heads  ^  in.  diam.,  pale;  invol. 
bracts  coriaceously  scarious;  floral  dark,  shortly  hairy,  receptacle  conical  or 
columnar;  male  sepals  2-3,  tips  ciliate;  petals  minute,  obscure;  pedicel  of  fem. 
fl.  slender.  Seeds  oblong,  yellow. — Difficult  to  distinguish  at  sight  from  E.  trilohum 
and  quinquangulare, 

36.  E.  quinquangrulare,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  87 ;  leaves  linear  ensiform 
or  subulate  acute  or  acuminate,  scapes  many,  heads  globose  grey  or  snow- 
white,  invol.  bracts  very  short  scarious  linear-oblong  to  broadly  cuneate 
at  length  reflexed  under  the  head,  floral  oblanceolate  or  spathulate  hyaline 
acuminate  or  finely  cuspidate,  male  petals  minute,  fem.  fl.  pedicelled, 
sepals  slender,  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate  sparsely  ciliate,  ovary  with 
petals  stipitate  or  substipitate.  Mart,  in  Wall.  PL  As.  Bar.  iii.  28 ;  Gat.  6072 ; 
Kunth  JEnum.  iii.  656 ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  270,  Dalz.  4;  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
280 ;  Thw.  JEnum.  341.  {excl.  var.) ;  Kcern.  in  lAnncea,  xxvii.  646.  E.  argen- 
teum,  Mart.  I.e.  E.  Martianum,  Wall.  Cat.  7279  {proliferous  state). 
E.  argyrffium,  Steud.  ?.  c.  271.  E.  erythropodum,  Miq.  in  Hohen.  Herb. 
Ganara^  n.  131.  Sphserochloa  quadrangularis,  JBeauv.  ex  Desv.in.  Ann.  Sc. 
Nat.  Sc.  xiii.  47.    Leucocephala  graminifolia,  Soxb.  PI.  Ind.  iii.  612. 

Throughout  India  ;  from  the  Upper  Gangetic  plain  to  Bttrma,  and  southward  to 
Ceylon  (C.P.  792). 

Leaves  1-4  by  i-^  in. ;  usually  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  acuminate  tip, 
few  or  many-nerved,  opaque  or  subtranslucent,  often  bright  red  when  dry.  Scapes 
1-4'  rather  stout  and  flexuous ;  sheath  short,  tip  membranous.  Heads  ^-^  in.  diam. 5 
grey  when  the  fl.  bracts  are  sparsely  shortly  villous,  snow-white  when  they  are  many 
and  densely  villous  ;  invol.  bracts  very  variable  i)i  breadth,  pale,  glistening  ;  recep- 
tacle globose  or  columnar  ;  male  sepals  3  or  2  or  all  connate,  tips  long-ciliate ;  petals 
very  small ;  stamens  6.  Ovary  usually  with  the  petals  stipitate.  Seeds  oblong, 
smooth.— It    is    difficult    to    distinguish    forms    of   this    from   luzulcBfoUum  and 


Mriocaulon.']         olxxi.  ERioCAULBiE.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  583 

irilobum.     It  is  said  to  be  Australian,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimen  from  that 
country. 

37.  E.  trilobum,  Earn,  in  Wall.  Cat.  n.  6072  D;  leaves  broadly 
subulate  or  ensiform  acute  or  acuminate  many -nerved,  scapes  many,  heads 
globose  dark  grey  base  intruded,  invol.  bracts  small  linear-oblong  reflexed, 
floral  spathulately  oblanceolate  obtuse  or  subacute,  male  petals  minute, 
fem.  fl.  subsessile,  sepals  3  dark  cymbiformly  oblanceolate,  petals  narrowly 
oblanceolate  sparingly  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  sessile  or  subsessile.  E. 
quinquelobum.  Wall.  Gat.  I.  c. ;  Kcern.  in  Linncsa,  xxvii.  6-15.  E.  subula- 
tum,  Bojer  ex  Kcern.  I.  c.     E.  Sollyanum,  Royle  111.  409,  t.  97,  f.  1. 

Throughout  India  ;  from  Kumaon,  ascending  to  4000  ft.,  to  Bengal,  the  Concan 
and  Malabar. 

Habit  of  ^.  quinqua7igulare,  from  which  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish  forms, 
but  the  heads  are  usually  smaller,  much  darker  in  colour,  the  invol.  bracts  are 
narrow,  the  floral  never  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  and  the  flowers  are  very  shortly, 
if  at  all  pedicelled,  with  broader  concave  fem.  sepals  that  are  strongly  ciliate  on  the 
back.  Ovary  sessile  or  very  shortly  stipitate. — Mr.  Law  has  sent  specimens  of  a 
variety  with  broader  leaves  and  the  narrower  lanceolate  acute  invol.  bracts  radiating 
and  longer  than  the  head  j  the  fem.  sepals  too  are  narrower,  these  are  accompanied 
with  specimens  in  which  the  invol.  bracts  are  normal,  together  with  intermediates. 
I  have  seen  no  specimen  with  the  conspicuous  red  foliage  so  common  in  IE. 
quinquangulare. 

38.  E.  Kelferi,  HooTc.  f. ;  leaves  ensiform  acute  flaccid,  scapes  many, 
heads  globose  or  hemispheric  white,  invol.  bracts  obovate-oblong  scarious 
spreading  or  at  length  recurved,  floral  cuneately  obovate  acute  dorsally 
tomentose,  male  sepals  3  glabrous,  petals  obscure,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals 
3  oblong,  2  concave  obovate  ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

Tenasserim,  Belfer  (Kew  Bist.  5584). 

Leaves  3-^  by  ^-\  in.,  translucent.  Scapes  4-9  in.,  flexuous,  young  glabrous  or 
hairy  below ;  sheath  acuminate.  Heads  ^in.  diam.,  softly  tomentose;  receptacle  densely 
villous ;  invol.  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  floral,  which  are  much  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  male  fl.  pedicelled  ;  sepals  concave,  tip  hooded ;  stamens  4-6  ;  fem.  petals 
remarkably  broad,  unequal.  Ovary  sessile.  Seeds  minute,  dark  red-brown,  strongly 
striate  and  papillose. 

39.  E.  Walkeri,  Hooh.f. ;  densely  tufted,  leaves  narrowly  subulate  or 
linear  few-nerved  tips  obtuse,  heads  globose  snow-white,  invol.  bracts 
shorter  spreading  outer  quadrate  or  cuneiform  inner  oblong,  floral  oblanceo- 
late acute  or  mucronate,  fl.  fem.  sessile,  sepals  narrowly  oblong  obtuse, 
petals  oblanceolate  villously  ciliate  with  very  long  jointed  spreading  hairs 
and  tipped  with  short  stout  obtuse  white  ones,  ovary  with  petals  sessile. 
E.  quinquangulare,  var.  argenteum,  Thw.  Env/m.  341. 

Ceylon  ;  at  Caltura,  Macrae;  in  paddy  fields,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3562). 

Leaves  1-2  by  -rV~T^~  i"^-'  glistening,  opaque.  Scapes  6-8  in.,  very  slender. 
Heads  ^-^  in.  diam.  or  less ;  invol.  bracts  pale,  scarious ;  floral  white,  membranous 
densely  villous  above  the  middle;  receptacle  hemispheric,  hairs  as  long  as  the  hyaline 
flowers ;  male  sepals  3  (2  connate)  long-bearded,  petals  3  small  orbicular  subequal 
villous.  Seeds  broadly  oblong,  orange-yellow,  shining,  not  striolate ;  chalaza  very 
large. — A  very  distinct  species,  well  characterized  by  the  copious  very  long  slender 
white  hairs  of  the  fem.  petals,  which  appear  to  envelop  the  flower. 

40.  E.  Thwaitesii,  Kcern.  in  Linncea,  xxvii.  (1854),  627  ;  leaves  linear 
subulate  or  ensiform  acuminate  many-nerved,  scapes  many  twice  as  long, 
head  hemispheric  dark  sparsely  mealy,  involucre  as  broad  as  the  heads, 


584  CLxxi.  ERiocAULE^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  [Eriocaulon. 

bracts  spreading  and  incurved  obovate-oblong  shining,  floral  oblanceolate 
acute  tips  hoary,  male  sepals  glabrous,  fern.  fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  cymbiform, 
petals  snort  filiform  penicillate  above  the  middle  with  long  spreading  hairs, 
ovary  with  petals  sessile. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills  ;  Schmidt    Ceylon,  WalTcer,  Thwaites  (C.P.  790,  in  part). 

Leaves  1-2^  by  4^-\  in.,  few-  or  many-nerved,  opaque.  Scapes  flexuous ;  tips  of 
sheath  acuminate,  not  membranous.  Heads  i-i  in.  diam. ;  receptacle  convex,  densely 
villous ;  fl.  bracts  greenish -brown  scarious  ;  male  sepals  3  (2  connate)  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  petals  very  small,  stamens  6  ;  fern,  sepals  nearly  glabrous,  dorsally  rounded 
or  subcarinate.  Seeds  oblong  with  papillose  striae. — Well  marked  by  the  slender 
fern,  petals,  much  like  those  of  E,  sexangulare.  The  Nilghiri  specimens  are  much 
smaller  and  narrower  leaved  than  the  Cingalese. 

41.  IB.  collinum,  Hook.f.;  leaves  short  narrowly  linear  or  subulate, 
scapes  many,  heads  globose  dark  grey,  invol.  bracts  small,  outer  very  short 
cuneate-obovate,  floral  oblanceolate  or  spathulate  acute  acuminate  or  cus- 
pidate dorsally  hoary  or  the  outer  glabrous,  male  petals  3  small  one  often 
largest  and  exserted  beyond  the  sepals  but  not  beyond  the  bracts,  fem. 
fl.  pedicelled,  sepals  2  cymbiform  3rd  flat,  petals  narrowly  oblanceolate 
ciliate,  ovary  and  petals  sessile  or  shortly  stipitate.  E.  luzulaefolium,  Thw. 
JEnum.  341. 

Nilghiri  Hills,  Foulhes,  Schmidt,  Gardner;  Conoor,  7000  ft.,  Clarice, 
Ceylon;  Newera  EHa,  Gardner,  &c.,  alt.  4000  ft.  (C.P.  796,  1000). 

Densely  tufted.  Leaves  1-2^  by  X2~6  ^'^•j  obtuse,  compressed,  1-9-nerved, 
opaque  or  translucent.  Scapes  1^-12  in.,  rigid,  flexuous  ;  sheath  stout,  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  tip  obtuse  membranous.  Heads  \  in.  diam. ;  invol.  bracts 
scarious,  at  length  reflexed  ;  receptacle  hemispheric  or  columnar,  densely  villous ; 
sepals  of  male  and  fem.  dark. — The  well  developed  male  petals  distinguish  this 
species  from  the  others  of  this  section  except  E.  Walkeri,  in  which  they  are  sub- 
equal. — In  Wight's  Herbarium  there  are  specimens  (without  habitat)  of  this  or 
a  closely  allied  plant,  smaller  in  size,  in  which  the  male  petals  are  equal. 

42.  IS.  achiton,  Koern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  (1854),  630 ;  small,  leaves 
subulate,  scapes  twice  as  long,  heads  very  small.hemispheric  few-fld.,  invol. 
bracts  erect  cuneiform  pale,  tip  truncate  or  rounded,  floral  obovate- 
spathulate  hirsute  or  hoary,  fem.  fl.  shortly  pedicelled,  sepals  2  slender, 
petals  3  or  0,  ovary  with  petals  stipitate. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  5376),  Clarke. 

Leaves  ^-1  in.,  flattened,  opaque,  3-5-nerved  at  the  base.  Scapes  few,  filiform ; 
sheath  finely  acuminate,  tip  not  membranous.  Heads  -tq-^  in*  diam. ;  invol.  bracts 
few,  coriaceous,  shining;  floral  incurved,  nearly  glabrous;  receptacle  hemispheric, 
villous  ;  flowers  shortly  pedicelled  j  male  sepals  2,  narrow  ;  petals  minute  or  obsolete  ; 
stamens  few ;  fem.  sepals  filiform  linear  or  dilated  and  concave  towards  the  hairy 
tips,  petals  in  the  most  developed  heads  3,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  ciliate.  Seeds 
oblong,  transversely  striolate,  red-brown. — Very  near  the  E.  nigricans,  Br.  of 
Australia. 

43.  E.  zeranthemum,  Mart,  in  Wall.  PL  As.  Bar.  Hi.  29 ;  Wall. 
Gat.  6084 ;  dwarf,  leaves  subulate  acuminate,  scapes  twice  as  long  stout, 
heads  broadly  obconic,  invol.  bracts  erect,  outer  much  longer  than  the  floral 
lanceolate  -acuminate,  floral  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate  tips  hirsute, 
fem.  fl.  subsessile,  sepals  2  narrow  tips  ciliate,  petals  3  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late ciliate,  ovary  with  petals  shortly  stipitate.  Kunth  Enum.  iii.  555. 
Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  270 ;  Kcern.  in  Linnsea,  xxvii.  624.  E.  pygmseum,  Dalz. 
in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  iii.  (1851),  Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomh.  Fl.  280.  E.  xeranthe- 
moides,  Heurck  Sf  Muell.  Arg.  Obs.  JBot.  103. 


JEriocaulon.]        olxxi.  eriocaule^.     (J.  D.  Hooker.)  585 

Nepal,  Wallich.  Bengal,  Silhet,  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  Tenasserim, 
Griffith,  &c.  The  Concan,  Stocks.  Chota  Nagpokb,  Clarke.— Bistrib.  trop. 
Afr. 

Tufted,  annual.  Lmv^s  :^-l:|^  in.,  many-nerved,  often  recurved.  (S'ca/)es  striate, 
hardly  grooved;  sheath  tumid,  tips  membranous.  Heads  ^-^  in.  diam. ;  invol. 
bracts  scarious,  stellately  spreading,  pale,  shining,  often  lacerate;  receptacle  conrex, 
villous ;  flowers  subsessile ;  male  sepals  3,  free  (or  2  connate) ;  petals  minute  or 
obsolete ;  fern,  sepals  rarely  3,  the  third  capillary.  Seeds  much  narrower  than  in 
most  other  species,  linear-oblong,  papillose  all  over,  pale  yellow. 

Imperfectly  known  species. 

E.  fluviatile,  Trim,  vn  Journ.  Bot.  xxiii.  (1885),  270 ;  rootstock  very 
slender,  leaves  scattered  very  slender,  scape  solitary,  heads  small  depressed 
globose,  invol.  bracts  roundish-oval  brown,  floral  linear-oblong  with  coarse 
white  hairs  on  the  upper  part,  fl.  dioecious  ?  fern,  sepals  linear-spathulate, 
petals  narrower  membranous  tipped  with  scanty  white  hairs. 

Ceylon  ;  Western  province,  in  rapid  stream,  Trimen. 

Submerged  except  the  head ;  rootstock  flexuous ;  roots  copious,  long.  Leaves 
8-10  by  about  J:f  in.,  solid,  compressed,  chanelled,  flaccid;  sheath  dilated,  cottony 
within.  Scape  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  sheath  not  dilated,  tip  acute.  Head 
^  in.  diam,  (receptacle?). — Descr.  from  Trimen.  The  only  specimen  seen  by  me  is  in 
a  very  young  state,  with  the  flowers  not  available  for  analysis.    Compare  i?.  Dalzellii. 

E.  CEYLANicuM,  Kosm.  m  Linncea,  xxvii.  667 ;  a  foot  high,  stem  very  short, 
leaves  2-3^  in.  tufted  linear  suddenly  mucronate,  scapes  solitary  1  in.,  heads  rather 
large  cylindric-globose  woolly  white  4  in.  long,  invol.  bracts  obovate  at  length 
hidden  under  the  head,  floral  cuneate-obovate  submembranous  pale,  receptacle  hairy, 
male  sepals  obtuse  membranous,  anticous  petal  much  largest,  fem.  fl.  sessile,  sepals 
free  acute  like  those  of  the  males,  petals  3  spathulate  obtuse  spongy  anticous  much 
the  largest  far  longer  than  the  sepals. — Hairs  of  bracts  and  perianths  obtuse. 
Ceylon,  Herb.  Berlin. — Evidently  near  E.  atratum,  but  leaves  mucronate. 

E.  eurypeplon,  Koern.  I.  c.  685 ;  2-3  in.  high,  leaves  3  in.  tufted  broadly 
linear  narrowed  upwards  tip  obtuse  membranous,  scapes  crowded  l-winged  1^-3  in., 
heads  subglobose  lf-2i  in.  broad  powdery  pubescent  and  nigro-niveous,  invol. 
bracts  rigid  powdery-pubescent  olive-black  much  shorter  than  the  heads,  floral 
rhombic-cuneate  olive-black  rigid  closely  imbricate  hiding  the  fl.,  receptacle  hairy. — 
Ind.  Or. 

E.  heteeolepis,  Steud.  8t/n.  PL  Cyp.  271 ;  Koern.  I.  c.  572  ;  tufted,  stem  very 
short,  leaves  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base  subobtuse,  hardly  1  in.  long. — Bombay, 
Roux. 

E.  MINIMUM,  Lam.  Enct/cl.iu. 275 ;  Kunth  Enum.  iii. ;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  268; 
A.Rich.  Tent.  Fl.  Abyss,  ii.  347?;  Koern.  Lc.  635.— Ind.  Or.,  Sonnerat.  (Serb. 
Lamarck) .  Male  sepals  2,  free,  linear-oblon  g. — Perhaps  a  form  of  K.  truncatum, 
fid  Koern.  more  probably  E.  Sieholdianum. 

E.  neesianum,  Koern.  I.  c.  628.— Ceylon  {Serb.  JBerol.). — Is  likened  to  trun- 
catum and  acMton  by  its  dimerous  sepals,  but  the  receptacle  is  shortly  villous. 
Very  like  E.  viride  in  the  head,  differs  in  the  form  and  number  of  the  perianth  seg- 
ments and  the  obtuse  floral  bracts,  Koern. 

Order  CLXXII.     CVPERACES:.     By  C.  B.  Clarke,  F.R.S. 

Grass-  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  solid.  Leaves  3-ranked,  rarely  0  ; 
sheatbs  closed.  Flowers  1-2-sexual,  small  or  minute,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
the  scales  (glumes;  of  the  spikes  or  spikelets  that  are  solitary  or  variously 
disposed  on  the  stem.  Perianth  0,  or  of  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales. 
Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more ;  anthers  linear,  basifixed  on  the  flattened  fila- 


586  CLXxi.  EEiooATJLE^.     (J.  D.  Hookei.)  lEriocaulon. 

ments.  Ovari/ (in  Garicede  enclosed  in  a  utricle)  1-ceUed;  style  shorter 
slender,  2-3-cleft,  branches  slender  stigmatic ;  ovnle  1,  basal,  erect,  anatro- 
pons.  Fruit  a  compressed  or  3-gonous  nnt.  Seed  erect,  free  ;  embryo 
minnte,  inside  the  usually  floury  albumen. — Genera  60;  sj)ecies  3000, 
universally  distributee^^. 

The  above  Ordinal  character  applies  especially  to  the  Indian  Cyperaceee,  and  takes 
no  account  of  exceptions  to  it,  which  occur  in  extra-Indian  species. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  F.R.S.,  for  the  following  account  of  the 
Indian  Cyperaceee.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  it  the  citations  of  authors  and  of 
Floras  have  been  almost  restricted  to  those  in  which  the  species  and  their  synonyms 
have  been  first  indicated  or  described,  and  to  the  standard  works  of  Kunth, 
Boeckeler  and  Steudel  (and  of  Boott  in  the  genus  Carex),  to  a  good  figure  when 
acceptable,  and  to  the  various  Indian  Floras,  monographs,  &c.  The  vast  literature  of 
the  order,  so  many  species  of  which  are  scattered  over  large  areas  of  the  globe  and 
are  hence  described  in  many  extra  Indian  works,  renders  this  course  unavoidable  in 
the  case  of  a  "  Flora  "  which,  like  that  of  British  India,  must  have  circumscribed 
limits,     I  have  myself  supplied  the  following  clavis. — J.  D.  H. 

A.  Cypereje.  Spikelet^.pi  few  or  many  glumes  ;  lower  1-2  gl.  always 
empty,  uppermost  male  esapty  or  imperfect,  intermediate  ones  bj^ex.ual. 
Hemirea  is  exceptional.  ^ 

Tribe  I.  EucYPEREiE.  Fl.  glumes  usually  many,  distichously  arranged. 
Sypogynous  bristles  0. 

*  Style  2-jid.  {in  Juncellus  very  rarely  ^-fid.). 

Rhachilla  of  spikelet  deciduous 1.  Ktllinga. 

Rhachilla  of  spikelet  persistent.     Nut  lateially  compressed   .       2.  Pyckeus. 
Ehachilla  of  spikelet  persistent.    Nut  dorsally  compressed     .      3.  Juncellus. 

**  StyU  3-Jid. 

Rhachilla  of  spikelet  persistent 4.  Oypeeus. 

Rhachilla  of  spikelet  deciduous 5.  Mariscus. 

Spikelet  much  flattened.    Nut  narrow,  otherwise  as  Jkfamcw*  .      6.  Courtoisia. 

Tribe  II.  Scirpe.e.  Fl.  glumes  usually  many,  spirally  arranged. 
ffypogynous  hristles  often  present. 

*  Style-base  constricted  or  articulate  above  the  nut.  Leaves  all  near 
the  base  of  the  stem.     Inflorescence  umbelled. 

Hypogynous  bristles  nearly  always  present.     Leaves  0  .     .     .       7.  Eleocharis. 
Hypogynons  bristles  0.     Style-base  persistent,  or  if  deciduous 

not  leaving  a  tumour  on  the  nut 8.  Fimbristylis. 

Hypogynous  bristles  0.    Style-base  deciduous  leaving  a  tumour 

on  the  nut.     Leaves  with  long  fine  hairs 9.  Bulbostylis. 

**  Style-base  passing  gradually  into  the  nut. 

Hypogynous  bristles  0-6,  undivided,  linear,  rarely  oblong  .     .  10.  Sciepus. 

Hypogynous  bristles  6,  divided  to  base  into  linear  segments    .  11.  Eeiophqeum. 
Hypogynous  bristles  6  or  3,  interior  3  broadly  obovate  (except 

in  F.  WallicMi,&c 12.  Fuieena. 

Hypogynous  scales  2,  hyaline,  elliptic,  enclosing  the  nut  .     .  13.  Lipocarpha. 

Tribe  III.  Rynchospoeeje.^  Fl.  glumes  1  or  2,  with  several  lower  empty 
glumes  and  several  upper  empty  or  male  glumes  which  are  thinner  and  not 
keeled.     Hypogynous  bristles  filiform,  linear,  or  0.  ' 

*  Style  2-fid. 


CLXxii.  CYPEEAOE^.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  587 

Style-base  thickened  not  passing  gradually  into  the  nut      ,     .     14.  Rtnchospoea.    i.-  .    iP' 

**  Style  2,-fid.    ^ 

Lowest  fertile  gl.  somewhat  distant  from  the  one  above  it.     .  15.  Schcenus. 

Spikelets  panicled,  1-7-fld.,  lowest  fl.  alone  perfect  ....  16.  Cladium. 

Spikelets  3-4-fld.,  nppermost  fl.  alone  perfect 17.  Miceoschcenus. 

Spikelets  1-2-fld.,  uppermost  fl.  alone  perfect  j  hypog.  scales 

long 18.  Lepidospbema, 

Spikelets  1-2-fid,  as  in  18,  hypog.  scales  0 19.  Gahnia. 

AnomaloTis  genus.  ' 

Spikelets  sessile  in  dense  digitate  cylindric "Spikes;  glumes  4, 

3  empty,  uppermost  with  a  perfect  flower 20.  Remieba. 

B.  HypOLYTREiE.  Spikelets  with  one  terminal  fern,  flower,  two  basal 
opposite  male  glumes,  and  0-9  intercalated. monandrous  or  empty  spirally 
arranged  glumes. 


Spikes  corymbose;  style  2-fid      . 

Spikes  corymbose;  style  3-fid 

Spikes  congested ;  style  3-fid 

Spikes  in  an  oblong  panicle 

Spikes  in  a  unilateral  dense  spiciform  panicle 


21.  Htpoltteum. 

22.  Thoeacostachyum. 

23.  Mapania. 

24.  sciepodendeon. 

25.  Lepieonia. 


C.  ScLERiE^.  Spilceleis  1-sexual  or  with  one  basal  fem.  flower  and  one 
or  more  male  or  empty  glumes.  Nut  stipitate,  osseous.  Hypogynxms  scales 
or  bristles  0 .26.  Scleeia. 

D.  Caeiceje.  Spikelets  uni-  or  bisexual,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Niits  enclosed  in  an  entire  or  2-fid  sac  (utricle). 

Utricle  split  down  one  side 27.  Kobeesia. 

Utricle  entire  or  2-:^  at  the  tip  only  .        .        '.        .  i  28.  Caeex. 

1.  BLirZiZiXNGA,  Bottb. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  below  only,  terminated  by  1-3  sessile  capitate 
spikes.  Spikes  ovoid  or  cylindric,  dense,  with  numerous  small  compressed 
spikelets.  Glumes  4-5,  distichous,  rhacheola  disarticulating  above  the 
two  lowest  which  are  empty;  gl.  iii.  bisexual;  gl.  iv.  male  or  empty, 
rarely  fertile;  gl.  v.  rudimentary  or  0  (rarely  additional  upper  glumes 
occur).  Stamens  1-3,  anterior;  anthers  linear-oblong,  muticous  or  nearly 
so.  Nut  compressed  laterally ;  style  linear,  base  continuous  with  nut ; 
branches  2,  linear. — Sp.  33  ;  all  hot  a'nd  temp,  regions  except  Europe. 

*  Nut-bearing  gluTne  not  winged  in  the  upper  half  of  its  keel. 

1.  XL.  triceps,  Bottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  14,  t.  4,  fig.  6  {excl.  cit.  Eheede) ; 
nearly  glabrous,  rhizome  very  short,  stem  thickened  at  base,  spikes  3-1 
(rarely  4-5)  subcylindric  whiteish,  nut  ultimately  yellow-brown.  Roxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  181 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  91 ;  Thw.  JEnum.  345 ;  Boech.  in 
lAnnaea,  xxxv.  413  {excl.  var.  /3).  K.  monocephala,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib. 
91  {not  of  Bottb.).  K.  brevifolia  ?  Hb.  ^e^/we.— Kyllingia,  Wall.  Gat.  3443. 
I.  Lipocarpha,  Wall.  Gat.  3445,  partly. 

From  N.W.  India  and  Sind  to  Bengal,  Buema,  and  Ceylon.— Disteib. 
Africa,  China,  Austral. 

Stems  2-12  in.,  base  tumid.  Leaves  as  long  (or  half  as  long)  as  the  stem,  i-^  in. 
broad.     Head  ^-^  in.  in  diam. ;  bracts  3-4,  up  to  2-3  in.    Spihelets  x^-i^  in. 


588  CLXXii.  cyperacej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [KylUnga, 

Fertile  glume  'ovate,  keel  smooth  green  subexcurrent,  sides  3-4-striate,  straw-oolrd. 
Stamens  usually  2.     Nut  f  length  of  glume,  ellipsoid,  obtuse. 

2.  IL.  cylindrica,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  91,  partly ;  nearly  gla- 
brous, rhizome  very  short,  stem  not  thickened  at  base,  spikes  3-1  sab- 
cylindric  straw-colrd,,  nut  yellow-brown  ultimately  black.  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxv.  415. — Kyllingia,  Wall.  Gat.  3442,  partly,  3443  D,  partljf. 

Scattered  widely  in  India,  not  plentiful  anywhere.  Teopioal  Himalaya,. 
from  Kumaon  to  Sikkim.  Pabasnath,  T.  Anderson.  Chittagong,  H.f.  Sf  T.  Th. 
NiLGHEEEiES,  Kinff.     Singapore,  Hullett. — Disteib.  Afric.,  Austral. 

Stems  4-12  in.  Leaves  |-J  in.  broad,  usually  much  shorter  than  stem.  Sead 
often  of  3  spikes,  median  cylindric  f  in.  long,  lateral  much  shorter,  subovoid ;  bracts 
3-4,  up  to  2-3  in.  SpiJcelets  -^o-\  in-  long-  Fertile  glume  ovate,  keel  green  scarcely 
excurrent,  sides  not  glandular-papillose.    Nut  |  length  of  glume,  ellipsoid,  obtuse. 

3.  K.  melano^perma,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  91 ;  glabrous,  rhizome 
thick  very  short,  stem  elongate,  leaves  short,  head  solitary  ovoid,  nut 
ultimately  black.  Thw.  JEnum.  345 ;  BoecTc.  in  Linnaea,  xxxv.  419.  K. 
brevifolia,  Nees  I.  c.  91  (partly,  not  of  Eottb.).  K.  fuscescens,  Boeck.  I.  c. 
421,  partly.  K.  vaginata  (and  var.  major),  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  63 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind  Bat.  iii.  290.— Kyllinga,  sp.  Wall.  Gat.  3440. 

NiLGHEEEiES,  Leschetiault,  &c.  Ceylon,  Thwaites,  &c.  Singapore,  Kurz. — 
Disteib.  Java,  S.  Africa,  Madagasc. 

Rhizome  about  1  in.  Stems  20  in.,  sharply  triquetrous  at  top.  Leaves  often  4 
by  -1-  in.,  always  much  shorter  than  stem.  Spike  f  by  :^  in.,  thicker  than  in  K. 
cylindrica ;  bracts  up  to  2-4  in.,  leaf-like.  Spikelets  ^  in.  long,  usually  with  1 
rarely  2  nuts.  Fl.  glume  ovate,  acute,  keel  green  scarcely  scabrous,  sides  3-4-striate 
fuscous.     Stamews  often  3.     JVwi  |  length  of  glume,  oblong-obovoid. 

4.  IL.  brevifolia,  Botth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  13,  t.  4,  fig.  3 ;  glabrous,  rhizome 
creeping  elongate,  leaves  long  or  short,  spikes  3-1  ovoid,  fl.  glume  sub- 
mucronate  eglandular,  keel  upwards  not  winged,  nut  ultimately  yellow- 
btown.  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  91  (partly) ;  Thw.  Enum.  345 ;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxv.  424.  K.  intermedia,  Br.  Prodr.  219.  K.  cruciata,  Nees  in 
Linnaea,  ix.  286.  K.  monocephala,  Thunh.  Fl.  Japon.  35 ;  Miq.  in  Ann 
Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  142  (not  of  Botth.).  K.  sororia,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  131 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  293  (partly).  K.  gracilis,  Kunth  I.  c.  134 ;  Miq.  I.  c. 
292.  K.  fuscata,  Miq.  I.  c.  294.  K.  aurata,  y  Hohenackeri,  BoecTc.  I.  c. 
423.  K.  triceps,  Thunh.  Fl.  Japon.  35  {not  of  Botth.).  Schcenus  -colo- 
ratus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  64,  and  herh.  propr. — Kyllingia,  Wall.  Gat.  3443, 
partly. 

Throughout  India;  from  the  Panjab  to  Assam,  Ceylon,  and  Malacca. — 
DiSTRiB.  All  warm  regions  except  the  Mediterranean. 

Rhizome  4-12  in.  Stems  4-24  in.  (or  sometimes  ^-2  in.  curved).  Leaves 
■^-^  in.' broad,  longer  than  the  stems  or  very  much  shorter.  Head  J-^  in.  diam., 
green  or  brownish ;  spikes  often  1 ;  if  3,  median  ovoid,  scarcely  cylindric ;  bracts 
3-4,  up  to  4  in.  Spikelets  |-J  in.,  usually  with  1  nut  only.  Fl.  gl.  ovate,  keel 
green  3-nerved  slightly  excurrent  or  recurved,  lower  half  setulose-scabrous,  upper 
smooth  or  sparsely  setulose,  sides  3-4-striate.  Stamens  3  or  2.  Nut  f  or  ^  the 
length  of  glume,  ellipsoid,  obtuse ;  style  as  long  as  half  the  nut. 

**  Nut-bearing  glume  winged  in  upper  half  of  keel. 

5.  K.  monocephala,  Botth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  13,  t.  4,  fig.  4 ;  nearly  gla- 
brous, rhizome  creeping  elongate,  spikes  1-3  ovoid,  fl.  glume  submucronate 


Kyllinga.']  clxxii.  CYPEEACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  589 

upper  half  of  keel  with  a  lunate  crested  glandular  wing,  nut  yellow-brown. 
Eoxh.  Fl.  IndA.lSO;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  91  {pa/rtly)  \  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  291 ;  Thw.  Fnum.  346  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  427.  K.  triceps, 
Linn.f.  Suppl.  104  (joartly,  not  of  Rotth.).  K.  sororia,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  293  {'partly,  not  ofKunth).  K.  gracilis,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  63 
{not  of  KuntJi).  K.  mindorensis,  Steud.  Syn.  Fl.  Gyp.  67.  Scirpus  Cepha- 
lotes,  Jacq.  Hort.  Vind.  t.  97.— Kyllingia,  Wall.  Cat.  3443  A,  F  {partly),  H 
{partly). 

Throughout  India,  common ;  from  Kumaon  to  Assam,  Ceylon  and  Singapoee. 
' — DiSTEiB.  Hot  and  warm  temp,  regions  of  the  Old  World  except  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Closely  resembles  K.  hrevifoUa  except  in  the  crest  (usually  straw-colrd.  with 
scattered  red  circular  resinous  glands)  on  the  upper  part  of  keel  of  nut-bearing 
glume. 

6.  K.  squamulata,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  381;  nearly  glabrous,  roots 
fibrous,  spikes  1-3  ovoid,  fl.  glume  scarcely  acute  its  keel  winged  by  a 
broad  hyaline  incise- toothed  crest,  nut  brown.  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxv.  431. 
K.  Metzii,  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  70.  K.  monocephala,  Strachey  Serb. 
Kumaon,  74  {not  ofBotth.). 

Western  India;  Kashmir,  Thomson.  Gurwhal,  up  to  5500  ft.,  DutMe.  Mt. 
Aboo,  King.     Can  aba,  Metz. — Distrib.  Trop.  Africa. 

Stems  tufted  (annual),  2-12  in.  Leaves  often  longer  than  stem,  ^  in.  broad. 
Head  ^  in.  in  diam.,  green  or  brown.     Spikelets  |  in.  long,  maturing  1  nut  only. 

2.  PVCREUS,  Beauv. 

Characters  of  4  Gi/perus  but  nut  compressed  laterally,  and^  style 
branches  2.— Species  50,  all  warm  and  temp.  ]?egions. 

*  Outer  superficial  cells  of  nut  (at  least  on  its  shoulders)  longitudinally 
oblong  or  elliptic;  nut  often  appearing  transversely  lineolate   or  imper- 
fectly zonate  (by  reason  of  the  narrow  ends  of  the  cells  running  into  an 
undulating  line). 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nees  in  Linnaea,  ix.  283;  annual,  slender,  umbel 
simple  or  reduced  to  1  head,  bracts  spreading,  spikelets  linear  -^^  in.  wide 
yellow  or  pale,  nut  obovoid  compressed  shining  black  hardly  half  as  long 
as  the  glume.  Cyperus  flavescens,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  68  {not  of  Linn.  Herh.) ; 
Zunth  Enum.  ii.  5 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  31,  t.  278,  figs.  662-664 ; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  438,  and  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  104  ;  Clarke, 
I.  c.  xxi.  36  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  364  {excl.  Cabul  sp.). 

Punjab  ;  Kurrum  Valley,  Aitchison,  n.  964.— DiSTEiB.  N.  temp,  regions. 

Stems  1-12  in.  Leaves  often  |  length  of  stem,  "^  in.  wide,  grass-like.  Spikelets 
clustered  or  very  shortly  spicate,  spreading  in  fruit.  Nut  obtuse,  with  transverse 
white  lines ;  black  cells  of  surface  longitudinally  oblong. 

2.  P.  stramineus,  G.  B.  Clarke;  umbels  reduced  to  1  compound 
head  of  5-12  straw-colrd.  spikelets,  bracts  and  spikelets  (even  in  fruit) 
suberect  (otherwise  nearly  as  P.  flavescens).  Cyperus  stramineus,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  74 ;  Kunih  Enum.  ii.  9  ;  Gla/rke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xxi.  39.  C.  capillaris,  Hochst.  ms.;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  4  {not  ofKcenig.). 
0.  coromandelinus,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  480  {not  of  Spreng.).  C.  tili- 
formis,  Heyne  ;   Wall.  Cat.  3320  {partly). 


590  CLxxii.  CYPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Pijcreus^ 

Throughout  India,  except  the  drier  country,  frequent,  alt.  0-3000  ft. ;  from 
Khasia,  E.f.  ^  T.T.,  to  Ceylon  and  Tavoy. 

Boots  aromatic  (/.  JD.  Hooker).  Spilcelets  15-4:0-fld.,  or  often  long,  even  up  to 
70-fld. 

3.  P.  latespicatus,  0.  JB.  Clarke ;  middle-sized,  umbel  simple  or 
reduced  to  1  head,  spikelets  spicate  ^  in.  wide  straw-colrd.  more  or  less 
chestnut-red  marked,  nut  obovoid  compressed  black  hardly  as  long  as  i 
glume.  Cyperus  latespicatus,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xlii.  433  bis,  and  in  Litmsea, 
XXXV.  467 ;  Glarhe  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc.  xxi.  40.  C.  diaphanus,  Schrad.  ex 
Boem.  &  Sch.  Si/st  ii.,  Mant.  477 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  9 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
XXXV.  [1867-8]  437;  Clarke,  I,  c.  80.  C.  intermedins,  var.  indica,  Boeck, 
1.  c.  451  {not  (^  Steud.).  C.  pseudo-bromoides,  Boeck.  I.  c.  464  {the  Nepal 
plant).  C.  angulatus,  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74; ;  DutJiie  in  E.  T. 
Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  [1876]  620  {not  of  Nees).  C.  aphyllus,  Boeck.  I.  c.  450. 
C.  pauper,  G.  B.  Clarke,  I.  c.  41  {the  Himal.  plant  not  of  Hochst.). — 
Oyperacea,  Griff.  Bin.  Notes,  32,  n.  506. 

From  KuMAON  to  Khasia,  alt.  3-6000  ft.  Bengal,  Chota  Nagpore,  and 
Malabar. 

Usually  annual.  Stems  4-16  in.,  occasionally  0.  Leaves  usually  ^  length  of 
stem,  f  in.  wide,  sometimes  0.  Spikelets  stouter  than  in  P.  jiavescens,  20-60-fld. 
Nut  with  longitudinally  oblong  cells. — Strachey 's  plants  are  depauperated,  filiform, 
bearing  only  1  or  2  spikelets,  and  were  formerly  referred  by  me  to  P.  pauper,  an 
Abyssinian  sp. 

**  Outer  cells  of  the  surface  of  nut  all  subquadrate  hexagonal,  none 
oblong. 

t  Stem  decuTnhent  at  base,  often  clothed  ^  its  length  hy  leaf-sheaths. 

4.  P»  sangruinolentuSj  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  283;  middle-sized  (or 
depauperate  and  j&liform),  umbel  simple  or  contracted  into  1  bead,  spikelets 
linear  or  oblong  generally  red-marked,  glumes  loosely  imbricate,  nut 
obovoid  biconvex  almost  turgid.  Cyperus  sanguinolentus,  Yahl  Enum.  ii. 
351 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  75 ;  Thw.  Enum.  342 ;  Aitch.  Cat.  Punjab. 
PI.  156.  C.  Eragrostis,  Yahl  I.  c.  322?  {exclud.  syn.  Betz.);  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  7 ;  Moritz.  Verz.  Zoll.  Pfl.  96 ;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74 ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  443 ;  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  57,  and  xxv. 
80.  C.  cruentus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  196  {not  of  Bottb.).  C.  pumilus,  Bottb. 
Desc.  et  Ic.  29,  t.  9,  fig.  4  {not  of  Linn.).  C.  atratus,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz. 
Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62,  and  PI.  Gyp.  12  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind  Bat.  iii.  259  ;  Boeck.  I.  c. 
446.  C.  concolor,  Steud.  PI.  Gyp.  6.  C.  Eehmanni,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
364.  C.  grossarius,  JSeyne  msj  0.  jeminicus,  Heyne  ms.  {not  of  Bottb.). 
—Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3318 ^{mainly),  3335. 

Throughout  India,  ascending  to  10,800  ft. ;  from  Kashmir  to  Assam,  Ceylon, 
and  Singapore. — Disteib.  Warm  parts  of  the  Old  World. 

Glabrous.  J2Aik)me  creeping,  4-10  in.,  or  often  flowering  the  first  year.  Stem 
4-20  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem  or  much  shorter,  -^  in.  wide.  Spikelets  shortly 
spicate  or  clustered,  ^-1  by  i  in.,  6-24-fid.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  obtuse,  3 
green  nerves  on  back,  sides  usually  red-  or  chestnut-m&rked.  Nut  hardly  ^  length 
of  glume,  ashy-brown. — Belongs  to  a  very  small  gi'oup  of  closely-allied  species,  which 
alone  of  all  the  Cypereee  have  nodes  (and  sheaths  and  leaves)  far  above  base  of  stem  ; 
usually  a  prominent  character  in  P.  sanguinolentus j  but  frequently  absent.     Sikkim 


Pycreus.]  clxxii.  CypeeaCe^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  591 

specimens  from  10,000  ft.,  are  4-6  in.  high  with  stem  (and  leaves)  capillary,  bearing 
1  or  2  spikelets  only,  and  may  be  a  new  species. 

ft  Small  or  medium-sized,  roots  fibrous,  leaves  close  to  base  of  stem. 

5.  P.  nitenSj  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  283,  and  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat. 
Cur.  xix.,  Sujppl.  i.  43 ;  small  or  scarcely  middle-sized,  umbel  simple  or 
reduced  to  1  head,  spikelets  small  clustered  or  shortly  spicate  linear  or 
linear-oblong  straw-colrd.  or  dusky,  glumes  minutely  mucronate  or  nearly 
muticous,  nut  small  obovoid.  Cyperus  pumilus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  69  ;  Gaertn. 
Fruct.  i.  9,  t.  2,  fig.  2  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  4  {in  small  part) ;  Roxh.  Fl. 
Ind.i.  196  {excl.  syn.  Botth.);  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74;  Clarke  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  43  {not  of  Eottb.  or  Nees).  G.  nitens,  Vahl  Enum. 
ii.  331  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  3;  Boech.  in  Linnasa,  xxxv.  483  {not  ofBetz.).  C. 
membranaceus,  Vahl.  I.  c.  330 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  3.  0.  punctatus,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  193  {excl.  cit.  Pluh.).  C.  pulvinatus,  Nees  &  Meyen  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
74;  Thw.  Fnum.  342.  C.  obstinatus,  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gyp.  10;  0.  tor-, 
tuosus,  Herb.  Boxh. ;  Wall.  Cai.  3339.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3312  {mainly). 

Throughout  India,  alt.  O-6OO0  ft.,  frequent;  from  the  Punjab  to  Assam, 
Ceylon,  and  Singapore. — Distbib.  Warm  regions  of  the  Old  World. 

Annual.  Stems  tufted,  1-12  in.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  J-  in.  wide, 
weak.  Umhel  rays  1-6  in.  up  to  2-4  in.  long,  usually  shorter.  Spikelets  5-30  in 
a  spike,  |-|  by  -^  in.,  8-44-fld. ;  rhachilla  slender,  persistent.  Glumes  boat- 
shaped,  3-5-nervedi^back  green,  sides  pale  nerveless,  keel  (in  the  Indian  form)  nearly 
always  excurrent  recurved.  Stamen  in  the  Indian  plant  usually  1  (in  large  examples 
sometimes  2).    Nut  compressed,  brown,  nut  ^  as  long  as  the  glume. 

6.  P-  pumilus,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  283  ;  annual,  umbel  simple,  spike- 
lets spicate  oblong  6-10-fld.  much  compressed,  glumes  on  back  3-nerved 
green,  sid6s  2-3^-nerved  pale,  keel  excurrent  recurved,  nut  broad  ellipsoid 
flattened.  Cyperus  hyalinus,  Vahl  Fnum.  ii.  329;  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  3; 
Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Hi.  254;  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  482;  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  p.  46 ;  Ridley,  in  Forbes  Fast.  Archip.  520.  0.  pumilus, 
Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  74  {excl.  all  syn.) ;  Kunth  I.  c.  4  {in  great  part,  not 
of  Linn.)  C.  strictus,  Wight  ms.  {not  of  Boxh.);  Wall.'  Gat.  3336,  0 
partly. 

Madras  ;  in  rice-fields,  Wight,  Leith. — Distrib.  Timor. 

Stems  2-8  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  i  in.  wide,  weak.  Umhel  rays  3-7,  up 
to  2  in.  long.  Spikelets  4-12  in  a  spikelet,  not  clustered,  i  by  |^  in.  Glumes 
almost  glistening  on  their  pale  or  yellowish  nerved  sides.  Nut  obtuse,  ashy -black, 
more  than  ^  length  of  glume. 

7.  P.  capilla,ris,^  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  283  and  in  Mart.  Fl. 
JBra*.  ii.  pars.  1,9;  umbel  apparently  ^simple  or  condensed  into  1  head, 
(see  var.  y)  spikelets  clustered  linear  many-fid.  mucb  compressed  straw- 
colrd.,  brown  or.  black,  nui  small  ellipsoid-  compressed  apiculate  chest- 
nut-black. "Cyperus  globosus.  All.  Fl.  Pedem.  Auctuar.  49;  Beichb.  Ic. 
PI.  Crit:i\\.^Q,  t.  229,  and  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  32,  .t.  ^279,  fig.  665;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxV.  458;  Glarke  iw  Journ.  Lin^.  Soc.  xx.  279  and  xxi.  47.  C. 
flavidus,  Decne.  in  Nouv.  Ann.  Mus.  m.  ^5^  Crpot  of  BHz.  or  Boxb.).  C. 
capillaris,  Xcemgr.  ms.;Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.i.  194<;  ijleesin  Wight  Gontrib.  76; 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  283.  C;  Jjamarckianus,  Srhultes  iii  Boem.  &  Sch. 
Syst.  ii.  Mant.  108 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  9:  C.  vulgaris; /S/e5er  m,s. ;  Kunth 
I.  c.  4.     C.  mucronatus,  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  Pfl.  95  {not  of  Bofth.).    C.  flaves- 

V     ( 


592  CLXxii.  OYPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Pycreus. 

cens,  Tliw.  Enum.  342;  Aitch.  Cat.  PL  Punjab  155.  C.  polystacliyris, 
Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74i ;  Duthie  in  £.  T.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  620. — 
Oyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3318. 

N.  India  ;  alt.  0-6000  feet,  from  Kashmir  to  Chota  Nagpobe  and  Assam. — 
DiSTEiB.  Temp,  and  trop.  old  world. 

Glabrous.  Stems  tufted,  4-24  in.  Leaves  4-12  by  i  in.,  weak.  Umbel 
rays  up  to  2^  in.,  usually  very  short ;  bracts  4-8  in.  Spikes  subglobose.  Spikelets 
5-50,  f  by  i  in.,  40-fld.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  2 ;  anthers  small,  muti- 
cous.  Nut  i  length  of  glume. — The  Himal.  plant  is  identical  with  the  European. ; 
its  spikelets  are  rather  broad,  ferruginous -green,  and  the  glumes  are  (in  fruit)  rather 
loose,  thin.  In  the  Khasia  Hills  the  glumes  are  often  browner,  chestnut,  or  very 
black,  rigid,  tightly  imbricated. 

Var.  /3.  nilagiricus,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.'Soc.  xxi.  49;  spikelets  narrower 
more  rigid,  glumes  (even  in  fruit)  rigidly  imbricated  not  inflated  straw-colrd.  or 
brown  or  (more  often)  chestnut  or  black.  Cyperus  nilagiricus,  Sochst.  ms.;  Steud. 
Syn.  Cyp.  2 ;  BoeeJc.  in  Linncea,  xxxv.  457.  C.  atro-ferrugineus,  Steud.  I.e.  2.  C. 
Junghuhnii,  Mig.  FL  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  260.  C.  ater,  Dalz.  ^  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  283 
(not  of  Vahl.).  C.  lucidus  and  lividus,  P.eyne  ms.  C.  Eragrostis,  Bottler ^  ms. 
C.  semiteres,  Seyne  ms.,  Wall.  Cat.  3310. — The  Deccan  Peninsula  and  Ceylon. — 
DiSTEiB.  Afric,  S.E.  Asia,  Austral. — This  var.  is  founded  on  the  narrower  spikelets  ; 
colour  is  accidental. 

Var.  7  striata,  C.  B.  Clarke,  I.e.  ;  spikelets  narrower  straw-colour  or  yellow  less 
compressed  frequently  short  6-12-fld.  sometimes  curved  or  twisted,  glumes  closely 
packed  but  loosely  imbricated.  Cyperus  strictns.  Lam.  III.  i.  146 ;  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind. 
i.  200  J  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  12  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  258.  C.  tortuosus,  Koenig  ms. ; 
Uoxh.  I.  c.  197 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  75  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  16.  C.  divaricatus,  Herb. 
Ham;  Wall.  Cat.  3312  (partly). — N.  India,  from  the  Punjab  to  Assam,  Chittagong 
and  Chota  Nagpore. — Distrib.  Asia,  Afric. 

8.  P.  polystachyus,  Beauv.  Fl.  Owar.  II.  48,  t.  86,  fig.  2 ;  xunbel 
apparently  simple  or  contracted  into  1  head,  spikelets  clnstered  even  in 
frait  suberect  (see  var.  /8)  linear  many-fld.  dnsky  straw-colour  often  red- 
marked,  nut  oblong  nearly  symmetric  truncate.  Cyperus  polystachyus, 
Br.  Prod.  214 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  193 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  75 ;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  13;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomh.  Fl.  281;  Thiv.  Enum.  ^4,2-,  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxv.  477 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  365 ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn, 
Soc.  XX.  280  and  xxi.  51.  C.  odoratus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  col.  i.  46.  C.  tereti- 
fructus,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62  and  8ijn.  Cyp.  3.  C. 
strigosus,  Wight  ms.  C.  corymbosus,  Boxh.  ms.  {not  of  Bottb.).  C.  filiformis, 
He'H).  JELeyne,  Wall.  Cat.  3320  A.  {partly).  C.  bicarinatus,  Serb.  Heyne, 
Wall.  Cat.  3333.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3340. 

Near  the  coast  of  India  from  Sind  to  Singapgee  ;  common.  Silhet,  Boole. f.  & 
T.  T. — DiSTEiB.  all  warm  especially  maritime  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stems  12-30  in.,  sometimes  0.  Leaves  overtopping  stem  or  much 
shorter,  i  in.  broad,  weak.  Umbel  rays  1-7,  up  to  0-2  in. ;  spikes  compound  of 
10-50  spikelets;  bracts  3-6,  spreading,  up  to  4-16  in.  spikelets  |^  by  -J^  in.,  20-50- 
fld.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  muticous,  papery,  not  rigid.  Stamens  2  (usually); 
anthers  small,  oblong.     Nut  compressed,  biconvex,  black,  ^  length  of  glume. 

Var.  /3.  laxiflorus,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  261 ;  spikes  more  open,  spikelets  in 
fruit  rectangularly  spreading  subsolitary,  often  more  tinged  with  yellow  red  or 
brown.  Cyperus  paniculatus,  Rottb.  Lescr.  etic.  40.  C.  plenus,  Heyne  ms. ;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  12.  C.  geminatus,  Heyne  ms.  C.  Hookerianus,  Arnott  ms.  (not  of 
Thwaites). 

The  Deccan,  and  Malay  Peninsulas,  and  Ceylon,  frequent. — Distrib.  all  hot 
regions. 


PycreusJ]  clxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  593 

9.  P.  ferrugrineus,  G.  B.  Clarice ;  spikelets  rather  broader  redder, 
glumes  more  distant  (otherwise  as  P.  jpolystachyus,  Var.  /3).  Cyperus  ferru- 
ginens,  Poir.  in  Lam.  JEncyc.  vii.  261 ;  Kuntk  Enum.  ii.  11 ;  BaJcer  Fl. 
Maurit.  408.  C.  polystachyus,  Yars.  ferruginea  and  macrostachya,  Boeck.  in 
lAnnsea,  xxxv.  479,  Yars.  ferruginea,  micans  and  filicina,  G.  B.  GlarTce  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  54,  55.  C.  strictus,  Rottler  ms.  Heyne  ms.  (not  of 
Eoxb.)—Wall.  Cat.  3331. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula;  Bottler,  G.  Thomson.  CniTTAGONa;  /.  D.  H. — 
DiSTKiB,  Afric.  Americ. 

10.  P.  sulcinux,  G.  B.  GlarJce ;  as  P.  ^polystachyus,  var.  fi,  but  spike- 
lets  longer,  glumes  more  remote,  nut  unsymmetric  its  faces  much  com- 
presed  iisually  concave.  Cyperus  sulcinux,  G.  B.  GlarJce  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  56  and  xxv.  80. 

Bengal  ;  up  to  5000  feet,  alt.  frequent.  Anamallay  Mts.  ;  JBeddome.  Pegu  j 
Kurz.  Tenasserim;  Heifer  {Kew  Bistrib.  n.  6209,  4).— Disteib.  Afr.  trop. 
Malaya. 

Slender.  Spikelets  up  to  40-50-fld.  Narrow  edge'ot  nut  much  flattened  against 
the  rhacheola. 

ttt  Bohust,  spikelets  larger,  yellow  hrown  or  red,  leaves  close  to  base  of 
stem. 

11.  P.  angrulatus,  JS'ees  in  Linn3ea,ix.  283;  robust,  umbel  simple, 
spikelets  yellow  or  brown-yellow  (see  also  var.  ^)  spicate,  nut  small  obo- 
yoid  ^-i  length  of  glume.  Cyperus  unioloides,  Br.  Prod.  216  ;  G.  B.  Clarke 
in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xxi.  60.  C.  bromoides,  Willd.  ms. ;  Link  Jahrh.  iii.  85 ; 
Kunth  Plnum.  ii.  8 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  463.  C.  angulatus,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  73 ;  Boeck.  l.c,  465.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3324. 

Nepal;  Wallich.  Dinajpoee  ;  Q.  B.  Clarice.  Khasia;  alt.  3-5000  feet,  fl/I 
^  T.  T.,  &c.    Nilghiei  Hills  ;  Wight.     Ava  ;  Wallich. — Disteib.  tropics. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  long,  J^  in.  in  diam.,  or  often  0.  Roots  fibrous.  Stem 
1^-3  ft.  Leaves  often  f  length  of  stem,  ^  in.  broad.  Umbel  rays  3-8,  up  to  2-4  in. 
long  (in  depauperated  a  single  few-spikeleted  head);  bracts  4-5,  up  to  8-12 
in.,  leaf-like.  SpiJces  ot  3-20  spikelets,  sometimes  slightly  compound ;  bracteoles 
inconspicuous.  Spikelets  f  by  -i  in.,  22-fld.  Glumes  ^  in.,  ovate,  triangular-acute, 
loosely  imbricate  in  fruit,  1-3-nerved,  back  green,  sides  shining  yellow  brown, 
margin  crisped.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  oblong-linear.  Nut  compressed,  black  j  style 
small,  branches  linear  shortly  exsert. 

Var.  /3  Wightii;  umbel  contracted  into  a  subcompound  head,  spikelets  larger 
shining  chestnut-brown. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  Wight. — A  remarkable  plant,  only  once  collected.  The 
spikelets  are,  in  size  and  colour,  unlike  any  Indian  or  other  example  of  P.  angulatus, 
while  they  most  closely  resemble  P.  macrantlius,  a  Cape  plant ;  but  the  nuts  have 
the  surface-cells  subquadrate,  while  in  P.  macranthus  these  are  longitudinally 
oblong. 

12.  P.  puncticulatuS;  Nees  in  Linnaea,  ix.  283 ;  umbel  compound  or 
simple,  spikelets  red  spicate,  nut  broad-ellipsoid  truncate  f  length  of 
glume.  P.  Baccha,  Nees  in  Linnaea,  ix.  283.  Cyperus  puncticulatus, 
Vahl  Enum.  ii.  848 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  15 ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl, 
283 ;  Thw.  Enum.  342 ;  Boeck.  in  JAnncea,  xxxv.  472  {excl.  syn.  Boxb.) ; 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  68.  C.  Baccha,  Kunth  I.  c.  ]  15.  C. 
inundatus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  76  {not  of  Boxb.).     C.  procerus,  Boxh. 

VOL.  VI.  Q  q 


594  CLXxii.  CTPERAOE^.     (C.  B,  Clarke.)  [Pycreus. 

Fl.  Ind.  i.  203,  chiefly.     C.  flavidus,  Herb.  Heyne ;   Wall.  Gat.  3336,  A.     C. 
tegetum,  Herh.  Wight ;  Wall.  Cat.  3355,  B. 

The  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Bottler,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylov  ;  Thwaifes. — ^Disteib. 
China. 

Glabrous,  annnal.  Stem  erect  at  base,  subsoHtary,  1-2  ft.  Leaves  often  as  ' 
long  as  stem,  ^  in.  broad.     Spikelets  f  by  i  in.,  7-30-fld.,  sides  very  parallel. 

Var.  /3.  quinquagintiflorus,  C.  B.  Clarke,  I.e.  69;  spikelets  elongate  up  to  50- 
fld.,  antheis  apiculate.  Cyperus  macrostachyus,  VaTxl  Enum.  ii.  349  (as  to  plant 
of  Bottler,  not  of  Lam.  or  Foir.).  C.  longus,  Herb.  Heyne ;  Wall.  Cat.  3336  B. — 
Madras,  Reyne. 

13.  P.  alboxnarg'inatus,  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  ii.  part  1,  9 ; 
umbel  simple  or  compound,  spikelets  long  yellow  or  ruddy  brown,  glumes 
obtuse  white-edged  in  fruit  spreading  not  imbricate,  nut  obovoid  greatly 
compressed  nearly  as  long  as  glume.  Cyperus  Hochstetteri,  Nees  ms. ; 
Krauss  in  Flora,  xxviii.  765  [in  note) ;  Boeck.  in  Linneea,  xxxy.  471 ;  C.  B. 
Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  69.  C.  flavicomus,  Torrey  Bot.  Mexic. 
Bound.  226;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  y'u.  261  (excl.  syn.,  not  of  Michx.). 

CoNCAN  and  Malabar;  G.  Thomson,  &c.  Rangoon;  E.  Scott,  Kurz.-^ 
DiSTEiB.  Tropics. 

Glabrous,  annual.  Stem  erect  at  base,  subsolitary,  1-3  ft.  Leaves  often  \  length 
of  stem,  \  in.  broad.  Umbel  rays  sometimes  11,  up  to  7  in.  long,  sometimes  2-3, 
only  1  in.  long.     Spikelets  often  large,  1  by  i  in. 

Indeterminable  species. 

C.  Kamph(EVENERI,  jBoec^.  Cyp.  Novce,  i.  (1888),  5  ;  rhizome  tuberous,  style  but 
little  exserted  shortly  2-fid. — Nicobar  Islds.  ;  Kamphoevener. 

3.  JUNCBIiXiUS. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  only  near  base.  Inflorescence  umbellate  or 
capitate.  Spikelets  linear  or  oblong,  compressed;  rhacheola  persistent. 
Glumes  distichous,  deciduous,  concave,  muticous,  2  lowest  empty,  4-  oo  suc- 
ceeding bisexual,  uppermost  1-3  sterile  or  empty.  Stamens  3-2,  anterior ; 
anthers  oblong-linear.  Nut  plano-convex,  broad  plane  face  flat  against 
rhacheola  ;  style-base  continuous  with  nut,  not  tumid ;  branches  2,  linear. 
— Species  12,  in  all  warm  climates. 

This  genus  is  Cyperi  Sect.  Juncellus  of  Kunth,  and  differs  from  Cyperus  by 
having  a  2-fid  style,  and  more  or  less  compressed,  not  equilaterally  trigonous  nut. 
Several  of  the  species  have  been  considered  by  Boeckeler  and  others  as  forms  with 
2-branched  styles  of  corresponding  species  of  Cyperus. 

*  Inflorescence  umbelled. 

1.  J.  serotinus,  G.  B.  Glarke;  stoloniferous,  stout,  stem  at  top 
triquetrous  thick,  leaves  and  bracts  long,  umbel  compound,  spikelets  linear 
in  dense  spikes,  glumes  broad-ovate  obtuse  7-9-nerved,  nut  longer  than  ^ 
the  glume.  Cyperus  serotinus,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  31 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
19  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  492.  C.  Monti,  Linn.  f.  Suppl.  102  ;  Host. 
Gram.  Austr.  iv.  38,  t.  Q1 ;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  32,  t.  279,  fig.  Qm ; 
0.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  72,  t.  3,  fig.  29  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
366.  C.  japonicus,  Miq.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  140.  C.  puncticulatus, 
Aitch.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  189  (not  of  VaJil). — Monti,  Bonon.  Prodr.  12, 
1. 1,  fig.  2. 


Juncellus.']  clxxii.  CTPERACEiE,     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  595 

Kashmie;  alt.  1000  ft.,  Jacquemont,  .&c.  Punjab;  alt.  1000  ft.,  Thomson, 
&c. — DiSTRiB.  from  Spain  to  Japan. 

Glabrous,  except  sometimes  rhachis  of  spikes.  Stems  solitary,  1-3  ft.  Leaves 
often  as  long  as  stem,  ^-3  in.  broad.  Bracts  3-5,  up  to  8-18  in.  leaf-like.  Umbel 
rays  3-6,  up  to  2-6  in.  long,  very  unequal,  rather  stout ;  umbellules  shortly  corym- 
bose or  capitate  ;  bracteoles  short.  Spikes  of  5-40  spikelets.  Spikelets  ^-^  by  xo~s- 
in.,  12-30-fld.  (or  shorter  6-8-fld.),  turgid  ;  rhacheola  robust,  tetragonous,  excavated, 
scarcely  winged.  Glumes  approximate ;  margins  narrowly  scarious,  in  dried  ripe 
examples  incurved  crisped.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  scarcely  apiculate.  Style  short ; 
branches  about  as  long  as  nut.  Ifut  obovoid,  obtuse,  smooth,  dark -brown. — Much 
confused  in  herbaria  with  Cyperus  pilosus,  Vahl,  which  it  generally  resembles  and 
has  further  the  rhachis  of  the  spikes  minutely  hairy,  a  rare  character  in  Cyperus. 

2.  J.  stylosus,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  stem  at  top  trigonous  slender,  leaves 
and  bracts  rather  short,  glumes  not  striate  towards  their  margins,  style- 
branches  very  long,  nut  (not  quite  ripe)  small ;  otherwise  as  J.  serotinus. 
Cyperus  Monti,  var.  j3  ?  stylosa,  G.  B.  Glarhe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi. 
73. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  Griffith. 

Leaves  not  half  length  of  stem.  Bracts  scai'cely  overtopping  inflorescence. 
Rhachis  of  spikes  glabrous.  Glumes  chestnut-red,  with  very  narrow  white  margins, 
inflated  as  in  J.  serotinus.  Spikelets  comose  from  the  persistent  long  dark-red  styles. 
Nuts  perhaps  all  imperfect. 

3.  J.  inundatus,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  stout,  stem  at  top  triquetrous  thick, 
leaves  and  bracts  long,  umbel  compound,  spikelets  in  loose  spikes,  glumes 
obtuse  6-7-nerved,  nut  longer  than  t  the  glume.  Cyperus  inundatus, 
Boxb.  Ft.  Ind.  i.  201 ;  Wall.  Cat.  3342  A,  B  ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  31,  73  {not  of  Br.  or  Nees).  C.  diluvialis,  Schultes  in  Boem.  & 
Sck.  Syst.  ii.  Mant.  124,  C.  puncticulatus,  Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  10  {partly,  not 
of  Fa/iZ).— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3355,  C.  3359,  F. 

Benoal;  in  swamps,  from  Sylhet  to  the  sea,  frequent. — Disteib.  China. 

Rhachis  of  spike  glabrous,  1-2  in.,  spikelets  often  ^-^  in.  apart.  Differs  little 
from  J.  serotinus,  but  by  the  open  spikes.  In  herbaria  it  is  more  frequently  mixed 
either  with  Cyperus  procerus  or  Pycreus  puncticulatus. 

4.  J.  alopecuroides,  G.  B.  Clarke;  large,  leaves  and  bracts  long, 
nmbel  large  com])Ound,  spikes  cylindric  very  dense,  spikelets  linear-oblong 
bearing  8-30  nuts,  glumes  concave  dirty  straw-colour,  rhachilla  rather  stout 
Bubquadrangular  not  winged,  nut  small  i  length  of  glume.  Cyperus 
alopecuroides,  Bottb.  Bescr.  et  Ic.  (1773),  38,  t.  8,  fig.  2  ;  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  76 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  19 ;  Thw.  Enum.  ^4i2. ;  Dah.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
282  ;  Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  261 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  322  {excl.  var.  a)  ; 
Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  367 ;  G-.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  30,  74, 
t.  2,  fig.  13  ;  King  in  T.  E.  Atkins.  Gaz.  x.  (1876),  320.  C.  compositus, 
Br.  Prodr.  217.  C.  semidives,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  36.  C.  speciosus,  con- 
gestus,  alopecuroides,  Herb.  E[eyne\  Wall.  Cat.  3344,  B,  C. 

Throughout  India,  from  Peshawue,  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrih.  6150)  to  Silhet, 
Hook.  f.  Sf  T.  T.,  and  Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Disteib.  Afric.  and  Austral,  trop. 

A  large  glabrous  annual,  2-3  ft.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  i-^  in. 
broad.  Rays  of  umbel  4-6  in. ;  bracts  12-18  in.,  leaf-like ;  raylets  often  1  in. 
bearing  at  apex  2-4  ebracteolate  spikes.  Spikes  1-1^  by  f  in.  Spikelets  ^  in., 
lanceolate,  compressed.  Glumes  muticous  or  mucronulate.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers 
muticous.  Nuts  plano-convex,  finally  ashy-black  (many  imperfect  pale) ;  style 
as    long  as   nut,    branches   longer,    shortly   exsert. — United    by  Baeckeler   with 

Q  q  2 


596  CLXxii.  CTPEEACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Juncellus. 

Cyperus  exixltafus,   Eetz  ;    but  separated  by  the  very  crowded   spikes  and   2-fid 
style.  ,         V 


** 


Stem  with  one  head  of  spiJcelets. 


5.  J.  pygrms&usj  G.,B.  Clarice;  annual,  leaves  and  bracts  long  green 
flaccid,  spikelets  innujn^^ble  in^a  compound  head  linear  often  curved  or 
twisted,  nut  plano-convex  ^\  lefigth  of  glume.  Cyperus  pygmaeus,  Rottb. 
Descr.  et  Ic.  20,  t.  14,  figs. ,4,  S;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  72;  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  18  ;  Miq.  A  Ind.  Bat.  iii  261 ;  Boiss.Fl.  Orient,  v.  368  {excl.syn.Boxh.) ; 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxv.  493  (excl.  var.  /3) ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  282  and  xxi.  28-30,  81,  t.  2,  figs.  10,  10a ;  King  in  E.  T.  Atkinson 
Gaz.  X.  (1876),  320.-  C.  squarrosus,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  190.  C.  monocephalus, 
Roxb.  mss.  {not  Fl.  Ind.).  Dicbostylis  pygmaea,  Nees  in  Linncea,  ix.  289. 
Pycreus  diffusus  and  pygmaeus,  Nees  in  Linncea,  ix.  283. — Isolepis  ? 
Wall.  Cat.  U^h.       ^ 

From  Kashmir  to  Buema  and  Ceylon.     All  warm  regions  {excl.  Europe). 

Glabrous.  Stems  cdespitose  (often  very  many),  1-10  in.  Bracts  3-6  in.,  spread- 
ing. Head  ^-f  in.  in  diam.  Spikelets  often  100,  |  in.,  8-24-fld.,  greenish -white, 
finally  pale  brown.  Glumes  close- packed,  boat-shaped.  Stamens  2-1;  anthers  small, 
linear-oblong,  muticous.  Nut  ellipsoid,  brownj  top  pyramidal ;  style  shorter  than 
nut ;  branches  shortly  exsert. — Much  confused  (by  Boeckeler  finally  united)  with 
Scirpus  Michelianus,  Linn. ;  so  that  the  synonymy  cannot  be  completely  ex- 
tricated. In  the  young  state  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  two  apart ;  but  when 
the  spikelets  of  J.  pt/gnKBUs  are  ripe,  and  the  glumes  (except  a  few  of  the  top  in- 
fertile) have  fallen  away,  the  scars  on  the  rhacheola  (and  therefore  the  glumes  and 
nuts)  are  seen  to  be  exactly  distichous ;  whilst  the  rhacheola  of  ripe  S.  Michelianus, 
shows  the  scars  arranged  spirally  from  the  base  of  the  spikelet.  Rheede's  Hort. 
Mai.  xii.  t.  54,  on  which  alone  several  specific  names  are  grounded,  is  usually  referred 
here,  but  it  is  as  likely  to  be  Fimhristylis  argentea,  Vahl. 

6.  J.  laevigratuSj  G.  B.  Clarke;  rhizome  creeping,  leaves  short  or 
long,  lower  bract  as  though  continuing  stem,  head  lateral,  spikelets 
1-30  linear  16-40-fld.  somewhat  turgid,  glumes  close-packed  obtuse,  nut 
^-|  length  of  glume.  Cyperus  laevigatus,  Linn.  Mant.  179  ;  Bottb.  Lescr. 
et  Ic.  19,  t.  16,  fig.  1 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  260 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv. 
486  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  366  ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  282  and 
xxi.  77,  t.  3,  figs.  20,  21  and  t.  4,  fig.  33;  Aitch.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ser.  2 ; 
Bot.  iii.  121.  C.  mucronatus,  Bottb.  I.  c.  19,  t.  8,  fig.  4;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
185  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  72 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  17 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
viii.  31,  t.  278,  fig.  661.  C.  lateralis,  Forsk.  Fl.  JEg.  Arab.  13 ;  Roxb.  I.  c. 
186;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  73  {not  Linn.f.).  C.  Eoxburghianus,  Pre*^. 
in  Okenlsis,  xxi.  271.  C.  pleuranthus,  Nees  I.e.  73.  C.  acuminatus,  Boxb. 
ms.  C.  mucronatus  and  C.  niveus,  Serb.  Heyne;  Wall.  Gat.  3311. 
Pycreus  laevigatus,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  x.  130.  P.  mucronatus  and  lateralis, 
Nees  I.  c.  x.  283. 

Throughout  Westeen  India  from  the  Punjab,  Aitehison,  and  Bundelkund, 
Luthie,  to  South  Madras,  Wight. — Disteib.  most  warm  climates. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  usually  woody,  i  in.  in  diam.  internodes  very  short  densely 
covered  by  chestnut  or  red  scales,  when  floating  sometimes  3-6  ft.  with  long  inter- 
nodes. Stems  4.-24  in.  Leaves  sometimes  as  long  as  stem,  ^  in.  broad,  usually 
short,  occasionally  obsolete  (i.e.  sheaths  terminated  by  a  lanceolate  process  not 
green).  Spikelets  closely  clustered,  ^-^  in.,  rigid,  often  curved,  straw-colrd.  or 
tinged  with  chestnut  or  chestnut-red  ;  rhacheola  stout,  tetragonous,  hardly  winged. 
Glumes  concave,   ovate,  7-11-nerved.     Stamens   3j   anthers  yellow  with  a  small 


Ju7i,ceUus»]  CLxxii.  CYPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  597 

linear-lanceolate  red  scabrous  crest.     Style  slender,  hardly  as  long  as  nut ;  branches 
shortly  exsert.     Ifut  piano-  or  concavo-convex,  top  obtuse. 

Var.  (3.  junciformis ;  rigid,  spikelets  1-6  rigid  shining  chestnut  or  black.  C 
distachyos.  All.  Fl.  Pedem.  Auctuar.  48,  t.  2,  fig.  5;  Boi^s.  FL  QHent.  v.  367.  C. 
junciformis,  Besfont.  Fl.  Atlant.  i.  42,  t.  7,  fig.  1 ;  JSoiss.  I.  c.  .  C.  l^vigatus,  var. 
junciformis,  C.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  aSoc.  xxi.  79.  / 

Peshawur;  Stewart.     Sind  ;  Stocks. — DiSTfiiB.  Oriental. 

4.  CVPBRUS,  Linn. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  only  near  base.  Inflorescence  umbellate  or 
capitate.  Spikelets  linear  or  oblong,  compressed;  rhacheola  persistent. 
Glumes  disticbons,  2  lowest  empty,  4-oo  succeeding  bisexual  seriatim  de- 
ciduous, uppermost  1-3  sterile  or  empty.  Stamens  3-2,  rarely  1 ;  anther 
linear  or  oblong,  sometimes  crested.  Nut  triquetrous,  trigonous  or  piano-  . 
convex,  plane  face  flat  against  rhacheola;  style-base  continuous  with  nut, 
'  not  tumid,  branches  3  linear  (occasionally  2  in  upper  fl.  of  O.  stoloniferus, 
and  in  C.  Gephalotes). — Species  300,  all  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

Subgenus  I.  Anosporum  (Genus),  Nees  in  Linnaea,  ix.  287.  Sti/le  long, 
undivided  or  obscurely  3-2-todthed.  Hydroschoenus,  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll. 
Pfl.  95.     Trentepohlia,  Boeck.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xvi.  249.— (Sp.  1). 

1.  C  Cephalotes,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  311 ;  leaves  and  bracts  long,  infl. 
of  one  compound  dense  head,  nut  stipitate  below  corky.  Kunth  Enum,.  ii. 
48  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bo^t.  iii.  271 ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  25, 
34,  t.  1,  figs.  1-6.  C.  monocephalus,  -Bo#6.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  188.  0.  Hookerianus, 
Thw.  Enum.  342  (not  of  Am.).  C.  leuoocephalus,  Wight  ms.  {not  of  Betz). 
C.  natans,  Sam.  ms.  C.  dubius,  Bottler  in  Neue  Schr.  Gesell.  Freunde 
Berlin,  iv.  193,  in  Obs.  Anosporum  monocephalum,  Wees  in  Linnsea,  ix. 
287,  and  in  Wight  Contrib.  92 ;  Griff.  Notul.  iii.  103 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaea, 
xxxvi.  411.  A.  Cephalotes,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xlv.  pt.  2,  p.  159. 
Hydroschoenus  kyllingioides,  Zoll.  &  Mor.  ms.  ;  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  PJl. 
95;  Miq.  Z.  c.  296.  Trentepohlia  bifoliata.  Boeck.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xvi.  249. 
Ungeria  monocephala,  Nees  ms. — Kyllinga,  Wall.  Cat.  3441  {mainly). 
Rheede  Sort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  53. 

From  Bengal  to  Madras  and  Burma. — Distrib.  China,  Malaya,  Austral. 

Glabrous,  floating  in  tanks ;  stolons  slender.  Stems  4-16  in.  Leaves  2-6,  as 
long  as  f  stem,  i  in.  broad.  Bracts  3-5  up  to  4-8  in.,  leaf-like.  Seads  ^-f  in. 
diam.  Spikelets  10-70,  ^-\  by  i  in.,  compressed,  rigid,  often  bent,  10-36-fld. ; 
rhachilla  stout,  persistent,  angular,  hardly  winged.  Glumes  closely  packed,  boat- 
shaped,  green,  more  or  less  marked  with  red  or  chestnut.  Stamens  3-2  ;  filaments 
broadly  ligulate ;  anthers  large,  linear-oblong,  muticous.  Nut  \  length  of  glume, 
ovoid,  unequally  trigonous  (i.  e.  somewhat  plano-convex)  passing  gradually  into  the 
linear  style  f  length  of  nut.— In  the  Cyperaceoe  which  float  in  tanks  that  are  never 
dry,  a  corky  thickening  of  the  cells  especially  towards  the  lower  angles  of  the  nut 
enables  them  to  float,  and  hence  vegetate  among  the  rotting  surface  vegetation  of  the 
tank. 

Subgenus  II.  Pycnostachys.  Inflorescence  umbellate  throughout  or 
capitate  ;  spikelets  digitate  or  clustered,  not  spicate.  Style-branches  linear, 
rarely  linear-lanceolate.     (Sp.  2-26.) 

Sect.  1.  Natantes.  /S^ij/Ze-branches  linear-lanCeolate.  Nut  corky  below. 
—Tank  floaters.    (Sp.  2.) 


598  CLxxii.  cypehace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Gyperus. 

2..C.  platystylis,  Br.  Prodr.  214;  leaves  and  bracts  long,  nmbel 
componnd,  spikes  near  together  often  very  numerous.  C.  B.  Clarice  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  27,  117,  t  1,  figs.  7-9  {excl.  syn.  G.  caducus).  C. 
pallid  us,  Heyne  ms. ;  JSfees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  284,  and  in  Wight  Gontrih.  79  ; 
Xunth  ijnum.  a.  4^0 ;  Tkiv.  JSmim.  d4i^.  C.  canescens,  Serb.  Hei/ne,  amd 
G.Mitain8,JIerb:mim.i  Wall.  Gat.  3337,3359  D  {'partly).  Anosporum 
pallidum,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  412. 

From  Bengal  and  Burma  to  CErLON  and  Penang. — Distrib.  Malaya, 
Austral. 

Glabrous,  floating  in  tanks.  Stolons  covered  by  ovate  acute  striate  pale-brown 
scales.  Stems  solitary,  6-42  in.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  up  to  |-i  in.  broad, 
coarse,  cutting,  nerves  many,  strong.  Umbel  1-10  in.  diam. ;  bracts  8-18  in.,  leaf- 
like, somewhat  corymbose.  Spikelets  5-1300,  1-6-togetber  digitate,  ^  by  |^  in., 
2O-40-fld.,  brown  pale  or  reddish  ;  rhachilla  persistent,  scarcely  winged.  Glumes 
very  close-packed,  boat-shaped,  back  with  3  green  nerves.  Stamens  3 ;  filaments 
ligulate ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  crested  with  a  small  linear-lanceolate  red  mucro. 
Ifut  ellipsoid,  f  length  of  glume,  unequally  trigonous,  pale  brown,  corky  cells  of  the 
angles  straw-colrd. ;  style  much  shorter  than  nut,  deciduous,  branches  as  long  as 
style. 

Sect  2.  Amabiles.  Slender  annuals.  Umbel  very  rarely  reduced  to  a 
single  head.     Sjoikelets  small.     Glumes  mucronate.     (Sp.  3-5.) 

3.  C.  amabilis,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  318 ;  spikelets  linear,  golden-brown, 
glumes  truncate  mucro  short  erect,  stamen  1,  nut  obovoid  f  length  of 
glume.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  108  ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  283, 
and  xxi.  p.  85.  C.  aureus,  J3".  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  i.  205  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  21. 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  494. 

KuMAON,  King.  Moradabad,  Thomson.  Chota  Nagpore;  up  to  2000  ft., 
C.  B.  Clarice. — Distrib.  Warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stems  csespitose,  2-8  in.  Leaves  l-\  length  of  stem,  y^  in,  broad, 
weak.  Umbel  often  very  compound,  rays  4  in.  long;  sometimes  reduced  to  1  head 
(very  variable  in  development) ;  bracts  up  to  2  in.,  leaf-like.  Spikelets  3-10  in  a 
spike,  up  to  I  by  ^V-tV  ^"-j  36-fld.  (often  much  shorter).  Glumes  boat-shaped,  back 
3-5-nerved,  sides  nerveless,  mucro  variable  (often  very  short).  Anthers  small,  oblong. 
Nut  fine  brown  j?  style  as  long  as  nut,  branches  3,  linear. 

4.  C.  castaneus,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i.  278  ;  small,  umbel  rarely  com- 
pound, spikelets  linear  chestnut  or  pale,  glumes  obtuse  mucro  conspicuous 
recurved,  stamens  2-1,  nut  exactly  oblong  ^-f  length  of  glume  (mucro 
excluded).  Roxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  195  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  79  ;  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  21 ;  Thw.  Enum.  343  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  496  {excl.  Wall.  3376  B) ; 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  87.  C.  squarrosus,  Trimen  Gat. 
Ceylon  PI.  100.     C.  pusillus.  Herb.  Wight;   Wall.  Cat.  3323. 

From  East  Nepal,  J.  L>.  HooTcer,  to  Ceylon,  Thwaites,  and  Perak,  King. — 
Distrib.  Tonkin,  Austral. 

Glabrous.  Stems  |-6  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  J^-  in.  broad,  or  (usually) 
shorter.  Umlel  rays  0-2  in.  rarely  again  divided,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single 
head;  bracts  often  as  long  as  inflorescence.  Spikelets  3-20  in  a  cluster,  black- 
chestnut  in  type  form,  ^-^  by  ^  in.,  15-70-fld.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  back  3-nerved , 
keel  excurrent  greenish -yellow.  Anthers  small,  short-oblong.  Nut  red-black,  sides 
exactly  parallel ;  style  much  shorter  than  nut;  branches  small,  linear. 

5.  C.  cu^pidatus,  JL  B.  &  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  i.  204;  glumes 
strongly   S-n'tirved,  mucro   cons^jiciious    recurved,  nut   oblong-obovoid  \ 


Cyperus.']  clxxii.  cypeeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  599 

length  of  glume  (nmcro  excluded)  otherwise  as  C.  castaneus.  Kunth  Eyium. 
ii.  22  ;  Boeclc.  in  lAnnsea,  xxxv.  496 ;  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx. 
284,  and  xxi.  88,  and  xxv.  80 ;  Trimen  Cat.  PI.  Ceylon,  100.  0.  angusti- 
folius,  Sam.  ms. ;  Wall.  Gat.  3376  {mainly) ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  79 ; 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  21.  C.  castaneus,  Sance  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  130 ; 
Miq:  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  261  ("  forma  Sundaica  ")•  C.  solutus,  Steud.  Syn. 
Cyp.  14 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  263. 

Throughout  India  j  from  Kashmie  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and  Penang.— 
D^'sTRiB.  All  warm  regions. 

The  older  botanists  referred  the  chestnut-colrd.  examples  to  C.  castaneus,  the  ferru- 
ginous-brown to  C.  cuspidatus,  and  these  are  the  prevalent  colours  of  the  spikelets. 
But  the  colour  varies  in  both,  and  Boeckeler  has  distinguished  them  by  the  nut 
(which  is  broader  upwards  in  C.  cuspidatus)  tolerably  satisfactorily.  C.  cuspidatus 
is  a  very  common  plant,  Q.  castaneus  a  rare  one. 

:  /Sect.  3.  Difformes.  Small  or  middle-sized,  annuals  or  biennials ; 
rhizome  0,  or  in  G.  Saspan  creeping.  Leaves  and  bracts  moderately  long, 
narrow,  weak.  Inflorescence  umbellate,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single 
head.     Spikelets  small,   numerous.     Glumes  scarcely  cuspidate.     (Sp.  6- 

6.  C*  fuscus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  69 ;  annual,  small,  umbel  simple  com- 
pound or  reduced  to  a  head,  spikes  clustered  small  linear- oblong,  nut  ellip- 
soid triquetrous  apiculate  |-f  length  of  glume.  Sost  Gram.  Austr.  ii.  49, 
t.  73  ;  Kunth  FJnum.  ii.  37  ;  Boeck  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  585 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  135;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  370. 

Kashmie  and  N.W.  Himalaya,  alt.  6000  ft.,  Thomson,  &c.— Distrib.  West- 
ward to  Britain. 

^  Glabrous.  Stems  caespitose,  2-16  in.,  weak.  Leaves  longer  or  shorter  than 
stem,  i-A  in.  broad,  grass-like.  Bays  of  umbel  often  1-1^  in.,  sometimes  much 
longer ;  bracts  usually  exceeding  inflorescence.  Spikes  ^-|  in.  in  diam.  Spikelets 
5-15,  \-\  by  f  3  ^^'j  16-36-fld.,  often  reddish.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  scarcely 
mucronate.  Stamens  usually  2 ;  anthers  oblong,  obtuse.  Nut  equally  or  unequally 
triquetrous,  pale  brown.  St^Jle  much  shorter  than  nut,  deciduous ;  branches 
linear. 

7.  C.  difformls,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  67  ;  annual,  middle-sized,  umbel  simple 
compound  or  reduced  to  1  head,  spikelets  very  small  linear-oblong  most 

^  densely  crowded,  glumes  obovate  truncate,  nut  broad  ellipsoid  nearly  as 
long  as  glume.  Itotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  24,  t.  9,  fig.  2  ;  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  195  ; 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  88 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  38 ;  Balz.  Sc  Gihs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
282  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  269  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  586  ;  Thw.  Enum. 
344 ;  King  in  E.  J.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  (1876)  323  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
370;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  290,  and  xxi.  133.  C.  Goeringii, 
Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  24;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  271.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3363 
{mainly). 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-8000  ft.,  universal  throughout  the  Old  World  in  rice- 
fields;  Mexico  (introduced  ?). 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-20  in.,  acutely  triquetrous  at  top.  Leaves  usually  somewhat 
shorter  than  stem,  ^-^  in.  broad,  flaccid.  Umbel  usually  contracted,  rays  up  to  2  in., 
sometimes  much  larger ;  bracts  2-10  in.,  lowest  often  suberect  (i.e.  umbel  lateral). 
Spikes  ^-J  in.  in  diam.,  globose.  Spikelets  i-f  by  ^V  '^^-t  somewhat  turgid,  10- 
30-fld.  Glumes  close-packed,  concave,  very  obtuse,  straw-colrd.,  sides  more  or  less 
red.  Stamen  1,  rarely  2 ;  anther  small,  oblong,  muticons.  Nut  subsessile,  sub- 
equally  trigonous,  pale-brown ;  style  much  shorter  than  nut,  branches  linear  short. 


600  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Gyperus^ 

8.  C.  silletensis,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  (1834)  79 ;  middle-sized  or 
slender,  stolons  0,  umbel  contracted  or  reduced  to  1  head,  spikes  globoso 
dense,  spikelets  small  linear  many-fld.,  glumes  ovate-oblong,  nut  oblong- 
obovoid  |— §■  length  of  glume.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  33  ;  Boeck.  in  lAnnsea,  xxxv. 
555 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  132. — Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat. 
3363  F,  3536  (partly). 

Bengal,  Assam,  Sikkim,  and  Burma. 

Stems  4-12  in.,  rather  slender  at  top,  flowering  the  first  year,  but  often  producing 
short  lateral  shoots  from  the  base  of  stem.  Spikes  pale  brown.  Glumes  at  top  sub- 
triangular.     Otherwise  resembling  C.  difformis. — Seldom  collected,  but  not  rare. 

9.  C.  pulcherrimus,  Willd.  ex  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  35 ;  middle-sized, 
stolons  0,  umbel  dense  usually  compound  with  innumerable  spikes  of  5-10 
very  small  linear  spikelets,  glumes  ovate-oblong,  their  oblong  tip  inflexed 
towards  rhachilla,  nut  broadly  ellipsoid  f  length  of  glume.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  267 ;  Boeck.  in  lAnnsea,  xxxv.  673  ;  C.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  132 ;  Trimen  Gat.  PI.  Geylon,  100.  C.  eumorphus,  Steud.  in  Zoll. 
Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  63,  and  Syn.  Gyp.  22;  Miq^.  I.e.  268.  C.  silletensis, 
Thw.  Enum.  343.  C.  Haspan,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  270  {partly). — 
Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3357. 

SiND,  Pimvill,  Bengal,  Walliph.  Assam,  Griffith,  &c.  Ceylon,  Thwaites. 
PENANa,  Curtis,  n.  1954. — Distbib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Very  near  C  silletensis  ;  dried  examples  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  crisped 
incurved  top  of  glume.  Spikelets  very  like  those  of  C.  jlavidus,  which  is  a  slender 
,  species. 

10.  C-  Kaspan,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  6Q  (partly) ;  middle-sized  or  small, 
pale  or  red  not  yellow,  rhizome  long-creeping  but  plant  often  flowering  in 
first  year,  spikelets  2-6-digitate  small  linear,  stamens  3-2,  nut  small  ovoid 
or  obovoid  ^-^  length  of  obtuse  glume.  Boxh.  El.  Ind.  i.  210 ;  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrih.  80  (partly) ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  34 ;  Dalz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
282 ;  Thw,  Enum.  343 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  574,  var.  a  partly,  and 
var.  ^  ;  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  287,  and  xxi.  119.  C.  grami- 
nifolius,  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encyc.  vii.  267 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  98.  C.  pes-avium, 
Bertol.  Misc.  Bot.  viii.  30,  t.  3,  fig.  1.  Cyperus  gracilis,  Serb.  Heyne, 
Wall.  Gat.  3369,  D,  E,  F,  3372.— Scirpus,  Bottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  58, 1. 17,  fig.  3 
(excl.  Syn.  Linn.). 

Throughout  INDIA  j  abundant,  especially  in  dibbled  rice-fields. — Distrib.  All 
warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  in  typical  form  creeping,  6  in.  and  upwards,  covered  by 
'  ovate  triangular  scales  and  with  distant  solitary  stems ;  but  stems  often  caespitose 
on  a  very  short  rhizome  or  with  fibrous  roots  only.  Stems  4-30  in.,  sometimes 
stout,  almost  3-winged  at  top,  sometimes  slender  trigonous.  Leaves  short  or  longer 
and  overtopping  the  stem,  or  0.  Umbel  small  or  large,  compound  or  simple,  thin 
straggling  with  few  spikes,  or  dense  with  innumerable  spikes;  bracts  short  or  long 
and  far  overtopping  umbel,  (in  Khasia  examples)  long,  i  in.  broad,  tip  triangular - 
lanceolate.  Spikelets  |^-f  by  ^^^-^^^  in.,  10-40-fld.,  varying  much  in  development. 
Glumes  close-packed,  ovate,  obtuse,  obscurely  (or  not)  mucronate.  Anthers  linear- 
oblong,  often  bristly  at  top.  Nut  trigonous,  slightly  compressed,  minutely  scabrid 
or  smooth,  pale  brown  (sterile  white)  j  style  about  as  long  as  nut,  branches  linear 
slightly  exsert. — This  and  many  other  species  show  that  in  Cyperacece  stoutness  of 
stem,  length  and  breadth  of  leaves,  development  of  umbel,  length  of  bracts,  are 
often  futile  characters. 

11.  C.  flavidus;  Betz.  Obs.  v.  13;  slender,  annual,  ripe  yellow  or 


Cyperus.']  clxxii.  oypbrace^.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  601 

finally  blackening,  stamen  1  (rarely  2),  nut  plano-convex  (plane  face  against 
rhachilla),  ripe  marble-white  (otherwise  as  C.  Raspan).  Roxh.  Ft.  Ind.  i. 
200 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  80,  in  note ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  283 ; 
G.  B.  Glarhe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  287,  and  xxi.  122  and  xxv.  81.  C. 
.^aspan,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  p.  36,  t.  6,  fig.  2  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  574 
{Var.  a  partly).  C.  tenuispica  and  C.  Fieldingii,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  11.  C. 
microcarpns,  Boeck.  in  Bremen  Abhandl.  vii.  37.  C.  strictus,  Serb,  tieyne  ; 
Wall.  Gat.  3366.  C.  HasDan  and  0.  hexangularis,  Herb.  Wight;  Wall. 
Cat.  3369,  A,  B,  Q.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3313  (partly). 

Throughout  India,  abundant  in  rice-fields. — Distbib.  Warm  regions  of  the  Old 
World. 

Lives  about  3  months.  Bracts  usually  longer  than  stem.  Glumes  rather 
smaller  than  in  C.  Haspan.     Nut  very  obtuse  at  top. 

Sect.  4.  Nivei.  Rhizome  woody,  very  short ;  rootlets  wiry.  Inflores- 
cence of  one  head.     (Sp.  12-14.) 

12.  C.  Teneriifae,  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encyc.  vii.  245 ;  stems  at  base 
cylindric  thickened  by  coloured  sheaths,  spikelets  10-36-fld.  much  com- 
pressed red,  glumes  very  acute  conspicuously  mucronate,  nut  ^  length  of 
glume.  C.  nitens,  Rottb.  in  Neue  Schr.^  Ges.  Freunde,  Berlin,  iv.  193,  in 
Obs.  (not  of  Retz.).     0.  coromandelinus,  Sprenq.  8i/st.  i.  217  (not  of  Boeck.). 

0.  pectiniformis,  Roem.  et  Sch.  Syst.  II.,  Mant.  128  [not  of  Nees).  C. 
pectinatus,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  190  {not  of  Vahl).  C.  Wightii,  Nees  in  Wight 
Gontrib.  78 ;  Kunth  Enum,.  ii.  99 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  507.  C.  rubi- 
cundus,  Kunth  I.  c.  49 ;  Webb  et  Berth.  Phyt.  Ganar.  iii.  361,  t.  240  (nut 
too  acute) ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  104  {not  of  Vahl).  0. 
arenarius.  Herb.  Heyne ;  Wall.  Cat.  3314,  A  {partly).  C.  nitens.  Herb. 
Madras ;   Wall.  Gat.  3314,  B. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Bottler,  Wight.  Poona,  Woodroio.  Nilqhiris,  jffo- 
henacker. — Distrib.  Africa,  Arabia. 

Glabrous,  whole  plant  usually  more  or  less  red;  stolons  0.  Stems  2-11  in. 
Leaves  usually  f  length  of  stem,  f-i  in.  broad,  weak ;  sheaths  broad,  usually  scarious, 
inflated.  Bracts  2,  lower  1-1^  in.  Spikelets  3-20  in  1  head,  ^  hj  \  in.  Glumes 
close-packed,  much  imbricated  at  base,  9-15-striate,  keel  very  acute  excurrent  con- 
spicuously. Stamens  3;  anthers  nearly  muticous.  Nut  obovoid,  triquetrous  with 
concave  faces,  reticulate  black  and  white ;  style  as  long  as  nut,  branches  linear. — 
C.  ruhicundus,  Vahl,  is  a  Puerto  Rico  plant  ;  and  the  description  can  hardly  (ad- 
mitting error  in  habitat)  refer  to  0.  Teneriffce,  as  Vahl  does  not  describe  the 
excurrent  mucro  of  the  glumes.  Finally,  even  were  our  plant  C.  ruhicundus,  Vahl, 
,  it  must  take  the  earlier  name  of  Teneriffce.  The  name  0.  nitens,  Rottler,  is 
earlier ;  but  C.  nitens,  Retz.,  cannot  be  set  aside,  because  almost  the  only  certain 
thing  regarding  it,  is  that  it  was  not  a  Pycreus,  and  therefore  not  the  Cyperus  nitens^ 
auctorum. 

13.  C.  niveus,  Retz.  Obs.  v.  12 ;  culms  at  base  nodose  closely  uni- 
seriate,  spikelets  3-12  in  one  head  strongly  compressed  linear-oblong  20-40- 
fld.  white  or  cinnamomeous,  glumes  muticous,  nut  oblong-obovoid  i  length 
of  glume.  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  191 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  78 ;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  45 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  271 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  530 ; 
Aitch.  Gat.  Punjab  PI.  155,  and  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  189  ;  C.  B.  Clarke 

1.  c.  108.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3377. 

From  Kashmir  to  Upper  Burma,  alt.  0-6000  ft.  and  southward  to  Calcutta  and 
Hyderabad. — Distrib.  Cabul,  China. 

Glabrous,     Rhizome   woody,  almost  wholly  constructed  of  the  nodose   bases  of 


602  CLXxii.  OYPERACE-a:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  ICyperus. 

stems.  Stems  8-16  in.,  slender.  Leaves  i  length  of  stem,  yV i  i»-  broad,  weak. 
Bracts  2-3,  up  to  l-li  in.  Spikelets  commonly  f  by  i  in.  (sometimes  nearly  twice 
as  long).  Glumes  very  close-packed,  acutely  keeled,  many-nerved.  Nut  sessile, 
trigonous,  black  ;  style  nearly  as  long  as  nut,  branches  linear. 

14.  C.  leucocephalus,  Reiz.  Ohs.  v.  11 ;  stems  slender  nodose  at 
base,  with  one  dense  globose  white  head,  spikelets  compressed,  glumes 
oblong-obtuse  obscurely  S-l-nerved,  nut  oblong  ^-f  length  of  glume. 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  97  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xjxy.  590 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  107.  C.  pulchellus,  Br.  Prodr.  213.  C.  sorostachys,  Boeck. 
I.  c.  588.  Sorostachys  kyllingioides,  Steud.  8yn.  Cyp.  71 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  296.— Cyperus,  lf«^^.  Cat.  3536  {'partly).  Lipocarpha,  Wall.  Cat. 
3445,  D.  . 

Scattered  from  Monghie,  Wallich,  to  Mysokb,  Law,  and  Martaban,  Wallich  j 
(seldom  collected). — Distrib.  Tropics  generally. 

Glabrous.     Stems  4-10  in.,  csespitose  on  a  very  short  woody  rhizome.     Leaves 

about  ^  length  of  stem,  narrow.     Inflorescence  i-f  in.  in  diam.     Spikelets  6-50,  in 

large  forms  nearly  i  by  ^^  in.,  up  to  28-fld. ;   in  small  only  i  in.   long  6-8-fld. 

Stamen  1.     Nut  black,  white  reticulate;    style  much  shorter  than  nut,  branches 

linear  small. 

Sect.  5.  Conglomerati.  Ehizome  woody,  creeping ;  rootlets  thick,  often 
woolly.     Inflorescence  umbelled  or  with  1  head.     (Sp.  15-19.) 

15.  C.  arenarius,  Hetz.  Ohs.  iv.  9  ;  stems  solitary  distant  on  a  much- 
divided  creeping  rhizolne  subterete  at  top  1-headed,  spikelets  elliptic- 
oblong  10-16-fld.,  glumes  ovate  obtuse,  nut  obovoid  unequally  trigonous 
i  length  of  glume.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  77;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  46; 
Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  284 ;  Thw.  Enum.  342 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv„ 
536  ;  Aitch.  Cat.  Punjab  PI.  154;  C.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi. 
106,  C.  conglomeratus,  var.  y  Boiss.  Fl.  ^Orient,  v.  369  {not  of  Rotth.). 
Robartia  indica,  Linn.  Fl.  Zeyl.  17,  6f  Amoen.  Acad.  i.  388) ;  cf.  Trimen 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiv.  V6b.)  —  Pluk.  Almag.  178,  t.  300,  fig.  7. — 
Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3314  A.  {partly),  3535. — Scirpus '  gjomeratus.  Herb. 
Heyne;  Wall.  Cat  3460. 

Seacoast  from  Sind  to  Ceylon  and  Orissa.  Punjab  Plain;  Aitchison, 
Buthie. — Distrib.  Persia,  Arabia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  slender,  roots  not  woolly.  Stems  4-12  iii.  Leaves  often 
overtopping  stem,  ya-^  in.  broad.  Bracts  2-3,  lowest  2-4  16.  long,  suberect  often  as 
though  continuing  stem.  Spikelets  straw-colrd.,  finally  brown.  Glumes  boat- 
shaped,  strongly  3-nerved.  Nut  concavo-convex  dusky.  bla6k ;  style  very  short, 
branches  linear  longish.  -^ 

16.  C*  cong-loxneratus,  Eottb.  t)escr.  et  Ic.'2l,  t.  15,  fig.  7;  roots 
woolly,  stems  at  base  approximate  somewhat  thickened,  spikelets  linear 
rather  large  8-16-fld.,  glumes  minutely^  mucron ate,  nut  obovoid  unequally 
trigonous  i  length  of  glume.  Decne.  in  Ann.  So.  Nat.  ser.  2,  ii.  15  ;  Boiss. 
Fl.  Orient,  v.  369  (var.  a  in  great  part).  C».  J eminicus,  Bottb.  Bescr.  et 
le.  25,  t.  8,  fig.  1  {not  of  Retz).  Q.  pungeus,  Boech.  in  Linneea,  xxxv,  537 
{except  part  o/  a  elata)  ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Jowrn^  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  113.  C. 
proteinolepis,  var.  ^3  pumila,  Boeck.  I.  c.  523.  ^      ,  _ 

Sind  ;  iace.— Distrib.  ;  Westwd.  to  N.  Africa.    ^      ,J^,     *■" 
Glabrous.     Rhizome  sometimes  elongate,  ^-i  in.  in  diam.^    Stems  4-24  in.,  some- 
what  robust.     Leaves  often   ^   length  of  stem   and  upwards.     Umbel  simple,  not 
rarely  contracted  into  1  head ;  rays  often  3-4.  about  1  in.  long. 


GyperusJ]  clxxii.  cypekace^.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  603 

17.  C.  pachyrrhizus,  Nees  ex  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  545;  stems 
long  robust  at  top  trigonous  1-headed,  leaves  often  as  long  as  stem  rigid 
concave,  bracts  3-4  long  spreading,  spikelets  very  numerous  densely- 
agglomerated  (otherwise  as  C.  conglomeratus),  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  Ill ;  Trimen  Gat.  JPl.  Ceylon,  lOO.  C.  conglomeratus,  Tlfiw.  Enum. 
343.  C.  arenarius,  Prain  Laccadive  PL  in  Ic.  Mem.  Med.  Off.  Army  Ind., 
part  V.  (1890),  54  {not  ofEetz.).     C.  leucocephalus,  Wight  ms.  {partly). 

Ceylon  ;  Thwaites,  Wight.     Laccadive  Islds.  ;  Hume. 

Soots  densely  woolly.  Stems  12-20  in.  Head  more  than  1  in.  in  diam.  of 
30-80  spikelets. — Trimen  doubts  (with  reason)  whether  this  is  other  than  a  large 
form  of  0.  conglomeratus,  Rottb. 

18.  C.  eifusus,  JSottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  22,  t.  12,  fig.  3 ;  spikelets  linear 
compressed  20-60-fld.,  glumes  most  densely  packed  scarcely  mucronate 
(otherwise  as  C.  conglomeratus).  Kuntli  Enum.  ii.  47 ;  Edgew.  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xvi.  1220.  C.  proteinolepis,  Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  15 ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  522;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  113.  0.  con- 
glomeratus, var.  effusa,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  369.  C.  conglomeratus,  var. 
/3  major,  Boeck.  I.e.  644;  C.  B.  Clarke  I.  c.  112.  C.  curvulus,  Boeck. 
.  c.  541  {partly).     C.  densus,  Br.  in  Salt  Abyss.  Append.  62. 

SiND  ;  Pimoill. — DiSTEiB.  Westwd.  to  N.  Africa. 

Spikelets  ^-1  by  ^a-i  in.  broad,  much  narrower  than  in  C.  conglomeratus. 
—  C  effusus  includes  many  plants  differing  greatly  in  size  (as  does  0.  conglomeratus) 
but  all  unlike  C.  conglomeratus  in  the  exceeding  closely  packed  glumes ;  the  spike- 
lets are  not  longer  tlian  in  C.  conglomeratus,  but  have  twice  as  many  flowers. 

19.  C.  Atkinsoni,  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  109 ;  roots 
not  •woolly,  stems  thickened  at  base  approximated  on  a  short  rhizome  top 
nearly  terete,  umbel  simple  contracted,  spikelets  linear  much  compressed 
20-30-fld.  pale  brown  (otherwise  as  G.  effusus.) 

Kashmir  ;  Bimbur,  AtTcinson.  N.W.  Himalaya  ;  Kotgurh,  Thomson.  Sind  ; 
Kurrachee,  Stocks. 

This  plant  is  not  very  near  C.  niveus  (where  originally  placed)  differing  not 
merely  by  the  umbellate  spikes  but  by  the  structure  of  the  spikelet,  which  is  very 
close  to  that  of  C.  (ffusus.  Though  the  character  of  woolly  rootlets  holds  good  in 
this  group  throughout  a  great  series  of  herbarium  material,  Schweinfurth  tells  me 
that  it  is  not  to  be  relied  on  for  the  discrimination  of  species,  as  it  is  merely  an 
adaptation  for  growth  in  sand. 

Sect.  6.  Biffusi.  Tall  or  middle-sized  perennials  with  green  somewhat 
broad  often  3-nerved^ leaves.  Umbels  compound,  generally  decompound. 
(Sp.  20-26;)  • 

20.  C  dififusus, ."' Fa^Z  Ei(ium.  ii.  321 ;  spikelets  4-24-fld.,  glumes 
broadly  ovate  sudden-y  acnte-mucronate  in  fruit  somewhat  distant  upper 
margins  not  imbricate,  nut  broadly  ellipsoid  triquetrous  subpyramidal  at 
either  end  §  length  of  glume.  Nees'in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  xix. 
Suppl.  i.  58 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.iji.  264.  C.  elegans,  Sw.  Ohs.  Bot.  30  ;  Xunth 
Enum.  ii.  28 ;  jB^ecTcHn  Linnsea,  xxxv.  533^,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
XX.  288  and  >^i.  125  £xcl.  tab.  Shane  {not  Linn.).  C.  longifolius,  Becne. 
in  Nguv.  Ann.  Mus.  iii.  359  ;  Ridley  in  Forljes  East.  Archip.  520  {not 
JPoir).  C.  moestus,  Kimth  I.  c.  31.  C.  nigro-viridis,  Thw.  Enum.  344. 
— Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3358,  3362,  3370,  A.   Hypaelyptum,  Griff.  Bin.  Notes, 

17,  n.  243. 


604  CLXXii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Cyperus. 

Throughout  India,  except  the  dry  west,  commoa  from  Sikkim  aud  Assam  to 
Ceylon  and  Penang. — Disteib.  All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  very  short ;  roots  wiry.  Stems  8-30  in.  Leaves  often  as 
long  as  stem,  -|-f  in.  broad,  flat,  green,  3-nerved.  Umhel  4-12  in.  in  diara.,  decom- 
pound (depauperated  examples  with  few  spikes  occur)  ;  bracts  4^10,  up  to  1-2  ft., 
leaf-like.  Spikelets  3-9  together,  digitate,  ^-^  by  i-^  in.  (sometimes  much  longer). 
Glumes  boat-shaped,  green,  back  3-5-nerved ;  wings  of  rhaohilla  narrow,  not  deci- 
duous. Stamens  3-2;  anthers  small,  linear-oblong,  often  (when  young)  with  a  small 
linear-lanceolate  crest.  Nut  dusky  black ;  style  much  shorter  than  nut,  sometimes 
hardly  any;  branches  linear,  shortly  exsert. — One  of  the  commonest  of  the  genus, 
best  known  as  0.  elegans^  Linn.,  but  no  part  of  Linnseus's  elegans,  whose  type,  his 
figure  cited,  and  his  description,  are  all  of  G.  viscosus,  Aiton.  Nor  can  his  descrip- 
tion include  C.  diffusus,  Vahl.  Kunth,  in  transferring  the  name  C.  elegans,  Linn., 
to  this  plant,  followed  Swartz  and  Willdenow. 

21.  C.pubisquaiua,  Sfeud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.ArcMp.ii.  62  and  Syn. 
Gyp.  20 ;  spikelets  very  numerous  rigid,  glumes  minutely  mucronate  often 
puberulous,  their  upper  margins  tightly  imbricate  even  in  fruit  (otherwise 
as  G.  diffusus).  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  266.  C.  lagorensis,  Steud.  Syn. 
Gyp.  36.  C.  diffusus,  Kunth  Enwm.  ii.  30;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  534; 
G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  127  and  xxv.  81;  Trimen  in 
Journ.  Bot.  xxiii.  140  {not  of  Vahl  or  Eoxh.). — Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3370, 
B. 

From  Assam  and  Burma  to  Perak  and  Ceylon.— Disteib.  Malay  Islds. 
Differs,  uniformly,  from  large  examples   of   0.  ■  diffusus,  Vahl   in   the   tightly- 
packed  glumes  (even  in  fruit) ;  but  might  be  treated  as  a  var. 

22.  C.  Kelferi;  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  360 ;  middle-sized,  umbel 
middle-sized  flaccid,  glumes  distant  ovate-lanceolate  shortly  mucronate, 
nut  \  length  of  glume  (otherwise  as  G.  diffusus).  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  128.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Gat  3528. 

BUEMA  ;  Chappedong  River,  Wallich.  Pegu  ;  Kurz.  MERaui ;  Griffith  (Kew 
Distrih.  6140).     Tenasserim  or  Andamans,  Heifer  {Kew  Distrih.  6140). 

23.  C.  multispicatus,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  362;  umbel  very- 
decompound,  spikelets  many  solitary  compressed  slenderer,  glumes  densely 
imbricated  minutely  mucronate,  nut  ^  length  of  glume  (otherwise  as  G. 
diffusus),  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  129  (and  14,  0.  multi- 
stria  t  us,  hy  error). 

Cachae;  Keenan.    Tenasseeim  or  Andamans  ;  Heifer  {Kew  JDistrib.GlGS) . 

Umbel  12-16  in.  across ;  spikelets  innumerable,  in  Heifer's  specimen  nearly  all 
pedicelled  solitary,  in  Keenan's  about  half  solitary  half  2-3  together  digitate. 
Glumes  in  fruit  with  upper  margins  imbricated. 

24.  C.  ZLurzii,  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.:.'Soc.  xxi.  129;  umbel 
very  decompound  secondary  rays  rigidly  divaricate,  spikelets  20-40-fld. 
wings  of  rhachilla  broad  persistent,  glumes  closely  ixkibricate  tip  triangular 
acute  scarcely  mucronate  (otherwise  as  G.  imuUispicatw^). 

Andaman  Isles  ;  Phseacia,  Kurz. 

This  does  not  match  any  of  the  foregoing  closely-allied  ^-oecies  ,(nn.  20-24 
inclusive).  £^ 

25.  C.  turgridulus,  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  130 ;  stem  at 
top  triquetrous  almost  3-winged,  umbel  dense  secondary  rays  divaricate, 
spikelets  few-fld.  turgid  sometimes  almost  terete  clustered  in  small  globose 


Cyperus."]  clxxti.  cyperaoe^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  605 

heads  (otherwise  as  C.  diffusus).  Scirpus  trialatus,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
xxxyi.  721.— Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  3473. 

From  Pegtt  to  Penano  and  Malacca,  frequent,  Heifer  (Kew  Distrih.  6164), 
&c. — DiSTEiB.  S.  China. 

Stems  12-20  in.     Umbels  3-4  in.  in  diam.  .  Spikelets  usually  about  6-fld. 

26.  C  radians,  Nees  &  Meyen  ex  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  285  (name) 
and  in  Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  xix.  Suppl.  1,  63  ;  umbel  simple  or  compound 
rays  longer  than  stem,  spikelets  1-30  clustered  compressed  or  nearly 
terete,  glumes  htoad  striate  mucronate,  nut  broad  ovoid  |  length  of  glume. 
Benth.  Fl.  Hongk.  386;  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxv.  515;  0.  B.  Clarke  in 
Journ.  -Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  100.  C.  radicans,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  95.  0.  Griffithii, 
Steud.  8yn.  Cyp.  316  ;  C.  B.  Clarke,  I.  c.  101.  C.  macropus,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  Su;ppl.  260,  599  (not  of  Boeck.).  C.  sinensis,  Deheaux  in  Act.  Linn. 
Soc.  Bordeaux,  xxxi.  14,  t.  2,  and  xxxviii.  30. — Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3371, 
B.  (partly).  .  Eynchospora,  Wall.  Gat.  3427. 

Malay  Peninsula.  Tenasserim,  Heifer  (Kew  JDistrih.  6209);  Singapoeb, 
Wallich. — DiSTEiB.  China,  Malaya. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  very  short ;  stolons  0.  Stems  frequently  less  than  1  in.  Leaves 
much  exceeding  stem,  ^  in.  broad,  rigid,  not  3-nerved,  often  becoming  brown.  Rays 
of  umhel  always  remarkably  long  (13  in.  in  Maingay,  n.  1721).  Spikes  f-|  in. 
in  diam.,  sometimes  globose,  dense  with  10-30  spikelets,  sometimes  in  clusters 
of  2-5  spikelets,  or  occasionally  spikelets  mostly  solitary  pedicelled.  Spikelets  \  by 
i  in.,  6-12-fld. ;  rhachilla  not  winged.  Glumes  closely  imbricate,  green  usually 
marked  with  red,  muticous.  Nut  and  style  much  as  in  C.  diffusus. — Ridley  has 
proved  C.  Griffi.tMi  to  be  only  a  form  of  C.  radians.  This  unmistakable  species  is 
not  very  closely  allied  to  C.  diffusus  ;  but,  unless  a  section  is  made  for  it  alone,  it  is 
not  clear  where  it  can  be  better  arranged  than  at  the  tail  of  the  Biffusi. 

Subgen.  III.  Choiiistachys.  Infl.  umbellate,  spikes  often  more  or  less 
corymbed;  spikelets  (sometimes  very  shortly)  spicate.  Style-branches 
linear.  (Sp.  27-61.)  [N.B. — There  is  no  line  of  separation  between  this 
subgenus  and  II.  Pycnostachys.']  ^ 

Series  A.  Ehachilla  of  spikelets  not  much  winged.  Leaves  and  bracts 
long  (except  in  C.  Tnalaccensis).     (Sp.  27-39.) 

Sect.  1.  Compressi.  Annuals,  or  sometimes  flowering  the  second  year. 
(Sp.  27-31.) 

27.  C>  compressusj  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  68 ;  green,  leaves  and  bracts  long, 
umbel  simple,  spikes  of  3-10  spikelets  very  shortly  spicate,  glumes  boat- 
shaped  keel  acute  excurrent,  rhachilla  of  spikelets  not  winged,  nut  obovoid 
obtuse  black  acutely  triquetrous  with  concave  faces.  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  21 ; 
Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  194 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  76 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  23 ; 
Miq.  Fl.Ind.  Bat.  iii.  263  and  Suppl.  260,  599;  Dalz.  8c  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
282 ;  Thw.  Enum.  342  ;  King  in  E.  T.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  320 ;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxv.  517 ;  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  284  and  xxi. 
97;  Boiss.  F\  Orient,  v.  372  (not  of  Jacq.).  C.  pectiniformis,  Nees 
in  Wight  Contrib.  77  (excl.  syn.  Eoxb.).  C.  Meyenii,  JVee*  et  Meyen  in 
Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  xix.  Suppl.  i.  57.— C.  viridis,  Herb.  Boxb. ;  Wall.  Gat. 
3308. 

Throughout  India;  from  the  Punjab  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and  Singapore. — 
DiSTEiB.  All  warm  countries  (except  Australia). 


606  cLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Oyperus, 

Glabrous.  Stems  caespitose,  4-16  in.,  or  (in  the  form  C.  pectiniformis,  Nees) 
0-2  in.  Leaves  often  nearly  as  long  as  stem,  |-i  in.  broad.  Umbel  rays  0-6  in.  ; 
bracts  often  longer  than  umbel,  leaf-like.  Spikelets  |-1  by  ^-\  in.  (in  form  'pectini- 
formis up  to  1^  in.  and  20-60-fld.  Glumes  densely,  not  rigidly,  imbricated,  ovate, 
many-nerved,  mucro  scarcely  recurved.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  linear- oblong,  scarcely 
apiculate.  Ifut  I  length  of  glume,  very  broad ;  style  shorter  than  nut,  branches 
linear  shortly  exsert. 

28.  C  grlaber,  Linn.  Mant.  179 ;  umbels  contracted,  spikelets  very 
closely  spicate  more  or  less  red-tinged,  glumes  muticous  or  very  nearly  so, 
nut  obovoid  obtuse  minutely  conic-apiculate  (otherwise  as  G.  compressus). 
Reich.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  32,  t.  280,  fig.  669 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  617  ; 
G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  lAnn.  Soc.  xxi.  104 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  371.  C. 
patulus,  Kitaih.  ex  Host  Gram.  Austr.  iii.  49,  t.  74;  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
24;  Ledeh.  Fl.  Ross.  iv.  240  {not  of  Bieh.). 

SiND;  Pimoill. — Disteib.  Westward  to  Sicily. 

Umbel  rays  i-1^  in.     Glumes  nearly  always  reddish  on  the  sides  (green  in  Q. 

compressus). 

29.  C-  aristatus,  Eottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  23,  t.  6,  fig.  1 ;  small,  umbel 
nearly  simple  or  reduced  to  1  head,  spikelets  densely  spicate  6-30-fld., 
glumes  ovate-lanceolate  many- striate  over  nearly  their  whole  breadth 
acuminate  into  a  recurved  bristle,  nut  oblong  or  narrow-obovoid  i  length 
of  glume  (bristle  inclusive).  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.'i.  190;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  23 
{excl.  syn.  Burm.) ;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon  74! ;  Miq.  Fl.  Lid.  Bat.  iii. 
262 ;  Thw.  Enum,  343  {excl.  syn.  Ham.) ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  600 ;  C. 
B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  91 ;  Trimen  Gat.  Ceylon  PI.  100.  0. 
squarrosus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  66  {partly).  C.  versicolor,  JSfees  im Wight  Contrib. 
78.  C.  arenarius,  Herb.  Wight  \  Wall.  Gat.  3374,  3376. — Isolepis  echinulata, 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  205. 

Teopicai  and  Temp.  Himal.  ;  alt»  0-8500  ft.,  and  thence  to  Ceylon. — Distrib. 
Tropics. 

30.  C-  Zria,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  67  {excl.  Hheede) ;  leaves  and  bracts  long  , 
spikelets  spicate  or  subracemose  linear  6-20-fld.,  glumes  obovate  in  fruit 
hardly  imbricate,  nut  triquetrous  nearly  as  long  as  glume.  Boxb.  Fl.  Lid. 
i.  201 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  87  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  38  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  269  and  Suppl.  260;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  282;  Edgew.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc:  ix.  319;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  695;  King  in  E.  T.  Atkinson 
Gaz.  x.  620  ;  Aitch.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  189  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  370  ; 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  289  and  xxi.  137.  C.  songaricus,  Karel. 
et  Kiril.  in  Bull  Soc.  Mosc.  [1841]  859.  C.  seminudus,  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll. 
Pfl.  96  {not  of  Boxb.).  C.  diaphaniria  and  microiria,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz. 
Ind.  Archip.  ii..  62  and  Syn.  Gyp.  23.  C.  microlepis,  Baker  Fl.  Maurit. 
410  {not  of  Boeck.).— Cj^eruB,  Wall.  Gat.  3360,  3361.— Cyperus,  Coldstream, 
Grass.  S.Punjab,  t.  38,  A. 

India,  general  in  rice-fields. — Disteib.  Old  world. 

A  glabrous  shortlived  weed.  Stems  csespitose,  4-20  in.  Leaves  often  nearly  as  long 
as  stem,  -^  in.  broad,  grass-like.  Umbel  2-20  in.  in  diam.,  varying  greatly  in  size, 
usually y compound,  3-5,  up  to  4-12  in.;  primary  rays  sometimes  at  apex  corymbose 
sometimes  again  umbelled.  Spikes  vei'y  loosely  spicate,  rhachis  ^-2  in.  Spikelets  5-20, 
obliquely  erect,  yellow  or  brown  (not  red  nor  chestnut),  ^-^  by  -^^  in. ;  rhacheola  not 
winged.  Glumes  3-5-nerved  on  back,  sides  nerveless,  muticous  or  scarcely  apiculate. 
Stamens  2  or  3 ;   anthers  oblong,  muticous.     Ifui  triquetrous,  black ;  style  much 


Cyperus.]  clxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  607 

shorter  thau  nut,  branches  linear  shortly  exsert. — Sheede  Sort.  Malab.  xli.  105,  t. 
56,  cited  by  Linnaeus,  &c.,  is  C.  inundaius,  E-oxb. 

Var.  P  paniciformis  (sp.)  Franch.  et  Savat.  PI.  Japon.  ii.  103,  537;  spikelets 
bearing  2-4  nuts,  spikes  (in  the  extreme  typical  form)  drawn  out  into  nearly  linear 
racemes.  C.  parviflorus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  87  (excl.  all  syn.).  C.  Iria,  Tkw. 
Enum.  344. 

From  Kashmir  to  Ceylon  and  the  Andamans. 

31.  C.  grloxneratus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  68;  large,  without  stolons,  leaves 
and  bracts  long  narrow,  umbel  compound,  spikelets  in  very  dense  short- 
cylindric  spikes,  glumes  elliptic-oblong  obtuse  ferruginous  finally  brown, 
nut  oblong  |  length  of  glume,  Host  Oram.  Austr.  iii.  48,  t.  71;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  77 ;  Reich.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  33,  t.  284,  fig.  675,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
XXXV.  692 ;  0.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  141 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
372. 

Kashmir;  Sonamurg,  alt.  6500  ft.,  Thomson.— DisuniB.  From  Italy  to  China 
and  Japan. 

Glabrous.  Stems  12-33  m.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stems,  i-J  in.  broad. 
Umbel,  rays  3-8  up  to  3-4  in.  long,  often  concentrated  nearly  into  1  head;  bracts 
3-5,  6-12  in.  long.  Spikes  f  by  |  in.  Spikelets  40-50,  ^  by  -Jg  in.,  compressed, 
12-20-fld.  Glumes  scarcely  keeled,  in  fruit  loosely  imbricated;  rhacheola  with 
narrow  hyaline  wings.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  small,  oblong,  muticous.  Nut  exactly 
oblong,  pyramidal  at  either  end,  dusky  black;  style  much  shorter  thau  nut, 
branches  linear  shortly  exsert. 

Sect.  2.  Rhizome  becoming  woody;  elongate  stolons  frequent.  Large 
(or  middle-sized).     (Sp.  32-39.) 

32.  C.  distans,  Linn.f.  Suppl.  103 ;  umbel  large  compound,  spikelets 
spicate  narrow-linear  10-20-fld.,  glumes  remote  oblong-elliptic  obtuse,  nut 
oblong  or  narrowly  ellipsoid  ^-f  length  of  glume.  Jacq.  Ic.  ii.  t.  299; 
Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  207  ;  Kees  in  Wight  Contrib.  88 ;  Kunth  Enwm.  ii.  93 ; 
Tliw.  Enum.  344;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv,  612;  JDalz.  &  Oibs.  Bomb.  Fl. 
283 ;  Duthie  in  E.  T.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  620 ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  290  and  xxi.  144.  C.  elatus,  Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  37,  t.  10  (not  of 
Linn.).  C.  nutans,  Fresl  in  Oken.  Isis.  xxi.  271 ;  C.  B.  Clarke,  I.  c.  291  and 
143  (partly).  C.  Jacquini,  Schrad.  in  Linnsea,  xi. ,  Litt.  Ber.  87 ;  Steud.  I.  c. 
49.  C.  graminicola,  Steiid.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Arckip.  ii.  63  and  C;^p.  49. 
0.  Kurrii,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  38  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  279.— Cyperus,  Wall. 
aal  3350,  3366.  : 

From  the  Himalaya,  alt.  0-3000  ft.,  to  Ceylon  and  Singapore.— Disteib. 
All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  up  to  2  by  y\  in.  clothed  by  dark  brown  elliptic  acute  scales. 
Stems  1-3  ft.  (depauperated  less  than  1  in.).  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  5— ^  in. 
broad.  Umbel  8-12  in.  in.  diam.,  from  a  single  head  2^  in.  diam.  to  an  umbel  with 
one  ray  26  in.  copiously  3-4  times  compound ;  bracts  rather  longer  than  umbel, 
leaf-like.  Rhachls  of  spike  ^2  in.,  glabrous.  Spikelets  |-1  by  ^  in.,  young 
nodding,  mature  spreading  at  right  angles,  more  or  less  red ;  wings  of  rhachilla 
narrow,  hyaline,  ultimately  caducous.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  oblong,  muticous.  Nut 
dusky  black;  style  much  shorter  than  nut,  branches  shortly  exsert. — The  slender 
rhacheola  of  spikclet,  apparently  wavy  from  the  very  distant  scars  of  the  fallen 
glumes,  usually  marks  this  species.  > 

33.  C-  nutans,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  363 ;  large,  spikelets  racemose  (i.e. 
loosely  spicate)  ripe  suberect,-  glumes  somewhat  remote  often  minutely 
mucronate  (otherwise  as  large  examples  of  G.  distans).     Kunth  Enum.  ii. 


608  OLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Cyperus. 

94 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  286 ;  Boech.  in  Linnaea,  xxxv.  597.  G.  B.  Clarke 
in  Journ.  -Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  143  {excL  syn.  and  Madag.).  C.  exaltatus, 
Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74 ;  Duthie  in  E.  T.  AtJcinson  Gaz.  x.  620  {not  of 
Eetz).  C.  distans,  fi  major,  Thw.  Enum.  432. — Cyperus,  n.  54,  Herb. 
Ind.  Or.H.f.efT.  T. 

From  the  Punjab  to  Cachar  and  Ceylon. 

Usually  2-3^  ft.  Umbel  primary  rays  often  8-12  in. ;  spikes  bowing  on  the 
ultimate  rays.  SpiUelets  in  ripe  fruit  collapsing  in  a  tassel  (not  spreading  at  right 
angles  as  in  C.  distans),  rather  broader  than  in  C.  distans  with  less  remote 
glumes. — It  is 'difficult  to  draw  a  line  between  this  species  and  fine  examples  of  C. 
distans. 

34.  C.  eleusinoidesj  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  39;  uinbel  large  com- 
pound, spikelets  densely  spicate  linear  20-40-fld.,  glumes  not  very  remote 
often  mucronulate,  nut  narrowly  ellipsoid  often  curved  i-|  length  of 
glume.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  270 ;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  596 ;  G.  B. 
GlarTce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  142  and  xxv.  81 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
371.  0.  xanthopus,  Steud.  in  Flora,  xxv.  595  and  %n.  Gyp.  36 ;  Thw. 
Enum.  344.  C.  infra-apicalis,  Nees  mss. ;  Aitch.  Gat.  Ft^jah  PI.  155,  and 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  189.  C.  racemosus,  fastigiatus  and  mysurensis. 
Herb.  Heyne  ;  Wall.  Gat.  3346.  C.  complanatus.  Herb.  Wight ;  Wall.  Gat. 
3347. 

From  the  Punjab  to  Ceylon,  frequent;  the  Naga  Hills,  C  B.  Clarice. — Disteib. 
Asia,  Africa,  Austral. 

Glabrous.  Stems  15-40  in.,  with  short  lateral  shoots  at  base ;  no  elongate  stolons 
seen.  Spihelets  f- f  by  ^  in.,  pale  or  testaceous,  scarcely  becoming  red  or  chestnut- 
brown  as  in  C.  distans  and  nutans,  to  which  species  it  is  closely  allied. 

35.  C.  Thoxnsoni,  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  295  ;  rhizome  very  short 
woody,  umbel  dense  large  compound  or  contracted  nearly  simple,  spikelets 
somewhat  large  spicate  linear  16-24-fld.  pale,  glumes  loosely  imbricate  ellip- 
tic subacute,  nut  oblong  or  ellipsoid  ^-f  length  of  glume,  G.  B.  GlarTce  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  177. — Cyperus  sp.  n.  55,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  et 
T.  T. 

SiKKiM  Terai,  Assam,  Cachar  and  Bengal. — Distrib.  Tonkin. 

Glabrous.  Stems  12-20  in.,  robust.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  \-\  in. 
broad,  strong.  Umhel  (in  Hooker  n.  263  ("type"  of  Boeckler)  4^  in.  in  diam., 
but  often  much  larger  (primary  rays  up  to  7  in.)  ;  bracts  exceeding  umbel.  Spikes 
dense,  rhachis  ^— |  in. ;  glabrous.  Spilcelets  20-40  nearly  1  by  ^  in.,  moderately 
compressed;  wings  of  rhacheola  very  narrow,  persistent.  Glumes  with  7-9  very 
close  dorsal  nerves,  sides  nerveless.  Stamens  3;  anthers  linear-oblong  narrow, 
minutely  tipped  by  red  obtuse  connective.  I^ut  trigonous,  black,  top  acutely 
pyramidal ;  style  shorter  than  nut ;  branches  linear,  shortly  exsert. 

36.  C.  inalaccensis.  Lam.  III.  i.  146 ;  rhizome  creeping,  culms 
robust  almost ' 3-winged  at  top,  spikelets  spicate  linear  6-12-fld.,  glumes 
obt^e  when  dry  with  margins  incurved  all  round,  nut  very  narrowly 
oblong  I  length  of  glume.  Kunth  Enum.  i\.  7 4i ;  Boech.  in  Linnsea^  xxxv. 
603  ;  G.  B.  Glarlce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  147  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  373 
{excl.  syn.  G.  enodis).  C.  odoratus,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  46  (partly).  C.  gangeticus, 
Boxb.  ms. ;  Wall.  Cat.  3351  A  (partly).  C.  incurvatus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
196.  C.  Pangorei,  Boxb.  I.  c.  202.  C.  procerus,  Boxb.  I.  c.  203  (pa/rtly,  i.e. 
at  least  tab.  cited).  C.  scoparius,  Decne.  in  Nouv.  Ann.  Mus.  iii.  359; 
Bidley  in  Forbes   East.   Archijp.   520    (not  Poir.).     C.  Wallichii,  Nees  in 


Cyperus.']  olxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  609 

Wight  Gontrih.  83  {part  of  Wall.  n.  3342  C.  with  trifid  style).  C.  spanio- 
phyllus,  8teud'.  Cyp.  21;  Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  267.  C.  tegetiformis, 
Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  279  mostly  {not  Boxb.).  0.  Pangorei  and  Pani- 
motha,  Herb.  Ham. ;  Wall.  Cat.  3329,  M.  l^.—B/ieede  Hori.  Mai.  xii.  93,  t. 
50. 

On  brackish  mud  banks,  from  Bengal  to  SiNaAPOEE.  Sind  ;  Pinwill. — 
DiSTEiB,  Asia,  Austral.,  Polynes. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  long,  |-a  in.  diam,,  clothed  by  broad  lax  black-chestnut 
scales  1  in.  long,  hardening  into  woody  creeping  rhizomes.  Stems  18-36  in.,  at 
top  i-i  in.  in  diam.  with  3  concave  faces.  Leaves  usually  few,  topmost  2-6  in. 
erect,  green,  syvord-shaped,  shortly  caudate.  Umlel  2-6  in.  in  diam.,  simple  com- 
pound or  congested ;  bracts  3-5,  up  to  6  by  f  in.,  lowest  usually  erect  (till  fruit- 
tiine).  Spikes  of  4-10  spikelets,  rhachis  glabrous.  Spikelets  -5-^  by  2\~is  ^"' 
Glumes  about  ^j  in.,  very  concave,  in  dry  examples  loosely  imbricated.  Stamen* 
8;  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  crested.  Nut  trigonous,  becoming  black;  style  ^ 
length  of  nut ;  branches  linear,  slightly  exsert. — This  pferhaps  from  its  short  leaves 
is  more  nearly  allied  to  C.  tegetiformis,  Eoxb.,  but  differs  in  the  very  narrow  wing 
to  rhachilla.  Easily  recognized,  when  dry,  by  the  glumes  (though  closely  packed) 
being  forced  apart  by  their  edges  being  orispidly  incurved  all  round. — Cyperus, 
Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  p.  40,  t.  11,  fig.  3,  is  adduced  here  by  various  authors ;  but  1 
do  not  see  how  it  differs  from  C.  polystachyus,  Rottb.  (which  may  be  anything  except 
Pycreus polystachyus,  Beauv.). 

37.  C  pilosus,  Vahl  Fnum.  ii.  354;  stolons  slender,  stems  at  top 
acutely  triquetrous,  secondary  umbels  closely  corymbed,  rhachis  of  spikes 
scabrous-pilose  (or  in  form  C.  marginellus  and  var.  y  glabrous) ;  spikelets 
linear  10-20-fld.,  nut  ellipsoid  apiculate  f  length  of  glume.  Kunth  Fnum. 
ii.  80;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  74;  Thu\  Fnum.  344;  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
XXXV.  598  ;  Duthie  in  E.  T.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  620  ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  80c.  xxi.  148  and  xxv.  81.  C.  paniculatus,  D.  Don  Prodr.  39  {cf. 
Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  Post.  29).  C.  Donianus,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.- ii.  290.  O. 
fimbriatus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  86 ;  Kimth  I.  c.  100  ;  W.  Wats,  in  F.  T. 
Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  393.  0.  marginellus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  83 ;  Kunth 
I.  c.  75.  C.  procerus,  Roth.  Catal.  Bot.  iii.  5  and  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  35  ;  Nees  I.  c. 
83  {partly,  not  Bottb.).  C.  honestus,  Kunth  I.  c.  74.  C.  venustus,  Moritzi 
Verz.  Zoll.  Pfl.  96  {not  Br.).  C.  subalatus,  pauciflorus,  audi' hehes,  Steud. 
Syn.  Gyp.  31,34,  315.  C  piptolepis,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii. 
63  and  Syn.  Gyp.  40.  C.  Heyneanus,  Boeek.  in  Flora,  xlii.  440  bis.  C. 
truncatus,  Franch.  et  Savat.  PI.  Jap.  ii.  105  {not  of  Turcz).  C.  GriflBthianus, 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxv.  601.  0.  Wallichii,  Wight  ms.  {not  Nees). — Cyperus, 
Wall.  Gat.  3334,  3348,  3355  {partly).  ^ 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-5000  ft.,  abundant.—- Distrib.  Trop.  As.,  Afric,  and 
Austral. 

Glabrous,  except  the  rhachis  of  spikes.  Stolons  scarcely  ^^o  in.  diam.,  with 
distant  nodes  and  scales  ^-^  in.  long,  easily  overlooked  when  young  as  roots,  but 
afterwards  thickening  somewhat  into  a  wiry  rhizome.  Stems  irom  3  ft.  with  iimbel 
16  in.  across,  to  4  in.  with  umbel  reduced  to  1  head.  Leaves  j){tei\^  length  of  stem, 
i-i  in.  broad ;  bracts  overtopping  umbel,  leaf-like.  Rhachis  of  spikes  in  most 
examples  definitely  pilose,  often  only  more  or  less  scabrous  subpilose,  in  the  form 
Wttr^iMe^Zus  microscopically  glabrous.  Spikelets  (commonly)  f  by  ^^2  in.,  compressed, 
reddish  or  brown  or  straw-colrd.,  close  or  remote,  when  ripe  spreading  at  right 
angles ;  rhacheola  obscurely  (or  not)  winged.  Glumes  ovate,  muticous,  scarcely 
keeled,  3-7-nerved  on  back,  ultimately  loosely  imbricated.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers 
linear-oblong,  muticous.  Nut  acutely  trigonous,  black;  style  shorter  than  nut ; 
branches  linear,  moderately  exserted. — Of  all  Cyperece  this  has  proved  the  most 
VOL.  VI.  -  .  B,  r 


610  CLXxii.  cypbraoej:.     (C,  B.  Clarke.)  [Cyperus. 

dangerous  to  Cyperologists  j  many  examples  have  the  rhachis  of  the  spikes  distinctly 
scabrous-pilose,  occasionally  it  is  quite  glabrous.  Further,  there  are  two  plants 
exceedingly  like  C.  pilosus  in  general  aspect,  viz.  Juncellus  Monti  and  Cyperus 
procerus,  Rottb.,  and  in  both  of  these  the  rhachis  of  spikelets  is  occasionally  scabrous - 


Var.  (5  ohliqua,  C.  B.  Clarke  1.  c.  151  ;  spikelets  with  fewer  (sometimes  only 
5-6)  flowers,  often  pale  and  very  far  apart.  C.  obliquus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib. 
86;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  60;  Boech.  in  Linncea,  xxxv.  611;  W.  Wats,  in  E.  T. 
Atlcinson  Gaz.  x.  383.  C.  quinqueflorus,  Hochst.  ms.  ;  Steud.  St/n.  Cyp.  37 
{partly). — India  ;  widely  scattered,  but  very  much  less  common  than  the  type. — 
Java. 

Var.  y  polyantha,  C.  B.  Clarke  I.e.;  umbel  rays  2|  in,,  secondary  umbels 
corymbose,  rhachis  of  spikes  nearly  glabrous,  spikelets  1  in.  40-45-fld.  chestnut- 
red. — Bengal;  Mymensingh,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

38.  C-  Babakensis,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62 ;  tiinbel  of 
few  rays,  secondary  umbels  condensed  into  oblong  or  square  dense  rigid 
compound-spikes,  rhachis  of  spikes  not  pilose  (scarcely  scabrous),  spikelets 
more  robust  than  those  of  G.  pilosus,  glumes  boat-shaped  hispid-scabrous 
at  the  top  of  keel,  nut  hardly  i  glume  (otherwise  as  C.  pilosus).  Boeck.  in 
Linneea,  xxxv.  621.  C,  Babakan,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  6  {wrongly  placed  in 
Pycreus).  C.  bengalensis  and  pilosus,  var.  8  Babakensis,  G.  B.  Glarhe  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xxi.  151.  C.  Bacha,  Herb.  Ham.  ;  Wall.  Gat.  3336  E. 
{partly). 

East  Bengal;  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  n.  6207);  Nathpur,  Wallich,  n.  3336, 
E.  {partly);  Mymensingh,  C.  B.  Clarke.  — DiSTHiB.  Java. 

Bays  of  umbel  3-6,  lowest  much  longer  than  the  others,  erect,  stout.  Spikes 
2  by  1|  in.  very  dense.  Spikelets  |  by  ^i  in.,  14:-40-fld.,  red-brown;  rhacheola 
stout. 

39.  C.  procerus,  Bottb.  Descr,  et  Ic.  29,  t.  6,  fig.  3  ;  stout,  glabrous 
(but  see  var.  j3),  secondary  umbels  loosely  corymbed  of  1-5  spikes,  spike- 
lets remote  large  20-46-fld.,  glumes  broad  obtuse,  nut  obovoid  \  length  of 
glume  (otherwise  nearly  as  large  G.  pilosus).  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  83 
{excl.  syn.)  ;  Boxb.  Ft.  Ind.  i.  203  {excl.  cit.  Rheede)  and  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
72  ;  Tkiv.  Enum.  343  ;  Boeck.  in  Mora,  Iviii.  84 ;  (7.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Sac.  xxi.  152  {excl.  syn.  Both.).  0.  ornatus,  Br.  Brodr.  217.  C.  carnosus, 
Heyne  ms.  ;  Nees  I.e.  C.  amoyensis,  Hance  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  ser.  5,  v. 
249.  C.  Heynei,  Boech.  in  Linnc^.  xxxv.  600.  C.  carnosus  and  spadiceus, 
Kerb.  Heyne;   Wall.  Cat.  3355,  A. 

Bengal  to  Ceylon  and  SiNaAPORB  ;  mostly  near  the  sea,  rarely  alt.  0-3000  ft. 
in  valleys. — Disteib.  Amoy,  Tonkin,  Java. 

Very  like  large  forms  of  C.  pilosus,  but  with  open  inflorescence,  distant  larger 
spikelets,  often  1  by  i-i  in.,  either  straw-colour  or  red-tinged,  sometimes  high-red. 
— Though  very  closely  allied  to  C.  pilosus,  it  is  seldom  referred  to  it,  because  the 
rhachis  of  spikes  is  glabrous.  From  its  red  colour  it  has  been  confounded  with 
Pycreus  puncticulatus,  Nees. 

Var.  /3  lasiorrhachis ;  axis  of  spikelets  scabrous-pilose. — Chota  Nagpore ;  alt. 
2000  ft.,  C.  B.  Ckr^e.— Perhaps  the  plant  collected  by  V.  Ball  in  Chota  Nagpore; 
cf.  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xxi.  151,  in  note. 

Series  B.  Rhachilla  of  spikelets  (usually  conspicuously)  winged.  (Sp. 
40-end.) 


Gyperus,']  olxxii.  otperaceji.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  611 

Sect.  3.  Bulhosi.  Stolons  slender,  soon  disappearing,  terminating  in 
tunicated  bulbils. — Closely  allied  to  Mariscus  Sect.  Bulhocaules.    (Sp.  40.) 

40.  C.  bulbosus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  342  ;  coat  of  bulbils  striated  black 
splitting  into  elliptic  very  acute  segments,  leaves  overtopping  stem  narrow 
flagellate,  umbel  contracted  corymbiform  lowest  ray  somewhat  distant 
(spikelets  nearly  as  in  (7.  7'otundus).  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  80;  Dalz.  Sc 
Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  284 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnoiay  xxxvi.  300  ;  Trimen  in  Journ.  Bot. 
xiii.  (1884),  358.  C.  jemenicus,  Retz.  Obs.  iv.  11  (jeminicus)  ;  Boxb.  FL 
Ind.  i.  191  ;  0.  B.  Clarhe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  175,  t.  2,  figs.  17,  18 
(var.  /3  excl.)  and  in  Journ.  Bot.  xix.  18,  cum  fig.  {not  of  Bottb.).  C.  gemi- 
natus,  Koenig  ms.  ;  Ainslie  Mat.  Med.  Hind.  (1813),  250;  Moon  Gat.  PI. 
Geylon,  6  {not  of  Schrader).  C.  oleraceus,  Boxb.  ms.  C.  stoloniferus, 
Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  81  {'partly,  not  of  Betz.).  C.  hexastachyus  /3  pen-, 
dnlus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  82  (partly).  0.  rotundus,  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
51  {partly) ;  Thw.  Enum.  343  (par^/y).— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3317,  A. 
{partly). 

SiND;  Stocks,  &c.  Aligueh;  ButUe  (n.  7670).  The  Deccan  Peninsula 
and  Ceylon. — Disieib.  Trop.  Afrlc,  As.  and  Austral. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  ^-2^  in.,  thread-like  ;  bulbils  ovoid-conic,  at  first  i  in.,  white, 
edible,  ultimately  larger  with  thick  black  coat.  Steins  4-12  in.,  slender.  Leaves 
numerous,  subbasal,  up  to^  in.  broad,  tip  long- caudate.  Umbel  sometimes  evolute, 
rays  up  to  2  in.,  usually  contracted  1-1^  in.  in  diam.  interruptedly  subcorymbose ; 
bracts  overtopping  inflorescence,  similar  to  leaves.  Spikelets  3-20  reddish,  up  to 
f  by  -i^  in.,  8-26-fld. ;  wings  of  rhachilla  elliptic,  persistent.  Glumes  boat-shaped, 
ovate,  obtuse,  11-nerved.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  linear,  muticous.  Nut  obovoid, 
obtuse,  triquetrous,  black,  hardly  ^  glume  ;  style  shorter  than  nut,  branches  linear, 
somewhat  long. — In  the  absence  of  roots  this  species  can  generally  be  discerned  by 
the  imperfection  of  the  umbel  i.e.  lowest  bract  with  its  ray  a  little  distant. 

Sect.  4.  Brevefoliati.  Tall.  Stolons  long,  hardening  into  creeping 
rhizomes.    Leaves  short,  rarely  ^  length  of  stem.     Glumes  approximate, 


closely  imbricate.     (Sp.  41-44.) 


41.  C.  articulatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  66;  stem  robust  terete,  leaves 
hardly  any,  umbel  compound  of  many  spikes,  bracts  very  short  acute  scale - 
like,  spikes  linear  many-fld.,  nut  oblong- ellipsoid  f  length  of  glume 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  53  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  80 ;  Thw.  Enum.  343  ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnaa,  xxxvi.  274 ;  G.  B.  Glarlce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  291,  and  xxi. 
155.  C.  nudus,  Roxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  187  {not  209,  nor  H.  B.  Sf  K.).  C.  gymnos. 
Boem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  ii.,  Mant.  97.  C.  diphyllos,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii. 
279  {chiefly,  not  Retz)  .—Cjperua,  Wall.  Gat.  3364. 

Bengal  to  Ceylon. — tDisteib.  All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  ^-^  in.  diam.,  clothed  by  ovate-lanceolate  striate  brown- 
black  scales  I  in.  long.  Stems  3-6  ft.,  oTten  2-4  in.  apart  on  the  thick  woody 
rhizome,  at  top  ^-^  in.  in  diam.,  terete  or  scarcely  trigonous,  when  dry  usually 
with  false  nodes  ^  in.  apart ;  upper  sheaths  usually  terminated  by  a  subspathaceous 
lanceolate-colrd.  limb,  rarely  by  a  small  green  leaf.  Umbel  rays  often  10,  up  to 
2-6  in. ;  bracts  j-f  in.,  ovate,  striate,  subturgid  at  base  hardly  keeled,  concave, 
margins  not  reflexed.  Spikelets  5-15  together,  shortly  spicate,  i-1^  by  ^\  in.,  12- 
50-fld.,  straw -colrd.,  afterwards  dusky.  Glumes  even  in  fruit  imbricate,  ovate, 
obtuse,  concave,  scarcely  keeled,  obscurely  3-5 -nerved  on  back;  wings  of  rhachilla 
oblong  or  elliptic,  scarious,  ultimately  deciduous.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  linear -oblong, 
muticous.  Nut  trigonous,  acute  at  either  end,  black ;  style  shorter  than  nut  ; 
branches  linear,  shortly  exsert. 

R  r  2 


612  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  [Cyperus. 

42.  C.  tegretlformis,  Boxh.  Sort.  Seng.  6,  and  Ic.  ined.  t.  1321; 
leaves  hardly  any,  stem  trigonous  at  top  often  triquetrous  not  (or  ob- 
scurely) transversely  septate,  bracts  short  (rarely  |^  length  of  umbel)  lowest 
green  (not  ovate  at  base)  with  margins  recurved  in  dried  examples  (other- 
wise as  G.  artwulatun).  Wall.  Cat.  3351  B  {partly) ;  Ktinth  J^num.  ii.  56 ; 
Am.  in  Wight  Gontrib.  89,  in  note ;  C.  B.  GlarJce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi. 
157.  C.  nudus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  209,  not  187  nor  H.  B.  K.  C.  benga- 
lensis,  G.  Spreng.  Neu.  Entd.  iii.  101.  C.  Gula-Methi,  Boem.  Sf  Sch.  Sy.st. 
ii.  Mant.  125.  C.  corymbosus,  Ic.  Madras]  ^all.  Gat.  3351  {largely). — 
Cyperus  sp.  n.  40,  S^f.  Sf  T.  Th.  Serb.  Ind.  Or.  (Chittagong  example). 

Bengal  and  Assam,  Madras  and  Bundelcund. — Distrib.  China,  Japan. 
This  has  been  confused  with   C.  malaccensis,  Lam.,  which  differs  by  the  very 
narrow  win^  to  rhaehilk  ofspikelets,  by  the  loosely  imbricated  concave  subinflated 
.  glumes,  and  by  the  apex  of  stem  3-vvinged. 

43.  C.  corymbosuSj  Bottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  42,  t.  7,  fig.  4 ;  stem  at  top 
obscurely  trigonous,  uppermost  leaf  short  or  0,  bracts  ^f  length  of  umbel 
or  sometimes  overtopping  it,  spikelets  ferruginous  or  reddish  (otherwise 
as  G.  tegetiformis).  Thw.  Enum.  344 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xxi.  158.  0.  diphyllu?,  Betz  Ohs.  v.  11;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  54;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvi.  272.  0.  Koenigii,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  302  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  C. 
monophyllus,  Vahl  I.  c.  ii.  352  (jide  Nees).  C.  seminudus,  Boxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  187  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  80 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  55  {not  o/Moritz.).  C. 
enodis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  271.  Papyrus  Pangorei,  Nees  I.  c.  88  {partly). — Fim- 
bristylis.  Wall.  Gat.  3525  E. 

From  Kumaon,  Wallich,  to  Assam,  Burma,  Ceylon.— Distrib.  As.,  Afric, 
and  Amer. 

Stems  2-3  ft.,  when  dry  often  more  or  less  transversely  septate.  Uppermost 
leaf  in  the  type  example  of  Retz,  nearly  6  in.  long.  Bracts  leaf-like,  green,  not 
ovate  at  base,  keeled,  with  margins  recurved  in  the  dry  state,  in  the  type  of  Q. 
diphylla,  Retz,  much  overtopping  the  inflorescence. 

Var.  |3  Pangorei,  C.  B.  Clarke,  1.  c.  292,  159  j  spikelets  1  in.  18-36-fld.  C. 
Pangorei,  Rottb.  I.e.  31,  t.  7,  fig.  3;  Kunth  I.e.  57.  C.  corymbosus  var.  macros- 
tachya,  Boeck.  I.  c.  277  (of.  Steud.  8yn]  Cyp.  31,  note  to  C.  corymbosus). — Deccan 
Peninsula,  Wall.  Cat.  3351  C,  &c.  (Herb.  Kew).— Madagasc. 

44.  C.  scariosus,  Br.  Brodr.  216 ;  stolons  slender,  stems  long  slender 
at  top  triquetrous,  umbel  slender  contracted,  spikelets  linear  pale  straw- 
colour  (very  like  those  of  G.  tegetiformis).  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  159.  0.  pertenuis,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  198 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
83.  C.  rotundus,  TMu.  Enum.  343  {partly) ;  Boeck.  ms.  partly,  not  of 
Linn. 

Bengal;  Soondreebun,  C.  JB.  Clarke,  common.  Pegu,  Kurz  ms.,  683,  684 
{Herh.  Calcutta). — Distrib.  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  ^-2  by  -^  in.,  clothed  by  elliptic  acute  lax  striate  concolorous 
scales  ^  in.  long.  Stems  16-36  in.,  at  top  -3V~tV  ^^-  ^^  diam.  Leaves  (in  the  Indian 
as  in  Brown's  examples)  variable,  usually  short  (less  than  ^  stem),  sometimes  much 
longer,  sometimes  0,  narrow,  weak.  Umbel  thin  ;  rays  slender,  sonaetimes  up  to 
3  in.  long,  sometimes  not  ^  in. ;  bracts  nearly  always  as  the  leaves,  ive.  hardly  any 
when  leaves  short,  exceeding  inflorescence  when  leaves  longish. — Nit  very  near  C. 
rotundus ;  difiers  little  from  C.  tegetiformis,  but  in  the  extreme  sleridemess  of  Stem 
and  umbel. 

Sect.  5.  SubimbricatcB.  Tall.  Rhizome  very  short,  wood^  ;  stolons  0, 
i.  e.  lateral  shoots  from  base  of  stem   immediately    ascending.     Glumes 


Cyperus.]  CLXxli.  oTpEeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  613 

scarcely  imbricate  in  fruit  (in  this    differing  from  the  BrevefoliatcB  and 
Botundcs).    (Sp.  45-47.) 

45.  C.  xnacer,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  160 ;  stems  long 
slender,  leaves  few  short,  umbel  loose  irregular  slender,  spikelets  linear 
8-16-fld.,  glumes  obtuse,  nut  obovoid  ^-f  length  Cyi  glume. 

On  rocks  in  rivers.  Pbgtj,  Kurz,  n.  671.  Chittagong,  C.  B.  Clarice.  Centraici 
India  ;  Duthie,  n.  9837. 

Glabrous.  Stems  2-3  ft.,  at  top  very  slender  triquetrous.  Leaves  inconspicuous, 
uppermost  4-6  (rarely  8-10)  in.  long,  erect,  narrow.  Umbel  rays  3-6,  slender, 
2-4  in.  long,  sometimes  again  divided;  bracts  ^-2  in,,  leaf-like,  Spikelets  ^  by 
Jg  in.  J  wings  of  rhachilla  narrow-oblong,  hyaline,  disappearing.  Glumes  somewhat- 
remote,  in  fruit  not  imbricate,  ovate-oblong,  3-5-nerved,  back  green,  sides  brown 
nerveless.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  linear-oblong  muticous.  Nut  trigonous,  ashy-black  ; 
style  shorter  than  nut ;  branches  linear,  long. — Somewhat  resembling  slender  forms 
of  C.  tegetunif  but  the  narrow  evanescent  wing  of  rhacheola  would  remove  it  out  of 
the  present  series  altogether. 

46.  C  tegretum,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  208  ;  stem  robust  at  top  trigonous 
or  triquetrous,  leaves  usually  short  or  0  (sometimes  pretty  long),  umbel 
compound  or  decompound  usually  large,  spikelets  shortly  spicate  linear 
many-fld.  often  coloured,  wings  of  rhachilla  strong  caducous,  glumes  some- 
what remote  in  fruit  obliquely  spreading,,  nut  oblong-obovoid  ^  length  of 
glume.  Wall.  Gat.  3332  A,  3352  mainly ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  160  {excl.  syn.  C.  Schimperianus,  and  African  plants),  and  xxv. 
81.  C.  corymbosus,  Koenig  ms.;  Eottl.  in  Neu.  Schr.  Gesell.  Freunde, 
Berlin,  iv.  219  in  Ohs. ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  276  {mostly)  ;  Duthie  in 
E.  T.  Atkinson,  Gaz.  x.  620  {not  of  Bottb.).  0.  dehiscens,  JSees  inLinnaea, 
ix.  286 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  56  {excl.  syn.  lloxh.) ;  Trimen  Gat.  PL  Ceylon, 
100.  0.  Paugoiei  (^.  e.  Pangorei),  Wight  ms. ;  Thw.  EnuM.  344  {not  of 
Botth.).  C.  tegetiformis,  W.  Wats,  in  T.  E.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  (1876)  393 
{not  of  Boxh.).  C.  Pangorei  &  C,  subulatus,  Herh.  Heyne ;  Wall.  Gat. 
3330.  Papyrus  dehiscens,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  89.  P.  Pangorei,  Nees 
h  c.  88  {mostly).     P.  corymbosus,  JVees  I.  c.  89  {excl.  syn.  Bottb.). 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-6000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Ceylon  and  Burma. — 
DiSTRiB.  Cult,  in  Mauritius  (C.  textilis,  Bojer). 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  horizontal,  stout,  woody.  Stems  3  ft.  Leaves  uppermost 
usually  4-8  by  i  in. ;  often  0,  occasionally  16  in.  Umhel  usually  4-12  in.  in  diam. ; 
umbeliules  corymbose,  spikes  numerous.  Spikelets  f  by  ij  in.,  10-20-fld.,  usually 
fine-brown  or  reddish.  Glumes  elliptic-oblong  obtuse,  3-5-nerved,  scarcely  keeled. 
Wings  of  rhacheola  ovate,  acute,  finally  yellow  or  red-brown  separating  by  a  clean 
cut.     Stamens,  nut,  and  sti/le  much  as  in  C.  macer. 

Var.  /3  amhigua,  C.  B.  Clarke  1.  c.  (1884)  162;  spikelets  If  in.,  glumes  |  in., 
wings  of  rhaclieola  narrow  hardly  separating.  Madras  Peninsula,  Wallich,  n. 
8329  F,  in  Herh,  Kew  {not  Herh.  jpropr.),  and  one  of  the  two  examples  of  n.  3330,  in 
herb,  propr. 

47.  S!.  Zollingreri,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  (1854)  62, 
and  Syn.- Gyp.  17  i'cnlrn  elongate,  leaves  long  narrow,  umbel  compound 
with  long  siendi^r  rays  or  sometimes  reduced  to  1  head,  spikelets  spicate 
long-linear  yellow,  glumes^  somewhat  remote  large,  nut  obovoid  black 
^  length  0.1:  glume.  Boecjc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  352.  C.  compressus,  var. 
Thw.  Enum.  342.  C.  rotundus,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  260,  600.  0. 
rotundus,  var.  carinalia,  Benth.  El.  Austral,  vii.  280.  C.  tenuiculmis, 
Boeck.  I.  c.  286  {not  of  Flora,  Ixii.  564).     C.  Wightii,  Hance  in  Journ.  Bot. 


6[4:  CLXxii.  OYPERAOEJB.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Ci/perus. 

xvi.  14  {not  of  Nees).  0.  lucidulus,  0.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  xxi, 
99,  and  xxv.  80  {not  of  Klein,  except  by  mixture). — Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat. 
3321,  3367. 

Throughout  moist  India,  alt.  500-5000  ft.,  plentiful,  from  Nepal,  Wallich, 
and  Assam,  Griffith,  to  Ceylon,  Thwaites,  and  Malacca,  Griffith. — Distrib.  Trop. 
As.,  Afric,  and  Austral. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  horizontal,  woody.  Stems  solitary  but  not  distant, 
of  1^-3  ft.  (small  examples  under  a  foot  occui'),  slender  for  their  length,  triquetrous. 
Leaves  f  stem,  i  in.  broad.  Umbel  in  well-developed  examples  large,  straggling, 
rays  4-10  up  to  9  in.  with  radioles  of  secondary  umbels  up  to  3  in.,  but  small  1- 
headed  examples  are  frequent,  with  all  intermediate  forms  ;  bracts  as  long  as  umbel 
or  greatly  overtopping  it.  Spikes  large,  open,  rhachis  glabrous.  Spikelets  3-16, 
often  1  by  ^  in.,  20-fld.,  compressed.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  obtuse,  7-11- 
nerved,  in  fruit  scarcely  imbricated  ;  rhachilla  slender,  in  fruit  flexuose,  wings  oblong 
hyaline  separating.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  muticous.  Nut  triquetrous, 
obtuse ;  style  shorter  than  nut,  slender ;  branches  linear,  slender. 

Sect.  6.  Botundi.  Tall  or  medium  plants,  stoloniferous  or-, rhizome 
woody.  Leaves  and  bracts  long.  Ehachilla  of  spikelets  winged.  ^Glumes 
closely  imbricated.     (Sp.  48-55.) 

48.  C.  longrus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  67 ;  rhizome  somewhat  thick  Creeping, 
stem  rather  robust  at  top  subacutely  trigonous,  at  base  oblique  or  decum- 
bent not  nodosely  thickened  nor  suddenly  contracted  into  a- Wiry  rhizome, 
spikelets  shortly  spicate  linear-oblong  6-16-fld.,  nut  ellipsoid  -}-i  length  of 
glume.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  60;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  279,  var.  a;  Boiss. 
Fl.  Orient,  v.  375,  vars.  ^,  y;  G.  B.  GlarJce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xxi.  164, 
excl.  vars.  /3,  y. 

QuETTA,  Hamilton.     Mt.  Aboo,  G.  King. — Disteib.  Westward  to  the  Atlantic. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  xo~t  i^*  ^^  diam.,  clothed  by  loo^e  ovate  triangular  striated 
brown  scales.  Stems  1-3  ft.  Leaves  ^-f  stem,  i  in.  Inroad.  Umbel  rays  3-10, 
1-10  in.  long.  Spikelets  i  by  ^^  in.,  slightly  compressed,  greenish  ferruginous  or 
ohestnut-red.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  hardly  keeled,  5-7-nerved,  back  green,  margins 
narrowly  scarious.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  muticous  or  scarcely  api- 
culate.  Wings  of  rhacheola  elliptic,  hyaline,  persistent.  Nut  trigonous,  black ; 
style  shorter  than  nut,  branches  linear  shortly  exsert. — Var.  tenuiflora,  Boeck.,  the 
commoner  Mediterranean  form  is  not  Indian,  and  is  scarcely  included  in  the  above 
description. 

49.  C.  stenostachyus,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  280;  tall,  stolons 
long  with  distant  bulbous  thickenings,  umbel  compound  compact,  spikelets 
densely  spicate  suberect  (otherwise  nearly  as  G.  longus). — Australia. 

Stolons  long,  ^  in.  in  diam.  Stems  2^  ft.,'  triquetrous,  at  base  erect  somewhat 
bulbose.  Lowest  bract  12-16  in.,  as  though  a  continuation  of  stem. — This  might  be 
esteemed  a  var.  of  C.  longus  (as  by  Boeckeler),  which  has  the  stem  at  base  decum- 
bent, passing  into  the  root  without  a  bulbose  thickening,  and  the  spikelets  rectangular 
spreading.  ^ 

Var.  3  indica ;  lowest  bract  suberect  very  long,  spikelets  ferruginous  brown.  C. 
longus,  Linn.,  var.  gracilis,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  281.  C.  denudatus,  Heyne,  in 
Wall.  Cat,  3349,  3329,  F.— Deccan  Peninsula,  Wallich. 

50.  C-  rotundus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  67  {not  Linn.  Herh.) ;  stem  at  base 
nodosely  thickened  suddenly  constricted  into  a  wiry  rhizome  (otherwise 
nearly  as  G.  longus).  Boxb.  Hart.  Beng.  5,  and  Fl.  Ind.  i.  197  :  KuntJi 
Enum.  ii.  58  {excl.  G.  bulhosus,  Void,  and  others) ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi. 


Cy;perus.']  CLXxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  615 

283;  Dalz.  So  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  283;  Thw.  Enum.  34,3,  partly ;  C.  B.  Clarke 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  202,  and  xxi.  167  ;  Aitch.  <^  Hems,  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  ser.  2,  Bot.  iii.  121.  0.  hexastachyus,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  28,  t.  14, 
fig.  2  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gentrib.  81  {partly).  C.  leptostachyus.  Griff.  Ltin. 
Notes,  321  {not  of  Nees).  C.  tenuiflorns,  Boyle  III.  412  {not  Bottb.).— 
Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3317  A  {partly),  3322,  3353,  3373.  C.  albidus,  Herb. 
Heyne  ;   Wall.  Cat.  3356  ;  Bumph.  Herb.  Amb.  vi.  1,  t.  1. 

India,  alt.  0-6000  ft.,  a  pestiferous  weed. — Disteib.  All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  slender,  up  to  4-8  in.,  hardening  into  wiry  roots,  thickened 
into  black  woody  ovoid  tubers  ^-1  in.  in  diam.,  not  (or  very  obscurely)  zoned. 
Stems  subsolitary,  4-32  in.,  at  top  triquetrous.  Leaves  long,  often  overtopping  stem, 
^-j  in,  broad.  Umbel  frequently  compound,  primary  rays  2-8  in.,  spikes  loosely 
spicate  of  3-8  spikelets ;  but  umbel  sometimes  large,  sometimes  reduced  to  1  head 
and  (in  a  common  Calcutta  form)  to  1  spikelet.  Spikelets  in  flower  or  fruit  un- 
distinguishable  from  C.  longus. 

Var.  /3  centijlora,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  171;  spikelets  elongate 
many-fld.  Often  curved  or  twisted.  Monghyr,  Wall.  Cat.  3373  (right-hand 
example).  The  Deccan,  G.  Thomson,  n.  258. — In  this  (n.  258)  the  spikelets  are 
3|  in.,  with  118  flowers,  but  all  forms  intermediate  between  this  and  C.  rotundus 
occur. 

r    , 

51.  C  stoianiferus,  Betz  Obs.  iv.  10;  rhizome  woody  long-creeping, 
stems  at  top  trigonous  at  base  nodose,  umbel  simple  contracted  or  sub- 
capitate,  spikelets  terete  shortly  spicate,  glumes  close-packed  concave 
obtuse,  style-branches.  3  long,  nut  obovoid  unequally  trigonous  somewhat 
curved.  .  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  81 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  489  {excl. 
syn.  G.  tuberosus  and  var.  j3) ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  286, 
and  xxi.  172.  C.'.littoralis,  Br.  Prodr.  216.  C.  tuberosus,  Bojer.  Hort. 
Maurit.  379;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  50;  Bah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  283.  C. 
rotundus,  part,  Kimth  I.  c.  59.  C.  bulboso-stoloniferus,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz. 
Ind.  A7'cliip.  ii.  62,  and  Syn.  Gyp.  18.  C.  conjunctus,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  18. 
C.  lamprocarpuSi  Boeck.  I.  c.  490.  C.  juncifolius,  Klein  ms. ;  Wall.  Cat. 
3315,  A.  C.  Jemenicus,  Heyne ;  Wall.  Gat.  3315,  B.  C.  arenarius,  Hance 
ms. — Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3309,  mixed. 

Shores  of  India,  especially  in  sea  sand ;  from  Sind  to  Ceylon,  Coromandel,  and 
the  Malay  Peninsula. — WilghiTiMts.fFoulkes.  Pistrib.  Mauritius,  China,  Malaya, 
Australia. 

Stolons  long,  hardening  into  the  creeping  rhizome,  not  producing  tunicated 
bulbils.  Stems  4-8  in.  Umhel  rays  0-1  in. ;  bracts  usually  3,  varying  in  length  as 
do  the  leaves.  Spikelets  i  by  ^^  i»-j  8-20-fld. ;  glumes  more  closely  packed  than  in 
C.  rotundus,  their  margins  often  glistening  hyaline. 

52.  C.  Fenzelianus,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  33;  tall,  stolons  long 
thickish,  leaves  and  bracts  elongate,  umbel  large  compound,  spikelets 
(young  and  old)  straw-colour  (otherwise  as  C.  longus  or  large  G.  rotundus). 
Boeck.  in  Linnaia,  xxxvi.  297.  C.  pallescens,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  375  {not 
of  Desfont).  C.  ochreoides,  Steud.  I.  c.  34.  C.  tenuiflorus,  Balfour  Socotra, 
305  {not  of  Bottb.).  0.  longus  var.  pallida,  Boeck.  I.  c.  280  {excl.  C  mitis, 
not  of  Boiss.).  C.  longus,  vars.  jS  pallescens  and  c  elongata  {partly), 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  165,  166.  C.  rotundus,  Boeck.  in 
Flora,  Ixii.  554. 

Madras  ;  .Ohingapuna,  G.  Thomson,  n.  383.— Disteib.  Westwd.  to  N.  Africa. 
Stems  2-3   ft,,  robust,  at  base  somewhat  nodose  then  suddenly   narrowed  into 
a  creeping  rhizome  -^-^  in.  diam.     Leaves  often  nearly  as  long  as  stems,  \  in.  broad, 


616  CLXxii.  cyperacej:.     (C.B.Clarke.)  \_Cyper [• 

fleshy  soinetimes  almost  spongy,  when  dry  convolute. — Habit  and  general  aspect  of 
C.  longus,  but  the  root  of  large  states  of  C.  rotundus.  Schweinfurth,  who  has 
studied  this  whole  series  of  species  alive,  doubts  if  any  line  can  be  drawn  between  0. 
longus  and  C.  rotundus. 

53.  C.  subcapitatus,  0.  B.  Clarke ;  stems  and  leaves  long  slender, 
umbel  as  though  lateral  of  24  spikelets  contracted  or  subcapitate,  lowest 
bract  long  narrow  as  though  a  continuation  of  the  stem  (otherwise  nearly 
as  G.  rotundus).  C.  polystachyus,  Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  39,  t.  11,  fig.  1  ? 
— Cyperus,  Wight  in  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3316. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  WallicJi.    Nilghiei  Hills ;'  alt.  2000  ft,,  Gamble. 

Stem  20  in.,  at  top  less  than  -^V  iii'  iii  diam.,  at  base  oblique  nodosely  thickened 
then  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  slender  rhizome.  Leaves  somewhat  shorter 
than  stem,  |— i  in.  bi'oad.  Umbel  rays  0— |^  in.  Spikelets  slender,  ferruginous- 
brown. 

54.  C.  tuberosus,  Botth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  28,  t.  7-,  fig.  l,Jide  Boeck. ; 
stolons  elongate  rather  slender,  stem  tall  at  base  bulbous  woody,  umbel 
evolute  rays  slender  (in  form  C.  tenuiflorus,  s.p.  Eoxb.,  very  slender), 
spikelets  linear  (in  form  C.  tenuijlor.  very  slender),  glumes  in  fruit 
not  closely  imbricated  (otherwise  as  (C.  rotundus),  Boxb.  Hart.  Beng.  5 
df  Fl.  Ind.  i.  199 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  50  (m  small  part)  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
xxxvi.  285  {excl.  the  Gape  plants  and  descrip.  of  nut).  0.  Pangorei,  JRetz. 
Obs.  iv.  10  [not  of  Bottb.  or  Boxb.).  C.  lucidulus,  Klein;  Link.  Jahrb.  iii. 
86  {not  of  C.  B.  Clarke).  C.  rotundus,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  279 
{chief y).  0.  rotundus  (tenuiflora)  Thw.  Fnum.  S4i3.  C.  rotundus,  var. 
proceruia,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  J  our  n.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  172  {in  great  part).  C. 
rotundus,  var.  acuta,  Boeck.  I.  c.  230.  C.  tenuiflorus,  Boxb.  I.  c.  199  ;  Neee 
in  Wight  Gontrib.  82  {Indian  plant) ;  Dak.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  284;  W. 
Wats,  in  E.  T.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  (1876),  393;  Trimen  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxiii. 
140 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  (1883),  193  and  xxi.  174  {not 
Bottb.  or  Boeck.).  C.  proceruliis,  iVee^  in  Wight  Contrib.  82;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  51.  C.  Eetzii,  Nees  I.  c.  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  73  ;  Thw.  Enum.  343. 
0.  hexastachyus,  Nees  I.  c.  {partly).  C.  Eoestelii,  Kunth  I.  c.  58.  0. 
pertenuis,  Bojer  Sort.  Maurit.  379  {not  Boxb.).  C.  longus,  Baker  Fl. 
Maurit.  411.  "  C.  mitis,  Steud.  Gyp.  316  {cf.  Boeck.  in  Flora,  1859,  p.  447). 
C.  procerus.  Herb.  Boxb. ;  Wall.  Gat.  3329,  A. 

Ceylon;  Thwaites,  nn.  3750,  3966,  Deccan  Peninsula;  Wallich,  Wight 
Bengal;  Wallich,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih.  n.  6141).— Disteib.  Mauritius, 
Austral. 

Equal  in  size  to  the  large  forms  of  C.  rotundus,  but  has  slenderer  rays  and 
spikelets.  It  is  G.  tuberosus  of  herbs  of  Koenig,  Bottler  and  Roxburgh  ;  the  figure  of 
Rottboel  {tuberosus)  does  not  agree  very  well ;  but,  as  it  is  satisfactory  to  Boeckeler, 
and  as  it  is  impossible  to  identify  an  old  picture  without  analyses,  it  saves  complica- 
tion to  accept  his  identification,  rather  than  to  separate  farther  the  C.  tuberosus  of 
Bottler  (and  others)  from  that  of  Kottboell. 

65.  C.  esculentus,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  67 ;  stem  at  base  erect,  stolons 
lateral  long  very  slender  bearing  tubers,  leaves  and  bracts  long,  spikelets 
yellow  or  yellow-brown,  glumes  over  nearly  their  whole  breadth  plicate- 
striate  (otherwise  as  G.  rotundus).  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  61 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
xxxvi.  287;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  293  and. xxi.  178.  C. 
Tenorii,  Presl. ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  32,  t.  281,  fig.  670.  C.  pumilus 
and  C.  jeminicus,  Herb.  Meyne;  Wall.  Gat.  3354. 


Cyperus.\  clxxii.  cTPERAOEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  617 

From  the  Punjab,  T.  Thomson,  to  Nilghiri  Mts.,  floTiewacAier,  scattered,  not 
common.' — Disteib.  S.  Enrope,  Afric,  Americ. 

Stolons  exceedingly  slender,  with  small  pale  scales,  often  disappearinjsr  after  the 
tnbers  are  formed  ;  tubers  (ripe)  woody,  more  regularly  zoned  than  those  of  C. 
rotundus.  Glumes  in  fruit  slightly  rigid,  so  that  they  are  less  closely  imbricated 
(than  in  C.  rotundus)  the  spikelets  more  turgid. —  So  close  to  C.  rotundus  that  it  is 
much  mixed  with  it  in  many  herbaria. 

Sect.  7.  ExALTATi.  Tall.  Stolons  0.  Leaves  and  bracts  long.  Umbel 
large  corapoiincl,  spikes  and.  spikelets  many.  Rhachilla  of  spikelets  con- 
spicuously winged.  Anthers  apiculate,  not  rarely  crested.  Style  (with 
its  3  branches)  small.     Nnt  small,  ashy  black.     (Sp.  66-61.) 

56.  C  radiatus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  369;  spikes  digitate  scarcely 
peduncled  long-cylindric  dense,  spikelets  linear  12-30-fld.,  glumes  (even 
in  fruit)  closely  imbricate,  wings  of  rhachilla  oblong  persistent,  anthers 
short-oblong  not  Crested,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  71 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi. 
317  ;  6'.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  185.  C.  involucratus,  Poir.  in 
Lam.  Encyc.  vii.  253*  C.  verticillatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  206  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  71 ; 
Nees  in  WigJit  Contrih.  87.  C.  digitatus,  Nees  I.e.  8b  (not  Boxb.).  C 
Eoylei,  Am.  in  Wight  Gontrib.  85  (in  note) ;  Kunth  I.  c.  100.  C.  obscurus, 
Nees  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  vi.  27.     Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3345. 

Prom  Agra,  Munro  to  Penang,  Curtis;  plentiful  in  Bengal. — Distrib.  As., 
Afric,  Amer. 

Glabrous.  Stems  1-3  ft.  Leaves  often  |  stem,  \  in.  broad.  Umhel  simple  or 
compound  ;  spikes  1  by  ^  in.,  very  dense.  Spikelets  commonly  ^  by  -J^  m^.  usually 
duU-colrd.,  not  bright  yellow  or  red-brown.  Glumes  broad  ovate,  keeled,  obtuse, 
3-5-nerved  on  back,  muticous  or  sometimes  mucronate.  Ifut  ovoid,  f-^  length  of 
glume  ;  style  ^  as  long  as  nut,  branches  3  linear  small. 

57.  C'.  exaltatuSj  Betz  Obs.  v.  11 ;  spikes  (some)  peduncled  long- 
cylindric,  spikelets  vt'ry  many  (not  tightly  crowded)  linear  8-20-fld.,  glumes 
(even  in  truit)  closely  injbricate,  wings  of  rhachilla  oblong  .persistent, 
anthers  oblong  not  crested,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  70;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
84  (e«cL  G.  fastigiatus) ;  Thw.  Enum.  343;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  319; 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ,  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  186  {incl.  var.  (3  amoena.)  C.  odoratus, 
Btirm.  Fl.  LwL  20,  t.  8,  fig.  2  {not  Linn.).  C.  venustus,  Br.  Brodr.  217 ; 
Kunth  I.  c.  68  (partly)  ;  Thw.  Enum.  432.  C.  umbellatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  i. 
205;  Balz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  284;  Am.  in  Wight  Gontrib.  85  in  Obs. 
{not  Bent h.).  C.  alopecuroides,  Boxb.  Z.  c.  208.  C.  acerosus,  Boxb.  ms.; 
Am.  I.  c.  84  {in  note).  C.  oryzeticola,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  37.  C.  race- 
mosus,  Heyne,  7ns. ;  Boeck.  in  Flora,  Ixii.  555  {not  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
xxxvi.  310).  0.  parviflorus,  Heyne,  ms..  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3343,  B.  (cf.  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  115,  not  of  Nees).  Papyrus  venustus,  Schrader  in  Mart.  Fl. 
Bras.  ii.  (part  i.)  59  in  note.  C.  maximus,  elatus,  parviflorus,  extensus, 
spicatus, -ffer^.  jffe//^e ;  Wall.  Gat.  3343.  C.  verticillatus.  Herb.  Wight  & 
Herb.  Ham.',  Wall.  Gat.  3343,  H,  I.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3327,  3328. 

From  the  Punjab  to  Assam  and  Ceylon  ;  common.— Distrib.  Trop.  and 
subtrop.  regions. 

Stem  3-6  ft.— Hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  large  forms  of  C.  radiatus,  but  by 
the  less  dense  spikes.     Spikelets  often  brightly  coloured. 

Var.  /3  dives,  C.  B.  Clarke  1.  c.  187  ;  umbel  divaricate  rigid,  ripe  spikelets  rigid 
hard  spreading  at  right  angles  somewhat  turgid,  style  3-fid.  C.  dives,  Delile  Fl. 
'Egypt,  5,  t.4,  fig.  3  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  71 ;  C.  B.  Clarke  I.  c.  293.  C.  alopecuroides, 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  322. — N.  India ;  from  Sind,  Pinwill  to  Chittagong,  /.  D. 
Hooker. — Africa. 


618  OLXXii.  OTPEEACE-ffi.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Cyjyenis. 

68.  C.  Oatesiij  G.  JB.  Clarke;  umbel  large  componnd,  spikes  (at 
least  some)  peduncled  cylindric,  spikelets  very  many  distant  linear  14-fld., 
glumes  obtuse  white-edged  slightly  inflated  incurved  not  tightly  imbricated, 
wings  of  rhachilla  linear  yellow  soon  separating,  anthers  oblong  not 
crested,  nut  small  yet  nearly  f  length  of  glume.  C.  exaltatus,  var.  Oatesii, 
G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  188. 

BuEMA  J  Thyat  Myo,  Oates. 

Very  like  slenderer  forms  of  C.  exaltatus,  but  differing  especially  in  the  very 
narrowly  lanceolate  yellow  deciduous  wings  of  the  rhachilla. 

59.  C.  dig-itatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  205;  stem  tall  at  top  triquetrous, 
umbel  large  compound  rays  divaricate,  spikes  cylindric,  spikelets  very 
many  linear  6-40-fld,,  wings  of  rhachilla  lanceolate  yellow  soon  deciduous, 
anthers  linear-oblong  scarcely  crested,  nut  oblong-obovoid  \  length  of 
glume.  C.  auricomus,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  286  ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  188  {'partly,  scarcely  of  Sieber).  C.  venustus,  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  86  (descr.  erroneous);  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  68  {chiefly);  Boech.  in 
Linnsea, xxxYi.  316  {partly)  {not  Br.).  C.  Neesii,  Kunth  I.e.  101  (excl.  syn. 
Linn.). ;  Boeclc.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  315  ;  Trimen  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxiii.  140. 
C.  racemosus,  Betz  (??)  {fid  Am.  in  Wight  Contrih.  85  in  Obs.  C.  quin- 
queflorus,  Steud.  {Herb,  propr.)  Syn.  Gyp.  37  {partly).  C.  tuberiferus, 
Schrad. ;  Steud.  I.  c.  41.  Papyrus  venustus,  Nees  in  Linncea,  x.  138. — 
Mariscus,  Wall.  Gat.  3429,  3438. 

From  the  Punjab  to  Assam,  Ceylon,  and  Penang. — Distrib.  Tropics. 

Glabrous  (even  the  rhachis  of  spikes).  Stem  1^-4^  ft.  Leaves  often  as  long  as 
stein,  |— I  in.  broad.  Umbel  8-24  in.  in  diam. ;  bracts  usually  longer  than  umbel. 
Secondary  umbels  usually  conspicuously  bracteoled;  spikes  corymbose,  shortly 
peduncled.  Spikelets  often  5-^  by  -^jj-xa  J^v  ^^ry  variable  in  size,  yellow  golden 
rufous  or  brown.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  scarcely  mucronate. — The  African 
C.  auricomus,  Sieber,  with  which  this  was  united  by  Bentham,  is  very  closely  allied, 
but  differs  by  the  stem  sub-3-winged  at  top,  the  irregular  umbel  and  other  small 
points. 

Var.  /3  Hookeri  (sp.)  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  308 ;  spikelets  somewhat  broader 
rigid  very  densely  spicate  ultimately  bright  brown,  nut  a  little  more  acuminate  at 
top.  C.  Neesii,  Thiv.  Enum.  344;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  189  in 
Obs.  {scarcely  of  Kunth).  C.  auricomus,  var.  khasiana,  C.  B.  Clarke  I.  c.  188  and 
81.  Papyrus  elatus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  88  {not  Cyperus  elatus,  Linn.). — From 
the  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4000  ft.,  to  Ceylon. 

60.  C.  elatus,  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  67 ;  tall,  leaves  and  bracts  long,  broad, 
umbel  large  compound,  spikes  narrow  cylindric  dense  with  brown  suberect 
spikelets,  spikelets  linear  14-fld.,  wings  of  rhachilla  lanceolate  yellow 
caducous,  anthers  narrow  oblong,  crest  i-|  length  of  anthers,  nut  |-f 
length  of  glume.  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn,  Soc.  xxi.  189.  C.  race- 
mosus, Eetz  Obs.  vi.  20  ?  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  85  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  100  ; 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  310. — Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat.  3341,  A. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Wight.    Penang  ;  Wallich. — Disteib.  Malaya. 

Stem  3-4  ft.     Leaves  nearly  as  long,  \  in.  broad.     Primary  rays  of  umhel  6  in. 

Var.  ?  macronuw,  C.  B.  Clarke  1.  c.  190  ;  larger,  with  still  larger  umbel,  nut 
nearly  as  long  as  glume. — Bengal ;  Comilla,  C.  B.  Clarke. — Leaves  f  in.  broad, 
two  lateral  nerves  above  strongly  marked,  keel  beneath  scabrous  cutting.  Primary 
rays  of  umbel  10  in. 

61.  C.  platyphyllus,  Boem.  Sc  Sch»  Syst.  ii.  876  ;  very  large,  leaves 


Cyperus.']  OLxxii.  oyperaoe^.    (C.  B.  Clarke.)  619 

and  bracts  very  long  broad,  umbel  very  large,  spikes  long  linear-cylindric, 
spikelets  linear  snbterete  suberect  dirty  straw-colour,  wings  of  rhacheola 
broad-lanceolate  yellow  separating,  crest  of  anthers  ^-^  length  of  cells. 
(J.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  190.  C.  elatus,  Boxh.  FL  Ind.  i. 
204  {not  of  Linn.).  C.  maximus,  Roxh.  ms.  C.  fastigiatus,  Boitl.  in  Neu. 
Schr.  Gesell.  Freunde  Berlin,  ir.  210  {not  of  Bottb.).  C.  eminens,  Klein, 
ms. ;  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  70 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncsa,  xxxvi.  312.  C.  Roxburghii, 
Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  84 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  99 ;  Thw.  Fnum.  843.  Papyrus 
latifolius,  Willd.  in  Abhandl.  AJcad.  Berol.  (1816),  74. — Cyperus,  Wall. 
Gat.  3341,  B. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  Rottler,  &c.     Ceylon;  Thwaites  (n.  3041). 

Stem  6  ft.,  sometimes  more,  at  top  triquetrous,  scabrous,  angles  cutting.  Leaves 
often  1  in.  broad,  two  lateral  nerves  prominent  above,  whiteish  underneath,  often 
scabrous  on  keel.     Primary  rays  of  umbel  8-10  in.     Spikes  4  in. 

RESIDUARY    SPECIES. 

C.  BEUNNESCENS,  BoecTc.  Gyp.  Nov.  ii.  8 ;  robust,  wholly  brown-fuscous,  umbel 
simple  6-8  in.  diam.,  spikelets  oblong  obtuse, -glumes  8-10-striate  with  recurved 
mucro,  style  very  slender  deeply  3-fid.     Singapore ;  Voight. 

C.  coRONARius,  Kunth  Snum.  ii.  44.  (Scirpus  coronarius,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  261. 
Isolepis  coronaria,  Roem.  Sf  Sch.  Syst,  ii.  113.)  Bengal.  Style  trifid,  Kunth  ;  bifid, 
Vahl,  "  Resembles  Kyllingia  monocephalse  "  Vahl. 

C.  CYLiNDRicus,  Boeck.  in  'Flora,  xlii.  437  bis.' — Ind.  Orient.  "  Very  like  C. 
Wallichianus,  Spreng.,"  Boeckeler.  But  G.  Wallichianus,  Spreng.  has  been  in- 
scrutable to  botanists  (see  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  98)  nor  is  it  known  where  Boeckeler  has 
elucidated  it. 

C.  iNDicus,  Boeck.  Cyp.  Nov.  i.  6  {not  of  Persoon)  ;  2  ft.,  umbel  compound  6 
in.  diam.,  spikes  dense  cylindric,  style  deeply  3-fid,  rhacheola  narrowly  winged. — 
Himalaya  ;  Bulwascher  Valley,  alt.  2000  ft.,  and  Jubbulpore,  alt.  1000  ft.,  0.  Kuntze 
('•Near  Gyp.  chilensis,"  Boeck.). 

C.  PUSILLUS,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  303,  i.e.  C.  pygmseus,  Befz.  Ohs,  iv.  9. — 
Tranquebar. 

C.  RiGiDULus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  342. — Ind.  Orient. 
C.  SETiFOLius,  Bon  Prodr.  38. — Nepaul. 

C.  spoNGioso-VAGiNATus,  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  6 ;  tall,  umbel  compound,  spike- 
lets loosely  spicate,  wings  of  rhachilla  linear-oblong  cuspidate  yellow  soon  separating. 
— Bengal  ;   O.  Kuntze. — Perhaps  G.  digitatus  or  G.  Oatesii.    ' 

C.  tener,  Vahl  Enum.  ii,  299. — Ind.  Orient. — "  Isolepidis  sp.  2."  Kunth. 

C.  trisUlcus,  Bon  Prodr.  39. — Nepaul. 

C.  umbellatus,  Burm.  FL  .Ind.  21,  t.  9,  fig.  1.    {not  Boxb.). — Perhaps 
grass. « 

0.  Wallichianus,  Spreng.  8yst.  Cur.  Post.  28  (C.  pulcher,  Bon  Prodr.  38).— 
Nepaul. 

5.  MARZSCUS,  VahL 

Leaves  and  bracts  grass-like.  Glumes  persistent,  2  lowest  empty,  1-12 
succeeding  bisexual  nut-bearing;  rhacheola  disarticulating  above  the  2 
lowest  empty  glumes  leaving  a  knob. — Otherwise  as  Gyperus. — Sp.  160, 
warm  regions. 

Subg.  I.  BuLBOCATJLis.  Basc  of  stem  obloii/g  tbickened  by  the  turgid 
membranous  coloured  sheaths.     (Sp.  1-2.) 


620  CLXXii.  ctpeHace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Marucus. 

1.  nf .  Dregreaniis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  120 ;  stolons  0,  umbel  contracted 
into  1  very  dense  ovoid  head,  spikelets  ovoid  bearing  2-6  nuts.  M.  irro- 
ratus,  JVees  in  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  vi.  28.  M.  kyilingiseformis,  Boeck.  in 
Flora,  xlii.  443,496  {style  wrongly  2-Jid.).  Cyperus  dubius,  i^o^i^.  m  Neit 
Schr.  Gesell.  Freunde  Berlin,  iv.  193  ;  Hoxb.  Fi.  Ind.  i.  189.  Wall.  Cat.  3326  ; 
Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  85  ;  Thw.  Enum.  344 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  336 
{in  small  jp art) ;  G.  B.  GlarJce  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  285  and  xxi.  197  {;not 
of  Hottb^.  C.  kyllingiaBoides,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  312 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  94. 
0.  cruentus,  Boeck.  I.  c.  338  {not  of  Boxb.).  Scirpus  glomeratus,  Linn.  Sp. 
PI.  32.  Schoenus  coloratns,  var.  |3  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  ed.  ii.  64.  Sch.  nivens, 
Linn.  S^st.  Veget.  (ed.  xiii.),  81. 

Lower  Bengal;  Wallich.  S.  Deccan;  up  to  5000  ft.;  Bottler,  Wight. 
Ceylon  ;  Thwaites,  C.P.  855, 2942,  &c.  Malay  Peninsula  ;  from  Pegu,  Singapoke. 
DiSTRiB.  Afric,  Borneo. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-16  in.,  at  top  triquetrous,  rather  slender ;  lowest  persistent 
as  torn  fibrils.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stems,  Jg-f  in.  broad,  weak;  sheatli  dilated, 
ferruginous  or  reddish.  Inflorescence  ^  in.  in  diam. ;  bracts  3-5,  up  to  4^6  in.  long, 
leaf-like.  Spikelets  numerous,  i-^  in.  long,  nearly  terete  ;  nodes  of  rhachilla  short 
with  elliptic  wings.  Nuthearing  glume  ovate,  blunt,  triangular,  11-19-nerved. 
Stamens  3-2;  anthers  linear-oblong,  muticous.  iVwi  oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid, 
trigonous,  ashy  black,  |-|  length  ot  glume  ;  style  shorter  than  nut ;  branches  linear, 
somewhat  long. — Cyperus  dubius,  Eottb.  Lescr.  et  Ic.  20,  t.  4,  fig.  5,  brought  here  , 
by  all  authors,  is  a  Kylllnga,  probably  K.  brevifolia,  Kottb. ;  the  general  appearance 
of  the  head  will  not  do  for  M.  Dregeanus  ;  also  in  Kytlinga  the  style  is  always  2-fid, 
in  Mariscus  always  3-fid. 

2.  M.  bulbosuS)  C.  B.  Clarke  {not  of  Steud.)  ;  stolons  slender,  umbel 
simple  with  short  rays  or  subcapitate,  spikes  cylindric  dense  pale,  spikelets 
broad-oblong,  bearing  1  nut.  M.  pictus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  90  {partlt/). 
Kyllinga  bulbosa,  Koenig  ms. ;  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  376,  in  note  ;  Roem.  &  Sch. 
Syst.  ii.  247,  in  Obs.  {not  of  Beauv.). — Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat.  3435  C  {mainly). 
Kyllinga,  Wall.  Gat.  3441  A  {partly). 

DeccaN  Peninsula,  Bottler,  Heyne;  Palavarum  to  Permacoil,  in  the  hills, 
Wight ;  N.  Canara,  Young. 

Glabrous.  Stems  3-8  in.,  thickish,  trigonous,  striate  j  stolons  elongate,  -^^  in. 
in  diam.,  clothed  by  oblong  striate  pale-brown  scales.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  i- 
5  in.  broad ;  lower  sheaths  much  inflated,  striated,  brown.  Spikes  about  7,  on  rays 
0-^  in.,  up  to  f  by  i  in.  ;  bracts  5-7,  up  to  4-7  in.,  leaf-like.  Spikelets  J^-i  iii-> 
spreading  at  right  angles.  Nut-bearing  glume  ovate,  acute,  11-17-Htriate,  straw- 
colour.     Nut  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  black -chestnut,  f  length  of  glume. 

Subgen.  II.  Eu-Mariscus.  Base  of  stems  not  oblong  thickened  by 
much  dilated  leaf-sheaths  (though  often  shortly  nodose).  Rhacheola  of 
spikelets  only  breaking  up  at  one  node,  viz.  that  above  the  two  lowest 
empty  glumes. 

Sect.  1.  Umbellati.  Leaves  green.  Spikelets  green  or  becoming  yellow, 
bearing  1-2  {very  rarely  3)  nuts.  Lowest  glume  of  spikelet  {bracteole  of 
some)  very  acute,  aristate. — [JN  early  all  are  considered  by  Bentham  as 
varieties  of  his  Cyp.  umbellatus.]      (Sp.  3-7.) 

3.  M.  paniceus,  Vahl  Enum.  \i.,  partly  \  stolons  long  slender,  umbel 
simple,  bracts  4-5  long,  rays  unequal  usually  short,  spikes  solitary  cylin- 
dric dense  ebracteate,  spikeletl  small  1-fld...  in  fruit  broad-lanceolata 
trigonous   curved   more  or  less  recurved.     Nees  in  Wight    Contrib.  89  ; 


Mariscus.']  clxxii.  ctpbrace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  621 

Kunth  Enum.  n.  119  {in  small  part).  M.  Wallichiamis,  Kunth  I.  c.  117 . 
M.  Pallu,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  Q(^.  Kyllinga  panicea,  Rotth.  Bescr.  et  Ic.  15, 
t.  4,  fig.  1.  Cyperus  paniceus,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  381  {Jig.  of  Rottler 
only).  C.  umbellatus,  Thw.  Enum.  345  {not  of  Eoxb.).  C.  nmbellatus,  var. 
panicea,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  296,  and  xxi.  201. — Mariscus, 
iFall.  Cat.  3433,  3435,  partly,  3437  B,  partly. 

From  Lower  Bengal  to  Ceylon, — Distrib.  Mauritius. 

Glabrous,  slender.  Stolons  2-3  by  ^\  in.,  clothed  by  lanceolate  striate  rich- 
brown  scales.  Stems  4-12  iu.,  trigonous,  nodose  at  base.  Leaves  often  as  long  as 
stem,  f-i  in.  broad,  flaccid.  Rays  of  umbel  0-l|  in,;  bracts  often  4  in.,  leaf-like. 
Spikes  i  by  -i-  in.,  exactly  cylindric,  ultimately  pale.  Spikelets  (ripe)  ^  by  -Jg-  in., 
apparently  4-glunied  ;  2  lowest  glumes  empty,  persistent ;  3rd  glume  nut-bearing, 
ovate,  deciduous,  its  upper  margins  broad  scarious  nerveless  enclosing  nut;  4th 
glume  (really  the  rhacheola  of  the  upper  suppressed  flower),  lanceolate,  tip  rudi- 
mentary glume)  elongated.     Ifut  oblong,  trigonous,  black,  -|  length  of  glume. 

Var.  /3  BoxburgJiiana ;  larger,  stems  up  to  2  ft.,  rays  of  umbel  up  to  2  in., 
bracts  5-7,"  spikelets  larger  i  in.  long  (1-fld.).  M.  cyperinus,  Nees  in  Wight  Con- 
trib.  90,  var.  a  {not  of  Vahl).  Kyllinga  umbellata,  Boxh.  Ic.  Ined.  t.  191.  Scirpus 
echinatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  50,  the  Ceylon  plant,  see  Trimen  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxiv. 
135.— Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat.  3434,  3435  B  {partly).— From  Simla  to  Ceylon.— 
Distrib.  Java. — Rhachilla  (above  the  nut-bearing  glume)  winged,  as  long  as  nut, 
terminated  by  a  rudimentary  glume  or  by  a  very  small  triangular-lanceolate  plate. 

•  4.  BI.  cyperinus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  377 ;  rhizome  hardly  any,  umbel 
simple,  bracts  5-7  long,  r.iys  short  or  curved,  spikes  solitary  broad-cylin- 
dric  dense,  spikelets  litiear-Janceolate  usually  2-fld.  in  fruit  suberect  brown- 
green.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  90  (|8  only).  M.  umbellatus,  Moritzi  Verz. 
Zoll.  Pfi.  98 ;  Zoll.  Verz.  Lnd.  Arckip.  ii.  63.  M.  sundaicus,  Miq.  El.  Ind. 
Bat.  ii\.2S^.  Kyllinga  cyperina,  Betz  0&*.  vi.  21.  Cyperus  umbellatus, 
Benth.  El.  Hongk.  386  ;  Thw.  Enum.  345  {partly).  C.  paniceus,  Boeck.  in 
Linncea,  xxxvi.  381  {the  2-fld.  Java  plants).  C.  umbellatus  /orma  cyperina, 
C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  200. — Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat  3431, 
3435  A,  partly,  3436. 

North-west  India  ;  Moradabad,  Thomson.  Coromandel,  Roxburgh,  &c. 
Ceylon,  Thwaiies.  Malay  Peninsula,  Griffith,  &c. — Distrib.  As.  trop.,  Poly- 
nesia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  perennial,  hardly  f  in.  Rays  of  umbel  5-10,  rigid,  acutely 
triquetrous.  Spikes  f  by  i  in.,  ebracteate.  Spikelets  ^  by  J^  in.,  in  fruit  obliquely 
erect,  dusky  reddish-green. — Ocherwise  as  M.  paniceus. 

Var.  (3  hengalensis ;  umbel  contracted  into  1  head,  spikes  shortly  cylindric  or 
ovoid,  spikelets  linear  bearing  2-4  nuts  in  fruit  spreading  at  right  angles.  C.  Ander- 
sonianus,  Boeck.  in  Engler  Jahrb.  v.  502  {from  descript.). —  Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat. 
3437  F.  Bengal,  alfc.  0-4000  ft.;  Upper  Assam,  Sikkim,  and  Khasia  Hills. — 
Stems  1-2  ft.,  stronger.  Inflorescence  f-l^  in.  in  diam.  Spikelets  i  by  Jg-  in. ; 
glumes  (with  ripe  nuts)  somewhat  distant. 

5.  Jf/l.  pictus,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  90  {chiejly)  ;  rhizome  short, 
umbel  simple  contracted,  bracts  long,  spikes  solitary  cylindric  dense,  spike- 
lets linear-oblong  bearing  1  nut  suberect  yellow  in  fruit,  rhacheola  very 
short.  Cyperus  pictus,  Wallich  ms.  0.  umbellatus,  Thwaites  Enum.  345 
{partly).  C.  paniceus,  Boeck.  i^  Linncea,  xxxvi.  327  {partly).  C.  umbel- 
latus, var.  a  typical  {partly),  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  200 
(not  var.  y  picta,  201). — Mariscus,  Wall.   Cat.  3435  A  {partly). 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Heyne,  &c. 

Resembles  M.    cyperinus   or  paniceus  j3,  but   diflfers   much  in  the  structure  of 


622  CLXxii.  CYPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Mariscus. 

the  spiKelet ;  the  nut  is  formed  as  usual  in  the  3rd  glume,  the  rhacheola  above  its 
base  is  exceedingly  short,  while  the  4th  glume  (usually  containing  a  barren  flower) 
is  well  developed. — The  ripe  nut  thus  is  contained  apparently  by  the  3rd  and  4th 
glumes,  not  by  the  3rd  glume  and  the  rhacheola. 

6.  m.  tenuifolius,  Schrad.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  ii.  (pars  1)46  ;  stolons 
slender,  umbel  simple  contracted,  spikes  solitary  cylindric  or  ovoid  loose, 
spikelets  usually  bearing  2  nuts  dusky-green  ultimately  suberect.  C. 
umbellatus,  Thw.  Enum.  345  {partly).  C.  umbellatus,  var.  laxata,  C.  B. 
Clarke  in  journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  201. — Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat.  3432. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Wallich,  &c.  Monghie,  Wallich.  Malacca,  Griffith, 
Kew,  n.  6241. 

Stolons  scarcely  -Jg-  in.  in  diam.,  clothed  by  lanceolate  striate  scales.  Stems 
slender.  Leaves  very  narrow.  Bays  of  umbel  0-1  in.  Spikelets  bearing  1-3 
(mostly  2)  nuts. — From  the  stolons  this  plant  is  usually  mixed  with  M.  paniceus, 
but  from  the  structure  of  the  spikelets  it  must  be  more  closely  allied  to  M.  pictus. 

7.  IWt*  Sieberianus,  Nees  in  Linmsa,  ix.  286 ;  rhizome  short,  umbel 
simple,  bracts  5-10,  rays  5-12  up  to  1-4  in.  ultimately  straight,  fruiting 
spikes  exaptly  cylindric,  fruiting  spikelets  linear-lanceolate  (or  lanceolate) 
bearing  2-1  ritits  dense  yellow  or  pale  divaricate  on  all  sides  at  right ' 
angles,  nut  linear-oblong  or  oblong  (cf.  the  3  vars.).  M.  umbellatus,  Vakl 
Enum.  ii.  376  (partly) ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  90  (chiefly)  ;  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  118  [chiefly) ;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Ku^naon,  74i ;  E.  f.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x. 
[1876]  622 ;  Balz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  285.  M.  cyperinus,  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  90,  var.  a  (&  var.  /3  partly,  i.  e.  plant  of  Sieber) ;  Boyle  III. 
412.  M.  paniceus,  Strachey,  74 ;  E.  T.  Atkins.  I.  c.  622.  Scirpus 
cyperoides,  Linn.  Mant.  181.  Kyllinga  umbellata,  HoxbT  Fl.  Ind.  i.  182 
{scarcely  of  Sotth.).  Cyperus  umbellatus,  iifig'.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat. 
ii.  142.  C.  umbellatus,  var.  a  (partly)  &  e,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  xxi.  201.  C.  ovularis,  Boeck.  in  Linnaa,  xxxvi.  [1869-70],  var.  a 
{partly,  not  of  Torrey).  C.  cylindrostachys,  Boeck.  I.  c.  383  (chiefly).  C. 
Steudelianus,  Boeck.  in  Engler  Jahrh.  v.  [1884]  91. — Mariscus,  Wall.  Cat. 
3437  (mainly). 

From  North-West  Himalaya,  alt.  0-6000  ft.,  aod  Assam  to  Ceylon  and 
SiNGAPOEE. — DiSTEiB.  Warm  regions  of  Old  World. 

Glabrous.  Stems  1-2^  ft.  Leaves  often  nearly  as  long  as  stem,  ^-i  in.  broad, 
rather  weak.  JJmhel  1-5  in.  in  diam ;  rays  ultimately  very  straight  (not  curved  as 
in  M.  cyperinus).  Spikes  solitary  (see,  however,  var.  7),  often  1  by  ^  in. ;  bracteoles 
inconspicuous.  Spikelets  sometimes  1-  sometimes  2-fld.,  varying  in  length  accord- 
ingly. Nut  trigonous,  chestnut-colrd.,  f-f  length  of  glume. — M.  umbellatus  is 
Kyllinga  umbellata,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  15,  t.  4,  fig.  2,  a  plant  abundant  in  Africa 
and  very  close  to  M.  Siberianus,  but  has  smaller  shorter  more  bracteate  spikes, 
fuscous-green  when  ripe. 

Var.  j3  evolutior ;  spikelets  linear  bearing  2-4  nuts.  M.  corymbosus,  Boeck.  in 
Flora,  xli.  409?  Cyperus  umbellatus,  var.  €  cylindrostachys,  C.  B.  Clarke,  Journ. 
I.  c.  201  (chiefly).  C.  biglumis,  C.'B.  Clarke  I.  c.  199  (partly),  (scarcely  Mariscus 
biglumis,  Gaertner). — Throughout  India  (except  Madras?). — Disteib.  Tropics. 

Var.  7  subcomposita ;  spikes  often  digitate  on  the  rays  bracteolate.  M.  biglumis, 
Oaertn.  Fruct.  I.  12,  t.  2,  fig.  8;  C.  B.  Clarke  I.  c.  199  (partly). — Kiunaon,  alt. 
5000  ft.,  Strachey.  Madras  Peninsula  (?),  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3437  E. — Japan,  Poly- 
nesia.— Rheede  Hort.  Mai.  xii.  119,  t.  63,  usually  brought  liere  differs  by  the  spikes 
not  exactly  cylindric,  the  spikelets  not  spreading  at  right  angles ;  and  is,  perhaps, 
M.  cyperinus  drawn  a  little  too  large. 


Mariscus.']  clxxii.  cYPBEACBiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  623 

Var.  ?  5  Jchasiana ;  spikelets  small  obtuse  yellow  bearing  1  deciduous  nut. — 
East  Bengal,  Griffith;  Khasia  Hills;  Shillong,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Q.  B.  Clarke. 

Sect.  2.  PBeudo-cyperus.  Glumes  in  fruit  scarcely  imbricate  {hut  per- 
sistent).    Spikelets  hearing  4  {or  more)  nuts.     (Sp.  8-10.) 

8.  M.  ischnos,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  -umbel  of  1-3  spikes  nearly  (or  quite) 
agglomerated  into  1  head,  spikelets  oblong  bearing  4-7  nuts  dirty-white, 
rhacheola  very  narrowly  winged,  nut  oblong-ellipsoid  ^  length  of  glume. 
Cyperus  ischnos,  Schlecht.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  vii.  99 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi. 

280. 

NiLGHiEi  and  Kueg  Hills,  O.  Thomson  J^the  single  Old  World  example). — 
DiSTEiB.  Trop.  America. 

Nearly  glabrous.  Rhizome  short.  Stems  1-2  ft.,  slender.  Inflorescence  ^  in. 
-in  diam.,  ovoid,  dense.  Spikelets  t  by  -j^a  in.  iNTut-bearing  glumes  elliptic-oblong, 
obscurely  9 -nerved.     Sti/le  short ;  branches  3,  linear. 

9.  BI.  Kookerianus,  C.  B.  Glarke;  umbel  of  7  cylindric  dense 
spikes,  rays  scarcely  any,  spikelets  oblong  bearing  4  nuts  dirty-white, 
wings  of  rhachilla  lanceolate  decidnous,  nut  oblong-ellipsoid  as  long  as 
glume. 

SiKKiM  ;  in  hot  valleys,  J.  D.  Hooher. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  (seen)  horizontal,  woody,  rather  slender.  Stems  approxi- 
mate, 20  in.  Leaves  8-12  by  ^  in.  Umbel  1|  in.  in  diam. ;  rays  0-^  in.  j  bracts  4, 
up  to  6  in.  Spikes  f  by  :^  in.  Spikelets  4  by  -^-^  in.,  when  ripe  obliquely  erect. 
Nut-bearing  glumes  obtuse,  with  9-11  strong  nerves.  Nut  trigonous ;  style-branches 
3,  linear. 

10.  BI.  squarrosus,  G.  B.  Glarke;  slender,  annual, umbel  subsimple 
spikes  loose  broad  quadrate,  spikelets  divaricate  linear  6-26-fld.,  glumes 
elliptic  with  long  recurved  mucro,  style  3-fid,  nut  linear-oblong  curved. 
Cyperus  squarrosus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  QQ ;  Rotth.  D^escr.  et  Ic.  25,  t.  6,  fig.  3 ; 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  75 ;  Kunth  JEnum.  ii.  22 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomh.  Fl. 
281 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxv.  501  ;  G-  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx. 
284,  and  xxi.  94  (excl.  var.  /3).  C.  maderaspatanus,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i.  278 
{excl.  syn.  Pluk.).  C.  hyalinus,  Herh.  Seyne  \  Wall.  Gat.  3313  A.  C. 
pusillus.  Herb.  Wight  (partly).  Pycreus  squarrosus,  Nees  in  Linncea  ix. 
283.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3312  D  {partly). 

From  Bkngal  to  Ceylon,  and  Meegui. — Disteib.  Trop.  Afric. 

Glabrous.  Stems  3-8  in.,  caespitose.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stems,  J^y  in. 
broad,  weak.  Umbel  rays  rarely  up  to  2  in. ;  bracts  exceeding  umbel,  leaf-like. 
Spikelets  6-20  in  a  rather  loose  spike,  in  the  common  form  \  in.  6-8-fld.,  sometimes 
nearly  1  in.,  26-fld. ;  rhachilla  dehiscing  from  a  pulvinus  above  the  two  lowest  empty 
glumes.  Stamen  1.  Nut  about  ^  length  of  glume  (excl.  its  long  arista). — Resembles 
Cyperus  aristatus,  RotLb.,  with  which  it  was  mixed  by  LinnaBus,  and  by  many 
ar  ohors  since. 

Sect.  3.  Turgiduli.  Spikelets  oblong  or  subovoid,  hardly  compressed. 
Umbels  compound.     Eobust  plants  with  coarse  leaves.     (Sp.  11.) 

ll.ylWr.  albescens,  Gutfd.  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  415;  leaves  somewhat 
thick  transversely  lineolate,  spikelets  closely  approximate  hardly  con- 
gested oomewhat  turgid  o'blorig  bearing  3-6  nuts,  glumes  obtuse,  nut  short 
broad  ovoid.  Cyperus  pennatus.  Lam.  III.  i.  144;  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  80 ; 
Thw.  Enum.  343 ;  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  194.  C.  canescens, 
Vahl  Fnum.  ii.  355  {excL  syn.  Bheede) ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  84 ;  Kurz 


624  CLXxii.  CYPERAOEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Mariscus. 

Veget.  Andamans,  54 ;  BoecJc.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  340. — Cyperus,  Wall.  Cat. 
3359  {mainly). — Bheede  Rort.  Mai.  xii.  103,  t.  55. 

From  Bbngal  to  Ceylon  and  Singapoee. — Disteib.  Trop.  Afric,  Malaya, 
Austral.,  Polynes. — mostly  near  the  sea. 

Stems  1-3  feet.  Leaves  often  nearly  as  lon^  as  stem,  ^  in.  broad.  Rays  of 
wmieZ  often  4  in.  /SpiA;e*  cylindric  or  ovoid,  cinnamomeous-red  or  brown  or  straw- 
colour.  ' 

Sect.  4.  Flabelliformes.     SpiTcdets  subulate,  hearing  4-14  nuts. 

3,2.  IWE.  microcephalus,  Presl.  Bel.  Haenk.  i.  182  ;  large,  leaves 
and  bracts  spongy,  umbel  compound  or  decompound,  spikes  stellately 
globose  brown,  spikelets  straight,  glumes  obtuse  ratlrer  remote,  nut  nar- 
rowly obovoid  top  conic  almost  beaked.  M.  dilutus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gon- 
trib.  90.  M.  giganteus,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xlii.  443.  Cyperus  conipactus, 
Retz  Obs.  V.  \0,  fide  Kunth.  C.  dilutus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii. 'Sb7  -,  Kiinth  E'riitm. 
ii.  92  ;  Thw.  Enum.  344;  Boeck.  hi  LinntFa,  xxxvi.  354;  Knrz  Jiep.  Anda- 
mans, 54,  and  in  Journ.  As.  Sac.  -^Iv.  (])art  2)  158  ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  8oc.  xxi.  1,93.  C.  spinulosus,  Roa-h.  El.  Ind.  i.  203. — Mariscus,  Wall. 
Cat.  3430,  3439.  • 

Throughout  India,  ?lt.  C-3O0O  ft.  ;  from  Mussooeee  and  Assam  to  Ceylon 
and  Penan G.— Disteib.  Mauritius,  China,  Malaya. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short.  Stems  1-3  ft.  Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  stem^  ^  in. 
broad.  Umbel  often  8-12  in.  in  diam. ;  spikes  of  20-40  spikelets.  Spikelets  some- 
times f  by  -Jj  in.,  bearing  14  nuts,  otien  much  shorter  bearing  4-8  nuts.  Nut- 
bearing  glumes  boat-shaped  with  9  faint  nerves.  Wings  of  rhachilla  oblong,  hyaline 
persistent. 

Subg,  III.  ToRULiNiUM  {Gen.  Besv.).  Spikelets  bearing  several 
nuts  ;  rhaclieola  finally  breaking  up  into  joints  each  containing  1  nut. 

13.  rvi.  ferax,  C.  B.  Clarke  ;  large  or  middle-sized,  umbel  usually 
large  compound,  spikelets  numerous  spicate  linear  bearing  4-16  small 
oblong  black  nuts,  wLiclw  fall  off  in  the  joints  of  rhacheola  held  by  the 
persistent  wlng^.  Cyperus  ferax,  L.  C.  Mich,  in  Act.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat. 
Paris,  i.  106 -,' Kunth  Enum.  ii.  89;  Boeck  in  lAnncea,  xxxvi.  399  ;  C.  B. 
Clarke  in  Jourrf.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  295  {excl.  syn.  C.  lutens),  and  xxi.  191.  C. 
odoratua,  Forsl.  Prod.  Ins.  Austral.  6;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  407  {not 
of  Linn.).  C.  ferox,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  357.  C.  pennatus,  Serb.  Mus.  Paris; 
Boeck.  I.  c.  404  {not  of  Lam.).  Diclidium  ferox,  Schrad.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras. 
ii.,  pars  1,  54. 

Bengal;  Furidpore,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Pegu,  Kurz,  n.  2686.  Meegui,  Griffith 
{Kew  Distrib.  nn.  6143,  6198). — Disteib.  All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.,  Stolons  0  ;  rhizome  hardly  any.  /Siem*  often  12-20  in.,  leaves  nearly 
as  long,  i  in.  broad  ;  but  small  examples  occur.  Umbel  very  variable,  from  ^- 
24  in.  in  diam. ;  bracteoles  (bracts  to  the  secondary  umbels)  usually  conspicuou 
leaf-like,  but  sometimes  (as  in  type  of  L.  C.  Richard)  vei-y  small.  A  as  of  spibis 
^  in.  carrying  about  20  spikelets  which  ultimately  spread  at  right  angles.  Spikelets 
commonly  ^-^  by  Jq  in.,  bearing  6-10  iluts,  yellow  or  brown.  Glumes  quadra'.e- 
elliptic,  hardly  keeled,  about  7-nerved  ;  rhachilla  (especially  in  fruit)  usually  flexuose  ; 
wings  short,  elliptic,  ultimately  becoming  firmer,  yellowish-brown,  enfolding  the 
nut.  Nut  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  overtopping  the  wings  ;  style  hardly  ^  lellg^h  of  nut, 
slender  ;  branches  linear. — This  abundant  American  species  has,  after  several  doubt- 
fully-distinct forms  have  been  gplit  off  as  species,  been  described  under  53  names. 


1 


CLxxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  625 

6.  COURTOZSZA^  Nees. 

Glumes  persistent,  2  lowest  empty,  1-3  succeeding  (in  the  Indian  species) 
bisexual  nut-bearing  winged  on  keel ;  rhacheola  disarticulating  above  the 
two  lowest  empty  glumes.  Otherwise  as  Mariscus. — Species  2  or  3,  in 
Africa,  Madagascar,  India. 

C.  cyperoideSj  Nees  in  Linncea,  ix.  [1834]  286,  and  in  Wight  Gon- 
trih.  92 ;  umbel  compound,  spikes  globose  very  dense  yellow-brown,  spike- 
lets  compressed  very  flat  broad- elliptic  containing  1-2  nuts,  style  3-fid, 
nut  narrow-oblong  |  length  of  glume.  Am.  in  Edinh.  N.  Phil.  Jonrn.  xvii. 
*262 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  127 ;  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xliv.  335,  and  in  Linncsa, 
XXXV.  434;  Benth.  in  Sook.  Ic.  PL  t.  1341.  Kyllinga  cyperoides,  Eoxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  182.  Mariscus  cyperoides,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  348.  Oyperus  Kleini- . 
anus,  Sochst.  in  Herb.  Sohenack.,  n.  645.  0.  glomeratus,  Klein  ms. — 
Wall.  Gat.  3537. 

From  SiKKiM  and  Assam  to  Madras  and  Pegf,  alt.  0-6000  ft.,  frequent. — 
DiSTEiB.  Madagascar. 

Glabrous,  annual.  Stems  3-16  in.,  caespitose.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem, 
i  in.  broad,  nearly  smooth.  Umbel  rays  3-10,  up  to  1-4  in.  long ;  bracts  3-7,  up  to 
4-12  in.  long ;  ray  lets  of  umbellules  3-5,  up  to  1  in. ;  bracteoles  of  umbellules  often 
1  in.  Spikes  ^-i  in.  in  diam.  Spikelets  ^in.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  flattened; 
keel  with  a  continuous  glistening  entire  wing  its  whole  length ;  sides  not  striate. 
Stamens  3 ;  anthers  oblong.  Nut  trigonous,  acutely-pyramidal  at  top,  almost 
beaked,  chestnut  black,  smooth,  outermost  cells  small,  subquadrate.  St^le  short, 
persistent ;  branches  linear,  much  longer  than  style,  exsert. 

7.  EZiZSOCHARZS,  B.  Br. 

Glabrous.  Stems  simple,  erect,  without  nodes.  Leaves  0,  sheaths  few 
cylindric  truncate  or  with  a  small  unilateral  subapical  tooth,  barren  leaf- 
like stems  often  present.  Inflorescence  a  single  (rarely  more)  terminal 
spikelet.  Glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides,  obtuse  ;  lowest  "  bract,"  (but  not 
always  empty),  not  longer  than  the  spikelet.  Lowest  flower  nut-bearing, 
perfect ;  many  succeeding  glumes  usually  nut-bearing,  upper  tabescent. 
Hypogynous  bristles  8-5,  rarely  fewer  (in  E.  atrojpurpurea,  often  small 
or  0).  Stamens  ^-1,  anterior;  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  crested.  Style 
linear,  as  long  as  the  nut,  branches  3  or  2,  linear;  style-base  dilated, 
constricted  or  apparently  articulated  on  the  nut,  but  usually  persistent. 
Nut  obovoid,  plano-convex  (when  style  bifid)  or  trigonous  (when  style 
trifid).— -Species  113,  cosmopolitan. 

Sect.  I.  LiMNOCHLOA,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  114  {not  of  Lestib.)  ; 
stems  stout  or  medium ;  spikelets  elongate,  many-fld. ;  glumes  subrigid, 
plano-concave,  not  (or  scarcely)  keeled,  of  one  colour  nearly. — All  stoloni- 
ferous. 

*  Nut  smooth  (i.e.  outer  cells  small,  quadrate-hexagonal,  inconspicuous). 
Style  2-3-fid. 

1.  E.  plantagrinea,  Br.  Prod.  224  {in  note);  stems  robust  terete 
transversely  septate  when  dry,  spikelet  fuscous  straw-colrd.  hardly  wider 
than  stem,  style  2-3-fid.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  302 ;  Thwaites  Enum. 
352.  ^.  tumida,  Boem.  Sf  Seh.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  86.  Scirpus  plantagi- 
noides,  Bottb.  Descr.  ef  Ic.  45,  t.  15,  fig.  2.  S.  plantagineus,  Betz.  Obs.jT^^ 
14;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  212    ?  S.  dubius,  jRoxb.  I.  c.  215  (specimen  imper- 

^VOL.  VI,  >  s  s 


^26  CLxxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Eleocharis. 

feet).  S.  tumidus,  JRoxb.  I.  c.  Limnochloa  plantaginea  and  tumida,  Nees 
in  Wight  Contrib.  114.  Heleocharis  plantaginea,  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvi. 
474  in  small  part.     Eleocharis,  Wall.  Gat  3454  {except  B). 

From  SiND,  Saharunpoee  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. 
— DiSTEiB.  Tropics  of  Old  World. 

Stolons  long,  i in.  diam.  Stems  1-3  ft.,  i-^  in.  diam. ;  slender  {So.  plantagi- 
neus,  Roxb.),  or  stout  (Sc.  tumidus,  Roxb.)  ;  sheaths  membranous,  soon  torn.  Spike- 
let  ^-li  by  i-^  in.  (in  some  Madagascar  examples  3^  in.  long).  Glumes  \  in., 
suberect,  densely  packed,  obovate,  with  numerous  striations  on  the  back;  1-3 
lowest  empty  persistent,  lowest  stouter  appearing  as  though  a  continuation  of  the 
stem.  Bristles  7,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  nut,  retrorsely  scabrous,  yellow-brown. 
Nut  rather  large,  ^-|  of  glume,  biconvex  or  obscurely  trigonous ;  style-base  de- 
pressed conic,  brown-black.  The  American  plants  referred  to  plantaginea  by 
Boeckeler  are  very  distinct  (E.  interstincta,  Br.)  (see  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  292). 

2.  E.  equisetina,  Presl.  Bel.  HsenJc.  i.  195;  stems  slender  terete 
transversely  septate  when  dry,  spikelet  fuscous  straw-colrd.  wider  than 
the  stem,  style  2-fid. 

Ceylon  ;  Wallcer,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3777).— Disteib.  N.  Caledonia,  Philippines. 

Stems  1  foot,  to~6  ^°'  diam. ;  uppermost  sheath  close-fitting,  firm,  terminated 
on  one  %ide  by  an  oblong-triangular  tooth.  I^ut  obovoid,  somewhat  narrowed 
triangularly  at  top. — Perhaps  a  var.  of  E.  plantaginea ;  I  cannot  distinguish  the 
Ceylon  from  the  Philippine  examples. 

**  Nut  reticulate  or  traheculate.     Style  ^-Jid,  rarely  2-Jid. 

3.  Zi.    varieg'ata^   Kunth  Enum.    ii.    153 ;    stems   robust    nearly 
terete  not  transversely   septate,    glumes   suberect   laxly  imbricate   red- 
brown  near  their  margin,  bristles  7  retrorse  scabrous  about  as  long  as  the 
cancellate  nut.     Heleocharis  variegata,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  470. — ' 
Mascarene  Isles. 

Var.  laxiflora,  stems  more  slender,  subtrigonous  under  narrower  spikelet,  glumes 
fuscous  green  not  red  brown  near  margin,  bristles  longer  than  finely  traheculate 
nut.  Scirpus  laxiflorus,  Tim.  Enum.  435. — Eleocharis,  Wall.  Cat.  3454,  B 
{partly).  - 

Assam  ;  Simons.  •  Silhet  ;  J.  JD.  Hooker.  Ceylon  ;  Thwaites,  Malay  Penin- 
sula, frequent  to  Singapore,  Kurz. — Distrib.  Malaya,  China,  Polynesia, 

Stems  8-16  in. ;  uppermost  sheath  membranous,  on  one  side  ovate,  subacute  at  top. 
Spikelet  nearly  1  by  ^  in.  Glumes  ^  in.,  lowest  as  though  a  continuation  of  the 
stem,  persistent.  Style  3-fid,  or  sometimes  2-fid.  Nut  slightly  narrowed  at  apex, 
style-base  conic ;  outer  cells  transversely  oblong,  small,  superposed  in  30-40  vertical 
series,  the  nut  appearing  longitudinally  30-40- striate. 

4.  E.  ochrostachys,  Steud.  Byn.  Cyp.  80  {not  of  Boeck.) ;  stems 
slender  nearly  terete  not  transversely  septate  many  barren  intermixed, 
spikelet  slender  scarcely  broader  than  the  stem,  glumes  suberect  laxly 
imbricate  dusky  green,  style  3-fid.  Heleocharis  subulata,  Boeck.  in  Flora, 
xli.  412. 

Malacca  ;  Griffijlh.     Singapoee  ;  Ridley. — Disteib.  Java,  Borneo. 

Stems  8  by  aV"^  i^*  Spikelet  less  than  ^  in. — This  does  not  difier  much  from 
very  slender  examples  of  S.  variegata,  var.  laxiflora,  except  by  the  numerous  barren 
stems.  /l,//«/»^        J      1 

5.  E.  fistulosa,  Schultes  in  Boem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  MQ.nt.  89;  stems 
robust  not  transversely  septate  triquetrous  under  the  spikelet,  spikelet 


Eleocharis,']  clxxii.  cyperace.e.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  627 

nearly  an  inch  acute,  bristles  6  as  long  as  the  cancellate  nut  retrorsely 
scabrous,  style  usually  3-fid.  E.  acutangula  and  media,  Schultes  I.  c.  91. 
E.  planiculmis,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  80 ;  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  ArcMp.  ii.  62. 
Scirpus  fistulosus,  Poir.  Encycl.  vi.  749.  S.  acutangulus  and  medius, 
Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  213.  Limnochloa  media  and  acutangula,  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  114.  Heleocharis  fistulosa,  Boeck.  in  Linnoea,  xxxvi.  472. — 
Eleocharis,  Wall.  Cat  3453. 

'    From    Nepal    and    Assam     to    Burma     and    Ceylon. — Di^eib.     Tropics 
generally. 

Stems  1-3  ft.  by  f  in.  SpiJcelet  scarcely  broader  than  the  stem,  dusky  green. 
Glumes  \  in.,  suberect,  obovate,  rather  laxly  imbricate,  dirty  straw-colrd.  Nut  a» 
long  as  \  glume,  unequally  biconvex,  obovoid,  top  narrowed ;  style-base  ovoid- 
conic  ;  outermost  cells  transverse-oblong,  superposed  in  24-40  vertical  series,  nut 
hence  longitudinally  striate. 

6.  Zi.  spiralis,  Br.  Prod.  224  {in  note) ;  stems  robust  not  transversely 
septate  triquetrous  under  spikelet,  spikelet  f-1  in.  obtuse,  glumes  obtuse 
subtruncate,  bristles  much  shorter  than  cancellate  nut  irregular  smooth. 
Thw.  Enum.  352  {excl.  syn.  media).  Scirpus  spiralis,  Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic. 
45,  t.  15,  fig.  1 ;  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  212  ;  Wall.  Gat.  3454,  B  {partly).  S. 
mutatus,  Roxh.  mss.     Limnochloa  spiralis,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  114. 

S.  India;  not  common;  E.  Bengal;  Oriffith;  Kurz.  Bombay;  Salsette, 
Jacquemont.  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Wallich.  Buema  ;  Qriffitli,  &c.  Ceylon  ; 
Thwaites,  &c. — DiSTEiB.  Mauritius  ? 

Stems  2  ft.  by  ^-i  in.  Spikelet  i-i  in.  diam.  ;  very  dense,  marked  by  a  spiral 
line  apparently  i.e.  the  summits  of  the  very  erect  close  regular  glumes.  Qlumes 
obovate,  summit  much  depressed  triangular  nearly  truncate.  Style  2-3-fld. 
Bristles  slender  from  ^-\  the  length  of  the  glume,  half- obsolete.  Nut  half  as  long 
as  glume ;  style-base  often  nearly  confluent  with  nut;  outermost  cells  shortly  trans- 
versely oblong,  superimposed  in  36-40  vertical  series,  so  that  the  nut  exhibits  36-40 
slender  striatious. 

Sect.  II.  Eleogenus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  112  (Crenus) ;  stems 
slender  or  medium ;  spikelets  many  or  few-fld.,  usually  wider  than  the 
stems ;  glumes  membriinons,  usually  1-3-nerved,  keel  green  ;  style  2-fid. — 
Heleocharis  (Genus).  Lestib.  Essai  Gyp.  41. 

7.  E.  atropurpurea^  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  151  ;  roots  fibrous,  stems 
slender,  spikelet  small  ovdid  or  subcylindric,  bristles  retrorsely  scabrous 
white  or  0,  nut  black  smooth,  style  2-fid  base  small  depressed -conic  white. 
J.  Gay  in  Flora  xxv.  641  ;  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxv.  269.  Scirpus 
atropurpureus,  Retz.  Obs.  v.  14  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  219 ;  Reich.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
viii.  37,  t.  295.  Eleogenus  atropurpureus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  113. 
Heleocharis  atropurpurea,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  454  {excl.  var.  y). 
■— Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  3489. 

West  Himalaya,  alt.  3000  ft.,  to  Assam  and  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Tropics 
generally,  except  Malaya. 

^^ems  2-6  in.  Spikelet  |-|  in.,  many-fld.  Glumes  broad,  obtuse,  black-chest- 
nut, keel  green.  Bristles  in  the  Indian  tropical  examples  usually  7-5,  as  long  as  the 
nut,  in  the  Himalayan  (as  in  the  European)  examples  0  or  very  small.  Nut 
minute,  obovoid,  compressed,  as  long  as  |-f  glume. 

8.  E.  capitata,  Br.  Prod.  225  ;  roots  fibrous,  stems  somewhat  slender, 
spikelet  small  dense '  obtuse,  bristles  as  long  as  nut  retrorsely  scabrous 
brown  or  ferruginous,  nut  black  smooth,  style  2-fid  base  small  depressed 

s  s  2 


628  OLXXTi.  CTPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [EleocTiaris. 

pale.  Decne  in  Nouv.  Ann.  Mus.  iii.  361  ;  Thw.  Enum.  351 ;  Bah.  &  Gibs. 
Bomb.  Fl.  285 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  299.  Scirpus  capitatus,  Linn. 
{jpartly) ;  Roxh.  F.  Ind.  i.  215.  Eleogenns  capitatus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
112-  Heleocharis  capitata,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  461. — Isolepis?  Wall. 
Gat.  3486,  3487,  A,  3493. 

Behae  and  Bengal  to  Ceylon  and  Singapoeb,  not  common. — Distrib.  Most 
warm  countries. 

Stems  2-14  in.  Spikelet  i-Mn.,  pale.  Bristles  7,  or  fewer.  Nut  as  long  as 
f  glume,  compressed,  obovoid.  — ^Usually  easily  distinguished  from  E.  atropurpurea 
by  its  larger  size ;  but  small  examples  can  hardly  be  separated  except  by  the  coloured 
bristles  (which  are  glistening-white  in  E.  atropurpurea). 

9.  Zf.  ovata,  Br.  Prod.  224  {in  note)  ;  roots  fibrous,  stems  somewhat 
slender,  spikelet  small  dense,  bristles  exceeding  the  nut  retrorsely  scabrous 
brown,  nut  straw-colrd.  or  brownish  smooth,  style  2-fid  base  broad 
triangular.  C.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxv.  268.  Scirpus  ovatus,  Both. 
Gated,  i.  5.  Eleogenus  ovatus,  Nees  in  Linncea,  ix.  294.  Heleoclxaris 
ovata,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xliii.  2,  and  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  462  ;  Boiss.  Fl. 
Orient,  v.  387. 

India;  Wallich,  3487  {partly  in  Herb.  Kew). — Distrib.  Tropics  and  temp, 
regions. 

Very  much  resembles  E.  capitata,  except  in  the  colour  of  the  nut,  and  the  shape 
of -the  style-base. 

10.  JEm.  palustris,  Br.  Prod.  224  {in  note) ;  rhizome  creeping,  stems 
medium  or  stoutish,  spikelet  ellipsoid  or  cylindric  dense- fld.,  nut  yellow 
or  brownish,  style  2-fid  base  conical  or  ovoid,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  113  ; 
G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxv.  267.  E.  uniglumis,  Nees  I.  c.  113. 
Scirpus  palustris,  Linn.  8p.  PI.  70;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  38,  t.  297. 
S.  uniglumis.  Link  Jahrb.  iii.  77.  Heleocharis  palustris,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient. 
V.  386 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvi.  466  (excl.  examples  with  3-fid  style). — 
Eleocharis,  Wall.  Gat.  3449,  3450,  3451,  3455. 

From  the  W.  Himalaya,  ascending  to  12,500  ft.,  to  Sind  and  Bbngal.— 
Distrib.  Cosmopolitan  (not  known  from  Australia,  Oceania  or  Malaya). 

Rhizome  black  or  chestnut.  '  Stems  4-20  by  aV'i  ^?^-  diam. ;  uppermost  sheath 
truncate,  on  one  side  sometimes  triangularly  produced.  Spikelet  \-l  by  -i  in., 
chestnut  or  straw-colrd.  Glumes  obtuse,  persistent,  keel  green,  lowest  empty  about 
i  surrounding  or  (in  form  uniglumis")  almost  wholly  surrounding  stem.  Bristles  6, 
as  long  as  nut,  retrorsely  scabrous,  rusty-brown,  or  (more  frequently)  reduced  both 
in  numbers  and  length.  Stamens  3,  but  in  floWers  near  the  tabescent  top  of  the 
spikelet,  and  in  small  depauperated  examples,  2-1.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume, 
unequally  biconvex,  obovoid,  much  narrowed  at  top,  sometimes  to  a  very  short 
beak  j  style-base  contracted  below  on  nut ;  outer  cells  of  nut  quadrate-hexagonal 
or  shortly  longitudinal  oblong,  obscure  i.e.  nut  smooth ;  or  very  rarely  cells  more 
prominent,  i.e.  nut  reticulated. 

Sect.  III.  Eleocharis  proper. — As  Sect.  II.  (Eleogenus),  but  style 
3-fid. — Limnochloa,  Lestib.  Essai  Gyp.  41  {not  of  Nees.) 

*  Acicniares.  Nut  trabeculate  i.  e.  its  outer  transversely-oblong  small 
cells  superimposed  in  vertical  series  so  that  the  nut  appears  longitudinally 
striate.  - 

11.  E.  aci'cularis,  Br.  ProcZ.  224  {in  note);  rjaizome  filiform,  stems 
capillary,  spikelet^ slender  few-fld.,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong-lanceolate  straw- 


Eleockaris,]  clxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  629 

colrd.  C.  JB.  Clarke  in  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  xxv.  270.  Scirpus  acicularis, 
Linn.  Sp.  PI.  71  {partly) ;  Reich.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  294,  eleochari^ ;  Boech.  in 
LinncBa,  xxxvi.  431.  Claaetocyperus  costulatus,  Nees  et  Meyen  PI.  Meyen, 
96. 

Madras  Peninsula  j  Hottler  {Eerl.  Kew). — Disteib.  Europe,  N.  &  E.  Asia, 
America. 

Stems  2-4:  in.  SpiJcelet  \  in.,  with  4-6  (rarely  8-10)  nuts.  Glumes  in  the  few- 
fld.  spikelets  subremote,  lower  2-3-8tichou8,  upper  distinctly  spiral.  Bristles  3-4, 
white,  feebly  retrorse  scabrid,  variable  in  length,  occasionally  wanting.  Nut  as  long 
as  |-|  the  glume,  polyhedral,  subterete,  with  12-15  longitudinal  ribsj  style-base 
small  narrow  bulbiform. 

**  Chaetariese.  Nut  coarsely  prominently  cancellated  i.e.  its  outer  sub- 
quadrate  4arge  cells  prominent. 

12.  E.  Clisetaria,  Boem.  Sc  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  154  and  Mant.  ii.  90 ;  roots 
fibrous,  stems  small,  spikelet  small  few-fld.,  style  3-fid,  nut  triquetrous 
white  truncate.  E.  setacea,  Br.  Prod.  224  (in  note),  not  225.  Cyperus 
setaceus,  Betz.  Ohs.  v.  10;  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  185.  Chaetocyperus  Lim- 
nocharis,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  96.  Ch.  setaceus,  Nees  in  Linncea,  ix. 
289 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  298 ;  Thw.  JEnum.  351.  Heleocharis  Chaetaria, 
Boeck.  in  Linnceay  xxxvi.  428. — Isolepis,  Wall.  Cat.  3485. 

Bengal  to  Ceylon  and  Malacca. — Disteib.  Tropics. 

Rhizome  0,  or  sometimes  nearly  an  inch,  filiform,  white.  Stems  usually  1-4  in., 
occasionally  6-10  in. ;  (uppermost  sheath  lax,  whitened,  scarcely  torn.  Spikelet  ^ 
in. ,  with  1-4  nuts.  Glumes  subdistichous,  upper  spiral.  Bristles  6,  as  long  as  nut, 
retrorsely  scabrous,  pale,  occasionally  smaller  or  obsolete.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume, 
the  acute  angles  sometimes  excurrent  at  its  shoulder,  outer  cells  in  each  face  in 
6-10  series,  sometimes  perforated,  style-base  depressed-conic. 

***  Leiocarpic89.  Nut  smooth,  i.e.  outer  cells  quadrate-hexagonal  or 
shortly  longitudinal  oblong  obscure  so  that  the  n  ut  is  neither  distinctly 
striated  nor  distinctly  reticulated. 

13.  E.   subvivipara,  Boech  in  Linnesa,   xxxvi.  424  (Heleocharis) "_ 
casspitose,    stems    filiform,     spik,elet    often    proliferous,     lower     glumes ' 
2-3-stichous,  nut  obovoid  much  narrowed  at  top,  style  3-fid  base  linear- 
conic.     H.  caespitosissima,,  5a^er  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.xxi.  450. 

Khasia  Hills;  alt.  4-5000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke-,  Nilghiri  Hills  (fide 
Boeckeler). — Disteib.  Madagascar. 

Boots  fibrous,  or  (fide  Baker)  slender  stolons  sometimes  present.  Stems  4^-16 
in. ;  uppermost  sheath  truncate.  Spikelet  i-i  in.,  few-fld.,  sometimes  longer 
clavate  with  many  empty  lower  glumes.  Bristles  6,  as  long  as  nut,  retrorse- 
scabrous,  pale  ferruginous.  Nut  as  long  as  ^f  the  glume,  trigonous,  olive, 
narrowed  at  top  into  an  exceedingly  short  narrow  neck  j  style-base  very  much 
narrower  than  nut,  wider  than  neck  of  nut. 

14.  E.  afflata,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  76;  caespitose,  stems  slender 
uppermost  sheath  truncate  spikelet  dense  sometimes  proliferous,  nut 
obovoid  yellowish  green,  base  large  pyramidal,  style  3-fid,  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  299.  E .  subprolifera,  Steud.  I.  c.  80  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
300.  Scirpus  afflatus,  Benth.  Fl'.  Hongk.  394.  ECeleocharis  subpro- 
lifera, BoecJc,  in  Linnesa,  xxxvi.  426.  H.  Thomsoni,  Boeck.  I.  c.  451.  !£, 
ochrostachya,  Boeck.  J.  c.  452  {not  of  Steud.).     H.  chlorocarpa,  BoecJc.  in 


630  CLxxii.  CYPEEACE.E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)         [Eleoeharis. 

Flora,  Ixi.  1878,  34     H.  Kuntzei,  Boeck.  Cvp.  Nov.  i.  14.— Eleocliaris  sp 
n.  3,  Herb.  Ind.  Ord.  S.f.  Sc  T.  Th.  ^ 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  0-6000  ft. ;  Assam  ;  Griffith  5  Munnipoeb,  Watt ;  Burma, 
Oriffitli,  &c. — DiSTRiB.  E.  Asia,  Java. 

Stems  4-16  in.,  4-6-8triate;  uppermost  sheath  with  an  oblique  triangular 
(scarcely  mucronate)  mouth.  Spikelet  ^-^  in.,  lower  glumes  in  numerous  spires. 
Bristles  6  or  5-4,  as  long  as  nut,  retrorsely  scabrous,  pale  brown.  Nut  as  long  as 
i-f  glume,  trigonous,  top  slightly  narrowed  truncate  closely  applied  to  style-base 
(not  forming  a  minute  neck  under  it). 

15.  Zi.  congresta,  Don  Prodr.  41 ;  caespitose,  stems  slender,  upper- 
most sheath  truncate  with  a  lateral  tooth,  spikelet  dense  sometimes  pro- 
liferous, style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  narrowed  at  top  yellpwish  brown,  style - 
base  bulbiform.  E.  palustris  (?  Br.  vel.  sp.  nova)  Strachey  Gat.  PI. 
Kumaon,  73.  E.  ovata,  Thw.  Enum.  351  {not  Br.).  Scirpus  congestus, 
Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  post.  27. — Eleoeharis  purpurascens,  Boeck.  in  LinneBa, 
xxxvi.  455. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  3-6500  ft.  (except  Bengal).  Kashmir,  C.  B.  Clarke; 
Nepal,  Wallich',  Chota  Nagpoee,  C.  B.  Clarke;  Nilghiei  Hills,  Perotbet; 
Ceylon  ;  Thwaites. 

Stems  with  many  striations  (hence  nearly  terete),  not  4-6-striate  angular  (as  B. 
afflata)  ;  mouth  of  uppermost  sheath  usually  horizontal  with  a  small  tooth  ^  in.  long 
excurrent  horizontally  below  the  margin  then  curving  upwards. — Otherwise  as  <S. 
afflata,  of  which  this  may  be  a  Western  var,,  often  referred  to  E.  palustris, 
from  which  species  it  widely  differs  in  the  fibrous  roots,  B-fid  style  and  trigonous 
nut. 

16.  E.  tetraquetra,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  113;  rhizome  short, 
stems  4^3.quetrous,  spikelet  oblong-ellipsoid  dense,  bristles  6  longer  than 
nut  brown-red  densely  retrorse-scabrous  subplumose,  style  3-fid.  Thw, 
Enum.  351.  E.  erythrochlamys,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  300.  Heleocharis 
tetraquetra,  Boeck.  in  LinncBa,  xxxvi.  447.  H.  Wichurai,  Boeck.  I.  c. 
4)48.  H.  alta,  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  17.  Scirpus  Wichurai,  Franch. 
8f  8av.  Fl.  Japon.  ii.  544  (not  of  Boeck.).  S.  Hakonensis  and  S.  Onaei, 
Franch.  8f  Sav.  I.  c.  ii.  110,  111.  S.  petasatus,  Maxim,  in  Bull  Soc  Mosc. 
liv.  64.— Eleoeharis,  Wall.  Gat.  3452. 

Throughout  India  in  the  hills,  alt.  1500-11,000  ft.;  from  Kumaon  to 
SiKKiM,  and  the  Khasia  Hills  to  Ceylon  and  Buema.— Disteib.  E.  Asia, 
Australia. 

Rhizome  usually  'descending,  short ;  long  slender  stolons  covered  by  scales,  some- 
times present.  Sterfis  8  in.  to  nearly  3  ft. ;  uppermost  sheath  truncate,  with  some- 
times a  minute  lateral  tooth.  Spikelet  i-f  in.,  often  a  fine  brown.  Retrorse  barbs 
of  the  bristles  much  longer  more  densely  placed  than  in  other  species,  in  evolute 
examples  bristles  quite  plumose.  Kut  ^  length  of  glume,  trigonous,  obovoid, 
yellowish,  narrowed  at  top:  style-base  equalling  §-f  length  of  nut,  ovoid,  fuscous, 
scabrous. 

8.  FIXUEBRZSTVX.ZS,   yahl. 

Stems  tufted,  roots  fibrous  or  woody,  short ;  stolons  0  (except  in  F. 
stolonifera  Sf  Pierotii).  Leaves  only  near  base  of  stem.  Inflorescence 
terminal,  umbellate,  corymbose  or  reduced  to  few  (or  one)  spikelets. 
Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  many-fld.  Glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides 
or  (in  Sect.  Ahildgaardia)  lower  distichous  or  subdistichous,  upper- 
most nut-bearing  spiral;  1-2   (rarely  3)  lowest  empty,  several   succeed- 


Fimbristylis.']  clxxii.  cyperacb^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  631 

ing  with  bisexual  flowers  deciduous,  upper  tabescent.  Stamens  3  or  2-1, 
anterior;  anthers  not  (or  shortly)  crested.  Bristles  0.  Style  long  or 
longish,  often  villous,  3-  or  2-tid,  deciduous  (leaving  no  button),  or 
persistent ;  style-base  dilated,  constricted  below  the  dilatation.  Nut 
obovold  (very  rarely  oblong),  obtuse ;  gynophore  more  or  less  prominent, 
sometimes  dilated  at  apex  into  an  obscurely  3-lobed  saucer. — Species  125, 
all  warm  regions. 

CONSPECTUS  or  THE  SECTIONS  (exceptions  omitted). 
Sect.  I.  Eleochaeoides.    Stems  with  one  spikelet Sp.  1-9. 


Sect.  II.  DiCHELOSTYLis.     Style  2-fid. 

Series  A.     Spikelets  solitary 

Series  B.     Spikelets  clustered 

Sect.  III.  Trichelostylis.     Style  3-fid. 

Series  A.     Spikelets  solitai'y      .     .     .     .     . 
Series  B.     Spikelets  clustered 

Sect.  IV.  Abildgaardia.    Lower  glumes  distichous 


Sp.  10-26. 
.    Sp.  27-30. 

Sp.  31-45. 
Sp.  46-51. 

Sp.  52-58. 

Sect.  I.  Eleocharoides,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  301.  Lowest  fertile 
glumes  of  the  spikelet  spirally  imbricated;  stems  with  1  spikelet  (1-3  in 
F.  joolytrichoides). 

*  Sti/le  2'-Jid ;  nut  biconvex. 

t  Nut  oblong,  style  subpersistent. 

1.  r.  tetrag-ona;  Br.  Prod.  [1810]  226 ;  stem  nearly  leafless,  spike- 
let somewhat  large  conic  dense-fld.,  style-branches  2  short,  nut  reticulate 
straw-colrd.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  305.  F.  cylindrocarpa,  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  222  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnesa,  xxxvii.  7 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  xxxix.  part  2, 
85.  F.  sih^iciens,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  107;  Mic[.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.'dlQ.  F. 
Arnottii,  Thw.  Enum.  348.  Mischospora  efoliata,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xliii. 
113.— Isolepis?,  Wall.  Cai.  3490F. 

Throughout  India,  except  the  North- West,  alt.  0-3000  ft. ;  from  Nepal  and 
Bombay  to  Ceylon  and  Tavot. — Dis^eib.  E.  Asia,  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-24  in.,  tufted,  obscurely  quadrangular;  uppermost  sheath 
laterally  mucronate  or  produced,  sometimes  up  to  \~\\  in.,  lanceolate,  coloured, 
hardly  foliaceous.  Spikelet  i-|  in.,  terete,  erect.  Glumes  oblong,  truncate,  scarcely 
mucronate,  keeled,  horizontally  spreading  ;-2  or  3  lowest  empty,  ovate,  much 
shorter  than  spike.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3).  Style  long,  flattened,  villous  nearly  to 
the  base.  Nut  as  long  as  ^-|  glume,  linear-oblong,  plane-convex,  curved,  deciduous 
with  glume,  stalked ;  outermost  cells  quadrate-hexagonal,  conspicuous,  in  about  9 
longitudinal  series  on  each  face  of  nut. 

ft  Nut  ohovoid,  transversely  wavy  wrinkled  or  ridged  (outermost  cells 
longitudinally  oblong). 

2.  r.  acuminata^  Vahl  Fnurn.  ii.  285 ;  stem  leafless  with  one  erect 
lanceolate  spikelet,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  transversely  wavy  wrinkled 
straw-colrd.  rarely  becoming  discoloured  brown.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib. 
96  ;  Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  314;  Thw.  Enum.  348;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii. 
3.  F.  acicularis,  Br.  Prod.  226.  Scirpus  sca_ber,  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  220. 
Eleogiton  scabra,  Dietr.  Sp.  Fl  ii.  99.— Isolepis  ?,  Wall.  Gat.  3487  B 
(par%),  3494. 


632  CLXXii.  CTPEEACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [FimhristyUs. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-2000  ft.,  from  Kumaon  and  Assam,  to  Ceylon  and 
Malacca. — Disteib.  E.  Asia'  Malaya,  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-12  in.,  slender^  obscurely  quadrangular;  uppermost  sheath 
produced  on  one  side,  0-^  in.  Spikelet  \-^  in.  Glumes  ovate,  scarcely  mucronate, 
pale  or  chestnut  with  green  keel ;  lowest  2-3  empty,  much  shorter  than  spikelet. 
Stamens  usually  2.  Style  nearly  as  long  as  nut,  flattened,  slightly  villous  at  top  ; 
branches  shorter  than  style.  Nut  as  long  as  ^-|  glume,  biconvex,  with  4-7  strong 
transverse  ridges. 

3.  r.  setacea,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  [1843]  239; 
stem  bristle-like,  leafless  (see  var.)  with  one  slender  erect  lanceolate  spike- 
let, style  2-fid,  nut  very  small  obovoid  transversely  wavy  wrinkled  white. 
F.  acuminata,  /3  hh««1',  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  '61^ Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
xxxvii.  4.     Isolepis  cochleata,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  100.   ' 

5.  BuBMA,  Kurz.  Singapore,  Kurz,  EidZey.— Distrib.  Amboyna,  N.  Aus- 
tralia. 

Stem  4-6  in.  Spikelet  \  by  J^  in.  Glumes  pale,  thin,  almost  (except  keel) 
hyaline. — Differs  from  F.  acuminata  by  its  slenderness  and  very  small  nut. 

Var.  brevifolia  (sp.)  Steud.  I.  c.  72  (sub  Ahildgaardia)  ;  leaves  more  or  less 
developed,  sometimes  nearly  as  long  as  stem. — Philippines,  Australia. 

4.  r.  nutans,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  [1806]  285 ;  stem  nearly  leafless,  spike- 
let oblong  or  ovoid  often  oblique,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  transversely  wavy 
wrinkled  white  rarely  discoloured.  Nees  in  Wight  Gonirib.  96 ;  TMo.  JEnum^ 
348  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  6.     Scirpus  nutans,  Retz  Qhs.  iv.  12. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2500  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Burma,  GriffitJi,  &c.  Nicobaes, 
Kurz.     Ceylon,  Thwaites,  &c. — Distrib.  Borneo,  China,  Australia. 

Stem  8-20  in.  Spikelet  i  by  ^  in.  Glumes  rusty -brown,  lowest  a  little  larger, 
much  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  deciduous. — Hardly  differs  from  F.  acuminata  but 
by  the  rather  broader,  oblique  spikelet. 

ttt  Niit  obovoid',  sniooth,  reticulate  {i.e.  outermost  cells  arranged  as  brick- 
wall  parenchyma). 

o.  F^  polytrjtchoide^,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  [1806]  248;  slender,  glabrous, 
stem  with  1  (rarely  2-3)  ellipsoid-oblong  obtuse  spikelet,  glumes  ovate 
obtuse,  style  2-fid,  nut  smooth  brown-black  often  slightly  white-scaly  on 
shoulders.  JS'ees  in  Wighi  Conti^.  96  ;  Thw.  Fnum.  348.  F.  sub-bulbosa, 
Boeck.  in  Flora,  xli.  598.  >  F.  juncea,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  4  {not  of 
Ttoem.  Sf  8ch.),.  Scirpus  polytrichoides,  Eetz.  Obs.iv.  11.  Isolepis  ?,  Wall. 
Cdt.  3487  ^  {partly),  C,  d5S2.—Bumph.  Amb.  vi.  17,, t.  7,  fig.  1. 

From  Bengal  to  Cetlon  and  Malacca,  commmi  near  the  sea. — Distrib. 
tropics  of  Old  World.  ^  — '    ^^-— » 

Stews  1^-8  in.  Leaves  about  half  as  long  as  stem ;- sheaths  glabrous  or  obscurely 
puberulous.  Spikelet  commonly  i  by  |  in.  Glumes  many,  densely  imbricate  on  all 
sides,  fuscous  brown  ;  2-3  lowest  empty,  often  like  the  others,  but  lowest  sometimes 
1  in.,  as  though  a  continuation  of  stem.  Stamens  3-1.  Style  rather  shorter  than 
nut,  glabrous,  base  little  dilated.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume,  obovoid,  biconvex; 
outermost  cells  in  about  30  rows  on  each  face,  ultimately  marcescent  scarious. 

Var.  HALOPHiLA  (sp.),  Kurz  ms.  ;  stems  and  leaves  stouter,  spikelet  up  to  i 
by  i  in. — Bengal;  Soondreebun,  ^«r2.     Madras;  'NeWore,  Gamble. 

6.  r.  te  nuicula,  Boeck.  in  LinncBa,  xxxviii.  385 ;  stem  bristle-like, 
sheaths  hairy,  spikelet  cjlindric-lanceolate,  glumes  ovate  obtuse  minutely 


Fimbristylis.']         clxxii.  ctperaceji.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  633 

mticronate,    style  2-fid,    nut    smooth,    brown    obscurely    white-scaly   on 
shoulders. 

Sylhet,  C.  B.  Clarke.     Tenasseeim,  Heifer. 

Stem  4-8  in.  SpiJcelet  i  by  ^  in.  Glumes  suberect,  dirty  straw-colour,  keel 
green,  lowest  like  the  others  or  if  bracteiform  shorter  than  spikelet.  Stamens  1-2. 
Stt/le  below  bifurcation  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy.  Nut  less  obtuse  than  that  of 
F.  polytricJioides ;  outermost  cells  larger,  in  about  15  longitudinal  rows  on  each  face 
of  nut. — Otherwise  as  F.  polt/trichoides,  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  its  narrower 
acuter  spikelet. 

**  Style  d-Jid ;  nut  trigonous. 

7.  r.  pauciflora,  Br.  Prod.  ^Sf5 ;  stem  bristle-like,  spikelet  slender 
lanceolate  pale,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  white  shoulders  subtubercled. 
Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  303.  F.  filif ormis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  .221 ;  Miq.  Ft. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  314 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  23.  F.  pumila,  Benth.  in 
Hook.  Bond.  Journ.  Bot.  ii.  [1843]  239 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  315.  F. 
malaccana,'  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xli.  597.  Trichelostylis  filiformis,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  102.     Isolepis  ?,  Wall.  Gat.  3488. 

From  Meegtji,  Griffith,  to  Singapore,  Wallich. — Distrib.  E.  Asia,  Malaya, 
N.  Australia. 

Annual,  glabrous.  Stems  4-8  (rarely  12)  in.,  tufted,  leafless,  or  lower  sheaths 
sometimes  leaf-bearing  (or  fide  Boeckeler  uppermost  sheath  sometimes  leaf -bearing). 
Spikelet  l  by  Jjj  in.  Glumes  ovate,  imbricate  (somewhat  loosely)  on  all  sides,  erect, 
concave,  adpressed,  white,  subscarious,  with  rusty  spots  on  the  back,  all  falling ; 
rhacheola  scarcely  hispid.  Stamens  frequently  2.  Style  below  trifurcation  nearly 
glabrous,  deciduous  together  with  its  narrowly-pyramidal  style -base.  Nut  as  long 
as  i  glume ;  outermost  cells  small,  obscure. 

8.  r.  ILingrii,  0.  B.  Clarke  ms. ;  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  ii.  40 ;  stem  slender 
hairy,  spikelet  ovoid-ellipsoid,  glumes  ovate  obtuse,  styie  3ifid,  nut  obovoid 
dusky  black  minutely  scabrid. 

NiLGHiEi  Hills,  alt.  6-8000  ft. 

Mhizome  very  short.  Stems  4-12  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  narrow, 
hairy.  Spikelet  ^  in.,  terminal,  erect,  terete,  dense-fld.  Glumes  imbricate  on  all 
sides,  adpressed,  concave  scarcely  keeled,  chestnut-brown,  slenderly  3-5-nerved, 
glabrous  j  lowest  empty,  like  the  others  or  more  seldom  bracjb-like  ^-1  in.  Stamens 
3.  Style  long,  slender,  glabrous,  deciduous  together  with  its  narrowly-pyramidal 
base;  branches  long.  Nut  as  long  as  i  glume,  trigonous;  outermost  cells  small, 
subquadrate,  lax,  subpapillose,  scarious. — Near  the  Australian  F.  monandra,  F. 
Mueller.  '  ^ 

^  9.  P.  subtrabeculata,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  stem  slender,  spikelet  ellip- 
soid, glumes  ovate  obtuse,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  straw-colrd.  smooth 
subtrabeculate. 

NiLGHiRi  Hills  ;  Pykara,  alt.  5600  ft..  Gamble.  '  ' 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  0,  or  short,  slender,  descending  nearly  vertically.  Stems 
4-8  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  several,  longish  (often  |  stem),  bristle-like.  Spikelet  ^  in., 
fine  l^rovvn  ;  bract  0  or  shorter  than  spikelet.  Glumes  numerous,  imbricate  on  all 
sides,  concave,  scarcely  keeled,  brown,  3 -nerved,  paler  on  back.  Stt/le  long,  gla- 
brous, deciduous  together  with  its  narrowly-pyramidal  base,  branches  long,  linear. 
Nut  as  long  as  f  glume,  obtuse,  scarcely  stalked,  trigonous ;  outermost  cells  trans- 
versely oblong  white  not  vertically  superimposed  in  regular  series ;  nut  thus  not 
longitudinally  striate  but  irregularly  conspicuously  trabeculate. — This  may  be  F. 
sub'bulbosa,  Boeck.  Cyp.  Nov.  li.  39  {non  Flora  xli.  598)  from  description  ;  but  Boeck. 
says  this  is  "  allied  to  F.  juncea,  Roem.  &  Sch.  with  2-fid  style  (sometimes  3-fid)." 


634  CLXxii.  CTPBRACEJS.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)         [^Fimhristylis.   . 

Sect.  II.  DiCHELOSTYLis,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  309  (not  Dichostylis 
[Genus]  Nees).  Lowest  fertile  glnmes  of  the  spikelet  spirally  imbricated ; 
stems  with  many  or  several  (depauperated  examples  not  rarely  with  1) 
spikelet ;  style  2-fid ;  nut  biconvex  ;  style  usually  flattened  from  front  to 
back,  often  villous  below  its  bifurcation. — This  section  contains  all  such 
species  as  are  neither  JEleocJiaroides  nor  Ahildgaardia,  and  have  only  2 
branches  to  the  style.  In  this  section  the  style  is  never  3-fid  (except  F. 
stolonifera,  var.  jS).  Compare,  among  the  species  placed  in  Trichelostylis, 
F.  glohulosa,  and  F.  cymosa  in  which  2-fid  styles  sometimes  occur. 

Series  A..  Spikelets  all  (or  nearly  all)  solitary— ea-ce/)^  in  F.  rigidula 
often  paired,  in  F.  diphylla  (and  in  other  species)  occasionally  clustered ; . 
in  F.  spathacea  the  umbel  is  dense,  sometimes  congested  into  a  head. 

*  Stem  with  few  (often  3-1)  spikelets. 

10.  r.  schoenoides,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  286;  glabrous,  stem  with  1-3 
middle-sized  ovoid  spikelets,  style  2-fid>^  nut  obovoid  stalked  biconvex 
smooth  Vhite  rarely  discoloured  brownish.  Nees  in  WigKt  Contrih.  97; 
Thw.  Enum.  348  ;  Boeck.  i^  Linnesa,  xxxvii.  5  {excl.  var.  (i).  F.  bispicata,  ^^ 
^ees  I.  c.  97  {mainly)  \  Boech.  I.  c.  6  {partly).  F.  iticonstans,  Steud. 
9yn.  ^  Cyp.  107.  F.  polymorpha  var.  depauperata,  Boeck.  in  Flora, 
Iviii.  111.  Scirpus  schoenoides,  Betz  Obs.  v.  14.  S.  monostachyus,  Koenig.  ^ 
ws. ;  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  219.  S.  bispicatus,  Roxh.  I.  c.  220.  Isolepis  mono- 
stachya,  Spreng.  Neue  Entdeck.  iii.  11.  I.  bispicata,  Boem.  &  Sch.  Syst. 
Mant.  ii.  61.  I.  rariflora,  Schrad.  in  Roem.  &  Sch.  I.  c.  65.  Eleogiton 
monostachy^,  Dietr.  Sp.  PL  ii.  97.  Ahildgaardia '  nervosa,  Presl.  Bel. 
Haenlc.  i.  180.— Isolepis  ?,  Wall.  Gat.  3490  (except  F). 

T^hroughout  India,  alt.  0-6500  ft. — Distrib.  S.E.  Asia,  N.  Australia. 

Rhizome  0,  or  rarely  horizontal,  very  short.  Stems  4-12  in.,  tufted,  rather 
slender,  striate,  base  often  thickened.  Leaves  as  long  as  |-f  stem  (occasionally 
longer  than  stem),  narrow,  edges  incurved  (when  dry)  most  rainut^y  scabrous. 
Spikelets  \-\  in.,  dense-fld.,  pale  or  brown.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  scarcely  mucro- 
nate,  adpressed,  incurved,  many-striate,  rusty-brown  rarely  green  on  back  ;  lowest 
empty,  like  the  rest,  or  rarely  bract-like  with  green  nerve  excurrent  ^-1  in. ;  all 
caducous  seriatim,  leaving  the  rhachilla  minutely  hairy  by  the  ragged  edges  of  the 
areoles.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2;  anthers  not  crested.  Style  long,  flattened,  villous 
nearly  to  base ;  branches  short.  Hut  as  long  as  :g-5  glume ;  outermost  cells  very 
small,  subquadrate  obscure.' — The  large  Khasi  form,  with  rusty -brown  spikelets  -|  in. 
long,  is  by  Boeckeler  added  (perhaps  rightly)  to  F.  sua -bispicata. 

11.  P.  sub-bispicata,  Nees  Sf  Meyen,  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur. 
xix.,  Suppl.  i.  75;  glabrous,  stem  with  1-3-6  large  cylindric  spikelets,  style 
2-fid,  nut  obovoid  stalked  biconvex  smooth  white  or  becoming  brown. 
Benth.  Fl.  Songk.  391.  F.  japonica,  Sieb.  et  Zucc.  ms. ;  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp. 
107.     F.  bispicata,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  6  {partly). 

Orissa;  Pooree,  W.  S.  Athinson. — Distrib.  China,  Japan.  ^ 

Stems  8-20  in.  Spikelets  up  to  1  by  ^  in.  Nut  scarcely  as  long  as  ^  glul^.— - 
The  type  of  Nees  and  Meyen  is  an  abundant  East  Asiatic  plant  near  the  sea,  and 
appears  distinct  from  F.  schoenoides  by  its  larger  size  and  larger  spikelet ;  but  the 
species  is  scarcely  otherwise  separable,  though  admitted  by  Bentham. 

**  Stem  with  many  or  several  spikelets  [but,  even  in  the  case  of  species 
that  have  normally  a  compound  umbel,  small  examples  with  few  (some- 
times with  1)  spikelets  occur.] 


Fimhristylis.']  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  635 

t  Nut  linear-cylindric,  curved. 

12.  P.  dipsacea,  Benth.  in  Gen.  PL  iii.  1049;  slender,  umbel 
simple  or  compound  of  12-1  spikelets,  glumes  aristate,  squarrose,  style 
longish  branches  2  long.'  Scirpus  dipsaceus,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  56,  t.  12, 
fig.  1 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  736.  S.  minimus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  219. 
Echinolytrum  dipsaceum,  Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  i.  21,  t.  1 ;  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  96.  laolepis  dipsacea,  Roim.  &  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  119 ;  Thw.  Enum. 
360.  I.  elachista,  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  61.  I.  verrucifera,  iliajciwi. 
Prim.  Fl.  Amur.  300.— Isolepis,  Wall  Gat.  3478  A,  3479  {mainly). 

From  Central  India,  Bengal,  and  Assam,  to  Buema  and  Ceylon.— Disteib. 
Afric,  E.  Asia. 

Annual,  nearly  glabrous.  Stems  1-6  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem, 
capillary.  Umhel  often  1-3  in.  diam. ;  bracts  several,  often  overtopping  umbel. 
Spikelets  ^  in.  diam.,  subglobose,  dense  with  aristate  glumes.  Glumes  elliptic,  pale, 
nerve  green  long  excurrent  into  a  curved  tail.  Stamen  1  or  2 ;  anthers  small, 
oblong,  not  crested.  Style  slender,  glabrous,  branches  longer  than  nut ;  style-base 
slightly  bulbous,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Young  pistil  frequently  ornamented  by 
clavate  glands,  which  usually  disappear  in  fruit,  but  in  Wight,  n.  1865  (described  in 
Gen.  PI.  iii.  1049),  are  developed  into  ovoid  processes  nearly  as  wide  as  nut.  Nut 
nearly  as  long  as  glume  (omitting  its  arista),  usually  smooth  pale  brown,  minut,ely 
transversely  wavy-lined,  but  sometimes  papillose  scabrous  by  reason  of  the  persistent 
glands. — Perhaps  a  distinct  genus,  for  it  is  not  closely  allied  to  any  other  species. 
Most  authors  have  placed  it  in  Scirpus,  Sect.  Micranthi,  to  wHch  it  has  little  re- 
semblance, except  in  the  aristate  squarrose  glumes  ;  the  nut  and  style  are  wholly 
different.  Bentham  has  placed  it  in  Fimbristylis  with  which  the  inflorescence 
glumes  and  even  nut  fairly  agree,  but  the  style  does;  not ;  it  is  often  deciduous,  and 
then  sometimes  leaves  a  minute  button  on  the  apex  of  nut,  much  as  in  Bulbo- 
stylis. 

W  Style -base  loith  many  long  pendent  hairs. 

13.  P.  squarrosa,  VaM  Enum.  ii.  289;  slender,  umbel  compound, 
glumes  shortly  aiu6?tate  more  or  less  squarrose,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid 
smooth  straw-cf^lrd.  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  44,  t.  735;  Boeck.  in  Linncsa, 
xxxvii.  10.  F.  comata,  Nees  in  Wight  GoMrib.  102.  Scirpus  aestivalis, 
Wall,  in  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  230  {in  note,  not  of  Retz.).  Pogonostylis  squar- 
rosa,  Bertol.  FL  Ital.  i.  312.— Fimbristylis,  Wall  Cat.  3517  C,  partly. 

From  Kashmie  and  Assam  to  Mt.  Aboo  and  Burma;  especially  in  rice-fields. 
Disteib.  All' warm  regions. 

Annual;  all  parts  pubescent,  pubei'ulous  or  glabrous.  Stems  2-8  in.,  striate, 
ieaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem.  Umhels  often  2-4  in.  in  diam.,  with  many  spikelets; 
bracts  usually  short,  sometimes  as  long  as  umbel.  Spikelets  \-^  by  J^  in.  Glumes 
fuscous,  keel  3-5-nerved,  excurrent  into  a  curved  tail.  Stamens  often  2.  Style 
small,  hairy  below  bifurcation  ;  from  the  margin  of  style-base  hang  10-18  uni- 
cellular slender  linear  trichomes,  as  long  as  ^-f  nut,  closely  adpressed  to  it;  style- 
base  easily  deciduous  with  the  (then  conspicuous)  trichomes.  Nut  as  long  as  i  glume, 
never  conspicuously  striate  longitudinally. 

ttt  ^ut  obovoidf  conspicuously  longitudinally  striate,  traheculate  {by 
reason  of  the  transverse  short-oblong  cells  between  the  striations). 

14.  P.  dichotoxna,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  287  ;  umbel  compound  or  decom- 
pound, spikelets  many  solitary  oblong  angular,  glumes  ovate  acute  gla- 
brous, style  2-fid,  nut  5-9-striated  on  each  face  straw-colrd.  or  rarely 
discolrd.   black-brown.     Nees  in   Wight  Gontrib.  101 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 


636  CLxxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)         \_Fimhristylis. 

xxxvii.  12  {excl.  var.  /3,  7,  F.  Eoyeniana  and  American  sp.) ;  Benth.  Fl. 
Austral,  vii.  310  {excl.  some  syns.).  F.  pallescens,  Nees  I.  c.  101 ;  Straclie// 
Cat.  Fl.  Kumaon,  73;  Thw.  Enum.  348.  Scirpus  dichotomus,  Linv. 
Sp.  Fl.  50;  Fotth.  Bescr.  et  Ic.  57,  t.  13,  fig.  1.  S.  annuus,  Host 
Gram.  Au-str.  iii.  42,  t.  63  (style  wrongly  3-fid).  S.  pallescens,  Roxh. 
Fl.  Ind.  i.  229.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3511,  3515,  3516  B,  3517  A. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  O-4O0O  ft.,  especially  in  rice-fields — Disteib.  Warm 
regions  of  Old  World. 

Annual,  pubescent  or  puberulous.  Stems  2-10  in,,  tufted.  Leaves  often  as  long 
as  stem,  narrow.,  Umbel  often  2-4  in.  diam.,  sometimes  with  9-5  spikelets  only ; 
bracts  often  as  long  as  umbel.  Spikelets  i  by  i  in. ,  somewhat  angular  from  the 
acute  keels  to  glumes.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ferruginous,  keel  green  1-3-nerved, 
lowest  empty  more  or  less  bract-like  often  pubescent.  Stamens  2-1  (or  3  fide 
Boeckeler).  Style  long,  flattened,  often  villous  nearly  to  base.  Nut  as  long'Us  ^ 
glume,  biconvex  ;  outermost  cells,  shortly  transversely  oblong,  conspicuous,  vertically 
superimposed  in  5-9  rOws  on  each  face  of  nut. — Closely  allied  to  F.  diphylla,  in 
which  the  spikelets  are  terete,  the  glumes  being  much  less  keeled  than  in  F.'dicho- 
toma,  '  • 

15.  r.  diphylla^  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  289  ;  tufted,  roots  fibrous,  leaves 
as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  umbel  compoand  or  simple  or  reduced  to  1  spikelet, 
spikelets  ovoid-oblong  terete,  glumes  -glabrous,  style  2-fid,  nut  5-13* 
striatedTon  each  face  straw-colrd.,  or  rarely  discolrd.  brown,  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrih.  im;  Tj\w.  Enum.  348.  F.  laW  Valil  Enum.  ii.  292.  F. 
"tomentosa,  F«7iT'  7.V>.  290.  Nees  I.  c.  10O}&^  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cnx, 
xix.  'S'?f7Jip^.i/;(1843)  81.  F.  glauca,  Va7il\.c.  288.  F.  annua,  Roem.  Sc 
Sc/i.  Syst.  ii.  95,  and  Mant.  ii.  55;  Reiclih.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  44.  F. 
depauperata, ':Br.  Proc?r.  227.  F.  curvifolia,  vSVeitt?-.  Gyp.  116.  F.  brachy- 
phylla,  Schulies  in  Roem.  Sf  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  Mant.  530.  F.  foliosa.  Link  Sort. 
Berol.  i.  288,  F.  cincta,  ^ees  I.  c.  98  {in  note).  F.  Boyeniana,  Nees  I.  c.'99. 
F.  ovjilis,  Nees  I.  c.  98  ;  Thw.  Enum.  348.  F,  podocarpa,  Nees  I.  c.  [partly] 
Sf  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  xix.  Suppl.  i.  ('i843j  77  {ptrrily) ;  Benth. 
Fl.  Hoiuik.  391.  F^. communis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  234;  Stracliey  Cat.  Fl. 
Kumaon,  73  {excl.  syns.).  F.  Metzii,  Sieud.  Syn.  Cyp.  ?27.  F.  similis, 
Steiid.  Sj/n.  -Gyp.  112.  F.  smidicea,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xb'vv'G^  {not  of  Vahl). 
FVpentastachya,  Boeck.  T.cTxl.  3B  4' in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  17.  F.  Heynei,  Boeck. 
in  Flora,  xliii.  244.  F.  polymorpha,  Boeck.  in  Linnaia  I.  c.  17  {excl.  some 
syns.).  F.  rigidula,  Thw.  I.  c.  348  {not  of  Nees).  Scirpus  diphyllus,  Retz 
Obs.  V.  15;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  227.  S.  annuus,  Allioni  Fl.  Fedem.  ii.  171, 
t.  88,  fig.  5.  S.  miliaceus,  brevifolius,  arvensis  and  glomeratus,  Roxb.  I.  c. 
224,,  226,  227.  Triclielostylis  curvifolia,  Nees^  I.  c.  105  {in  note).  Isolepis 
curvifolia,  Schrad.- in  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  Mant.  70. — Fimbristylis, 
Wall.  Cat.  3to,  3507  {mainly)  3508,  3539  {mainly)  3513,  3521  A 

Throughout  1]S'DIA,  alt.  0-t6000  ft. ;  common. — Distbib.  All  warm  regions. 
Glabrous  or  hairy.  Rhizome  none,  or  very  rarely  0-1  in. ;  stolons  0.  Stems 
1-24  in.,  striate,  3-5-augled  (rarely  compressed)  under  umbel.  Leaves  linear  or 
filiform,  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous  or  hairy,  never  reduced  to  sheaths.  Umhels  1-8 
in,  diam, ;  bracts  3-4,  sometimes  short  suberect,  sometimes  spreading  much  longer 
than  umbel.  Spikelets  commonly  i-f  in.  Glumes  concave,  glabrous  (rarely 
minutely  ciliate  on  margins),  brown  or  reddish,  rarely  chestnut-colrd.,  back  green  ; 
lowest  1-3  empty  like  the  others,  or  rarely  somewhat  elongated  bract-like.  Stamens 
3,  2  or  1,  Style  long,  flattened,  villous  (at  least  in  the  upper  half) ;  branches  rather 
short.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume,  biconvex,  obovoid,  shortly  stalked,  smooth,  almost 
glistening  white,  or  in  the  Malay  examples  slightly  tubercular  on  shoulders. — As 


Fimbristylis.l         clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C^  B.  Clarke.)  637 

limited  here,  this  is  one  of  the  most  widespread  weeds  in  the  world. — The  following 
varieties  (among  many  others)  have  been  esteemed  species  : — 

Var.  1.  ANNUA  (sp.)  Roem  ^  Sch  ;  umbel  with  few  (often  with  3-1)  ellipsoid 
obtuse  spikelets. — Common  in  Europe,  rare  in  Bengal. 

Var.  2.  DEPAUPERATA  (sp.)  Br. ;  stems  very  slender,  flaccid,  with  few  spikelets 
— C.  B.  Clarke  (n.  44119)  from  Assam,  has  a  long  slender  stem,  with  a  single  lateral 
spikelet,  overtopped  by  most  slender  leaves  ;  recedes  from  the  type  F.  diphylla  more 
than  does  the  Australian  J^.  depauperata. 

Vax.  3.  PLURiSTRiATA,  var.  C.  B.  Clarke  (F.  pilosa  of  most  authors  not  of 
Vahl) ;  sheaths  and  leaves  often  hairy,  nut  10-16-striate  on  each  face  often 
verrucose  or  tubercular  on  shoulders. — A  very  common  southern,  especially  Malay 
form. 

Var.  4;  SPIROSTACHYS  (sp.)  F.  Muell. ;  large,  umbel  large,  spikelets  large. — 
In  Australia  ;  but  a  Khasia  form  is  equally  large. 

Var.  NiLAGiRiCA ;  rhizouie  very  short,  creeping ;  stems  12  in.  in  a  close  linear 
series  ;  leaves  filiform. — Perhaps  referable  to  F.  stolonifera.  Nilghiri  Hills,  Pykara, 
King. 

16.  -P.  Stolonifera,  C.  B.  Clarke-,  stoloniferous,  spikelets  dark 
chestnut,  otherwise  as  F.  dipliylla. — Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Gat.  3503,  A,  B 
{yart)  C. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-5600  ft.,  common.  Muneypoge  ;  Watt.  Nepal  or 
Bengal;   Wallicli.  ' 

Stolon  breaking  out  horizontally  from  the  base  of  stem,  hardening  into  a  long 
wiry  rhizome  clothed  with  lanceolate  striate  dusky  scales.  Steins  subsolitary, 
1-2  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  as  long  as  i-%  stem,  erect,  very  narrow,  tip  obtuse,  hairy 
or  glabrate.  IJmhel  nearly  simple,  sometimes  depauperated  with  few  spikelets. 
Spikelets  f  by  |  in. 

Var.  ludens;  style-branches  3  or  4. — Khasia;  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

tttt  Nut  ohovoid,  smooth,  reticulate  {not  conspicuously  striate  longi- 
tudinally.) 

17-  r.  aestivalis,  Valil  Enum.  ii.  288 ;  umbel  compound  or  decom- 
pound, spikelets  many  solitary  oblong  subcylindric,  glumes  ovate  acute 
submucronate,  style  2-fid,  nut  smooth  obscurely  reticulate  straw-colrd. 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  102 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  11 ;  Trimen  Gat. 
PI.  Ceylon,  101  {excl.  syn.).  F.  Griffithiana,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  110.  F. 
dichotoma,  BoecJc.  in  Flora,  xlii.  70  {not  of  Vahl).  F.  tricholepis,  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  319.  F.  Griffithii,  JBoeck.  in  Flora,  xliii.  241.  Scirpus 
aestivalis,  Betz  Ohs.  iv.  12 ;  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  227. — Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat. 
3475.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Gat.  3516,  A,  3517  B,  D,  E. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  O-3O0O  ft.  (except  the  North-west),' abundant. — Disteib. 
S.  and  E.  Asia,  Australia  and  a  var.  in  America. 

Annual,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  puberulous.  Stems  2-10  in.  Leaves  often  as 
long  as  i-f  stem.  Spikelets  i  by  J^  in.  Glumes  keeled,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
erect  or  subsquarrose.  Stamens  1-2.  Style  scarcely  longer  than  nut,  slightly  com- 
pressed, usually  villous ;  margin  of  style-base  often  minutely  hairy  (not  with  long 
pendent  trichomes  of  F.  squarroea).  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume ;  outermost  cells 
quadrate-hexagonal,  arrajiged  in  12-16  vertical  rows  on  each  face  of  nut,  but  far 
less  prominent  than  in  F.  dichotoma. 

18.  r.  scaberrima,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  102;  stems  middle- 
sized  compressed  under  umbel,  leaves  and  bracts  long,  umbel  compound 


638  CLXXii.  CTPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Fimhristylis. 

and    decompound,  style    2-fid,   nnt  obovoid  smooth  straw-colrd.    BoecJc. 
in  Linnpea,  xxxviii.  409  {not  xxxvii.  13.)— Fimbristylis,    Wall.   Cat.  3507, 

c. 

Stlhet  ;   Wallich. 

Glabrous.  Boots  fibrous,  stout.  Stems  12-20  in,  scabrous  on  edges  at  top. 
Leaves  flat,  robust,  often  overtopping  stem.  Bracts  3-4,  two  lower  often' 4-5  in. 
very  scabrous  on  margins.  Spikelets  ^many,  i  by  -^-^  in.,  5-8-fld.,  acute,  chestnut- 
brown.  G^Mwes  ovate,  acute,  adpressed-incurved.  Stamens  3.  Sty/e  long,  scarcely  ^ 
compressed,  nearly  glabrous  ;  branches  long.  Nut  as  long  as  f  glume,  biconvex, 
scarcely'  stalked ;  outermost  cells  very  small  in  20-24  vertical  series  on  each  face. — 
From  the  flattened  top  of  stem  and  small  spikelets  this  has  been  sometimes  referred 
to  F.  complanata. 

19.  F.  podocarpa,  JSfees  in  Wight  Contrih.  98  {partly) ;  nut  smooth 
finely  reticulated  not  longitudinally  striated,  gynophore  very  prominent 
obpyramidal,  otherwise  as  F.  dijphylla.  Nees  Sc  Meyen  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad. 
Nat.  Cur.  xix.  Sujopl.  i.  (1843)  77,  vaf.  6  {and part  a  not  /3.)  F.  communis, 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  234  {partly).  F.  polymorpha,  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii. 
14  {partly).— Fimhristyiis,  Wall.  Cat.  3521  B. 

From  the  W,  Himalaya  to  Upper  Assam  and  Dacca  ;  Chota  Nagpore,  C.  B. 
Clarice',  Khasia,  H.  f.  e't  T.  T.  {Fimbristylis  n.  33)  ;  Ac— Disteib.  Malaya,  China, 
Marianne  Isles. 

This  is  i^^o(f oca rjoa,  Munro  ms.  and  Herh.  Hook.  f. ;  the  type  example  of  i^. 
podocarpa  in  Wight  named  by  Nees'  hand  is  typical  F.  diphylla,  Vahl. — In  F. 
podocarpa  (as  here  understood)  the  gynophore  is  obpyramidal,  distinguishable  from 
the  nut,  its  apex  is  dilated  sometimes  into  a  3-lobed  saucer  resembling  much  some 
Sclerias.     The  nut  has  the  small  outermost  cells  in  20-24  rows  on  each  face. 

20.  r.  fusclnux,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  nearly  glabrous,  stems  middle- 
sized,  leaves  long,  umbel  large  compound,  glumes  keeled  acute  puberulous, 
style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  dusky  finally  black. 

N.  India;  Moradabad,  T.  Tliomson;  Sikkim  Terai,  C.  B.  Clarice. 

Stems  8-20  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  rigid,  tip  subobtuse.  TJmhel  often 
6  in.  diam.  Spikelets  all  solitary,  ovoid,  l-\  in.  long,  somewhat  angular  by  reason 
of  the  keeled  glumes.  Glumes  glabrate,  margins  ciliate  hairy,  shoulders  often 
puberulous,  tips  spreading  not  adpressed  incurved  (as  in  F.  ferruginea). — From  the 
large  umbel  and  long  leaves  this  has  been  referred  to  F.  diphylla;  it  is  nearer  F, 
ferruginea. 

21.  r.  albo-viridis,  G.  B.  Clarice  ms.  in  Herh.  Calciitt. ;  umbel 
somewhat  lax,  nut  obovoid  straw-colrd.  shining  smooth  or  with  numerous 
obscure  longitudinal  striations — otherwise  as  F.  diphylla. 

E.  Bengal  ;  Griffith  {in  Serb.  Calcutt.) ;  River  Megna,  J.  J).  Hooker ;  Upper 
Assam,  Jenkins. 

Stems  12-20  in.  Leaves  long,  nearly  glabrous.  Umbel  once  or  twice  compound, 
pedicels  long.  Spllcelets  5-^  in.  long,  greenish- white,  sometimes  tinged  purple- 
chestnut.  Nnt  often  with  minute  scattered  white  scales ;  outermost  cells  small,  in 
25-30  longitiidinal  series  on  each  face.— Very  near  F.  diphylla,  but  all  the  examples 
agree  closely,  and  the  marking  of  the  nut  is  unlike  that  of  F.  diphylla — much 
nearer  that 'of  J',  podocarpa. 

22.  r.  fetrug'iiieaj  Vahl  Enum.  291 ;  stems  "8-30  in.,  leaves  short 
sometimes  none,  glabrous  or  hairy,  umbel  simple  or  compound  usually 
contracted,  glumes  often  puberulous  below  tip,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid 
smooth-pale  finally  brownish.     Delile  Fl.  Mgypt,  10,  t.  6,  fig.  3;  Nees  in 


Fimbrutylis.']  clxxii.  cyperaoe-e.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  639 

WigJd  Contrih.  97;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  287  ;  Thw.  Enum.  348;  BoecT^. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  16.  F.  arvensis,  Vdlil  Enum.  ii.  291.  F.  marginata, 
Lahill.  Sert.  Austro-Caledon.  ii.  t.  16,  fig.  1.  F.  Eoxburghii,  Dietr.  8p. 
PZ.  ii.  162.  F.  confinis, /S^ei*(^.  Sijn.  Gyp.  115.  F.  trispicata,  Steud.l.c. 
107.  F.  cyrtophylla,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  325.  F.  ochreata,5oec?b.  in  Flora 
xli.  599  {cf.  xliii.  177),  F.  andamanica,  Kurz  Andaman  Rep.  Append. 
B,  21.  Scirpus  ferrngineus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  74.  S.  arvensis,  Setz  Obs.  iv. 
11  {not  of  Roxh.),  S.  globulosus,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  217  {not  Fimbr. 
globulosa,  Kunth).  S.  tristachyus,  Moxb.  I.  c.  221.  S.  tranqtiebariensis. 
Roth.  Catal.  Bat.  iii.  6  {see  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xliii.  36).  SchcBmis  poly- 
morphus,  Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  67. — Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3506  {mainly), 
5522,  3527. 

Throughout  India,  alt,  0-3000  ft.,  abundant  near  the  sea.  -^Distkib.  All  warmer 
regions. 

Rhizome  none  or  hardly  any.  Stems  8-30  in.,  tufted,  base  slightly  thickened, 
often  clothed  by  shining  hard  rusty  scales.  Leaves  usually  hardly  any,  sometimes 
4-6  in.,  very  narrow.  Vmhel  usually  of  5-10  spikelets,  sometimes  with  20  spikelets, 
rarely  with  1-3  spikelets ;  bracts  shorter  than  umbel,  often  very  short.  /Spikelets 
f  in.  Glumes  obtuse  scarcely  mucronate,  brown,  tip  incurved,  keel  green.  Stamens 
3  or  2 ;  filaments  ligulate;  anthers  not  crested.  Style  longer  than  nut,  flattened, 
villous  below  bifurcation.  Nut  as  long  as  ^-^  glume,  shortly  stalked ;  outermost 
cells  small,  in  numerous  longitudinal  series. 

Var.  ?  temiissima,  stems  16  in.  very  slender  slightly  flattened  with  1-3  small 
pale  spikelets,  glumes  nearly  glabrous,  nut  very  smooth.  Ceylon  ;  Mrs.  Marriot 
{Serb.  Delessert). — Leaves  1-6  in.,  very  slender.  Bracts  ^  in.  Spikelets  i  in., 
ellipsoid.  Glumes  with  obscure  round  red  glands.  Nut  as  of  F.ferrnginea. — This 
looks  like  a  distinct  species,  but  only  known  by  one  sheet  of  specimens. 

23.  r.  compressa^  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  387  {not  of  Eoem.  & 
ScJi.) ;  steins  long  base  slender,  leaves  longish,  "umb^l  twice  or  thrice  com- 
pound, spikelets  cylindrical,  glumes  dusky-brown  puberulous,  style  2-fid, 
nut  obovoid  smooth  dusky-brown.  F.  tenuifolia,  Nees  ms.  F.  gracilis, 
Arnott  ms.     Scirpus  fuscus,  Boxb.  m,s. 

Madbas,  Roxburgh,  Wight.    Meegui,  GriffitJi.     Tenasseeim,  Heifer. 

Stevis  8-20  in.,  3-5-angular  under  umbel,  basal  sheaths  herbaceous.  Leaves  8 
in.,  very  narrow,  glabrous,  sheaths  often  fimbriate  hairy  in  mouth.  TJmhel  often 
4-5  in.  diam.  with  25-40  spikelets;  bracts  frequently  overtopping  umbel.  Spikelets 
nearly  ^  in.  long,  glumes  very  densely  imbricate.  Otherwise  as  F.  ferruginea,  to 
which  it  is  specifically  very  near. 

24.  r.  longrispica)  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  118 ;  nearly  glabrous,  stems 
middle-sized,  leaves  long,  umbel  compound  or  decompound,  spikelets 
cylindric-lanceolate  rusty  green,  style  bifid,  nut  obovoid  smooth,  minutely 
reticulate  finally  brownish.  Miq^.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  325.  F.  Buergueriand 
F.  ferruginea,  Miq.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  144.  F-  spadicea,  var.  /3 
major,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  20. 

SiNOAPOEE;  Pahang,  Ridley. — DiSTEiB. — Malaya,  China,  Japan.  (The  Ameri- 
can F.  spadicea  is  hardly  separable). 

Leaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  stout,  flat.  Umbel  1-3  in.  diam.  ;  branches  suberect ; 
lowest  bract  overtopping  umbel.  Spikelets  h^J  to  ^^-y  terete,  hard.  Glumes  ovate, 
scarcely  apiculate,  erect,  closely  imbricate,  horny,  rusty  brown  with  3  green  nerves 
on  back.  Style  and  stamens  nearly  as  in  F.  diphylla.  Nut  as  long  as  f  glume, 
very  shortly  stalked ;  outermost  cells  small,  in  about  20  series  on  each  face, 
i.e.  nut  slenderly  obscurely  20-striate  on  each  face,  subtrabeculate  between  the 
striations. 


640  cLXXii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)         [Fimhristylis. 

25.  r.  rigridula,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  99 ;  rhizome  horizontal 
woody  short,  leaves  longish,  umbel  once  or  twice  compound,  spikelets 
very  obtuse  solitary  and  paired,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  dirty 
straw-colrd.  F.  Hanceana,  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxviii.  394. — Fimhristylis, 
Wall.  Gat.  3519  {partly). 

From  KiJMAON,  alt.  0-600O  ft.  to  Bengal,  C.B.  Clarhe.  Muneypooe,  Watt, 
Shan  Hills,  CoUett. — Disteib.  China,  Philippines. 

Stems  4-16  in.,  thickened  at  base,  closely  1-seriate  on  rhizome.  Leaves  as  long 
as  ^  culm,  glabrous,  or  (with  their  sheaths)  pubescent ;  tip  subobtuse.  Umbel  1-5 
in.  diam.,  somewhat  lax;  bracts  short,  Spikelets  ^-^  in.,  ellipsoid  or  subglobose. 
Nut  nearly  as  of  F.  ferruginea,  but  paler,  less  glistening  ;  outermost  cells  in  20-30 
series  on  each  face,  i.e.  nut  minutely  reticulate,  faintly  20-30  striate  longitudinally. 
— Well-marked  by  the  rhizome  and  paired  subglobose  spikelets.  The  F.  rigidula, 
Herb.  Berol.  reduced  to  F.  diphylla  by  Kunth  and  Boeckeler,  is  not  the  plant  of 
Nees. 

26.  F.  spathaceaji  Roth.  Nov.  PL  Sp.  24;  leaves  short  rigid,  umbel 
compound  with  solitary  spikelets  often  contracted  sometimes  subcapitate, 
glumes  obtuse  often  notched,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  or  somewhat 
tabercled  dusky.  F.  Wightiana,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  99  ;  Thw.  Enum. 
349.  F.  glomerata,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  290  ;  Boeck.  in  hinnsea,  xxxvii. 
47.  F.  rigida,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  231.  F.  ciliolata,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  109. 
F.  capita ta,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Ar chip.  ii.  61  {not  of  Br.).  F.  Isevissima, 
Steud.  I.  c.  117.  F.  junciformis,  Munro  in  Seem.  Bot  Voy.  Herald,  422 
{not  of  Kunth).  F.  biumbellulata,  Boeck.  in  Flora ^  xli.  604  (see  xlii.  34). 
Scirpus  glomeratus,  Betz  Obs.  iv.  11  {not  of  Roxb.).  S.  strictus,  lloxb.  Fl. 
Ind.  i.  226.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3300  {'partly). 

From  SiND,  and  Orissa,  to  Ceylon  and  SinvJapoee. — Disteib.  Warm  regions. 

Stems  4-16  in.,  tufted,  rigid.  Leaves  as  long  as  i  stem  (often  much  shorter), 
narrow,  glabrous,  margins  incurved.  Umbel  2  in.  diam.  in  well-developed  examples, 
usually  somewhat  dense  with  solitary  but  closely  approximated  spikelets ;  in  less 
developed  examples  the  spikelets  are  nearly  or  quite  clustered,  sometimes  virtually 
in  a  single  head  ;  bracts  short,  broad.  Spikelets  ^-^  by  ^  in.,  cylindric  or  ellipsoid,  up 
to  60  in  an  umbel.  Glumes  ovate,  concave,  incurved,  margins  scarious.  Stamens 
usually  2.  Stt/le  somewhat  shorter  than  nut,  often  glabrous.'  N'ut  as  long  as  f 
glume,  biconvex,  shortly  stalked. — This  plant  offers  a  transition  to  the  next  series 
(F.  argentea,  sericea,  &c.)  by  the  often  clustered  spikelets;  Boeckeler  appears  only 
to  know  this  contracted  form  (which  is  not  Nees'  type),  and  to  have  placed  it  (on 
account  of  such  occasionally  contracted  heads)  in  the  3 -stigma  group  of  F.  cymosa, 
iunciformis,  &c.     In  F.  spathacea,  the  style  is  never  3 -fid. 

Series  B.  Spikelets,  or  some  of  them,  clustered.  (See  also  F.  spathacea, 
F.  rigidula,  and  occasionally  F.  diphylla  in  series  A,  B.) 

*  Stems  with  only  one  head. 

27.  r.  argrenteaj  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  294 ;  stems  leafy  at  base,  spikelets 
linear-cylindric  grey  or  whiteish,  glumes  scarcely  acute,  style  2-fid,  nut 
obovoid  pale  smooth  or  obscurely  transversely  wavy-lined.  Nees  in 
Wight  Gontrib.  100;  Dah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  287;  Thw.  Enum.  348; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  8.  Scirpus  argenteus,  Bottb.  Descr.  et  Jc.  51,  t. 
17,  fig.  6  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  223.  S.  monander,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  50,  t. 
14,  fig.  3  {not  of  EoarS.).— Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  BiSS.'—Bhepde  Sort.  Mai. 
xii.  t.  54. 

From  Bengal  and  Central  India  to  Ceylon. — Disteib.  Mauritius,  fide 
Boeckeler. 


Fimhristylis.']        clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  641 

Stems  annual,  tufted,  trigonous,  4-8  in,  (or  in  Dathie  n.  9860,  stem  0,  spikelets 
basal).  Leaves  usually  shorter  than  stem,  narrow,  glabrous.  Spikelets  4-20  in  the 
head,  |  by  -J^  in.,  densely -fld. ;  bracts  2-4,  much  overtopping  head.  Glumes  ovate, 
silver-grej,  keel  green.  Stamen  often  1.  Style  small,  shorter  than  nut,  nearly 
glabrous,  deciduous  with  its  base.  Nut  very  small,  about  i  as  long  as  glume, 
biconvex,  almost  margined ;  outer  cells  obscure. 

28.  r.  albicans,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  100 ;  stems  leafy  at  base, 
spikelets  ellipsoid  rusty  grey,  glumes  scarcely  acute,  style  2-fid,  nut 
obovoid  stravs^-colrd.  smooth  transversely  minutely  trabeculaifce.  Boeck.  in 
Linnxa,  xxxvii.  9. — Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  3482. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Wight,  WallicJi. 

Nearly  glabrous.  Stems  8-14  in.,  slender.  Leaves  narrowly  ligulate,  tip  sud- 
denly narrowed  acute.  Spikelets  4-15  in  the  head,  i  By  ^  in.  Stamens  often  2'. 
Style  longer  than  nut,  slender,  glabrous,  with  long  linear  branches.  Nut  small, 
shining;  outermost  cells  conspicuous,  transversely  oblong,  not  accurately  superim- 
posed in  vertical  series  (so  that  the  nut  is  scarcely  striated  longitudinally). — Other- 
wise as  F.  argentea. 

**  Glusters  of  spikelets  suhumhellately  corymhed,  - , 

29.  F.  Hookeriana,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xx^yH.  22;  nearly  glabrous, 
spikelets  clustered  and  solitary  linear-lanceolate,  style  ^-fid,  nut.  obovoid 
yellow-brown  squamose-tuberculate. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  1500-4000  ft.     Chota  Nagpoee  ;  alt.  2000  ft.  Clarice. 

Annual.  Stems  4-10  in.,  tufted,  compressed.  Leaves  oiten  as  long  as;  steip, 
narrow,  flat.  Umbel  often  4-6  in.  diam. ;  branches  obliqiie-erect ;  bracts  like  tlie 
leaves,  often  overtopping  umbel.  Spikelets  1-6  in  a  cluster,  ^  by  tV~t\j  i"'» 
terete.  Glumes  rather  remote,  oblong,  shortly  acut^e,  adpressed  incurved,  rusty- 
green,  keeled,  brown-scarions  on  sides.  Stamens  usually  2.  Style  longer  than  nut, 
scarcely  flattened,  slightly  dilated  at  base,  villous  nearly  its  whole  length,  deciduous 
with  style-base.  Nut  as  lon^-  as  4-j  glume,  biconvex,  obtuse,  very  shortly  stalked; 
outer  cells  transversely-oblong,  regularly  superimposed  in  12-15  vertical  series  in 
each  face  (i.e.  nut  slenderly  longitudinally  12-i5-ribbed)  j  shoulders  of  nut 
subtuberculate  by  sm^l  scales  or  papillae. 
:>  '  3.S 

30.  P.  sericea,  Br.  Prod.  228 ;  leaves  numerous,  white  silky  strigose 
beneath,  spikelets  ellipsoid-oblong  silvery  grey,  style  2-fid,  nut  obovoid 
smooth  pale.  Boftck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  22.  F.  decora,  Nees  Sc  Meyen  in 
Wight  Gontrib.  101.  F.  dasyphylla,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  327,  F.  velu- 
tina,  Francli.  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bat.  France,  xxvi.  87. 

Orissa  ;  Poori,  W.  S.  Atkinson;  Ganjam,  Latoson.  Singapore,  Ridley. — 
DiSTRiB.  E.  Asia,  Malaya,  Australia. 

RMzome  descending  or  horizontal,  woody,  up  to  3  in.  long,  sometimes  divided, 
densely  covered  by  leaves.  Stems  4-8  in.,  rigid,  striate.  Leaves  as  long  as  \-^ 
stem,  rigid,  curved,  x^-i  in.  broad.  Umbel  f-3  in.  in  diam.,  simple  or  compound  ; 
bracts  i-§  in.  Spikelets  2-6  in  a  cluster,  ^  by  ^-^  in.,  somewhat  densely-flowered. 
Glumes  erect  adpressed,  ovate,  keeled,  scarcely  acute,  striate,  dusky  purple-green, 
pubescent  by  minute  white  hairs,  margins  scarious  white.  Style  about  as  long  as 
nut,  slightly  villous  below  bifurcation,  deciduous  with  style-base.  Nut  as  long  as 
3-f  glume,  biconvex,  scarcely  stalked. 

Sect.  III.  Trichelostylis  (Geuus),  Lestih.  Essai  Fam.  Gyp.4<0.  Lowest 
fertile  glumes  of  spikelet  spirally  imbricated  ;  stems  with  many  or  several 
(rarely  few  or  1)  spikelets.  Style  3-fid  (in  F.  cymosa  and  F.  globilosa,  the 
lowest  flowers  in  a  spike  have  ofteu  3-fid  style,  the  upper  a  2-fid  style). 

VOL.  VI.  T  t 


642  /  CLXxii.  CYPEBACBiE.     (C.  B.  Clai'ke.)         [FimhristyUs. 

Series  C.     Spikelets  all  (or  nearly  all)  solitary. 
*  Stem  with  few  (sometimes  3-1)  spikelets. 

31.  r.  tenera,  Eoem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  ii.,  Mant.  57;  stems  8-12  in. 
slender,  umbel  lax  subcompound,  spikelets  ellipsoid  ultimately  cylindric- 
lanceolate,  glumes  ovate  acuminate  submucronate  glandular-puberulous, 
style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  white  smooth  or  subtuberculate  coarsely  reticulate. 
^oeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  26.  F.  muriculata,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Niger.  Fl. 
554.  ScirpusHenellus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  224.  Trichelostylis  tenella,  JS^ess 
in  Wight  Gontrib.  103. 

Deccan  P^insula,  Wiffht. — Disteib.  Trop.  Africa. 

Roots,  fibrous..  Stems  tufted,  4-5-angular  under  umbel,  base  sometimes  thickened. 
Leaves  as  long  as  §  stem,  2^o~T2  i"-  broad,  flat,  glabrous.  Umbel  1-2  in.  in  diam., 
with  7-9  spikelets  ;  bracts  2-3,  bristle-like,  up  to  1  in.  long.  Spikelets  i  by  -^\  in., 
about  10-fld.  Glumes  adpressed,  boat-shaped,  chestnut-red,  margins  scarious.  Sta- 
mens often  2.  St^le  longer  than  nut,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  pyramidal  style-base. 
Nut  as  long  as  f  glume,  round-trigonous. — Described  from  Nees'  type  in  Herb. 
Wight. 

Var.  oxylepis,  (sp.)  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  110;  glumes  glabrate,  nut  verrucose 
yellow-brown.  F.  glabra,  ^^ewd.  i.e.  111.  Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3514  B,  E, 
partly,  3531. — From  Lahore  and  Bengal  to  Madras. 

Var.  ?  obtusata  ;  leaves  numerous  J^  in.  broad  obtuse,  glumes  glabrate  not  mu- 
cronate,  nut  verrucose  yellow-brown  (spikelets  sometimes  clustered). — Lower  Bengal, 
Wallich,  Kurz.     Singapore,  Ridley. — Borneo. 

32.  P.  monticola;  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  Ill ;  glabrous,  stems  6-14  in. 
slender,  umbel  lax  simple  or  hardly  compound,  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate, 
glumes  ovate  acute,  style  3-fid,  nut  broadly  obovoid  brown  slightly  tubercled. 
F.  tenuifolia,  Thw.  Enum.  434— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3514  A. 

South  Madras  and  Cetlon  ;  Cannanore,  Campbell.  Nilghiei  Hills,  Hohe- 
nacTcer.    Anamallats,  Beddome. 

Leaves  bristle-like,  margins  (when  dry)  incurved.  Umbel  1  in.  in  diam.,  with 
4-8  spikelets  ;  rays  ultimately  recurved  deflexed.  Nut  as  lon^;^  as  ^^-f  glume,  acutely 
trigonous ;  outermost  cells  transversely  oblong,  in  12-15  irregular  vertical  series. — 
Otherwise  as  F.  tenera. 

33.  F.  mergruensis,  C.  B.  Clarke;  stems  1  ft.  rather  slender,  leaves 
several  short,  umbel  once  compound,  spikelets  largeish  lanceolate,  style 
3-fid,  nut  small  obovoid  straw-colrd.  smooth.  F.  Thwaitesii,  var.  Boeck, 
ms.     Trichelostylis  sp.,  n.  21,  Herh.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  &  T.  T.      / 

Malay  Peninsula  ;  Mergui,  CHriffith ;  Tenasserim,  BeJ/fer  (Kew  Bistrib. 
6330). 

Glabrous.  Roots  fibrous.  Stems  tufted,  obscurely  3-4-angular  under  umbel. 
Leaves  as  long  as  -i-^  stem,  narrow,  flat,  tip  obtuse.  Umbel  1-3  in.  in  diam.,  with 
12  spikelets;  bracts  scarcely  ^  in.  Spikelets  nearly  i  by  |^  in.,  terete,  acute,  fine 
rusty -brown.  Glumes  erect  adpressed,  rigid,  ovate,  shortly  acuminate.  Stamens 
3-2.  Style  leng,  white,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  the  narrowly  pyramidal  style-base. 
Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume,  trigonous,  minutely  mucronate. 

34.  P.  Pierotii,  Miq.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  145  ;  stoloniferous, 
glabrous,  stems  1  ft.  somewhat  slender,  umbel  simple  or  once  compound, 
style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  straw-colrd.  laxly  reticulate  smooth  or  somewhat 
tubercled.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  32.  Trichelostylis  sp.,  n.  20,  WEerh. 
Ind.  Or.  B.f.  &  T.  T.  {partly). 


Fimhristylis.]        clxxii.  cyperacej:.     (C.  ^.  Clajke.)    ,  .^   •       '643 

N.W.  Himalaya,  alt.  4-9000  ft.  Simla,  T.  Thomson,  Gamble.  Ktjmaon, 
Duthie. — DiSTRlB.  Japan. 

Stolons  up  to  2  in.,  densely  clothed  by  lanceolate  striate  scales,  finally  hardening 
into  a  woody  rhizome.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem,  flat,  acute.  Vmhel  1-3  in.  in 
diam.,  with  5-14  spikelets  ;  bracts  short.  Spikelets  i  by  ^  in.,  ellipsoid-lanceolate, 
10-fld.  Glumes  adpressed,  boat-shaped,  ovate,  shortly  acumitiate,  cafestnut  or  testa- 
ceous, usually  with  round  glands  in  upper  half,  margins  scaj^ul.  Sti/le  long, 
glabrous,  deciduous  with  narrow  style-base.  Nut  as  long  i^j  g-f  glume,  tip  sub 
pyramidal.  ^     v  ,  *  » > 

^3     f  _ 

**  Stem  with  many  spikelets  (at  least  in  fairly  developed  exaTmples). 
t  Nut  slenderly  traheculate  {outermost  cells  transversely  oblong). 

35.  P.  Arnottiana,  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxvii.  28 ;  stems  a  foot  (at 
least),  umbel  decompound,  spikelets  cnboid-ellipsoid  one-colrd.,  glumes 
ovate  obtuse  brown  hardly  keeled,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  yellow-brown 
transversely  lineate  obscurely  tuberculated. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Cannanore,  Campbell  {Herb.  Wight  propr.,  n.  1884, 
right-hand  plant  only). 

Stems  somewhat  slender,  4-5-angular  under  umbel.  Umbel  3-4  in.  diam., 
glabrous,  with  30  spikelets ;  bracts  3-4,  up  tp  |  in.  long,  very  narrow.  Spikelets 
-i  by  ^  in.,  obtuse,  10-fld.,  styles  conspicuously  protruded.  Glumes  concave,  ad- 
pressed incurved,  scarcely  striate.  Stamens  2-3;  anthers  linear-oblong,  scarcely 
apiculate.  Stt/le  as  long  as  nut,  slender,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  the  narrow  style- 
base.  Nut  small,  as  long  as  i-f  glume. — Founded  on  some  upper  portions  of  stems 
without  leaves,  pasted  down  (in  Herb.  Wight)  with  F.  quinquangularis,  to  which  it 
is  closely  allied. 

36.  r.  filifolia?  JBoech  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  32 ;  stems  2  ft.  quadran- 
gular, leaves  long  narrow  convolute  or  0,  umbel  decompound  and  supra- 
decompound,  spikelets  ellipsoid  acute,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  straw-yellow 
smooth  obscurely  transversely  lineolate. — Trichelostylis  sp.,  n.  14,  Rerh. 
Ind.  Or.  H.f.&T. 

SiKKiM  Teeai  ;  Dulkajhar,  alt.  500  ft.,  C.  JB.  Clarle.  Khasia  Hills  ;  Churra, 
alt.  4200  ft.,  J.  P.  ^.,  &c.' 

Glabrous.  Leaves  sometimes  as  long  nearly  as  stem,  often  shorter,  sometimes  0. 
Umbel  4-12  in.  in  diam.,  with  many  (sometimes  250)  solitary  spikelets ;  bracts 
i-2  in.  Spikelets  i  by  ^  in.,  brown.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  with  3  green  nerves. 
St^le  as  long  as  nut,  slender,  slightly  villous  below  trifurcation,  deciduous  with  the 
narrow  pyramidal  style-base  ;  branches  long  linear.  Nut  as  long  as  f  glume,  round 
trigonous  ;  outermost  cells  in  about  12  longitudinal  series  on  each  face. — Resembles 
large  examples  of  F.  dipJiylla,  but  difiers  not  only  in  the  3-fid  style,  but  in  the  long 
linear  style -branches. 

37.  P-  asperrima,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  40 ;  stems  1^2^  ft., 
leaves  long,  umbel  decompound  with  numerous  spikelets,  bracts  acute 
often  longer  than  umbel,  style  3-fid,  nut  ellipsoid  brown  smooth  trans- 
versely trabeculate  smooth  or  slightly  tuberculate.  F.  chaetorrhiza,  Tfiw. 
Enum.  349  {'partly^  not  of  KuntJi).  Isolepis  dura,  Moritzi,  Verz.  Zoll.  PI. 
97.  Trichelostylis  asperrima,  Nees  ms. — Fimhristylis,  Wall.  Gat.  3502  B 
{partly),  3526  {mixed). 

Ceylon,  Thwaites,  &c.  From  Tavoy,  Wallich,  to  Singapore,  Ridley,  frequent. 
— DiSTRiB.  Malaya. 

Stems  either  5-angular  or  flattened  under  umbel.  Leaves  several,  often  as  long 
as  stem.     Umbel  large,  sometimes  with  150  solitary  spikelets.     Spikelets,  style,  and 

T  t  2 


644  CLx:^ii.  CTPEjiACEiE.     (C..B.  Clarke.)         [Fimbristylis. 

nut  much  as  in  F.  coviplanata  (but  nut  more  trabeculate). — Much  resembles  larger 
forms,  of  F.  complariata.  Link,  but  differs  by  the  long  bracts.  The  Khasia  plants 
referred  here  by  Boeckeler  were-})erhap3  F.  Thomsoniij  Boeck. 

38.  r.  guinquangrularis,  Eunth  JEnum.  ii.  229  ;  steins  8-24  in., 
Jeafy  at  base^jpr  l.ea^ei^,  umbel  decompound  or  supradecompound,  spikelets 
small  ellipaoi^laiceplate  6-14-fld.,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  transversely 
lineolate  pab  tv  J^qjpfLish  more  or  less  tuberculate.     Tliw.  Enum.  349 ; 

alz.  Sf  Glim,  ^mh:  FL  287 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvii.  42  (excl.  F.  Sal- 
bundia).  ■  -F.  'Salbundia,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  44  {mostly,  not  ofKunth). 
F.  angulariS',  84eictl:  t^yn.  Gyp.  116.  F,  Boeckeleri,  Steud.  I.  c.  113  {partly, 
see  Boech.  in  Floo-a^  xlii.  69).  F.  tenera,  Boeck.  I.  c.  Ill  (not  of  JRoem.  & 
■*  Sell.),  Scirpus  quinqn annularis,  Va/d  Enum.  ii.  279;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
229.  S.  miliaceus,  Linn.  Herh.  (?  Sp.  PI.  i.  75).  S.  pentagonus,  Boxb.  I.  c. 
218.  S.  Salbundius  (Satbundius),  Ham.  ms.  (not  F.  Salbundia,  Kunth). 
Trichelostylis  quinquangularis,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  104.  Isolepis  an- 
gularis  and  I.  .P  pentagona,  Boem.  &  Sck.  Syst.  ii.,  Mant.Q9. — Fimbristylis, 
Wall.  Cat.  3499,  3512  (mainly). 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-4000  ft.,  Ceylon,  and  Malay  Peninsula. — Disteib. 
Malaya,  China,  Austral.     Mauritius  introd.  ? 

Glabrous,  annual,  very  variable  in  size.  Stems  usually  flattened  at  base  with 
subdistichous  sheaths,  often  4-5-angnlar  under  umbel.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  ^ 
stem,  very  variable  in  development.  Umbel  often  4-8  in.  in  diam.  with  100  spike- 
lets,  sometimes  small  with  15-5  (larger  than  usual) ;  bracts  ^-Ij  in.  Spikelets 
i-^  in.  long,  more  acute  than  in  F.  miliacea,  subterete  (not  polygonal  as  in  F. 
Salbundia,  Kunth).  Ohomes  ovate,  subacute,  3-nerved.  Sj^yle  longer  than  nut, 
slender,  slightly  villous  below  trifurcation,  deciduous  with  the  narrow  pyramidal 
style-base,  branches  long.  Nut  small,  as  long  as  f  glume. — Hardly  separable  from 
F.  miliacea  (see  Arnott  in  Wiglit  Contrib.  105). 

Var.  crassa  ;  more  robust,  rhizome  woody,  stems  stouter  often  2-3  ft.  leafless  or 
..^  nearly  so,  spikelets  rather  larger  broadly  ellipsoid.  F.  aphylla,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp. 
114.  F.  globulosa,  var.  /3  aphylla,  Miq_.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  322.— Ceylon,  Thicaites 
(n.  823,  partly),  &e.     Kilghiri',  alt.  5-8000  ft.,  plentiful.— Java,  Tonkin. 

39.  r.  miliacea,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  287 ;  stems  8-24  in.,  leafy  at  base 
or  (rarely)  '  leafless,  umbel  decompound  or  supradecompound,  spike- 
lets small  globose  ("r  ultimately  cylindric)  obtuse  many-fld.,  style  3-fid, 
nut  obovoid  transver^elv  lineolate  pale  or  brownish  more  or  less  tubercu- 
late. Th%\^.  Enum.  343":  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  287 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  321  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  43.  F.  littoralis,  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy. 
Bot.  413.  F.  benghaleusis,  Roem.  Sc  ScJi.  Syst.  ii.  94,  and  Mant.  530.  _£*> 
4accida,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  113;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  321.  F.  flaccidula, 
Zoll.  Syst.  Verz.  Ind.  Ai^chip.  ii.  61.  Scirpus  miliaceus,  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  22, 
t.  9,  fig.  2  ;  Botth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  57,  t.  5,  tig.  2  (not  of  Boxb.).  _  S.  tetragonus, 
Eoir.  Encyc.  vi.  767  ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  228.  S.  benghaleusis,  Pers.  Syn.  i. 
68.  Isolepis  ?  tetragona,  Boem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  69.  I.  miliacea, 
Fresl.  Bel.  Haenlc.  i.  188  (excl.  var.  /3).  Trichelostylis  miliacea  &  tetra- 
gona, Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  103,  104.— Fimbristylis,  Wall  Cat.  3500, 
3524. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  O-60O0  ft.,  abundant. — Disteib.  All  warm  regions. 
Hardly  separable  from  F.  quinquangularis,  but  by  the  obtuser  spikelets.     Outer 
cells  (transverse)  of  nut  translucent,  appearing  themselves  longitudinally  striolate. 

•  ft  Nut  smooth  verrucose  or  tubercular^  not  trabeculate. 

40.  P.  g-iC'bujlcsa,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  231;  stems  8-16  in.,  top  sheath 


Fimlristylis.']         clxxii.  CYPERACEiE!^f€5t1^PCM8ft) 


6*$ 


leafless,  spikelets  cuboid -ellipsoid  obtuse,  glumes  .o;tuse,  style  o-fid'^Csee 
var.  /3),  nut  obovoid  verrucose  pale  brown.     TJuo.  Emtm.  349  ;  BoecJc.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvii.  45.     F.  umbellaris,  Fa/iZjE'wM?;?.  ii.  2£L^fi]^^teata 
S^n.  C^p.  109.     Scirpus  umbellaris,  Lam,.  III.  ^•jflMjj^Bf^^ftosus, 
Ob.9.  vi.  19.     Isolepis  globulosa,  Roewi.  &  Seh.  'S^H^^^^^^Lheloi 
globulosa,   Nees  in   Wight  Contrib.  105. — Fimb^^^^^^^^K^^^ 
3529. 


Ceyion,  Thwaites.     From  Nepal,  Wallich,  Assam 
Collett,  to  Penang,  Wallich. — Disteib.  Malaya,  Tonk    

Glabrous.  Rhizome  none  or  scarcely  any.  Stems  ^^^TlC^-anguIai 
umbel.  Lower  sheaths  bearing  long  leaves  or  leafless. ^^^gi^'''sometimes  3t*in. 
diam.,  with  20  spikelets  ;  often  smaller,  sometimes  with  2 JJ^H^ets  ;  bracts  fafoly 
^  in.  Spikelets  ^  by  ^  in.,  dense-fld.,  dusky-brown.  Ghtmes  concave,  incurved, 
3-nerved.  Stamens  often  2.  Style  as  long  as  nut,  deciduous  with  the  narrowly 
pyramidal  style-base ;  branches  linear.  Nut  as  long  as  f  glume,  round  trigonous ; 
outermost  cells  lax  (i.'e.  nut  somewhat  verrucose),  shortly  transversely  oblong,  super- 
imposed in  12-15  vertical  series  in  each  face  (i.  e.  nut  slenderly  longitudinally  striate). 
— Spikelets  sometimes  barren  at  top,  elongate-cylindric. 

Var.  Torresiana  (i-p.j,  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  413;  style  2 -fid,  nut  biconvex. 
Assam,  Masters.  Bengal,  J.D.H. — Marianne  Islands. — No  3-fid  styles  could  be 
found  ;  the  examples  have  the  uppermost  sheatli  leafless  as  in  typical  F.  globulosa. 

Var.  Vicaryi ;  lower  sheaths  with  long  leaves,  uppermost  sheath  with  a  green 
leaf  ^-f  in.  long,  central  sessile  spikelet  usually  deficient.  Trichelostylis  sp., 
n.  16,  Herh.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  ^  T. — Banks  of  the  Chenab,  Thomson;  Dehra  Doon, 
Vicart/. 

41.  F.  insigrnis,  Thw.  Enum.  349  ;  stems  12-16  in.  robust  base  leafy, 
umbel  compound  w^ith  about  10  large  lanceolate  spikelets,  style  3-fid,  nut 
small  obovoid  smooth  white  laxly  reticulated.  Hance  in  Journ.  Linn  Soc. 
xiii.  132  (excl.  syn.  Trichelostylis,  n.  20).  F.  Thwaitesii,  BoecJc.  in  Linnxa, 
xxxvii.  ^^4.  F.  amblyphylla,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  116  {the  plant  described  in 
Obs.). 

Ceylon,  Thwaites. — Disteib.  Borneo,  China. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  descending.  Stems  obscurely  4-5-angular  under 
umbel,  iea-ues  several,  as  long  as  ^  stem,  narrowish,  flat,  tip  suddenly  narrowed. 
Umbell^-3^  in.  in  diam.,  sometimes  simple  with.  4-5  spikelets;  bracts  2-3,  less 
than  I  in.  long.  Spikelets  |-|  by  ^  in.,  hard,  acute.  Glumes  i  in.,  boat-shaped, 
acute  submucronate,  brown-chestnut.  Stamens  3.  Style  long,  villous,  white, 
tardily  deciduous  with  the  narrowly  pyramidal  style-base.  Nut  as  long  as  i-^ 
glume,  triquetrous  with  concave  faces,  obtuse  almost  emarginate. 

42.  r.  pentaptera,  Kunth  JEnum.  ii.  229 ;  stems  16-36  in.  leafless 
hairy  acutely  5-angular  under  umbel,  umbel  decompound,  bracts  small, 
style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  shining  brown  smooth  minutely  reticulate.  JBoeck. 
in  Linncsa,  xxxvii.  30.  F.  Salbundia,  Thw.  Enum.  349  {not  of  Kunth).  S. 
quinquangularis,  Boeclc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  42  {as  to  Thw.  C.P.  823).  Tri- 
chelostylis pentaptera,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  105. 

Ceylon,  up  to  6000  it.,  Gardner,  Thwaites.  Deccan  Peninsula,  Wight  (n.  2904, 
in  Herb.  Calcutt.). 

Bhizome  short,  horizontal,  woody.  Stems  somewhat  thickened  at  base ;  sheaths 
hard,  yellow-brown.  JJmhel  2-5  in.  in  diam.,  with  sometimes  40-85  spikelets. 
Spilcelets  ^  by  -^-^  in.,  chestnut-colrd.  Glumes  adpressed,  ovate,  scarcely  acute. 
Stamens  often  2.  Style  long,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  the  narrowly  pyramidal  style- 
base.     Nut  as  long  as  |  glume. — Easily  recognized  by  the  hairy  stem. 


>:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)      [Fimlristylis. 

43.  r.  complan?ta,  Lin>^  llort.  Berol.  i.  292;  stems  8-24  in. 
flat^ned  under  umbel,  leaves  almost  preraorse,  style  3-fid,  nut  minute 

iid  palaj|^Qj|ir  le.s  tuberculate.  Tliw.  Enum.  349.  F.  autumnalis, 
~^o^y^.7^KHB|M||M^6  ;  BpecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  38.  F.  scabra, 
j5!wt^BBmjPI|Pl^oeckeleri,.iS^e2*d^.  S^n.  Cyp.  113,  partly.  Scirpus 
lanat^B^es^  Qifi.v.  1 4  ;  Hoxb.  M.  Ind.  i.  228.  S.  anceps,  Willd.  in 
_  f  Mngtm.  ?88,  ■♦■  8,  tig.  2;  Boxh.  I.e.  230.  Cyperus  complanatus, 
..IT :;/:  7 ,  '^,  p/.  i.-^O.  laolepis  complanata  &  Willdenowii,  Boem.  Sc  Sch. 
Stjsi.  ii.  i  119  X9,:  Tricjlielostylis  complanata  &  T.  scabra,  JSfees  in  Wight 
Contrih.  i<>3.— Pimbristj^is,  Wall.  Cat.  3502  A,  3510,  3525  {partly). 

,(jT^rougUcnt  India  in  the  warm  region. — Disteib.  All  warm  regions. 
^  Glabrous.  i?Z?.::o'me  litrdly  any,  sometimes  very  short  horizontal,  ieawes  often 
4-S  by  |- in.  Z7//(^t7  ut'ieii  4  in.  in  diam.,  compound  and  supradecompound,  some- 
times with  180  spikelets;  bracts  2,  shorter  than  umbel  (often  suberect),  similar  to 
leaves,  almost  premorse.  Spikelets  ^  by  -J^  i'^-  Stamens  usually  3.  Style  longer 
than  nut,  glabrous;  branches  linear,  Iqng.  ^ut  about  \  length  of  glume j  outer- 
most cells  short  oblong  transverse,  in  vertical  series  but  obscure  (i.  e.  nut  scarcely 
striate). 

Y'dT.  microcai)la  (sp.),  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  Phyt.  Austral,  i.  200;  stems  slender 
hardly  flattened  rnider  umbel,  spikelets  more  slender,  nut  very  small  velate  (i.  e. 
outermost  cells  withering  and  partly  peeling  off).  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  316. 
'  F.  tenera,  5oec^,  in  Flora,  Iviii.  [1875]  111  (excl.  var.,  not  of  Boem.  8f  Sch.). — 
Kumaon,  alt,  8000  ft.,  StracJiey  Sf  Winterbottom,  n.  2;  Sikkim,  alt.  9500  ft.,  J.D.H. 
Bombay,  Dalzell. — Eastern  Asia,  Australia. 

This  species  admitted  by  Bentham,  comes  between  F.  complanata,  Link,  and  F. 
autumnalis,  Boem.  &  Sch.,  species  which  Boeckeler  unites. 

Var.  Kraussiana,  (sp.)  Hochst.  in  Flora,  xxviii.757;  stems  slender  obscurely  flat- 
tened under  umbel,  umbel  more  compact  less  compound  often  with  10-30  spikelets. 
F.  eonnectens,  Thuv.  Enum.  349. — Ceylon,  Thwaites. — China,  Malaya,  Afric. 

Var.  fenestrata ;  spikelets  larger  rusty -brown,  glumes  largfe  laxly  subpatent 
obtuse  shining,  nut  white  fenestrate  by  the  strongly  reticulate  persistent  outermost 
cells. — Deccan  Peninsula ;  Palimcottah,  fright  {n.  2899). — Roots  fibrous.  Stems  12- 
16  in.,  tufted,  conspicuously  flattened  at  top.  Leaves  as  long  as  f  stem,  ^  in.  broad, 
tip  Bubobtuse.  Umbel  aud  bracts  nearly  as  in  F.  complanata,  typ.  Spikelets  f  by 
^  in.,  many-fld.       ^ 

44.  r.  Thoxnsonii,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  37;  stems  8-24  in., 
leaves  fiat  tip  obtuse,  umbel  compound  and  supradecompound,  spikelets 
ellipsoid  acute,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong-obovoid  straw-colrd.  verrucose  or 
subtuberculate  obscurely  transversely  lineolate.  F.  complanata,  Benth. 
Fl.  Hongk.  393.— Trichelostylis,  sp.  n.  Herh.  Ind.  Or.  S.  f.  Sf  T. 

N.E.  India,  alt.  500-40C0  ft.,  from  Sikkim,  Assam  and  Chota  Nagpore  to 
Maetaban  and  Shan  Hills,  common. — Disteib.  Tonquin,  China. 

Glabrous.  Moots  fibrous.  Stems  upwards  obscurely  4-angular,  or  sometimes 
subcompressed.  Leaves  sometimes  short  2-4  in.,  sometimes  a  foot,  Umlel  2-6  in. 
dfam.,  with  sometimes  80  spikelets ;  bracts  4-5,  usually  shorter  than  umbel.  Spike-  ' 
lets  f  by  J  in.  Nut  as  long  as  |  glume. — This  species  is  near  the  large  form  of  F. 
complanata,  Link,  from  which  it  mainly  difi'ers  by  the  thicker  spikelets  and  larger 
nut  (is  probably  often  passed  for  F.  diphylla,  Vahl). 

45.  r.  Salbundia,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  230 ;  stems  l|-3  ft.  leafless  4-5- 
angular,  umbel  decompound  with  120  ovoid  testaceous  spikelets,  glumes 
keeled  rather  lax,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  yellow-brown  opaque  smooth  or 
slightly  tuberculate.     Trichelostylis   Salbundia,  Nees  in  Wight  Oonirih. 


Fimhristijlis.']        clxxii.  OYPERACExEji   (C.  B.  Clarke.)  647 

105,  (ai  least  in  part)  not  Scirp.  Salbundius,  Ham.  in  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3499 
A,  nor  F.  Salbnndia,  5oec^.)-— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3499  C.  in 
Herb.  Berlin  {not  in  Serb.  Linn.  Soc),  2526,  3527  {in  Herb,  DC.  not  in 
Linn.  Soc.y. 

SiLHET ;  Wallich.  Khasia  Hills,  Griffith.  Amheest  ;  Wallich  n.  3527 
{in  Herb.  DC). — Distrib.  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  very  short,  obliquely  descending.  8tems  tufted,  acutely 
angular.  .  Umbel  2-4  in.  diam. ;  bracts  scarcely  an  inch,  bristle-like.  Spikelets  ^-^ 
in.,  angular,  about  10-fld.  Glumes  ovate  obtuse,  margins  broadly  scarious. — Has 
been  greatly  confused  with  the  leafless  form  of  F.  quinquof^gularis,  from  which  it  is 
easily  known  by  the  testaceous  spikelets,  polygonal  by  reason  of  the  acutely  keeled 
glumes.  '  **-  . 

Series  D.  Spikelets  clustered  (some  solitary  often  added).  * 

46.  Pi  leptoclada,  JBenth.  Fl.  Hongk.  393  (not  Fl.  Austral.) ;  stems 
1  foot  slender,  leaves  long  narrow,  spikelets  small  in  1-3  small  clusters 
dark  brown,  glumes  very  obtuse  tip  ciliate,  style  3- fid,  nut  obovoid  yellow- 
brown  verrucose.  F.  retusa,  Tluo.  Enuni.  349 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii. 
46 ;  Hance  in  Lond.  Journ.  Lot.  xvi.  112.  _    % 

Ceylon  ;  Thivaites.     Malacca  ;  Griffith. — Disteib.  Borneo,  China. 

Annual,  glabrous.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem  (or  all  stem)  2V~tV  ^^'  broad. 
Umhel  ^1  in.,  often  congested  into  a  head  ;  bracts  har&ly  ^  in.  Spikelets  usually 
3-8,  ^  in.,  ellipsoid,  obtuse.  Stamen  often  1.  Style  as  long  as  nut,  glabrous,  deci- 
duous with  the  shortly  pyramidal  style- base;  branches  linear.  Ifut  as  long  as  f 
glume,  round  trigonous. 

47.  F-  paupercula^  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  396;  stems  1  ft. 
slender,  clusters  of  spikelets  in  a  simple  umbe],  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid 
with  many  longitudinal  striations  finally  black. 

Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Pulney  Mts. ;  Wight  (n.  2896). 

Nearly  glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  obliquely  descending.  Stem  under  umbel 
5-angular,  minutely  scabrous  pilose.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem,  narrow.  Umbel 
rays  4-5,  1  in.  long ;  bracts  hardly  ^  in.  Spikelets  2-7  to  a  cluster,  i  in.  long, 
ellipsoid,  brown,  about  6-fld.  Glumes  ovate,  keel  slightly  excurrenfc  as  a  macro, 
glandular  upwards,  sometimes  puberulous.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume,  triquetrous,  ^ 
apex  obtuse ;  outer  cells  shortly  transversely  elliptic,  regularly  arranged  in  about 
16  vertical  series  on  each  face. — This  is  in  Herb.  Calcutt.,  Paris,  and  Berlin  ;  but 
not  in  Mus.  Brit,  or  Kew. 

48.  r.  junciformis,  Kunth  Hnum.  ii.  239 ;  stems  4-16  in.,  leaves 
several  rigid,  umbel  compound  and  decompound,  spikelets  clustered,  style 
3-fid,  nut  obovoid  nearly  smooth  or  verrucose  straw-colrd.  or  pale  brown. 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  49.  F.  Ha3nkei,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  161.  F. 
chsdtorrhiza,,  Kunth  Z.  c.  240;  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  ii.  73.  F.  ialoEita,,  Kunth 
I.  c.  239.  Scirpus  falcatus,  Vahl  JEnum.  ii.  275.  Isolepis  falcata,  Roem. 
&  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  118.  Trichelostylis  junciformis  and  chaetorrhiza,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  106.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3519  (partly),  3520. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  1500-5000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  and  Assam  to  Madras  and 
Pegu. — Disteib.  Madagascar,  Philippines. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  short ;  or  sometimes  2  in.  long  horizontal.  Stems 
tufted,  rigid,  upwards  4-5-angular  or  obscurely  flattened.  Leaves  usually  short  but 
sometimes  as  long  as  \-\  stem,  X2~^  in.  broad,  flat,  margins  incurved,  tip  obtuse. 
Umbel  1-4  in.  diam.,  with  20-30  clusters,  often  much  smaller  with  3-5  clusters  j 
bracts  2-4,  short,  rarely  1  in.     Spilcelets  2-5  to  a  cluster,  with  none  or  few  solitary 


1 

racks: 


648  CLXXii.  OYPERA^fe.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)        [Fimbristylis. 

spikelets  in  the  typical  form,  but  examples  with  many  solitary  few  clustered  spike- 
lets  occur,  ^-^  in.,  brown  or  chestnut-colrd, ,  many-fld.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse, 
margins  conspicuously  scarious.  Stamens  3.  Style  longer  than  nut,  slender, 
slightly  villous  below  trifurcation,  deciduous  with  the  small  pyramidal  style-base ; 
branches  long.  Nut  as  long  as  i  glume,  not  (or  obscurely)  striate. — F.  Haeiikei^ 
Dietr.  is  the  older  (but  less  certain)  name  for  this  species.  The  Californian  habitat 
given  by  Boeckeler  is  probably  erroneous. 

Var.  ahhreviata  (sp.)  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xli.  601  j  spikelets  some  paired  but  mostly 
solitary.  F.  chaetorrhiza,  *Ihw.  Enum.  349  (partly). — Ceylon ;  Thwaites,  Gardner. 
Deccan  Peninsula ;    Wallich  n.  3520  A.  {partly).    Anamallay  Mts. ;  Beddome. 

Var.  Iqiifolia  (sp.)  Kunth  I.e.  239;  leaves  \-2,  by  i  in. flat  curved  and  twisted, 
spikelets  rather  many  (rarely  all)  solitary.  F.  falcata,  BoecJc.  in  Linnaa,  xxxvii. 
48.  F.  torta,  Kunth  I.e.  24;  JSoeck.  I.  c.  31.  Trichelostylis  torta  and  T.  latifolia, 
Nees  ''in  Wight  Contrih.  105,  106.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat.  3498.— Deccan 
Peninsula ;   Wight,  Wallich.     Ceylon  ;  Walker. 

49.  P.  nigrobrunnea,  Thw.  Enum.  434;  stems  8-20  in.,  leaves 
several  stout  obtuse,  umbel  simple  compound  or  decompound,  spikelets 
some  clustered  (rarely  all  solitary),  glumes  shining  hard  dark-brown  lower 
few-ranked  or  obscurely  distichous,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  yellow-brown 
verrucose  or  nearly  smooth.  F.  subtetrastachya,  Boeclc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii. 
50.  F.  pycnostacbya,  Hance  in  Journ.  Bot.  xv.  338.  Abildgaardia 
Eragrostis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  55  {fartly,  not  of  Nees  Sf  Meyen). — Fimbristylis, 
Wall.  Cat.  3523.— Trichelostylis  sp.  n.  20,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  K.f.&T. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.  Munetpoor;  alt.  3500  ft.,  Watt.  Deccan 
Peninsula;  Courtallum,  Wight.  Nioobars.  Ceylon,  T/iwaJie*,  &c. — Disteib. 
Cambodia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  hardly  any.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  by  ^  in.  broad. 
Umbel  ^-6  in.  diam. ;  bracts  about  ^  in. ;  spikelets  in  the  common  Khasia  form  2-10 
to  a  cluster,  in  the  Ceylon  form  solitary.  Spikelets  i  by  i  in.,  or  sometimes  much 
smaller.  Glumes  ovate,  acute,  keeled,  adpressed.  Stamens  generally  2.  Style 
as  long  as  nut,  slightly  villous"  below  trifurcation.  Nut  as  long  as  f  glume. — This 
bpecies  might  perhaps  be  arranged  in  Sect.  Abildgaardia. 

50.  r.  ulig'inosa,  Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  109;  stems  4-8  in.  slender, 
leaves  almost  bristle-like,  spikelets  clustered  black-chestnut,  style  3-fid, 
nut  obovoid  smooth  pale  slightly  narrowed  at  top.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  25, 

NiLGHiEi  Hills  ;  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  Ferrottet,  &c. 

Leaves  as  long  as  ^-^  stem,  -^--^  in.  broad.  Umbel  simple  or  often  reduced 
to  a  single  cluster  sometimes  to  a  single  spikelet. — Otherwise  as  F.  nigro-hrunnea, 
Thw.,  of  which  this  may  be  a  small  mountain  state. 

51.  P.  digritata,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  Ixi.  35 ;  stems  2-5  in.  bristle-like 
base  bulbous,  spikelets  3-8  straw-colrd.  in  a  subterminal  head,  style 
3-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  straw-colrd.  or  finally  brownish.  Benth.  Sc 
HooJc.f.  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1050.  Scirpus  Lawianus,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi. 
479.    Trichelostylis  digitata,  H.f.  8f  T.  ms. 

Bombay  ;  Dalzell.     Canaea;  Law,  Young  ;  Belekerri,  Talbot. 

Glabrous.  Leaves  as  long  as  \  stem,  bristle-like.  Bracts  2-1,  shorter  than 
head.  Spikelets  \-^  hy  ^-^-\\n.,  6-18-fld.  Glumes  ovate-oblong,  scarcely  acute, 
keeled,  chaffy,  nearly  1-colrd.  Style  nearly  as  long  as  nut,  glabrous,  deciduous, 
with  small  pyramidal  style-base,  branches  linear.  Nut  as  long  as  ^  glume,  sessile, 
rouud-trigonous,  obtuse  at  top. 


Fimbristylis.']         clxxii.  cypeeacej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  649 

Sect.  lY.  Abildgaardia  (Genus)  Valil  Enum.  ii.  296.  Lower  glumes 
of  spikelet  distichous  or  nearly  so,  upper  fertile  glumes  spirally  placed. 
(See  also  F.  nigrohrunnea,  sp.  n.  49  above.)     Spikelets  not  clustered. 

*  Spikelets  pale,  nut  large  triquetrous  base  'much  narrowed. 

52.  r.  monostachya,  Sassh.  PL  Jew.  Ba/r.  61 ;  stems  leafy  at  base 
with  1  (rarely  2-3)  spikelet,  nut-bearing  glumes  2-3-8tichous  shortly 
mucronate,  style  3-fid,  nut  somewhat  large  obovoi(i  more  or  less  tuberculate 
straw-colrd.  or  pale-brown,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  308.  Cyperus  mono- 
stachyus,  Linn.  Mant.  180 ;  Botth.  Bescr.  et  Ic.  18, 1. 13,  fig.  3.  C.  indicus, 
Per*.  S^/n.  i.  65.  Scirpus  schoenoides,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  221.  Abildgaardia 
monostachya,  Valil  Enum.  ii.  296 ;  Dalz.  Sf  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  286 ;  Tliw. 
Enum.  347 ;  Boeck.  in  Liniisea,  xxxvii.  53.  A.  laevigata,  Link  Jahrh.  iii. 
81.  A.  Eottboelliana,  I^ees  in  Wight  Contrib.  95.  A.  compressa,  Presl. 
Bel.  Hdenk.  i.  179.  A.  indica,  2sees  in  LAnnsea,  ix.  289. — Abildgaardia, 
Wall.  Cat.  3491. 

Throughout  warmer  India:— Distrib.  All  warm  regions. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  0,  or  very  short.  Stems  2-16  in.,  tufted,  slender,  angular. 
Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem,  narrow.  Spikelet  quasi-terminal  (bract  hardly  any)  ^  by 
^  in.,  or  in  some  of  Wallich^s  collections  nearly  twice  these  dimensions,  compressed 
with  glumes  distichous),  or  often  twisted.  Glumes  ovate,  acute,  keel  green,  sides 
straw-colrd.  or  yellow.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  linear-oblong  not  crested.  Style  long, 
villous  nearly  to  the  base,  deciduous  with  pyramidal  style-base ;  branches  rather 
short.     Nut  as  long  as  |-1  glume,  base  much  contracted. 

53.  P.  tristachya^  TJnv.  Enum.  434  {not  of  Br.  or  Nees) ;  stem  stout 
leafy  at  base  with  2-5  (rarely  1)  large  spikelets,  nut-bearing  glumes  2-3- 
stichous  shortly  mucronate,  style  3-fid,  nut  large  obovoid  tuberculate 
ultimately  brown-black.  Cyperus  triflorus,  Linn.  Mant.  62.  Schoepus 
cyperoides,  Retz  Obs.  iv.  8.  Abildgaardia  tristachya,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  297  ; 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  95 ;  Thw.  I.  c.  347 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  54. 
A.  monostachya,  var.  Hassk.  Fl.  Jav.  Bar.  61. — IsolepisP,  Wall.  Gat. 
3492. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  frequent;  Wight,  &c.  Cetion  ;  Thwaites. — Disteib. 
Warmer  Africa. 

Stems  1-2-2  ft.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem,  rigid.  Spikelets  1  in.,  compressed, 
often  twisted. — This  species  is  altogether  large»  than  the  common  forms  of  F.  mono- 
stachya;  from  the  large  form  of  F.  monostachya  it  does  not  differ  much  except  by 
its  dark  nut. 

**  Spikelets  brown,  nut  small  base  not  much  narrowed. 

54.  r.  fusca,  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1048;  leaves  several  short 
flat,  umbel  often  compound,  bracts  short,  glumes  few-ranked  boat- 
shaped  acute  brown  puberulous,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  pale  smooth 
slightly  verrucose.  F.  cinnamometorum,  Hance  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii. 
132  {not  Kunth).  F.  Kamphceveneri,  Boeck.  in  Engler  Bot.  Jahrb.  v.  505. 
Gussonia  pauciflora,  Brongn.  in  Bot.  Duperr.  Voy.  171,  t.  34,  B.  Abildga- 
ardiafusca,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  95  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  54.  A. 
pauciflora,  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  249.  Schoenus  puberulus,  G.  A.  Meyer  Cyp. 
Nov.  2,  t.  1.  Rynchospora  ?  anomala,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  149;  Miq.  Fl.  Lnd. 
Bat.  iii.    837.     Isolepis  locgispica,   Steud.  I.  c.  104. — Fimbristylis,    Wall. 

Gat,  3530. 


650  CLXXii.  CYPERAOE^.     (C.  p,  Clarke.)  \_Fimhristylis. 

Nepal;  WalUch.  Burrakur  ;  Kurz.  Pegu;  Kurz.  Penang;  alt.  2500  ft., 
Kunstler. — Distrib.  Malaya,  China. 

Rhizome  very  short,  woody,  horizontal,  densely  leafy.  Stems  about  1  ft., 
slender,  angular,  glabrous.  Leaves  scarcely  as  much  as  ^  stem,  -^^  in.  broad, 
minutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  tip  obtuse.  Umbel  1-2|  in.diam.,  with 
about  10-20  spikelets;  bracts  ^-|  in.,  usually  hairy.  Spikelets  -i— f  by  ^  in., 
flattened ;  lowest  three  glumes  empty,  lowest  2  shorter ;  nut-bearing  glumes  2-6, 
subdistichous,  upper  glumes  3-6  male  or  sterile  3-several-ranked.  Glumes  sub- 
mucronate,  margins  scarious,  upwards  often  glandular.  Stamens  usually  2.  Sti/le 
long,  slender,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  pyramidal  style-base ;  branches  linear.  Nut 
as  long  as  ^-^  glume,  subacutely  trigonous,  obtuse ;  outermost  cells  somewhat  lax, 
sometimes  almost  papillose. 

55.  r.  fulvescens,  Thiv.  Enum.  434 ;  annual,  glabrous,  leaves  as 
long  as  |— f  stem,  otherwise  nearly  as  F.fusca,  var.  /S  longifolia.  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvii.  55.     Abildgaardia  fulvescens,  Thw.  I.  c.  347. 

Ceylon  ;  Walker,  Thtvaites  {u.  679). 

Stems  tufted.  Umbel  nearly  as  in  F.fusca,  or  sometimes  more  loose,  with  pale- 
cinnamon  long-pe(Ucelled  spikelets;  bracts  ligulate  scabrous.  Spikelets  ^-^  in. 
broad,  i.e.  often  rather  broader  than  in  F.fusca. 

56.  r.  cyperoldeSj  Br.  Prodr.  228;  leaves  several  long  narrow, 
umbel  compound,  bracts  short,  glumes  few-ranked  boat-shaped  acuminate 
brown  glandular,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong-obovoid  pale  transversely  trabe- 
culate.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  317.  F.  biflora,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii. 
393.  Abildgaardia  cyperoides,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  95  {in  note). 
Gussonea  cyperoides,  Presl.  Mel.  Hsenk.  i.  183,  t.  33  (see  Benth.  Sc  Hook.f. 
Gen.  Fl.  1049.) 

N.  Australia,  Philippine,  Caroliise  Isles. 

Stems  about  1  ft.,  slender  (base  thickened  by  horny  sheaths)  closely  approximate 
on  a  very  short  rhizome.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^-f  stem,  glabrous  or  minutely  hairy. 
Umhel  1-3^  in.  diam.,  sometimes  with  80  spikelets  usually  with  much  fewer, 
glabrous  or  minutely  hairy;  bracts  ^-1  in.  Spikelets  i  by  J^  '^^•>  flattened;  lowest 
2-3  glumes  empty,  ^owest  1-2  small ;  nut-bearing  glumes  2-4,  distichous,  upper 
glumes  3-6,  male  or  sterile,  3-several-ranked.  Stamens  often  3.  Style  long, 
slender,  deciduous  with  its  hairy  pyramidal  style-base;  branches  linear.  Nut  as 
long  as  f  glume,  round  trigonous. — California  (Presl.)  is  an  error  for  Manila. 

Var.  cinnamometorum  (sp.)  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  229  ;  roots  fibrous,  stems  tufted, 
nut  shining  somewhat  polygonal,  outermost  cells  transversely  oblong  superimposed 
regularly  in  7-11  vertical  series  on.^ach  face  (i.e.  nut  7-11-ribbed  on  each  of  its  3 
faces).  jBoecfc.-iwIciww^a,  xxxvii.  35.  ¥.^\sihva.,Steud.Syn.  C^/^j.  Ill,  chiefly.  Scirpus 
cinnamometorum,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  278.  Trichelostylis  cinnamometorum,  Nees  in 
Linncea,  ix.  290.  Abildgaardia  cinnamometorum,  Thw.  Enum.  347  (excl.  syn. 
fusca). — Pegu  and  Ceylon  ;  China. — Steudel's  F.  glabra  is  founded  on  Hohenacker 
n.  131,  a,  which  is  this  "cinnamometorum,"  mixed  with  F.  tenera  var.  oxylepis  ; 
Steudel's  description  regards  mostly  cinnamometorum. 

57.  r.  actinoschoenus,  G.  B.  Glarke ;  leaves  hardly  any,  spikelets 
in  one  small  dense  head  4-1-fld.,  glumes  about  6  few-ranked  lower 
subdistichous,  style  3-fid,  nut  small  obovoid  trigonous.  Actinoschcenus 
filiformis,  Benth.  in  Sooh.  Ic,  PI.  xiv.  33,  t.  1346.  Arthrostylis  filiformis, 
Thw.  Fnum.  352 ;  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  524. 

Ceylon  ;  Thioaites  (n.  3469),  Beckett. 

Glabrous,  perennial.  Stems  slender,  12-30  in.  Leaves  0-i  in.,  setaceous,  green, 
close  to  base  of  stem.  Spikelets  up  to  20  in  a  globose  head  ^-|  in.  diam. ;  bracts 
0-^  in.,  setaceous.     Spikelets  ^  in.,  usually  2-fld.,  lower  flower  alone  perfecting  a 


FimhristyUs.']       clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  651 

nut  ;  but  sometimes  4.fld.,  the  three  lower  flowers  perfect.  Lowest  3  glumes  smaller 
empty;  glume  subaristate,  with  recurved  point  (but  see  var. /3).  /StyZe  deciduous ; 
base  conic,  dilated.     Hut  smooth,  reticulate. 

Var.  (3  chinensis ;  spikelets  less  numerous,  points  of  fl.-glumes  shorter  suberect. 
Arthrostylis  chinensis,  Benth.  Fl.  Hongk.  397.  Actinoschceni  sp.  Benth,  in  Hoolc. 
Ic.  PI.  xiv.  33.— Perak,  alt.  6500  ft.,  Wray,  n.  354,  alt.  800  ft.,  Kunstler  (n. 
3373).— Hongkong. 

58.  r.  disticha^  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  393;  stems  4-10  in. 
slender  base  leafy,  umbel  1-3  times  divided  slender  lax,  spikelets  small 
narrowly  oblong  flattened,  lower  glumes  distichous,  style  3-fid,  nut 
obovoid  pale  verrucose  almost  tuberculate. 

TavoT;  WalUch,  MoVLM^iN;  Parish.  Meegtji;  Griffith. — Distrib.  Cochin 
China. 

Annual.  Stem  5-striate,  base  thickened  by  numerous  sheaths.  Leaves  in  the 
type  2  in.,  often  much  longer,  flat,  glabrous,  tip  obtuse.  Umbel  4  in.,  nearly 
glabrous,  bracts  ^  in.  Spikelets  i  by  J^  in.,  pale  brown,  with  about  15  flowers. 
Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  subobtuse,  glabrous,  margins  minutely  hairy,  1-2  lowest 
empty  deciduous.  Stamens  often  3.  Style  long,  glabrous,  deciduous  with  pyramidal 
style-base,  branches  long.     Nut  as  long  as  ^-f  glume,  round -trigonous. 

Var?     Kurzii;  stouter,   umbel  denser,   rays    hairy,   spikelets    stouter,    glumes 
distichous  densely  minutely  hairy. — Sikkim  Terai;  Titaliya,  Kurz. 

DouBTruL  SPECIES  OP  Fimhristt/Hs. 

F.  Gambleana,  BoecJc.  Cyp.  Nov.  ii.  40. — Madeas  ;  alt.  3000  ft..  Gamble. — 
"  Allied  to  F.  tenera,'*  Boeck. 

9.  BUZiBOSTVXiXS,  Kunth. 

Annuals.  Stems  slender,  leafy  only  at  base.  Leaves  very  narrow  and 
sheatbs  generally  finely  hairy.  Corymb  umbelliform  or  congested,  some- 
times reduced  to  1  spikelet.  Sj^ikelet  of  numerous  axillary  perfect  flowers, 
tabescent  at  top.  Glmnes  imbricated  on  all  sides,  2-1  lowest  empty. 
Hypogynous  bristles  0.  Stamens  3-1,  usually  2 ;  anthers  not  crested. 
Style  as  long  as  nut,  linear,  glabrous  ;  branches  3,  linear;  style-base  very 
small,  bulbiform  ;  style  with  style-base  deciduous,  leaving  a  minute  button 
on  apex  of  nut.  Nut  obovoid,  obtuse,  3-gonous,  scarcely  stalked,  smooth. 
— Species  70,  all  warm  regions. 

This  genus  comprises  a  large  group  of  very  closely  allied  species,  easily  recognized 
by  the  fine  leaves  and  needle-like  hairs,  as  well  as  by  the  peculiar  button  left  on 
the  nut  (itself  ultimately  deciduous).  They  are  placed  in  Fimbristylishy  Bentham,  who 
laid  great  stress  in  the  Oyperacea  on  the  inflorescence;  and  by  Boeckeler  in  Scirpus. 
They  are  really  very  closely  allied  to  Fleocharis  (of  which  genus  one  American 
species  is  Bulhostylis  nudipes,  Kunth),  from  which  genus  the  few  Indian  Bulbo- 
stylides  are  easily  distinguished  by  their  leaves. 

1.  B.  barbata,  Kunth  JSnum.  ii.  208  (see  p.  205);  stem  glabrous 
with  3-20  spikelets  in  a  globose  head,  style  3-fid,  nut  straw-colour 
obscurely  reticulated  or  porose-punctate.  B.  Wallichiana  and  Willdenowii, 
Kunth  I.  c.  209,  210.  Scirpus  barbatus,  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  52,  t.  17,  fig. 
4;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  751  {excl.  var.  /3),  S.  antarcticus,  Tkunb.  Fl. 
Cap.  96;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  228  (not  Linn.).  S.  monander,  Roxh.  I.e.  222. 
S.  puberulus,  Boeck.  I.  c.  767  (armeroides  only).  Isolepis  barbata,  Br. 
Frodr.  222 ;  JSfeea  in  Wight  Gontrib.  109 ;  Strachey  OafTFl.  Kumaon,  73 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  310 ;   Thw.  Enum.  350.     I.  Wallichiana,  Boem.  Sf 


652  CLxxii.  CYPEHACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_BulbostyUs» 

Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  533.  I.  capillaris,  Bon  Prodr.  39  {not  Roem.  Sc  Scli.), 
I.  Cumingii  and  I.  invohicellata,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  101.  I.  sabtristachya, 
Hoclist. ;  see  Boech.  I.  c.  752.  Fimbristylis  monandra,  Boem.  &  Sch.  Syst. 
Mant.  ii.  59.  F.  barbata,  Benih.  Ft.  Austral,  vii.  ^21.— Burni.  Thes. 
Zeyl.  t.  47,  fig.  2.— Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  3481,  3497. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-4000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and 
Singapore.— DisTRiB.  Warm  regions. 

Stems  tufted,  2-10  in.,  bristle-like,  striated.  Leaves  as  long  as  \  stem  ;  slieatbs 
usually  with  needle-like  hairs  at  least  in  their  throat.  Capitulum  i-f  in.  diam.  j 
bracts  shorter,  or  much  longer,  than  head.  Spikelets  \-^  in.,  oblong-lanceolate. 
Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  scarcely  acute,  rusty  brown  with  gi'een  keel,  margins 
minutely  ciliate,  sides  puberulous  or  glabrate.     Niti  as  long  as  \  glume. 

Var.  pulchella  (sp.)  Thw.  Enum.  350  (under  Isolepis) ;  lower  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate  longer  more  rigid  than  in  JB.  barhata  type.  Scirpus  Thwaitesii,  Soeck. 
in  Linncea,  xxxviii.  380,— Isolepis,  Wall.  Cat.  3480,  B.  3481  C— South  Madras. 
Pondicherry  ;  Perrottet ;  Tuticorin  ;  Wight  n.  2891,  Wallich.  Ceylon ;  Thivaites 
n.  829,  3761),  &c. — The  type  form  of  this  var.  looks  a  separable  species,  but 
there  are  intermediates  which  I  cannot  sort  between  the  two;  Wight  regarded 
all  as  one  species. 

2.  B.  subspinescens,  C.  B.  Clarice ;  stem  hairy  with  about  10 
spikelets  in  an  almost  prickly  head,  style  3-fid,  nut  pale  brown. 

Orissa;  Poori,  W.  S.  Atkinson,  Clarice. 

Whole  plant  pubescent.  Stems  4  in,,  rigid,  curved.  Leaves  as  long  as  ^  stem. 
Spikelets  nearly  ^  in.,  hard,  almost  stellately  spreading ;  bracts  about  as  long  as 
the  head.  Glumes  scarcely  keeled,  densely  pubescent. — Otherwise  as  B.  harhata,  of 
which  it  might  be  treated  as  a  var.  growing  in  sea  sand. 

3.  B.  capillaris,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  212  (see  p.  205) ;  stem  glabrous, 
spikelets  nearly  all  solitary  in  a  simple  or  compound  umbel,  style  3-fid, 
nut  pale  transversely  undulate.     Scirpus  capillaris,  Linn.  Mant.  321. 

Throughout  America. 

Var.  trifida  (sp.)  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  213 ;  nut  smooth  or  often  verrucose  not 
transversely  undulate.  Scirpus  densus,  Wall,  in  Roxb  Fl.  Ind.  (ed.  Carey  &  Wall.) 
i.  231,  S.  gracillimus,  Boeek.  in  Linncea  xxxvi.  761.  8.  tr\&dvLS,  Hance  in  Journ. 
Bat.  xvi,  112.  Isolepis  trifida,  iVees  in  Wight  Contrih.  108;  Strachey  Cat.  PI. 
Kumaon,  73  ;  Thw.  Enum.  350.  I.  tenuissima,  Don  Prodr.  40.  I.  densa,  Soem.  S^ 
'  Sch.  St/d.  Mant.  ii.  71 ;  Nees  In  Wight  Contrih.  109.  I.  trichokolea,  Steud.  Sen.  Cyg. 
96 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  308.  Fimbristylis  capillacea,  Steud.  I.  c.  111.  F.  capil- 
laris, Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  322  {partly)  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  390.— Isolepis, 
Wall.  Cat.  3476. 

Very  common  from  the  Himalaya,  alt.  0-8500  ft.,  to  Ceylon.— Distrib,  Warm 
regions  of  Old  World. 

Stems  tufted,  4-10  in.,  slender,  striate,  glabrous  under  umbel.  Leaves  as  long  as 
^-|  stem,  bristle-like,  nearly  glabrous;  sheaths  with  needle-like  hairs  at  least  in 
their  throat.  Umbel  very  variable ;  in  form  densus  (sp.  Wall.)  umbel  very  com- 
pound dense  with  spikelets  ;  in  trifida  (sp.  Kunth)  umbel  with  3  or  not  rarely 
2-1  spikelets.  Spikelets  in  the  Indian  plants  solitary,  i  in.,  ellipsoid  or  oblong, 
6-15-fld.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  ovate,  obtuse,  brown  or  blackish,  puberulous,  keel 
green  scarcely  excurrent  in  a  mucro.  Ifut  as  long  as  f  glume. — Some  Indian 
specimens  have  stems  16  in.  with  large  compound  umbels. — I  cannot  separate  this 
specifically  from  the  American  type  capillaris ;  the  shape  of  the  outermost  cells  of 
the  nut  is*^ identical  in  the  two,  the  superficial  difference  in  marking  is  often  imperfectly 
developed. 

4.  B.  puberula,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  213  (see  p.  205) ;  stem  pubescent  or 


Bulhosiylis.l         clxxii.  Cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  653 

pnberulons  under  umbel,  umbel  often  congested  (sometimes  lax)  spikelets 
solitary,  style  3-fid,  nut  pale  transversely  wrinkled.  Scirpus  puberulus, 
Poir  Encycl.  vi.  767  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  767.  S.  Wightianus, 
Boeck.  I.e.  765  {in  great  part).  S.  barbatus,  Boeck.  I.e.  751  {as  to  sijn. 
Isolepis  gracilis  amd  Thwalte^  n.  834).  I.  gracilis,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrlh. 
109  {not  Linnsea,  x.  161) ;  Kunth  I.  c.  217  ;  Thu\  Enwni.  350.  I.  puberula, 
Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  103.     Cyperus  pubescens,  Steud.  I.  c.  50. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Wight.  Ceylon  ;  Thwaites  n.  834.  Mergui  ;  Griffith. 
Malacca  ;  Kunstler.  Singapore  ;  Burhidge. — Distrib,  Trop.  Africa,  Malaya  and 
Cochin  China. 

Very  near  B.  capillaris ;  the  spikelets  are  really  solitary,  but  ofterv^fclosely  packed 
in  an  umbel  less  than  1  in.  diam.  In  Wight  n.  1892  (type  of  Isolepis 
gracilis,  Nees)  the  stems  are  long,  very  slender;  the  umbel  is  lax,  some  pedicels 
f  in.  long. 

10.  SCZRPUS,  Zinn.  (partly). 

Herbs  of  very  various  habit,  all  glabrous  (or  tbe  inflorescence  slightly 
hairy).  Spikelets  usually  many-fld.  (lower  glumes  spirally  imbricated) 
sometimes  few-fld.  (lower  glumes  subdistichous  upper  spirally  imbricated). 
Glumes  1-2  (rarely  3)  lowest  empty,  several  (rarely  1)  succeeding  with 
perfect  nut-bearing  flowers,  upper  tabescent.  Hypogynous  bristles  7-1 
setaceous,  or  0,  or  (in  S.  littoralis  and  8.  Isolepis)  sometimes  broad  ovate. 
Stamens  3-1,  anterior;  anthers  linear-oblong  or  oblong,  crested  or  un- 
appendaged.  8tyle  long  or  short,  glabrous,  3-fid  or  2-fid,  base  linear 
or  linear-conic,  continuous  with  apex  of  nut.  Nut  trigonous  or  plano- 
convex, sessile  or  nearly  so. — Species  125,  all  regions. 

This  genus  here  includes  (in  sevei-al  very  dissimilar  sections)  all  the  seirpoid 
species  left  after  the  neighbouring  genera  have  been  taken  out.  Eleocharis  and 
Fimbristylis  differ  by  the  enlarged  style-base  (separated  from  the  nut  by  a  constric- 
tion or  a  line)  j  Fuirena  and  Bulbostylis  have  hairy  leaves  ;  EriopJwrum  has  bristles 
ligulate,  laciniate  (to  the  base  in  the  Indian  species). 

Sect.  I.  MoNosTACHYi.  Small  or  slender.  Stems  (or  branches)  with 
one  spikelet.     Style  long. 

1.  S.  tLnitans,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  71;  stem  weak  elongate  branched 
leafy  upwards,  bristles  0,  style  2-fid,  nut  plano-convex  obovoid  smooth 
pale.  Beiehh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  38,  t.  298  {excl.  the  triquetrous  nut) ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  485  {excl.  var.  y  and  part  fi).  Isolepis  fluitans,  Br. 
Prodr.  221 ;  Thw.  Enum.  350.  I.  curvula,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  189.  I.  cur- 
vata,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62.  Eleogiton  fluitans.  Link  Sort.  Berol. 
i.  284.     E.  curvulus,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  110. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  1-3000  ft.  Nilghiri  Hills;  Perrottet,  &c.,  with  more 
rigid  purple  glumes  (var.  spadicea).  Ceylon  ;  Thwaites,  &c.,  with  shortened  curved 
nodes  and  clustered  peduncles  and  leaves  (var.  curvula). — Distrib.  Nearly  all 
regions. 

Root  fibrous.  Stems  2-12  in.  long,  flaccid,  in  water  or  on  mud.  Leaves  ^-2^ 
in. ,  very  narrow.  Peduncles  1-4  in.  Spikelet  X(5~i  i^*?  niany-  or  few-fld. ;  bi'act 
usually  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  or  0.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  concave.  Nut  as 
long  as  i-f  glume ;  outermost  cells  small  quadrate-hexagoual  obscure  (i.e.  nut 
smooth  or  obsoletely  reticulate). 

2.  S.  subxnersus,  Sauvalle  Fl.  Guba,  175;  stem  weak  elongate 
lj)ranched  leafy  upwards,  bristles  6  overtopping  nut,  style  2-fid,  nut  (only 


654  cLXxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Sciiyiis, 

one  in  eacli  spikelet)  plane-convex  lanceolate-obovoid  smooth  pale.  S.  con- 
ierYoides,  Poi?\  Enci/c.  vi.  7bh(non  BoecTc.);  Kuntli  Enum.  ii.  173  partly  {the 
descript.  not  the  diagnosis).  Eleocharis?  conieryoides,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  303.  Kynchospora  ruppioides,  Benth.  (Rhyncospora)  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI. 
xiv.  31,  t.  1344 ;  Trimen  Gat.  Ceylon  PL  103  and  in  Journ.  Bot.  xxiii.  140. 
Websteria  limnophila,  8.  S,  Wright  in  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  xiv.  [1887]  135. 

Cetlon;  Thwaites  (O.P.  3936);  Colombo,  Beckett.— DiaiRiB,  Sporadic, 
tropical. 

Floating.  Stems  10-20  in.  Leaves  2-4  in.,  clustered,  capillary.  Spikelet  ^  in., 
oblong-lanceolate.  Glumes  two  lowest  concave,  elliptic-oblong,  thin,  enclosing  the 
spikelet ;  upper  glumes  smaller,  male  or  sterile,  sometimes  0 ;  lowest  glume  empty, 
the  next  supporting  a  perfect  nut-bearing  flower.  Bristles  setaceous,  retrorse- 
scabrous,  straw-colrd.  Nut  half  as  long  as  its  glume,  itself  style  and  style-base 
exactly  as  in  S.  fluitans,  but  much  larger. 

3.  S.  pauciflorus,  Light/.  Fl.  Scot.  1078;  leafless,  spikelet  quasi- 
terminal  few-fid.,  bristles  6-3,  style  3-fid,  nut  trigonous  obovoid  smooth 
pale  or  somewhat  brown  ;  Iteichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  38,  t.  299 ;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvi.  479.  S.  Bseothryon,  Ehrh.  Phytoph.  n.  31 ;  Linn.f.  SuppL 
103. 

West  Tibet;  Thomson.  Kashmie;  alt.  8000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.^DisiRiB. 
N.  temp,  and  cold  regions. 

Roots  fibrous,  but  stolons  sometimes  added.  Stems  2-10  in.,  leafy  only  near  base, 
erect,  clustered ;  uppermost  sheath  truncate,  often  marked  by  a  brown  transverse 
line,  sometimes  apiculate  on  one  side.     Spikelet  ^-^  in.,  subebracteate,  bearing  about 

5  nuts.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  dusky  chestnut.  Bristles  about  as  long  as  nut, 
retrorse-scabrous,  straw-colrd.  Nut  as  long  as  f  the  glume ;  style-base  narrowly 
pyramidal  continuous  with  nut ;  outermost  cells  of  nut  small,  subhexagonal,  withering 
(i.e.  nut  smooth,  lead-colrd.,  smooth  or  minutely  reticulate,  white-veiled). 

4.  S-  pumilus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  243 ;  leaves  very  short,  spikelet  quasi- 
terminal  few-fld.,  bristles  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  trigonous  obovoid  glistening 
black.  S.  alpinus,  Schleich.  Gat.  1821 ;  Eeichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  38,  t. 
300;  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  480;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  378.  S.  csespito- 
sus,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  488  (the  Asiat.  examples  and  syns.).  Iso- 
lepis  pumila,  Roem.  4'  Sch.  Byst.  ii.  106.  I.  oligantha,  G.  A.  Meyer  Gyp. 
Nov.  3,  t.  1. 

Kashmir;  W.  Tibet,  Skardo  and  Hanle,  alt.  14,000  ft.  Thomson-,  Gurais, 
Winterhottom ;  Gilgit,  Giles. — Distrib.  N.  temp,  and  cold  regions. 

Stolons  slender,  becoming  wiry  black  creeping  rhizomes.  Stems  2-6  in.,  setaceous, 
green.  Leaves  \-%  in.,  setaceous,  green.  Spikelet  scarcely  i  in.,  ovoid. — Otherwise 
as  S.  pauciflorus,  Lightf.,  of  which  this  species  has  been  reckoned  a  var.  (see  Roem. 

6  Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  72  in  Obs.)  ;  ripe  examples  are  easily  recognized  by  the  shining 
black  nut.  The  rhizome  (most  commonly  0  in  8.  paucifiorus)  is  here  black,  woody, 
though  very  thin. 

Sect.  2.  IsoLEPis  (Genus),  Br.  Prodr.  221.  Small  or  middle-sized. 
Stems  leafy  only  near  the  base.  Spikelets  usually  in  clusters.  No  trace 
of  hypogynous  bristles.     Style  long,  3-fid. 

5.  S.  setaceus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  73  (partly);  small,  stem  bearing  1-3 
spikelets  in  a  quasi-lateral  head,  style  3-fid,  nut  longitudinally  striate  and 
transversely  trabeculate  between  the  striations,  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii. 
39,  t.  301.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  {excl.  var.  (B  &  y).  Isolepis  setacea, 
Br.  Prodr.  222 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gonirib.  107 ;  Strachey  Gat.  PL  Kumaon, 
72  {eoccL  syn.  pygmsea). 


Scirpus.']  OLxxii.  cypeeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  655 

Temp,  and  Alpine  Himalaya,  alt.  8-13,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Sikzim.— 
DiSTRiB.  Throughout  Europe,  Asia  ;  in  Africa;  in  Australia. 

Bhizome  ^-3  in.,  almost  filiform,  or  more  often  0.  Stems  1-8  in.  Leaf  usually 
about  1  in.,  setaceous,  sometimes  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem.  Spilcelets  xV~4  ^"*» 
6-20-fld. ;  bract  as  though  a  continuation  of  the  stem.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  keeled. 
Nut  as  long  as  half  its  glume,  trigonous  obovoid,  obtuse,  minutely  apiculate  ;  outer- 
most cells  transversely  short-oblong,  superimposed  in  6-9  vertical  series  on  each 
face,  so  that  the  nut  appears  on  each  face  longitudinally  6-9-striate. — Much  mixed 
in  herbaria,  and  by  many  authors  (even  Boeckeler),  with  S.  cernuus,  Vahl  (S.  Savii, 
Sebast.  Sc  Mauri)  which  differs  in  the  smooth  nut,  i.e.  the  outermost  cells  are 
quadrate-hexagonal,  somewhat  obscure,  not  arranged  in  vertical  series  (nut  minutely 
reticulate  not  horizontally  striate).  S.  cernuus,  Vahl  is  a  cosmopolitan  species, 
except  India  and  the  adjacent  countries. 

6.  S>  Koloschoenus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  72 ;  stems  rather  stout,  umbel 
lateral  (rarely  reduced  to  a  single  head)  of  distant  dense  globes  of 
numerous  small  spikelets,  style  3-fid,  nui;  trigonous  obovoid  smooth 
minutely  reticulate  leaden-black.  Boeclc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  720;  Boiss. 
Fl.  Orient,  v.  381.  Holoschoenus  vulgaris,  Link  Sort.  Berol.  i.  293.  H. 
filiformis  and  H.  australis,  BeicJib.  in  Flora^  1830,  p.  499,  500,  and  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  viii.  44,  45,  t.  316,  317  (erroneous  as  to  setee). 

Punjab;  Hazara,  alt.  4000  ft., /S^ewar^.  Sind  ;  Pinwill. — Distrib.  Europ., 
Afric,  W.  Asia. 

Bhizome  horizontal,  woody,  covered  by  ovate  chestnut  scales ;  fibrous  roots 
thick,  often  (when  growing  in  sand)  woolly.  Stems  8-30  in.,  approximate,  terete. 
Leaves  all  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  sometimes  6  in.  long,  usually  shorter,  or  re- 
duced almost  to  sheaths.  Umhel  simple  or  very  compound  of  1-80  usually  (2-10) 
heads ;  lowest  bract  sometimes  4-8  in.,  sometimes  ^1  in.  Spikelets  scarcely  ^  in., 
ellipsoid,  dense-fid.  Glumes  ovate,  keel  subexcurrent,  tip  hairy  (rarely  glabrous). 
Stamens  3 ;  anthers  red-crested.  Nui  small,  as  long  as  j-f  glume,  subtriquetrous, 
obtuse,  minutely  apiculate ;  outermost  cells  minute,  quadrate-hexagonal,  obscure, 
withering  (nut  mere  or  less  white-veiled  by  such  withered  fragments  on  the  dark 
nut). — In  one  example  in  Herb.  Calcutta  (from  the  N.-VV.  Himalaya  ?)  I  found  two 
lateral  scales,  very  similar^  and  similarly  placed  to  those  occasionally  found  in  8. 
Isolepis,  Boeck.,  but  much  stouter,  and  which  I  suppose  may  represent  4  bristles 
dilated  and  connate  in  pairs.     (See  Journ.  Bot.  xxx.  321 — 323.) 

Sect.  3.  Scirpus  propee.  Large  or  middle-sized.  Stems  leafy  only 
near  the  base.  Inflorescence  various,  but  spikelets  not  spicate.  Hypogy- 
nous  bristles  often  present.  Style  long. — Differs  from  Sect.  Isolepis  very 
little  except  in  the  frequent  presence  of  bristles. 

*  Nut  more  or  less  transversely  muricated  {the  outer  cells  of  the  nut 
are  longitudinal  oblong,  so  that  their  thickened,  often  elevated,  ends  form  a 
transverse  wavy  line). 

In  these  6  closely  allied  species — spikelets  clustered — clusters  solitary  or  umbellate 
glumes  entire,  i.e.  apex  neither  emarginate  nor  hispid — bristles  simply  scabrous  or  0 
— anthers  not  crested — style  3-fid  (or  in  S.  dehilis  2-fid.) 

7.  S.  supinus,  Linn.  Sp.JPl.  73{partly);  stems  medium  terete, spikelets 
in  a  single  lateral  head  (in  var.  heads  few  closely  umbelled),  glumes  ovate 
keeled  with  suberect  mucrp,  bristles  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  triquetrous 
obtuse  transversely  scabrous-undulate  black.  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  217 ;  Beichb. 
Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  40,  E,  302 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  699  {excl.  var.  /3 
and  y).     S.  melanospermus,  A.  0.  Meyer,  Gyp.  Nov.  t.  2.     Isolepis  supina, 


656  CLxxii.  cyperaoej:.     (C.B.Clarke.)  '     \^Sci7^us. 

Br.  Prod.  221 ;  Nees  vn  Wight  Contrih.  107 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  309. 
Schoenus  junceus,  Willd.  Phyt.  i.  2,  t.  1,  fig.  4. — Scirpus,  Wall.  Gat. 
3461. 

Throughout  India  and  Ceylon  (except  Assam),  alt.  0-3000  ft.— Distrib.  Old 
World  generally,  and  in  America. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stems  2-12  in.  Leaves  short,  usually  less  than  an  inch,  Sead 
of  7-1  spikelets,  quasi-lateral;  lowest  bract  as  though  a  continuation  of  the  stem, 
1-4  in.,  terete,  channelled  (not  triquetrous).  Spikelets  i-^  in.,  many-fld.,  sub- 
pentagouous.  Nut  as  long  as  half  glume,  acutely  triquetrous,  or  slightly 
compressed. 

Var.  uninodis ;  heads  umbellate,  on  3-1  rays  rarely  so  much  as  1  in.  S. 
raucronatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  216  (not  of  Linn.).  Isolepis  uninodis,  Belile  Fl. 
Egypt.  8,  t.  6,  fig.  1.  I.  ambigua,  Zoll.  Syst.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62  {not  of 
Steud.).  I.  oryectorum,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  96. — Sind  ;  Pinw'dl.  Bengal  ;  Wallleh, 
J.  B.  H.  CoROMANDEL  ;  JRoxhurgh  ;  Wight.'  Ceylon  ;  LescheaauH,  Macrae. — 
Distrib.  Trop.  Africa,  Java,  Austral.  ■ 

8.  S.  erectus,  Poir.  Encyc.  vi.  761;  stems  medium  or  elongate  terete, 
spikelets  in.  a  single  lateral  head,  glumes  ovate  concave  incurved,  bristles 
6-5  rarely  0,  style  2-3- fid,  nut  broadly  obovoid  plane-convex  obtuse  slightly 
transversely  wavy  black.  S  debiHs,  Pursh  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  55 ;  Benth.  Fl. 
Austral,  vii.  232.  S.  juncoides,  Uoxb.  FL  Ind.  i.  216  ;  Miq.Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii. 
303.  S.  luzonensis,  Presl.  Bel.  Hsenk.  i.  193  ;  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  112.  S. 
Wallicbii,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  112.  S.  junciformis,  Nees  I.  c.  112  {not  of 
Retz).  S.  timorensis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  162.  S.  supinus,  var.  /3  and  7  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvi.  600.  S.  lateralis,  Herb.  Hej/ne^nd  S.  teraatus,  Herb.  Ham. ; 
Wall.  Cat.  3462,  3468,  3469,  4471.  Eleocharis  juncoides,  Schulfes  in  Boem. 
(Sf  Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  90. 

Throughout  India  with  Ceylon  ;  alt.  0-3000  ft. — Distrib.  Temp.  Asia  and  N. 
Am.,  Austral. 

This  species  united  with  S.. supinus  by  Boeckeler  has  been  again  separated  by 
Bentham  I.e.  on  the  characters  of  the  bristles,  style  branches  and  nut.  The  two 
appear  amply  distinct ;  8.  supinus  has  carinate  glumes  and  angular  spikelets,  S. 
erectus  has  concave  glumes  and  terete  spikelets. 

9.  S-  articulatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  i.  70 ;  stems  medium  terete  spongy 
leafless,  spikelets  in  a  single  lateral  dense  head,  glumes  ovate  acute, 
In-istles  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  triquetrous  faintly  transverse  wavy 
brown  summit  subpyramidal.  Rottb.  Descr.  et  Ic.  53 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
214;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  702.  S.  fistulosus,  Forsk.  Fl.  ^gypt-Arab. 
14.  S.  praslongatus,  Poir.  Encyc.  vi.  764  and  Suppl.  v.  91.  S.  iacurvatus 
and  S.  subarticulatns,  Boxb.  Fl.  I.  c.  214,  215.  Isolepis  articulata,  Nees 
in  Wight  Contrib.  108 ;  Thw.  Enum.  350 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  286. 
I,  prolongata  and  I.  incurvata,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  108.  Eleocharis 
incurvata,  Schultes  in  Boem.  &  Soh.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  92.  Holoschoenus  in- 
curvatus  andH.  subarticulatns,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  165, 166. — Scirpus,  Wall. 
Cat.  3456,  3457,  3458,  3459.— E/ieecZe  Hort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  71. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-3000  ft.,  from  the  Himalaya  to  Ceylon  and  Moul- 
MEIN. — Distrib.  Africa,  Philippines,  Australia. 

Root  fibrous.  Stems  4-30  in.,  densely  tufted,  soft,  often  (when  dry)  transversely 
septate ;  sheaths  at  top  membranous,  soon  torn.  Lowest  Iract  similar  to  the  stem, 
appearing  a  continuation  of  it,  and  often  longer  than  it.  Spikelets  ^-^  in.  long, 
rusty  or  purple,  usually  many,  but  heads  of  few  spikelets  occur.  G^Z^tmes  slightly 
keeled,  not  notched  at  tip,  margins  neither  fimbriate  nor  hairy.     Stamens  usually  3. 


Scirpus.]  CLXXii.  cyperace^.     (C.B.Clarke.)        y  657 

Style  slender ;  branches  3,  long.   Nut  nearly  half  as  long  as  glume,  almqifc  symmetric- 
trigonous,  faces  concave. 

10.  S.  quinquefarius,  Ham.  in  Wall  Gat.  3465 ;  steins  medium  or 
slender  terete  nearly  leafless,  spikelets  1-9  in  a  single  lateral  dense  head, 
glumes  broadly  ovate  acute  inflated  in  frait,  bristles  0,  style  3-fid,  nut 
obovoid  triquetrous  faintly  transversely  wavy  black.  Boeck.  in  Linnasa, 
xxxvi.  701.  Isolepis  lupulina  and  I.  E-oylei,  IVees  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
107. 

NonTHEEN  India,  from  Rawul  Pindee,  Aifehison,  Sind,  Pinwill,  and  Centeal 
India,  King,  to  Assam,  Wallich  ^  Griffith. — Distrib.  Turkestan,  Cabul,  Trans- 
vaal. 

i2oo^  fibrous.    /S^ew*  2-12  in.,  often  (when  dry)  transversely  septate.     Spihelets- 
shining  straw-brown.     Glumes  many-ribbed,  sometimes  laxly  spiral,  sometimes  5- 
ranked.     Nut  with  interrupted  paler  transverse   lines. — Very  nearly  allied  to   S. 
articulatus ;  but  in  the  fruiting  spikelets  the  glumes  are  looser  inflated  more  shining, 
remiuding  Nees  of  hops  (whence  his  name  lupulina). 

11.  S.  miTcronatus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  73;  stems  medium  or  robust 
triquetrous  nearly  leafless,  spikelets  in  a  single  lateral  dense  head,  glumes 
ovate  subacute,  bristles  5  or  6  unequal,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  trigonous 
shining  black  smooth  scarcely  transversely  wavy.  Reiclib.  Ic.  FT.  Germ. 
viii.  40,  t.  303 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  703.  S.  muticus,  Don  Prodr. 
41.  S.  triangulatus,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  217 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  111. 
S.  javanus,  Nees  I.  c.  112.  S.  sundanus,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  304.  S. 
mysurensis,  Herb.  Heyne  ;  Wall.  Cat.  .3467. 

Throughout  India,  alt.  0-6000  ft. — Disteib.  Europe,  Madagascar,  warmer  Asia, 
Australia. 

Roots  fibrous  or  a  short  horizontal  rhizome.  Stems  8-30  in. ;  sheaths  triangular- 
lanceolate  membranous  at  top  on  one  side.  Lowest  bract  ^-4  in.,  as  though  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem,  trigonous.  Spikelets  ^-^  in.,  pale  or  (especially  in  the  hills) 
chestnut- coir d.  Glumes  keeled,  many-ribbed,  not  notched  at  top,  margins  glabrous 
or  minutely  scabrous-hairy.  Bristles  retrorsely  scabrous,  two  longer  ones  nearly 
as  long  as  nut.    NiU  somewhat  compressed,  as  long  as  ^  glume. 

12.  S.  coryxnbosusj  Heyne  ex  JRotk.  Nov.  Sp.  PI.  28;  stems  stout 
terete  leafless,  spikelets  clustered  on  rays  of  a  lateral  umbel,  glumes  ovate 
acute  mucronate,  bristles  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  trigonous  black  smooth 
or  with  faint  transverse  lines.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  706.  S.  incli- 
jiB.tus,  Delile ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient.  \.2>S1.  S.  bangalorensis.  Herb.  Heyne; 
Wall.  Gat.  3464.  Isolepis  corymbosa,  Boem.  &  Sch.  Si/st.  ii.  110,  and  Mant. 
ii.  65 ;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  108.  I.  inclinata,  Barbey  Levant,  t.  8,  fig.  9. 
—Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat.  3471,  3472. 

Westeen  India;  Sind,  Pinwill.  Mount  Aboo  and  Goonah,  King.  Jubbul- 
POKE,  Beddome.  Hyderabad,  Campbell.  Bangaloee,  Wallich. — Africa,  Mada- 
gascar. 

Ehizome  2-4  in.,  horizontal.  Stems  approximate,  3  ft.,  at  base  ^  in.  in  diam. 
Umbel  simple  or  compound,  rays  usually  short  sometimes  5  in.  long ;  lowest  bract 
^-4  in.,  suberect,  hardly  simulating  a  continuation  of  stem.  Spikelets  ^-\  in., 
rusty.  Glumes  faintly  striate,  glabrous,  not  notched  at  top.  Nut  scarcely  ^  as 
long  as  glume,  pyramidal  at  top. — S.  supinus,  var.  uninodis  differs  by  having  leaves 
and  nut  more  obtuse. 

**  Nut  smootli  or  obscurely  reticulate  {outer  cells  of  nut  subquadrate  or, 
if  longitudinally  oblong,  arranged  jis  brick-wall  parenchyma). — Glumes 
notched  at  top,  except  in  S.  grossus.     Bristles  7-2,  rarely  0. 

VOL.   YI.  TJ   u 


658  CLxxii.  OYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Scirpus. 

13.  S.  triqueter,  Linn.  Mant.  29 ;  stems  stout  triquetrous,  leaves 
short,  umbel  subsimple  lateral,  spikelets  clustered,  bristles  3-6  retrorse- 
scabrous,  style  2 -fid,  nut  plane-convex  smooth  pale  ultimately  brown. 
Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  40,  t.  305  ;  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  334,  in  note. 
S.  Pollichii,  Gren.  Sc  Godr.  Fl.  Franc,  iii.  374;  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi. 
711. 

Kashmir  and  Baltisthan,  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  Jacquemont,  Thomson,  &c. — Distrib. 
Europe,  Central  Asia  to  Japan,  S.  Africa. 

Glabrous,  except  margin  of  glumes.  Rhizome  elongate,  branching;  scales  ovate- 
triangular,  striate,  rusty-brown,  often  rubbed  off.  Stems  1-3  ft.,  two  faces  plane, 
third  (flower-bearing)  concave.  Leaves  ^3  in.  long,  or  hardly  any.  Lowest  hract 
5-2  in.,  triquetrous,  as  though  continuing  stem.  Rays  of  umbel  \-2  in.  with  2-8 
clustered  spikelets  on  each  ;  or  umbel  congested  nearly  to  a  single  head.  Spikelets 
i  in.  long,  broad  cylindric,  rusty-brown  (in  the  Himal.  form).  Glumes  broadly 
ovate,  keeled,  notched  at  top  with  a  short  mucro  in  notch ;  margins  scarious,  ciiiate, 
hairy.  Bristles  rigid,  brown-red,  often  about  as  long  as  nut,  incurved  over  its 
shoulders,  scabrous  with  short  white  reflexed  teeth  (not  plumose).  Stamens  3, 
anthers  with  short  red  crests.  Style  fide  Boeckeler  sometimes  3-fid.  Nut  less 
than  ^  length  of  glume.^ — As  to  the  specific  name,  Bentham  has  shown  1.  c.  that  this 
plant  was  S.  triqueter,  Linn.,  and  that  Boeckeler  erred  in  discarding  that  name. 
It  hardly  differs  from  S.  lacustris  var.  carinata,  except  by  the  more  acutely  tri- 
quetrous stem. 

Var.  segregata ;  ultimate  rays  of  the  umbel  all  (or  nearly  all)  with  one  spikelet, 
bristles  3  (sometimes  2).  ?  S.  subulatus.  Brain  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  Ix.,  part  2, 
335. — Lower  Bengal,  especially  the  Soondreehun,-  C.  B.  Clarke. — New  Guinea. 
— Stolons  slender.  Rays  of  the  inflorescence  sometimes  again  divided,  sometimes 
3^  in.  long.     Bristles  3  or  2  (usually  4  or  more  in  S.  triqueter,  typ.),  black-red. 

14.  S.  lacustris,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  72;  stems  stout  terete  or  somewhat 
trigonous,  umbels  usually  compound,  spikelets  clustered  and  solitary, 
bristles  6-5  retrorsely  simply  scabrous,  style  2-3-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth 
finally  black.  Beichb.  Lc.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  41,  t.  306 ;  Boech.  in  Linnsea, 
xxxvi.  712  ;  Strachey  PI.  Fumaon,  73.  S.  validus,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  268.  S. 
Tabernaemontani,  Gmel.  Fl.  Badens.  i.  101 ;  Beichb.  I.  c.  U  307,  723.  S. 
carinatus,  Sowerby  Engl.  Bot.  t.  1983.  S.  Duvallii,  Hoppe ;  Beichb.  I.  c.  42, 
t.  308.  S.  Meyenii,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  293.  S.  subulatus,  Aitch.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix.  189.  Juncus  zebrinus,  Gard.  Chron.  [1877]  399, 
t.  62. 

Kashmir,  alt.  5500  ft.,  and  Ladak,  Schlagintweit,  &c.  Kumaon,  alt.  4500  ft., 
Thomson,  Strachey  Sf  TFinterhotfom.  Muneypooe,  Watt. — Distrib.  Europe, 
Africa,  Australia,  N.  America. 

Rhizome  horizontal.  Stems  1^-4  ft.,  often  standing  in  water.  Leaves  hardly 
any,  or  sometimes  4  in.,  or  (floating)  1-2  ft.  Umbel  usually  once  or  twice  divided, 
4-6  in.  in  diam.,  sometimes  reduced  almost  to  a  small  head;  lowest  bract  suberect, 
short.  Spikelets  ^  in.  long.  Olumes  ovate^  notched  at  top  with  a  small  mucro  in 
notch  ;  margins  membranous,  pilose.  Bristles  as  long  as  the  nut  or  reduced,  some- 
times almost  0.  Stamens  3,  anthers  crested.  Nut  \-^  glume,  plane-convex. — In 
type  S.  lacustris,  the  stem  is  terete,  the  sibyle  3-fid ;  var.  Tdherncemontani  differs 
in  style  bifid  ;  var.  carinata  in  stem  obscurely  trigonous. — (S.  lacustris  of  S.  America 
is  S.  riparius,  Presl.). 

15.  S.  xnaritlmus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  74 ;  stems  robust  trigonous,  leaves 
several  long,  umbel  compound  simple  or  capitate,  glumes  notched  hairy 
at  top  mucronate,  bristles  6-3  retrorse-scabrous  rarely  subobsolete,  style 
3-fid  (see  var.),  nut  obovoid  smooth  finally  black.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib. 
Ill ;  Beichb.  Lc.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  42,  t.  310,  311.;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi. 


Scirpus.]  CLXxii.  cypbeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  659 

722;  Dah.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  FL  288.  S.  corymbosus,  Forsk.  Fl.  ^gypt. 
Arab.  14  (not  of  Beyne).  S.  tridentatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  225. — Fimbri- 
stylis,  Wall.  Gat.  3504,  3505. 

From  Kashmir,  JizcQ'Memo'n-^jKASHaAR,  alt.  10,000  ft.,  Scully ^  and  Moeadabad, 
T.  Thomson,  to  Malabar,  Law,  and  Mysore,  Seyne. — Distrib.  Old  World,  with 
vars.  in  Australia  and  America. 

Shizome  creeping,  woody,  divided,  nodes  dilating  into  tubers.  Stems  1^-6  ft., 
often  covered  some  way  up  by  sheaths.  Leaves  grass-like,  harsh,  often  as  long  as 
stems.  Umbel  very  variable  in  development,  branches  corymbose  or  subumbellate ; 
spikelets  3-8  or  solitary  on  each  ray ;  or  umbel  rarely  reduced  to  a  head  of  3-1 
spikelets.  Lowest  bract  often  4-10  in,,  sometimes  much  shorter.  Spikelets  large, 
commonly  i  in.  in  diam.  Glumes  erect,  fine  brown  or  chestnut-colrd,  (but  see  var.)  j, 
margins  often  subfimbriate.  Bristles  usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  nut,  rigid, 
often  unequal.  Stamens  3;  anthers  red-crested.  Style  long.  Nut  very  variable 
in  size  and  shape  at  top ;  in  the  Indian  form  hardly  more  than  ^  length  of  glume. 

Var.  affinis  (sp.),  Roth.  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  30 ;  spikelets  capitate  usually  3-1,  large 
ovoid  lanceolate,  glumes  straw-colrd.  sparingly  hairy,  bristles  4  as  long  as  nut,  style 
2-fid,  nut  small.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  111.  S.  strobilinus,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  i. 
219.  S.  maritimus,  var.  (sp.  ?),  Maxim.  Prim.  Fl.  Amur.  299.  S.  macrostachys,. 
BoecJc.  Cyp.  Nov.  i.  19.  S.  Balna,  Ham. ;  Wall.  Cat.  3463. —Throughout  N.  India,  in 
the  plains ;  from  the  Punjab,  Thomson,  and  Bombay  to  Assam  and  Pegu. — N.  Asia, 
Turkestan,  N.  China,  Amurland. — Appears  distinct  from  the  typical  S.  maritimus 
by  its  few  pale  large  spikelets  and  2.fid  style,  but  the  American  and  Australiao 
varieties  connect  it.  The  extreme  state  of  ajffinis  is  the  Burmese  form,  in  which  the 
stem  is  terminated  by  one  very  large  spikelet  1^  by  |-  in. 

16.  S.  littoralis,  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  i.  142,  t.  6,  fig.  7;  stems  stout 
trigonous  upwards,  leaves  short  or  0,  umbel  lateral,  spikelets  mostly  solitary, 
bristles  7-2  plumose  brown,  style  2-fid,  nut  oboyoid  smooth  chestnut  or 
black.  Beiclib.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  42,  t.  309.  S.  subulatus,  Void  Enum.  ii. 
268 ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  306 ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs'.  Bomb.  Fl.  288 ;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xxxvi.  715.  S.  fimbrisetus,  Delile  Bescr.  Fgypt.  11,  i.  7,  fig.  1. 
S.  plumosus,  Br.  Prodr.  223.  S.  pectinatus,  JRoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  218 ;  Thw. 
Enum.  351.  S.  triqueter,  Gren.  &  Godr.  Fl.  Franc,  iii.  373 ;  Boeck.  I.  c. 
716  \not  of  Linn.).  Malacochlsete  littoralis,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  292. 
M.  pectinata,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  110.— Fimbristylis,  Wall.  Cat. 
3b06  C  (partly).  \  7 

From  Kashmie,  alt.  8500  ft.,  ahd  Ben&al  to  Ceylon. — Distrib.  Europe,  Africa, 
W.  Asia,  Australia. 

Glabrous,  except  margins  of  glumes.  Rhizome  hardly  any ;  sometimes  slender 
stolons  are  present.  Stems  1^-2 1  ft,,  terete  at  base.  Leaves  1-2  in,  long,  mem- 
branous ;  or  sometimes  4  in.  long,  green.  Umbel  compound  or  decompound,  often 
4  in.  diam.;  branches  suberect.  Lowest  bract  1-3  in.  (sometimes  6  in,),  erect. 
Spikelets  wp  to  f  by  a  in.,  subcylindric.  Olumes  ovate,  obtuse,  notclied  at  top,, 
mucronate  in  notch  by  excurrent  green  keel,  rusty  or  brown,  ultimately  almost 
searious.  Bristles  (or  scales)  ligulate  (sometiines  broad),  plumose  by  spreading 
monoliform  hairs,  in  the  Indian  plant  often  4,  somewhat  longer  than  nut.  Stamens 
3  or  2  ;  anthers  red-crested.  Nut  ^  gltime,  compressed. — Easily  recognized  among 
the  Indian  Scirpi  by  the  plumose  bristles. 

.17.  S-  grrossuS;  Linn.  f.  Suppl.  104;  very  large,  leaves  only  near 
base  of  stem  long,  corymb  large  compound  depressed  divaricate,  spikelets 
very  many  solitary,  glumes  ovate  not  notched,  bristles  6  simply  scabrous 
(see  also  var.  /S)  sometimes  small  or  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  trigonous  obovoid 
smooth  ashy-grey  or  black,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  231 ;  Thw.  Enum.  351 ;  Dalz. 
&  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  288 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  723.     S.  maximus,  Boxb. 

u  u  2 


660  CLXxii.  CTPEEACE-E.     (C,  B.  Clarke.)  [Scirpus. 

I.  c.  231..  '  S.  cemnlans,  Sieud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  62,  &  8yn.  Cyp. 
87  (partly).  S.  maritimus,  var.  aemulans,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  306.  S. 
c&nsdiculaJtO'triqneter,  Steud.  I.  c.  318.  S.  Griffithii,  BoecJc.,  and  S.  sca- 
berrimiis,  Boech.  in  Ftora,  xli.  695.  HymenochaBte  grossa,  Nees  in  Edinh. 
N.  Phil.  7ourn.  [1834]  "264,  &  in  Wight  Contrih.  110.  H.  maxima,  Nees 
in  Linnsea,  ix.  293.  ,Is6lepis  maxima,  Dietr.  Sp.  PL  ii.  130. — Scirpns, 
Wall.  Cat.  3470.     _ 

Throughout  India '(except  the  N.W.),  alt.  0-2000  ft. ;  from  Sind  and  Assam  to 
Ceylon  and  Malacca. — Distrib.  Malaya,  Tonkin,  Philippines, 

Glabrous,  or  glumes  with  pedicels  minutely  puberulous-scabrous.  Sfem  3-9  ft., 
thick  at  base,  roots  fibrous  often  in  water  or  mud  ;  stolons  not  rarely  added.  Leaves 
often  f  length  of  stem,  stout,  broad,  keeled,  serrate-edged.  Corymb  often  8-16  in. 
in  diam.,  supradecoinpound  ;  bracts  several,  divaricate,  lowest  up  to  3  ft.,  leaf-like. 
SpiJcelets  sessile  and  pedicelled,  ^  in.  long,  ovoid,  brown,  dense-fld.  Glumes  ovate, 
obtuse  with  a  minijte  mucro.  Bristles  6  or  fewer,  in  type  as  long  as  nut,  linear, 
brown,  scabrid  "or  setose  by  short  unicellular  hairs,  but  not  rarely  bristles  depau- 
perated very  short  smooth,  0  in  form  S.  maximus.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  scarcely 
crested.  Style  long.  Nut  scarcely  ^  glume,  minutely  beaked  by  style-base  con- 
fluent with  nut. 

Yar.  Kysoor  (sp.),  Roxb.  I.  c.  230;  glumes  more  mucronate,  bristles  6,  villous 
or  almost  plumose  by  numerous  multicellular  hairs.  Rynchospora  Kysoor,  Dietr.  Sp. 
PI.  ii.  74.  Hyraenochaete  Kysoor,  Nees  (of.  note  in  Wight  Contrib.  110). — Assam, 
JenTcins.  Bengal,  Grfffifh,  &c.  Chota  Nagpore,  alt.  2000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Bombay, 
Dalzell. — Stolons  fide  Roxburgh  Icon  sometimes  bearing  black  tubers 'f  in.  in 
diam. 

Sect.  4.  Blysmus  (Genus),  Panzer  in  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  Mant.  ii.  41. 
Medium  or  slender  plants.     Spikelets  closely  spicate.     Style  long. 

*  Stem  with  leaf-bearing  nodes  above  the  base,  style  2-fid. 

18.  S.  Caricis,  Betz  Fl.  Scand,  11 ;  spikelets  subdistichously  closely 
spicate  or  densely  subpaniculate,  bristles  6  much  longer  than  the  nut, 
nut  smooth  ashy-black  narrowed  at  both  ends  (but  see  var.).  S. 
compressus,  Pers.  Syn.  i.  66;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  707.  Schoenus 
compressus,  lAnn.  Sp.  PI.  65.  Blysmus  compressus.  Panzer  in  Link.  Sort. 
Berol.  i.  278 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  36,  t.  293.  Leptolepis  tibetica, 
Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  heft.  i.  31. 

W.  Himalaya  and  W.  Tibet,  alt.  7-15,000  ft. ;  from  Leh,  StoUczka,  to  Kumaon, 
Duthie.  Pharee  (N.E.  Sikkim),  G.  King. — Distrib.  Europe,  W.  and  Centr. 
Asia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  creeping,  divided.  Stems  4-8  in.,  leafy  below,  angular 
striate  or  terete.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stems,  linear.  Spike^  in  type  form, 
1-2  in.,  dense ;  lowest  bract  short,  or  much  overtopping  spike.  Spikelets  usually 
distichous,  sometimes  on  all  sides  the  rhachis  (lowest  sometimes  remote)  ^  in.  long, 
6-9-fld.,  brown.  Glumes  ovate-triangular,  subacute,  concave,  several -nerved.  Rha- 
chilla  of  spikelet  compressed  at  base,  somewhat  zigzag,  lowest  fl.  somewhat  distant 
from  next  above  nearly  as  in  Schoenus.  Bristles  slender,  minutely  retrorse-scabrous, 
red -brown.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers  with  a  linear-lanceolate  red  cre«t.  Stt/le  long, 
slender.     Nut  ^  glume,  compressed  or  plano-convex ;  outermost  cells  small,  obscure. 

Var.  hrevifolia  (sp.),  Decne  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  173,  t.  173  ;  stems  1-2 .ft. 
with  nodes  and  leaves  above  the  middle,  spikelets  scarcely  distichous  lowest  some- 
what distant.  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73. — West  Himalaya ;  Chini,  Jacquemont. 
W.  Tibet,  alt.  13,C00  ft.,  Stoliczka. — Glumes  often  scarcely  striate.  Bristles  and 
nut  as  in  S.  Caricis  typ. — A  trifling  var. 


Scirpus.]  CLXXii.  CTPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  661 

Var.  sikkimensis;  stems  4-16  in.,  spikelets  distichous,  nut  sessile  ellipsoid, 
margins  near  its  base  thickened  by  large  corky  cells. — Sikkim  ;  Lachen,  alt.  8500  ft., 
J.D.R. — This  would  be  an  Anosporum  of  Boeckeler,  as  the  nut  probably  germinates 
while  floating  in  water. 

Var.  dissita  (sp.),  Duthie  in  Saharunpore  Report,  1885;  stem  14  in.  bearing 
two  long-peduncled  distant  spikes,  spikelets  densely  panicled  not  distichous,  nut 
sessile  ellipsoid  margins  near  its  base  thickened  by  lai:ge  corky  cells. — Kumaon ; 
Kutti,  alt.  12,500  ft.,  Duthie. — Very  unlike  the  ordinary  8.  Car/icis. 

19.  S.  rufus,  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  i.  133,  t.  1,  fig.  3  ;  spikelets  subdis- 
tichously  closely  spicate,  bristles  0  or  very  short  slender,  style  2-fid,  nut 
ovoid  acute  smooth  ashy  or  brown.  Boeck.  in  Linnfea,  xxxvi.  707.  Schoenus 
compressus,  var..  Light}.  FL  Scot.  1138,  t.  24,  fig.  2.  S.  rufus,  FEuds.  Fl. 
Ang'l.  16.  Blysmus  rufus,  Linh.  Horf.  Berol.  i.  278 ;  JReichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
viii.  36,  t.  293. 

W.  Tibet,  Tliomson. — Europe,  Centr.  Asia,  Canada,  Chili. 

Very  near  (S.  Caricis,  Retz,  differing  by  the  small  bristles  and  the  sessile  nut. 
Glumes  usually  chestnut-black,  but  sometimes  brown  as  of  S.  Caricis.  Bristles 
usually  rudimentary,  smooth,  sometimes  nearly  as  long  as  nut  and  rough  with 
microscopic  papilli  but  not  setulose. 

**  Nearly  leafless,  style  3-fid, 

20.  S.  subcapitatus,  TJm.  Fnum.  351;  stems  ling  slender  with 
nodes  only  close  to  the  base,  spikelets  6-1  subcapitately  spicate,  style  3-fid, 
bristles  6  long,  nut  oblong  smooth  black.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi. 
704. 

Deccan  Peninsula,  Wight.  Nilghiris,  Gardner.  Ceylon,  Thwaites,  T. 
Anderson. — Distrib.  Sumatra,  China. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  very  short.  Stems  8-20  in.,  rigid,  terete,  sheathed 
only  near  base.  Leaves  Q-\  in.,  subulate.  Bracts  short ;  lowest  \  in.,  shorter  than 
spike.  Spikelets  i  in.,  many-fld.,  brown.  Glumes  ovate,  acute,  concave,  entire  not 
notched,  keel  with  3  yellow  nerves.  Bristles  very  slender,  much  longer  than  nut,  in 
fruit  somewhat  lengthened,  red-brown,  smooth,  near  tips  slightly  thickened  papillose- 
scabfous.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  crested.  Sti/le  long ;  branches  3,  long.  ]\^ut  f 
glume,  regularly  trigonous,  exactly  oblong,  shortly  pyramidal  at  base  and  apex,  ripe 
shortly  acuminate  at  apex  ;  outermost  cells,  minute,  quadrate-hexagonal,  nut  hence 
smooth  or  minutely  granular. — A  remarkable  species,  placed  on  account  of  its 
spicate  inflorescence  with  Blysmus  to  avoid  making  another  section  for  it  only. 
The  nut  and  bristles  are  as  in  the  next  section  Sylvaticce. 

Sect.  5.  Sylvatic^.  Stems  tall  with  many  leaf-bearing  nodes  in  the 
upper  part.  Panicle  long ;  corymbs  decompound,  large,  spreading.  Bristles 
(if  any)  undivided,  more  or  less  elongate  in  fruit. — Seidlia  (Genus),  Opiz 
Natural.  Tausch.  ix.  349. — Eriophori  sp.,  Benth  in  Gen.  Fl.  iii.  1052. 

21.  S.  Sriophorum,  Mich.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  33 ;  spikelets  in  clusters 
of  4-1  comose  in  fruit  by  elongate  bristles,  style  3-fid,  nut  trigonous  ellip- 
soid acute  smooth  brown.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  731.  S.  Wichurai, 
Boeck.  I.  c.  729.  Eriophorum  cyperinum,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  77  ;  Benth.  in  Gen. 
PI.  iii.  1052.     Trichophorum  cyperinum,  Pers.  Syn.  i.  69. 

Khasia,  alt.  2500-6000  ft.,  common.  Assam,  Jenkins.  E.  Himalaya,  Griffith. 
— Distrib.  E.  Asia,  N.  America. 

Glabrous,  except  pedicels.  Stems  2-6  ft.  Leaves  up  to  18  by  \  inch.  Bracts 
several,  often  longer  than  inflorescence.  Umbel  4-12  in.  in  diara.  Spikelets  ^  in., 
many-fld.,  ellipsoid,  brown.     Glumes  small,  ovate,  acute.     Bristles  6-5,  ultimately 


662  CLXxii.  CTPERAOEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Scirj)us. 

2-4  times  nut,  slender,  brown,  smooth  below,  near  apex  thickened  papillose-scabrous. 
Anthers  not  crested.     I^ut  small,  ^f  glume,  shortly  beaked. 

22.  S.  chinensis,  Munro  in  Seem.  Bot.  Voy.  Herald,  423 ;  spikelets 
clustered,  bristles  3  slender  or  0,  style  2-fid,  nut  compressed  ovoid  apiculate 
smooth  pale.  Benth.  Fl.  HongJc.  395.  S.  sylvaticus,  Strachey  Cat.  PI. 
Kumaon,  73.  S.  ternatanus,  Beinw.;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  307.  S. 
Ericphornm  var.  conglomeratns,  Boeck.  in  Serb.  Berol. — Hypolytrum, 
Wall.  Cat.  3404  D  {partly). 

From  Chumba  and  Kumaon,  alt.  0-5500  ft.  Strachey  Sc  Winterhottom  to 
MuNEYPOOR,  Watt,  and  Maetaban,  Wallich. — Disteib.  China,  Bonin  Isles. 

Glabrous,  except  ultimate  rays  of  umbel.  Stems  2-7  ft.,  solitary,  in  swamps 
often  stoloniferous.  Leaves  long,  often  overtopping  stem,  i  in.  broad,  scabrous  on 
margins  and  keel.  Umhel  4-8  in.  diam.,  divaricate ;  bracts  several,  lowest  up  to 
20  in.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-15,  small,  about  i  in.,  many-fld.,  ellipsoid,  obtuse, 
brown.  Glumes  concave,  ovate,  obtuse.  Bristles  often  0,  sometimes  3,  rarely  5, 
overtopping  nut,  as  long  as  glume,  ultimately  scarcely  elongate  not  twisted  (spikelets 
not  comose),  smooth,  minutely  papillose-scabrous  near  the  top.  Stamens  2,  rarely 
3  ;  anthers  scarcely  crested.  JVut  ^  glume,  smooth  or  sometimes  microscopically 
verrucose. — The  leaf-sheaths  are  long,  occasionally  perforated  at  base  by  descending 
shoots  (aerial  stolons)  covered  with  small  ovate  scales. 

,  Sect.  6.  MicHELiANi.  Low,  tufted,  leafy.  Spikelets  small,  in  a  single 
head,  bracts  long.  Glumes  scarcely  acute,  not  notched.  Bristles  0.  Style 
long,  or  branches  long,  continuous  with  the  smooth  nut. 

23.  S*  kyllingrioides,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  sxxvi.  733 ;  spikelets  very 
small,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong-obovoid  obtuse  smooth  brown  or  black. 
Isolepis  kyllingioides,  A.  Rich.  Tent,  Fl.  Abyss,  ii.  602.  Kyllinga  micro- 
cephala,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  70  {excl.  the  Obs.). 

Dehea  Dhoon  ;  Vicary.  Ml.  Aboo,  alt.  3000  ft.,  and  Goona,  King.  Saijgok  j 
Vicary.     Htdeabad  ;  Campbell.     Canaea  ;  Young. — Disteib,  Trop.  Africa. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-10  in.,  slender,  base  thickened,  sometimes  with  slender  long 
stolons.  Leaves  ^-f  stem,  very  narrow,  green.  Sead  \  in.  diam.,  of  5-15  spikelets; 
bracts  1-3  in.,  leaf-like.  Stamens  2  (3  fide  Boeckeler);  filaments  scabrous;  anthers 
short  oblong,  not  crested.  Style  slender,  not  longer  than  nut,  branches  long  (some- 
times 2  fide  Boeckeler).  Nut  i  glume,  equally  trigonous  or  subcompressed,  minute 
apiculate ;  outermost  cells  subhexagonal,  ultimately  often  punctate. — Easily  known 
from  the  next  species  by  its  small  head  of  very  small  spikelets,  but  is  very  like  a 
small  Kyllinga. 

24.  S.  michelianus,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  76 ;  spikelets  numerous  densely 
compound- capitate,  style  2-fid  (very  rarely  3-fid),  nut  oblong  or  narrowly 
obovoid  subacute  smooth  yellow-brown.  Beichb.  le.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  43,  t. 
312;  Boeck.  in  Flora,  liv.  158,  J  59.  Isolepis  Micheliana,  Boeni.  Sc  Sch. 
Syst.  ii.  114 ;  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxi.  29,  30,  t.  2,  fig.  11. 
Cyperus  pygmaeus,  var.  j8,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxv.  494 ;  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI. 
iii.  1044  {partly).  C.  diffusus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  189  {excl.  syn.).  C.  musarius, 
Herb.  Ham.  ;  Wall.  Cat.  n.  3325  A.  Dichostylis  Micheliana,  Neesin  Wight 
Contrih.  94.— Isolepis,   Wall.  Cat.  3484  A,  B. 

Throughout  Beitish  India  j  from  Kashmir  to  Tenasserim,  common. — Disteib. 
Europe,  Asia,  Algeria. 

Annual,  tufted,  glabrous.  Stems  1-8  in.,  triquetrous.  Leaves  often  longer  than 
stem.  Sead  5-f  in.  diam,,  bracts  several  long  leaf-like.  Spikelets  ^-^  in, ;  rhachilla 
of  spikelet  marked  spirally  by  the  lozenge-shaped  scars.  Stamens  usually  2 ;  anthers 
hardly  crested.     Style  about  as  long  as  nut.     Nut  ^  glume,  shortly  pyramidal  at 


Scirpus.]  CLXXii.  cypeeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  663 

l3oth  ends ;  outer  cells  subhexagonal,  ultimately  lax  hyaline  (so  that  a  nut  appears 
microscopically  hyaline-margined). — Ripe  examples  of  this  species,  with  fallen  glumes, 
are  easily  seen  to  belong  to  Scirpus  not  Cyperus ;  but  young  small  examples  are 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  Cyperus  pygmcBus. 

Sect.  7.  MiCRANTHi.  Small  tufted  annuals.  Stems  with  few  short 
leaves  near  base.  Spikelets  1-4,  capitate,  lateral  dense-fid.  Bristles  0. 
Style  very  short,  branches  short,  recurved.     Anthers  small,  oblong. 

25.  S.  ZsolepiSf  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  499 ;  stem  setaceous  with 
one  spikelet,  glumes  obovate  obtuse,  style  2-fid,  nut  oblong-obovoid  smooth 
reticulate,  black.  Hemicarpha  Isolepis,  Nees  in  JSdinh.  N.  Phil.  Journ. 
xvii.  263,  and  in  Wight  Contrib.  92. 

Bengal  ;  Griffith.  Behae  ;  J.  D.  H.  Chota  Nagpoee  ;  alt.  2000  ft.,  C.  B. 
Clarke.    Deccan  Peninsula;  Wight. — Disteib.  Africa. 

Glabrous.  Stems  ^4  in.  Leaves  1-2,  :^-l  in.,  linear.  Spikelet  J^j-i  in., 
rectangularly  divaricate,  20-40-fld.;  bract  ^-1^  in.,  erect,  as  though  continuing 
stem.  Glumes  rhomboid,  deciduous,  rarely  minutely  mucronate.  A  thin  hyaline 
obovate  irregular  scale  as  long  as  nut  (very  rarely  2  scales)  is  sometimes  present, 
oblique  lateral  between  nut  and  glume.  Stamen  1,  lateral.  Sigle  less  than  \  nut, 
deciduous,  style-base  not  dilated.     Nut  a  little  shorter  than  glume,  biconvex. 

26.  S.  squarrosus,  Linn.  Mant.  181;  stem  slender  with  few  spike- 
lets,  glumes  narrowly  obovate  long-caudate,  style  3-fid,  nut  narrowly 
obovoid  smooth  reticulate  yellow-brown  or  finally  black.  Sottb.  Descr.  et 
Lc.  49,  t.  17,  fig.  5 ;  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  222  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  734. 
Isolepis  squarrosa,  Boem.  Sc  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  Ill ;  JVees  in  Wigiit  Contrib. 
106 ;  Thw.  Enum.  350 ;  Balz.  Sc  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  286.  Ascolepis  termor, 
Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  105.  Lipocarpha  microcephala,  Hance  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat. 
ser.  5,  V.  249.— Isolepis,  Wall.  Gat  3477,  3478  B.—Bheede  Sort.  Mai.  xli. 
71,  t.  38. 

Throughout  Eastern  Peninsula,  Punjab,  alt.  0-6000  ft.,  and  Assam  to 
Cetlon. — Disteib.  Trop.  Africa,  Madagasc,  Java,  China. 

Glabrous.  Stems  2-16  in.  Leaves  short,  in  the  Indian  specimens  commonly 
1-2  in.,  linear.  Spikelefs  1-10  (usually  2-4)  capitate,  divaricate,  J-^  in.,  densely 
softly  echinulate  from  tails  of  glumes.  Glumes  very  many,  caducous,  small, 
narrowly  obovate,  suddenly  narrowed  into  the  ligulate  curved  subobtuse  tail. 
Stamen  1,  sometimes  2 ;  anthers  not  crested.  Stgle  scarcely  i  nut,  deciduous,  style- 
base  scarcely  dilated.  Nut  a  little  shorter  than  glume  (without  its  tail),  nearly 
regularly  trigonous. 

doubtful  species  of  sciepus. 
S.  quadeangulus,  Don  Frodr.  40.  Sc.  Donianus,  Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  Post.  28; 
perennial ;  stem  1^  ft.  strict,  4-gonal,  base  sheathed  by  2-3  leaves ;  leaves  linear 
€rect  often  longer  than  the  stem,  channelled,  keeled  beneath,  smooth  below,  scabridly 
toothed  on  the  margin  towards  the  apex ;  umbel  compound,  proliferous,  not  a  little 
like  Juncus  aciUiflorus,  shorter  than  the  5-leaved  involucre ;  spikelets  small,  ovate 
brown ;  few-fld.  glumes  ovate  concave  mucronulate  ;  style  not  jointed  on  the  ovary. 
Alps  of  Nepal,  Wallich. 

11.  ERZOPKORUm,  Linn. 

Glabrous.  Stem  with  leaves  only  near  base.  ^  Gorymh  of  few  (or  1) 
spikelets,  or  compound  umbelliform.  Spikelets  with  numerous  perfect 
flowers.  Glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides.  Hypogynous  bristles  6,  divided 
nearly  to  base,  segments  ligulate,   finally  elongate  i.e.   heads    comose. 


664  OLXXii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)       [Eriophorum. 

Stamens  3-1,  on  the  anterior  side  of  nut.  Style  slender,  glabrous,  deci- 
duous, long  (in  Sect.  Lachnojphorum  short) ;  branches  3  (accidentally  2  or 
4)  long.  Nut  sessile,  trigonous,  smooth,  dusky  black,  apex  narrowed. — 
Species  10,  Arctic  or  N.  Temperate,  except  Sect.  Lachnophorwin. 

The  genus  was  well-marked,  until  Bentham  (Gen.  PI.  ill.  1052)  removed  the 
comose  species  of  Scirpus  (the  SylvaticcB  Sect.)  into  it,  on  the  ground  that  the 
hypogynous  bristles  are  similar.  But  in  each  flower  of  Eriophorum  the  bristles  are 
20^iO  (or  with  20-40  segments),  while  in  Scirpus,  Sect.  SylvaticcB  they  are  6  ;  and  in 
their  ligulate  structure  (see  Fl.  Dan.  Suppl.  t.  8)  they  difter  greatly  from  Scirpus. 
Also,  in  Scirpus  Sect.  Sylvaticce,  the  stems  have  leaf-bearing  nodes  in  their  upper 
half. — E.  filamentosum,  Boeck.  in  Angler  Jahrh.  v.  is  Xerotes  leucocephala,  Bi'. 

Sect.  I.  Eeiophorum  proper.     Leaves  moderately  long.     Style  long. 

1.  E.  Scheuchzeri,  Hoppe  Taschenh.  104;  stoloniferous,  sheaths  not 
lacerate,  stem  bearing  1  spikelet,  bracts  0,  style  3-fid,  nut  smooth.  Eeichb. 
Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  35,  t.  685  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvii.  92.  E.  capitatum. 
Host  Gram.  Ausir.  i.  30,  t.  38.  E.  vaginatum,  Curtis  Fl.  Land.  ii.  1. 11.  E. 
humile,  Turcz.  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat  Mosc.  (1838),  103.  E.  vaginatum,  var. 
humile,  F.  Nylander  in  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.  iii.  13. 

Kashmir  ;  alt.  13,000  ft,.  Lance ;  C.  B.  Clarice. — Disteib.  Arctic  and  Alpine 
regions. 

Stems  4-12  in.,  often  covered  some  way  up  by  sheaths.  Leaves  (except  in 
dwarf  examples)  shorter  than  stem,  edges  (in  dried  specimens)  much  inroUed. 
Spikelet  f  in.,  broad  ellipsoid.  Glumes  ovate,  scarious,  and  black.  Bristles  white, 
or  ultimately  brownish.  Anthers  not  crested.  Style  longer  than  nut,  very  slender  : 
branches  8,  long.     Nut  f  glume,  trigonous,  cylindric  ellipsoid  or  subovoid. 

Sect.  II.  Lachnophorum,  F.  Nylander  in  Acta  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.  iii.  22. 
Leaves  numerous,  linear,  long.  Glumes  keeled,  acute.  Style  short 
(branches  long). 

2.  ZS.  comosum,  Wall.  Cat.  3446  {excl.  var.  /3) ;  stems  robust,  umbel 
compound  or  decompound,  spikelets  numerous  rusty  brown,  style  3-fid. 
j!Vee*  in  Wight  Contrih.  110  {excl.  var.  )8) ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  330 ; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  98.  E.  arundinaceum.  Wall.  Cat.  3448;  Nees 
I.  c.  Scirpus  comosus.  Wall,  in  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  ed.  Carey  and  Wall.  i.  234. 
S,  elongatus,  Ham.  ex  Don  Frodr.  40.  Trichophorum  comosum  and  T. 
arundinaceum,  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73. — Eriophorum,  Wall.  Cat. 
3447,  partim. 

Very  common;  from  SiND  and  the  Himalaya,  alt.  0-10,000  ft.  to  SauGQB, 
Chittagong,  and  Buema.—Distrib.  Tonkin,  China. 

Glabrous.  JS Zmome  hai'dly  any.  Sterns  4-20  in.,  slender,  tough.  Z/eares  often 
overtopping  stem,  harsh,  edges  serrulate;  lower  sheaths  chestnut-black,  ultimately 
often  lacerate,  timbel  2-8  in.  diam. ;  spikelets  mostly  solitary,  often  100  ;  bracts 
very  long,  often  8-12  in.  Spikelets  ^-^  in.,  narrowly  ellipsoid,  many-fid.  Glumes 
acute  or  obtuse,  green  on  back.  Anthers  with  lanceolate  scabrous  high-red  crest. 
Style  shorter  than  nut.  Nut  ^-f  glume,  oblong-ellipsoid,  trigonous,  beaked,  smooth, 
brown-black. — In  Wallich  Cat.  n.  3447  the  woolly  rhizome  of  Spodiopogon 
angustifolius,  Trin.  is  mixed;  hence  Briophorum  cannaUnum,  Royle  111.  415  is 
Spodiopogon  angustif alius. 

3.  S.  microstachyuxn,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  399;  stem  2-6  in- 
slender  with  1-3  subcapitate  chestnut-brown  spikelets,  style  3-fid.  E- 
comosum,  ^  nanum,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  110, 


Eriophorum.']       clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  GBS- 

Alpine  Himalaya,  alt.  8-16,000  ft.;  head  of  Jumna  Valley,  Jacquemont; 
Kynee  Tal,  Thomson ;  Chupcha  in  Bhotan,  Griffith. 

This  may  be  regarded  as  a  depauperated  alpine  form  of  JEJ.  comosum  ;  but  the 
examples  are  numerous,  exactly  alike,  from  distant  localities ;  and  there  are  wanting 
intermediate  forms. 

12.  FUZRZSNA,  Botth. 

Stem  bearing  leaves  or  leaf-like  bracts  even  in  its  upper  half.  Leaves 
grass-like,  base  sheathing.  Spikelets  clustered,  with  numerous  perfect 
flowers,  tabescent  at  top.  Glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides,  strongly  aristate, 
hairy  in  upper  half.  Hypogynous  bristles  6  (3  in  the  position  of  sepals,  3 
of  petals)  or  much  reduced,  or  0 ;  3  sepals  bristle-like,  3  petals  (in  the 
typical  species)  battledore-shaped.  Stamens  3  anticous,  or  2.  8tyU  long, 
slender,  glabrous,  finally  deciduous ;  branches  3,  long.  Nut  small,  obovoid, 
or  ovoid,  triquetrous,  more  or  less  stalked,  smooth  reticulated  or  trabecu- 
late,  usually  narrowed  at  top  often  with  a  minute  beak  (which  may  be  the 
persistent  style-base). — Species  25,  scattered  all  warm  regions. 

The  spikelets  with  the  stem  leafy  in  upper  half,  are  like  no  other  sedges  but  the 
SylvaticcB  section  of  Scirpus,  from  which  Fuirena  is  known  by  its  strongly  aristate 
glumes. 

Sect.  I.  PsEUDO- Scirpus.  Three  inner  hypogynous  bristles  (petals) 
linear  or  narrow,  or  more  often  0. 

1.  r,  pubescensy'^ Kunth  Enum.  ii.  182;  spikelets  in  a  terminal 
cluster  (axillary  clusters  not  rarely  added),  hypogynous  bristles  0  or 
rudimentary  linear,  style  3-fid,  nut  smooth  white  not  (or  most  minutely 
obscurely)  reticulated.  Boeck.  in  Linncsa,  xxxvii.  104  (excl.  all  Indian 
syns.  and  specimens).  Scirj)us  pubescens,  LaTn.  III.  i.  139;  Desfont.  Fl. 
Atlant.  i.  52,  t.  10.  Carex  pubescens,  Poir.  Yoy.  en  Barb.  ii.  254.  C. 
Poiretii,  lAri.n.  Syst.  [ed.  Gmelin]  ii.  140.  Isolepis  pubescens,  Boem.  df 
Sch.  Syst.  ii.  118. 

Punjab  ;  Thomson  {Herb.  Brit.  ITms.).— Disteib.  S.W.  Europe,  all  Africa. 

Mhizome  creeping,  short.  Stems  12-20  in.,  triquetrous,  glabrous  except  at  top. 
Leaves  2-8  by  i  in.,  glabrous  or  hairy.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  5-1,  ovate -oblong, 
f  in.  long ;  bracts  as  long  as  spikelets  (occasionally  very  much  longer).  Glumes 
lurid  black  or  glaucescent,  often  somewhat  regularly  5-ranked.  Nut  subsessile; 
beak  pyramidal,  minutely  scabrous. 

2.  P.  Wallichiana,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  182 ;  spikelet-clusters  corymbed, 
hypogynous  bristles  0  or  linear  (see  also  var.),  nut  slenderly  striate  longi- 
tudinally finely  trabeculate  between  striae.  F.  cuspidata,  Kunth  I.  c.  187  ; 
Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  286.  F.  pubescens,  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvii.  104 
{all  Indian  syns.  and  specimens,  not  of  Kunth).  Scirpus  cuspidatus, 
Both.  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  31.— Fuirena,  Wall.  Gat.  3545. 

N.W.  India.  Hurdwar,  Wallichi  Sutledge  Valley,  Thomson.  Central 
India;  Goona,  &c.,  King.  Khandwa;  Dufhie.  Poona;  Jacquemont.  Bombay, 
Balzell,  &c. 

Hardly  distinguishable  from  F.  pubescens,  Kunth,  but  by  the  elegantly  striate 
nut,  and  more  compoundedly  corymbose  inflorescence.  Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous. 
Sepals  often  ^-|  nut,  linear,  often  unequal,  retrorsely  scabrous  or  smooth,  often  0. 
Petals  alwajrs  0  (except  in  var.).  Nut  ellipsoid,  triquetrous,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
yellow  brown  or  testaceous ;  beak  small,  pyramidal,  hardly  scabrous ;  outermost 
cells  transversely  oblong,  superimposed  regularly  in  longitudinal  series. 


666  CLXXii.  ciPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Fuirena. 

Var.  evoluta:  petals  narrowly  elliptic  3 -nerved  shortly  stalked  with  long 
linear  papillose-scabrous  arista,  overtopping  nut. — Eajpootana;  Merwar,  Dutkle 
(n.  4919). 

Sect.  2.  FuiRENA  proper.  Three  inner  hypogynous  bristles  (petals) 
obovate  or  snbqnadrate,  broad-beaded. 

3.  P.  grlomerata.  Lam.  III.  i.  150;  annual,  clusters  of  spikelets 
1-3  approximate,  petals  clawed  with  subquadrate  heads,  style  3-fid,  nut 
ovoid  smooth  pale.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  328 ;  Thw.  Enum.  34-7  ;  Boeck. 
in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  107.  F.  canescens,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  385.  F.  ciliaris, 
JRoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  180.  F.  Eottboellii,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  94  ;  Miq.  Fl. 
Ind.  Bat.  iii.  329.  Scirpus  ciliaris,  Linn.  Mant.  182 ;  Eottb.  Descr.  et  Lc. 
55,  t.  17,  fig.  1.  S.  pilosus,  Eetz  Obs.  vi.  19  {7iot  of  Thunb.).  S.  aristatns, 
Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i.  300.— Fnirena,  Wall.  Cat.  3544  (partly). 

Throughout  warmer  India,  very  common  in  rice-fields,  from  the  Himalaya 
to  Ceylon  and  the  Malay  pENiNsrLA. — Distrib.  Trop.  Africa,  S.E.  Asia,  and 
Australia. 

Usually  hairy,  sometimes  (except  inflorescence)  glabrate.  Stems  4-16  in. 
Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-10,  f  by  i  in. ;  bracts  not  much  overtopping  clusters.  Sepals 
linear,  as  long  as  nut  or  short,  smooth  or  scabrous  at  top.  Petals  often  as  long  as 
nut ;  lamina  quadrate,  cordate  or  hastate  at  base,  3-nerved,  brown  with  3  minute 
teeth  at  top,  glabrous  or  minutely  hairy  at  top.  Nut  triquetrous  ;  beak  cylindric, 
sometimes  minutely  hispid. 

4.  F.  uncinata,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  184 ;  annnal,  clusters  of  spikelets 
1-3  approximate  (one  distant  sometimes  added),  glumes  strongly  hooked- 
aristate,  petals  clawed  broadly  obovate  pubescent  on  margin,  nut  ovoid 
smooth  brown.  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  108  [not  Thic).  F.  ciliaris, 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih .  93;  Thiu.  Enum.  347.  Scirpus  uncinatus,  Willd. 
Sp.  PI.  i.  300.  S.  capitatus,  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  21.  Isolepis  uncinata, 
Boem.  Sf  Sch.  Syst.  ii.  111. — Fuirena,  Wall.  Cat.  3544  A  and  D  {partly). — 
Pluk.  Aim.  190,  fig.  7. 

Deccan  Peninsula;  Bottler,  &c.  Canaka;  Thomson.  Ceylon ;  Moon, 
Thivaites  (C.P.  3038),  &c. 

Stems  4-8  in.,  hairy  upwards.  Sepals  linear,  shorter  than  nut,  minutely  retrorse- 
scabrous  or  smooth.  Petals  nearly  as  long  as  nut,  scarcely  hastate  at  base. — Other- 
wise as  F.  glomerata,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the 
strong  hooked  bristles  to  the  glumes. 

5.  P.  Trilobites,  C.  B.  Clarke;  annual,  clusters  of  spikelets  1-3 
approximate,  petals  very  long-clawed  with  lunate  heads  long  retro-cuspi- 
date at  base  on  each  side,  style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  smooth  pale. 

Deccan  Peninsula.  Secunderabad ;  Wight ;  nea-r  Uydmhad,  Campbell.  (The 
same  locality,  and  probably  one  collection.) 

Noted  by  Wight  as  perhaps  a  var.  of  Eotthoellii  i.e.  of  F.  glomerata,  Lam. ;  the 
petals  are  different  and  remarkable.  Spikelets  rather  slenderer  (than  in  F. 
glomerata),  glumes  blacker  with  longer  green  aristae.  Petals  as  long  as  nut,  their 
head  at  top  semicircular  entire,  their  two  lower  angles  long-produced  downwards, 
cuspidate. 

6.  r.  umbellata,  Rotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  70, 1. 19,  fig.  3  ;  rhizome  creep- 
ing woody,  clusters  of  spikelets  often  many  in  an  elongate  panicle,  petals 
obovate  subsessile,  style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  smooth  pale  or  finally  brownish. 


Fuirena,]  clxxii.  cyperace-E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  667 

Thw.  Enum.  347 ;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  110.  F.  paniculata,  Lam.  HI. 
i.  150,  t.  39.  F.  pentagona,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  93 ;  F.  quinquan- 
gularis,  HassJc.  in  Flora,  xxv.  (1842)  Beihl.  3.  F.  uncinata,  Thw.  I.  c.  347 
{not  of  Kunth).—'Fmren2Ly  Wall.  Gat.  3542,  3543. 

Throughout  India,  except  the  drier  North-west,  alt.  0-3000  ft.— Disteib.  All 
warm  (not  too  dry)  countries. 

Stolons  hardening  into  rhizomes,  clothed  by  ovate-lanceolate  striate  scales. 
Sepals  much  shorter  than  nut,  linear,  glabrous  or  retrorse-scabrous,  often  0.  Petals 
nearly  as  long  as  nut,  3-nerved,  minutely  hairy,  truncate  at  top  and  often  notched 
sometimes  with  a  minute  mucro  in  the  notch. — Tjeiierally  known  from  F.  glome- 
rata  by  the  more  compound  corymb — an  unsafe  character  j  when  the  rhizome  is 
wanting,  dried  examples  can  be  certainly  distinguished  only  by  the  shape  of  petals. 

13.  Z.ZPOCARPKA,  Br. 

Glabrous.  Ste'ni  leafy  only  near  base,  bearing  a  single  head  of  few 
(usually  1-6)  spikelets.  SpiJcelets  with  very  many  hermaphrodite  flowers, 
tabescent  at  top.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides,  deciduous  leaving  the 
persistent  rhachilla  marked  by  lozenge-shaped  scars.  Squamellse  2,  an 
anticous  and  posticous,  hyaline,  elliptic,  as  long  as  nut  (formed  out  of 
coalescent  hypogynous  bristles).  Stamens  3-1,  anticous;  anthers  small, 
linear-oblong,  muticous.  St^le  small,  slender,  glabrous,  shortly  2-fid 
(sometimes  3-fid)  scarcely  exsert.  JS'ut  small,  oblong  or  ovoid,  plano- 
convex, smooth,  reticulated,  finally  brown-black. — Species  13,  warm 
regions. 

This  genus  in  habit,  inflorescence,  rhachilla  of  spikelet,  style  and  nut,  is  ex- 
cessively like  (and  really  closely  allied  to)  Scirpus  Sect.  Micranthce  ;  from  which  it 
only  differs  in  the  squamellae  standing  fore  and  aft,  not  laterally.  These  squamellae 
are  hyaline,  cling  to  the  nut,  and  are  difficult  to  see. 

1.  Zi.  arg-entea,  Br.  in  Append.  Tuckey  Gongo,  459;  spikelets  1-8 
pale  or  fuscous,  nut  much  shorter  than  squamellae,  style  linear  3-fid  as 
long  as  |-f  nut.  Thw.  Enum.  347 ;  Sirachey  Cat.  PL  Kumaon,  73 ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  114  (excl.  American  examples).  L.  laevigata,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrih.  92.  Hypaelyptum  argenteum,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  283.  Tunga 
laevigata,  Roxh.  Fl.  Lnd.  i.  183.  Kyllinga  albescens,  Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  68  ; 
Miq.  Fl.  lnd  Bat.  iii.  294.— Lipocarpha,  Wall.  Gat.  3445  F,  G,  H.' 

From  the  Westken  Himalaya,  alt.  0-6000  ft.;  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and 
SiNGAPOEE. — Disteib.  Trop.  and  sub-trop.  Old  World.     ' 

Rhizome  hardly  any.  Stems  4!-24i  in.,  obtusely  trigonous,  smooth.  Leaves  as 
long  as  stem  or  much  shorter,  -jV  in.  broad.  Spikelets  up  tD  i  by  i  in. ;  bracts  often 
2  in.  Glumes  obovate,  apex  obtusely  triangular  incurved.  Hut  sessile,  obovoid  or 
ellipsoid  obtuse. 

2.  Xi.  sphacelata,  Xunth  Enum.  ii.  267 ;  spikelets  1-8  black-purple 
or  if  pale  usually  purple  spotted,  nut  nearly  as  long  as  squamellae,  style 
very  short  3-fid.  Thw.  Enum.  347 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  116.  L. 
triceps,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  92.  Hypaelyptum  sphacelatum,  Vahl 
Enum.  ii.  283.  H.  ceylanicum,  Kees  in  Linnsea^  ix.  288.  Tunga  triceps, 
Boxh.  Fl.  lnd.  i.  183.  Scirpus  hemisph^ericus.  Both.  Nov.  PI.  Sp..  29. 
Hypelytrum  triceps,  Dietr.  Sp.  PI.  ii.  363. — Lipocarpha,  Wall.  Cat.  3444. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  dry  N.-West),  alt.  0-2000  ft.,  from  Nepal  and 
Assam  to  Ceylon  and  Tavoy. — Disteib.  Trop.  Africa  and  America. 


668  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)        [Lipocarpha, 

Very  like  L.  argentea,  but  can  usually  be  distinguished  by  the  more  purple 
heads.  It  is  largely  confused  in  collections  with  L.  argentea,  but  can  be  satisiactorily 
separated  by  the  shorter  squamellse  and  style. 

3.  Zi.  xnicrocephala,  Kunth  Unum.  ii.  268;  spikelets  4-1  pale  or 
fuscous  squarrose,  glumes  acuminate  tip  excurrent  recurved,  style  3-fid, 
nut  linear-oblong  as  long  as  squamellae.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  118 ; 
Beheau  Fl.  Tchefou,  146,  t.  3,  fig.  2.  L.  Zollingeriana,  Boech.  in  Flora, 
xlii.  100.  Hypaelyptum  microceplialum,  Br.  Prodr.  220.  Ascolepis 
kyllingioides,  Steud.  Si/n.  Cyp.  105. 

Singapore  ;  Ridley. — Disteib.  S.E.  l.sia,  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Steins  4-10  in.,  sleuder.  Leaves  i-|  length  of  stem,  narrow,  weak. 
Glumes  ovate,  scarcely  obovate,  acuminate.  Spikelets  smaller  than  in  the  two 
preceding  species. 

14.  ZIVNCKOSPORA,   Vahl. 

Plants  varying  much  in  size  and  habit.  Leaves  long,  narrow.  Spike- 
lets in  1  or  more  heads,  or  panicled,  often  clustered.  Glumes  often  7-8, 
lower  more  or  less  distichous,  upper  spirally  imbricated;  three  lowest 
(sometimes  more)  empty,  fourth  usually  longer  containing  a  perfect  nut- 
bearing  flower  ;  uppermost  more  or  less  tabescent,  male  or  sterile,  thinner 
in  texture  rounder  on  back  than  nut-bearing  glume;  above  the  fourth 
glume  another  (in  R.  Sihkimensis  2-4  more)  similar  nut-bearing  glume 
follows.  Hypogynous  bristles  often  present.  Stamens  3  (or  2-1),  anterior. 
St^le  long,  linear,  glabrous,  branches  2,  long  or  short,  style-base  dilated. 
JVut  oblong  or  ovoid,  compressed,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style-base 
(clearly  distinguishable  from  nut). -^Species  150,  in  the  warmer  regions  of 
the'world,  specially  numerous  in  America. 

Seiie?  A.  Haplostyle^,  Benth.  &  Sook.  f.  Gen.  PL  iii.  1059.  Style 
ver;^;  shortly  2-fid,  or  almost  undivided. 

Division  L  CAPiTATiE.  Spikelets  iu  a  single  terminal  head.  Stems 
with  leaves  only  near  the  base. 

Sect. -I.  Sph^roschcenus  (Genus),  iVees  e»  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur. 
xi,x.  Suppl.  i.  (1843),  97.  Spikelet  bearing  one  nut.  Glumes  subdistichous. 
Nut  laterally  compressed  i.e.  flattened  with  one  edge  next  axis  (as  in 
Pi/creus). 

1.  R.  Wallichiana,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  (1837),  289  (Rhynchospora) ; 
stems  slender,  head  globose  dense  brown,  bracts  longer  than  head,  style 
very  shortly  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  on  shoulders. 
Benth.  Fl.  Songk.  396  and  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  349 ;  Thw.  Enum.  352 ;  Boeck. 
in  Zinnaea,  xxxvii.  542  (excluding  American  examples).  R.  Haenkei,  Presl. 
Bel.  Ssenh.  i.  199.  Schoenus  ruber,  Lour.  Fl.  Gochinch.  i.  62.  Morisia 
Wallichii,  Nees  in  Edinh.  New  Phil.  Journ.  1834  {n.  34)  265  and  in  Wight 
Gontrih.  115.  Hai)lostylis  Meyenii,  Nees  in  Linnasa,  ix.  (1834),  295,  and  in 
Edinh.  New  Phil.  Journ.  1834  (n.  34)  265,  and  in  Wight  Gontrib.  115 
{partly).  Sphseroschcenus  Wallichii,  Arnott  Sc  Nees  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad. 
Nat.  Gur.  xix.  Suppl.  i.  97.  Cephaloschoenus  parvus,  Nees  I.  c.  100. 
Mariscus  umbellatus  var.  procerior,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  63. — 
Rynchospora,  Wall.  Gat.  3422,  3428. 

Throughout  India   (except  the  Korth.weat)  alt.  0-5000  ft.,  common;   from 


Hynehospom.']      clxxii.  cypeeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.) 

Nepai,  and  Assam  to  Ceylon,  Nicobaes,  Kutz  and  Malacca.— Disteib.  Trop. 
Africa,  S.E.  Asia  to  Japan,  Malaya,  trop.  Australia. 

Stems  tufted,  4-24  in.,  trigonous,  striate,  smooth ;  stolons  0.  Leaves  several, 
^  stem,  ^  in.  broad,  flat,  minutely  scabrous,  glabrous  or  sometimes  hairy.  Spikelets 
20-50  in  a  head,  \-\  in.  diam. ;  bracts  3-8,  1-3  in.,  glabrous  or  villous-ciliate. 
Qlumes  6-7 ;  3  (or  4)  lowest  empty,  ovate,  scarcely  acute ;  fourth  longer  containing 
a  perfect  flower,  fifth  containing  a  sterile  (or  no)  flower;  seventh  glume  (when 
present)  narrow,  thin,  rudimentary.  Hypogynous  bristles  sometimes  6  as  long  as 
nut,  brown,  scabrous  (teeth  pointing  upwards)  sometimes  6-4  half  as  long  less 
scabrous,  sometimes  rudimentary  or  0.  Stamens  2,  less  often  3  ;  anthers  linear - 
oblong,  crested.  Nut  ^  glume ;  beak  narrow  conic,  4-^  nut,  pale,  smooth  or  rarely 
scabrous. 

Sect.  2.  Haplostylis  (Genus),  Nees  in  JSTov.  Act  Acad.  Nat.  Gur.  xix. 
Sujppl.  i.  (1843),  101.  Spikelet  bearing  one  nut.  Glumes  obscurely  disti- 
chous. Nut  dorsally  compressed  i.e.  flattened  with  one  face  next  axis  (as 
in  Juncellus). 

2.  R.  Wig-htiana,  Steud.  Gyp.  (1855),  148  (Rhynchospora) ;  spikelets 
about  \  in.,  hypogynous  bristles  6  scabrous,  style  very  shortly  2-fid,  nut 
linear-oblong  black  minutely  white  dotted.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii. 
(1873),  544.  Haplostylis  Wightiana,  Nees  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Gur. 
xix.  Suppl.  i.  (1843),  101. 

Madeas  Peninsula,  from  Poona,  Jacquemont  and  Chunda,  Duthie,  to 
QuiLON,  Wiffht. — Disteib.  Cocbin  China.     (Also  a  var.  in  Brasil.) 

Stems  tufted,  4r-24  in.,  slender,  trigonous,  glabrous;  stolons  0.  Leaves  several, 
^-f  stem,  3^-  in.  broad,  glabrous,  or  scarcely  ciliate.  Spikelets  numerous,  in  a 
dense  rusty  brown  head  \  in.  diam.  ;  bracts  3-6,  2-6  in.,  ciliate  on  margins  near 
base.  Glumes  Q-l  \  3  (or  4)  lowest  small  empty,  fourth  longer  with  perfect  nut- 
bearing  flower,  upper  male  or  rudimentary.  Bristles  rigid,  as  long  as  nut  (some- 
times twice  as  long),  brown,  minute  teeth  pointing  upwards.  Nut  |  glume, 
sometimes  ornamented  by  scattered  papillae;  beak  ^  nut,  pale,  decurrent  on  margins 
of  nut. 

3.  R.  longrisetis,  Br.  Prodr.  (1810),  230  (Ehynchospofra).;  spikelets 
nearly  ^  in.,  hypogynous  bristles  3  scabrous  3  plumose,  style  very  shortly 
2-fid,  nut  linear-obovoid  brown.  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea^  xxxvii.  541 ;  Benth. 
Fl.  Austral,  vii.  350.  R.  Prescottiana,  Wall.  Cat.  3423.  '-  Schgenus 
longisetis,  Poir.  Encycl.  Suppl.  ii.  252.  Cephaloschoenus  longisetis,  Nees 
in  Linnaea,  ix.  296.  C.  longirostris,  Nees?  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat,  Gur. 
xix.  Suppl.  i.  (1843),  101  in  Obs. 

BUEMA;  Prome,  Wallich  n.  3423  ;  Karenia  and  Pegu,  Kurz;  Nummayan,  jB. 
Scott. — Disteib.  North  Australia. 

Closely  resembling  R.  Wightiana,  but  heads  larger.  Hypogynous  Iristles 
usually  twice  nut  (exclusive' of  beak),  in  the  upper  half  all  are  simply  scabrous  with 
teeth  pointing  upwards,  in  the  lower  half  the  3  inner  (petals)  are  nearly  glabrous, 
the  3  outer  (sepals)  densely  plumose.  Nut  nearly  ^  in.,  often  minutely  bristly  on 
shoulders ;  beak  |  nut,  conic-oblong,  not  decurrent  on  nut.  [There  are  several 
closely  allied  Australian  spe6ies  included  under  H.  longisetis  both  by  Bentham  and 
Boeckeler.] 

Division  II.  Polycephal^.  Spikelets  in  distant  dense  glol^ose  heads. 
Stems  with  nodes  and  leaves  far  above  base. — [The  other  species  of  this 
division  form  the  genus  Gephaloschoenus  proper  of  Nees,  and  have  the  nut 
dorsally  compressed;  but  the  single  Indian  sp.  has  the  nut  laterally 
compressed  i.e.  is  closely  allied  to  JR.  Wallichiana.'] 


670  OLXXii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)      [Rynchospora. 

4.  R.  malasica,  G.  B.  Glarhe-,  globose  spikes  2-6  distant  spiked 
or  racemed,  spikelets  1-fld.,  hypogynous  bristles  5-6  twice  as  long  as  nut 
capillary  smooth,  style  very  shortly  2- fid,  nut  obovoid  smooth  chestnut- 
colrd.  beak  narrowly  conic  pale. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew^n.  6358);  Singapore,  Midley.— 
DiSTEiB.  Borneo. 

Stems  nearly  2  ft.  Leaves  often  overtopping  stem,  i  in.  broad,  glabrous  or 
scabrous  pilose ;  bracts  all  similar  to  leaves,  lowest  sometimes  4  in.  from  the  next. 
Spikes  i-|  in.  diam.  of  about  15  spikelets.  Spikelets  ^  in.,  constructed  as  in  R. 
WalUchiana.  Nut  ^  glume,  biconvex ;  beak  nearly  as  long  as  nut,  smooth,  base 
narrow. 

Division  III.  Panictjlat^.  Paniculate.  8pihelets  solitary  or  clustered. 
Stem  robust,  with  nodes  and  leaves  (or  bracts)  far  above  base. — Calyptro- 
stylis  (Genus),  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  (1834),  295,  is  part  of  this  Division. 

5.  R.  aurea,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  229  ;  robust,  nearly  glabrous,  with- 
out stolons,  spikelets  numerous  in  several  corymbs,  style  very  shortly 
2- fid,  nut  obevoid  truncate,  beak  as  long  as  nut,  and  nearly  as  broad  at 
base.  Benth.  Fl.  Hongh.  396,  and  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  349  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind. 
Bat.  iii.  336 ;  Thw.  Enum.  352 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaia,  xxxvii.  626.  R. 
articulata,  Eoem.  8f  Sch.  8yst.  Mant.  ii.  49 ;  Dalz,  &,  Gibs.  Bomb.  Fl.  288 ; 
Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  337.  Scirpus  corymbosus,  Linn.  Amoen.  Acad.  iv. 
303.  Schoenus  articulatus,  Boxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  184  [ed.  Wall.  189].  S. 
surinaniensis,  Eotth.  Descr.  et  Ic.  68,  t.  21,  fig.  1.  Oalyptrostylis  florida, 
Nees  in  Mart.  Brasil  Gyp.  138,  t.  13.  Cephaloschoenus  articulatus, 
Nees  in  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  (1834),  266,  and  in  Wight  Contrib.  115. 
— Cyperus,  Herb.  Wight-,  Wall.  Gat.  3371  A.— Rynchospora,  Wall.  Cat. 
3424,  3426. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  north-west),  in  the  hot  region,  abundant;  from 
SiKKiM  and  Assam  to  Cbtlon  and  SiNaAPORE. — Disteib.  Warm  regions  of  the 
globe. 

Stems  2-3  ft.,  smooth  or  scabrous  upwards,  with  leaves  (or  leaf-like  bracts)  their 
whole  length.  Leaves  1-2  ft.  by  ^-1  in.,  on  margins  (and  often  on  keel  beneath) 
scabrous.  Panicle  often  1  ft.  long,  composed  of  3-5  corymbs.  Spikelets  mostly 
solitary,  rusty -brown,  about  \  in.  long.  Glumes  about  7 ;  lowest  3  (or  4)  smaller, 
ovate,  sometimes  mucronate ;  fourth  glume  longer,  subobtuse,  with  perfect  flower ; 
upp6r  glumes  male  or  sterile.  Hypogynous  bristles  6,  as  long  as  nut  simply 
scabrous,  not  rarely  unequal  or  some  deficient.  Style  exceedingly  long,  minutely 
bifid  at  tip.  Nut -^^ — ^  in.,  \  glume,  smooth,  reticulated  or  transversely  wavy; 
beak  pale,  flattened,  more  or  less  grooved  longitudinally  on  each  face,  rough,  hardly 
exsert  from  glumes. — In  the  American  forms  the  nut  has  usually  two  furrows  on  its 
shouldei's  and  2  pits  (sometimes  large)  on  its  back ;  in  the  Asiatic  plants  these 
furrows  and  pits  are  often  just  "  indicated,"  often  entirely  absent. 

6.  R.  triflora,  Vahl  Enum.  ii.  232 ;  somewhat  robust,  nearly 
glabrous,  stolons  often  present,  spikelets  in  loose  corymbs,  style  very 
shortly  2-fid,  nut  ellipsoid  truncate  transversely  undulate,  beak  longer 
than  nut  linear  pyramidal.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  625.  R.  ceylonica, 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  294.  R.  zeylanica,  Thw.  Enum.  352.  Scirpus  triflorus, 
Poir.  Encycl.  Suppl.  ii.  248.  Cephaloschoenus  Zeylanicus,  Nees  in 
Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  1834,  265,  and  in  Wight  Gontrib.  115.  Ephip- 
piorhynchium  triflorum,  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  ii.  (pars  1)  136  in  note. 

Ceylon  ;    Thwaites  n.  3036,  Macrae. — Distrib.  Tropical  America. 

Stolons  rather  slender,  clothed  by  ovate  striate  straw-colrd.  scales.    Stems,  leaves. 


RynchospomJ]       clxxii.  cyperacej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  671 

spikelets  as  in  E.  aurea,  but  more  slender  j  spikelets  more  clustered,  less  numerous, 
in  a  more  straggling  open  panicle.  Nut  hardly  i  in.,  brown,  smooth  or  microsco- 
pically transversely  muriculatej  beak  at  base  very  narrowly  pyramidal,  much 
narrower  than  nut. 

7.  R>.  Kookeri,  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  621  (Rhynoliospora)  ; 
somewhat  robust,  nearly  glabrous,  spikelets  in  loose  corymbs,  style 
very  shortly  2-fid,  nut  obovoid  chestnut-colrd.  smooth  suddenly  narrowed 
into  a  very  small  cylindric  neck,  beak  linear  as  long  as~nut.  SchcB^nus 
articulatus.  Buck.  Ham.  ms.  {{not  of  Roxh.). — Rynchospora,  Wall.  Gat. 
3425. 

N.E.  India;  alt.  0-300  ft.  Assam  ;  Seebsagur,  0.  B.  Clarke^  &c.  Sylhet 
Terai;  J.  B.  Hooker.  North  Bengal;  Nathpur,  Hamilton,  Wallich;  Mudhopoor 
Jungle,  C.  B.  Clarke;  Pegu,  Brandts  (Herb.  Calcutta). 

Hardly  stoloniferous,  lateral  shoots  push  out  from  base  of  stem.  Stems,  leaves, 
spikelets,  nearly  as  in  smaller  examples  of  B.  aurea,  but  corymbs  much  more 
straggling  irregular,  spikelets  1-5-clustered.  Nut  -^  in.  long,  surmounted  by  the 
minute  neck  also  chestnut-colrd.;  beak  greenish -straw-colrd. 

Series  B.  Diplostyle^,  Benth.  &  Kooh.f.  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1059.  Style 
deeply  divided,  branches  2  long-linear.  [Stem  with  nodes  bearing  leaves 
(or  leaf-like  bracts)  far  above  its  base.  Spikelets  loosely  corymbose  or 
panicled]. 

8.  a.  gracillima,  Thw.  Enum.  435  (Rhynchospora),  not  of  San- 
valle;  glabrous,  very  slender,  spikelets  solitary  long-pedicelled  panicled 
bearing  often  2  nuts,  hypogynous  bristles  0,  style-branches  2  long,  nut 
broadly  obovoid  truncate  transversely  wavy- wrinkled,  beak  broad  depressed. 
Boeck.  in  lAnnsea,  xxxvii.  (1873),  597;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng. 
xlv.  (1876),  pt.  i.  159.  R.  Kamphoeveneri,  Boeck.  in  JSnql.  Jahrb.  v. 
608. 

Cetlon;  Thwaites  n.  3818.  Khasia  ;  J.  D.  Hooker.  NicobarS;  Kurz. — 
DiSTRiB.  Hongkong. 

5oo^s  fibrous.  Stems  2  ft.  Leaves  4-12  in.,  setaceous.  Panicle  12  by  3  in., 
with  18  spikelets.  Spikelets  i  by  ^  in.,  dusky  brown.  Glumes  7-8,  obtuse,  3  or  4 
lowest  empty  shorter.  St^le  long  slender,  branches  2  as  long  as  style.  Nut  | 
glume,  pale  ash-colour;  beak  as  broad  as  nut,  becoming  black,  saddle-shaped. 

9.  a.  grlauca,  Vahl  JSnum.  ii.  233;  glabrous,  panicle  narrow, 
corymbs  rather  small,  spikelets  numerous  bearing  1-2  nuts,  hypogynous 
bristles  scabrous  with  teeth  pointing  upwards,  style-branches  2  long,  nut 
broadly  obovoid  truncate  transversely  wavy  wrinkled,  beak  ^— f  nut.  BoecJc. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  585  {excl.  the  "  larger"  form).  R.  gracilis,  Vahl  Enum. 
ii.  234.  R.  laxa,  Br.  Prodr.  230  ;  R.  laxa  ^  minor,  Thw.' Enum.  362  {not  of 
Vahl).  R.  chinensis,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  115 ;  Boeck.  I.  c.  586  (the 
X^^cjrsia^Zawi*).— Rynchospora,  Wall.  Gat.  3421. 

Khasia  and  Nilghiei  Hills,  alt.  4-6500  ft.,  Nepal;  Wallich.  Ceylon, 
Thwaites  C.P.  n.  2396,  &c. — Disteib.  Warm  regions  of  the  globe. 

Bhizome  biennial  or  perennial,  short,  becoming  woody;  lateral  shoots  (hardly 
stolons)  push  out  from  base  of  stem.  Stems  tufted  1-2|  ft.,  rather  slender,  nearly 
smooth,  with  nodes  throughout  their  length.  Leaves  8-20  by  yV-a  ^^'j  nearly 
smooth.  Panicle  12  by  1-2  in. ;  axillary  corymbs  often  2-3,  distant,  peduncled, 
I  in.  diam.  Spikelets  shortly  pedicelled  or  somewhat  clustered  i  in.,  with  6-7 
glumes.  Hypogynous  bristles  6  or  5,  rigid,  brown,  usually  as  long  as  nut  rarely 
reaching  top  of  beak.    Stamens  usually  2 ;  anthers  not  crested.     Nut  ^-f  glume, 


672  CLXXii.  CYPEKACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)         [Eynchospom 

sessile,  turgid,  chestnut-brown,  with  12  -18  transverse  wrinkles,  beak  (in  the  Old 
World  examples)  broadly  conic,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  [The  names  giauea  and 
gracilis  were  published  in  the  same  volume.  Many  authors  prefer  the  gracilis 
supposing  the  species  to  be  Swartz's  Schcenus  gracilis.  But  Swartz  says  his  Schcenus 
gracilis  had  a  3-fid  style,  so  that  it  was  no  Rynchospora  (except  perhaps  in  small 
part  by  mixture)  ;  Mr.  Bentham  has  hence  adopted  glauca.] 

Var.  /3  chinensis  (sp.)  Boeck.  I.e.  586  (not  of  Nees  &  Meyen)  ;  spikelets  longer 
up  to  i  in.  often  bearing  2  nuts,  beak  longer  often  equalling  f  nut,  hypogynoua 
bristles  usually  reaching  top  of  beak.  R.  glauca,  Boeck.  I.  c.  585  {partly).  R. 
la  varum,  ^ooA;.  ^  Arn.'Bot.  Beech.  Foy.  98  {not  of  Gaud.).  R.  laxa,  Thwaites 
Unum.  352  {not  of  FaAZ).— Ceylon;  Thw.  (C.P.  677,  &c.).  TenasSerim;  Heifer 
{Kew  Distr.  n.  6303),  GW^ifA  (Zewi)isifr.  6302).— Disteib.  Sea-coasts  of  Madagasc, 
Borneo,  China,  Sandwich  Isles.     A  maritime  form. 

10.  It.  G-riffithii,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  404,  nut  narrowly 
obovoid  ellipsoid  rounded  at  top,  beak  f  nut,  hypogynous  bristles  reaching 
top  of  beak  scabrous ;  otherwise  as  B.  glauca. 

East  Ben&al  ;  Griffith  {Kew  Distr.  6303).  Assam  ;  Griffith.  Khasia  ;  J.  D. 
Hooker ;  alt.  4200  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Var.  j3  LEViSETis ;  hypogynous  bristles  6  twice  nut  smooth.  R.  chinensis, 
"forma  tenuis,"  Boeck.  I.  c.  587. — Upper  Sikkim  ;  Lachen  and  Lachoong,  alt. 
10,000  ft.,  in  wet  meadows.  J.  B.  H. — A  remarkable  form,  an  alpine  state  of 
B.  Griffithii.  The  nut  is  narrow,  so  that  Boeckeler's  alliance  of  it  with  the  sea- 
coast  B.  chinensis  is  not  satisfactory. 

11.  R.  sikkixnensis,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  glabrous,  panicle  narrow, 
corymbs  rather  small,  spikelets  numerous  bearing  3-6  nuts,  hypogynous 
bristles  6  scabrous  twice  nut,  style- branches  2  long,  nut  small  narrowly 
obovoid  truncate,  beak  ovoid  longer  and  broader  than  nut  smooth  (otherwise 
as  U.  Griffithii). 

IJPPEE  Sikkim  ;  Catsuperri  Lake,  alt.  8000  ft. — J.  D.  S. 

Spikelets  \  in.,  fine  brown,  with  12-18  glumes  and  3-8  pistilliferous  flowers. — 
This  plant  may  be  the  R.  chinensis  described  by  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  587, 
which  he  says  has  about  5  fertile  flowers  to  the  spikelet ;  but  it  does  not  agree  in 
this  particular  with  Tlmaites  n.  677,  which  is  Boeckeler's  type  of  B.  Chinensis. 

UNDETEEMINAL   SPECIES   OP  EYNCHOSPOEA. 

Scirpus  (Rynchospora  ?)  mollis,  Wall,  in  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  [ed.  Carey  and  Wall.'] 

i.  227 ;  stems  1-2  ft.  hairy,  leaves  few  towards  base  of  stem  hairy,  umbel  7-rayed, 

,  spikelets  oblong,  glumes  ovate  subaristate  smooth,  hypogynous  bristles  3  long  hairy, 

style  compressed  hairy  and  ciliate  with  broad  cordate  articulate  base.    Fimbristylis  ? 

mollis,  Kunth  JEnum.  ii.  246. 

Nepal;   Wallich. 

The  style  being  compressed  must  be  assumed  to  be  2-fid  ;  this,  joined  to  the  3 
long  hypogynous  bristles,  would  fix  the  plant  in  Rynchospora  (as  suggested  by 
Wallich),  but  it  cannot  be  referred  to  any  known  Indian  species  of  that  genus. 

15.  SCHCENUS,  Linn,  {in  part). 

Spikelets  capitsite  or  panicled;  flowers  axillary.  Glumes  (except  the 
uppermost  tabescent)  distichous  ;  3  (or  more)  lowest  empty,  1-4  following 
perfect,  nut-bearing,  somewhat  remote.  Hypogynous  bristles  often  2Jresent, 
setaceous,  not  dilated  at  base.  Stamens  3,  anterior.  St^le  3-fid,  gradually 
passing  into  the  nut  without  any  constriction  below  style-base.     Nut  in  a 


Sc7iOB)ins.']  CLxxii.  ctperaoej:.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  673 

hollow  of  the  zigzag  persistent  rhachilla,  trigonous, — Species  59,  chieHy 
Australian ;  with  a  few  Cosmopolitan,  Malayan,  Japanese  and  Chilian. 

1.  S.  nigricans,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  64 ;  stem  without  nodes  except  near 
base,  spikelets  almost  capitate,  hypogynous  biistles  ^--^  nut  or  nearly  obso- 
lete, style  3-fid,  nut  sessile  ovoid  smooth  marble-white.  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient. 
V.  393  ;  Aitch.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  104.  Chsetospora  nigricans,  Kunth 
Enutn.  ii.  323 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  290. 

Punjab;  Kurutn  Valley,  Aitchison.  Sindj  Fimvill. — Distrib.  Nearly  cos- 
mopolitan, except  S.  E.  Asia  and  Australia. 

Almost  glabrous.  Rhizome  horizontal,  woody;  stolons  0.  Stems  4  24^in., 
subterete.  Leaves  4-12  in.,  often  half  stem,  very  narrow  with  incurved  margins. 
Spikelets  1-15,  |-^  in.  long,  in  a  close  distinctly  compound  head;  lowest  bract  snb- 
erect,  often  1-4  in.  Glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  microscopically  hispid  on  keel,  chestnut 
or  brown ;  three  lowest  empty,  1-3  next  nut-bearing.  JS'ut  -^^  in  ellipsoid,  top 
acutely  pyramidal. 

2.  S-  calostachyus,  Poir.  Encycl.  Suppl.  ii.  251 ;  stem  with  nodes 
throughout  its  length,  spikelets  nearly  1  in.  long  loosely  panicled, 
hypogynous  bristles  i  nut  white,  style  3-ftd,  nut  ovoid  slightly  tubercular 
or  wrinkled  chestnut-black.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  368.  Chaetospora 
calostachya,  Br.  Prodr.  233.  Cyclocampe  waigiouensis,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp. 
156.     Cyclocarpa  waigouensis,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  in.  339. 

Singapore  ;  Ridley. — Disteib,  Malaya,  Australia. 

Rhizome  short,  horizontal,  woody.  Stems  1-2^  ft.,  rigid,  rather  slender,  sub- 
terete.  Lower  leaves  4-12  by  J^y  in.,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  at  their  mouth  scarious, 
scai'cely  pubescent.  Panicle  8-16  in.  long,  with  8-14  spikelets  ;  lower  bracts  like 
the  leaves,  upper  reduced  nearly  to  sheaths.  Spikelets  elliptic-lanceolate,  compressed, 
chestnut  or  brown.  Glumes  elliptic-lanceolate,  scarcely  acute,  minutely  hairy  on 
margins ;  4-8  lowest  empty,  densely  packed ;  3-2  following  nut-bearing,  distant  on 
zigzag  rhachilla.     Nut  \  in.,  subsessile,  trigonous,  curved. 

16.  CZiADZVZKE,  P.  Browne. 

Stout  perennials,  glabrous  or  inflorescence  minutely  hairy.  Stems  round 
or  fiatcened,  leafy  or  leafless.  Leaves  equitant,  xiphoid  or  trigonous  at 
top,  or  flat.  Spikelets  panicled,  often  in  sessile  clusters  at  the  angles  of 
zigzag  branches,  small,  with  4-11  glumes.  Flowers  J.-7,  axillary,  lowest 
of  each  spikelet  perfect,  nut-bearing.  G/ttwie*  imbricate  onall  sides ;  lowest 
1-4  (usually  2-3)  empty,  smaller  (or  not  larger)  than  succeeding  1-3  in- 
cluding perfect  flowers;  uppermost  glumes  male  or  sterile,  tabescent. 
Hypogynous  ftW^iZe*  slender,  or  small,  or  0.  Stamens  3-2.  ^S^yZe  linear ; 
branches  3,  long ;  style-base  dilated,  fused  with  nut.  Nut  small  or  scarcely 
middle-sized ;  beak  large  pyramidal,  or  smaller  umbonate,  or  undistinguish- 
able  from  nut,  or  reduced  to  a  speck. — Species  44;  one  cosmopolitan;  the 
rest  insular  or  maritime,  in  both  hemispheres. 

Subgenus  I.  Eucladium,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  402.  Stems  tall,  round 
with  nodes  carrying  leaves  (or  leaf-like  bracts)  their  whole  length.  Leaves' 
flat,  not  distichous.  Panicle  oblong  of  several  corymbs.  Spihelets  nu- 
merous, clustered,  most  2-fld.,  the  lower  flower  nut-bearing. 

1.  C.  AKariscus,  Br.  Prodr.  236 ;  stems  3-8  ft.,  leaves  i-  in.  broad 
scabrous,  glumes  brown  subobtuse,  hypogynous  bristles  0,  style  3-fid.  nub 
ovoid  acute  shining  chestnut-colrd.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea  xxxviii.  232.     G. 

VOL.    VI.  XX, 


674  CLXxii.  OYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Cladium. 

gprmanionm,  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i.  75,  t.  5,  fisr.  7.  C.  jamaicense,  Crantz 
Inst.  i.  362.     Schoenus  Mariscus,  Linn.  8p.  PI.  i.  62. 

Kashmir;  Lake,  alt.  5200  ft.,  Jacquemont,  &c. — Disteib.  Cosmopolitan. 

Glabrous,  stoloniferous.  Leaves  often  nearly  equalling  stem ;  teeth  on  margins 
and  midrib  beneath  cutting.  Panicle  1-2  ft,  long  or  more  ;  corymbs  distant,  several 
times  corymbosely  divided;  lower  bracts  leaf-like.  SpiJcelets  usually  in  globose 
clusters  of  4-12.  yV-^  ^"-^  yo^^g  lanceolate,  ripe  ovoid,  uniform  brown.  Glumes 
6-7,  ovate,  concave ;  3-4  lower  empty,  smaller ;  rhachilla  abbreviated,  persistent. 
Stamens  usually  2  ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  crested.  Nut  scarcely  ^  in.,  hard  ;  style- 
base  ovoid,  large,  fused  into  nut,  of  which  the  cavity  is  carried  up  into  style-base. 

Subgenus  IT.  Mach^rina  (Genus),  Valil  Enum.  ii.  238.  Clusters 
panicled,  mostly  sessile  at  the  angles  of  zigzag  branches.  Hypogynous 
bristles  small.    Nut  more  or  less  stalked,  rostrate. 

2.  C.  IKEaingrayl,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  stems  stout  flattened,  basal  leaves 
equitant  f  in.  broad,  spikelets  dark -red,  hypogynous  bristles  slender  longer 
than  nut,  style  3-fid,  nut  turgid  trigonous  shortly  stalked,  beak  long 
pyramidal  hairy. 

Mt.  Ophie  (Malacca),  alt.  4250  ft*,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  6304),  &c. 

Stems  1-3  ft.  Basal  leaves  several,  crowded,  often  as  long  as  stem ;  stem  leaves 
0  or  occasionally  1.  Panicle  12-18  in.,  oblong ;  lowest  branch  often  distant. 
SpiJcelets  \  in.,  ovoid,  usually  bearing  2-4  nuts.  Glumes  ovate,  tip  triangular 
scarcely  acute ;  2-3  lowest  empty.  Hypogynous  bristles  6,  their  upper  half  thinly 
clothed  with  short  upward-pointing  hairs.  Nut  -J^  in.  long,  on  a  short  obpyramidal 
stalk. — Very  near  the  West  Indian  Machoerina  restioides,  Vahl. 

3.  C.  undulatum,  Thw.  Enum.  353;  stem  long  round-trigonous, 
leaves  basal  very  narrow,  spikelets  brown,  hypogynous  bristles  much 
shorter  than  nut,  style  3-fid,  nut  sessile  ovoid  brown,  beak  very  small. 
Lepidosperma  zeylanicnm,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  232.  Tricostnlaria 
fimbristyloides,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  384.  Carpha  junciformis,  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  v.  38,  267. 

Cbylon,  Roitler,  Thwaites,  &c.  Malay  Peninsula;  Pahang,  Ridley. — Dis- 
TBIB.  Malaya,  Australia. 

Nearly  smooth  and  glabrous.  Stem  1-3  ft.,  somewhat  slender,  leafless  except 
near  base.  Leaves  9-18  hy  ^  in.,  convolute  when  dry.  Panicle  2-12  in.,  greatly 
varying  in  development ;  branches  flexuose  or  zigzag ;  lowest  bract  leaf-like  or  short. 
Spikelets  in  clusters  of  2-5,  a  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  1-2-fld. ;  lower  flower  perfect, 
nut-bearing.  Glumes  not  distichous ;  two  lowest  smaller,  empty.  Hypogynous 
bristles  6,  hardly  ^  nut,  setaceous,  base  dilated  white.  Nut  scarcely  ^  in.,  smooth  ; 
beak  depressed,  pyramidal  or  umbonate,  not  ^  nut,  hairy. — The  hypogynous  bristles 
are  as  of  Lepidosperma,  but  the  lower  flower  producing  the  nut  does  not  suit  that 
genus. — Bentham  {Fl.  Austral,  vii.  384)  considers  the  Ceylon,  Borneo,  and  Aus- 
tralian plants  here  united  as  three  species. 

Subgenus  III.  Baumea  (Genus),  Gaud,  in  Freycinet  Voy.  Bot.  416,  t.  29. 
Clusters  of  flowers  panicled,  mostly  sessile  at  the  angles  of  zigzag  branches. 
TTvPoerynous  bristles  0.  Nut  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  rostrate  (in  the  Indian 
species). 

4.  C.  riparlum,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  405 ;  stems  obscurely  flattened, 
cauline  leaves  few  obscurely  xiphoid  or  subterete,  panicle  elongate  lax  of 
many  spikelets,  style  8-fid,  nut  obovoid  round-trigonous  smooth,  beak 
small  conic  minutely  hairy.  Baumea  riparia,  Boeck.  in  lAnnaia,  xxxviii. 
246. 


Cladium.]  olxxii.  cyperace^v     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  675 

West  Austealia. 

Stolons  long,  densely  clothed  by  lanceolate  striate  dirty-straw-colrd.  scales. 
Stems  3  ft.,  trigonous,  under  panicle  flattened  biconvex.  Basal  leaves  often  as  long 
as  stem,  hardly  i  in.  broad ;  in  their  upper  half  very  variable  in  form,  sometimes 
xiphoid  (i.e.  flat  thick  in  middle  without  a  central  nerve),  sometimes  3-i-angular  or 
passing  into  nearly  linear-conic.  Panicle  8-12  in. ;  lower  branches  distant ;  lowest 
bract  1^  in.  long ;  secondary  branches  flexuose,  minutely  scabrous-puberulous. 
Spikelets  in  clusters  of  1-5,  i  in.  long,  2-1-fld.,  brown  ;  lowest  flower  perfect,  nut- 
bearing.  Fl.  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  at  least  as  long  as  the  two  lower  empty  glumes. 
Nut  -jL  in.^  sessile,  brown;  beak  5  nut. 

Var.  crassa ;  stems  usually  6  ft.  ;  spikelets  rather  larger,  densely  clustered,  2-4 
flowers  and  1-3  nuts ;  styles  and  filaments  conspicuously  exserted.  Baumea  crassa, 
Thw.  Enum.  353;  BoecTc.  I.e.  238. — Bengal;  Soondreebun,  C.  B.  Clarice.  Khasia, 
alt.  5000  ft.,  Shillong,  C.  B.  Clarke  (introduced  ?).  Ceylon  ;  Prov.  Ambagamowa, 
ThwaiteSy  C.P.  845. — In  the  Ceylon  examples  {crassa  type),  with  which  the  Bengal 
agree,  the  roots  are  thick  black  (the  plant  probably  not  stoloniferous),  the  nuts  are 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  in  the  Australian  plant  shining  brown.  But  in  the  Khasi 
plant,  stolons  are  generally  present  and  the  nuts  are  like  those  of  C.  riparium,  Benth. 
typ. 

5.  C-  grlomeratum,  Br.  Prodr.  237;  medium-sized,  leaves  linear  in 
upper  half  terete  or  snbtrigonous  not  transversely  septate,  panicle  elongate 
narrow  interrupted,  spikelets  clustered,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong-ellipsuid 
obtusely  trigonous,  beak  small  ovoid  hairy.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  304;  Benth. 
Fl.  Austral,  vii.  404  (not  Baumea  glomerata.  Gaud.).  Chapelliera  glo- 
merata,  Nees  in  Lehm.  PL  Preiss.  ii.  76  in  Ohs. ;  Miq^.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd. 
Bat.  ii.  146.  Baumea  rubiginosa  &  Brownei,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii. 
241,  242. 

Singapore,  Ridley. — Disteib.  China,  Japan,  Austral.,  and  N.  Zeal. 

Stolons  long,  clothed  by  ovate  striated  scales.  Stems  1-3  ft.,  nodose  throughout 
their  length.  Basal  leaves  8-20  in.,  cauline  few  short  or  0.  Panicle  4-10  by 
1-2  in. ;  lowest  bract  ^-1^  in.,  hardly  leaf-like.  Spikelets  1-3  together  (clusters 
often  themselves  clustered),  ^  in.,  rusty-brown,  2-4-fld.  bearing  1  (rarely  2)  nut.  PL 
glumes  ovate  acute,  keel  upwards  scabrid,  margins  conspicuously  thinly  villous. 

17.  miCROSCKCENUS,  Qen.  Nov. 

A  very  small,  glabrous  perennial.  Stems  with  nodes,  bearing  narrow 
leaves.  Inflorescence  of  1-3  approximated  spikelets.  Glumes  6,  imbricate 
on  all  sides,  subsimilar ;  two  lowest  empty  ;  3  (or  2)  following  male,  mon- 
androus ;  uppermost  lateral  (appearing  terminal)  perfect,  nut-bearing, 
monandrous.  Hypogynous  bristles  2,  minute,  rudimentary  (perhaps  re- 
duced stamens).  Style  linear-cylindric,  smooth,  continuous  with  pistil; 
branches  3.  Nut  (not  well  ripe)  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  smooth,  pyramidal 
at  base  and  top. 

IVX.  Duthiei,  G.  B.  GlarJce  ;  stems  1-3  in. 

West  Himalaya;  Gurwhal,  Tihri,  alt.  15,500  ft.,  Duthie. 

Stems  tufted  ;  with  very  short  stolons  or  short  lateral  shoots.  Leaves  2  or  3  on 
each  stem,  about  1  in.,  grass-like  ;  margins  incurved,  smooth ;  sheaths  short.  Spike- 
lets about  ^  in.,  ellipsoid ;  lowest  bract  similar  to  leaves ;  upper  bracts  gradually 
shorter,  passing  into  glumes.  Glumes  ovate-oblong,  concave  scarcely  keeled,  chest- 
nut-red, hardly  scarious  on  edges.  Anthers  linear-oblong,  not  crested,  scarcely 
exserted. 

X  X  2 


670  CLxxii.  CTPERACEJR.     (C.  B.  Clarke.) 

18.  ZiEPIDOSPBRBIA,  LaUll. 

Glabrous,  rigid,  robust  stoloniferous  plants.  Stems  leafy  only  near 
base.  Panicle  of  many  spikelets,  often  oblong,  contracted.  Spikelets  of 
5-10  glumes,  of  2-3  axillary  flowers,  rarely  producing  more  than  1  nut, 
lowest  floyer  vbeing  always  sterile  (i.  e.  male  or  pistil  imperfect),  ^l.  glumes 
(pven  young)  similar  to  the  lower  empty  glumes.  Hypogynous  hrisfles  6, 
short,  ovate  with  a  triangular  or  setaceous  tip.  Stamens  3.  St^^le  with  3 
long  branches ;  style-base  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  fused  into  the  glaV>rou8 
smooth  trigonous  nut^ — Species  36,  all  Australasian  except  the  present. 

Xi.  chinense,  Nees  So  Meyen  in  TAnnsea,  ix.  302,  and  in  Nov.  Act. 
Nat.  Cur.  xix.  [Supjpl.  i)  117;  stems  robust  terete,  leaves  mostly  long  terete, 
panicle  oblong  dense,  spikelets  clustered,  glumes  lanceolate  acute  sub- 
distichous,  style  3- fid,  nut  -iV-ro  in.  obtuse.  Benth.  Fl.  Honglc.  398  ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  329  (excl.  L.  confine). 

Malacca;  Mt.  Ophir,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih.  6115).— Distrib.  S.  China. 

Stems  2-3  ft.  Leaves  stem-like.  Panicle  2-1  by  1  in.,  very  dense,  base  scarcely 
inteirupted.  Ghtmes  5-7,  lower  distichous,  1-2  highest  spiral  tabescent ;  flowers 
3-2,  lowest  sterile,  upper  perfect  nut-bearinp^.  Hypog'ynous  bristles  scarcely  5 
length  of  glume,  easily  overlooked  in  young  flowers. — Benthnra  says,  "  Flowers  3, 
lowest  fertile."  Nees  says,  "  Glumes  empty  except  the  penultimate  which  is  male, 
and  tlte  terminal  thin  one  "  (which  Nees  supposes  nut-bearing).  The  terminal  thin 
glume  is  sterile,  the  penultimate  perfect,  nut-bearing. 


19.  GAKNZA,  J.  B.  &  G.  Forst. 

Coarse,  usually  scabrous,  perennials.  Stem  with  nodes,  bearing  leaves 
or  leaf-like  bracts  throughout  its  length.  Panicle  copious,  or  linear- 
oblong.  Spikelets  clustered,  often  black  or  dark  brown,  1-2-fld.,  upper 
alone  nut-bearing.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides,  lower  3-5  (or  more) 
empty,  keeled,  often  mucronate,  hispid,  upper  gradually  larger,  unaltered 
in  fruit;  the  top  3  (or  2)  glumes  heteromorphons,  in  young  fl.  very  small 
(usually  not  ^  length  of  uppermost  keeled  empty  glume)  subquadrate, 
scarcely  nerved,  in  fruit  enlarged  rigid  brown  or  black  ;  lowest  hetero- 
morphons glume  with  3-6  (often  4)  stamens  or  empty,  second  heteromor- 
phous  glume  with  3  stamens  perfecting  a  nut,  uppermost  empty  or  0, 
Hypogynous  bristles  0.  Filaments  long  (often  elongated  in  fruit  holdiug 
the  nut) ;  anthers  crested.  Sti/le  slender,  glabrous  ;  branches  3  (or  4) 
long ;  style-basp  continuous  with  pistil,  often  a  small  black  conical  point 
to  the  nut.  Nnt  bony,  round  or  trigonous,  sessile. — Species  27,  from 
Singapore  to  the  Sandwich  Isles,  abounding  in  Australasia. 

The  structure  of  the  spicula  of  Gahn'm  has  been  recently  described  by  Colenso  in 
Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst,  xviii.  278,  and  by  Hillebrand  in  Flora  Hawaii,  481.  In  those 
species  (and  specimens)  wh'ch  have  but  one  flower  in  the  spikelet,  tliat  flower  appears 
t^^ruiinal  and  the  three  small  heteromorphous  glumes  (scales)  appear  as  a  perianth 
of  3  imbricated  segments.  But  the  causes  wbere  the  above  three  glumes  contain  two 
flowei  s  (both  of  which  may  be  pistilhferous  though  only  the  upper  nut-bearing), 
iM^gativ^  this  explanation. 

Cr.  javanica,  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  Pfl.  98 ;  tall,  leaves  long  narrow 
very  scabrous,  panicle  oblong-linear  dense,  spikelets  2-1-fld.  blacV,  style 
S-fid^  nut  linear-oblong  shining  brown  black-tipped.  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
X3  xviii.  339.     Phatelianthus  multiflorus,  Zoll.  Syst.  Verz.  Ind.  Arvliip.  ii. 


Gah7ua.']  cLxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.B.Clarke.)  65  7 

61.  Syzyganthus  multiflorus,  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  153.  Schcenus  panicu- 
latus,  llassk.  Gat.  Hort.  Bogor.  296  (not  of  Burm.).  S.  Hasskarlii,  8teud 
I.  e.  166. 

Malay  Islands  ;  from  Sumatra  to  Fiji. 

Nearly  glabrous.  Stem  often  3  ft.,ter<^te.  Leaven  oft^en  nearly  as  long  as  stem, 
5-2  in.  wide,  tip  caudate  very  scabrous.  Panicle  12  by  3  in.,  dense  ;  branches  from 
each  lower  sheath  usually  several  (sometimes  15)  ;  lower  bracts  long,  similar  to 
leaves.  SpiJcelets  nearly  \  in.,  when  young  lanceolate  ;  lower  flower  sterile  or  male 
or  wanting.  Lower  glumes  3-4,  keeled,  mucronate ;  upper  glumes  3-2,  when  young 
very  small,  ultimately  enlarged  hardened,  |  as  long  as  the  uppermost  keeled  glume. 
Stamens  in  lower  flower  4,  in  the  upper  3  ;  filaments  persistent  ultimately  elongate 
and  brown,  often  retaining  the  nut. 

Y'AT.  penangensis ;  lowest  bract  shorter,  often  not  half  length  of  panicle,  panicle 
looser,  branches  finally  nodding  (not  in  suberect  clusters). — Penang,  alt.  3000  ft., 
G.  King.  Perak,  alt.  6500  ft.,  Wray.  Malacca ;  Punnus,  Griffith,  {Kew  Distrib. 
6305). 

20.  nsnZXREA,  Auhlet 

A  glabrous  perennial.  Stem  short,  with  numerous  long  leaves.  Spihes 
digitately  capitate  ;  bracts  long.  Sjpihelets  densely  sessile,  1-fld.  Glumes 
4,  imbricate  laxly  on  all  sides,  small,  ovate-triangular,  three  lowest  empty 
green  striate,  uppermost  nerveless  containing  a  perfect  quasi-terminal 
flovirer.  Hypogyoous  bristles  0.  Stamens  3,  uililateral.  Style  linear, 
smooth  ;  base  not  dilated ;  branches  3,  linear.  Nut  oblong-ellipsoid,  tri- 
gonous, smooth ;  style  deciduous. 

The  flower  is  here  really  axillary,  the  continuation  of  the  axis  suppressed  at  an 
early  stage.     The  plant  is  allied  to  the  Rynchosporece,  as  Bentham  has  it. 

R.  xnaritima,  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  i.  45,  t.  16 ;  stem  nearly  covered 
by  sheaths  of  leaves  (i.e.  head  sessile)  or  only  covered  near  base  (i.e.  head 
peduncled).  Beauv.  Fl.  d' Owar.  ii.  22,  t.  73;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
xlv.  (1876),  pt.  ii.  15S  ;  Boerk.  in  Llnna^a,  xxxv.  435.  B..  pedunculata,  Br. 
Prodr.  236  ;  Thw.  Enum.  345.  R.  Wightiana,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  92. 
B.  disticophylla,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xli.  410.  Mariscus  capitatus,  Zoll.  .Verz. 
Ind.  Archip.  ii.  63.  Lipocarpha  f olioBa.  J/^/r/.  FI.  Bid.  Bat.  iii.  337 ;  Xurz  Fl. 
Bangka,  224.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3378. 

Sea-coasts.  Canaka  ;  Talbot.  Tenasskrim:  ;  Heifer;  Malacca,  Griffith;  Nico- 
BARs,  Kurz;  &c.  Ceylon  ;  Thwaites  (C.P.  3227.) — Distrib.  All  tropical  seu- 
coasts. 

Rhizome  up  to  2  ft.  Stems  distant,  or  tufted  from  the  branched  head  of 
rhizome,  2-6  in.,  subtrisjonous,  smooth.  Leaves  often  longer  than  stem,  narrow, 
rigid,  curved  nearly  smooth.  Bracts  2-G,  patcmt,  1-3  in.,  leaf-like.  Spikes  about 
^  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  of  about  3J  spikelets,  dirty  straw-colrd.  Splkelets  ^  in.,  ellipsoid.. 
-^■^^  f  glume,  chestnut-colrd. ;  outermost  cells  minute,  rouud-hexagoaal^  ofteu. 
porose  (i.e  nut  puncticulate.) 


21.  HVPOXiVTRVni,  L.G.  Rich. 

Stem,  with  some  nodes  far  above  the  base.  Leaves  flat,  somewhat  thin, 
3-nerved,  narrowed  gradually  at  each  end.  Spikes  panicled,.  branches 
rigid  ;  bracts  long,  leaf-like.  Spikelets  without  glumes  interposed  between 
the  two  opposite  basal  ^ales  and  the  terminal  pistil  except  in  M.  turgidnm 


678  OLXXii.  CTPEEACB^.     (C.  B.  Clarke).       [Hypohjtrum, 

and  H.  longirostre.  Style  continuous  with  ovary,  persistent ;  branches  2 
long.  JVut  small,  but  often  overtopping  bracteoles,  biconvex,  osseous, 
subpersistent ;  style-base  ultimately  becoming  a  conical  or  ovoid  beak. — 
Species  25,  tropical  and  subtropical. 

This  and  the  following  four  genera,  included  under  the  division  Sypolytrece  (see 
p.  587),  or  ikfapawie^e,  are  so  peculiar  in  structure  that  the  following  observations 
may  prove  useful. — Spikelets  small,  in  spikes  resembling  the  spikelets  of  a  stout 
Scirpus ;  the  (apparent)  glumes  being  obtuse  bracteoles.  Spikelets  containing  one 
terminal  fem.  fl.  (of  a  pistil  only)  and  two  opposite  boat-shaped  1-glumed  monan- 
drous  male  fl.  at  its  base ;  between  these  two  basal  males  and  the  terminal  female 
are  placed  0-11  concave  or  nearly  plane  glumes  unsymmetricaliy  whorled,  sterile  or 
1-6  monandrous ;  the  three  inner  glumes  (empty),  often  appearing  nearly  as  sepals 
to  the  pistil.  Glumes  to  the  two  lowest  male  flowers  (squamellae),  acutely  keeled, 
hairy  on  keel,  placed  laterally  with  respect  to  the  bracteole.  Stamens  small; 
anthers  not  crested. 

In  Hypolytrum  the  spikelet  might  be  regarded  as  a  single  flower,  consisting  of  a 
bract,  two  opposite  boat-shaped  bracteoles,  2  stamens  and  a  pistil.  But  in  Mapania 
.(and  other  genera)  the  number  of  male  and  barren  glumes  interposed  between  the 
squamellae  and  the  pistil  shows  that  this  flower  is  really  an  inflorescence,  as  in 
Euphorbia.  The  species  are  sometimes  polygamo-dicecious,  some  plants  producing 
only  empty  nuts  with  abnormal  beaks.  The  seven  Indian  species  here  described 
might  be  treated  as  H.  latifolium  with  five  varieties. 

_  1.  K.  latifolium,  L.  G.  Rich,  in  Pers.  Syn.  i.  70 ;  stems  stout 
triquetrous  upwards,  leaves  long  often  ^-1  in.  broad,  style  2-fid,  nut 
(fertile)  wrinkled  brown  or  chestnut,  beak  small  conical  pale  (large  when 
nut  is  barren).  Thw.  Enum.  346  (j3  and  part  a) ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc. 
xxxviii.  part  2,  72  (partly).  H.  giganteum,  Wall.  Cat.  3404  (partly); 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  93  (partly) ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  131.  H. 
schoenoides,  Nees  in  Linnaaa,  ix.  288.  H.  myrianthum,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat. 
iii.  333.  H.  latifolium  and  diandrum,  Dietr.  Sp.  Pi.  ii.  365.  Tunga 
diandra,  Moxb.  Fl.  Ind.  i.  184.  Scirpus  anomalus,  Metz.  Ohs.  v.  15. 
Albikkia  scirpoides  and  schoenoides,  Presl.  Bel.  HoBnk.  i.  185,  t.  34,  35. — 
Hypolytrum,  Wall.  Cat.  3402,  3403,  3404  (mainly). 

SiKKiM  and  Assam  to  Singapobe,  Tsavancoke,  Ceylon,  Nicobar  and 
Andaman  Islds. — Disteib.  Malaya,  China,  Austral.,  Polynesia. 

Rhizome  perennial,  short;  roots  thick,  smooth,  very  tough.  Stem  1-3  f t , 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  bearing  nodes  and  leaves  above  the  base,  often  above  the 
middle.  Leaves  often  6-13  in.,  scabrous  on  margins.  Panicle  2-6  in.  diara. 
pyramidal,  compound-corymbose  or  as  if  depressed-umbellate,  often  dense,  sometimes 
depauperated  with  few  spikes;  branches  divaricate,  scabrous,  very  rigid.  Spikes 
nearly  all  solitary,  young  i-A  in.  oblong-obovoid,  fruiting  \  in.  subglobose.  Glumes 
(i.e.  bracteoles)  closely  spirally  imbricate,  scarcely  y^  in.  long,  concave,  elliptic, 
obtuse,  membranous,  1-uerved,  brownish.  Squamellce  |  glume.  Ifut  (without  beak) 
a  little  longer  than  glume,  sessile ;  beak  about  ^  length  of  nut. — Wall.  Cat.  3404  is 
this  mixed  with  Scirpus  chinensis,  Munro,  and  a  Mapania.  In  some  specimens  from 
the  Khasia  Terai  the  nuts  are  empty,  their  beaks  inflated  ovoid-conic  twice  as  long 
as  the  nut ;  these  Boeckeler  (Linna?a,  xxxvii.  130)  calls  the  Indian  H.  mauriiianum. 
— It  is  possible  to  refer  the  Mauritian  plant  to  a  var.  of  latifolium  ;  but,  if  these  two 
are  kept  distinct,  it  is  not  possible  to  arrange  the  Khasian  plant  under  both. 

2.  H.  Wigrhtianum^  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii,  p.  130 ;  stems  stout, 
leaves  long  ^-^  in.  broad,  panicle  compound  dense,  style  2-fid,  nut  (fertile) 
straw-colrd.  or  pale,  beak  conical  pale  i-f  nut.  H.  giganteum,  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  p,  93  (partly). -^Bheede  Hart  Malah,  xii,  t,  58, 


Hypolytrum.']       clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  679 

Canara;  Dalzell.  Malabar  or  Concan;  Stocks.  Wynaad;  Goodaloor, 
Kinff.     NicoBAES ;  Kurz. 

Distributed  in  Herb.  H.  f.  and  T.  as  a  local  form  of  H.  latifoKum,  wbich  it 
closely  resembles.  The  nut  is  usually  glandular-punctate,  pitted  rugose  or  nearly 
smooth. 

3.  K.  turg-ldum,  G.  B.  Clarke  \  8tem  stout,  leaves  long  ^-f  in. 
broad,  panicle  compound  dense,  spikelets  often  of  three  glumes  (besides 
the  bracteole),  style  2-fid,  fertile  nut  large  brown  purple  punctate,  beak 
small  or  hardly  any.     H.  latifolium,  Thw.  Enum.  346  [partli/). 

Cetlon,  Central  Province,  alt.  3000  ft.,  Thtoaites  (C.P.  3). 

Thwaites  subsequently  (in  ms.)  separated  this  as  a  distinct  species.  The  two 
boat-shaped  squamellse  are  lateral  (as  in  all  the  Mapaniece) ;  the  third  extra  glume 
is  flat  concave  thin  without  keel  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  spikelet  within  the 
squamellae.  A  similar  extra  glume  occurs  frequently  in  several  of  the  large  American 
Ht/polytrea  ;  thus  indicating  an  approach  to  Thoracostacht/um. 

4.  K.  penang-ense,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  stem  stout,  leaves  long  \-l  in. 
broad,  panicle  compound  of  100  spikes,  young  spikes  i  by  ^  in.  linear 
cylindric. 

Penang  ;  Maingay  {Kew  Distrih.  1720). 

Imperfectly  known  from  a  joung  example ;  but  the  young  spikes  di£fer  much 
from  those  ofH.  latifolium  at  the  same  point  of  development. 

5.  K,  trinervium,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  272 ;  stem  somewhat  slender, 
leaves  \-\  in.  broad,  bracteoles  broad-oblong  obtuse  entire  brown  not 
scarious-margined,  style  2-fid,  nut  small  black-purple,  beak  conical  pale 
nearly  as  long  as  nut.  Miq.  Ft.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  332  and  III.  Fl.  Archip.  Ind. 
69. 

"  East  Indies  "  {Herb.  JVilldenow). 

Altogether  slenderer  than  H.  latifolium,  to  which  Boeckeler  refers  it  as  a  weak 
example. — Stem  16  in.;  cauline  leaves  1  or  2  remote.  Panicle  1-1^  in.  diam.,  with 
25  spikes.  Spikes  in  fruit  scarcely  |  in.  diam.,  themselves  their  glumes  (bracteoles) 
and  nuts  much  smaller  than  in  S.  latifolium.  Nut  (with  its  beak)  less  than  -^^^  in. ; 
beak  straw -colrd.,  densely  covered  with  round  red  glands. 

6.  K.  proliferum,  Boeck.  in  Linnma,  xxxvii.  126 ;  stem  somewhat 
slender,  leaves  \-^  in.  broad,  bracteoles  oblong-obovate  brown  upper 
margin  conspicuonsly  white-scarious  lacerate,  style  2-fid,  nut  small  dusky 
brown,  beak  conical  dusky  brown  rather  shorter  than  nut. 

Singapore  ;  Wichura,  Ridley. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Rhizome  vfoo6.y,  obliquely  descending  (not  "proliferous-branched  "  as  described 
by  Boeckeler).  Stem  16  in.,  cauline  leaves  1  or  2  remote.  Panicle  1-1|  in.  diam., 
with  20  spikes.  Young  spikelets  ^  by  -^-j^  in.,  cylindric,  glistening  white  (broad 
scarious  margins  of  bracteoles  covering  up  the  brown  bases).  Spikelets  in  fruit  \ 
diam.,  subglobose.  Nut  ovoid,  scarcely  ^^  in.  long,  nearly  smooth.^ — Very  like  H. 
trinervium,  except  as  to  the  conspicuously  scarious  bracteoles. 

7.  K.  long-irostre,  Thw.  Enum.  346;  stem  12-20  in.,  corymb  rigid, 
bracteoles  hard  subacute,  one  (or  more)  squamella  often  interposed  between 
the  two  basal  male  squamellae  and  pistil,  style  2-fid,  beak  longer  than  nut 
conic  acute  pale  not  grooved.  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  pt. 
ii.  75 ;  Boeck.  in  Linngea,. xxxYii.  128.  H.  latifolium  y  minor,  Kurz  I.  c.  74 
(partly,  not  of  L.  C.  Rich.). 

Cetlon;  Thwaites  (C.P.  3468.) 

Stolons   long,  slender,  clothed  by   small  red-brown   scales,    hardening  into   a 


p'^O  CLxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)       [Hypolytmm, 

woody  liorizontal  rhizome.  Stem  trigonous,  nearly  smooth,  with  few  leaves  upwards. 
Leaves  ofte»  as  long  as  stem,  ^  in.  broad,  gradually  narrowed  at  both  ends ;  margins 
scabrous.  Corymb  1^  in.  diam.,  with  12-20  spikes  ;  bracts  often  6  in.,  resembling 
the  leaves.  Spikes  ^  in.,  ellipsoid,  dirty  straw-colrd.  Bracteoles  (glumes)  ovate, 
striate,  falling  with  nuts.  Lateral  third  glume  to  spikelet  monandrous  or  sterile. 
Nut  scarcely  ^^  in.,  subglobose,  olivaceous,  wrinkled. 

22.  TKORACOSTACKVUm,  Kurz. 

Leaves  flat,  3-nerved,  narrowed  gradually  at  each  end.  Spikes  panicled, 
branches  rigid ;  bracts  long,  like  the  leaves.  Spikelets  small,  with  usually 
4  glumes  (of  which  lowest  sometimes  monandrous)  interposed  between  the 
two  opposite  navicular  basal  male  fl.  and  the  terminal  pistil.  Style  3-fid. 
.ZVwi  osseous,  shining ;  beak  conic  acute  (not  seen  in  T.  hypolytroides). — 
Species  5,  in  Ceylon,  Seychelles,  Malaya,  Australia. 

1.  T.  bancanuxn,  Kurz  in  Tydsch.  Nat.  Vereen.  Ned.  Ind.  xxvii.  286, 
and  in  Bot.  Zeif.  xxiii.  (1865),  204  {Thoracostachys,  name  only)  and  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  pt.  ii.  76 ;  stem  1-^—3  t't.,  corymb  rigid,  spikes 
short  ellipsoid,  style  3-fid,  nut  shining  testaceous  with  3  longitudinal 
grooves  in  its  conical  top.  Lepironia  bancana,  Mlq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Sujjpl. 
604  and  III.  Fl.  Archip.  Ind.  63.  Hypolytrum  borneense,  Ktirz  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  pt.  ii.  74 ;  Miq.  III.  Fl.  Archip.  Ind.  59.  Mapania 
bancana.  Benth.  &  Hook.f.  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1055. — Hypolytrum,  Wall.  Gat. 
3401,  3404  E.— Cyperus,  Wall.  Gat.  3371  B  (partly). 

SiNGAPOEE;  WallicTi,  Ridley.  Malacca;  Griffith  (Kew  Bistrib.  6273).— 
DiSTRiB.  Malaya. 

Stolons  slender,  hardening  into  a  woody  rhizome.  Stem  scabrous  at  top,  remotely 
(or  n/t)  leaf -bearing  upwards.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  |  in.  broad  ;  margins  (at 
k-ast  near  tips)  scabrous.  Corymb  1-2  in.  diam.,  with  sometimes  50  spikes;  bracts 
often  6  in.,  leaf-like.  Spikes  ^  in.  diam.,  ultimately  j  in.,  beaks  of  persistent  nuts 
spreading  on  all  sides.  Bracteoles  hardly  J^  in.,  ovate,  obtuse,  striate,  horny.  Nut 
jibout  /^  in.,  beak  none,  or  rather  completely  fused  with  nut ;  grooves  very  narrowly 
spatliulate. 

Var,  longispica ;  spikes  ^  in.  oblong  smutted,  nuts  perfect — Malacca  ;  Griffith^ 
Keto  Bistrib .  n.  6357). — The  abnormal  elongation  of  the  spikes  is  supposed  due  to 
the  Ustilago. 

2.  T.  hypolytroideS;  G.  B.  Clarke ;  very  large,  panicle  large  de- 
compound with  800  spikes,  glumes  (bracteoles)  membranous  elliptic,  4 
glumes  intercalated  between  two  basal  male  fl.  and  pistil,  style  3-lid. 
Hypolytrum  Pandanophyllum  and  Pandanophyllum  hypolytroides,  F. 
Muell.  Fragm.  ix.  16.  Mapania  hypolytroides,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  341. 
M.  Pandanophyllum,  Schum.  &  Hollr.  Kaiser  Wilhelms  Land,  25. 

Malay  Peninsula;  Johore,  Ridley  n.  4093. — Distrib.  N.  Guinea,  Queensland. 
Stem  3-5  ft.     Bracts  32  by  .1  in,,  3-nerved.     Panicle  12  by  8  in.     Spikes  soli- 
tary s  iu-,  cuboid'ellipsoid,  of  very  many  spikelets. 

23.  2MEAPANIA,  Auhl. 

Stem  very  short ;  inflorescence  congested  on  scapes.  Leaves  long,  often 
tough  a,nd  coarse.  Spikelet  of  6  (or  5)  glumes  besides  the  bracteole,  viz. 
tvTo  lowest  boat-shaped,  opposite,  monandrous  ;  third  (on  the  anterior  side 
of  spikelet)  planeTConcave,  not  keeled,  thin,  sterile  or  monandrous;  three 


Mapania.]  clxxii.  CTPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  681 

upper  as  though  in  a  whorl,  narrow -oblong,  thin,  empty.  St^le  continuous 
with  ovary,  persistent ;  branches  3,  long.  JVut  osseous,  small  or  large,  dry 
or  succulent,  beaked  or  obtuse. — Species  33,  Tropical,  cosmopolitan. 

Sect.  I.  Halostemma  (Genus),  Wall,  ex  BenthAn  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1070 1(% 
a  misreading  of  had  lithography).  Leaves  long  narrowed  at  both  ends. 
Lateral  sca'pe  long  or  short.  Spikes  capitate  in  a  single  head,  distinct,  of^ 
many  spikelets ;  bracts  shorter  than  spikes.  Spikelets  often  \  in.  Nut 
dry,  buried  in  the  chaffy  bracteoles  and  glumes;  beak  small  conic,  or 
hardly  any. 

1.  m.  silhetensiSy  G.  B.  Clar7ce\  scape  1-2  ft.  smooth  upwards 
with  1-6  spikes,  leaves  often  1  iri.  broad  scarcely  scabrous  on  the  keel 
beneath,  bracteoles  i  in.  3-5-striate,  style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  much  narrowed 
at  base  almost  stalked.  Pandanophyllum  palustre  3  silhetana,  Kurz  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  pt.  ii.  79  (jpartly.) — Cyperacea,  Wall.  Cat. 
n.  4474. 

Upper  Assam;  alt.  300  ft ,  Jenkins,  C.  B.  Clarke.     Stlhet  ;  Wallich. 

Rhizome  long,  nearly  ^  in.  diam.  Leaves  1-3  ft.,  margins  scabrous.  Scape  to. 
bust,  sheathed  at  base  by  some  horny  scales,  naked  upwards.  Spikes  f  in.,  ellipsoid  ; 
bracteoles  \  in.,  chaffy,  elliptie-oblong,  dirty  straw-colour,  persistent.  Squamellce 
and  glumes  linear-oblong,  nearly  as  long  as  bracteoles ;  3rd  lateral  glume  sterile. 
Sti/le  long,  slender,  branches  3  long.  Nut  i  in,,  ashy  black  ;  beak  very  small,  fused 
with  nut. 

2.  IKE.  palustris,  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1070  ;  scape  1-2  ft.  glandular- 
scabrous  upwards  with-  10-50  spikes,  leaves  often  1\  in.  broad  acutely 
scabrous  on  keel  beneath,  bracteoles  i  in.  lacerate  at  top  often  sub-bifid, 
style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  little  narrowed  at  base.  Pandanophyllum  palustre, 
Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxvii.  138;  Xurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  part 
2,  78  (var.  malesica)  {not  of  Hassk.).  Lepironia  palustris,  Miq.  III.  Fl. 
Archip.  Ind.  63,  t.  26. 

Singapore  ;  Ridley. — Distrib.  Malaya. 

Rhizome  long,  nearly  ^  in.  diam.  Leaves  3-4  ft.,  margins  scabrous.  Scape  VO' 
bust,  sheathed  at  base  by  some  horny  scales.  Heads  l§-2  in.  diam.  Spikes  ^  in. 
ellipsoid,  bracteoles  chaffy,  persistent.  Squamellce  and  glumes  linear-oblong,  nearly 
as  long  as  bracteoles,  3rd  lateral  glume  sterile.  Nut  i  in.,  ashy-black,  beak  small 
conio. — Pandanophyllum  palustre,  Hassk.  (in  Tydsch.  Nat.  Vereen.  Ned^.  Ind.  x.  119, 
297)  had  a  bifid  style  and  3-5  spikelets,  so  that  it  cannot  be  present  plant  (according 
to  a  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  from  Teysmann  it  was  Cephaloscirpus,  Kurz, 
with  which  the  general  description  of  Hasskark  coincides). 

3.  T/S,m  XLurzii,  C.  B.  Clarke;  scape  4-16  in.  smooth  upwards  with 
1-15  spikes,  leaves  1  in.  broad  aculeate  on  keel  beneath,  bracteoles  f  in. 
strongly  13-striate  reddish-brown. 

Mk-Lkctik;  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrih.QZfiQ).  Peeak;  alt.  1750  ft.,  JBTin^.  Penang, 
on  Government  Hill,  alt.  1750  ft.,  Mainaay,  King. 

Rhizome  thick.  Leaves  densely  equitaut,  very  rigid,  harsh,  as  of  a  Pandanus  ; 
tips  long  attenuate,  tris:onou3,  aculeate.  Inflorescence  1  in  diam.,  rigid;  bracts 
short,  ovate,  brown.  Spikes  |  in,,  ellipsoid,  brown.  Bracteoles  ovate,  obtuse,  rigid, 
incurved,  entire  at  apex.  Squamellce  nearly  as  long  as  bracteole,  brown.  Nut  not 
seen. — Closely  allied  to  M.  palustris  ;  spikes  and  spikelets  rather  smaller. 

4.  IMC.  andamanica^  C.  B.  Clarke ;  scape  4-12  in.  smooth  upwards, 
leaves   broad   almost  flaccid   smooth  on   keel   beneath,  bracteoles   %■   in. 


682  CLxxii.  CTPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Mapania. 

slenderly  striate  pale  brown.     Pandanophyllum  zeylanicum,  Kurz  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.  part  ii.  80  {partly). 

Andaman  Islds.  ;  Heifer  {Kew  Distrib.  6298),  Kurz. 

Stolon  long,  rather  slender,  covered  by  ovate  striate  lax  scales.  Scales  at  ba-se  of 
culm  up  to  2  in.,  very  lax,  striate,  pale  brown,  with  an  ovate-oblong  limb  on  one  side 
sometimes  nearly  1  in.  long.  Leaves  much  softer  than  in  M.  Kurzii ;  margins  re- 
motely scabrous  or  almost  smooth.  Injl.  of  M.  Kiirzii,  but  much  less  rigid; 
bracteoles  loosely  imbricate.     Nut  not  seen. — Closely  allied  to  M.  palustris, 

5.  UK.  xnultispicataf  G,  B.  Clarke ;  scape  6  in.  with  head  of  10-50 
spikes,  leaves  3-4  ft.  by  ^-|  in.  margins  strongly  scabrous  cutting, 
bracteoles  ^  in.  dark -brown,  nut  very  small  obovoid.  Pandanophyllum 
humile,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  61  ;  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  334  {not  of 
Hassk.).  Hypolytrum  compactum  ?  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  Pfi.  98.  H.  humile, 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxvii.  128  {mainly). 

Singapore;  iJidZei/.— Disteib.  Java. 

Head  very  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species,  about  \  in.  diam.  when 
young.  The  species  appears  more  allied  to  Sect.  Pandanophyllum,  but  the  spikes  are 
distinct  in  the  head. 

Sect.  III.  Pandanophyllum  (Genus),  Hassk.  in  Tydsch.  Nat.  Vereen. 
Ned.  Ind.  x.  118  {partly).  Stem  very  short,  leaves  long.  Lateral  scapes 
short  or  longish.  Inflorescence  (a  corymb)  congested  into  one  ovoid  or 
oblong  head  [a  second  head  rarely  added  in  M.  longa'] ;  bracts  shorter  or 
little  longer  than  spikes.  Spikes  of  few  (sometimes  1)  spikelets ;  upper 
bracts  passing  into  bracteoles.    Nut  as  in  sect.  Halostemma. 

*  Leaves  gradually  narrowed  at  base  and  apex. 

6.  IKE.  Wallichii,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  scape  4-6  in.  stout  covered  for  |  its 
length  with  scales,  inflorescence  a  dense  head  1-1^  in  ,  ovoid  or  ellipsoid, 
partial  spikes  all  containing  one  spikelet  only.  Pand.  palustre  {"'in- 
jiorescentid  juveni  "  contained  ripe  nuts),  Kurz  in  Joum.  As.  Soc.  Beng. 

xxxviii.  pt.  ii.  79  {not  of  Hassk).— Wall.  Cat.  3541. 

Singapore,  Wallicli. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Leaves  equitant,  up  to  3  ft.  by  f  in.,  margins  aculeolate.  Bracts  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  thick,  shorter  than  infl.  Bracteoles  |  in.,  elliptic,  obtuse,  chaflTv,  tough. 
SquamellcB  and  glumes  a  little  shorter  than  bracteole,  narrow -oblong.  Nut  ^  in., 
ovoid,  ashy-black,  beak  hardly  any. 

7.  BI.  zeylanica,  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1056 ;  scapes  4-12  in.  with 
few  scales  close  to  base,  leaves  aculeate  on  margin  to  base,  mature  infl. 
broad  ovoid  more  or  less  compound,  i.e.  basal  spikes  containing  several 
spikelets,  upper  spikes  with  one  spikelet.  Pand.  zeylanicum,  Thw.  Enum. 
345 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  80  (excl.  Andaman  sp.) ; 
Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvii.  138.  Lepironia  ceylanica,  Miq^.  Ill,  Fl.  Archip. 
Ind.  61,  t.  22  {spikes  very  young). 

Ceylon,  TAtu.,  C.P.  3029.     E.  Ind.  Penins.,  Ro^^Zer.— Distrib.  Borneo. 

Resembles  M.  TFallichii,  but  spike  shorter  more  compound.  Leaves  2-3  ft.  by 
f  in.,  aculeate  on  keel  beneath,  long-attenuate  linear,  margins  aculeolate.  Infl.  in 
frt.  rather  more  than  ^  in:  diam.  Spikelets,  glumes,  and  nut,  as  in  M.  Wallichii. 
Style  3-fid  and  nut  subglobose  ;  or  (Boeckeler)  2-fid. 

8.  IMC .  imxnersa,  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1056  ;  scapes  1-2^  in.  clothed 
throughout  by  lanceolate  leaf-like  scales,  leaves  (except  tip)  only  slightly 


Mapania.']  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  683 

scabrous,  infl.  ovoid  partial  spikes  rarely  containing  more  than  one  spikelet. 
Pand.  immersnm,  Thw.  Enum.  433 ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc,  Beng.  xxxviii., 
pt.  ii.  83. 

Ceylon,  Thtoaites  (C.P.  3819). 

Leaves  numerous,  equitant,  2|  ft.  by  f  in.,  tip  caudate.  Upper  scales  of  scape 
up  to  1-2^  in.  long,  linear-lanoeolate ;  lower  bracts  similar  to  upper  scales  often 
overtopping  infl.  j  upper  bracts  shorter,  lanceolate,  passing  into  bracteoles.  Partial 
(lateral)  spikes,  all  (or  nearly)  of  one  spikelet.  Nut  nearly  as  in  M.  zeylanica,  but 
more  narrowed  at  base  (shortly  stalked). 

9.  ni.  tenuiscapa,  C.  B.  Clarice;  scapes  4-6  in.  very  slender  with 
scales  only  close  to  base,  leaves  narrow  margins  aculeate  nearly  through- 
out, infl.  in  fruit  ovoid  more  or  less  compound,  i.e.  basal  partial  spikes 
containing  more  than  one  spikelet.  Pand.  Miquelianum,  Kurz  in  Journ. 
As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  81  {partly).  P.  angustifolium  (sp.),  Kurz  ms. 
(correcting  himself). 

Malacca,  Griffith  (Kew  Distrib.  6299).    Johorb,  Ridley. — Distrib.  Sumatra. 

Similar  to  M.  zeylanica,  but  infl.  and  spikes  smaller.  Leaves  numerous, 
equitant,  up  to  2\  ft.  by  f  in.,  long  attenuate  at  both  ends,  aculeate  on  midrib 
beneath.  Ivfiorescence  (in  fruit)  hardly  i  in.  in  diam.  Squamellce  6,  i  in.  long, 
hardly  shorter  than  braoteole.     Nut  as  of  M.  zeylanica,  or  scarcely  smaller. 

10.  HtL.  long'a,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  scapes  10-25  in.,  naked  except  close  to 
base,  leaves  elongate,  infl.  of  1  (rarely  2)  large  ovoid  head,  partial  spikes 
rarely  containing  more  than  one  spikelet. 

Singapore,  Ridley. — Distrib.  Borneo. 

Leaves  3  ft.  by  f  in.,  tip  attenuate,  margins  aculeate  nearly  throughout,  keel 
beneath  smooth  except  towards  tip.  Inji.  in  fruit  f  by  jj  in. ;  bracts  much  shorter 
than  infl.  Nut  ^\  in.,  obovoid,  beak  short. — Perhaps  better  referred  to  Sect. 
Halostemma. 

**  Leaves  broad,  suddenly  narroioed  at  base  into  a  quasi-jpetiole,  at  top 
into  a  linear  tail. 

11.  ZM[.  humilis?  Naves  tSf  Villar  in  Blanco  Fl.  Filip.  Append.  309 ; 
scapes  2-5  in.  clothed  by  scales  at  base,  leaves  1-1§  in.  broad,  infl.  of  one 
head  |-1  in.  M.  lucida,  N.  E.  Br.  in  Illustr.  Hortic.  xxxii.  77,  t.  557. 
Pand.  humile,  Hassk.  in  Tydsch.  Nat.  Vereen.  Ned.  Ind.  x.  119  ;  Kurz  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  82.  P.  Zippelianum,  Kurz  in  Tydsch. 
Nat.  Vereen.  xxvii.  126,  &  in  Bat.  Zeit.  xxiii.  204.  P.  Wendlandi,  Card. 
Ghron.  xxi.  [1884]  711.  Lepironia  cuspidata,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl. 
603.     L.  humilis,  Miq.  III.  Fl.  Archip.  Ind.  61,  t.  23. 

Penano,  Curtis.  Perak,  King.  Malacca,  (Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  6300), 
Hervey.    Singapore,  Ridley. — Distrib.  Malaya. 

Rhizome  short,  woody,  obliquely  descending,  passing  upwards  into  a  short  stem 
terminated  by  a  crown  of  densely  equitant  leaves  j  from  the  apex  of  rhizome  lateral 
ascending  shoots  break  out.  Leaves  1^-3  ft.,  3.nerved,  aculeate  on  margins  and  on 
keel  beneath  at  least  at  top  ;  quasi-petiole  2-12  in.,  dilated  at  base.  Scapes  axillary 
in  the  lower  leaves,  rather  stout,  smooth  trigonous  upwards  ;  basal  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  hard,  striate,  green  with  brown- scarious  margins.  Ivjl.  young,  oblong, 
mature  ovoid;  bracts  shorter  than  head,  similar  to  scales  at 'base  of  scape.  Lower 
partial  sjoifces  nearly  always  compound,  i.e.  containing  a  few  spikelets;  bracteoles 
^  in.,  ovate,  obtuse,  striate.  Squamellce  6,  hardly  shorter  than  bracteole,  linear, 
brownish.  Anthers  linear-oblong,  yellow,  not  crested.  Style  long ;  branches  3. 
Nut  i  in.,  ellipsoid,  sessile,  dusky-black ;  style-base  (in  pistil  and  in  half-ripe  nut) 
conical,  beak-like,  in  ripe  nut  nearly  completely  absorbed. 


684  CLXxii.  CTPEEACB-s:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.) 

24.  SCIRPODEITDRON,  Kurz. 

Stem  stout,  with  nodes  upward,  terminating  in  an  oblong  panicle.  Basal 
leaves  very  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends.  8pikes  clustered,  ellipsoid,  of 
many  spikelets.  Spikelets  of  8-11  glumes  beside  the  bracteole,  viz.  2  lowest 
boat-shapeH,  opposite,  monandrous ;  3  uppermost  quasi- whorled,  narrow- 
oblong,  thin,  empty;  3-6  intermediate,  monandrous,  or  sterile.  Style 
long  linear,  branches  3,  base  continuous  with  ovary.  Nut  large,  osseous, 
coarsely  6-  (or  more-)  ribbed  longitudinally,  dusky-black,  obtuse. 

S.  costatuxn,  Knrz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  85 ;  basal 
leaves  3-8  It.  by  1  in.,  narrowed  gradually  at  both  ends  aculeate  on  margins 
Mild  midrib  beneath  upwards.  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  341 ;  Goehel  in  Ann. 
Janl.  Bot.  Buiienz.  vd.  122,  t.  14,  fig.  1-11.  S.  sulcatum,  Miq.  III.  Fl. 
Arcidji.  Ind.  65,  t.  28.  Hypolytrum  costatum,  Thw.  JEnum.  346.  Band, 
costatum,  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  85,  in  Ohs.  Scleria 
macrocarpa,  Wall.  Cat.  3538. 

Cktlon,  Kosnig,  Trim.en.  Penang  and  Singapoee,  Wallich.  Malacca, 
Grijfith  {Kew  Distrib.  n.  6134). — Distrib.  Java,  Austral.,  Sainoa. 

Rhizome  woody.  Stem  1-2  ft.,  at  top  ^  in.  in  diam.  trigonous,  smooth.  Panicle 
4-6  iu.  long;  branches  clustered,  thick,  short ;  lower  bracts  kaf-like,  upper  very 
hhort.  Spikes  f  in.  long;  spikelets  5-5  in.  ;  bragteole  (outermost  glume)  as  long  as 
spikelet,  ovate,  obtuse,  striate,  chaffy,  dirty  straw-colrd.  SquamellcB,  two  outer  not 
much  shorter  than  bracteole,  hairy  on  keel ;  iuTTer  narrower,  rather  shorter.  Kmt 
-|  in.  long,  \  in.  iu  diam.,  woody,  with  succulent  epicarp  (eaten  in  Samoa  by 
natives). 

25.  ZiEPZXlONIA,  L.  C.  Rich. 

Stem  lonff,  simple,  leafless  except  a  few  scales  at  base.  Spvke  (ap- 
parently) simple,  lateral,  oblong-ellipsoid,  of  many  spikelets.  Sjtikelets 
of  8-11  glumes  beside  the  bracteole,  viz.  2  lowest  boat-shaped,  opposite, 
monandrous;  3  uppermost  quasi- whorled,  narrow-oblong,  thin,  empty; 
3-6  intermediate,  monandrous  or  sterile.  Style  rather  short,  linear, 
branches  2,  linear.  Nut  ellipsoid,  much  compressed,  acutely  keeled  on 
margins,  smooth  dry. 

Zi.  mucronata,  L.  G.  Bich.  in  Pers.  Syn.  i.  70;  stem  1^-3.  ft.^  terete, 
lower  bract  as  though  a  continuation  of  stem.  Miq.  III.  Fl.  Archip.  Ind.  60s 
t.  20; .  Thw.  Enum.  346  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Beng.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii.  71 ; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  140 ;  Goehtl  in  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenz.  vii.  126, 
t.  14,  fig.  12,  13.  Scirpus  coniferus,  Poit\  Encyc.  vi.  756,  and  Supple  v.-90. 
Restio  articulatus,  Refz.  Ohs.  iv.  14.  Chondrachne  articulata,.  Br.  Prod^. 
220.     Choricarpa  aphylla,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  xli.  20. 

Malacca,  Gaudichand,  Griffith.  Singapore,  Lohh.  Ceylon,  Thwaites,  Stc, — 
DiSTEiB.  Madagascar,  Malaya,  Queensland,  Viti  (China  cult,  only,  tide  Hance). 

Rhizome  horizontal,  woody,  clothed  by  ovate  subacute  striate  ferruginous  scales. 
Stems  approximate,  \  in.  in  diam.,  when  dry  apparently  transversely  septate ;  scales 
often  covering  base  of  stem  for  4-8  in.;  uppermost  produced  on  one  side,  lanceolate 
not  green.  Spike  usually  i-1  in.  long,  occasionally  much  larger,  brown  or  chestnut, 
lowest  bract  often  1-2  in.  Bracteoles  (apparently  flowei'-glumes).  spirally  imbri- 
cated, i- in.,  ovate,  obtuse,  rigid,  not  striate,  ultimately  deciduous  with  nut.  Two 
outer  squamellce  scarcely  shorter  than  glume,  hairy  on  keel.  Nut  g-i  in  ,  obscurely 
luugitudiually  striate  ;  linear  style-base  persistent. 


CLxxii.  ciTERACEyE.    (C.  B.  Clarke.)  C85 

26.  SCZiEaZA,  Berg. 

Perennial  or  annnal.  Stems  erect,  leaf-bearing.  Leaves  narrow,  siib- 
3-nerved,  often  serrate  cutting  severely  ;  base  sheathing.  Panicle  often 
stout,  elongate,  compound,  sometimes  narrower  reduced  nearly  to  a  spike  ; 
primary  bracts  leaf-like,  secondary  narrow  often  setaceous.  Flowers  all 
unisexual.  Spikelets  unisexual,  rarely  bisexual ;  bisexual  spikelet  with 
one  fern.  fl.  below,  and  a  few  males  above  ;  fem.  spikelet  similar,  but  upper 
male  portion  reduced  to  a  small  rudiment  pressed  laterally  against  the  nut 
or  occasionally  0  (when  the  fem.  fl.  appears  terminal).  Glumes  usually 
2-4  empty  below  the  fem.  glume,  or  in  the  male  spikelets  2  below  the  male 
glumes;  fern,  glume  concave,  margins  not  united  at  base  round  the  pistil. 
Stamens  3-1 ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  often  mucronate.  Nut  osseous,  often 
shining;  style  linear,  not  dilated  at  base,  deciduous;  branches  3,  linear. 
Gynophore  usually  prominent  under  the  nut,  apex  dilated,  often  into  a  3- 
toothed  saucer. — Species  150,  in  moist  warm  countries. 

Subgenus  I.  Hypoporum  (Genus),  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  303,  character 
widened.     Bisexual  spikelets  many. 

1.  S.  pergracilis,  KuntJi  Enum.  ii.  354 ;  very  slender,  nearly  gla- 
brous, roots  fibrous,  spikelets  clustered  on  a  linear  interrupted  spike,  style 
3-fid,  nut  white  tubercled  fenestrate,  disc  obsolete.  Strachey  Gat.  JPl. 
ICumaon,  73  \  Thw.  Enum.  354;  Bocck.  in  Linniea,  •K^xyul.  438.  Hvpn- 
porum  gracile,  Nees  in  Edinh.  Phil.  Journ.  xvii.,  p.  267,  and  in  Wight 
Contrib.  p.  118.— Scleria,  Wall.  Cat.  3406. 

Widely  scattered  from  Gurwhal,  alt.  5600  ft.,  Duthie,  to  Stlhet,  Wallich. 
Behae,  Kurz.  Chota  Nagpoee,  T.  Anderson.  Deccan  Peninsula,  Wight. 
Ceylon,  r/iz«aiies.— Distrib.  Trop.  Africa. 

Stem  10-20  in.  Leaves  4-10  by  ^  in.  Spike  2-6  in.;  clusters  (of  2-5  sp'kelets) 
^-|  in.  apart ;  bract  ovate-lanceolate,  hardly  louf,'er  thiin^fciisters.  Bisexnal  spikelets 
scarcely  ^  in.,  numerous,  terminal,  with  sometimes  a  male  spikelet  close  beneath. 
Fem.  glume  boat-shaped,  ovate-lanceolate,  greenish  ;  glume  below  it  similar,  sub- 
opposite ;  superior  male  glumes  thinner,  brownish,  more  obtuse,  not  keeled.  Nut 
Jy  in.  in  diam.,  ovoid,  trigonous,  base  narrow  trigonous. — Dr.  Trimen  writes  :  "  The 
lemon-scented  leaves  are  used  to  drive  away  mosquitoes." 

2.  S.  lithosperma,  8w.  Prodr.  18,  and  Fl.  Ind.  Occid.  92,  in  note ; 
slender  or  medium,  nearly  glabrous  except  the  sheaths,  rhizome  woody, 
panicle  thin  straggling,  style  3  fid,  nut  white  smooth  (except  in  var. /3), 
disc  nearly  obsoletf^.  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  117  ;  Dalz.  &  Gibs.  Bomb. 
Fl.  288;  Thiv.  Enum.  354;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xxxviii.  451;  Kurz  in 
e7oitrw.  ^s. /S^oc.  xlv.,  pt.  ii.  159  {not  Roorb.).  S.  tenuis,  Retz.  06*.  iv.  13; 
Eoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  574.  S.  Wightiana,  Steud.  Sj/n.  Cyp.'176.  Scirpus 
lithospermus,  Linn.-  Sp.  PI.  [ed.  1]  51.  Schoenus  lithospermus,  lAnn. 
Sp.  PI.  [ed.  2],  65.  Olyra  orientalis,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochinch.  ii.  674.  Hypo- 
porum  lithospermum,  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  Gyp.  172. — Scleria,  Wall. 
Cat.  3417,  3418,  3419.— Bheede  Hort.  Mai.  xii.  t.  48. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  West  arid  area),  alt.  0-3000  ft,  common,  from 
SiKKiM  to  Cetlox  and  Malacca.  Andamans  and  Nicobars,  Kurz. — Distrib. 
All  warm  regions  except  Continental  Africa. 

Rhizome  elongate,  horizontal.  Stems  1^-3  ft.,  not  tufted.  Leaves  6-12  by 
i  in, ;  sheaths  usually  hairy.  Panicle  (fully  developed)  a  ft.,  distant  'primary 
branches  4  in.,  ascending,  again  divided  ;  but  often  very  thin  with  few  spikelets. 


686  CLXxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Sclena. 

Spihelets  much  clustered,  many  bisexual  ^  in.  long,  nearly  smooth  and  glabrous, 
very  similar  to  those  of  8.  pergracilis  but  larger.  Nut  -j\j  in.  long  (sometimes  much 
smaller)  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  base  narrow  trigonous. 

Var.  /3  (Boxhurffhii),  Thw.  Enum.  354 ;  rather  stouter,  nut  rather  larger  with 
pyramidal  subacute  apex,  transversely  wrinkled  by  ferruginous  glands  (at  least  when 
young).  Hypoporum  Roxburghii,  Nees  ms. — Ceylon,  Thwaites ;  Deccan  Peninsula, 
Wight. — Partial  panicles  much  more  rigid,  subpyraniidal,  clusters  of  spikelets  more 
numerous  and  dense. — This  might  be  esteemed  a  species,  but  too  much  regard  must 
not  be  paid  to  the  reticulation  or  wrinkling  of  the  nut  in  Scleriuy  which  arises  from 
irregularities  in  drying,  &c.  The  outer  cells  of  the  nut  in  Scleria  ai*e  in  evert/  species 
small,  quadrate-hexagonal,  obscure. 

3.  S.  coryxnbosa,  Eoxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  574;  robust,  coarse,  nearly 
glabrous,  panicle  long  copious  of  several  compoundedly-corymbose  axillary 
partial  panicles,  style  3-fid,  nut  white,  smooth,  disc  very  ^mall.  S.  andro- 
gyna,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  303,  &  Wight  Contrih.  117  ;  Thw.  Enum.  363 ; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  636.  S.  majus,  Moon  Cat.  Fl..Geyl.  62.  S. 
corymbifera,  Boeck.  I.  c.  537. — Scleria,  Wall.  Cat.  3412. 

Warm  moist  region,  sparsely  scattered  from  Khasia  Tejbai,  J.D.H.,  to  Ceylon, 
Thwaites,  and  Malacca,  Griffith. 

Rhizome  horizontal,  often  \  in.  in  diam.,  clothed  with  brown  scales.  Stems 
3-8  ft.,  stout ;  sheaths  triquetrous,  not  winged.  Leaves  20  by  1  in. ;  margins  sca- 
brous. Inji.  1-2  ft.  by  4-6  in.  ;  lower  peduncles  exserted  1-4  in.,  rigid.  Spikelets 
i  in.  long,  nearly  all  bisexual,  clustered  and  solitary,  usually  brown  or  straw-colrd., 
sometimes  more  or  less  chestnut-colrd.,  constructed  nearly  as  in  8.  lithosperma 
but  stouter ;  stamens  often  3.  Nut  nearly  ^  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  subtrigonous,  much 
narrowed  at  base.  Disc  slightly  dilated,  scarcely  3-lobed,  yellow-brown ;  margin 
(inner  disc  of  authors)  very  short,  subtriangular,  glandular,  often  dark  red. 

4.  S.  Ridleyi,  C.  B.  Clarke;  slender,  nearly  glabrous,  panicle  of 
few  small  very  distant  axillary  corymbs,  style  3-fid,  nut  white  smooth 
apiculate,  disc  very  small. 

Singapore  ;  Pular  Burn,  Ridley  (n.  1641).— Disteib.  Hongkong. 

Rhizome  horizontal,  ^  in.  in  diam.,  clothed  by  small  ovate  striate  dark-red  scales. 
8tem  2  ft.,  -j^  in.  in  diam.,  triquetrous,  scabrous ;  sheaths  very  narrowly  winged  j 
ligule  almost  truncate,  margin  narrow  scarious  hardly  hairy.  Leaves  12  by  \  in. 
Partial  panicles  scarcely  1  in.  in  diam.,  lowest  4-8  in.  from  the  next,  with  about 
8-20  spikelets.  Nut-bearing  spikelets  usually  with  male  fl.  at  top,  other  male  spike- 
lets also  added.  Nut  (rather  more  pointed)  and  disc  as  in  S.  corymbosa,  Roxb.,  to 
which  Boeckeler  has  referred  it  and  which  is  the  true  aflBnity ;  but  the  difference  in 
stoutness,  stem-leaves,  and  panicle  is  very  great. 

Subgenus  II.  Scleria  proper.    Bisexual  spikelets  none  or  few. 

Sect.  I.  Tessellat^.  Slender  (sometimes  tall)  plants.  Boots  fibrous, 
or  the  rhizome  very  short  not  thick.  Leaves  not  caudate-setaceous  at  tip. 
Panicle  narrow,  the  lower  axillary  panicles  often  remote,  reduced  to  spikes, 
sometimes  very  short. 

*  Nut  tessellated. 

6.  S.  tessellata,  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv.  315  (excl.  cit.  Rumph.) ;  slender 
sometimes  tall,  hairy  or  glabrate,  roots  fibrous,  panicle  elongate  thiu 
lower  branches  remote,  style  3-fid,  nut  tessellate,  lobes  of  disc-margin 
short  ovate  erect  thin  pale.  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  118;  Thw.  Enum. 
p.  364  (var.  /3   only)\    Boeck.   in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  470.     S.  propinqua  & 


I^cleria,']  clxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  687 

parvula,  Steud.  Stfn.  Cyp.  169,  174.  S.  uliginosa,  Boech.  I.e.  471.— Scleria, 
Wall.  Cat.  3405  A. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  West  arid  area),  alt.  0-8000  ft.,  frpquent ;  from 
Nepal  and  Mtineypoor  to  Cbylon  and  Pegu. — Distrib.  Malaya,  China,  Japan, 
Austral. 

Roots  often  black-red.  Stems  1-2  ft.  Leaves  4-10  by  scarcely  i  in.,  lanceolate, 
subobtuse  (not  acutely  setaceous)  at  tip,  hardly  scabrous,  with  white  hairs  or  gla- 
brate  ;  sheaths  conspicuously  winged  or  not.  Panicle  commonly  straggling,  lower 
partial  panicles  on  peduncles  0-5  in.,'  narrow  or  condensed  1-2  in.  long,  but  some- 
times evolute  more  rigid  subpyramidal.  Fern,  spikelets  i  in.  long,  f erruginous-greeu, 
glabrous.  Nut  scarcely  -^^  in.  in  diam.,  at  first  white,  the  raised  reticulations 
covered  with  minute  ferruginous  hairs,  at  last  often  nearly  smooth  shining  white 
shallowly  reticulated.  Disc  small,  salver-shaped,  3  lobes  of  margin  triangular  (rarely 
lanceolate)  reaching  to  ^z  height  of  nut.  ♦ 

6.  S.  biflora,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  573 ;  slender,  nearly  glabrate,  roots 
fibrous,  panicle  elongate  thin  lower  branches  remote,  style  3- fid,  nut  tessel- 
late,  lobes  of  discmargin  lanceolate  acute  or  subulate  erect  stout  ferrn- 
ginous-brown.'  S".  Steudeliana,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  344 ;  BoecTc.  in 
Linn  sea,  xxYiii.  475.  S.  tessellata,  Benth.  Fl.  HongJc.  399;  Thw.  Enum. 
354,  a  {not  j3) ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  343  (^ar^/y).— Scleria,  Wall.  Gat.  3405  B. 

Lower  Bengal,  Wallich ;  Calcutta,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  Mudhopoor  Jungle, 
C.  B.  Clarke.  Cachar,  Keenan.  Ceylon,  Walker. — Distrib.  Malaya,  S. 
China. 

Usually  glabrous  except  the  (so-called)  ligule  of  leaf.  Fern,  glume  scabrid  on  its 
keel  upwards,  or  smooth.  Lobes  of  (Zisc -margin  reaching  to  l~^  height  of  nut. — 
This  may  be  regarded  as  a  var.  of  S.  tessellata  (which  it  altogether  resembles),  only 
differing  in  the  lobes  of  the  disc-margin. 

7.  S.  Stocksiana,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  474 ;  nearly  glabrous, 
panicle  elongate  thin  lower  branches  remote,  style  3-fid,  nut  tessellate,  lobes 
of  disc-margin  short  ovate  ferruginous  their  edges  reflexed  auriculate.  S. 
tessellata  {^part),  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Rook.f.  &  T. 

Bombay,  Lato. 

The  examples  show  only  panicles,  without  leaves  or  roots.  Nut  rather  larger 
and  more  glabrous  than  of  S.  tessellata.  Disc  dark  red,  glandular. — May  have  a 
horizontal  rhizome,  and  be  more  nearly  allied  to  S.  Junciformis. 

**  Nut  smooth  or  very  obscurely  reticulated. 

8.  S.  annularis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  359 ;  slightly  hairy,  rhizome  0, 
panicles  axillary  remote  oblong  rigid,  style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  stoney-white, 
disc-margin  truncate.  Boeclc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  456.  Hypoporum  annu- 
lare, Nees  ms.  (Jide  Kunth). 

N.-West  India,  Roi/le.  Bengal,  Griffith.  Central  India  ;  Chunda,  Duthie. 
Malabar,  Law. — Distrib.  China. 

Hoots  fibrous,  dark-red.  Stems  1-2  ft.,  slender  or  medium  ;  sheaths  3- winged, 
hairy  or  glabrous.  Leaves  4-8  by  \  in.,  lanceolate,  tip  subobtuse.  PawtcZes  axillary, 
often  1  by  ^  in.,  subspicate,  secondary  bracts  conspicuously  exsert.  Spikelets  gla- 
brous, very  like  those  of  S.  tessellata.  Nut  -^^  in.,  not  apiculate,  veiy  smooth. 
Disc  obconic,  as  long  as  contracted  nut-base,  smooth,  chestnut  or  reddish.' — A  well- 
marked  species,  externally  very  like  S.  tessellata. 

¥ 

9.  S.  zeylanica.  Pair.  Encycl.  vii.  3  (excl.  Madagasc.) ;  slender, 
nearly  glabrous  or  thinly  hairy,  rhizome  hardly  any,  panicles  axillary 
distant  small^  fem.  glnmes  glabrous,  style  3-fid,  nut  small  (mature)  white 


688  CLXxii.  CYPERACE/E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  IScltvla. 

smooth  or  obscurely  reticulate,  clisc-margin  sub^ntire.  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  p.  118.  S.  ceylanica,  Kunth  Emim.  ii.  35S;  Thw.  Enum.  435.  fe. 
Thwaitesiana,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  454.  S.  lateriflora,  BoecJc.  I.  c. 
455  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  xlv.,  pt.  2,  159.  S.  hebecarpa,  Thw.  JSnuin. 
p.  354,  435. 

Tenasserim,  Heifer.    Nicobaes,  Kurz.     Cetlon.  Thwaifes. — Disteib.  Borneo. 

Stems'  1  ft.,  connected  at  base  on  a  very  short  slender  lignescent  rhizo<ne 
Leaves  witli  scattered  slender  needle-white  hairs  or  glabrescent,  tip  lanceolate  sub- 
obtuse  (not  setaceous-caudate).  Spikelets  small,  as  of  -S.  teaseVata.  Nut  scarcely 
J^  in.  in  diara.,  dried  young  reticulate,  mature  osseous  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Disc- 
margin  coloured,  glandulose,  not  (or  obscurely)  3-lobed. — S.  laxa,  R.  Br.,  hardly 
diiJers  but  by  its  strictly  fibrous  roots. 

10.  S.  flaccida,  G.  B.  Clarke  (non  Steiid.) ;  slender,  softly  hairy  all 
over,  roots  fibrous,  panicles  axillary  small  distant,  fern,  glumes  hairy,  style 
3-fid,  nut  small  ovoid  smooth  white,  disc-margin  subentire  coloured 
glandular- 

Assam  (in  Seebsagur),  C.  B.  Clarice.    Pegu,  Kurz. 

Stems  flaccid,  1-2  ft.  Leaves  ^  in.  broad,  lanceolate,  subobtuse  at  tip.  Panicles 
axillary,  ^  in.  long.  Spikelets  small,  all  unisexual,  fern.  ^  in.  long  usually  con- 
taining the  depauperated  sterile  apex  of  the  spikelet  as  a  lateral  compressed  rudiment 
tof  two  glumes)  about  f  length  of  nut.  Nut  broad,  obtuse  not  apioulate. — Might 
stand  as  a  var.  of  the  Austr;ilian  S.  rugosa,  Br.,  which  however  has  a  reticu  ated 
fiubtuberculated  nut. 

***  Nui  smooth,  white,  jluted  longitudinally. 

11.  S.  caricina,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  426 ;  annual,  very  slender, 
nearly  smooth  and  glabrous,  panicle  of  several  remote  small  axillary 
clusters,  fem.  glume  sub-3-toothed,  style  3-fid,  nut  very  small,  disc-margiji 
obsolete.  S.  axillaris,  Moun  Gat.  PI.  Get^lon,  p.  62.  Diplacruni  caricinum, 
Br.  Prodr.  241 ;  Endl.  Iconogr.  t.  25  ;  Thw.  Enum.  354;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa, 
xxxviii.  434.  D.  tridentatum,  Brongn.  in  Duperr.  Voy.  t.  26.  D.  zeylani- 
cum,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  p.  119.  Olyra  malaccensis,  Koenig  in  Herb. 
Heyne.—  Wall.  Cat.  3540. 

India,  frequent ;  from  the  Sikkim  Terai  and  Assam  to  Ceylon  and  Tenas- 
serim.— DiSTRiB.  Malaya,  China,  Australia. 

Roots  fibrous,  slender.  Stems  1-12  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  2  by  |-i  in.,  lanceolate, 
tip  subobtuse  ;  sheaths  trigonous,  not  winged.  Primary  bracts  (floral  leaves)  alto- 
gether leaf-like  tuft  usually  of  very  small  subsessile  clusters  just  exserted  from  their 
sheaths,  but  in  evolute  examples,  lower  clusters  are  sometimes  paniculate  with 
branches  1  in.  long.  Spikelets  all  unisexual,  fem.  -^  in.  long  with  1  or  2  smaller 
male  spikelets  closely  applied  to  its  base.  Fem.  spikelet :  lowest  glume  ovate  boat- 
shaped  obtuse  ;  2nd  glume  (sterile)  rather  longer,  boat-shaped,  apex  deeply  emar- 
ginate  (from  the  centre  of  the  emargination  the  midrib  is  produced  as  a  linear- 
triangular  point),  smooth,  2-ribbed  on  each  side  ;  3rd  glume  similar  to  2nd  and 
subopposite  to  it,  containing  fem.  flower  ;  no  rudiment  of  an  upper  glume.  Nut 
scarcely  3V  in.  in  diain.  ;  disc  small  ob pyramidal,  margin  most  minute,  white, 
truncate. — See  Goebel  in  An7i.  Jard.  Buit.  vii.  132,  t.  15,  figs.  21-29,  who  considers 
the  female  flower  truly  terminal,  and  therefore  places  the  species  among  the 
American  Crgptangiefc. 

**#*  jy^^  covered  hy  conical  tubercles  hairy  at  their  tips. 

12.  S.  Neesii,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  353;  small,  hairy,  rhizome  hardly 
any,  panicle  of  2-1  distant  axillary  clusters  (in  Ceylon  one  terminal  head), 


Scleria.]  clxxii.  cYPEEACEiE.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  689 

spikelets  somewhat  large  lanceolate  hairy,  style  3-fid,  nut  small  globose  as 
though  softly  glochidiate.  Thw.  Enum.  354 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxviii. 
449.  S.  stricta,  Moon.  Cat.  PL  Geijl.  62.  Hypoporum  capitaturn,  Nees  in 
Linnsea,  ix.  303,  &  in  Edlnh.  Phil.  Journ.  xvii.  267,  &  in  Wight  Gontrib. 
118. 

Ceylon,  Macrae,  &c. — Disteib.  Borneo. 

In  the  Ceylon  specimens — Stem-i  4—8  in.  Leaves  lanceolate^,  tip  subobtuse.  Mead 
plobose,  of  about  12  spikelets.  Spikelets  all  unisexual  (not  a  Hypoporum)^  nearly 
\  in.  long,  ferruginous ;  female  glume  mucronate.  Nut  about  ^y  in.  Disc  minute, 
patent,  margin  as  long  as  contracted  base  of  nut,  pale,  truncate  scarcely  3-lobed. — 
The  Ceylon  specimens  (not  plentiful)  have  uniformly  small  1-headed  specimens,  but 
are  a  small  form  of  a  Borneo  plant,  which  is  a  foot  high  with  the  lower  axillary  head 
of  spikelets  remote. 

Sect.  2.  Elatse.  Robust  plants  with  thick  (except  in  S.  'psiloyrhiza) 
woody  horizontal  rhizome.  Leaves  (in  many)  caudate-setaceous  at  tip. 
Partial  panicles  rigid,  often  pyramidal.  Lobes  of  disc-margin  entire  [or 
slightly  digitate  in  8.  multifoUata']. 

*  Sheaths  {of  middle  stem-leaves)  winged  (sometimes  in  S.  elata,  and  S. 
chinensis  obscurely). 

13.  S.  hebecarpa,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  303,  and  in  Wight  Gontrih. 
117 ;  scarcely  robust,  slightly  hairy  (see  also  var.  /3),  panicle  thin  scarcely 
rigid,  style  3-fid,  nut  minutely  velvety,  lobes  of  disc-margin  lanceolate 
thin  brown  concavely  applied  to  nut.  Thw.  Enum.  435;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
xxxviii.  478.  S.  alata.  Moon  Gat.  PI.  Geyl.  62.  S.  scrobiculata,  Zoll. 
Verz.  Archip.  Ind.  ii.  61  {not  of  Nees).  S.  stipularis,  Thw.  Enum.  353,  435 
(not  of  Nees).~-Qc\eria„  Wall.  Gat.  3415. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  N.W.  arid  region),  alt.  0-5000  ft.,  and  Ceylon, 
common. — Disteib.  Malaya,  China,  Japan,  Australia,  Polynesia. 

Rhizome  ^  in.  in  diam.,  clothed  by  ovate  striate  dark -red  scales.  Stems  usually 
2-3  ft.,  occasionally  taller ;  sheaths  (or  some  of  them)  usually  distinctly  S-winged. 
Leaves  1  ft.,  margins  scabrous  (cutting)  in  dried  specimens  more  or  less  revolute, 
usually  long  acuminate,  occasionally  subobtuse.  Panicle  1  ft.  long,  oblong  ;  partial 
panicles  usually  thin  lax  of  few  spikelets,  but  sometimes  stouter  pyramidal,  their 
l3racts  often  much  exsert  conspicuous,  but  sometimes  short.  Spikelets  all  unisexual ; 
fem.  -i-  in.,  slightly  scabrous  scarcely  hairy;  fem.  glume  mucronate;  superior  sterile 
rudiment  usually  present.  Nut  -jL  in.  long,  ovoid,  obscurely  trigonous,  narrowed  at 
apex,  straw-colrd.  or  brown,  nearly  always  obscurely  reticulated,  margins  of  reticu- 
lations microscopically  brown-hispid,  or  finally  glabrate  almost  shining.  Lobes  of 
disc  margin  as  much  as  ^-^  height  of  nut. 

Var.  pubescens  (sp.),  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  168  ;  more  hairy,  sometimes  softly 
villous.  Benth.  Ft.  Hongk.  400.  S.  vestita,  Boeck.  I.  c.  xxxviii.  482.  S.  villosula. 
Wall.  Cat.  3414.  S.  sumatrensis,  var.  (3,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  in.  344  (noto/Betz). — 
From  Sikkim  and  Assam  to  Chota  Nagpore,  Malaya,  China. — Leaves  often  softly 
villous  beneath,     Khachis  of  panicles  very  hairy.     Spikelets  sometimes  hairy. 

14.  S.  Thomsoniana,  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  479 ;  robust,  gla- 
brous (even  rhachis  of  panicle),  partial  panicles  remote  narrow  slenderly 
peduncled,  style  3-fid,  nut  tessellated  minutely  hairy,  lobes  of  disc-margin 
3  very  short  thickened  reflexed  yellow-brown.  S.  khasiana,  Boeck.  Cyjp. 
Nov.  ii.  29.— Scleria,  sp.  12,  Ilerh.  Ind.  Or.  II.  f  et  T.  T. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  on  the  southern  slope,  alt.  0-3000  ft.,  from  Chela  to  Lakhat, 
J.  p.  H.  ^  T.  T.,  &c.     MuNEYrooE,  alt.  2500  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 
VOL.  VL  y  y 


690  CLXxii.  CYPERACE/E.     (C.  B.  Clarlic.)  TSelena, 

Hhizome  ^  in.  thick.  Stems  3  ft. ;  sheaths  broadly  3-wingecl,  sometimes  ohscnroly 
winged ;  lignle  glabrate  or  not,  rarely  densely  hairy.  Panicle  often  tinged  red; 
lowest  peduncle  often  6  in.  Spikelets  like  those  of  .S'.  hebecarpa  ;  disc  margin  almost 
spongy  shortly  reflexed  as  three  ears. — Most  easily  distinguished  from  8.  elata  by 
.the  glabrous  rhachis  of  the  panicles. 

15.  S>  alta,  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  4.85;  robust,  glabrons  (oven 
rhachis  of  panicle),  partial  panicles  narrow  somewhat  remote,  style  3-fid, 
nut  tessellated  minutely  hairy,  lobes  of  disc-margin  3  united  at  base 
appressed  to  the  nut  pale  green  rounded  crenate  at  summit. 

East  Bengal;  Foot  of  Khasia  Hills,  Griffith,  J.  D.E.  SfT.T\  Mudhopoor 
Jungle,  C.  B.  Clarice. 

Very  near  S.  Thomsoniana,  except  the  lobes  of  disc-margin  j  secondary  bract 
longer,  more  conspicuous. 

16.  S.  elata, '5f7^w.  Enum.  353,  a  {excl  C.P.  825);  robust,  more  or 
less  hairy  (at  "least  rhachis  of  panicle),  partial  panicles  distant  rigid 
pyramidal,  style' 3-fid,  nut  tessellated  minutely  hairy,  lobes  of  the  disc- 
margin short  obhise  or  scarcely  obtuse-triangular.  Boeck.  in  Linnma, 
xxxviii.  487.  S.  lithos])erma,  Roxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  574  {not  of  Wllld.).  S. 
Hasskarliana,  Boerk.  in  Engler  Jahrb.  v.  [1884]  511.  Diaphora  cochiri- 
chinensis,  Lour.  Fl.  Cochinch.  709. — Scleria,  Wall.  Cat.  3408,  A,  C. 

Throughout  India  (except  the  N.W.  arid  region),  alt.  0-2000  ft.,  and  Ceylon. — • 
DisTEiB.  Java,  China. 

Descr.  of  Thwaites,  C.P.  3030. — Stem  3  ft.  by  ^  in.  in  diam.,  glabrous.  Leaves 
1-2  ft.  by  ^  in.,  tip  attenuated,  jnargins  scabrous,  cutting  the  hand,  wlien  dry 
recurved  ;  sheath  3-winged,  wings  broad  or  narrow,  two  wings  often  much  broadest ; 
ligule  depressed-ovate,  hairy.  Panicle  1  ft.  by  4  in. ;  partial  panicles  4  by  3  in., 
branches  rectangularly  divaricate,  red,  hairy.  Spikelets  numerous,  all  unisexual, 
male  and  fem.  scattered  in  all  parts  of  infl. ;  panicle  dense,  but  spikelets  scarcely 
clustered.  Fem.  s'pikelets  -i  in. ;  fem.  glume  shortly  mucrouate,  glabrous,  sterile 
superior  glumes  tabescent  (generally  present).  Nut  ^—^^y  in.,  as  of  S.  hebecarpa, 
and  similarly  becoming  glabrate  ultimately,  white  or  dusky ;  lobes  of  disc-margin 
scarcely  attaining  ^  height  of  nut,  ferruginous  or  red. — Thwaites  says  of  his  S.  elata 
"  sheaths  not  winged,"  whereas  Boeckeler  puts  it  in  his  section  having  "  truilate 
sheaths.'*  The  explanation  is  that  Thwaites  described  S.  elata  mainly  from  C.P. 
n.  825  (which  is  S.  cMnensis,  Kunth,  var.  j8),  while  Boeckeler  describes  C.P.  3030, 
which  is  the  very  common  S.  elata.  Thwaites  may,  however,  have  rightly  treated 
this  (winged  leaf-sheaths)  as  of  small  importance. 

Var.  latior ;  stouter,  stems  often  6-9  ft.  very  thick,  sheaths  conspicuously  winged, 
panicles  large  dense,  spikelets  clustered  dusky,  nut  larger  white. — N.E.  India;,  ale. 
0-3500  ft.,  common. 

Var.  decolorans ;  robust,  panicle  dark-red,  nuts  larger  early  discoloured,  finally 
black-purple  as  are  glumes.^ — Sikkim,  Khasia,  Muneypoor,  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  common. 

17.  S-  chinensis,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  357 ;  similar  to  *S'.  elata,  but 
ligules  witb  an  ovate-oblong  scarious  brown  elongation  of  their  margin 
■^~l  in.  long.  Boeck.  in  Linnfpa,  xxxviii.  486.  S.  ciliaris,  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrih.  117  {not  of  Mich.).  S.  scrobiculata,  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  PJl.  98 
{not  of  Nees). 

SiNGAPOEE,  Bidley  (n.  1556). — Distkib.  China,  Malaya,  N.  Australia. 

Yar.  biauriculata ;  wings  of  leaf  sheaths  narrow  or  sometimes  obsolete,  scarious 
margin  of  ligule  shorter  (^-5-  in.  long),  hroad  obtuse  very  fraofile  binuriculate  at  base. 
S.  elata,  Thtv.  Enum.  353,  partly.  S.  exaltata,  BoecJc.  in  Engler  Jahrb.  v.,  p.  511. — 
Ceylon,  Thwaites.     Singapore,  Ridley  (n.  1556). 


Scleria.]  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  691 

18.  S.  ~!Siadulaf  Hance  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  ser.  4,  xviii,  232;  robust, 
scabrous,  veiy  slightly  hairy,  partial  panicles  several  peduncled  pyramidal, 
secondary  bracts  long  setaceous  conspicuous,  style  3-fid,  nut  smooth 
white,  lobes, o£  disc-margin  small  ovate.  S.  laevis,  var.  scaberrima,  Benth. 
Fl.  Hongk.  400  (not  S.  levis,  Retz).  S.  aspera,  Boeck.  in  Lintisea,  xxxviii. 
483. 

Malay  Peninsula.  Peeak,  alt.  300  ffc.,  King's  Collector  (n.  1929).— Distrtb. 
Hongkong. 

Closely  allied  to  robust  forms  of  S.  elata^  Thwaites,  but  differs  by  being  very 
scabrous,  by  the  rhachis  and  rhacheolae  being  scabrous  (scarcely  hairy),  and  by  the 
nut  being  smooth  (scarcely  tessellate). 

19.  S.  psilorrhiza,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  robust,  nearly  glabrous,  rhizome 
wiry  slender,  panicle  contracted  nearly  to  a  linear-oblong  dense  spike, 
style  3-fid,  nut  large  smooth  white,  lobes  of  disc-margin  3  very  short  obtuse 
thick  subreflexed. 

Herb.  Kew  "a  Calcutta  communicata  j"  specimen  in  fine  fruit. — There  is 
what  I  take  to  be  a  young  example  of  the  same  species  from  Cambodia. 

Rhizome  creeping,  -Jg-  in.  in  diam,,  clothed  by  distant  ovate  striate  red  scales. 
Stems  2  ft.,  scabrous.  Leaves  1  ft.  by  ^  in. ;  sheath  3-winged  ;  ligule  ovate,  obtuse 
glabrous.  Panicle  2-2^  by  |  in.,  stout,  rhachis  somewhat  hairy;  lower  branches 
0-j  in.,  secondary  bracts  ^-1  in.  filiform.  Spikelets  all  unisexual,  as  of  S.  hehecarpa 
and  S.  elata ;  fem.  glume  aristate.  Nut  i  in.  long,  ovoid,  scarcely  at  all  trigonous 
or  hairy;  disc  obpyramidal,  rigid,  purpurescent,  margin  very  narrow  with  rigid 
yellowish  lobes. — Quite  unlike  the  five  last  sp.,  and  is  perhaps  more  allied  to  S. 
Stocksiana. 

20.  S*  oryzoidesj  Presl  Bel.  HaenJc.  i.  201 ;  robust,  glabrous,  panicle 
one  terminal  nearly  bractless  dense  with  numerous  long  suberect  branches, 
spikelets  solitary  spicate,  style  3-fid,  nut  smooth  white,  disc  truncate. 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  116 ;  Thw.  Enum.  353.  S.  latifolia,  Moon  Cat. 
PL  Ceyl.  62.  S.  orizoides,  Boeck.  in  LinncBa^  xxxviii.  492. —  Wall.  Gat, 
3539. 

S.E.  India  ;  from  Assam  to  Ceylon  and  to  MALAccA.-^DiSTRiB,  Zanzibar, 
Malaya,  Philippines,  Australia. 

/Sito ions  long,  terete,  \  in.  in  diam.,  usually  without  scales  (because  in  water). 
Stems  3-6  ft.,  scabrous.  Leaves  up  to  3  ft.  by  |  in.,  margins  very  scabrous,  tip 
suddenly  narrowed ;  sheath  3-winged  or  not  rarely  nearly  wingless ;  ligule  0. 
Panicle  long- peduncled,  6  by  3-4  in. ;  branches  often  once  divided,  secondary  2  in., 
simple.  Spikelets  unisexual ;  some  plants  are  nearly  male ;  in  others  the  fem.  spike- 
lets (much  less  fewer  than  the  males)  are  near  base  of  spikes.  Fem.  spikelets  ^  in.  f 
fem.  gluiue  scarcely  mucronate.  Nut  i  in.  in  diam.,  globose  ;  lobes  of  disc  extremely 
short  reflexed  (Nees  by  some  error  says  the  perigynium  is  profoundly  3-lobed 
adpressed  to  the  nut). 

**  Sheaths  (of  middle  stem-leaves) '  ^ng'MC^rows,  not,  or  very  obscurely, 
winged. 

f  Leaves  {that  is  those  next  below  the  bracts)  almost  regularly  alternate. 

21.  S.  XXookeriana,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  498;  robust,  more 
or  less  hairy,  partial  panicles  1-3  lanceolate  or  ovoid  branches  erect, 
spikelets  chestnut-colrd.,  style  3-fid,  nut  very  obscurely  reticulated,  lobes 
of  disc-margin  (obscurely  3)  broad  obtuse  thick  reflexed.— Scleria  sp.,  n.  13, 
Herb.  hid.  Or.  II.  f.  et  T  T. 

Y  y  2 


692  CLXxii.  CYPERACE2R.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Scleria. 

Khasia  and  Naqa  Hills,  and  Muneypoor,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  J.D.  S.  ^  T.  T., 
C.  B.  Clarice,  Watt, 

Rhiznme  |-i  in.  in  diam.,  covered  by  small  ovate  striate  black-red  scales.  Stems 
3  ft.,  glabrous.  Leaves  np  to  1  ft.  by  ^  in.,  tip  setaceous,  glabrous  or  hairy  ;  sheath 
usually  wingless  or  occasionally  distinctly  3-\vinged.  Spikelets  nearly  as  in  S.  data. 
Nut  }in.  long,  young  white  shallowly  tessellate^  mature  smooth  shining. — Most  easily 
known  from  the  S.  data  by  the  panicle-branches  ascending  (not  rectangularly  divari- 
cate). In  the  specimen  Hooker  sent  to  Berlin,  the  panicle  is  contracted  into  a  dense 
ellipsoid-oblong  compound  spike,  and  Boeckeler  founded  the  species  on  this  character  ; 
but  in  well  evolute  examples,  the  panicle  is  large  compound — the  lower  partial 
panicles  several,  8  in.  apart. 

22.  S.  khasiana,  C.  B.  Clarice  {not  of  Boeck.) ;  robust,  softly  hairy 
all  over,  partial  panicles  1-3  lanceolate  or  subovoid  branclies  erect,  style 
3-fid,  nut  reticulate  hairy,  lobes  of  disc-margin  short  ovate  erect  minutely 
apiculated. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4500-5750  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice. 

Similar  and  allied  to  S.  Hookeriana,  but  less  robust,  more  hairy,  nut  more 
reticulated,  lobes  of  disc-margin  erect,  lanceolate-caudate.  Leaves  long- setaceous  at 
tip,  very  hairy ;  sheaths  densely  (usually  retrorsely)  hairy.  Spikelets  (except  brnc- 
teoles)  nearly  glabrous,  often  brown  sometimes  chestnut.  Nut  -^  in.  long,  ultimately 
reticulated  hairy ;  tails  of  lobes  of  disc-margin  reaching  to  ^  height  of  nut. — S. 
Tchasiana,  Boeck.,  is  S.  Thomsoniana. 

23.  S.  junciformis,  TJiw.  Enum.  354  {not  of  Kunth) ;  medium-sized, 
hairy,  rhizome  short  branched,  panicle  narrow,  spikes  distant,  style  3-fid, 
nut  largeish  obtuse  obscurely  reticulate,  disc-margin  truncate  lobes  very 
short  reflexed.  S.  hirsuta.  Moon  Cat.  PI.  Ceyl.  62 ;  Trimen,  Cat.  PI. 
Geyl.  103  {not  of  Boeck.).  S.  pilosa,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea^  xxxviii.  473.  Cylin- 
dropus  junciforrais,  Nees  in  Linnsea,  ix.  303,  &  in  Edinh.  Phil.  Journ.  xvii. 
266,  and  in  Wight  Contrih.  118. 

Ceylon  ;  Reingan  Corle,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3225). 

Bhizome  \  in.  in  diam.,  contorted.  Stem  nearly  3  ft.,  rather  slender.  Leaves 
np  to  18  by  ^  in.,  tip  lanceolate  subobtuse.  Panicle  very  slender  ;  lowest  partial 
panicle  (spike-like)  1  in.,  nodding  on  a  slendei*  peduncle  2-4  in.  Spikelets  nearly 
i  in.,  ferruginous,  almost  glabrous,  no  bisexual  spikelets  seen.  Nut  i  in.  long,  as  of 
S.  tessellata. — Approaches  S.  tessellata  by  its  subobtuse  leaves  and  infl.,  but  the 
rhizome  differs. 

24.  S.  melanostoma,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  514 ;  nearly  gla- 
brous except  rhachis  of  panicle,  leaves  at  nearly  regular  distances,  sheaths 
not  winged,  ligule  short  narrowly  scarious-margined,  partial  panicles 
distant  pyramidal,  nut  tessellated  pale  or  often  becoming  fuscons-black, 
disc-lobes  very  short  depressed  ovate.  S.  Hasskarliana  and  S.  Ploeraii, 
Boeck.  in  Engler,  Jahrh.  v.  611,  513.  S.  melanosperma,  Nees  Sc  Am.  ms. 
in  Herb.  Wight,  n.  2377.— Scleria  sp.  15,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  8f  T.T. 

Bengal  and  Khasia  Hills,  frequent,  Griffith,  &c.  Deccan  Peninsula  ;  Cour- 
tallum,  Wight. — Distkib.  Java.  '       "" 

This  species  is  8.  elata,  without  wings  to  the  leaf-sheaths,  and  like  it  varies  from 
1  to  8  ft.  As  to  the  colour  of  the  nut,  white  and  discoloured  blackish  nuts  occur 
ofteYi  in  one  panicle. — Some  of  Hooker's  Scleria,  n.  15,  is  S.  elata,  and  it  was  all 
formerly  so  named  by  Boeckeler. 

tt  Leaves  {that  is  those  next  below  the  bracts)  imperfectly  (falsely) 
opposite  or  tern  ate. 


Scleria.']  clxxii.  cyperaceje.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  693 

25.  S.  bancana,  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Suppl.  602;  robust,  nearly  gla- 
brous, pLirtlal  panicles  dense  approximate  subcoalescent  branches  ascend- 
ing-, spikelets  dusky  stramineous,  style  3-fid,  nut  ovoid  apiculate  reticulate, 
lobes  of  disc-margin  3  ovate-triangular  auricles  reflexed.  S.  macrophylla, 
Vresl.  Bel.  Haenh.  i.  200;  Nees  in  Wight  ConttHb.  116.  S.  malaccensis, 
JBoeck.  in  Linmiea,  xxxviii.  607. — Scleria,  Wall.  Gat.  3409. 

Tenasserim,  Kurz.  Malacca,  &riffi,tli.  Singapoeb,  Wallich. — Distrib. 
Borneo,  Tonkin. 

Rhizome  woody,  i-^  in.  diam.  Stems  2-4  ft.  Leaves  (upper  approximated  in 
pairs)  12-18  by  ^  in.,  tip  lanceolate  subobtuse;  sheath  triquetrous  sometimes  nar- 
rowly 3-winged.  Panicle  uninterrupted  in  Indian  examples  (in  Borneo  lowest  partial 
panicle  is  sometimes  5  in.  distant)  ;  secondary  bracts  long,  linear,  conspicuously 
exsert.  Spikelets  nearly  as  of  S.  elata.  Nut  -Jy  in.  in  diam.,  white  or  straw-colrd., 
minutely  hairy,  ultimately  glabrate ;  lobes  of  disc-margin  reaching  to  ^  height  of 
nut,  adpressed,  pale. 

26.  S.  multifoliata,  JBoech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  510 ;  robust,  nearly 
glabrous  or  (var.)  hairy,  partial  panicles- pyramidal  red  (except  var.),  style 
3-fid,  nut  reticulate  hairy  often  finally  discoloured,  lobes  of  disc-margin  3 
triangular  attaining  l-\  height  of  nut. — Scleria,  Wall.  Cat,  3407  {partly) 
3410  {{partly),  3411  {partly). 

Rangoon  and  Tavoy,  Wallich.  Singapore,  Griffith^  &c. — Distrib.  Malay 
Islds. 

Leaves  (next  below  lowest  bract)  In  (false)  whorls  of  2  or  3,  tip  setaceous, 
margins  scabrous  cutting  the  hand  j  sheaths  not  winged.  Nut-bearing  spikelets 
somewhat  obovoid.  Nut  -j—  in.  long,  rather  nari-ower  than  in  adjacent  species,  often 
ultimately  dark  red,  shining  or  subviscid.  Margin  of  disc  cup-shaped  at  base,  its 
3  lobes  thick  red  adpressed  sometimes  entire  often  crenulate  occasionally  their  edge 
cut  into  short  oblong  blunt  lobes  terminated  by  glands  (approaching  sub-gen. 
Schizolepis) . — Most  readily  distinguished  from  S.  sumatrensis  by  the  narrowed  base 
of  the  fruiting  spikelet. 

Var.  pilosula ;  more  hairy,  leaves  beneath  densely  softly  hairy,  panicles  and 
spikelets  fuscous  stramineous.  S.  pubescens,  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  61  {not  of 
Steud.). — Penang,  King's  Collector,  &c.  Java.— Plant  3-6  ft.;  spikelets  greenish 
white  (King) ;  lower  bracts  subopposite  (like  the  upper  leaves) ;  ,panicle  only  slightly 
hairy. 

Var.  ophirensis ;  panicles  fuscous,  lower  peduncles  long,  male  spikelets  narrow, 
lobes  of  disc-margin  shorter  (than  in  S.  multifoliata  type),  pale. — Malacca;  summit 
of  Mt.  Ophir,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Hullett  (n.  869). — A  very  coarse  rigid  form,  which  might 
be  treated  as  a  species. 

27.  S.  sumatrensis,  Refz.  Ohs.  v.  19,  t.  2 ;  robust,  nearly  glabrous, 
partial  panicles  pyramidal  brown  or  red,  style  3-fid,  nut  globose  reticulate 
often  finally  discoloured,  lobes  of  disc-margin  very  larg^e  attaining  |-f 
height  of  nut  obtuse.  Nees  in-  Wight  Gontrih.  116;  Thio.  Enum.  353; 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  513  ;  Kurz  in  Journ.  As.  Soc.  xlv.,  part  2,  lo9. 
S.  setigera,  Boxh.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  575.  8.  purpurascens,  Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  169. 
—Scleria,  Wall.  Gat.  3407  '{partly),  3408  B,  3413. 

S.  Bengal  to  Singapore,  frequent.  Nicobars,  Kurz.  Penang,  Wallich. 
Ceylon. — Distrib.  Java. 

Kesembles  S.  multifoliata,  Boeck.,  and  most  easily  distinguished  by  the  browd 
rounded  base  of  the  fruiting  spikelets. — Secondary  bracts  1  in.,  filiform,,  often  con- 
spicuous. Nut  xij-i  iJ^>  diam.,  mature  glabrate,  pale  or  brown,  or  often  dark  red 
shining.  Lobes  of  disc-margin  sometimes  nearly  enveloping  the  nut,  truncate 
sometimes  crenulate  undulate. 


694  CLxxii.  oyperaCej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Scleria, 

28.  S.  levls,  Eetz  Ohs.  iv.  13  ;  robust,  nearly  glabrous,  partial  panicles 
pyramidal  rigid  brown,  style  3- fid,  nut  globose  smooth  white,  lobes 
of  disc-margin  3  ovate  pale  spreading  attaining  scarce  i  height  of  nut. 
S.  Isevis,  Willd.  8p.  PI.  iv.  314;  Eoxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iil  b'7b;Nees  in  Wight 
Gontrib.  117;  Thw.  Snum.  354;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxviii.  512;  Kurz  in 
Journ.  As.  Soc.  xlv.,  part  2  [1876]  160.  S.  zeylanica,  Moon  Gat.  PL  Geyl. 
62  {He  Trimen,  not  of  PoireO -—Scleria,  Wall.  Cat.  3410  {partly/),  3411 
(partly). 

From  Assam  to  Siitgapoee,  alt.  0-1000  ft.  Nicobars,  Kurz.  Ceylon. — Dis- 
TEIB.  Java,  Hongkong. 

Similar  to  S.  sumatrensis  and  S.  muUifoliata,  but  generally  easily  distinguished 
by  the  globose  white  nut. — Panicle  usually  slenderer  than  in  ;S^.  sumatrensis,  secon- 
dary bracts  less  conspicuous.  Glume  to  the  nut  broadly  ovate  at  base,  shortly  acute. 
Nut  X5-*  in.  in  diam.,  depressed -globose,  somewhat  trigonous;  lobes  of  disc-margin 
somewhat  thick,  white  with  green  nerves,  at  tip  entire  or  slightly  crenate-toothed. 

Sect.  3.  ScnizoLEPis  (Genus),  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  ii.  (pars.  1)  158, 
186  (char,  extended).  Character  of  Elatve,  but  rim  of  disc-margin  with 
numerous  triangular  or  lanceolate  teeth. 

29.  S.  bracteata,  Gav.  Ic.  v.  34,  t.  457;  robust,  hairy,  partial 
panicles  several  upper  male  with  numerous  small  spikelets,  lower  fem.  with 
fewer  larger  spikelets  (1-sexual  plants  also  occur),  style  3-fid,  nut 
globose  verrucose,  rim  of  disc  truncate  rigid  crenulate  or  scarcely  toothed. 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxviii.  515.  Macrolomia  bracteata,  Nees  I.  c.  182, 
t.  24. 

Tbopical  America,  abundant. 

Var.  j3  assamica  j  nut  tessellate  scarcely  verrucose,  rim  of  disc  with  many  tri- 
angular (sometimes  narrow  almost  lanceolate)  teeth. — Scleria,  n.  6,  Herb.  Ind.  Or. 
H.f.  ^  T. — Assam,  Masters  (in  Herb  Keto). — This  Assam  plant  cannot  be  separated 
from  Schizolepis,  It  is  not  easy  to  conjecture  how  it  could  be  introduced  into  Assam  ; 
but  I  believe  it  to  be  only  a  form  of  the  purely  American  S.  bracteata  nevertheless. 

UNDETERMINED   SPECIES   OF   Scleria. 

Scleria  Einkiana,  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  ii.  30.— Penang,  alt.  2500  ft..  Rink. — 
"Allied  to  iS.  tessellata,  Willd.,"  Boeck. 

27.  XLOBRSSZA,  Willd. 

Glabrous,  nearly  smooth,  perennials.  Stem  simple,  bearing  grass-lite 
leaves  near  base  only  and  one  cylindric  or  oblong  terminal  spike,  or  (in 
sect.  4)  leaves  and  several  loosely  panicled  spikes.  Spikes  (apparently  often 
simple)  1-sexual,  or  2-8exual  (when  fem.  spikelets  inferior).  Spikelets  male, 
or  fem.  1-fld.,  or  bisexual  with  one  fem.  fl.  at  base.  Fem.  glumes  (the 
bracteole  to  spikelet)  homologous  with  utricle  of  Garex,  its  margins  in 
their  lower  half  more  or  less  connate  in  their  upper  half  free,  forming 
thus  frequently  an  imperfect  utricle  (which  in  bisexual  spikelets  encloses 
.  rhachilla  of  male  1-4-fid.  upper  portion  of  spikelet).  Style  3-fid  (in  K. 
•macrantha  2-fid).  Nut  usually  as  long  as  glume,  oblong  or  narrowly 
obovoid,  trigonous  (in  K.  macrantlia  flat). —  Species  20,  ]^.  temp,  region. 

Sect  I.  Hemicarex  (Geu.)  BentJi.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1072  (chiejiy).  Stem 
with  1  apparently  simple  linear  or  oblong  spike.  Fem.  spikelets  1-fld., 
with  sometimes  the  rudiment  of  rhachilla  within  fem.  glume.  Style 
3.fid. 


Kobresia.']  clxxii.  cYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  695 

1.  IS.,  seticulxnis,  BoecJc.  in  Linn^a,  xxxix.  3  parth/  {char,  reform.) ; 
stems  slender  2-8  in.,  vernal  leaves  flat  linear-lanceoiate  tipped,  spikes  §-1 
in.  linear  fem.  or  fern,  at  base  male  at  top,  fem.  glume  deeply  split,  style 
3-tid,  nut  (including  exserted  beak)  ,'2  in.  Hemicarex  Hookeri,  G.  B. 
Glarhe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  383  {'partly).  Carex  {better  Kohresia) 
mutaos,  Boott  ms. — iLlyna  sp.  2,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  H- f.  ^  T.  T. 

SiKKiM  ;  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  Lachen  Valley,  at  Moraay,  J.  D  H. 

JK/nso me  very  short,  woody  ;  roots  long,  thick,  tough.  Stems  CBSSTpitose.  Vernal 
leaves  2  by  -J^  in.,  summer  5-8  in.,  tip  long-caudate,  filiform,  scabrous;  sheath 
testaceous,  becoming  brown,  not  fimbriated.  Spikes  ^^  in.  broad  j  bracteoles  (cor- 
responding to  "glumes"  of  carex)  rhomboid-ovate,  brown,  yellow  on  back,  lower 
often  more  or  less  aristate,  upper  obtuse.  Glume  (i.e.  utricle),  subspathiform,  at 
top  obliquely  truncate,  with  2  green  ribs  ;  a  minute  rudiment  of  rhachilla  is  some- 
times within  it.  Nut  linear-oblong,  brown,  as  long  as  glume;  beak  ^-|  length  of 
nut,  exsert. — Boeckeler  united  with  K.  seticulmis,  jiiicina,  and  his  description  of 
seticulmis  is  mainly  drawn  from  Jiiicina  (he  had  only  a  scrap  of  K.  seticulmis.) 

2.  K.  Kookeri,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  4;  stems  rather  slender 
4f-12  in.,  vernal  leaves  flat  linear-lanceolate  tipped,  spikes  (all  fem.  at  base 
male  at  top  but  see  var.  /3)  H-l|  in.  linear,  narrower  interrupted  at  base, 
fem.  glume  deeply  split,  style  3-tid,  nut  (including  exserted  beak)  ^  in. 
Carex  Esenbeckii?  Boott  ms.  {not  of  Kunth).  Hemicarex  Hookeri,  G.  B. 
Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  383  (partly),  t.  30,  figs.  3,  4. 

SiKKiM,  alt.  11-13,000  ft.;  Lachen,  J.  D.  H. ;  Singale-lah,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Closely  allied  to  K.  seticulmis,  but  larger  in  all  its  parts.  Leaves  ^  in.  broad ; 
summer  leaves  1  foot  long  caudate-tipped. — In  this  group,  the  stems  in  flower  are 
short,  surrounded  by  lanceolate-tipped  leaves ;  in  fruit  the  stems  are  greatly 
elongated,  with  long-caudate  summer  leaves. 

Var.  ?  j3  (lioica ;  spikes  (very  many  seen)  unisexual. — SiKKiM ;  Namdee,  alt. 
12,000  ft.,  Pantling. — Male  spikes  2  by  |  in.  Ff-m.  spikes  2-2^  in.,  in  two  examples 
branched.  These  are  spring  examples,  and  may  be  K.  Hookeri,  or  a  new  species 
allied  thereto. 

3.  XL.  angrusta,  G.  B.  GlarJce ;  stems  slender  1-5  in.,  all  leaves  very 
narrow,  spikes  dioecious  males  short  (on  short  stems)  sublanceolate  fem.  (on 
elongating  stems)  linear-filiform  interrupted  at  base,  style  3-fid,  nut  nearly 
as  in  K.  seticulmis,  but  beak  shorter. 

SiKKiM  ;  Sundukphoo,  alt.  12,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Vernal  leaves  2  by  ^^  in  ;  summer  leaves  4-5  in.  Male  stems  1-2  in.;  male 
spikes  ^1  by  |-i  in. ;  male  bracteoles  ellipticlanceolate,  brown,  back  green,  edges 
scarious.     Fem.  stems  ultimately  4-5  in. ;  fem.  spikes  (young)  IJ  by  -^-g  in. 

4.  XL.  vagrinosa,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  culms  4-8  in.  clothed  some  way  up 
by  withered  sheaths,  leaves  all  filiform,  spikes  (mostly  dioecious)  male 
linear-oblong  fem.  linear  with  distant  bracteoles,  style  3- fid,  nut  linear- 
oblong,  beak  k  length  of  nut. 

SiKKiM;  Lachen  Valley,  at  Momay,  alt.  15,000  ft.,  J.  Z>.  H. 

Stems  covered  up  to  ^— f  their  length  by  scarious  flaccid  sheaths.  Leaves  2-6 
in,,  at  base  scarcely  -Jy  in.  broad.  Male  stems  about  as  long  as  female.  Male 
spikes  f  by  ^  in.  Fem.  spikes  (sometimes  having  male  spikelets  at  top)  1  in., 
most  of  the  bracteoles  (except  a  few  at  top)  not  imbricated. 

5.  XL*  trlnerviS;  Boeck.  in  Lbmsea,  xxxix,  548,  in  note;  stems  2-8 
in.  rather  slender,  summer  leaves  very  long  not  loDg-caudate,  spikes 
(usually  dioecious)  fem,  2i  in.  linear,  male  bracteoles  elliptic-oblong  obtuse 


696  CLXxii.  cYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Kuhresia, 

cinnamon  colour,  style  3-iid.  C.  trinervia,  JSfees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  120  {not 
of  Degland).  C.  Esenbeckii,  Kunth  JEnum.  ii.  622;  Strachey  Cat.  PL 
Kumaon,  73;  E.  T.  Atkins.  Gaz.  x.  618  (not  of  Boott).  C.  linearis,  Boott 
Careoc,  i.  61  {partly).  Hemicarex  trinervis,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn, 
toe.  XX.  382  in  small  part  {was  chiefly  G.  linearis,  Boott). 

Western  Nepal;  Royle  n.  138.  Gtjrwhal  j  alt.  10,000  ft.,  Strachey  ^ 
Winterbottom  n.  19. 

Leaf -sheaths  testaceous  or  somewhat  chestnut-colour,  lacerate.  Summer  leaves 
12-16  by  i-i  in.  flat.  Male  spikes  |-1  by  i  in.  Fern,  spikes  with  occasionally  a 
few  male  spikelets  at  top. — This  does  not  greatly  differ  from  K.  Hookeri ;  in  which 
the  summer  leaves  are  shorter,  long-caudate.  It  hardly  differs  from  Garex  linearis^ 
Boott,  but  by  the  "  utricle  "  being  split  |  the  way  down  to  base. 

6.  XL.  foliosa,  C.  B.  Clarke  ;  dioecious,  stems  20  in.  somewhat  robust, 
summer  leaves  20  by  ^  in.  not  caudate-setaceous,  female  spikes  1^  in. 
linear,  male  bracteoles  elliptic-lanceolate  acute  yellow-brown  keel  green, 
style  3-fid. 

GuiiWHAL;  alt.  11-13,000  ft.,  ButMe  (nn.  57,  4494). 

Rhizome  oblique,  stout,  thick  with  lacerate  leaf-sheaths. — Closely  allied  to  K. 
trinervis,  but  larger. 

7.  K.  fissigrlumis,  C.  B.  Clarke;  female  stems  4r-5  in,  summer  leaves 
4-6  by  Yt)~k  i^'  ^ot  caudate-setaceous,  fem.  spikes  1  in.  linear  black-purple, 
fern,  glume  split  down  to  base  margins  quite  free,  style  3-fid. 

Westeen  Nepal  ;  alt.  12,500  ft.,  Buthie  (n.  6092). 

Stems  slender,  not  thickened  at  base;  leaf-sheaths  tight,  brown,  not  lacerate. 
Fem.  spikes  lax,  somewhat  interrupted  at  base  ;  upper  bracteoles  elliptic-oblong, 
obtuse,  black  with  green  back.  Pistil  distinctly  stalked. — Specimens  all  female;  a 
male  plant  sent  by  Duthie  under  the  same  number  appears  not  to  belong  to  this 
species  (possibly  K.  foliosa). 

8.  K.  pyg'xneea,  G.  B,  Clarke ;  stems  |-li  in.,  leaves  ^-1^  in.  setaceous, 
spikes  ^-i  in.  oblong,  style  3-fid,  beak  of  nut  very  short,  hardly  exsert 
from  glume.  Hemicarex  pygmsea.  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx,  383. 
— Elyna  sp.  n.  7,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Jl.f.  et  T.  T. 

Western  Tibet;  Ladak,  alt.  12-15,000  ft.,  Thomson.  Kunawur;  Jacque- 
mont,  n.  1783.  SiKKiM ;  Momay  and  Kangra  Lama,  13-15,000  ft.,  J.  D.  R. ;  Phari ; 
G.  King. 

Stems  in  dense  tufts;  leaf-sheaths  testaceous,  little  torn.  Leaves  numerous, 
channelled.  /Sp-ifces  unisexual.  .Z?racfeoZes  ovate-oblong,  scarcely  acute,  fem.  brown, 
male  paler.  Fem.  spikelets  4-6  in  each  spike.  Fem.  glume  having  margins  united 
toward  base.     Nut  a\j  in.,  oblong-ellipsoid,  pale,  apicuUite,  hardly  beaked. 

Sect.  2.  Elyna  {Gen.)  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  i.  155.  Stem  with  1  appa- 
rently simple  linear  or  oblong  spike.  Fem.  spikelets  (at  least  several  of 
lower  ones)  with  rhachilla  (within  fem.  glume)  bearing  1-4  male  fl.  Style 
2-fid.     [Glume  (i.e.  homologue  of  utricle  in  Carex)  split  down  to  base.] 

9.  XL.  filldna,  C.  B.  Clarke  ;  slender,  fem.  spikes  1-li  in.  narrow 
linear  neither  rigid  nor  dense,  style  3-fid,  nut  small  narrow  oblong,  beak 
exsert  often  ultimately  recurved.  K.  seticulmis,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix. 
3  {partly).  Hemicarex  filicina,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  384. 
—Elyna  sp.  n.  1,  Serb,  Ind.  Or.  H.f.  &  T.  T. 

N. W.  Himalaya,  alt.  10,000  ft. ;  Simla,  Thomson  ;  Kumaon,  Duthie. 
Stems  2-10  in.     Leaves  4-6  by  J^  J^.,  tip  caudate.     Spike  very  slender,  J^  in. 
broad,  green  ultimately  brown.     Upper  brxcteoles  ^^  in.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute. 


Kobresia.]  clxxii.  cyperacejs.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  697 

Lower  spike/ets  mostly  2-fld.  i.e.   lower   fern.,  upper  male.     Nut  nearly  as  long  as 
glume ;  beak  |  length  of  nut. 

10.  KL.  Duthiei,  C.  B.  Clarke;  steins  medium-sized  rigid,  spikeg 
linear  dense  green,  style  3-fid,  rnit  small  narrowly  obovoid,  beak  short 
scarcely  overtopping  glume. 

KuMAON,  alt.  11-16,000  ft,  DutUe  (nn.  3461,  6093,  6094)  and  Gurwhal  (n, 
5016). 

Stems  densely  csespitose,  4-8  in.,  striate;  lower  sheaths  tight,  not  lacerate. 
Leaves  many,  ^f  Icugth  of  stem,  -^^  in.  broad,  flat,  tip  caudate.  Spikes  1  by  J^  '°-> 
very  rigid;  bracteolfts  J„  in.  ovate,  closely  spirally  imbricated.  Spilcelets  mostly 
2-fld.  upper  flower  male.  Nui,  including  beak,  about  as  long  as  glume  j  beak  ^ 
length  of  nut. 

11.  BL.  capillifolia,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  378 ; 
somewhat  slender,  leaves  linear- setaceous,  sheaths  chestnut-colour  some- 
what torn,  spikes  linear,  bracteoles  obtuse  erect  margins  scarions,  style 
3-fid,  nut  ellipsoid  (scarcely  obovoid)  narrowed  at  top  into  linear  style. 
K.  scirpina,  Boeck.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  104  and  xix.  90.  K.  elata 
and  K.  brunnescens,  Boeck.  Cyp.  Nov.  i.  32,  40.  Elyna  capillifolia,  Becne. 
in  Jacquem.  Voy.  Bot.  173,  t.  174.  B.  spicata,  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  394. — 
Elyna,  sp.  n.  6 ^  Serb.  Ind.  Or.  R.f.  &  T.  T. 

Kashmir  to  Gurwhal,  alt.  10-12,000  ft.,  frequent,  Jacquemont,  T.  Thomson, 
^c.     KuRRTJM  Valley  ;  alt.  12,500  ft.,  Aitchison. 

Stems  2-12  in.  Spikes  |-1  by  ^-^  in.,  brown  chestnut-colour  or  yellow; 
bracteoles  }  in.  S pikelets  mostly  3-4- fld.  Nut  shorter  than  glume. — Very  near  the 
European  K.  scirpina,  Willd.,  but  is  a  finer  plant,  with  a  brighter  thicker  spike. 

12.  K.  schoenoides,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  7 ;  stems  stout  rigid, 
leaves  linear  channelled  incurved,  sheaths  shining  brown  very  little  torn, 
spikes  oblong  dense,  bracteoles  i  in.  elliptic  oblong  obtuse,  style  3-fid, 
nut  obovoid  obtuse,  beak  small  linear.  Aitch.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xix. 
190;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  378  {not  of  Henders.).  K. 
sibirica,  BoecJr.  in  Linnsaa,  xxxix.  7.  K.  Eoyleana,  Benders.  Yarkand  339 
{not  Trilepis  Eoyleana,  Nees).  Elyna  schoenoides,  G.  A.  Meyer  in  Ledeh. 
Fl.  Alt.  iv.  235  {in  note);  Kunth  Enum..  ii.  534;  Strachey  Cat.  PI. 
Kumaon,  73 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  394.  E.  Sibirica,  Turcz.  in  Bull.  Soc. 
Imp.  Mosc.  (1838)  103. 

Himalaya  ;  alt.  10-16,000  ft.  from  W.  Tibet,  Thomson,  to  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H. — 
DisTEiB.  Caucasus,  Central  Asia,  Siberia. 

Rhizome  woody,  short.  Stems  4-24  in.,  -^-\  in.  diam.  Leaves  as  long  as  stems, 
to  scarcely  J  of  stem,  yL-i.  in.  broad.  Spikes  ^-1  by  |  in. ;  bracteoles  chafiy,  loosely 
imbricated,  suberect.  Spikelets  1-5-fld.,  lowest  fl.  fem.,  or  towards  top  of  spike 
wholly  male.     Nut  yV  i^'>  ^^^^y  black. 

13.  XL.  nitenSy  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  379,  t.  30,  fig.  7 ; 
stems  rigid,  leaves  linear  channelled  incurved,  sheaths  testaceous-brown 
scarcely  lacerate,  spike  ellipsoid  dense,  bracteoles  \  in.  ovate  obtuse  shining, 
style  3-fid,  nut  obovoid  obtuse,  beak  very  short  scabrous. 

West.  Himalaya,  alt.  12-15,000  ft. ;  Kashmir,  C.  B.  Clarke-,  Kumaon  and 
Gurwhal,  Duthie. 

Stems  2-10  in.  Leaves  overtopping  stem.  Spikes  ^hy  \  in.  Bracteoles  shining 
chestnut-colour,  paler  on  back,  margins  often  white-scarious.  Nut  y\  in.,  very  like 
that  of  K.  schoenoides. 


698  CLXXTI.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Xohresia 

Sect.  3.  EuKOBRESiA.  Spike  on  eacli  stem  1,  linear  oblong  or  ovate, 
compound  subpanicnlate,  dense  or  interrnpted  at  base  (but  smaller  simple 
spikes  occur  in  most  species  occasionally).  Lower  spikelets  bisexual  except 
in  G.  uncinoides.  Style  3-fid. — Trilepis,  Nees  in  £dinb.  N.  Fhil.  Journ. 
xvii.  267  {as  to  type  species). 

14.  IL>  Xtoyleana^  Boech.  in  Zinncea,  xxxix.  8 ;  stems  somewhat  stout, 
leaves  linear  flat  when  dried,  spikelets  medium-sized  purple-green  or 
ferruginous-brown,  style  3-fid,  nut  ellipsoid  attenuated  into  beak.  K. 
step^ocarpa,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  380.  K.  schoenoides, 
Menders.  YarJcand,  339  (not  of  Boeck.).  Trilepis  Eoyleaua,  Nees  in  Edinh. 
N.  Bhil.  Journ.  ■KYi\.  267  and  in  Wight  Gontrib.  119;  Kunth  Enrmi.  ii. 
535 ;  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73.  Elyna  stenocarpa,  Karel  Sf  Kiril.  in 
Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Mosc.  XV.  (1842),  526. 

Alpine  Himalaya,  alt.  10-16,000  ft. ;  from  W.  Tibet,  Thomson,  to  Sikkim, 
J.  D.  H.,  frequent. — Distrib.  North  Cabul,  Central  Asia. 

Stem  in  Koyle's  specimens  scarcely  4  in.,  in  Thomson's  2  ft.  Leaves  sometimes 
as  long  as  stem,  often  very  much  shorter,  very  variable  in  width  ( i^-i  hi.).  Spikes 
(in  Royle's)  f  by  :^  in. ;  in  Thomson's  up  to  2^  in.,  panicled,  branches  suburect 
with  many  spikelets,  ferruginous  brown.  Lower  spikelets  i  in.,  often  3-4  fld.  Nut 
^\  in. — The  large  series  of  dried  examples  appears  to  uniie  Royle's  (the  type)  with 
the  fine  collections  of  Thomson.  Closely  allied  to  the  English  K.  caricina,  Willd., 
but  has,  in  general,  much  larger  brighter  spikes. 

y  15.  XL.  uncinoides,  G.  B.  Glarhe;  robust,  infl.  oblong  dense  compound 
(a  second  panicle  on  remote  long  peduncle  occasionally  added),  spikes 
in  large  part  1-sexual,  lower  spikelets  fem.  1-nutted ;  fem.  glume  long 
ntriculate  deeply  split  down,  style  3-fid,  nut  oblong  fine  brown,  style-base 
linear.  Carex  uncinoides,  Boott  Garex,  i.  8,  t.  23  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxix. 
109.— Triticoidea,  Griff.  Itin.  Notes,  140. 

Sikkim;  alt.  10-16,000  ft.,  J.  B.  H.,  &c.  Bhotan  j  Griffith.— Distrib. 
Tibet. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  3  ia.  by  ^in.  diam.,  woody,  densely  scarred.  Stems  1-2  ft., 
striate.  Leaves  sub-basal,  very  much  shorter  than  stem.  Inji.  3  by  |  in.,  straw- 
yellow,  somewhat  interrupted  at  base.  Glume  to  fem.  spikelet  f  in.  by  J^  in., 
brown,  delicately  striate,  microscopically  pubero-ciliate,  mouth  whitened  shallowly 
lacerate  on  one  side  split  down  below  the  top  of  nut  sometimes  even  in  young  state 
nearly  to  base  of  nut.  Rudiment  of  the  spicula  exsert  out  of  mouth  of  utricular 
glume. — Boott  shows  the  utricle  nearly  complete ;  the  margins  of  the  slit  fold  over 
as  in  several  other  Kobresia,  and  escaped  his  artist's  microscopic  power.  It  is  a 
typical  Kobresia  very  like  Eoyleana  (except  the  linear  style-base)  ;  it  hardly  differs 
from  Elyna  kokanica,  Kegel  (Descr.  PI.  fasc.  8.  23)  except  in  its  larger  size. 

Sect  4.  Hemicarex  (Genus),  Benth.  in  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1072  {partly). 
Spikes  loosely  panicled  ;  lowest  bract  long,  leaf-like.     Style  3-fid. 

16.  X..  laxa^  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  6 ;  stems  8-24  in.  rather  slender, 
spikes  1-  or  2-sexual  (lowest  spikelet  fem.),  style  3-fid,  nut  narrow  oblong 
apiculate  scarcely  beaked.  K.  pseudo-laxa,  G.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn. 
■Soc.  xz.  381.  Cobresia  laxa,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  119.  Elyna?  laxa, 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  534.  Hemicarex  laxa,  Benth.  Gen.  PI.  iii.  1072 ;  G.  B. 
Clarke  I.  c.  385,  t.  30.  Carex  impunctata,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  (1876),  343 
(the  Himal.  plant). 

Alpine  Himalaya,  alt.  65OC-12,O0O  ft.  ;  from  N.W.  Kashmir,  Giles,  to 
Sikkim,  J.  D.  H, 


Xohresia.']  clxxii.  cyperace/E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  699 

Rhizome  creeping,  short.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  y\  in.  broad,  grass-like. 
Fa-%iele  2-4  in.  long,  narrow,  branches  slender  erect ;  sometimes  wholly  fem.,  rarely 
wholly  male.  Fe7n.  spikes  long,  slender,  with  lanceolate  distant  spikelets  ;  bracteoles 
not  imbricated,  style-branches  conspicuous  exsert.  Fem.  spikelets  usually  1-fld., 
homotimes  an*  upper  male  fl.  added.  Male  spikelets  3-several-fld.  Stijle  linear, 
hardly  i  length  of  nut ;  branches  3,  linear  very  long. 

17.  K.  curvlrostrJs,  C.  B.  Clarice  \  stems  4-6  in.  slender,  spikes 
(all  seen  fem.)  densely  panicled,  nut  narrowly  oblong,  beak  cylindric  exsert 
curved.  Hemicarex  curvata,  0.  B.  Glarhe  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  384. — 
Elyna  sp.  n.  10,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  Ef.  &  T.  T. 

SiKKiM ;  Tungu,  alt.  13,000  ft.,  J.  L.  H. 

Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  ^^  in.  broad.  Fanicle  1  by  ^  in. — Resembling,  and 
closely  allied  to,  K.  laxa. 

Sect.  5.  PsEUDOKOBRESiA.     Style  2-fid.     Nut  flat. 

18.  K.  macrantha,  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  .39 ;  spike  ovoid  compound, 
spikelets  clustered  mostly  3-5-fld.  lowest  flower  female,  glume  split  to  base, 
margins  not  overlapping.  K,  filifolia,  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
XX.  381.  Elyna  filifolia,  Turcz  Fl.  Baical.  Dahur.  ii.  part  i.  288  {from 
descript.). 

W.  Tibet;  Nubra,  Schlagintweit  (n.  2424)  and  Ladak  (n.  1344).— Disteib, 
Central  Asia. 

Rhizome  short.  Stems  csespitose,  2-7  in.  Leaves  many,  ^  length  of  stem,  ag-To 
in,  broad,  flat;  sheaths  pale,  not  torn.  Spike  |  by  ^  in.  Bracteoles  ^  in.,  ovate- 
obloug,  obtuse,  nearly  flat,  brown  with  green  back.  Fem.  glume  elliptic-oblong, 
obtuse,  concave,  open  (nowise  utricle-like.)  Nut  y^^  in.,  obovoid,  obtuse,  brown  ; 
style  linear,  |  length  of  nut ;  branches  2,  long,  linear. 


28.  CARSX,  Unn. 

Characters  of  Kobresia,  but  utricle  enclosing  nut  bottle-shaped, 
mouth  of  its  beak  entire  notched  or  shortly  slit. — Species  1100  throughout 
the  world,  less  abundant  in  dry  or  very  hot  regions. 

The  so-called  **  glumes"  of  Caricece  are  not  homologous  with  the  fl.  glumes  of 
ScirpecB.  The  male  spike  is  here  considered  homologous  with  the  female  spike; 
i.e.  not  as  by  Eichler  and  others  who  consider  in  Q.  dioica  the  male  plant  to  bear  a 
simple  spike,  the  fem.  plant  to  bear  a  compound  spike. 

Conspectus  of  Sections  of  Cakex  (exceptions  omitted). 

Subgenus  I.    Vignea.     Style  2-fid. 

Sect.  I.  Muricata.     Terminal  spike  fem.  at  base,  male  at  top. 

*  Spikes  short,  ovoid  or  oblong  (0.  muricata,  &c.)     .     .     .  sp.  1-10  , 
**  Spikes  liriear-cylindric  (C  &rww7iea,  &c.) sp.  11-14 

Sect.  2.  Remotce.     Terminal  spike  male  at  base,  fem.  at  top. 

*  Spikes  short,  ovoid  or  oblong  ( C.  remoto,  &c.)    ....  sp.  15-18 
**  Spikes  liuear-cylindric  (C  teres,  &c.) .  sp.  19-2i 

Sect.  3.     Vulgares.    Terminal  spike  wholly  male  (0.  vulgaris, 

&c.) sp.  23-33 


700  ~  cLxxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

Subgenus  II.     Eucaeex.     Style  3-fid. 

Sect.  4.   Haree.   Stem  with  1  spike,  fem.  at  base  {Q.  rara,  &c.)  sp.  34-39 
Sect.  5.     Indicce.     Terminal  spike  fem.  at  base,  male  at   top ; 
or,   when   spikes  very  numerous  many  male  at  top,  ter- 
minal spike  sometimes  wholly  male. 

*  Subscapose,  basal  leaves  long  (C.  cyrtostachySy  &c.) .     .  sp.  40-42 
**  Spikes  short,  very  numerous  (C.  cruciata,  &c.)     .     .     .  sp.  43-66 

***  Spikes   long-cylindric.     Peduncles    mostly  solitary  (C. 

MyosuTus,  &c.) sp.  67-73 

#**#  Spikes   long-cylindric.     Peduncles    often   several   from 
each  lower  sheath.    Terminal  spike  sometimes  wholly 

male  {C.  polycephala,  &c.) sp.  74-84 

»##»#  Species  not  easily  placed  in  any  one  of  the  preceding  4 
subsections  (C.    curticeps,  C.  speciosa,  C.  fragilis, 

&c.) sp.  85-91 

Sect.  6.     AtratcB.    Terminal  spike  male  at  base  fem.  at  top  (C. 

atrata,  &c.) sp.  92-98 

Sect.  7.  Froprice.  Terminal  spike  wholly  male  (in  the  first- 
group  occasionally  fem.  at  top).  Spikes  not  very  numerous, 
occasionally  up  to  12. 

*  Utricle  glabrous,  beak  short sp.  99-105 

**  Utricle  glabrous,  beak  long  (CJaj^owica,  &c.)  .     .     .     .  sp.  106-125 

***  Utricle  hairy  or  minutely  setulose  (C.  hirtella,  &c.) .     .  sp.  126-142 

Subgenus  I.  Yignea.  (G-enus)  Beauv.  in  Lestib.  Essai  Gyp.  22.  Styles 
2-fid ;  in  G.  stenopliylla  rarely  3-fid. 

[N.B. — In  Subgen.  Eucarex,  in  the  Indian  species,  2-fid  styles  occur  in  2  or  3 
species  in  the  upper  part  of  the  spike,  or  in  poorly-developed  spikelets.] 

Sect.  1.  MuEicATJE.  Terminal  spike  (and  usually  some  or  many  of  the  others) 
fem.  at  base  male  at  top.  [Spikelets  in  C.  fluviatilis  all  or  mostly  1-sexual, 
monoecious  or  dioecious.] 

*  Spikes  short,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  inll.  a  dense  or  interrupted 
compound  spike.  [The  series  of  species  proceeds  from  the  dense  to  the  more 
interrupted.] 

1.  €■  incurva,  Light/.  Fl.  Scot.  ii.  544,  t.  24,  fig.  1 ;  rhizome  descend- 
ing, stems  short,  spikes  ovoid  androgynous  male  at  top  forming  one  ovoid 
compound  spike,  glumes  brown  slightly  scarious-edged,  style  2-fid,  utricle 
ellipsoid-acuminate  inflated  thin  plicate  scarcely  nerved,  beak  short 
minutely  scabrous  on  margins.  Schk.  Biedgr.  i.  27,  t.  Hh.  fig.  95;  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  375  ;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  4, 1. 199,  fig.  533  ;  JBoott  Garex, 
iv.  210  ;  Boeck.  in  Livnsea,  xxxix.  48.  C.  juncifolia,  Allioni  Fl.  Pedem.  ii. 
264,  t.  92,  fig.  4:  {not  of  Schk.).  Yignea  incurva,  Beichh.  Fl.  Germ.  Excurs. 
56. 

N.  W.  Himalaya,  from  Kunawur  and  Kashmir  to  the  Karakorum,  alt.  11-15,500 
ft.,  Thomson,  &c. — Distrib.  Mountain  and  cold  regions. 

Stems  up  to  6  in.  (in  India),  often  several  clustered  on  top  of  ascending  rhizome. 
Leaves  sometimes  as  long  as  stem,  narrow,  often  (whe^  dry)  incurved  sometimes 
flat.  Inji.  about  ^  in.  diam. ;  lowest  bract  |-  in.  Glumes  obtuse,  margins  shining, 
yellowish,  not  broadly  white  scarious.  Utricle  rather  longer  than  glume,  larger  than 
nut,  withering  with  folds  on  it ;  beak  shortly  2-fid,  hyaline  ultimately  at  top.  Nut 
f  utricle,  plano-convex,  obtuse,  shining-chestnut.     Style  |  nut,  branches  long  exsert. 

2.  C.  stenophylla,  Wahlenb.  in  Kong.  Vet.  Ahad.Handl.  Stockh.  [1803] 
142  ;  rhizome  descending,  stems  short,  spikes  ovoid  androgynous  male  at  top 
forming  one  ovoid  or  oblong  compound  spike,  glumes  strongly  scarious- 


Carex.']  CLXXir.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  701 

edged,  style  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  acuminate  ultimately  thick  crustaceous 
blackish  obacarely  nerved,  beak  short  scabrous  on  margins.  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  374 ;  Reichh.  tc.  Ft  Germ.  viii.  5,  t.  200,  fig.  534  ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  200 
and  Ic.  Ined.  676 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnse^,  xxxix.  p.  50  and  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
xviii.  (1881),  105.  C.  juncifolia,  Schk.  Biedgr.  i.  (1801),  26  and  ii.  6,  t.  6, 
fig.  32  {non  Allioni),  0.  glomerata.  Host  Gram.  Austr)  i.  34,  t.  44  {non 
Thunb.).  C.  Hosti,  Schk.  Biedgr.  ii.  7,  t.  Ii,  fig.  32.  C.  duriuscala,  G.  A. 
Meyer  in  Mem.  Sav.  Strang.  Betersh.  i.  214,  t.  8;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  374. 
C.  arctica,  Deinb. ;  Fries  Novit.  Fl.  Suec.  Mant.  iii.  135  ;  Anderss  Gyp. 
Scand.  70,  t.  3,  fig.  13.  0.  DeinboUiana,  J.  Gay  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  ser.  2, 
xi.  183.  Vignea  stenophylla,  Beichh.  Fl.  Germ.  Excurs.  56.  Kobresia 
hyalinolepis,  Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  39.  Elyaa  capillifolia,  Henders.  Yarkand, 
339.— Carex  sp.  Griff.  Bin.  Notes,  239,  nn.  310,  311. 

N.  W.  Himalaya,  and  W.  Tibet  from  Piti  and  Kashmir  to  the  Karakorum,  alt. 
8-14,000  ft.' — DiSTEiB.  Mountain  and  cold  Northtrn regions. 

Very  near  C.  incurva,  Lightf.  ;  in  good  fruit  distinguished  therefrom  by  black 
thick-walled  utricle  nearly  filled  by  nut,  in  a  younger  state  often  distinguishable  by 
prominent  glistening  white  edge  of  glumes.  But  there  are  examples  referred  to  C. 
stenophylla^  Wahl.  by  Boott  that  are  here  placed  under  C.  incurva,  Lightf.  or  C. 
divisa,  Hudson.  Many  examples  of  C.  stenophylla  are  referred  in  herbaria  to  Kohresia 
(which  is  separated  by  the  3-fid  style,  but  a  3-fid  style  occurs  in  Carex  stenophylla.) 
— In  a  Himalayan  example  (Lance  n.  285  in  Herb.  Kew)  the  ripe  fruiting  spikes  are 
elongate,  the  lowest  spike  i  inch  distant,  but  the  shining  margins  of  glume  and  the 
black  crustaceous  nuts  are  exactly  as  in  C.  stenophylla.  The  characters  taken  from 
roughness  of  stem,  breadth  and  incurving  of  leaves,  &c.,  mentioned  carefully  by 
European  authors,  were  found  not  to  be  valid  by  Boott. 

3.  C-  divisa,  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  348 ;  rhizome  horizontal,  spikes  ovoid 
androgynous  male  at  top  forming  one  ovoid  or  oblong  or  interrupted  com- 
pound spike,  glumes  brown,  style  2-fid,  utricle  ovoid  acuminate  stout 
moderately  nerved,  beak  short  scabrous  on  margins.  Good,  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  ii.  157,  t.  19,  fig.  2  ;  Ku7ith  Enum.  ii.  372  ;  Belnhb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii. 
7,  t.  205,  fig.  545 ;  Boott  Garex,  iv.  186  and  Ic.  Ined.  631 ;  Boeck.  in 
Llnnsea,  xxxix.  55  and  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  105.  C.  rivularis,  Schk. 
Biedgr.  i.  30,  t.  Cc'  fig.  87.  C.  austriica,  Schk.  I.  c.  ii.  10,  t.  Qqq,  fig.  157. 
C.  Bertolonii,  Schk.  l.c.ii.  5,  t.  D  fig.  18  and  t.  Rrrr,  fig.  202.  C.  coacta, 
Boott  in  Froc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  (1846),  285  aud  m  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  133. 
C.  curaica,  var.  y  coarcta,  Boott  Carex  iv.  204.  C.  curaica,  Boiss.  Fl.  Grient. 
iv.  402. 

W.  Himalaya  {Boott.) — Distrib.  Cabul  to  Britain. 

Stems  1-2  ft.,  or  in  some  Cabul  examples  3-6  in.  Leaves  often  f  stem,  narrow, 
margins  usually  incurved  when  dry.  Infl.  2  by  ^  in.,  interrupted  at  base  (in  well- 
developed  examples).  Lowest  bract  usually  i  inch,  but  sometimes  overtopping  infl. 
Ftm.  glumes  ovate,  hardly  mucronate,  brown,  scarious  margin  narrow.  Utricle 
greenish  or  yellowish,  ultimately  brown,  somewhat  thickened  ;  nerves  5-7  on  plane 
face,  slender,  11-13  on  convex  face  rather  stronger;  beak  shortly  bifid.— Much 
stouter  than  C.  incurva  and  C.  stenophylla,  and  utricles  longer.  Resembles  gener- 
ally C.  foliosa  and  C.  nubigena,  Don  ;  the  plane  face  of  the  utricle  is  in  O.foliosa 
hardly  striate  at  all ;  in  C.  nuhigena  strongly  multistriate  ;  the  utricle  of  C.  divisa 
comes  between  the  two,  Q  divisa,  Huds.  can  generally  be  distinguished  by  its 
shorter  bra6ts,  browner  glumes,  and  more  creeping  rhizome. — The  Kuram  Valley 
examples  of  Aitchison  were  collected  [alt.  10,000  ft.]  just  outside  the  then  frontier, 
and  the  Kashmir  examples  of  Jacquemont  cited  by  Boott  are  referred  here  to  0. 
vulpinaris,  Nees,  but  C.  divisa,  Huds.  is  almost  certain  to  occur  within  British 
India. 


7C2  CLXXii.  CYPERACEJ!.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Garex, 

4.  C.  vulpinarisy  J^ees  in  Wight  Gonirib.  121 ;  nearly  as  G.  divisn, 
but  utricle  smaller  elliptic-lanceolate  membranous  obscurely  nerved, 
Kuntli  Enmn.  ii.  383  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  63.  0.  curaica,  var.  fi 
JBoott  Garex,  iv.  204  C.  divisa,  Boott  I.  c.  iv.  186  {partly).  C.  Henning- 
siana,  Boech.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  42. 

KuNAWUR  ;  Royle  n.  73.  Gurwhal  ;  alt.  11,000  ft.,  Butliie  (n.  55).  Lahout.  ; 
Schlagiutweit  (n.  2813).  Kashmir;  BamrauUa,  Jacquemont  (na.  338,  362).— 
DiSTRiB.  Cabal. 

Leaves  \  in.  broad.  Infl,  dense.  Glumes  acute  or  almost  acuminate,  brown. 
Utricle  slender,  very  thin  ;  beak  somewliat  wing^ed  on  scabrous  margins. — Stems  15 
in.  type  form ;  Jacqueraont's  are  identical,  with  stems  5-9  in.  j  one  is  marked  by 
Boott  C.  divisa,  Hudson,  the  other  C.  stenophylla,  Wahl.  ? 

5.  C.  curaica,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  375 ;  rhizome  long-creepincr,  culma 
distant  somewhat  stout,  spikes  ovoid  androgynous  male  at  top  forming 
one  ovoid  compound  spike,  style  2- fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  lanceolate  nearly 
nerveless,  beak  minutely  or  obsoletely  pcabrous  on  margms.  Boott  Gare'r, 
iv.  204  in  small  part.  C.  ovata,  G.  A.  Meyer  in  Ledeh,  MW.  Alt.  iv.  207  and 
Ic.  PI.  Boss,  iv.  10,  t.  323.  C.  incurva,  var.  /3,  Trev.  in  Ledeh,  Ft.  Soss.  iv. 
270  {excl.  syn.).     0.  stenophylla,  Benth.  in  Senders.  Yarkand  338. 

Kashmir;  Barzil;  alt.  10,500  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Lower  Karakash,  alt.  14,000 
ft.,  Henderson  n.  367.— Distrib.  Central  Asia. 

Very  like  large  states  of  C.  stenophylla;  stems  8-10  in.,  stouter,  leaves  broader; 
margins  of  glumes  less  shining  scarious.  Eipe  utricle  very  convex,  hardly  inflated, 
yellowish,  nerveless  on  the  plane  face,  very  obscurely  nerved  on  the  convex  face. 
This  plant  is  (as  C.  A.  Meyer  states)  near  C.  fcetida,  Allioni.'  The  C.  curaica  of 
Tnrczan.,  Maxim.,  and  others  is  largely  (or  wholly)  founded  on  C.  pycnostachyi, 
Karel.  et  Kiril.  (in  Bull.  Soc.  Mo?c.  xv.  522)  which  is  of  similar  appearance,  and 
with  utricles  of  similar  shape  but  strongly  many-nerved. 

6.  C.  nublgrena,  D.  Bon  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  326  and  Prodr, 
42;  rhiz;ome  short  or  0,  leaves  long  narrow  incurved  when  dry,  spikes 
ovoid  androgynous  male  at  top  forming  an  ovoid  oblong  or  interrupted 
linear  compound  spike,  style  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  narrowed  into  an 
oblong-linear  beak  many -nerved  on  both  faces.  JSfees  in  Wiffht  Gontrih. 
120;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  385;  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73;  Thw.  Emim. 
355 ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  1,  t.  2  ;  BoecTc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  90.  C.  fallax,  Steud. 
in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  60  and  Gyp.  189  ;  Boech.  I.  c. — Carex,  Wall. 
Gat.  3396. 

Himalaya  ;  alt.  5-13,000  ft.,  abundant.  Khasia  to  Muneypoor,  alt.  4-6000 
ft,  abundant.  Sind  ;  Pinwill.  NiLGiiiRi,  Anamallays,  and  Ceylon  ;  alt.  5-8000 
ft.,  common. — Distrib.  Cabul,  Malaya,  China,  Japan. 

Stems  6-30  in.,  caespitose  on  a  tough  perennial  rhizome.  Lower  leaves  long. 
InJL  from  ^  in.,  dense,  ovoid,  to  5  in.  linear  interrupted,  greenish  becoming  brown  ; 
lowest  bract  usually  much  overtopping  infl.,  somietimes  not  \  in.  Spikes  i  in,,  dense. 
Pern,  glumes  ovate  scarcely  apiculate,  shorter  than  utricle.  Anthers  linear-obloiig, 
very  shortly  apiculate.  Style  occasionally  3-fid,  fide  Boott.  Utricle  small,  of  thin 
texture,  plano-convex,  green  or  pale  brown,  9-11-nerved  on  plane  face,  11-15  on 
convex  ;  small  red  glands  frequently  scattered  all  over  utricle  between  the  nerves ; 
beak  not  wing.d,  commonly  quite  smooth,  not  rarely  scabrid,  sometimes  almost 
hispid.  Ifut  hardly  ^  utricle,  compres.sed,  obtuse,  brown. — General  aspect  of  C. 
tnvirieaia^  Linn.  var.  foliosa,  but  may  be  generally  separated  by  the  narrower  in- 
volute leaves.  Well  distinguished  from  all  allied  Indian  species  by  the  utricle  many- 
nerved  on  both  faces.  C.  leiorhyncha,  C.  A..  Meyer  Mem.  Sav.  Etrang.  Petersb.  i. 
217,  t.   9,   a  Central  Asian  plant,   differs  only  by  the  leaves  being  rather  broader, 


Carex.]  CLxxir/ cyperaoe^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  703 

flat  when  dry,  and  by  the  utricles  having  in  their  upper  half  only  many  larg;er 
orange-red  glands.  Though  kept  distinct  by  Boott  and  Boeckeler  it  should  probably 
be  esteemed  only  a  form  of  C.  nubigena. 

7.  C«  muricata,  Linn,  Sp.  PI.  1382 ;  rhizome  short  or  0,  leaves  not 
incurved,  spikes  ovoid  androgynous  male  at  top  forming  an  oblong  or  in- 
terrupted, linear  compound  spike  or  very  narrow  panicle,  style  2-fid,  utricle 
ovoid  narrowed  into  a  narrow  conic  beak,  nerveless  on  plane  face.  ScJik. 
Biedgr.  i.  20,  tt.  E.  22,  and  Ee.  91 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  38i;  J.  Gai/  in  Ann. 
Sc.  Nat.  ser.  2,  x.  855  ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  9,  t.  215  ;  Boott  Garex,  iv. 
192  ;  Boef-k.  in  Linnxa,  xxxix.  86.  C  divulsa,  Gooden.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac. 
ii  160;  ScJih  I.e.  tt.  Dd.  89  and  Ww.  89;  Kunth  I.  c.  ii.  3S5;Beichh. 
Fl.  Ic.  FL  Germ.  viii.  11,  t.  220.  Yignea  muricata  (and  divulsa),  Reichh.  Fl. 
Germ.  Excurs.  57  (and  69.) 

Kashmir;  alt.  6-90OO  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. — Disteib.  Asia,  colder  N.  regions. 

The  Kashmir  examples  resemble  ordinary  large  European  typical  ones.  Siems 
20  in.  Leaves  i— i-  in.  broad,  flat  when  dry.  Injl.  2-3  in.  by  ^  in.,  consisting  of 
4-8  globose  spikes,  lower  shortly  distant.  Anthers  with  a  linear  crest.  "  Utricle 
large,  a  in.  long,  yellowish,  with  a  few  irregular  nerves  on  convex  face,  otherwise 
nearly  nerveless,  beak  bifid  ^  its  length,  margins  closely  minutely  scabrid  or  nearly 
smooth.  Nutli  utricle,  subquadrate-ovoid  compressed,  not  at  all  trigonous. — The  form 
C.  divulsa  is  in  infl.  and  general  aspect  nearer  the  subjoined  var. 

Var.  /8  foliosa  (sp.)  D.  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  xiv.  327  and  Prodr.  42  ; 
inflorescence  pale  of  many  spikelets  at  base  often  subcom pound,  utricle  smaller.  iVees 
in  Wight  Contrih.  121 ;  Boott  Carex  i.  1,  t.  3  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  384 ;  Straohey  Cat.  Fl. 
Kumaon,  73;  Boecli.  Z.  c.  88.  C.  notoleia,  Nees  I.e.;  Kunth  I.  c.  388.  C.  Walli- 
chiana,  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  812  {not  of  Prescott).  C.  muricata,  var.  indica,  Boott 
Carex,  iv,  193.— Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3387.— Himalaya ;  alt.  6-9000  ft.,  from 
Kashmir  to  Upper  Sikkim  frequent.  Sind  ;  Piuwill.  Khasia  hills;  alt.  4000  ft., 
Griffith.  PuLNEY  and  Nilghiri  Hills  ;  Wight. — Resembles  shorter  examples  of 
the  European  C.  divulsa.  Boott  finally  reduced  the  whole  series  under  C.  muricata, 
Linn.  The  Indian  var.  foliosa  has  the  crested  anthers  and  flat  leaves  of  muricata, 
and  is  thus  easily  distinguished  from  nubigena  even  when  young.  Some  of  the 
Indian  plants  referred  here  are  hardly  separable  from  the  American  C.  stipata,  Muhl. 
which  extends  to  Japan  and  Amurland. 

8.  C.  Thomsonl,  Boott  Carex,  \.  1,  t.  1 ;  stem  lignescent  with  many 
nodes,  spikes  ellipsoid  androgynous  male  at  top  forming  a  close  linear 
compound  spike  long  overtopped  by  leaves,  style  2-fid,  utricle  ovoid- 
triangular  thinly  obscurely  many-nerved  with  numerous  red  glands 
throughout.     Boeclc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  93. 

Himalaya  and  Khasia,  alt.  1-5000  ft.,  from  Kumaon,  Thomson,  to  Upper 
Burma,  Griffith,  frequent,  only  on  river  margins. — Distrib.  Tonkin. 

Ste')ns  1  ft.,  densely  «espitose,  very  rigid,  black  in  age,  and  often  shining, 
perennial,  not  rarely  rooting  at  top  and  throwing  thence  a  cluster  of  stems  the  next 
season.  Leaves  numerous,  infolded  when  dry,  narrow,  far  overtopping  the  infl. 
Inji.  often  by  4-5  by  i  in.,  dense,  of  25-30  regularly  placed  brownish  spikes. 
Utricle  small,  brownish,  plano-convex,  hardly  narrowed  into  the  triangular  shortly- 
notched  beak. — The  younger  examples  have  been  mixed  with  Q.  nubigena,  Don, 
which  has  the  infl.  sometimes  dense  and  regular ;  but  in  C.  nubigena  the  infl.  is  lessj 
overtopped  by  leaves,  and  the  utricle  is  more  narrowed  into  the  beak. 

9.  C.  fluviatilis,  Boott  Carex,  iv.  172,  t.  582 ;  leaves  long  narrow 
equalling  the  green  stem,  spikes  ellipsoid  androgynous  male  at  top 
numerous  forming  a  close  linear  compound  spike,  style  2-fid,  utricle  ovoid 


704  CLxxii.  CYPERAOE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

'  many-nerved  without  glands  acuminated  into  a  short  rough-edged  beak. 
Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  93. 

TJpPEE  Burma;  WuUaboom  in  Hookhoom, Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  n.  6103).— 
DiSTRTB.  China,  Japan. 

Rhizome  woody.  Stems  1-2  ft.  Injl.  4-6  by  ^-|  in.,  dense,  of  40-70  spikes  ; 
lowest  bract  scarcely  1  in.  Spikes  nearly  J  in.,  straw-colrd.  Utricle  (larger  than 
in  TJwmsoni)  plane-convex ;  nerves  8  on  the  plane,  12  on  the  convex  face ;  beak 
minutely  scabrous  on  edges. — Very  near  C.  Thomsoni)  but  much  less  rigid  ;  the  infl. 
in  fruit  resembles  that  of  Setaria  italica.  It  is  sometimes  completely  dioBcious ;  in 
other  cases  the  infl.  has  male  spikes  in  the  middle  fem.  at  both  ends  (or  at  top  only) 
as  occurs  in  C.  disticha. 

10.  C>  teretiuscula,  Good,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  163  {excl.  tab. 
cited)  ;  stems  2  ft.  scabrous  at  top,  leaves  nearly  as  long  as  stems  narrow, 
spikes  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  androgynous  male  at  top  green  variegated  brown 
forming  a  linear  oblong  interrupted  compound  spike,  style  2-fid,  utricle 
small  stalked  slightly  spongy  ovoid  conical-beaked  gibbons  few-nerved 
on  convex  face,  margins  of  beak  serrate  subhyaline  almost  winged.  Sc/ilc. 
Biedgr.  i.  30,  tt.  D.  19,  &  T.  69  ;  Kunth  JEnum.  ii.  390 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea^ 
xxxix.  104.  C.  teretiuscula,  var.  /3  major,  Boott  CareXj  iv.  145,  t.  466. 
0.  mitis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  104. 

Kashmir,  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  Thomson.  Bhotan,  Griffith,  n.  2663  (Kew  Distrib. 
n.  6104).— Distrib.  Cooler  N.  Hemisphere. 

Griffith's  example  shows  no  root,  but  is  in  ripe  fruit;  the  utricle  has  a  ridge  on 
the  nerveless  fjxce  and  about  4  nerves  on  the  middle  of  the  turgid  gibbous  face, 
exactly  as  in  European  C.  teretiuscula.  Thomson's  Kashmir  plant  has  numerous 
stems  closely  placed  on  an  intricately  branched  short  weak  rhizome ;  the  young 
utricles  are  stalked  and  show  the  subalate  margins  of  the  beak.  I  put  these  two 
plants  together,  for  they  must  be  very  closely  allied ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Baker  says  that 
neither  of  them  matches  exactly  C.  teretiuscula. 

**  Spikes  linear-cylindric,  peduncled,  inflorescence  loose. 

11.  C.  longripes,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  329,  &  Prodr.  43 ; 
infl.  long  very  lax,  lowest  peduncle  solitary  usually  1-spiked  long,  fem. 
glumes  mucronate  some  aristate,  style  2-fid,  utricles  green  or  fully  ripe 
yellovvish.  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  124;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  418;  Drejcr 
Symh.  Carte.  24,  t.  10 ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  190,  Ic.  Lied.  t.  644 ;  Boeck.  in 
Lininea,  xl.  376  {not  of  Thioaites).—Oa.rex,  Wall.  Cat.  3388. 

Nepal,  Sikkim,  and  Khasia,  alt.  4—12,000  ft.,  common.' — Distrib.  China. 

Rhizome  short,  woody,  divided.  Stems  6-24  in.,  slender.  Leaves  §  the  stem, 
i  in.  broad.  Cauline  sheaths  distant,  lowest  often  near  base  of  stem.  Lowest 
peduncle  usually  exsert  2-8  in.  (but  see  var.  7),  almost  filiform,  nodding.  Spikes 
3-10  on  each  stem,  1-3  in.,  green  or  yellowish,  usually  solitary  or  lowest  with  1  or  2 
smaller  near  base.  Male  glumes  obtuse  with  a  minute  rough  excurrent  mucro  ; 
anthers  submuticous.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acuminate,  mucro  produced  into  a  rou<jh 
bristle  often  overtopping  utricle.  Utricles  much  flattened,  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  sud- 
denly narrowed  into  a  long  beak,  distinctly  .7-9-nerved  on  each  face,  glabrous  or 
scabrous  on  margin  sometimes  also  on  two  marginal  nerves  (see  var.  /3)  ;  beak 
narrowly  oblong,  deeply  bifid,  lobes  lanceolate  erect,  scabrous  or  rarely  glabrous  on 
margins.  iV'wi  much  flattened,  -|  utricle  (with  beak),  ovoid,  obtuse,  dark  brown; 
style  little  thickened,  ex&ert  branches  shorter  than  utricle. 

Var.  /3  nepalensis,  Boott  Carex,  iv.  190 ;  utricles  scabrous-pilose  over  both  faces. 
C.  macrolepis,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  329,  &  Prodr.  4-2  (7iot  of  DC).  G. 
nepalensis,   Sprang .   Syst.  iii.  811;    Nees   in   Wight   Contrib.   125;    Drejcr  Synib. 


Carex.']  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  705 

Cam;.  23,  fc.  9 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  391.— Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3388  (Zar^e^y).— Nepal, 
WaUlcli. — Kept  up  as  a  species  by  Drejer  and  Nees,  working  with  one  or  two  pieces 
only.  A  jjood  series  of  material  shows  a  transition  from  the  perfectly  glabrous 
utricle  (through  forms  with  one  or  two  marginal  uerves  scabrous)  to  the  very  sca- 
brous utricle ;  and  both  Boeckeler  and  Boott  unite  the  two. 

Var.  7  dissUiflora  ;  stouter  with  broader  leaves  and  longer  utricles,  lowest  peduncle 
usually  very  shortly  exsert,  spikes  elongate  very  slender  the  lower  utricles  solitary, 
distant.— Nilghiri,  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  TFlght,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Anamallays,  Beddome. 
Khasia,  alt.  5-6000  ft.,  C.  B,  Clarke. — Perhaps  a  distinct  sp.,  according  to  Drejer 
Sj/mh.  Caric.  24.  Lowest  peduncle  often  carrying  2  or  3  spikes.  The  Nilghiri 
plant  appears  a  distinct  species ;  but  the  Khasia  series  shows  a  complete  transition 
from  var.  y  dissitljiora  to  typical  C.  longipes. 

12.  C.  brunnea,  Thunh.  Fl.  Japon.  38  ;  infl.  long  lax,  lowest  peduncle 
often  several-spiked  often  2  or  more  from  one  sheath,  fern,  glumes  acute  or 
scarcely  mucronate,  style  2-fid,  ripe  utricle  brown  ellipsoid  muck  flattened 
pilose  (in  Indian  examples)  striate,  beak  linear,  exsert  portion  of  stis:mas 
about  as  long  as  utricle.  Schk.  Reidgr.  ii.  16,  t.  Xk.  fig.  Ill ;  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  392  ;•  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  145.  0.  gracilis,  Br.  Proclr.  242 ;  Booti 
Carex,  i.  59,  tt.  154,  155,  156  [excl.  syn.  C.  lachnosperma.  Wall.']  ;  Thw. 
Enum.  355.  C.  flexilis,  Don  Prodr.  42,  riot  of  Rudge.  C.  lenta,  Don  in 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  327  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  418.  C.  nepalensis,  G.  B.  Clarke 
in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  82,  not  of  Spreng. 

N.W.  Himalaya,  alt.  4500-6000  ft.,  frequent.  Muneypoor,  alt.  3750  ft.,  C.  B. 
Clarke.  Assam,  Griffith.  Sind,  Pinwill.  Pulney  and  Nilghiri  Hills,  alt. 
6-7000  f^.,  Wight,  &c.  Ceylon,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Thwaites. —T>i^tb.ib.  The  Mascarene 
Isles,  Australia,  Japan,  Sandwich  Islds. 

Rhizome  oblique.  Stems  1-3  ft.,  slender.  Leaves  f  stem,  i  in.  broad.  Oauline 
sheaths  somewhat  distant,  lowest  usunlly  above  middle  of  plant.  Peduncles  often 
several  from  each  sheath,  lowest  exsert  1-8  in,,  slender,  nodding,  sometimes  bearing 
3-10  spikes.  Spikes  1^-2  in.,  slender.  Male  glumes  obtusely  triangular,  reddish- 
brown.  Pem.  glumes  ovate,  apex  triangular,  ultimately  ferruginous-brown.  Utricle 
rather  small,  not  p>irallel-sided,  9-15-nerved  on  each  face,  minutely  hairy  on  nerves, 
suddenly  narrowed  into  a  beak  about  ^  utricle;  beak  shortly  bifid,  lobes  erect.  Nut 
much  flattened,  ovoid,  suddenly  narrowed  at  top,  yellow-brown,  nearly  filling  utricle 
except  beak.  Style  about  as  long  as  beak,  slightly  swollen,  contracted  at  base; 
branches  long  very  brown,  but  much  shorter  than  in  the  two  following  species. — 
Limits  and  geographic  range  uncertain.  In  many  of  the  non-Indian  examples  the 
utricles  are  glabrous,  or  there  are  several  peduncles  even  from  the  middle  sheaths  -«i 
the  inflorescence. 

13.  C.  teinog-yna,  BooU  Carex,  i.  60,  t.  158  ;  infl.  long  lax,  peduncles 
often  2  or  more  from  one  sheath  bearing  1  or  few  spikes,  fern,  glumes 
acute  often  mucronate,  ripe  utricle  brown  oblong  much  flattened  striate, 
beak  linear  long  deeply  bifid,  style  2-fid  branches  longer  than  utricle. 
BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  145. 

Khasia  and  Jaintea  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  Griffith,  &c. 

Resembling  C.  brunnea,  Thunb.,  but  a  slenderer  plant  with  narrower  leaves. 
Utricle  remarkably  parallel-sided,  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  linear  beak  nearly  as 
long  as  itself,  raany-uerved  on  both  faces,  often  minutely  scabrous  pilose  on  all  the 
nerves,  the  minute  hairs  sometimes  only  on  the  margins  or  near  the  top  very  rarely 
wanting;  lobes  of  bank  erect.  Nut  oblong,  filling  utricle.  Branches  of  sti/le  2, 
yi^rj  long,  brown  red,  persistent  on  ripe  fruit. 

14.  C.  long-icruris,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  124;  infl.  long  lax, 
peduncles  often  2  or  more  from  one  sheath,  bearing  1  or.  few-spikes,  fem. 

VOL.   YI.  z  z 


706  CLXxii.  CTPEHACE/E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

glumes  lanceolate  acute,  style  2- fid,  ripe  utricle  ferruginous  mucli  flattened 
ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  into  beak  glabrous  except  green  margins,  beak 
slightly  notched  with  the  green  scabrous  margins  incurved,  exsert  portion 
of  style-branches  fully  as  long  as  utricle.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  417;  Boott 
Carex,  i.  69,  t.  157;  Boeck.  in  Linngea,  xxxix.  148.  C.  longipes,  Thw. 
Enum.  355. 

W.  Himalaya;  from  Kishtwar,  alt.  4000  ft.,  C.  JB.  Clarke,  to  Nepal,  WalUch. 
NiLQHiRis,  Ferrottet,  Wight,  alt.  8O0O  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Ceylon,  Thwaites  (C,P. 
2749). 

Very  similar  to  C  longipes,  hrunnea,  and  teinogyna,  but  distinct  by  the  utricle. 
Utricle  long,  triangular-acuminate,  the  strictly  linear  portion  of  beak  short;  plane 
face  7-9-nerved,  convex  face  15-nerved  bright  ferruginous  yellow  with  two  sca- 
brous green  margins,  margins  in  lower  half  of  beak  incurved  over  the  plane  face. 
Fern,  glumes  shorter  than  utricle.  Branches  of  style  2,  nearly  as  long  as  in  C. 
teinogyna. 

Sect.  2.  Remote.  Terminal  spike  male  at  base  fem.  at  top  (or  rarely  fem.  in 
the  middle  male  at  both  ends  or  accidentally  wholly  male),  tlie  other  spikes  male  at 
base  or  the  lower  often  wholly  fem. 

*  Spikes  short,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense.     Glumes  pale. 

15.  C.  remota,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1383;  infl.  elongate,  lower  spikes 
distant,  lowest  bract  long  usually  overtopping  infl.,  style  2-branchecl, 
utricle  ellipsoid  flattened  narrowed  into  an  oblong  beak  slenderly  many- 
nerved  on  both  faces.  Schk.  Biedgr.  i.  46,  &  ii.  22,  t.  E,  fig.  23 ;  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrih.  121 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  404 ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Oerm.  viii.  8, 
t.  212,  figs.  556,  557  ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  198,  &  Ic.  Ined.  669,  670;  Boeck.  in 
Linnma,  xxxix.,  p.  129.  C.  axillaris,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1382.  Yignea  remota, 
Beichb.  El.  Germ.  Excurs.  p.  58. 

N.  Tempeeate  Hemisphere. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  slender,  without  stolons.  Stems  clustered,  1-2|  ft., 
slender.  Leaves  f  stem,  scarcely  ^  in,  broad,  weak.  Tnjl.  often  half  length  of  plant, 
lower  spikes  solitary  1-3  in.  apart;  lowest  bract  4-10  in.,  very  narrow,  weak.  Spike 
i-|  in.,  ellipsoid,  greenish.  Glumes  ovate,  acute,  keel  green,  sides  pale.  Anthers 
linear,  muticous.  Utricle  small,  glabrous,  scabrous  on  margin  ;  beak  2-fid,  lobes 
erect ;  margins  scabrous.     Nut  subovoid,  flattened,  |  utricle  excluding  beak. 

Var.  |3  Bochebruni  (sp.),  Franch.  et.  Savrat.  PI.  Japon.  ii.  pp.  126,  555;  utricles 
nerveless  on  plane  face,  very  slenderly  3-5-nerved  on  convex  face,  gradually  narrowed 
upwards  into  a  narrow-triangular  beak. — Temperate  Himalaya;  from  Kashmir,  alt. 
7  8000  ft,,  to  Sikkim,  alt.  7-12,000  ft.,  &c.,  and  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4500  ft.— 
Beak  of  utricle  is,  in  all  Indian  material,  more  or  less  winged,  in  this  (as  in  the 
nerveless  plane  face)  showing  an  approximation  to  17.  C.  alta.  In  general  appearance, 
it  matches  well  typical  European  C.  remota. 

16.  C-  canescens,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1383;  infl.  linear,  spikes  short  cylin- 
dric  approximate,  bracts  short  lowest  much  shorter  than  infl.,  style  2- 
brancbed,  utricle  ovoid  flattened  narrowed  into  a  short  triangular  beak 
slenderly  8-10- nerved  on  both  faces.  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  7,  t.  206, 
figs.  546,  547 ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  154,  t.  496 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  122. 
0.  curta,  Gooden.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  [1794]  145 ;  Schk.  Biedgr.  i.  43, 
&  ii.  21,  t.  C,  fig.  13  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  403.  Yigna  canescens,  Beichb.  Fl. 
Germ.  Excurs.  58. 

Kashmir,  alt.  6-12,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.— Bisteib.  Cooler  parts  of  globe. 


Carex.l  CLxxii.  crPERACEiE,     (C.  B.  Cbrke.)  707 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  slender,  without  stolons.  Stems  clustered,  2  ft. 
Leaves  f  stem,  ^-i  in.  broad.  Inji.  2-5  in.,  lower  spikes  solitary,  1  in.  apart ;  lowest 
bract  setaceous,  about  1  in.  lono-.  Spikes  ^-^  in.,  greenish.  Utricle  small,  glabrous, 
often  nearly  smooth  on  margin ;  beak  triangular,  hardly  notched,  minutely  glandular- 
scabrous. 

17.  C.  alta^  Booft  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  254,  &  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
XX.  130,  &  Carex,  i.  59,  t.  153 ;  larger  and  stouter  in  all  its  parts  than 
C.  remota.  beak  of  utricle  strongly  winged,  so  that  utricle  is  widest  in  its 
upper  half,  nut  small  not  filling  utricle  (otherwise  as  C.  remota).  Boeck. 
in  Li7inaia,  xxxix.  126.     C.  Brizopyrum,  Kunze  Sujppl.  169,  i.  43. 

KiiASiA  ;  Molim,  alt.  5800  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice.  Muneypoor,  alt.  5-60CO  ft.,  Watt. 
— DiSTRiB.  Java. 

Altogether  resembles  a  large  0.  remota.  Leaves  and  bracts  up  to  \-^  in.  broad. 
Spikes  often  ^  in.,  cylindric.  Utricle  in  outline  elliptic  with  a  short  point,  scabrous 
almost  serrulate  on  the  green  shoulders  formed  by  the  wings  of  the  beak,  with  a 
groove  on  the  plane  face  below  the  termination  of  the  slit  of  the  beak. 

18.  C.  cooptanda,  C.  B.  Clarke;  small,  leaves  linear,  spikes  2 
cylindric  short  dense  close  together,  upper  male  at  base  pale  brown,  bracts 
hardly  any,  style  2-branched,  utricle  ovoid  flattened  narrowed  into  a  short 
conical  subentire  beak  nerveless  smooth. 

Khasia.  Hills  ;  Griffith. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  slender,  creeping,  divided.  Stems  6  in.,  slender.  Leaves 
4  by  -jL.  in.  Spikes  i  in.  apart,  upper  i  by  i  in.,  lower  rather  smaller  female.  Glumes 
as  long  as  utricles,  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish  with  scarious  margin  upwards.  Utricle 
J„  in.  long,  without  glands ;  exsert  part  of  stigmas  as  long  as  utricles. — There  are 
three  excellent  specimens,  exactly  like  each  other,  and  very  unlike  any  other  Indian 
Carex,  with  the  note  of  Boott  on  them  in  Herb.  Hooker  stating  that  they  were 
collected  by  Griffith  in  Assam. 

**  Spikes  long-cylindric  or  linear,  lower  peduncled.     Glumes  coloured. 

19.  C-  praelongra,  C.  B.  Clarke;  tall,  leaves  long,  spikes  4-9  linear 
nodding,  styles  2-tid,  utricle  broadly  ovoid  compressed  nerveless  smooth 
suddenly  narrowed  into  a  very  short  linear  sube.itire  beak.  G.  phacota, 
/3  minor,  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxviii.  141. 

SiKKiM,  alt.  7-9000  ft.,  frequent,  Q.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous,  tufted,  lower  sheaths  shining,  brown.  Stems  2-3  ft.  Leaves  18  by 
\-\  in.  Lowest  spike  ^-3  in.  distant ;  peduncle  ^-3  in.  long ;  bract  overtopping 
infl.,  not  sheathing.  Spikes  4  by  i  in.  terete ;  terminal  male  at  base,  feui.  in 
middle,  fern,  or  male  (sometimes  branched)  at  top.  ¥  em.  glumes  as  long  as  utricles, 
3 -nerved,  green  on  back,  black-purple  on  side,  emarginate  or  acuminate,  excurrent 
green  tip  often  scabrous.  Utricle  ^  in.,  obovate  turgid,  yellow-brown,  whole  sur- 
face minutely  yellow-glandular-punctate ;  beak  exactly  linear,  granular-glandular, 
becoming  very  white  when  quite  ripe,  shortly  notched ;  stigmas  shortly  exsert. 
Nut  obovoid,  biconvex,  very  smooth,  nearly  filling  utricle. 

Var.  j3  angustior ;  stems  12-18  in.  slender  more  scabrous,  leaves  scarcely  |  in. 
broad,  spikes  3-1  in.— Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4-60OO  ft.,  C.B.Clarke.  Burma;  Shan 
States,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Collett. — Terminal  spike  occasionally  wholly  male.  There  are 
still  16  Sikkim  and  34  Khasi  specimens  of  this  species  in  my  collection,  which  show 
that  Boott  was  right  in  attaching  moderate  importance  to  the  sex  of  the  terminal 
spike. 

20.  C.  teres,  Boott  Carex,  i.  62,  t.  167  (excl.  lower  utricle) ;  tall,  leaves 
long,  spikes  4-9  linear  nodding,  styles  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  compressed 

z  z  2 


708  CLXxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  "   \_Carex. 

nerved  smootli  gradually  passing  into  a  conical  entire  beak.     BoecJc.  in 
Linnsea,  xl.  393. 

SiKKiM,  alt.  8-9000  ft.  J  Sinchul,  J.  B.  H. ;  Tonglo  and  Sundukphoo,  C.  B. 
CtarTce,  &c. 

Glabrous,  tufted,  lower  sheaths  shining  brown.  Stems  3  ft.  Leaves  18  by  f  in. 
Lowest  spike  l-4>'m.,  distant;  ptduncle  2-4  in.  long;  bract  overtopping  infl.,  not 
sheathing.  Spikes  5  by  ^  in.,  terete;  terminal  male  at  base,  fern,  in  middle  and 
usually  at  top.  Fern,  glumes  as  long  as  the  utricles,  oblong-lanceolate,  aristate, 
broadly  Snerved,  green  on  the  back,  sides  black-purple,  bristle  green  scabrous. 
Utricles  g  in.,  turgid,  fuscous,  7-11-nerved  on  each  face,  whole  surface  minutely 
yellow-glandular- punctate  ;  beak  scarcely  granular,  hardly  notched  ;  stigmas  very 
shortly  exsert.  liut  ovoid,  somewhat  narrowed  upwards. — This  species,  from  the 
root  to  the  glumes,  is  extraordinarily  like  0.  prcelonga,  but  rather  stouter ;  the 
fruiting  spikes  and  utricles  are  totally  unlike. 

21.  C.  sikkixnensis,  G.  B.  Clarice ;  tall,  leaves  long  narrow,  spikes 
4-7  linear  clavate,  styles  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  compressed  most  slenderly 
nerved  brown  smooth  narrowed  into  a  conico-linear  entire  beak. 

SiKKiM ;  Jongri,  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Lowest  spike  2-3  in.  distant;  peduncle  2-3  in.  long  ;  lowest  bract  overtopping 
the  infl.,  not  sheathing.  Spikes  2  by  ^  in.,  terminal  usually  fem.  at  top  clavate, 
sometimes  fem.  only  in  the  middle,  sometimes  wholly  male.  Fem.  glwnies  as  long  as 
utricles,  oblong-lanceolate,  not  or  scarcely  mucronate,  black-purple,  buck  pale  yellow. 
Utricle  J-  in.,  stalked,  not  glandular  ;  beak  oblong  from  a  conical  base,  glandular- 
scabrous  ;  stigmas  exsert  f  the  length  of  utricle.  Nut  ellipsoid,  ^  the  length  of 
whole  utricle. — Not  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species;  it  has  the  utricle  identi- 
cally of  C.  notha  from  which  it  differs  not  only  in  the  fem.  top  of  the  terminal  spike, 
but  in  its  larger  size  and  much  larger  spikes. 

22.  C-  cernua,  Boott  Carex,  iv.  171,  t.  578 ;  leaves  long,  spikes  4-8 
cylindric  very  dense,  styles  2-fid,  utricle  broadly  ovate  mnch  compressed 
nerveless  densely  glandular  subscabrous  to  base  rich-brown,  beak  conical 
entire. 

Assam;  to  Sudiya, /erifems,  Simonsy  Qriffith  {Kew  Distrib.  6099). — Distrib. 
Tonkin,  Japan. 

Stems  12-18  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  up  to  i  in.  broad.  Lowest  spike 
1-2  in.  distant ;  peduncle  ^-2  in.  long ;  bract  overtopping  infl.,  not  sheathing. 
Spikes  up  to  2|  by  ^  in.  ;  terminal  one  male  at  base  (sometimes  fem.  in  middle  male 
at  both  ends).  Fem.  glutnes  as  long  as  utricle,  3-nerved,  green  on  back,  bristle 
lanceolate  excurrent  rough.  Utricle  scarcely  -^-^  in.,  stalked;  conical  beak  un- 
distinguishable  from  utricle  with  no  (or  hardly  any)  linear  termination. — In  C. 
prcelonga  the  whole  utricle  is  sprinkled  with  minute  yellow  translucent  glands  sunk 
in  the  substance  of  utricle ;  in  C.  cernua  the  glands  are  very  thick,  white,  almost 
depressed  papilla?.  C.  cernua  appears  really  nearer  C.  phacota  than  C  proelonga, 
but  differs  from  both  in  the  densely  packed  utricles. 

Sect.  3.  Vulgares.  Terminal  spike  male,  the  others  fem.  or  male  at 
top,  solitary. 

23.  C>  phacota,  S^preng.  Syst.  iii.  826:  spikes  3-11  lower  nodding  on 
slender  peduncles  linear-cylindric,  fem.  glumes  with  an  excurrent  green 
scabrous  tip,  styles  2-fid  short,  utricle  ovoid  flat  nearly  nerveless  glandular 
to  the  base,  beak  short  triangular  with  hardly  any  linear  prolongation. 
Nees  in  JVight  Gontrih.  ]26;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  420;  Drejer  Symh.  Caric.ol. 
15,  t.  4  (excl.  G.  punctata  &  notha)  ;  Boott  Garex,  i,  63,  t.  168  ;  TJiw.  Enmn. 
356 ;   Boeck.  in  Linnssa,  xl.  434.     0.  lenticularis,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn,  Soc. 


Carex.']  clxxti.  ctperaoej:.     (C,  B.  Clarke.)  (709 

xiv.  331,  &  Prodr.  43  {vot  of  Mich.).    0.  platycarpa,  Hochst.  Steud.  8yn. 
Gyp.  p.  214— Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3394  (type  sheet),  3395  A,  partly. 

Himalaya,  alt.  4-7000  ft.,  from  Gurwhal  to  Bliotan,  frequent.  Khasia  Hills, 
alt.  2-6000  ft.,  and  Patkoy  Mts.,  Griffith.  Assam  ;  Luckimpore  at  300  ft. 
Tenasseeim,  alt.  3500  ft.  Pachmari,  Pulneys,  Nilghiris,  aud  Ceylon,  alt. 
4-6000  ft. — DisTRiB.  Malaya,  Japan. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  short.  Stems  closely  tufted,  1-2^  ft.,  triquetrous. 
Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  I  in.  wide.  Irtfi.  usually  4-6  in.,  lowest  spike  1-2  in. 
distant;  lowest  bract  usually  far  overtopping  the  infl.,  but  sometimes  shorter  than 
it,  not  sheathing.  Fem.  spikes  1-2  in.  (sometimes  longer)  by  ^  in.,  in  fruit  appear- 
ing purple  with  green  linear  marks  (glumes);  male  spike  1-2  in.,  rather  slender  lax, 
pale  ferruginous.  Fem.  glumes  narrow,  rather  longer  than  utricle,  green  3-nerved 
on  back,  sides  pale  ferruginous  or  scarious.  Utricle  about  -^^  in.,  usually  dark 
purple  with  a  green  margin,  densely  granular  with  red-purple  glands  throughout ; 
mouth  of  beak  entire. — The  largequantity  of  this  common  species  now  to  hand 
leaves  hardly  any  absolute  characters  to  distinguish  it  from  the  two  following.  In 
some,  the  bracts  are  slender,  shorter  than  the  iufl.  ;  in  others,  the  beak  of  the  utricle 
has  a  distinct  linear  prolongation  nearly  as  in  the  very  close  C.  Arnottiana.  The 
colour  of  the  plant  glumes  and  spikes  varies  much  from  the  type ;  the  Ceylon 
examples  have  the  spikes  a  rich  brown  (as  in  C  Arnottiana).  The  most  general 
characters  for  C.  phacota  appear  to  be  the  rough  excurrent  greeu  tip  of  the  fem. 
glume  with  the  utricle  dense  with  glands  to  its  base. 

24.  C.  pruinosay  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  255;  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  131,  &  Garex,  i.  65,  t.  174  ;  spikes  broader  laxer  than  in  C.  phacota, 
utricle  larger  i  in.  long,  obscurely  3-5-nerved  ;  otherwise  as  G.  phacota, 
of  which  Boeckeler  esteems  it  a  form. 

East  Bengal,  Griffith  {Kevj  Distrib.  n.  6106).  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4200  ft., 
C.  B.  Clarice. — Distrib.  Java. 

Boott  (Carex,  iv.  198,  Ic.  Ined.  667)  has  brought  here  his  C.  picta  from  Japan, 
which  has  nerveless  utricles. 

25.  C.  Arnottiana,  Nees  ms. ;  Drejer  Symh.  Caricol.  16,  t.  5 ;  ex- 
current  tip  of  glume  smooth,  utricle  glandular  in  its  upper  half,  beak  short 
triangular  with  a  minute  linear  prolongation,  otherwise  as  G.  phacota. 
'Boott  Carex,  iv.  178,  Ic.  Lied.  607  [not  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  129) ;  Thw. 
Enum.  366 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  435. — C.  socia,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn, 
Soc.  i.  254,  &  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.  128. 

Ceylon  ;  elevated  parts  of  Central  Province,  Walker,  Thwaifes. 

26.  C.  notha,  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  421 ;  spikes  3-7  lower  on  slender 
peduncles  linear-cylindric,  fem.  glumes  obtuse  or  minutely  mucronate, 
styles  2- fid  shorter  than  utricle,  utricle  ellipsoid  plane-convex  slenderly 
3-5-nerved  minutely  glandular  narrowed  suddenly  into  a  short  linear 
beak.  Boott  Garex,  i.  8,  t.  24 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  433.  C.  Victorialis, 
Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  126  (style  erroneously  3-fid) ;  Kunth  JSnuni.  ii.  516. 
C.  punctata,  Nees  I.  c.  127  {not  of  Gaudin).  C.  Benthamiana,  Boott  in 
Boyle  Himal.  412.     C.  phacota,  Drejer  Symh.  Garicol.  15  (partly). 

Himalaya,  alt.  5-11,000  fc,  from  Chiui,  Jacquemont,  and  Gurwhal,  Thomson, 
to  Bhotan,  Griffith. 

Mdle  spikes  2  in.,  brown.  Lowest  bract  hardly  so  long  as  iufl.  Glumes  green, 
obscurely  3-nerved  on  back,  often  quite  muticous  ;  if  a  small  mucro  it  is  quite  unlike 
C.  phacota,  in  which  the  whole  green  width  of  the  glume  is  produced  as  an  oblong- 
linear  flat  tip.  Utricle  exceeding  the  glume  about  y^^  ^^-j  "^^^h  round  or  linear, 
yellov/  or  brown,  scattered  sunk  glands;  beak  slightly  notched,  miuuteiy  granular. — 
Otherwise  as  C.  phacota. 


710  CLXxii.  ctperacej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

27.  C.  fucata,  Booft  ms.;  spikes  dense  blackish,  styles  2  fid  exsert 
about  ^  length  of  utricle,  utricle  nerveless,  otherwise  nearly  as  G. 
notha. 

SiKKiM;  Lachen,  alt.  9-12,000  f t ,  J.  D.  S. 

Lowest  hract  far  overtopping  iufl.  Spikes  much  more  densely  packed,  and  thicker 
than  in  C.  notha  ,•  glumes  rather  longer,  black  with  a  linear  green  mark  on  back. 
Lowest  spike  3-10  in.  distant  in  some  examples. 

28.  C.  rubro-brunnea,  0.  B.  Clarice  \  spikes  4-8  close  together 
nearly  sessile,  styles  2-fid  persistent  very  long  red-brown,  utricle  ellipsoid 
plane-convex  very  slenderly  3-5-nerved  or  nerveless  minutely  glandular 
narrowed  suddenly  into  a  short  linear  beak.  C.  heterolepis,  Boott  in  Perry 
Exped.  Japan,  ii.  327,  not  of  Bunge. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  2-6000  ft.,  very  common,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Munetpoor, 
Watt. — DiSTEiB.  China,  Japan. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  short.  Stems  clustered,  1-2  ft.  Leaves  numerous, 
often  as  long  as  culm,  scarcely  \  in.  broad.  Spikes  2-3  by  ^-^  in.,  brown-red, 
often  comose  by  long  persistent  styles;  male  spike  paler  ;  lowest  spike  rarely  1  in. 
distant ;  lowest  bract  much  overtopping  inflorescence.  Fern,  glumes  ovate-triangular, 
muticous  or  nearly  so,  rich  brown  with  yellow  keel.  Utricle  very  nearly  as  of  G. 
fucata  (or  0.  notha),  but  exsert  part  of  style-branches  much  longer  than  utricle. 

29.  C.  Prescottiana,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  286,  &  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xx.  135,  &  Carex,  i.  45,  t.  115  {excl.  Hawaii  plant) ;  spikes,  3-6 
lower  peduncled  4-6  in.  long  slender,  styles  2-fid,  utricle  small  compressed 
ovoid  slightly  nervose  smooth  eglandular  beakless.  0.  producta,  Boott  in 
Herb.  Hook.  C.  teres  ?  partly,  Boott  Carex,  i.  62, 1. 167  (lower  utricle  only), 
—Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3386. 

Nepal,  Wallich.  Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4500  ft. ;  Myrungand  Nunklow,  J.B.  R. 
— DisTBiB.  Japan. 

Glabrous.  Stems  1^-2^  ft.  Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  stem,  up  to  \  in.  broad. 
Lowest  spike  1-5  in.  distant,  peduncle  ^-2  in. ;  lowest  bract  equalling  iufl.,  not 
sheathing ;  terminal  spike  2^  in.  by  |  in.,  male,  with  a  short  second  male  spike  often 
added.  Fem.  spikes  nodding,  wavy,  i  in.  broad,  yellow  brown  in  fruit.  Fem.  glwmes 
about  as  long  as  utricles  with  a  short  excurrent  tip  or  obtuse.  Utricle  scarcely 
y^  in.,  slightly  inflated,  irregularly  3-5-nerved  on  each  face,  with  a  very  few  scattered 
sunk  obscure  glands,  suddenly  narrowed  at  top  to  a  small  entire  mouth,  hardly 
microscopically  a  beak. — Very  near  C.  prcelonga,  but  the  utricles  are  smaller,  less 
nerved,  without  linear  beak  ;  and  in  all  the  specimens  seen  the  terminal  spike  is 
wholly  male. — In  his  "  Carex  "  i.  62,  t.  167  (and  herbarium),  Boott  mixed  this  with 
C.  sandwicensis,  Boeck.  (C.  Prescottiana,  H.  Mann)  from  the  Sandwich  Isles  of 
which  the  utricle  differs  materially.  I  think  it  probable  that  C  Prescottiana,  Boott. 
was  C.  heterolepis,  Bunge,  Enum.  PI.  Chin.  Var.  [1831]  69  {not  of  Boott);  for 
Bunge  says  his  C.  heterolepis  resembled  G.  pendula,  but  had  a  bifid  style. 

30.  C.  caespititia,  Nees  in  Wig  lit  Contrih.  127  ;  spikes  4r-10  lowest 
subsessile  or  erect  on  a  short  peduncle  cylindric  dense  rigid,  styles  2-fid, 
utricle  ovoid  compressed  irregularly  few- nerved  smooth  eglandular  sud- 
denly narrowed  into  a  minute  entire  beak.  Kunth  Enum.  v.  2,  p.  412 ; 
Boott  Carex,  iv.  133,  t.  428,  fig.  3 :  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  437. — Carex, 
Wall.  Cat.  3392. 

Sylhet,  Wallich,  0.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous,  2  ft.  high,  habit  of  C.  rigida,  Gooden.,  but  with  a  most  irregular  iufl. 
Terminal  male  sjpike  sometimes  4  in.  usually  0-2  in.  above  the  next,  2  in.  long, 


Carex.l  clxxii.  cypeeace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  711 

pale,  slender,  or  shorter  thickor  purple-chestnut.  Fem.  spikes  often  1  hy  |^  in., 
often  2-7  fascicled  with  1  or  2  remote  below,  frequently  with  1-6  rectangularly 
divaricate  short  branches.  Utricles  greyish  with  green  margins,  and  1-4  irregular 
green  nerves. — Appears  always  thus  irregular  ;  the  rhizome  is  usually  woody,  short, 
but  sometimes  the  stem  at  base  appears  slender  decumbent  rooting  in  mud.  Easily 
recognized,  as  being  the  only  low -level  Indian  species  at  all  resembling  C  rigida. 

31.  C.  rig-ida,  Gooden.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  193,  t.  22,  fig.  10; 
stems  4-8  (rarely  10-12)  in.,  leaves  (dried)  flat  or  margins  near  base  slightly 
recurved,  spikes  3  or  4  close  together  cylindric  short  dense,  bracts  not 
overtopping  the  infl.,  styles  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoidal  flattened  smooth 
nearly  nerveless  apiculate  by  minute  entire  beak.  Schk.  Biedgr.  i.  56,  & 
ii.  25,  t.  U,  fig.  71 ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  12,  t.  225,  fig.  578 ;  Boech.  in 
Linnsea,  xl.  414.  C.  saxatilis,  Schk.  I.  c.  54,  &  ii.  25,  tt.  i.,  fig.  40,  &  tt.  fig. 
40 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  410.  C.  vulgaris,  var.  alpina,  Boott  Garex,  iv.  167, 
tt.  568-574.  C.  orbicularis,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  254,  &  in  Trans. 
Linn,  Soc.  xx.  [1851]  134. 

Alpine  Himalaya  and  W.  Tibet,  alt.  9-13,000  ft.,  from  Gilgit,  Giles,  to 
Sikkim,  J.  B.  B. — Disteib.  Cooler  parts  of  the  World. 

Stoloniferous.  Leaves  often  curved.  Spikes  ^-f  by  ^^  in.  Fem.  glumes  ovate- 
triangular,  acute  scarcely  mucronate,  chestnut-purple. — In  the  original  C.  orbicularis 
Boott,  the  utricles  are  unusually  large,  but  not  larger  than  in  some  European 
forms. 

32.  C.  vulg-aris,  Fries  Nov.  Mant.  iii.  153,  &  Summ.  Teg.  230 ;  stems 
often  10-20  in.,  leaves  (dried)  conduplicate,  spikes  less  close  longer,  utricle 
more  or  less  slenderly  nerved,  otherwise  as  G.  rigida.  Beiohb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
viii.  13,tt.226,  227;  Booti  Garex,  iv.  166,  tt.  557-567;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea, 
xl.  416.  C.  casspitosa,  SchJc.  Biedgr.  i.  57,  &  ii.  27,  figs.  A  a,  t.  85,  a,  b,  & 
B  b,  t.  85,  c,  d,  e ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  411. 

N.W.  Himalaya  and  W.  Tibet,  alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  from  Gilgit,  Giles,  to  Lahoul, 
Jaeschke,  frequent.— Disteib.  Cooler  parts  of  the  World. 

Some  of  the  material  Mr.  Baker  considers  good  Yorkshire  0.  vulgaris,  but  there 
are  many  examples  which  he  considers  do  not  match  either  C.  vulgaris,  Fries,  or  C 
rigida,  Gooden. 

Var.  /3  distracta ;  spikes  less  close,  lowest  2-7  in.  distant. — Kashmir ;  Gurais, 
alt.  8000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. — Altogether  unlike  any  European  form,  J.  Q.  Baker. 

33.  C.  erostrata,  Boott  ms. ;  utricles  obovoid  compressed  beakless, 
otherwise  as  C.  rigida,  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73 ;  Duthie  in  T.  E. 
Atkins.  Gazetteer,  x.  618. 

Kumaon;  Barji  Kang  Pass,  alt.  14,500  ft.,  Strachey  Sr  Winterhottom  {Garex, 
n.  22). 

Instead  of  a  minute  beak  there  is  a  triangular  notch  at  the  top  of  the  utricle. 
"  I  cannot  recollect  ever  seeing  any  C.  rigida  like  it,"  J.  0.  Baker. 

Subgenus  II.  Carex  proper.  Style-branches  3  (see  also  2.  G.  steno- 
pTiylla). 

Sect.  4.  EAEiE.  Stem  with  1  spike  (see  also  42.  C.  radicalis),  fem.  at  base. 
Seta  (i.e.  rudiment  of  the  suppressed  upper  part  of  spikelet)  often  present  within 
utricle.     Bract  hardly  longer  than  fem.  glumes. 

34.  C.  microg-lochln*  Wall,  in  Handl.  Kong.  Akad.  Stochh.  140,  & 
Fl.  Lapp.  224;  spike  i-|  in.,  style-branches  3,  utricles  lanceolate  acu- 


712  CLxxii.  orPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  ICarex. 

minate  glabrous  striate,  ripe  deflexed  with  seta  protruded.  Sclik.  JRiedgr. 
J52,  t.  SssB,  fig.  110;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  424;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.Yin. 
3,  t.  196;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  174,  t.  589;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xxxix.  32. 
Uncinia  microglochin,  Sjpreng.  Sijst.  iii.  820  ;  G.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  401.  U.  europsea,  J.  Gay  in  Flora  [1827]  28.  Leptolepis  tibetica, 
Boeck.  Gyp.  Nov.  i.  31  {^partly,  i.  e.  Schlagintweit,  n.  6450). 

N.W.  Himalaya  and  W.  Tibet,  alt.  11-15,000  ft. ;  from  the  Karakorum, 
Thomson,  to  Kuuawur,  Jacquemont,  frequent. — Disteib.  N.  Europe,  Asia,  Green- 
land. 

Glabrous.  Bhizome  slender,  very  short.  Stems  6-12  in.,  slender.  ie«»es  scarcely 
i  length  of  steins,  setaceous.  Spike  pale  brown,  in  flower  hardly  y\y  in.  broad. 
Fern,  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  obscurely  nerved^  shorter  than  utricle.  Utricle  about 
i  in.  (includ.  exsert  rigid  seta  often  more  than  ^  in.) ;  beak  terete,  mouth  entire. 
iVtti  oblong-ellipsoid,  brown,  about  ^  utricle. — In  Iruit  the  seta  hardens  into  a 
straight  smooth  yellow  linear  cone  filling  the  mouth  of  the  utricle ;  at  its  apex  is 
often  a  curved  point  articulated  which  sometimes  is  a  rudimentary  male  fl. — Uncinia 
difl'ers  from  Carex  only  by  the  hooked  end  of  the  seta,  but  the  hook  is  as  much  de- 
veloped in  C.  mioroglochin  as  it  is  in  U.  Kingii ;  and  the  only  reason  for  not  putting 
C.  microglochin  into  Uncinia  is  that  the  latter  genus  is  very  nearly  confined  to  the 
S.  Hemisphere. 

35.  C.  parva,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  120;  spike  \-^  in.,  style- 
branches  3,  utricles  lanceolate  acuminate  long-beaked  glabrous  striate, 
ripe  deflexed  with  seta  included.  KuntJi  Enuioi.  ii,  419;  Booti  Garex,  i.  56, 
t.  418  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xxxix.  38.  C.  macrorrhyncha,  Karel.  et  Kiril. 
in  Bull.  Soc.  Mosc.  iii.  [1842]  521. 

Himalaya,  alt.  11-12,000  ft,  from  Kashmir  (Deosai),  Winterhottom,  to  Sikkim 
(Lachen),  J.  JD.  H. — Disteib.  Central  Asia. 

Kesembles  C.  microglochin,  but  stouter  in  all  its  parts.'  Spike  brown  or  chestnut. 
Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acute,  lower  aristate,  lowest  empty  sometimes  ^  in.  (a  bract). 
Utricle  usually  \  in.  and  more  (much  like  that  of  G.  microglochin  reckoning  in  the 
seta)  ;  beak  slender  terete  with  oblique  subentire  mouth.  Seia  sometimes  carrying 
a  rudimentary  minutely  hairy  glume,  but  included. 

36.  C.  linearis,  Boott  Garex,  i.  51,  t.  136;  spike  2-3  in.  linear,  style- 
branches  3,  utricle  oblong  complete  glabrous  nerveless  beak  linear-conic 
as  long  as  nut  with  a  slit  on  posticous  face  extending  §  length  of  beak. 
Boech.  in  Linnma,  xxxix.  36.  C.  Esenbeckii,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i. 
285,  &  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  133  {mainly,  not  of  Nees).  0.  elynoides,  J. 
Gay  ms.  Hemicarex  sp.,  Benth.  in  Gen.  Ft.  iii.  1072.  H.  trinervis,  G.  B. 
Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  382,  chiefly  {not  Kobresia  trinervis,  Boeck.). 
Uncinia  nepalensis,  Nees  ms, 

Himalaya,  alt.  11-14,000  ft.:  from  Kashmir,  Levinge,  to  Sikkim  (Lachen), 
J.B.H. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  woody.  Stems  densely  tufted,  clothed  at  base  with 
testaceous  or  subcastaneous  sheaths  becoming  torn  and  fimbrillate  ;  stems  ultimately 
1-2  ft.,  in  flower  often  only  a  few  inches.  Leaves  in  flower  often  2  or  3  in.,  sub- 
sequently 1  ft.,  -setaceous.  Spike  nearly  always  bisexual,  ^  in.  broad,  loose~at  base. 
Fem.  glumes  elliptic-oblong,  greenish  then  pale  brown,  obtuse,  lower  distant  aristate 
bract-like.  JJtriele  i  in.  long,  thin,  passing  into  the  beak.  Nut  filling  utricle, 
exactly  oblong,  trigonous,  pale  brown,  one  angle  pressing  against  posticous  face  of 
utricle.*— Confounded  by  Boott  originally  with  C.  Esenbeckii  (i.  e.  Kobresia  trinervis, 
Boeck,),  and  by  Beuthara  and  myself.  Boott's  figure  is  correct,  but  in  his  Herb, 
he  has  Kobiesia  trinervis  still  partly  mixed,  nor  has  he  perhaps  discussed  the 
synonymy  quite  autisiactorily.  LJost  of  the  lijaterial  is  easily  sorted,  because  K.  trinervis 


Carex.']  clxxii.  CTPERACEiE.     (C.  B,  Clarke.)  713 

abounds  in  spikes  wholly  male,  whereas  iu  C.  linearis  the  spikes  ai*e  fem.,  at  top 
male.  But  in  K.  trinervis  there  occur  fem.  spikes  shortly  male  or  barren  at  top, 
and  these  exactly  resemble  spikes  of  C.  linearis.  The  only  diagnostic  difference 
appears  to  be  that  in  K.  trinervis,  the  bracteole  (homologous  with  utricle  of  Carex) 
is  split  on  the  posticous  face  nearly  to  its  base  so  that  the  nut  is  partially  protruded ; 
in  0.  litiearis  the  beg-k  of  the  utricle  is  split  on  the  posticous  face  nearly  (not  quite) 
to  its  base,  so  that  the  nut  is  completely  inclosed  in  the  utricle.  The  habit  of  0. 
linearis  is  entirely  that  of  a  Kobresia,  and  the  two  genera  touch  at  this  point. 

Var.  /3.  elachistd ;  stems  (with  nearly  ripe  fruits)  scarcely  2  in.,  leaves  exceeding 
stems,  spikes  in  fruit  ^  in.,  very  slender  all  bisexual  2-4-nutted.— W.  Nepal,  alt. 
11-12,000  ft.,  Duthie  (n.  6091).— This  looks  like  a  distinct  species;  but  there  is 
little  of  it,  and  except  in  size  no  distinction  between  it  and  C.  linearis  has  been 
discovered. 

37.  G.  vidua,  Boott  ms. ;  spike  1  in.  linear,  style-branches  3,  utricle 
(including  beak)  oblong-ellipsoid  glabrous  without  nerves,  beak  as  long  as 
nut  with  a  slit  on  posticous  face  extending  ^  length  of  beak. 

SiKKiM ;  Lachen,  alt.  13,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Glabrous.  Stems  6  in.,  rigid,  clustered,  at  base  covered  by  dark-chestnut  shining 
fimbrillate  sheaths.  Leaves  imavly  as  long  as  stems,  setaceous.  /Spi/res  seen  wholly 
fena.,  about  f  in.  broad,  denser,  more  rigid,  than  in  C.  linearis.  Fem.  glumes  ovate, 
obtuse,  brown,  yellow-backed,  lowest  hardly  aristate.  Utricle  with  beak  |-^  in. 
iong;  utricle  proper  obovoid,  scarcely  longer  than  the  obovoid,  nut  passing  imper- 
ceptibly into  an  ovoid  compressed  beak  of  same  length  and  width,  scabrous  on  margins, 
top  obtuse. — A  strange  plant  marked  by  B^ott  "  dioica,"the  1  spikes  seen  have  some 
sterile  glumes  at  top, 

38.  C.  rara,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  284,  &  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
XX.  139,  &  Garex,  i  44,  t.  109  ;  rhizome  very  short  slender,  stems  and  leaves 
very  slender,  spike  \-%  by  \-\  in.  dense,  style  8-branclitd,  utricle  ovoid- 
pyramidal  many-ribbed  glabrous.  Thw.  Emim.  354  ;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea^ 
xxxix.  3^.  0,  nana,  Boott  in  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  N.  8.  vi.  418,  &  Carex,  iv. 
139,  t.  449,  fig.  2.  C.  capillacea,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  vii.  438  {scarcely  of 
Boott). 

Bhotan,  Griffith.  Khasia  Hills,  Griffith,  alt.  6000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Ceylon, 
alt.  6000  ft.,  Thtoait^s. — Uisteib.  Japan,  Borneo,  Austral. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-20  in.,  tufted.  Leaves  often  half  as  long  as  stems,  setaceous. 
Spikes  nearly  all  bisexual,  terminal  male  portion  sinning  ferruginous,  very  nari'ow. 
Fem.  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  shorter  than  utricles.  Utricle  in  fruit  close, 
spreading  at  right  angles,  with  no  linear  tip  to  beak  or  a  most  minute  subrecurvcd 
mucro,  strotlgly  closely  ribbed  without  glands,  or  in  Khasi  examples  sometimes  with 
fewer  weaker  ribs  and  scattered  large  glands  between  (=  the  Japan  C.  nana,  Boott). 

39.  C-  capillacea,  Boott  Carex,  i.  44,  t.  110;  rhizome  0,  stems  and 
leaves  capillary,  spike  ^-^  by  tn-f  in.  dense,  style  3-branched,  utricle  ovoid- 
pyramidal  many-ribbed  glabrous.     Boeck.  in  lAnnsea,  xxxix.  37. 

SiKKiM,  alt.  9-12,000  ft,  J.  D.  Hooker,  &c.  Bhotan,  Griffith.— Histrib. 
Japan. 

Stems  4-10  in.,  tufted. — Smaller  in  all  its  parts  than  0.  rara,  but  I  see  no  other 
difference. — The  Australian  plant  called  by  Bentham  C.  caipillacea  has  leaves  and 
spikes  as  wide  as  0.  rara,  and  I  refer  it  to  rara  accordingly  j  it  might  be  all  treate  I 
as  one. 

Sect.  5.  iNDiCiB.  Terminal  spike  fem.  at  base  male  at  top  ;  or,  when  spikes 
very  numerous  many  male  at  top,  terminal  (1  or  few)  sometimes  wholly  mule. 


714  CLXXii.  CYPERACE.E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex, 

*  Subscapose,  basal  leaves  long,  cauline  leaves  and  bracts  very  short. 

40.  C.  cyrtostachys,  Brongn.  in  Bot.  Voy.  Coquille  152,  t.  25 ;  infl. 
compound,  spikes  linear-oblong  lax  pale,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid- 
trigonous  many-nerved  minutely  hairy,  beak  scarcely  }  utricle.  Kmith 
:B]num.  ii.  613;  Moritzi  Verz.  Zoll.  PJl.  98;  Boott  Garex,  ii.  103,  t.  310; 
Boeck.  in  Linntea,  xl.  327.— Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3383. 

Penanq;  Wallich.  Pebak  ;  alt.  3500  ft.  King's  Collector,  Singapore, 
Bidley. — Disteib.  Malaya,  China. 

Glabrous,  except  utricle.  Rhizome  horizontal,  thick.  Leaves  man}',  subradical, 
12  ft.  by  i-^  in.,  flat,  tough,  many-nerved.  Scapes  numerous,  4-9  in.,  with  sheaths 
and  peduncles  nearly  throughout  their  length ;  bracts  0-^  in.,  linear ;  peduncles 
exsert  0-1  in.,  1-5-spiked.  Spikes  |  by  ^-^  in.  Fern,  glumes  ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
mucronate,  shorter  than  utricle.  Utricle  ^  in. ;  beak  scarcely  notched.  ISkjle  vvitli 
its  3  branches  short,  style-base  linear.  Nut  "distorted  by  depressions,"  Boott, 
gynophore  small  yellow,  there  are  two  main  lateral  excavated  patches.  (The  only 
Indian  species  that  has  a  strongly  excavated-distorted  nut.) 

41.  C.  Kelferl,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  365 ;  basal  leaves  long  up  to  1 
in.  broad,  scape  with  4-6  distant  peduncles  each  carrying  one  dense  ovoid- 
cylindric  pale  head,  infl.  minutely  hairy,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  trique- 
trous beak  linear  f  utricle. 

Tenasserim  ;   Eelfer  {Kew  Distrib.  6111,  2). 

Rhizome  stout.  Leaves  20  in.,  flat,  sub  3-nerved.  Scape  10-14  in. ;  bracts  2-3 
by  \  in.,  sublanceolate  ;  peduncles  exsert,  4-1  in.,  minutely  hairy.  Spikes  5-5  in., 
oblong  or  (fruiting)  ovoid,  4-1-nutted,  ferruginous.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  bristle 
exceeding  beak  of  utricle.  Utricle  ^  in.  and  upwards,  pyramidal  at  both  ends, 
slenderly  many-nerved,  minutely  hairy ;  beak  slender,  mouth  very  small,  base 
minutely  bulbous  to  hold  slightly  bulbous  style-base. — An  unmistakable  species. 

42.  C.  (?)  pandanophylla,  C.  B.  Glarke ;  leaves  long  broad,  spikes 
in  numerous  fascicles  on  branches  of  scape  female  at  base  male  at  top, 
glumes  elliptic  obtuse  minutely  scabrous-hairy  long  cuspidate.  Scleria 
pandanophylla,  Kurz  ms. 

Pegu;  Yomah,  Kurz. 

Very  stout.  Rhizome  oblique,  woody.  Leaves  subradical  many,  1-2  ft.  by  1-1 5 
in.,  flat,  striated,  glabrous,  as  though  petioled,  petiole  dilated  at  base.  Scape 
stout,  9  in.,  branches  2 -3  in.,  minutely  hairy.  Spikes  ^-^  by  J^  in.;  bracteoles  ^  in. 
setaceous.  Glumes  closely  imbricated  on  all  sides,  chestnut-colrd.  with  narrow 
white  margin. — Very  young ;  at  Calcutta  where  the  material  is  little  more  advanced, 
the  minute  "flowers"  in  the  lower  axils  of  a  spike  appeared  utricular;  but  they 
might  represent  the  youngest  stage  of  a  Mapanioid  inflorescence;  the  leaves  are 
altogether  like  those  of  Mapania. 

**  Spikes  short,  very  numerous  (not  scapose). 

*/  . 

43.  C.  indica,  Linn.  Mant.  574;  leaves  subbasal  very  long,  infl.  elon- 
gate, of  distant  peduncled  pyramidal  compound  panicles,  young  spikes 
^-|  in.  linear  pale  long-bracteoled,  glumes  aristate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  sub- 
globose  trigonous  many-striate  glabrous  suddenly  contracted  into  an 
oblong-linear  beak.  Boott  Garex,  li.  87,  tt.  250,  252-254  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea^ 
xl.  347  {excl.  Wallich  n.  3420,  not  Kunth,  or  Nees.)  C.  Moritzii,  Steud.  in 
Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  60;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  350.  C.  longiaristata, 
Boott  ms. ;  Kurz  in  Joum.  Asiat.  Soc.  Beng.  xlv.  (pars.  2),  160.  C. 
fissilis,  Boott  ms. 

Eastern  Peninsula;  from  Sikkim  Teeai  (Dulkajhar)  C.  B.  Clarke,  &  Cachar, 


CarexJ]  clxxii.  CTPEEACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  715 

Thomson,  to  Selangor,   Kunsiler.    NicobarS;    Jelineh. — DiSTEiB.  Cochinchina, 
Java. 

Glabrous,  except  secondary  panicle-branches.  Rhizome  coarse,  woody,  with 
harsh  black  bristles  (remains  of  sheaths).  Stems  2-2^  ft.  Leaves  numerous, 
2-3  ft.  by  \  in.,  coarse,  margins  scabrous,  nerves  very  numerous  strong,  2  lateral 
prominent  on  upper  face.  Inji.  18  in.  ;  lower  peduncles  often  5  in.  exsert ;  bracts 
usually  as  long  as  iufl.  Spikes  (young)  ^^g-  in.  diam.,  distant,  in  fruit  divaricate, 
pale  brown  with  about  6  divaricate  utricles.  Utricle  fuscous  green,  obscurely 
inflated,  20-30-nerved ;  beak  oblique,  sometimes  sparsely  setose,  ^-|  utricle, 
mouth  small  oblique  scarcely  bifid.  liut  ellipsoid,  trii^onous ;  style-base  somewhat 
bulbous. — This  is  usually  recognized  among  this  critical  group  by  the  linear  pale 
spikes  and  the  frequent  conspicuous  subulate  i  in.  bracteoles  at  their  base.  C, 
divaricata.  Wall.  Cat.  3533  from  Saluen  Eiver,  very  young,  has  been  supposed  to  be 
C  indica,  but  it  wants  the  characteristic  setaceous  bracteoles. 

Var.  ?  (3,  laetehrunnea  ;  spikes  i  in.  fine  brown,  male  glumes  scarcely  aristate 
young  brown,  utricles  ripe  brown  obliquely  erect  not  divaricate,  style-base  on  ripe 
nut  not  bulbous.  C.  Thwaitesi,  Boott  ms.  {not  Hance).  C.  bengalensis,  Thw. 
Enum.  355  {not  Roxh.).  C.  indica  {partly),  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl,  347  ;  Boott 
Carex,  t.  251.— Ceylon  ;  Thwaites  (C.P.  n.  2628).  PMergui;  Griffith  {Kew 
Distrih.  nu.  6135,  6137,  but  specimens  too  young  for  determination). 

Var.  Milnei  (sp.)  Boott  ms. ;  slenderer  with  narrower  leaves,  spikes  l-^  in. 
male  part  short,  glumes  pale  strongly  aristate.  Carex  ?  Wall.  Cat.  3533. — Pahang, 
Ridley  (n.  2143,  a.)  Borneo,  New  Caledonia,  Pol^'uesia. — Stems  1  foot  j  leaves  ^  in. 
bi'oadj  bracteoles  setaceous,  less  prominent  than  in  C.  indica  type. 

44  C.  distracta,  G.  B.  Glarhe;  leaves  sub-basal  very  long,  infl. 
elongate  of  distant  peduncled  pyramidal  thin  panicles,  spikes  i-^  in. 
linear-oblong  solitary  brown  slenderly  bracteate,  fern,  glumes  truncate 
aristate,  style  3-fid.     C.  fissilis,  Boott  ms.  (not  Boott  Carex). 

Assam  ;  Herh.  Kew. 

Habit  and  infl.  of  C.  indica,  Linn.  Partial  panicles  componnd  but  lax,  spikes 
mostly  J  in.  apart,  early  divaricate;  bracteoles  hair-like,  i  in,,  inconspicuous. 
Utricle  (young)  nearly  glabrous. — The  closest  aflauity  of  this  plant  may  not  be 
with  C.  indica,  but  it  is  exceedingly  unlike  Boott'a  C.  fissilis  from  Aneiteum,  of 
which  the  type  figured  is  in  Herb.  Boott. 

45.  C.  cruciata,  WaJil,  in  Xongl.  Vetensh.  Acad.  StocJch.  xxiv.  149 ; 
not  of  Nees) ;  leaves  very  long,  infl.  elongate  of  distant  peduncled 
pyramidal  compound  panicles,  spikes  i  in.  linear-oblong  ferruginous  3-6- 
nutted,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  strongly-ribbed  suddenly- 
contracted  into  beak  \-%  utricle.  C.  bengalensis,  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  iii.  572 ; 
Boott  Carex,  ii.  85  partim  (t.  243) ;  C.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
XXV.  82.  C.  valida,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  123;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  613.  0. 
indica,  Munro  in  Seem.  Bot.  Voy.  Herald  423;  C.  B.  Clarke  I.e.  xv.  119, 
in  Obs.  {not  of  Linn.).  0.  vacua,  Boott  ms. ;  Boeck.  in  Li-ktisea,  xl.  343 
(partly).  C.  Bruceana,  Boott  ms.  [c/.  Boutt  Carex,  ii.  85.]  C.  condensata, 
Boott  ms.  {Griffith,  Kew  distrih.  n.  6049,  &c.)  C.  canalioulata,  Boott  ms. — 
Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3400  B. 

SiKKiM;  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.  Bhoxan;  alt.  6000  ft.,  Griffith. 
Khasia;  alt.  0-5000  ft.,  frequent.  Cachae  ;  J.D.H.  Perak;  alt.  3-600  ft.; 
King's  Collector. — Distrib.  China,  Madagascar. 

Glabrous  except  the  secondary  panicle-branches  and  sometimes  utricles.  Rhizome 
woody,  horizontal.  Stem  2-3  ft.,  stout.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  f-|  in. 
broad,  flat,  many-striate,  caudate-acuminate  ;  2  lateral  nerves  often  manifest ; 
basal  sheaths  usually  shining  yellow-brown,  rarely  much  fimbriate  into  black  tough 


716  CLXxii.  CYPFRACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

fibres.  Infl.  12-20  in. ;  lower  pcdnnelcs  often  2-3  in.  exsert,  bracts  usually  as  long 
as  infl.,  leaf-like.  Spikes  in  fruit  divaricate  on  the  stiflf  divaricate  panicle-branche^^. 
Glumes  (from  middle  female  flowers)  much  shorter  than  utricle,  ovate,  minutely 
or  not  mucronate,  3-1-nerved  on  back,  ferruginous,  lineolately  marked.  Utricle 
-jL  in.,  ferruginous  or  brown,  prominent  in  fruiting  panicle,  scarcely  inflated,  rarely 
glandular-dotted,  quite  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  towards  neck  j  ribs  about  12, 
thick;  beak  usually  sparsely  Rcabrouf^,  with  elliptic  mouth  on  one  side.  Nut  fitting 
pretty  closely  utricle,  ellipsoid,  substipitate,  pyramidal  at  top  ;  style-base  scarcely 
dilated. 

Var.  j8  nagporensis ;  secondary  panicles  with  suberect  branches  scarcely 
pyramidal  sometimes  very  slender,  ripe  utricle  scarcely  inflated  fuscous-green  often 
with  black  or  red  dots  in  upper  half,  beak  subcouic  at  base  ^-|  utricle.' — Cbota  Nag- 
pore  ;  alt.  2-4000  ft.,  common  from  the  Kolhan  to  the  summit  of  Pakasnath. — A 
great  variety  of  forms  is  here  included,  all  undoubtedly  one  species  and  no  one 
matching  C.  cruciata,  Wahl.  typ.  One  form  is  large,  with  the  secondary  panicles 
long-peduncled  large  dense  branches  in  fruit  very  stout  rigid  erect ;  another  has  very 
narrow  leaves,  panicles  slender  the  lower  with  only  5-8  spikes.  There  is  every 
gradation  between.  The  utricles  are  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  sometimes  intensely 
scabrous  with  large  linear-conic  points. 

Var.  7  argocarpus  ;  secondary  panicles  pyramidal  often  very  dense,  ripe  utricle 
glistening  white  inflated  conspicuous.  C.  bengalensis,  Boott  Carex,  ii.  85  (ehiejlj/) 
tt.  240-242 ;  Boech.  in  Linruva,  xl.  346  {'partly).  C.  vacua  and  C.  condensata,  BuoH 
ms.  (partly.) — Abundant  in  India,  from  the  E.  Nepal,  J.  JD.  H.,  to  Khasia  and 
Assam,  Tonkin. — A  plant  collected  by  IJoott  on  the  Brahmapootra  bank,  having 
fuscous-green  utricles  ranch  less  conspicuously  ribbed,  is  supposed  a  plains  form 
of  var.  argocarpus.  Most  of  the  glistening-white  fruits  are  fuscous  in  the 
herbarium. 

46.  C.  parvlgrluxna,  C.  B.  Glarhe\  leaves  very  long,  stem  sTaorfc, 
infl.  usually  of  one  pyramidal  compound  panicle,  spikes  as  of  C.  criiciata^ 
style  3-fid,  utricle  globose  trigonous  many-striate  glabrous  suddenly 
narrowed  into  a  linear  beak  |  utricle. 

Assam;  Luckimpore,  alt.  1500  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous,  except  panicle-branches.  Rhizome  horizontal,  woody.  Leaves  2-3 
ft.  by  i  in.  Stem  including  infl.  5-8  in.  Infl.  3  by  1^  in.,  resembling  much  a 
single  peduncled  panicle  of  C.  cruciata  ;  in  one  example  a  small  nearly-basal  panicle 
is  added.  Fern,  fflume-s  exceedingly  small,  elliptic,  aristate.  Utricle  not  inflated, 
rather  larger,  and  nerves  15-18,  slenderer  than  in  C.  cruciata,  to  which  it  is  nearly 
allied,  but  diflers  by  the  short  stem,  and  very  small  glumes. 

47.  C.  condensata,  Kees  in  Wight  Gordrib.  123  (Royle,  n.  83  only,  not 
of  Kuinh);  leaves  very  long,  infl.  elongate  of  distant  peduncled  oblong 
panicles,  spikes  ^-f  in.  clustered  ferruginous  3-6-nutted,  style  3-tid,  utricle 
narrow-ellipsoid  trigonous  irregularly  ribbed  not  inflated,  beak  \  length 
of  utricle  2-fld.  Boott  Carex,  ii.  86,  tt.  247,  248  ;  Duthie  in  E.  T.  Atkinson 
Gaz.  X.  616.  C.  bengalensis,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea  xl.  347  (^chiefly):  C. 
indica,  var.  condensata,  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73.  C.  indica,  JSees  in 
Wight  Gontrih.  p.  123  {Eoyle  n.  85).— Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3400  A. 

SiNi);  Pinwill.  Himalaya,  alt.  1-10,000  ft.,  common  j  from  Dalhonsie  to 
Bhotan.     Khasia  Hills,  alt.  4  5000  ft.,  abundant. 

Separated  from  C  cruciata  by  the  less  pyramidal  partial  panicles,  and  the 
utricle,  which  is  smaller  with  linear-oblong  shorter  beak,  less  nerved  (often  nearly 
nerveless  on  the  plane  face),  frequently  black-  or  red-dotted  in  the  upper  half.  The 
utricle  is  more  or  less  scabrous-pilose,  but  sometimes  glabrate.  The  panicle  (when 
dry)  is  always  between  cinnamomeous  and  brown. 


Car  ex.]  CLXxii.  cYpeeacej:.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  717 

48.  C.  vesiculosa,  Boott  Carex,  iii.  107,,t.^323;  infl.  irregularly 
panicled,  spiice.i  rarely  cill^^le^ed,  style  3-fid,  utricle  small  narrow-ellipsoid 
trigonous  irregularly  ribbed  not  inflated,  beak  ^  utricle  with  narrow  bifid 
mouth  (other^vise  as  C.  cnndensata).  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  345.  C. 
diffusa,  Boott  ^)i,?.— Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3400  ^. 

S1KKI.M  Himalaya;  ale.  4000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Bhotan;  Griffith.  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4-6000  ft.,  very  common. 

Leaves  rarely  ^  in.  broad,  usually  narrower  than  in  0.  condensata.  Fern,  glumes 
ovate- lanceolate  (hardly  mucronate)  nearly  as  lons^  as  ripe  utricle,  more  enclosing*' 
utricle  than  in  preceding  species.  Beik  of  utricle  longer  than  in  Q.  condensata, 
more  narrowed  at  top.  Inji.  (in  dried  phints)  usually  rich-brown,  sometimes  paler, 
cinnamomeous.  — Hardly  separable  from  C.  condensata. 

Var.  jS  paniculata ;  inflorescence  a  compound  loose  rich -brown  panicle,  utricle 
y*^  in.  (larger  than  in  C.  vesiculosa,  Boott  type). — Sikkim  ;  alt.  700-2500  ft.  {Herb. 
Griffith),  C.  B.  Clarke. 

49.  C.  continua^  C.  B.  Clarke ;  leaves  sub-basal  very  long  narrow, 
infl.  elongate  cylindric  nearly  continuous,  spikes  numerous  solitary  fine 
brown,  fem.  glume  with  bristle  as  long  as  utricle,  style  3-fid,  utricle  small 
oblong-ellipsoid  trigonous  strongly  many-nerved  hairy  narrowed  into 
short  deeply  bifid  beak.     C.  Bruceana,  Boott  ms.  (in  small  part.) 

Nepal;  WallicJi.  Sikkim  Himalaya;  alt.  500-1100  ft.,  plentiful,  (J.  B, 
Clarke. 

Tufted.  Rhizome  woody,  short.  Stems  8-16  in.  Leaves  numerous,  much  over- 
topping stems,  i-i  in.  wide,  tough.  Infi.'4r-8  by  1^  in.,  scarcely  interrupted  at 
base;  bracts  long,  overtopping  inflorescence.  Spikelets  ^-^  in.,  3-7-nutted, 
numerous  and  close  together,  not  clustered  as  in  C.  veaiculosa.  Utricle  i  in., 
narrow,  brown,  with  15-20  regular  close  strong  nerves. — The  utricle  is  not  unlike 
that  of  C.  vesiculosa,  the  inji.  is  different,  somewhat  resembling  small  forms  of 
C.  -cruciata,  with  which  latter  Boott  arranged  it. 

50.  C  stramentitia,  Boott  ms. ;  BoecJe.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  351 ;  infl. 
young  pale  straw-colrd.  ripe  dirty-straw-colrd.  not  brown,  style, 3-fid, 
utricle  rather  large  globose-trigonous  many-striate  glabrous  not  inflated, 
beak  linear  \  utricle  very  shortly  2-fi  1.  0.  condensata,  Boott  ms.  {'partly). 
C.  condensata,  /3  flava,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  123.  C.  Wightiana,  Boott 
-ms.  {partly.)  C.  filicina,  Boeck.  ms.  in  Herb.  Schlagintweit  n.  14702. — 
Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3398. 

From  Nepal  to  extreme  E.  As^AM,  alt.  500-3000  ft. ;  common  in  lower 
Sikkim,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.  Gtaro,  Khasia  and  Mikir  Hills,  on  Assam  face.  Chota 
Nagpore;  Behar  ;  on  Parasnath,  alt.  4000  ft.,  C"  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous  except  the  secondary  panicle-branches.  Rhizome  stout,  woody.  Leaves 
2-3  ft.,  often  |-|  in.  broad.  Panicle  often  12-16  in.,  linear-oblong;  partial 
peduncles  compound,  lower  distant ;  spikes  fascicled,  resembling  those  of  C.  conden- 
sata. Utricle  ^  in.  and  upwards,  rather  acute,  trigonous,  fuscous  green,  very  sud- 
denly narrowed  into  beak  ;  nerves  15-20,  slender  but  well-marked. —  From  its  habit, 
this  plant  has  been  mixed  with  C.  condensata,  from  which  its  large  utricle  entirely 
separates  it.  It  is  really  very  near  0.  indica,  Linn.,  and  closely  resembles  it  in  the 
utricle;  but  the  spikelets  are  shorter,  whiter,  and  the  characteristic  conspicuous 
setaceous  bracteoles  of  C.  indica  are^anting. 

51.  C.  filicina,  Nees  in  WigJit  Contrih.  123 ;  leaves  very  long,  infl, 
elongate  of  distant  pyramidal  compound  panicles,  spikes  small  often 
very  many  on  slender  branches  not  congested,  female  glumes  small  not 
(or  scarcely)    mucronate,   style    3-fid,   utricle  small  narrow    ellipsoid   or 


718  CLxxii,  CYPER.VCE.E.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  \_Car''x, 

ovoid  definitely  nerved  glabrous  (very  rarely  thinly  minutely  setnlose)  heak 
linear  about  as  louor  as  utricle  [but  see  vars.  i3,  -y.]  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  510; 
Boott  Care^,  iii.  105  (vars.  a  and  y),  tt.  311,  312 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnxa,  xl.  B52  ; 
().  B.  Clarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  v.  82.  C.  meiogyna,  Nees  in  Wight 
Conirih.  123,  var.  /3  [Wight  n.  1915,  b.)  C.  cruciata,  Thw.  Enum.  355 
(partly.)     C.  nilagirica,  Sochst.  \  Steud.  Si/n.  G^^p.  p.  207. 

Throughonfc  the  Khasia  and  Naga  Hills,  alt.  1500-6000  ft.;  Nil&hiei 
and  PuLNEY  Hills;  alt.  4-7000  ft.  Ceylon  ;  Thwaites  (C.  P.  820,  partly),  &c. — 
DiSTRiB.  China,  Java. 

Glabrous,  except  the  minutely  hairy  panicle  brandies.  Rhizome  very  woody, 
short  (no  long  stolons).  Stems  1-3  ft.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  st,ems,  and  in  Xech' 
type  rather  broad  (often  \  in.  and  more)  flat,  thin.  Panicle  usually  more  than  ^ 
stem  ;  partial  panicles  often  very  dense ;  branches  much  slenderer  than  in  0.  cruciata 
or  condensata.  Fern,  glumes  commonly  small,  ovate,  as  long  as  utricle  (without 
beak),  sometimes  elliptic-lanceolate,  glabrous  or  minutely  hairy,  chestnut  in  S. 
Indian  form,  often  paler  or  ferruginous  in  the  Khasian.  Utricle  ?-q  in.,  trigonoup, 
fitting  the  black  nut  very  closely,  about  15-Jierved,  tapering  or  suddenly  narrowed  at 
top;  beak  oblique,  curved,  subrecurved  or  straight,  more  or  less  scabrous-hairy, 
mouth  very  small,  shortly  bifid. — Here  are  included  the  C.  fiUcina,  o,  of  Noes  and 
Boott,  and  the  Khasia  var.  y  pallida  of  Boott  which  has  usually  (not  always)  p.der 
glumes.  The  utricles  in  the  Khasia  plant  are  often  shorter  and  more  ovoid  than 
in  the  S.  Indian. 

Var.  &  meinggna,  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon  73;  leaves  often  narrower,  beak 
shorter  from  |  to  ^  utricle.  Duthie  in  T.  E.  Atkins.  Craz.  x.  616  ;  Boott  Car  ex  iii. 
tt.  313-316.  C.  raeiogyna  (sp.)  Nees  in  Wight  Oonfrib.  p.  123  (only  Royle,  n  82). 
C.vperus  caricinus,  Lon  Prodr.  39. — From  N.-W.  Himalaya  to  Bhotan,  alt.  3-9UOO 
ft.,  very  common. — Considered  here  as  a  stouter  form  of  this  (hs  by  Boott  dubiously 
and  Boeckeler)  with  the  same  distribution  is  C  cruciata,  ISees  in  Wight  Contrib. 
123  (o  only) ;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boott  Carex  ii.  319,  320  ;  Duthie  in 
T.  E.  Atkins,  Gaz.  x.  616,  also  marked  by  Boott  =  C.  ramosa,  Schk.  (a  Mascarene  sp.) 
which  it  is  near;  but  it  is  nearer  the  true  C.  cruciata  above,  from  which  it  differs 
in  the  slenderer  panicle-branches  and  spikes. 

Var.  y  minor,  Boott  Carex,  iii.  10^,  tt.  317,  318  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  spikes 
small  pale  densely  clustered,  glumes  ferruginous,  utricle  very  small,  beak  hardly  ^ 
utricle.— N.  Sikkim ;  alt.  7500-10,000  ft.,  J.B.H.,  &c.— A  very  similar  plant  is 
found  in  Khasia,  alt.  6000  ft.,  but  with  the  beak  of  utricle  much  longer;  it  must  be 
a  var.  of  C.  filicina,  Nees. 

Var,  ?  5  microgyna ;  leaves  very  narrow,  spikes  very  slender,  glumes  very  small 
ovate  obtuse  dark  brown,  utricle  very  small  fuscous,  beak  hardly  ^  utricle. — Carex, 
Wall.  Cat.  3399.     Kurg  and  Ceylon.     Chittagong;  Arracan  and  Ava. 

52.  C.  plebeia,  G.  B.  Clarke;  leaves  narrow,  partial  p-micles 
pyramidal  slender,  spikes  brown,  fem.  glumes  ovate  acute  scarcely  mucro- 
nate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  (for  the  plant  rather  large)  narrow  ellipsoid 
acutely  trigonous  strongly  many-nerved  hairy  fuscous-brown,  beak  scarcely 
\  length  of  utricle. 

Chota  Nagpoee  ;  alt.  1500-2000  ft.,  throughout  the  province,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

This  may  bp  esteemed  another  var.  of  C.  filicina,  Nees.  It  was  in  cultivation 
in  1879  in  the  Calcutta  Bot.  Garden  under  the  traditional  name  of  C.  hengalensis, 
Roxb.  It  is  the  only  Carex  that  Roxburgh  would  know  at  his  old  Samulcottah 
station,  and  the  only  species  convenient  for  introduction  at  Calcutta.  But  Roxburgh 
describes  his  G.  bengalensis  as  having  come  from  Sylhet ;  and  it  is  probable  that 
Roxburgh  would  not  have  differentiated  a  low-level  Khasia  plant  of  C.  cruciata, 
Wahl.  from  0.  plebeia.  I  have  therefore  thought  it  more  convenient  to  reduce  C. 
hengalensis,  Roxb.  to  C.  cruciata,  than  to  introduce  a  great  change  in  the  names  of 
this  critical  group. 


Carex.]  clxxii.  gyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  *     719 

53.  C.  leptocarpus,  G.  B.  Clarke;  leaves  subbarsal  very  long,  infl. 
elongate,  partial  panicles  distant  long-peduncled  pyramidal  compound  thin, 
spikes  ^  in.  distant  3-6-nutted,  style  3-fid,  utricle  very  distant  ellipsoid 
tapering -lanceolate  much  recurved  strongly-nerved  glabrous  greenish, 
beak  linear  conic  f  utricle. 

MuNETPGOE  ;   Watt  (n.  (6728.) 

Glabrous  (panicle  branches  minutely  scabrous  hairy).  Stems  2-3  ft.,  stout. 
Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  \-\  in.  broad,  harsh,  two  lateral  nerves  conspicuous.  Infl. 
1-li  foot ;  lowest  peduncle  exsert,  6  in. ;  partial  panicles  3  by  2f  in.  ;  bracteoles  i  in., 
filiform.  Young  spikelets  linear,  pale-brown  ;  ripe  spikelets  ratber  wide  from  the 
strongly  divaricate  utricles.  Fem.  glumes  elliptic-lanceolate,  mostly  bristle-pointed. 
Utricles  xV^tV  ^^'  ^part,  -r2~To  ^"'  long,  slender  (not  well  ripe). — ^-om  the  remote 
utricles  this  species  does  not  resemble  any  of  the  other  allies  of  C.  cruciata^  Wahl. 

54.  C-  mercarensis,  Hochst.  ms. ;  Steud.  Syn..  Cyp.  194 ;  partial 
panicles  oblong  or  scarcely  pyramidal,  fem.  glumes  aristate  ferruginous 
(otherwise  as  G.filicina).  0.  cruciata,  var.  /3  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  124. 
C.  amoena,  Boott  Carex,  iii.  106,  t.  321 ;  Boech.  in  Linncsa,  xl.  354.  C. 
ra^TnosB.,  Boott  Garex,  iii.  105,  t.  322  (excl.  Maurit.  pi.,  not  Schkuhr).  C. 
Lindleyana,  Herb.  Ind.  Or.  S.  f.  Sc  T.  (partly).  C.  glaucina,  Boeck.  in 
Linnaa,  xl.  353  excl.  Hohen.  n.  629  {which  Boeckeler  never  saw). 

NiLGHiRi  and  Pulney  Mts.  ;  frequent,  from  Couetallum,  Wight,  to  Ooty, 
alt.  8000  ft. ,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

A  nearly  glabrous  form,  branches  of  panicle  only  minutely  scabrous  on  angles. 
Utricle  nearly  |  in.,  ellipsoid-trigonous,  15-nerved,  glabrous,  pale,  tapering  into 
oblique  linear  beak  about  as  long  as  utricle. —  Hardly  differs  from  the  Madras  C. 
Jilicina  growing  with  it,  but  by  the  pale  ferruginous-green  colour,  the  ratber  larger 
utricles,  and  (especially)  the  definitely  aristate  female  glumes.  C.  raniosa,  Schkur, 
a  Mauritius  plant,  with  which  Boott  combined  it,  has  hairy  utricles  and  distant 
spikelets  laxly  panicled. 

Var.  j8  major,  Steud.  Syn.  Cyp.  p.  194 ;  spikelets  ^-f  in.  linear  with  6-10  distant 
scabrous-hairy  utricles.  C.  ramosa,  Schk.  ?  Boott  ms. — Canara,  HohenacJcer  (n. 
629)  ;  Anamallays,  Beddome. — This  has  been  greatly  confused,  having,  on  account 
of  its  number  (HohenacJcer,  n.  629)  been  taken  in  Herb.  Kewfor  G. glaucina,  Boeck., 
and  *'  written  up  "  accordingly.  But  Boeckeler's  C.  glaucina  is  founded  on  Wight, 
11.  1293  =  Boott,  tab.  322,  which  is  not  exactly  =  Hohenacker  n.  629  ;  but  here  is 
treated  as  a  form  of  it. 

55.  C.  raphidocarpa,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  122;  leaves  minutely 
hairy,  panicle-branches  densely  hispid  (otherwise  as  G.  mercarensis), 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  512 ;  Boott  Carex,  ii.  85,  t.  244;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  363 
(raphiocarpa). 

PuLNEY  Hills,  Wight,  n.  1911  {one  collection). 

A  rather  stouter  plant  than  C.  mercarensis,  with  rather  larger  fruits,  that  might 
be  esteemed  merely  a  larger  hairy  form  of  it. 

56.  C.  ceylanica,   Boeck.    in    Linnsea,   xl.   341 ;  glabrous    (panicle- 
branches  minutely  scabrous),    leaves    rather   short   not   caudate,    utricle 
rather  large  shining  brown  (otherwise  as  G.  jilicina,  Nees).     C.  cruciata 
Tkw.  Enum.  355  {partly). 

Ceylon  ;  alt.  6CO0  ft.,  Thwaites  (C.P.  820  partly). 

Leaves  not  exceeding  5  in.,  tip  sword-shaped  (very  unlike  all  the  C.  Jilicina 
group),  Fem.  glumes  brown-red,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  aristate.  Utricles  |  in. 
ellipsoid-trigonous,  15-nerved,  minutely  hairy  in  upper  part,  tapering  into  an  oblique 


723  OLXXii.  CYPBRACEJ3.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

linear  beak  f  utricle. — Boott  never  named  tliis,  but  left  it  in  his  G.  Jilicina  packet. 
Muaro  notes  that  it  looks  like  C.  Lindleyana. 

57.  C.  Wigrhtiana,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  122;  leaves  subbasal 
very  long,  inti.  elongate,  lower  panicles  distant  peduncled  oblong  often 
simply  spicate,  spikes  \  in.  often  6-8-nutted  pale  suberect  in.  fruit, 
bracteoles  inconspicuous,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid-trigonous  many- 
nerved  greenish  scabrous-hairy,  beak  linear  f  utricle.  Kimth  Enum.  ii. 
512  ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  11,  t.  30  {excl.  Khasia  'plant) ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl. 
'6QQ.  C.  meiogyna.  Nees  I.  c.  123  {all  the  Madras  tncUerial,  Wight,  n.  1915, 
&c.).  C.  indict,  Nees  ms.  in  Serb.  Wight  n.  1914,  and  in  Wight  Contrib. 
123.— Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3400,  C.  (partli/). 

South  Madras  ;  Courtallum,  Wight. 

Glabrous,  except  panicle-branches  and  utricles.  Rhizome  stout,  horizontal. 
Stems  2-2|  ft.  Leave's  often  as  long  as  stem,  ^-\  in.  broad.  Infl.  often  12  by  3  in.  ; 
lovver  panicles  in  fruit  2  by  ^  in.  Youns^  spikes  linear,  green,  somewhat  ferruginous. 
Fern,  glumes  ovate,  acute,  pale,  often  shortly  aristate.  Utricles  ^-i  in.,  nerves  20  or 
more ;  beak  nearly  straight,  mouth  slender  2-fid. — A  very  homogeneous  series  of 
specimens,  apparently  all  from  one  neighbourhood,  though  Nees  described  it  under 
three  names. 

58.  C.  ecostata,  G.  B.  Glarke;  leaves  narrow,  infl.  elongate  dark 
brown,  lowest  panicle  distant  slenderly  peduncled  narrow  oblong  (nearly 
reduced  to  a  spike),  fem.  glumes  ovate-triangular  nob  mucronate,  style 
3-i^,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  nearly  nerveless  glabrous,  beak  slightly 
obnque  f  utricle. 

East  Assam  ;  Jakpho  Summit,  alt.  9900  ft.,  0.  B.  Clarke. 

Closely  resembles  in  general  appearance  and  infl.  the  Indian  C.  Wightiana,  but 
the  utricles  are  almost  nerveless;  they  usually  have  one  face  quite  nerveless,  the 
other  faces  with  1  or  2  irregularly-placed  thin  nerves  on  each. 

59.  C.  repanda,  O.  B.  GlarJce  ;  panicles  very  distant  small  pyramidal, 
spikelets  i-i  in.  4-iiutted  pale  divaricate  in  fruit,  bracteoles  long  con- 
spicuous, utricle  narrow-ellipsoid  many-nerved  pale  glabrous,  beak  linear 
curved  ^-f  utricle  (otherwise  as  G.  Wightian-x).  C.  Wightiana,  Boott 
Garex,  i.  11  (var.  perigyniis  glabris,  Boott,  ms.  i.e.  the  Khasian  plant). 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  3000-5500  ft.,  J.  B.  H.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

60.  C.  perakensis,  G.  B.  Glarke ;  leaves  subbasal  long  narrow,  infl. 
elongate,  partial  panicles  linear-oblong  erect,  spikes  oblong  1-4-nutted 
white,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  many-nerved  hairy,  beak 
straight  linear  about  ^  utricle. 

Perak  ;   Wray. 

Glabrous  (panicle  branches  minutely  scabrous  scarcely  hairy).  Rhizome  stout, 
woody.  Stem  2  ft.  Leaves  rather  longer  than  stem,  \  in.  broad,  tough,  sub-3- 
nerved.  Infi.  8  by  1^  in.  ;  lowest  peduncle  3  in.  distant;  bracts  far  overtopping 
inflorescence.  Partial  jsanicles  with  erect  conuivent  branches  in  fruit,  the  dark-red 
styles  prominent  over  the  white  glumes  and  white-green  utricles.  Fem.  glumes 
as  long  as  utricle,  exclusive  of  short  bristle.  Utricle  (with  beak)  nearly  ^  in.,  beak 
shortly  bifid. 

61.  C.  sang'Uinea,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn,  Soc.  i.  285,  &  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xx.  137,  &  Garex,  ix.  157,  t.  515;  leaves  shorter  than  intl. 
narrow,  infl.  elongate,  partial  panicles  oblong  with  irregularly  capitate 
dark-red  spikes,  style  3-fid,  utricle  narrow  ellipsoid  trigonous  narrowed  at 


Carex.l  CLXxii.  ctperacejs.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  721 

botli  ends   minutely  scabrous  hairy,  beak  scarcely  |  utricle.     Boech.  in 
Linnaa,  xl.  374;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  406. 

W.  Himalaya  ;  alt.  3000-6000  ft. ;  Kanaor,  RoxjU  -,  Hazara,  Stewart ;  Murree  , 
Fleming,  Trotter. 

Glabrous  (panicle  branches  minutely  scabrous,  hardly  hairy).  Rhizome  woody, 
branched,  with  several  approximate  stems.  Stems  including  infl.  8-18  in.  Leaves 
numerous,  scarcely  i  in.  broad.  Injl.  often  occupying  f  the  plant ;  lower  peduncles 
exsert;  bracts  finely  caudate,  shorter  or  longer  than  inflorescence.  Spikes  \-\  m., 
4-8-nutted,  comose  from  the  long  red  style-branches.  Fern,  glumes  ovate-triangular, 
not  aristate,  much  shorter  than  utricle.  Utricle  xV-A  i^->  narrowed  at  both  end;*, 
red-marked,  obscurely  nerved.  Nut  stipitate,  narrowed  into  the  linear  persistent 
style-base. —The  exsert  part  of  style-branches  is  longer  than  utricle,  and  longer  than 
as  shown  in  Boott's  picture.  This  species  does  not  seem  very  closely  allied  to  the  S. 
Indian  C.  Lindleyana,  &c. ;  it  should  perhaps  stand  next  Q.  vesiculosa,  Boott. 

62.  C.  rhizomatosa,  Steud.  in  Zoll.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  (1854),  60 
and  8i/n.  Cyp.  206 ;  leaves  shorter  than  infl.  narrow,  infl.  linear,  peduncles 
distant  slender  nearly  simple,  spikes  ovoid  1-4-nntted  brown  in  irregular 
heads,  style  3-fid,  utricle  broadly  ellipsoid  trigonous  scabrous  hairy,  beak 
scarcely  \  utricle  2fid.  Miq.  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  34S.  C.  Cnminjiana, 
Steud.  8yn.  Gyp.  206  ;  Boott  Garex,  iii.  107,  tt.  324,  325  ;  Boeck.  in  Zinncea, 
xl.  367;   Vidal  Fl.  Vase.  Filip.  286.     C.  capitulata,  Boott  ms. 

Assam;  Gowhatty, -Boot*.  Khasia  Hills  ;  N.  fsce,  alt.  2-3000  ft.,  frequent, 
C.  B.  Clarke.  Muneypoor  ;  JFatt.  Patkoyb  Mts.  ;  G^ri^i/^.—DiSTRiB.  Tonkin, 
Java,  Philippines. 

Glabrous  (except  utricles).  Rhizome  very  tough,  covered  with  black  fibres  of 
torn  sheaths  (it  ffrows  where  the  grass  is  burnt  annually).  Stems  tufted,  6-18  in. 
Leaves  usually  3^  in.  by  -i  in.,  not  caudate.  Inji.  6-10  by  scarcely  f  in. ;  uppar 
bracts  about  as  long  as  infl.  Heads  of  spikes  1-^  in.  diam.,  usually  only  one  on 
each  peduncle,  but  peduncles  often  2  from  one  sheath.  Fern,  glume  ovate-lanceolate, 
brown,  often  mucronate  ;  male  glumes  mucronate.  Utricle  fuscous  brown,  obscurely 
8-15-nerred. 

63.  C.  Ziindleyana?  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  121;  leaves  snbbasal 
long  narrow,  infl.  elongate  lower  peduncles  distant,  partial  panicles  con- 
densed oblong  brown-green,  style  3-fid,  utricles  obloag-ellipsoid  many- 
nerved  glabrous,  beak  linear  straight  deeply  bifid  f  utricle.  Kunth  Fnum. 
ii.  612 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xi.  362.  C.  thyrsiflora,  Boott  Carex,  i.  12,  t.  34, 
C.  crnciata,  Thw.  Enum.  355  (partly). 

NiLGHiRi  Hills  ;  alt.  6-8000  ft.,  Wight,  frequent.  Ceylon  ;  alt.  5-8000  ft., 
Thw.  (C.P.  3161,  &c.) 

Stems  1-2 J  ft  Leaves  ^  in.  broad,  not  overtopping  infl.,  not  caudate.  Fern, 
glumes  ovate,  sometimes  shortly  •mucronate,  many-nerved.  Utricles  not  much 
difi"ering  from  those  of  C.  cruciata,  Wahl.,  with  which  Thwaites  united  it.  Partial 
panicles  1^  by  ^  in.,  dense,  unlike  the  pale  pyramidal  partial  panicles  of  G.  cruciata. 

64.  C.  leucantha,  Arnott  ex  Boott  in  Proa.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  257,  and 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  135,  and  Garex,  i.  10,  t.  28 ;  leaves  very  long 
narrow,  infl.  elongate  depauperated,  peduncles  few  distant  very  short 
carrying  1  or  2  small  whitish  heads,  style  3-fid,- utricles  broad-ellipsoid 
trigonous  many-nerved  hairy  not  inflated,  beak  linear  |  utricle.  Thw. 
Fnum.  355  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl.  369. 

South  Deccin;  Courtallum,  Wight.  Ceylon;  not  rare  up  to  2000  ft. 
Thwaites  (C.P.  2631,  &e.). 

Sterns  1-2  ft.,  rather  slen<ler.  Leaves  overtopping  infl.,   ^  in.  broad.     Lower 
VOL.    YI.  3   A 


722  OLxxii.  OYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

peduncles  often  6-8  in.  distant,  exsert  1-2  in. ;  heads  depauperated,  ^  in.  diam.  of 
1-6  spikes.  Spikes  ^  in.,  ovoid  (in  fruit),  4-8-nutted.  Fern,  glumes  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, cuspidate  (cusp  not  overtopping  beak  of  utricle),  nenrly  glabrous  except  at 
top.  Utricle  (with  beak)  |  in.,  nerves  20  not  strong ;  beak  rather  deeply  bifid, 
very  little  conic-dilated  at  base. 

65.  C.  inalaccensis,  G.  B.  Clarke;  heads  pyramidal  rigid  f  in. 
diam.  white,  female  glumes  minutely  hairy,  utricle  strongly-nerved 
glabrous  subinflated  narrowed  into  conico-linear  flattened  beak  scabrous 
on  margins,  otherwise  as  C.  leucantha. 

Malacca;  Langkawi,  Ridley  (n.  1669). 

Bracts  under  terminal  head  4  by  \  in.,  leaf-like,  horizontally  spreading  (in  0. 
leucantha,  weak  suberect  very  narrow).  Beak  of  utricle  curved  inwards  trigonous 
compressed  with  two  acute  veiy  scabrous  margins  (in  C.  leucantha  nearly  terete). 
— The  long  narrow  leaves  and  few  depauperated  remote  white  heads  are  yery  like 
C.  leucantha. 

QQ.  C  spiclgrera^  Nees  in  Wight  Gonfrih.  121 ;  leaves  very  long 
narrow,  infl.  oblong  panicled  fuscons,  lower  peduncles  1-2  in.  distant, 
partial  panicles  oblong  interrupted,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous 
many-nerved  hairy,  beak  oblong  scarcely  \  utricle.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  512  ; 
£oott  Garex,  i.  10,  t.  29  ;  Thvj.  Enum.  355 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl.  368. 

Ceylon  ;  "Central  Province  up  to  6000  ft.,"  Thwaites  (C.P.  n.  822),  &c. 

Stems  1-li  ft.  Leaves  overtopping  infl.,  ^-\  in.  broad.  Inji.  3  by  1  in.  ; 
partial  panicles  i  by  ^  in.,  dense.  Spikes  in  fruit  ovoid,  4-nutted.  Fern,  glumes 
ovate,  often  aristate,  shorter  (including  bristle)  than  utricle.  Utricle  J^  in.,  brown- 
red  ;  beak  scarcely  notched. 

Var.  8  minor,  Thw.  I.e.  355;  very  slender,  infl.  1  by  |  in.  E.  Gardneri,  Boott 
ms. — Ceylon  (C.P,  n.  824),  Gardner.  Stems  8-10  in.,  almost  capillary.  Leaves 
scarcely  ^  in.  broad.     Inflorescence  reduced  to  a  subsessile  interrupted  spike. 

Var.  7  rubella  (sp.)  Boott  Carex,  iv.  176,  t.  599 ;  infl.  a  single  terminal  pyra- 
midal dense  head  f  in.  diam.— Ceylon  (C.P.  2629). 

Var.  ?  5  rostrata,  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  369 ;  utricles  nearly  twice  as  long 
narrower  evidently  beaked  nearly  smooth,  glumes  muticous.  [Cf.  Thw.  Enum. 
355]. — Ceylon  ;  Thw.  (C.P.  2629). — This  appears  from  description  scarcely  a  var. 
of  C.  spicigera,  but  I  have  failed  to  find  it  among  Thwaites  C.P.  2629. 

***  Spikes  long-cylindric.  Peduncles  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  2,  in  each 
sheath  (cf.  C.  arridens,  n.  78.).  [Terminal  spike  sometimes  wholly  male  in  C. 
desponsa  and  C.  prcestans.J 

67.  C.  baccans,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  122 ;  robust,  leaves  and 
bracts  long,  panicle  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  fem..  glumes  striate  nearly 
throughout  their  width,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid-trigonous  gibbous  finally 
berried,  beak  short  ultimately  minute.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  513  ;  Thio.  Enum. 
3.55 ;  Boott  Garex,  ii.  83,  tt.  234-236  and  238,  239  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl. 
339 ;  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  82.  C.  curvirostris,  Kunze 
Sujppl.  79,  t.  20 ;  Miq.  El,  Ind.  Bat.  iii.  350.  C.  recurvirostris,  Steud.  in 
ZoU.  Verz.  Ind.  Archip.  ii.  60,  and  Ci/p.  207.  C.  dolicophylla.  Link  ms. 
(fide  Boecheler). 

SiRKiM  and  Khasia  to  the  Naga  Hills;  alt.  2500-7000  ft.  Malabae  Ghats 
to  Ceylon;  alt.  3-6000  ft.-— Disteib.  Java,  Sumatra,  China,  Philippines. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  very  stout,  short,  horizontal,  with  approximate  ftems. 
Stems  often  3  ft.     Leaves  often  overtopping  inflorescence,  }  in.  broad.     Infl.  12-18 


Carex,"]  clxxii.  CYPERicEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  723 

by  3-4  in.  (small  examples  occur) ;  bracts  much  overtopping  infl. ;  lowest  peduncle 
usually  distant,  exsert ;  partial  panicle  often  2-5  by  1-2  in.  Spikes  1^  by  ^  in., 
male  portion  dark-red  when  young.  Fern,  glvumes  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  obcuse, 
often  cuspidate  sometimes  (even  in  large  examples)  muticous.  Utricle  in  the  fully 
developed  state  -^^  in.  diara,,  nearly  globose,  wall  thickened  more  or  less  succulent, 
red,  nearly  glabrous  rarely  obscurely  scabrous-hairy  near  top ;  utricles  in  the  half- 
ripe  state  usually  olivaceous  with  more  prominent  recurved  beak.  Nut  ellipsoid- 
trigonous,  pyramidal  at  both  ends,  black,  much  narrower  than  utricle  ;  style-base 
linear. 

Var.  ?  $  siccifructus ;  fem.  glumes  3-5-nerved  close  to  the  keel,  ripe  utricles 
ovoid  somewhat  inflated  strongly  many-nerved  pale  scabrous  hairy  near  topf  beak 
straight  short  bifid.  C.  baccans  (an  var.  an  sp.  nova?)  Boott  Qarex,  t.  237. — 
Khasia;  near  Cherra,  alt.  3500  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  C.  B.  Clarke. — Appears  nearer  C. 
Mtfosurvks,  &c.,  than  C.  baccans ;  the  utricles  get  more  or  less  red  occasionally. 

68,  C.  lHyosuruS;  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  122;  robust,  leaves  and 
bracts  long,  panicle  elongate  usually  ample,  spikes  long  many  tailed  by 
male  portion,  style  3-fid,  utricle  oblong  attenuated  at  both  ends  nerved 
slightly  hairy,  beak  short  slightly  notched  nearly  straight.  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  507  ;  Boott  Garex,  ii.  87,  tt.  229,  230,  232  ;  Boeck.  in  LinncBa,  xl.  334.  C. 
macrophylla,  Hochst.  ms.  ex  Steud.  Syn.  Gyp.  p.  207.  C.  aequata,  Nees  ms. 
— Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3384  B. 

NiLGHiRi  &  PuLNEY  HiLLS  ;  alt.  5-7000  ft.,  common.     Courtallum  ;   Wight. 

Glabrous  except  utricles.  Rhizome  stout,  short.  Stems  2-3  ft.  Leaves  often  as 
long  as  stem,  \-^  in.  broad,  scabrous,  caudate.  Panicle  1  foot,  lax  (see  remarks  under 
var.  /3)  ;  branches  scabrous,  scarcely  hairy.  Spikes  3  by  i  in.,  many  male  1^  in., 
pale  or  more  rarely  deep  brown.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  often  cuspidate,  sometimes 
muticous.  Utricle  exceeds  |  in.  inNilghiri  type,  pale,  much  stipitate;  nerves  12-15, 
not  strong.  Nut  narrowly  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  stipitate,  filling  utricle  j  style-base 
not  dilate. 

Var.  3  eminens  (sp.),  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  122 ;  utricles  shorter  broader,  beak 
often  rather  deeply  bifid.  Kunth  I.e.  506.  C.  floribunda,  Boeck.  I.e.  335.  C. 
Myosurus,  Nees  I.  c.  122  (Himal.  pi.).  C.  scoparia,  Wallich,  ms.  Carex,  Wall.  Cat. 
3382,  3397,  3384  A.— Throughout  Himalaya,  alt.  2500-7500  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to 
Bhotan. — Varies  greatly  in  development ;  spikes  sometimes  6  only,  in  C.  B.  Clarke, 
n.  24,938  are  210  in  the  part  of  panicle  preserved.  The  spikes  are  usually  deep- 
brown  in  the  Himal,  plant).  The  utricles  are  always  considerably  shorter  (and 
usually  broader)  in  var.  j8  than  in  the  Nilghiri  plant ;  in  C.  eminens,  Nees,  the  common 
Himal.  plant  the  beak  is  deeply  bifid;  in  some  Sikkim  and  Bhotan  plants  (C. 
fioribunda,  Boeck.)  the  beak  is  not  more  notched  than  in  the  Nilghiri  plant  (the 
utricle  is  much  broader).  In  Wallich,  n.  3384,  A,  tho  whole  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  infl.  is  male. 

Var.  7  ratongensis;  panicle  narrow  10-15-spiked,  fem.  glumes  muticous  deep 
brown,  utricle  very  small  oblong  ellipsoid,  beak  very  short  lightly  notched. — "  C. 
Myosurus  ? potius  quam  C.  baccans,"  ^oo^i  ms. — Upper  Sikkim,  alt.  6-8000  ft., 
Ratong  Valley,  J.  D.  H.  —  Is  taken  here  as  an  extreme  high  level  state  of  C, 
Myosurus,  Nees  (forma  floribunda  (sp.)  Boeck.). 

69.  C.  preestans,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  tall,  very  long,  lower  peduncles 
very  distant  solitary  long,  spikes  long  many  of  the  upper  wholly  male  or 
with  1  or  2  fem.  only  at  base,  fem.  glumes  elliptic-lanceolate  scarcely 
muer<mate  pale  overtopping  utricles,  style  3-fid,  utricles  ovoid  trigonous 
minutely  hairy  at  top,  beak  conic-linear  ^  the  length  of  utricle.  0. 
Myosurus,  DutJiie  ms. 

KiJMAON;  alt.  7-8000  ft.,  Buthie  (n.  6118). 

Glabrous,     Stem  3  ft.     Leaves  and  bracts  as  in  C.  Myosurus.     Infl.  2  ft.  lonc^  j 

3  A  2 


724  CLXXii.  CTPER\OE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke  )  [Care.r, 

lowest  peduncle  exsert  5  in.  Partial  panicles  4  by  H,  appearing  as  if  simple  with 
distant  whorls  of  sessile  spikes.  Spike-i  1|  in.,  throughout  the  plant  many  male, 
many  with  only  one  basal  fern.  Utricle  with  many,  not  prominent,  nei-ves. — This 
may  be  a  sexual  (nearly  male)  state  of  C.  Myosurus,  as  Duthie  regarded  it. 

70.  C.  spiculata,  BooU  in  Proc.  Linn.  8oc.  i.  288,  and  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  139  and  Garex,  i.  3,  t.  7 ;  leaves  narrow,  spikes  denser  with 
obliquely  ascending  fruits,  panicle  more  rigid  (otherwise  as  C.  Myosurus, 
var.  /3). 

SiKKiM;  alt.   1-2000  ft.,  common.     Khasia  Kills,   alt.  250-6000  ft.,   very 
common. 

Utricle  ellipsoid,  trigonous  ;  lanceolate  upwards  ;  beak  as  though  short  cylindric, 
the  strong  margins  of  the  utricle  carried  up  the  beak  as  winged  margins. — Boott 
says  separable  from  C.  Myosurus  by  the  glabrous  utricles,  but  in  Boott's  own 
material  the  utricle  is  more  or  less  hairy — just  as  in  C.  Myosurus. 

Var.  nobilis  (sp.)  Boott  Carex,  i.  4,  tt.  9,  10,  11 ;  infl.  large  compound,  ripe 
utricle  more  spreading  their  short  beaks  somewhat  recurved.  C.  pandata,  Boott 
^s._Jaintea  Hills  ;  alt.  3500-5000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  C.  B.  Clarke.— Th\s  local  form  is 
very  striking,  and  is  named  C.  nohilis  by  Boott  in  Herb.  Hook.  ;  but  the  C.  nohilis 
Boott,  tt-  9,  10,  11,  appear  large  forms  of  Q.  spiculata,  leading  on  to  the  Jaintea 
plant. 

71.  C.  composita,  Boott  Carex,  i.  3,  t.  8;  leaves  long  narrow,  panicle 
long  narrow,  spikes  in  fruit  dense,  fem.  glumes  brown-margined  cuspidate 
often  overtopping  beak  of  fruit,  style  3-fid,  utricle  small  obovoid  pyra- 
midal-compressed at  top  hairy  nearly  or  quite  nerveless  beak  very  small. 
BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  328 ;  G.  B.  Glarke  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xxv.  82.  C. 
Myosurus,  Boott  ms.  {partly). 

From  Bhotan,  Griffith,  to  Mergui,  Griffith,  Khasia  Hills;  alt.  3-6000  ft., 
J.  D.  H.,  &c.,  and  east  to  Naga  Hills. 

Glabrous,  except  utricles.  Rhizome  creeping  ;  stolons  often  3-6  in.  by  i  in. 
diam.  Stems  2  ft.  Leaves  usually  (with  bracts)  overtopping  stems,  ^  in.  broad, 
caudate-setaceous  rough-tipped.  Injl.  6-12  in.,  narrow,  6-15-spiked ;  lowest 
peduncle  usually  short  4-1-spiked,  occasionally  more  distant  long  filiform.  Spikes 
usually  1  1^  in.,  sometimes  nearly  3  in.,  and  much  broader  with  very  long  fem. 
glumes.  Utricle  short- stalked,  green  then  stramineous. — Primarily  distinguishable 
from  C.  Myostirus  and  Q.  spiculata  by  the  nerveless  utricles. 

72.  C-  desponsa,  Boott  Garex,  ii.  82,  t.  228;  leaves  long  narrow, 
peduncles  3-7  very  distant  1-spiked,  terminal  spike  with  fem.  at  base  or 
wholly  male,  fem.  glume  small  ovate  cuspidate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  large 
ellipsoid  trigonous  nervose  glabrous,  beak  linear  f  utricle. 

Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5  6000  ft.,  Moflong  and  Mairung  Woods,  J.  D.  B. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  horizontal.  Stems  12-20  in.  Leaves  numerous 
overtopping  stem,  ^-\  in.  broad ;  lower  spikes  3-6  in.  ap)art,  long-peduncled.  Spihes 
la  by  i  i^-»  1^^>  ferruginous  green.  Utricle  (including  beak)  \  in.,  ferruginous 
or  brown-red,  beak  sparsely  scabrous  with  2  small  teeth. — Boott  likens  this  to  C. 
longipes,  Don  in  general  habit.  It  does  not  seem  really  allied  to  C.  Mi/osurus,  and 
the  terminal  spike  being  not  rarely  wholly  male,  its  true  affinity  is  perhaps  not  with 
the  Sect.  Indicce. 

73.  C.  scitula,  Boott  Garex,  iv.  (1867),  177,  t.  600 ;  stems  slender 
tufted,  leaves  overtopping  infl.  linear,  spikes  3-7  oblong  cylindric  dense 
comose  from  brown-red  stigmas,  fem.  glumes  lanceolate  acuminate,  style 


Carex.]  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  725 

S-fid,  utricles  very  small  ellipsoid  trigroaous  nerveless  minutely  hairy,  beak 
short  conic.     Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl.  385. 

MiSHMEE  Hills;  Paen  Panee  (Khosha's),  Griffith  {Kew  Distrib.  6097). 

Glabrous.  IStolons  long,  slender,  becoming  woody.  Sfems  6-10  in.  Leaves 
}  in.  broad.  Spikes  f  by  ^  in.  Fern,  glumes  ^  in.,  brown-red.  Utricle  nearly 
white,  narrowed  into  beak,  beak  included  much  shorter  than  glume.  Sfyle-branches 
8,  exsert  part  much  longer  than  utricle,  persistent. 

***  Spikes  long  cylindric.     Peduncles  often  peveral  from  one  sheath. 

74.  C  insig*nis,  Booti  Carex,  i.  5,  t.  14 ;  cauline  leaves  many  shorter 
than  infl.  narrow,  their  sheaths  concealing  nearly  whole  stem,  infl.  long 
narrow,  peduncles  several  or  many  from  each  sheath,  spikes  long  linear 
lax  dark  green,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  nerveless  nearly 
glabrous,  beak  conic-linear  |  utricle.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  337. 

From  East  Nepal,  J.  D.  H.,  eastwards  to  Assam  and  the  Khasia  Hills,  alt. 
3500-7C00  ft.,  common. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  stout,  elongate,  covered  by  torn  scales.  Stems  2-3  ft.,  lowest 
6-12  in.  covered  by  nearly  leafless  red  sheaths.  Leaves  6-12  by  ^-^  in,,  flat.  Infl. 
often  12  by  2  in. ;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  not  overtopping  infl.  Spikes 
1^-2  in.  by  ^-i  in.,  mostly  shortly  male  at  top,  terminal  one  sometimes  wholly  mnle. 
Fern,  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  cuspidate,  shorter  (cusp  included)  than  utricles.  Utricles 
(beak  included)  ^  in.,  sometimes  hispid-scabrous  on  angles  and  margins  of  beak, 
otherwise  glabrous.     Nut  closely  filling  utricle;  style-base  linear. 

75.  C.  polycephala,  Boott  Carex,  i.  4,  t.  12 ;  leaves  long,  infl.  elon- 
gate oblong  dense,  peduncles  fascicled,  spikes  large  oblong-cylindric  dense 
straw-colrd.,  fern,  glumes  elliptic  acute,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid 
trigonous  few-nerved  glabrous,  beak  linear  as  long  as  utricle.  Boeck.  in 
Linncea,  xl.  333. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  7-10,000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.,  &c. 

Glabrous.  iZAizoj/te  stout;  stolons  elongate.  Stems  12,  18  in.,  robust.  Leaves 
exceeding  infl.  -i-|  in.  broad.  Infl.  10  by  2-3  in.  Spikes  numerous,  politary  (many 
long-pedicelled),  f  by  J— J  in. ;  terminal  spike  (always  as  seen)  female  at  base. 
Fern,  glumes  acute-triangular,  scarcely  mucronate,  1-nerved,  bright  straw-colrd. 
Utricles  ^  in.  (or  rather  more),  green  finally  black,  not  inflated,  nerves  6-8,  suddenly 
narrowed  at  top  ;  beak  smooth,  shortly  2-fid.  Nut  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  pyramidal 
at  either  end,  dark-brown  ;  style-base  not  dilated. 

76.  C.  Walkeri,  Arnott  ms.  ex  Boott  in  Froc.  Linn.  8oc.  i.  257  and 
in  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  xx.  129,  and  Carex,  i.  2,  t.  4 ;  leaves  nearly  as  long  as 
stem,  infl.  elongate  narrow  interrupted,  peduncles  fascicled,  spikes  long 
linear,  fern,  glumes  oblong-obovate  cuspidate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  oblong 
trigonous  attenuate  at  either  end  glabrous,  beak  conic-linear  length  of 
utricle.     Thw.  Enum.  335 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaa,  xl.  333. 

Nilghiri  Hills  ;  alt.  5-7503  ft.,  frequent,  C.B.  Clarke.  Ceylon;  alt.  7000 
ft.,  Thwaites  (C.  P.  n.  2751),  &c. — Distrib.  Java. 

Glabrous.  Stems  2-3  ft.  Leaves  often  |  stem,  i-J  in.  wide.  Infl.  20  by  2-3 
in. ;  lowest  bract  often  not  reaching  halfway  to  its  top.  Spikes  2  by  -i  in.,  daik- 
brown  in  Ceylon  examples,  pale  ferruginous-green  in  Nilghiri ;  terminal  and  upper 
spikes  often  wholly  male  or  with  only  1  or  2  utricles  at  base.  Fmn.  glumes,  cusp 
included,  shorter  than  utricles.  Utricles  f-^  in.,  scabrous  on  3  angles  and  on  beak, 
attenuated  into  beak,  nerves  not  prominent.     Nut  oblong-ellipsoid  trigonous. 

77.  C.  decora,  Boott  Carex,  i.  5,  t.  15;  stout,  leaves  and  bracts 
long,   infl.    long   narrow,   peduncles   often   clustered,   spikes   large   linear 


726  CLXXii.  CYPEEACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex, 

purple-red,  several  terminal  frequently  wholly  male,  fem.  glumes  ovate 
obtuse  or  retuse,  style  3-jB"d,  utricles  long  narrow-ellipsoid  trigonous  nerve- 
less glabrous,  beak  ^  utricle.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  338. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  alt.  9-12,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  &c.,  abundant. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody  ;  lateral  shoots  strong.  Stems  2-3  ft.  Leaves  often 
overtopping  infl.,  ^-^  in.  broad,  coarse.  Infl.  18  by  3  iu. ;  lower  peduncles  some- 
times 8  in.  exsert,  6  in.  long,  S-spiked.  Terminal  spike  with  a  few  fem.  at  base,  or 
sometimes  6-10  top  spikes  wholly  male  1^  by  -^^  in.  Fem.  glumes  ^^  in.,  dark-red, 
scarious-edged,  lower  often  distant.  Stt/le  long,  base  conic,  branches  3  long. 
Utricles  i-i  in.,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  greenish,  not  inflated  ;  beak  conic-linoar, 
often  minutely  scabrous,  teeth  2  long  linear. — Varies  greatly  in  size  of  glumes  and 
utricles ;  a  large  form  with  utricles  more  than  i  in.  long  and  clusters  of  wholly 
male  spikes  has  been  taken  for  a  distinct  species. 

78.  C.  arridens,  C.  B.  Clarice  ;  robust,  leaves  overtopping  stem,  infl. 
elongate,  peduncles  2-1  from  each  sheath  bearing  many  spikes,  spikes 
linear-lanceolate  dark-red.  with  few  fem.  at  base  or  wholly  male,  style  3-fid, 
utricle  ovoid  trigonous  nerveless  hairy,  beak  linear  hairy  longer  than 
utricle. 

Pegu  ;  Nattoung,  alt.  4000  ft.,  Kurz.     Peeak  ;  alt.  3000  ft.,  Kunstler. 

Glabrous,  except  utricles.  Rhizome  oblique,  woody,  stout.  Stem  18  in.  Leaves 
(subbasal)  numerous,  ^  in.  broad,  coarse,  strongly  striate.  Infl.  12  by  2  in ;  lower 
peduncles  distant,  exsert  2  in.,  stout,  erect.  Spikes  ^-f  in.,  rather  stout.  Male 
glumes  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  scarcely  mucronate,  red-brown  with  scarious  margin. 
Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acuminate,  scarcely  mucronate,  much  shorter  than  utricles  (beak 
included).  Utricle  covered  with  golden  hairs  in  upper  part  suddenly  narrowed  into 
beak,  beak  slender  2 -fid  into  two  large  lips.  Nut  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  pyramidal  at 
both  ends,  dark-brown,  style-base  linear. —  C.  ditaricata,  Wall.  Cat.  3533  from 
Saluen  is  very  young;  it  may  be  this. 

79.  C.  Daltonij  Boott  Carex,  i.  5,  t.  16 ;  large,  leaves  long,  infl.  long 
compound  peduncles  clustered,  spikes  linear,  fem.  glumes  cuspidate,  style 
3-fid,  utricle  small  narrow  ellij^soid  trigonous  nerveless  hairy,  beak  oblong- 
linear  f  the  length  of  utricle.  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  331.  C.  crassipes, 
Boeck.  I.  c.  329. 

Uppee  Sikkim  ;  alt.  7-10,000  ft.,  J.  J).  H.,  Bantling.     Bhotan;  Griffith. 

Glabrous.  No  stolons  seen.  Stems  2-2^  ft.,  stout;  lower  sheaths  horny,  yellow 
or  chestnut-colour,  grooved.  Leaves  many,  overtopping  the  stem,  ^  in.  broad,  stout, 
striate.  Infl,.  18  in.  by  6  ;  peduncles  in  lowest  sheath  sometimes  6-20,  7  in.  long, 
slender.  Spikes  2  by  i  in.,  chestnut  or  pale-yellow  or  intermediate  ;  terminal  spikes 
often  nearly  (sometimes  wholly)  male.  Ferii.  glumes  ovate,  subobtuse,  cusp  reaching 
to  top  of  beak  of  utricle.  Utricles  becoming  chestnut-red  almost  shining  when  fully 
ripe,  narrowed  into  beak  (yet  nut  is  obovoid  rather  obtuse)  ;  beak  not  hairy,  scabrid 
on  the  bifid  teeth. 

80.  C.  insequalis,  Boott  ms. ;  medium  sized,  leaves  long  very  narrow, 
infl.  long  compound,  peduncles  clustered,  spikes  linear,  glumes  shortly  cus- 
pidate, style  3-fid,  utricles  small  narrow  ellipsoid  trigonous  nerveless  hairy, 
beak  oblong-linear  f  utricle. 

KuMAON,  alt.  8-9000  ft.,  Buthie.  Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  Lachen,  9-11,000  ft., 
/.  B.  H. 

Stems  slender,  12-15  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  stem,  hardly  |  in.  broad.  Infl.  7  by 
1  in.  Spikes  |  by  ^  in.,  chestnut  or  pale;  terminal  spike  sometimes  wholly  male. — • 
Closely  allied  to  C.  Baltovi;  the  utricles  turn  shining  chestnut-red  when,  fully  ripo, 
and  (what  is  unusual  in  Carex)  though  the  utricle  is  attenuated  into  the  beak,  the 


Carex.l  clxxii.  cypeeaoe^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  727 

nut  is  obtuse  at  top. — The  diflference  in  size,  stoutness,  and  breadth  of  leaves  between 
this  and  C.  Daltoni  is  great. 

81.  C.  Winterbottomi,  G.  B.  Glarhe  ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow 
slightly  overtopping  infl.,  intl.  long  narrow  of  19  spikes  whereof  6  terminal 
wholly  male,  peduncles  clustered,  fern,  glumes  elliptic  acute  pale,  style 
3- fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  nerveless  hairy,  beak  bifid  i  length  of 
utricle.  C.  setigera  ?  var.  fasciculata,  Strachei/  Cat.  PL  Kumaon,  73 ; 
Duthie  in  T.  E.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x.  616. 

Kumaon;  alt.  8000  ft.,  Strachey  Sf  Winterhottovn  (n.  16). 

Glabrous.     Rhizome    creeping,  woody.     Stems  approximate,  10  in.     Leaves  f-i 
in.  broad,  rather  rigid.     Inji.  6  by  1  in. ;  peduncles  shortly  exserted,  little  divided. 
Terminal  6  spikes  male,  1  by  J„  in. ;  glumes  pale  brown,  acute,  not  cuspidate,  mar-  • 
gins  white  shining.     Lower  spikes  ^  by  ^-^  in.,   with  4-8  basal  females.     Style- 
branches  3,  rather  long.     Fern,  glumes  pale,  1  nerved,  exceeding  utricles. 

82.  C.  pulchra,  Boott  Garex,  i.  4,  t.  13 ;  leaves  shorter  than  infl. 
narrow,  infl.  oblong,  peduncles  short  clustered,  spikes  rather  numerous 
linear,  chestnut-brown,  fem.  glumes  vtry  small  not  cuspidate,  style  3- fid, 
utricle  small  narrow  ellipsoid  trigonous  nerveless  glabrous  red-brown, 
beak  conic-linear  |  length  of  utricle  shortly  bifid.  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xl. 
336. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  alt.  10-14,000  ft.,  Lachen,  J.D.H.  East  Nepal; 
Tambur  River,  J.D.H. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  slender.  Stems  approximate  8-16  in.,  slender.  Leaves 
scarcely  ^  in.  broad,  1  or  2  cauline  often  present.  Infl.  4  by  1  in. ;  spikes  mostly 
fem.  witli  a  few  males  at  top,  terminal  sometimes  wholly  male ;  peduncles  often  6  or 
more  clustered,  not  rarely  divided.  Spikes  1  by  x^-xa  i^-j  n^uch  slenderer  than  in 
C.  incequalis  or  Daltoni.  Fem.  glumes  -J^  in.,  about  as  long  as  utricle. — This 
species  differs  from  all  (except  C.  munda,  Boott)  by  the  very  small  glumes  and 
utricles,  and  very  slender  spikes. 

83.  C.  xnunda,  Boott  Garex,  i.  7,  t.  20;  leaves  about  as  long  as  infl. 
n  irrow,  infl.  very  lax,  peduncles  distant  long  lower  often  paired,  spikes 
oblong-linear  straw-colrd.,  fem.  glumes  elliptic  triangular-tipped,  styles 
3- fid,  utricle  ellipsoid- trigonous  nerveless  glabrous  green-yellow,  beak  i 
utricle  nearly  entire.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  383. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-14,000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.,  &c.,  frequent. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  slender.  Stems  10-18  in.,  very  slender.  Leaves  ^-i  in. 
broad,  weak.  Lifl.  of  few  scattered  distant  solitary  spikes ;  lower  peduncles  often 
exsert  3-6  in.  Spikes  mostly  fem.  at  base  (terminal  sometimes  wholly  male),  f  by 
^  in.  Utricle  yV^iV  in.— Closely  allied  to  C.  pulchra,  Boott;  spikes  and  utricles 
larger  (though  small).  Khacheola  not  rarely  developed  inside  utricle.  Possibly  a 
form  of  C.  Stracheyi ;  the  utricles  are  rather  smaller,  glabrous,  the  terminal  spike 
usually  fem.  at  base. 

84.  C.  Stracheyi,  Boott;  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73;  spikes 
20-30  loosely  panicled  on  slender  long  peduncles,  uppermost  2  male,  lower 
fem.  slender  cylindric  pale,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid-lanceolate  setulose 
narrowed  into  a  linear-conic  beak.  Duthie  in  T.  E.  Atkinson  Gaz.  x. 
618. 

N.W.  Himalaya  ;  Kumaon,  alt.  8O0O  ft.  (Mudhari  Pass),  Strachey  ^  Winter- 
bottom  (n.  18).     Gtjrwhal,  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  Duthie. 

Glabrous.  Stems  12-18  in.  Leaves  as  long  as  the  stems,  ^  in.  broad.  Panicle 
commencing  at  8  in.  from  base  of  stem.     Peduncles  2-5  from  one  sheath,  3-7  in., 


728  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Care^'. 

nearly  capillary;  bracts  not  overtopping  panicle.  Spikes  solitary  (rarely  a  small 
second  added)  f  by  ^^  in. ;  two  upper  male  (in  one  case  with  a  disjunct  fem.  at  bast*) 
ferruginous,  the  others  fem.  often  shortly  male  at  top.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acute, 
(lower  often  mucrouate),  pale,  shorter  than  utricle.  Utricle  small,  less  than  y\  in., 
yellow-green,  obscurely  nerved,  setulose- scabrous  at  least  in  the  upper  half,  granular 
or  subscabrous  below  ;  beak  shorter  than  ntricle,  setulose,  scabrous,  shortly  notched  ; 
exsert  style-branches  much  shorter  than  utricle.  Ifut  fitting  the  utricle,  ellipsoid, 
triquetrous,  brown. — Very  like  CL  munda,  Boott. 

*****  Species  of  Sect.  "  Indict"  not  easily  placed  in  anyone  of  the  preceding 
four  subsections. 

85.  C.  curvata,  Boott  Carex,  i.  2,  t.  5  (non  Knaf) ;  small,  leaves 
filiform,  infl.  compound  oblong  yellow  dense,  spikes  very  small  ovoid  4-6- 
iiutted  with  few  males  at  top,  utricle  ellipsoid  plano-convex  3-nerved, 
glabrous,  beak  very  short  oblong  bifid,  style  3-fid.  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
xxxix.  110. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya;  Tungu,  alt.  12-13,0r0  ft.,  J.  D.  H.     Pharee,  Dungloo. 

Glabrous.  Rhizoyne  woody,  sterns  densely  caespitose,  2-6  in.,  sometimes  curved. 
Leaves  overtopping  the  short  stems,  often  curved,  edges  inrolled.  Infl.  1\  by  ^  in., 
lowest  bract  often  overtopping  it.  Lowest  partial  panicle  subsessile  (peduncle  in- 
cluded in  the  short  sheath),  nearly  ^  in.  with  2-6  spikes.  Spikes  ^  in.,  nearly 
entirely  fem.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  mucronate,  yellow,  back  green, 
about  as  long  as  utricle.  Utricle  yg-  in.,  sessile,  almost  concavo-convex,  yellow  with 
3  gretn  longitudinal  bands;  beak  bifid,  nerves  of  utricle  running  up  into  its  teeth. 
Rudiment  of  the  spicula  usually  present,  as  long  as  utricle,  flat,  green,  3-striate, 
applied  to  the  posticous  face  of  nut,  often  (as  observed  by  Boott)  splitting  the  utricle 
down. — Boott  was  unable  to  indicate  the  affinities  of  this  species  ;  Boeckeler  has 
placed  it  in  the  middle  of  Vignea ;  it  has  several  points  in  common  with  Kobresia. 

86.  C.  inclinis,  Boott  ms. ;  stems  4-9  in.  slender  4-6-spiked,  leaves 
much  overtopping  infl.  narrow,  spikes  solitary  nearly  all  male  at  top 
Terminal  usually  fem.  at  base,  style  3-fid,  utricle  narrow-ellipsoid  tri- 
gonous nearly  nerveless,  beak  l-\  length  of  utricle.  C.  setigera,  var.  S 
inclinis,  Boott  ms. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Tonglo,  alt.  IC.OOO  ft.,  and  Lachen,  alt.  12-13,000  ft., 
J.  B.  H.,  &c. 

Glabrous,  except  minutely  hairy  utricles.  Rhizome  creeping  ;  stolons  elongate, 
rather  slender.  Leaves  numerous,  1  ft.  (and  upwards)  by  \  in. —  Out  of  17  terminal 
i^piJces  2  are  wholly  male,  15  fem.  (usually  only  a  few  distant  utricles)  at  base. 
ISpikes  solitary  f  by  |^  in. ;  male  glumes  dark  red.  Fem.  glumes  ovate -lanceolate, 
mucronate,  not  quite  reaching  beak  of  utricle. — Technically  near  C,  composita, 
Boott. 

87.  C.  frag-ilis,  Boott  Carex,  i.  7,  t.  21 ;  stem  very  slender,  leaves 
about  as  long  as  stem  narrow,  peduncles  3-6  very  distant  filiform,  spikes 
pale  basal  fem.  distant,  style  3-fid,  utricle  (unripe)  oblong-obovoid  minutely 
scabrous-hairy,  beak  linear  ^-f  utricle.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  383. 

SiKRiM  Himalaya,  alt.  11,000  ft. ;  Lachen  and  Lachoong,  J.  B.  H. 

Glabrous,  except  utricles.  Rhizome  very  short,  horizontal.  Stems  densely  uni- 
seriate,  8-14  in.  Leaves  |  in.  broad,  lower  1-3  in.  long,  upper  up  to  12  in.  Lowest 
peduncle  3-4"in.,  capillary,  uppermost  1-2  in.  Spikes  sometimes  1  by  |  in.  with  10 
fems.  at  base;  sometimes  6-8-fld.,  very  slender  the  2  or  3  basal  ferns,  distant.  Fem. 
Illumes  elliptic,  3-nerved,  emarginate,  often  muticous.  Utricle  very  obscurely  few- 
nerve  d. — Extremely  like  C.  inclinis,  collected  at  the  same  place  by  J.  D.  H.  ;  the 
material  of  both  being  scanty,  and  the  fruits  of  C.  fi  agilis  only  half  ripe,  it  is  not 


Carex.]  CLxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  725 

safe  to  unite  them.     C.fragilis  differs  by  the  extreme  slenderness  of  the  iufl.  and 
peduncles,  and  by  lowest  bract  not  (or  scarcely)  overtopping  infl. 

88.  C.  munipoorensis,  G.  B.  Clarhe-,  short,  leaves  and  bracts 
narrow  overtopping  infl.,  spikes  all  fern,  at  base  objong  solitary  straw-colour 
not  very  numerous,  lower  peduncles  2-3-clustered,  glumes  elliptic-lanceolate 
elongate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  oblong  glabrous  beaked. 

MuNiPOOE;  Jopoo,  alt.  9500  ft.,  Watt  (n.  6894). 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody.  Stems  approximate,  6-8  in.  Leaves  subbasal,  nu- 
merous, up  to  11  in.  by  ^  in.,  rather  tough.  Zri/i.  3  by  1  in.,  a  solitary  long- 
peduncled  spike  sometimes  addeil  near  base  of  stem.  Spikes  12—14  on  1  stem,  f  by 
^  in.,  dense.  Male  glumes  very  elongate,  not  cuspidate  ;  fem.  glumes  similar,  rather 
less  elongate,  shining,  irregularly  3-5-uerved.     Utricle  not  ripe. 

89.  C.  speciosaj  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  504;  leaves  long,  spikes  3-1  very 
remote  linear  fem.  at  base,  style  3-fid,  fem.  glumes  short  ovate  muticous, 
utricle  ovoid-pyramidal  many-striate  green  puberulous  hardly  beaked. 
Boott  Carex,  i.  53  ;  Boech.  in  Linncea,  xl.  388  ;  C.  B.  Clarice  in  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  XXV.  82.  C.  concolor,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  125  {not  B.  Br.).  C. 
jjeduncularis,  Wallich  ms.  C.  courtallensis,  Nees  ms. ;  ex.  Boott  Carex,  i. 
52,  t.  138. 

Widely  distributed  in  India,  alt.  1-7000  ft. ;  from  Nepal  to  Sikkira,  and  Khasia 
Hills  to  Muneypoor;  also  Kajmahl,  Parasnath,  and  Mts.  of  S.  India. — Disteib. 
Borneo. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  woody,  short,  with  tough  fibres  (remains  of  lower  sheaths). 
Sfems  1-2  ft.,  slender  but  tough.  Leaves  (subbasal)  often  exceeding  stem,  soiue- 
times  scarcely  ^  in.  wide,  tough,  matiy-striate,  sometimes  |  in.  broad,  flat.  Peduncles 
usually  very  short,  otten  not  exserted  from  sheath,  but  basal  often  4-10  in.  long 
(perhaps  a  stem)  ;  braots  like  the  leaves  usually  not  overtopping  infl.  Spikes  1-3  in. 
by  i  in.  Fem.  glume  triangular -tipped,  muticous,  shorter  th-^n  utricle.  Utricles 
i  in.,  trigonous,  not  inflated,  n)Outh  nearly  entire.  Nut  oblong-obovoid,  f  utricle, 
black  ;  style  (and  its  3  branches)  short,  style-base  scarcely  dilated. 

90.  C.  radicalis,  Boott  Carex,  i.  56,  t.  147 ;  leaves  subradical  many 
exceeding  the  slender  stems,  spikes  2-1  very  remote  broad  ovoid  i  in.  diam., 
style  3- branched,  utricle  ovoid  many-ribbed  hairy.  Boeck.  in  Linnseaf 
xxxix.  40. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Lachen,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

Glabrous,  except  utricle.  Rhizome  oblique  woody.  Leaves  10  by  -jL  in.,  many. 
Stems  almost  capillary,  sometimes  2  from  one  sheath,  sometimes  with  a  leaf  and 
peduncle  in  the  middle.  Spilce  irregular,  sometimes  of  2  or  3  obscurely  fused  into 
one  head,  pale.  Fem.  glumes  ovate-triangular  Inerved,  lower  mucronate,  lowest 
bract-like  sometimes  1  in.     Utricle  few,  small,  with  no  linear  beak,  dull  green. 

91.  C.  curticeps,  C.  B.  Clarice  \  leaves  as  long  as  stem  narrow, 
spikes  2-14  very  long  approximate  several  terminal  often  male  or  with 
few  fem.  at  base,  fem.  glumes  ovate  usually  cuspidate,  style  3-fid,  utricle 
J  in.  and  upwards  elongate-lanceolate  nerveless  glabrous,  beak  ^  as  long  as 
utricle. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  10-12,000  ft.,  common,  C.  -B.  Clarice. 

Glabrous.  Stems  1-2  ft.  Leaves  rarely  more  than  \  in.  broad.  Infl.  \-2>\  in. 
long.  Fruiting  spikes  2-3^  in.  long ;  glumes  ^  in.  apart,  ^  in.  long.  Utricle  alto- 
gether resembling  that  of  C.  decora,  but  sometimes  i  in,  long. — Closely  allied  to 
C'.  decora,  but  the  infl.  is  uniform  and  very  different. 


730  CLXXii.  CYPEHACEiE.     (G.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

Sect.  6.  ATRATiE.  Spikes  few  (1-8),  terminal  male  at  base  fem.  at  top. 
Glumes  dark-chestnut  or  black  except  keel. 

[See  also  C.  melanantha,  G.  ustulata,  and  G.  alopecuroides  in  the  next 
section.] 

92.  C.  alpina,  Sw.  in  Liljeh.  Svensk.  Fl.  ed.  ii.  26  ;  slender,  spikes 
(3-4)  cuboid  or  short  cylindric  approximate  short-peduncled,  style  o-fid, 
litricle  obovoid-ellipsoid  trigonous  granular  pale  obscurely  nerved  smooth 
or  very  nearly  so,  beak  very  small  oblong  emarginate,  nut  nearly  filling 
utricle.  Boott  Garex,  iii.  112  (incl.  var.  /3  infuncata,  'partly),  tt.  356,  357, 
358 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xl.  394,  &  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  104.  C. 
Vahlii,  Schku/ir.  Riedgr.  ii.  46,  t.  Ppp.  fig.  164 ;  Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii. 
16,  t.  235  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  431.  C.  inluscata,  JVees  in  Wight  Contrih. 
125  {partly)  \  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  431.  C.  Lehmanni,  Boott  ms.;  Strachey 
Gat.  Fl.  Kumaon,  p.  73;  Boott  Carex,  iii.  113  (partly);  Duthie  in  F.  T. 
AtJcinson,  Gaz.  x.  618. 

West  Himalaya,  alt.  8-15,000  ft.,  from  Kashmir  to  Kumaon,  common; 
Sikkim;  Yeumtuug,  alt.  15,000  ft.,  J.B.  1/.— Disteib.  Cold  N.  Hemisphere. 

Glabrous.  Mhizome  short,  woody,  slender.  Stems  4-26  in.,  tufted.  Leaves 
usually  much  shorter  than  stem,  near  its  base,  narrow  (-j\j  in.),  weak,  nearly  smooth ; 
not  rarely  a  node  with  leaf  is  added  1-2  in.  below  the  infl.  Spikes  ^-^  by  ^  in., 
often  sessile  in  a  head,  lowest  scarcely  ^  in.  distant ;  lowest  rarely  1  in.  distant,  then 
on  a  peduncle  ^1  in.;  lowest  bract  usually  about  as  long  as  infl.  Glumes  dense, 
^  in,,  ovate,  triangular-tipped,  yellow  keel  very  variable  in  width,  often  0.  Utricle 
about  -jL  in.,  yellow  or  ultimately  pale  brown,  nerveless  or  irregularly  obscurely 
few-nerved,  loose  subinflated  but  fitting  nut ;  oblong  part  of  beak  cylindric,  short  or 
scarcely  any,  granular,  quite  smooth  or  very  sparsely  scabrid;  style-branches  3, 
protruded  part  about  half  length  of  utricle.— C  Vahlii,  Schkuhr,  referred  hereby 
Eoott  and  others,  is  described  and  figured  with  utricles  hairy  all  over,  and  in  my 
opinion  should  be  excluded.  As  to  the  W.  Nepal  plants  referred  by  Boott  to  C. 
Lehmanni,  see  remarks  under  that  plant. 

Var.  j8  erostrata ;  Boott,  1.  c.  71,  t.  194,  fig.  2  ;  beak  of  utricle  0.— Kunawur, 
Eoyle.     Tibet,  alt.  15,000  ft.,  Strachey  8^  Winterbottom. 

Var.  7  gracilenta  (sp.),  Boott  ms. ;  Strachey,  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  p.  73;  very 
slender,  leaves  scarcely  -jL  in.  broad,  spikes  small.  Boeck.  I.  c.  185  ;  Duthie  I.  c. 
618.  C.  alpina,  /3  infuscata  (partly),  Boott  Carex,  iii.  113,  t.  359  ;  Boec/c.  I.  c.  394. 
—  Kumaon,  alt.  10,0G0  ft.,  Strachey  ^  Winterbottom  (n.  20).  Sikkim  ;  Lachen,  alt. 
11-14,000  ft.,  /.  D.  H. — Stems  2-16  in.  Spikes  i  by  ^  in.,  considerably  smaller  than 
in  the  usual  Himalayan  form  (C  infuscata,  (sp.)  Wight),  but  not  diflerent  from 
many  European  examples  of  C.  alpina.  Though  Boeckeler  keeps  this  up  as  a  species, 
Bjott  finally  accepted  Spach's  opmion  that  it  is  only  a  form  of  C.  alpina. 

93.  C.  Xiehmanni,  Drejer,  Symh.  Garicol.  13,  t.  2 ;  lowest  spike 
sometimes  1-3  in.  distant,  lowest  bract  usually  much  overtopping  infl., 
spikes  and  utricle  smaller  than  those  of  G.  alpina,  otherwise  as  C  alpina, 
Sw.  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boott  Garex,  iii.  113,  t.  361 ;  Boeck. 
in  Linnsea,  xl.  395.  0.  infuscata,  ^  microcarpa,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih. 
125  ;  Kunth  Fnum.  ii.  431.— Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3381. 

Himalaya,  alt.  11-13,500  ft.  ;  from  Kumaon,  Strachey  ^  Winterbottom,  to 
Sikkim,  J.  L>.  H.,  frequent. 

Exceedingly  near  C.  alpina,  Sw.  Stems  sometimes  rother  stouter,  acutely  tri- 
quetrous, scabrous,  but  not  rarely  slender  nearly  as  in  C.  alpina.  Utricle  scarcely 
^^2  in.,  often  scabrous  on  the  shoulders,  whence  spikes  often  oblong,  narrower  than 


CarexJ]  olxxii.  cyperacb^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  731 

in  C.  alpina. — Strachey  &  Winterbottom,  n.  21,  the  plant  in  Herb.  Kew  inscribed 
by  Boott  as  C.  Lehmanni,  Drejer,  is,  in  my  opinion,  fairly  typical  C.  alpina. 

94.  C.  obscura,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  126 ;  spikes  (3-7)  oblong  or 
cylindric  approximate  short-peduncled  erect  dense,  style  3-fid,  utricle 
oblong  narrowed  to  each  end  trigonous  granular  yellow  smooth,  beak 
pyramidal  scabrid  emarginate,  nut  nearly  filling  utricle.  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
515 ;  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73 ;  Boott  Carex,  i.  70,  t.  192  ;  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xl.  395.  C.  inf  uscata,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  125  {partly).  C. 
haematostoma,  Serb.  Jacquem. 

West  Himalaya,  alt.  8-10,500  ft.,  from  Kashmir,  C.  B.  Clarice,  to  Kumaon, 
Strachey  Sf  Winterbottom. 

Glabrous.  Stoloniferous.  Stems  1-2  ft.,  rather  slender.  Leaves  oiten  over- 
topping stem,  i  in.  broad,  flat,  weak  (the  leaf  so  commonly  seen  1-3  in.  below  the 
iiifl.  in  C.  alpina  never  (?)  occurs  here).  Spikes  often  very  close,  subsessila,  or 
lowest  sometimes  2  in.  distant  on  a  1  in.  peduncle,  f  by  i  in.,  dark  chestnut  or  black, 
terminal  occasionally  wholly  male;  lowest  bract  usually  overtopping  infl.  Glumes 
ovate,  triangular-tipped,  dark  chestnut,  often  yellow  on  keel.  Uiriele  ij  in.  as 
long  as  glume,  less  than  -^-^  in.  broad,  very  obscurely  inflated,  nerves  irregular  or 
obscure  ;  beak  none,  except  hollow  elongate  pyramidal  part  of  utricle.  Style-branches 
shorter  than  the  utricle. — The  plant  here  described  as  typical  C.  obscura  is  Royle's, 
n.  118  (C.  hsematostoma,  Berb.  Jacquem.),  which  is  C.  obscura,  Munro  and  Boott, 
but  was  0.  irtfuscata  of  Nees.  G.  parvibracteata,  Nees^  referred  here  by  Boott 
(Carex,  iii.  108j,  is  =  C.  psycrophila,  Nees. 

Var.  /3  brachycarpa ;  utricle  much  shorter  obovoid-ellipsoid  narrowed  very 
suddenly  into  a  short-oblong  beak  scabrous  on  shoulders  granular  (not  shining 
yellow)  when  ripe. — Himalaya,  alt.  10-12,000  ft.,  from  Simla,  Duthie,  to  Sikkim, 
J.  D.  H.,  &c. — This  is  Boeckeler's  C.  obscura. — Utricle  usually  nerveless  or  nearly 
so.     Basal  sheaths  a  shining  horny-brown.     Spikes  often  uniform  black. 

95.  C.  atrata,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1387 ;  spikes  3-6  large  approximate 
cylindric  dense  lowest  peduncJed  nodding,  glumes  ovate  acuminate,  style 
3-fid,  utricle  large  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  inflated  yellow-brown  smooth  beak- 
less  nearly  nerveless,  nut  sessile  much  smaller  than  utricle.  ScJikuhr 
JRiedgr.  i.  52,  &  ii.  42,  t.  X.  fig.  77 ;  Kunth  PJnum.  ii.  433 ;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  viii.  16,  t.  237  ;  Boott  Carex,  iii.  114,  tt.  362-364  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea, 
xl.  398.  C.  aterrima,  Hoppe  in  Sturm  Fl.  Deutsch.  [xxi.  3]  12 ;  Kunth  I.  c. 
434 ;  Beich.  I.  c.  t.  236.  0.  caucasica,  Stev.  in  Mem.  8oc.  Mosc.  iv.  68 ; 
Kunth  I.  c.  433. 

Kashmir,  alt.  11,000  ft,,  frequent,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Sikkim,  alt.  11-17,000  ft., 
J.  D.  JH.,  Kiny.  —  DiSTRiB.  Cold  N.  Hemisphere. 

Glabrous.  Stoloniferous.  Stems  1  in.  apart  on  the  creeping  rhizome,  2  ft., 
medium  stout,  triquetrous  scabrous  at  top.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  |-i  in. 
broad.  Spikes  |-1  by  \-i  in. ;  lowest  ^-2  in.  distant,  sometimes  compound  ;  lowest 
peduncle  1-2^  in.,  rather  slender;  lowest  bract  usually  overtopping  infl.  Glumes 
^-^  in.,  fem.  often  nearly  uniformly  black  except  margin,  sometimes  with  yellow 
keel,  male  paler  usually  with  yellow  keel.  Utricle  ^  by  i  in.,  plane-convex,  shining, 
triangular  at  both  ends,  slightly  granular,  finally  shining  ;  mouth  small,  round,  entire 
or  with  a  short  slit  on  one  side.  Stt/le-hranches  much  shorter  than  utricle,  occa- 
sionally the  entire  protruded  part  of  style  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  branches.  Nut 
ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  trigonous,  less  than  half  the  length  of  nut  and  about  half  its 
breadth. — Much  of  Boott' s  Indian  C.  atrata  is  C.  nivalis,  Boott. 

96.  C.  Duthiei^  C.  B.  Clarke;  spikes  approximate,  lowest  very  shortly 
peduncled,  glumes  acuminate  linear-tipped,  utricle  narrow  oblong,  nut 
small  stalked  nearly  filling  utricle,  otherwise  as  G.  atrata. 


732  CLXxii.  OYPEiiACBiE.     (C.  B.  Claike.)  [Carex. 

GuRWHAL;  alt.  13-14,000  ft.,  Duthie(n.  4499),  Sikkim  j  alt.  11-15,000  ft., 
J.  D.  H..  &c. 

May  be  esteemed  a  var.  of  C.  atrata,  but  tbe  utricle  is  not  ^  the  breadth,  so 
that  the  nut  though  smaller  than  that  of  C.  atrafa,  nearly  fills  it.  The  lowest 
peduncle  is  usually  less  than  i  in.,  the  glumes  are  acuminate  to  a  long  linear  obtuse 
black  point  exceeding  the  utricles. 

Var.  (3  glacialis ;  stems  2-6  in.,  leaves  much  shorter  than  stems,  spikes  very 
small  (sometimes  i  by  a  in.),  utricles  small  very  little  inflated.  C.  atrata.  var. 
glacialis,  Boott  Carex,  iii.  114,  t.  365.— N.  Sikkim  ;  alt.  15-17,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. 

97.  C.  nivalis,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  256  and  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  136  and  Carex,  i.  13,  t.  35  {'partly) ;  terminal  spike  wholly  male  or 
fem.  at  top,  utricle  broad  much  compressed  often  of  thia  texture  with, 
minute  beak,  nut  stalked  exceedingly  small  (otherwise  as  G.  atrata). 
Strachey  Cat.  PL  Kumaon,  73;  Boeck.  in  Linnaa,  xl.  400.  C.  cinnamomea 
&  GrifEthii,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  I.  c.  257,  286,  and  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  I.  r.  136,  138.  C.  Oliveri,  BoecJc.  in  Flora,  Ixiii.  455,  and  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  104. 

Himalaya  and  W.  Tjbet,  alt.  11-17,000  ft,  common;  from  the  Kabazoeum, 
Thomson,  &c.,  to  Sikkim,  J.D.  H. — Distrib.  Cabul,  Central  Asia. 

Boott  states  (Carex,  i.  13)  that  he  finally  doubted  whether  this  was  distinct  from 
C.  atrata,  and  it  is  certainly  not,  unless  Boott's  sorting  is  altered.  In  C.  nivalis, 
the  utricle  has  concavo-t^nvex  very  acute  margins ;  its  texture  is  very  thin  becoming 
often  scarious  purple  or  pale.  The  colour  of  the  glumes  varies  excessively,  being 
black-red  in  the  type  plant,  cinnamomeous  in  the  N.-W.  Himalaya,  yellow-brown  in 
Karakorum,  becoming  pale  yellow  or  preen  yellow  in  the  extreme  form;  the  utricles 
in  all  these  forms  are  concolorous  (or  nearly  so)  with  the  glumes.  In  C.  nivalis  (as 
in  C.  atrata)  there  occur  alpine  forms  with  stems  2-3  in.  high.  It  appears  from 
Fischer's  collections  that  Ledebour,  Turczanimow,  &c.,  mui^t  have  included  this  under 
C.  atrata, — C.  Griffithii,  Boott  is  founded  on  Griffith,  n.  78,  which  has,  in  the  four 
infl.  of  this  number,  the  terminal  spike  wholly  male,  and  is  so  described  by  Boott. 
Subsequently  Boott  mixed  with  this  (undoubtedly  correctly)  both  in  Kew  Herb,  and 
in  his  own  Griffith  n.  142  (from  Cabul  also)  which  has  in  the  five  infl.  seen  by  me  the 
terminal  spike  (decisively)  fem.  at  top.  This  is  exactly  the  plant  published  as  C. 
Oliveri  by  Boeckeler,  who  relying  on  the  terminal  spike  supposed  it  must  be  different 
from  C.  Griffithii.  From  the  large  quantity  seen  by  me  I  should  say  the  terminal 
spike  was  about  as  frequently  female  at  top  as  wholly  male.  In  his  "111.  Carex" 
Boott  reduces  his  C  cinnamomea  to  his  C.  nivalis,  but  does  not  refer  to  his  G. 
Griffithii. 

98.  C.  psychrophila,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  127 ;  spikes  approxi- 
mate cylindric  lowest  peduncled,  style  3-fid,  utricles  ellipsoid  trigonou."? 
smooth  pale  green  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  linear-oblong  scabrous  beak 
not  inflated.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  463  ;  StracJiey  Cat.  PI  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boott 
Carex,  i.  70,  t.  191  {excl.  Rople,  n.  112)  ;  Bo-ck.  in  Linncea,  xl.  402.  C. 
asperula,  Nees  I.  c.  124;  Kunth  I.e.  433  {not  of  Turcz.).  C.  parvibracteata, 
Nees  I.  c.  125 ;  Kunth  I.  c.  433.     C.  celsa,  Boott  I.  c.  iii.  108,  t.  330. 

Himalaya;  from  Kashmir,  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke,  to  Sikkim,  alt. 
12,000  ft.,  J.  D.  H. ;  frequent. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  creeping.  Stems  1-2  ft.,  rather  slender.  Leaves  |  as  long 
as  stems,  |-i  in.  wide,  weak.  Spikes  ^-f  by  ^  in.  (in  fruit),  dense;  terminal  spike 
nearly  always  fem.  at  top,  occasionally  wholly  male  ;  lowest  spike  often  1-2  in. 
distant,  on  a  peduncle  ^-1^^  in.  Glumes  small,  ovate,  triangular-tipped,  chestnut, 
with  or  without  a  yellowish  keel.  Utricle  small,  obscurely  nerved,  thin  ;  nut  black, 
nearly  filling  utricle  ;  exsert  part  of  the  3  stvle-branches  much  shorter  than  utricle 
(beak  included),  beak  about  -j  utricle,  rather  deeply  2.fid.  — ^'ot  nearly  allied  to  the 


Carex.']  clxxii.  ctperaoe^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  733 

preceding  group ;  perhaps  near  C.  alopeciiroides. — Boott  has  included  Koyle,  n.  112 
(the  sole  foundation  of  C.  obscura,  Nees)  in  his  C.  psychrophila.  Subsequently 
Boott  (Carex,  iii.  108  in  Obs.)  reduces  C.  parvihracteata^  Mees  (which  is  C. 
psycrophila)  to  C.  ohscura,  Nees. 

Sect.  7.  PR0PEI2E.  Terminal  spile  wholly  male.  (In  C.  ustulata  and  C. 
alopecuroides  frequently,  in  some  others  very  rarely,  there  occur  terminal  spikes 
male  at  base  fern,  at  top.) 

*  Utricle  glabrous  (or  scabrous  on  margins)  ;  beak  0  or  very  short. 

99.  C.  melanantha,  C  A.  Meyer  ex  Ledeh.  Fl.  AH.   iv.   216  and 

Ic.  PZ.  iv.  8,  t.  317;  spikes  3-6  approximate  s-ibsessile  (lowest  peduncle 
rarely  i  in.)  dense,  glumes  black-red  triangular-tipped,  style  3-fid,  utricles 
obovoid-ellipsoid  nerveless  granular  usually  dark-red  upwards,  beak  bardly 
any.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  432;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  211;  Turcz.  Fl.  Baikal. 
Dahur.  ii.  (pars.  1 )  269  a  only ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xl.  399.  0.  nigra,  var. 
/3  Trevir.  in  Ledeh.  Fl.  Boss.  iv.  288.  C.  nigra,  var.  orientalis,  Kegel  Descr. 
Fl.  fasc.  viii.  28.  C.  atrata  Boott  ms.  {partly).  C.  Moorcroftii,  var. 
Boott  ms.     C.  nivalis,  Boeck.  ms.  {partly). 

Kashmir;  alt.  9-12,000  ft.,  Thomson,  &c.,  C.  B.  Clarice. — Distbib.  Central 
Asia,  Cabul. 

Stoloniferous.  Stems  6-24  in.  Leaves  numerous,  often  nearly  as  long  as  the 
stem,  \  in.  broad  ;  lower  sheaths  very  pale  brown.  Injl.  usually  1-2  in.,  longer  than 
lowest  bract.  Spikes  i  by  ^  in.  Glumes  nearly  uniform  black  red  or  with  a 
narrow  pale  keel.  Utricle  shorter  than  glume,  slightly  scabrous  on  shoulders, 
trigonous,  slightly  winged ;  exsert  part  of  stigmas  rather  shorter  than  utricle. — The 
original  description  of  this  species  states  the  terminal  spike  to  be  male  at  base  fem. 
at  top,  as  in  the  type  specimens,  but  in  hardly  any  others ;  the  Indian  examples  have 
the  terminal  spike  male,  and  Tnrczaninow  and  Kegel  say  this  is  so  very  generally 
in  the  Central  Asian  plant.  Boeckeler  and  Boissier  say  that  C.  nigra  maiuly  differs 
by  not  being  stoloniferous ;  but  C.  nigra  is  plentifully  stoloniferous.  Treviranus 
therefore  unites  G.  melanantha  with  C.  nigra  ;  it  has  the  same  general  aspect,  but 
C.  nigra  has  a  totally  different  much -compressed  utricle.  C.  parvifiora,  C.  A. 
Meyer  (Enum.  PI.  Cauc.  p.  30)  which  includes  C.  sahulosa,  Turcz.  and  C.  melano- 
cephala,  Turcz.,  is  also  exceedingly  like  0.  melanantha  in  general  aspect ;  it  is 
common  in  Central  Asia,  and  very  likely  to  occur  in  British  India,  and  to  have  been 
overlooked.  It  differs  from  0.  melanantha  in  having  the  utricle  more  acuminated 
into  a  short  (but  much  more  definite)  linear  beak. 

100.  C*  moorcroftii,  Falconer  ms.  ex  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  xx. 
(1851),  140,  and  Carex.  i.  9,  t.  27;  spikes  larger  brighter  than  in  C. 
melanardha,  glumes  black-red  or  paler,  terminal  spike  often  pale,  utricle 
larger  pale  upwards,  otherwise  as  C.  melanantha  Strachei/  Cat.  PI. 
Kiim'wn,  73 ;  Boerk.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  179.  C.  melanantha,  /3  baicalensis, 
Turcz.  Fl.  Baikal  Dahur.  i.  270.     C.  melaaantba,  var.  Boott  ms. 

Himalaya  and  Tibet,  alt.  12-16,000  ft.,  from  the  Kaeakoeum  to  Tibet  (N.  of 
Sikkim),  alt.  16-17,000  ft.,  J.  D.  U.  and  Phari,  King.—DiSTmB.  Central  Asia. 

Appears  like  a  fine  bright-colrd.  form  of  C.  melanantha  as  the  Russian  botanists 
(and  apparently  Boott  at  last)  esteemed  it  The  fruiting  spikes  look  very  different 
as  ]>ale-yellow  utricles  alternate  with  dark-chestnut  glumes;  whereas  mC.melan' 
antha,  the  dull  black-red  tops  of  utricles  are  concolorous  with  glumes.  C.  Moor- 
croftii  is  sometimes  nearly  2  ft.  high,  with  spikes  ^  in.  in  diam. 

101.  C.  supinaf  Wahl.  in  Haiidl.  Vet.  Acad.  Stoclih.  158;  small, 
rhizome  slender  creeping,  spikes  approximate  sessile  small,  one  terminal 


73  li  CLXXii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

slender  male,  2-3  subglobose  female  4-10-fruited,  style  3-fid,  ntricles  rathf  r 
large  trigono-globose  nerveleSvS  glabrous  not  inflated,  beak  minnte  linear. 
Kunth  MnuTYi.  ii.  444 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  25,  t.  259 ;  Strachey  Gat. 
JPl.  Kumaon,  73;  Duthie  in  E.  T.  Athinson  Gaz.  x.  618.  C.  srlomerata, 
SchJcuhr  Biedgr.  i.  79,  t.  fig.  41.  C.  Schkubrii,  Willd.  Bp.  PI.  iv.  264; 
SchJcuhr  I.  c.  ii.  51,  t.  Qqq,  fig.  158.  C.  obesa,  var.  y  supina,  Boott  Carex, 
iv.  161,  t.  635 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  184. 

Kumaon,  alt.  14-15,000  ft. ;  Bugrdwar,  Strachey  Sf  Winterhottom  (n.  17)  ;  Kutti 
Yang-ti  Valley,  Duthie  (n.  6098). — Distrib.  Central  Asia,  Alpine  Europe. 

Glabrous.  Stems  3-6  in.  Leaves  3-6  by  J^  in.  Terminal  spike  i  in.,  very 
slender;  fem.  spikes  ^  in.  in  diam.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  trianfjular-tipped,  chestnut- 
colrd.  Utricle  obscurely  irregularly  nerved  at  base,  suddenly  contracted,  scarcely 
scabrous  at  top,  nearly  filled  by  nut,  green -yellow  to  pale-brown  ;  beak  slightly 
2-fid.  — C.  obesa  ^ZZiom  {Fl.  Pedemont.  ii.  270)  differs  by  its  larger  size,  lowest  spike 
cylindric  peduncle,  utricle  distinctly  nerved  on  their  posticous  face,  more  acuminated 
into  a  more  definite  beak. 

102.  C.  ustulata,  Wahl.  in  Handl.  Acad.  Stockh.  156 ;  middle-sized 
or  small,  spikes  2-5  approximate,  terminal  male  or  variously  bii^exual, 
lowest  nodding  on  slender  peduncle,  fem.  glumes  elliptic-oblong  black- 
red,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  nerveless  glabrous  acuminated  into  a 
very  short  scabrous  beak  inflated  much  larger  than  nut.  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
462;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  22,  t.  250,  fig.  615  ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  70,  71, 
t.  193,  figs.  1,  2,  and  t.  194,  fig.  1  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  260.  C.  atro- 
fnsca,  Schk.  Riedgr.  i.  (1801),  106,  t.  Y  fig.  82.  0.  coriophora,  Fischer 
ms.  €x  Kunth  I.  c.  463  ;  Strachey  Gat.  PL  Kumaon,  73.  C.  irigida.  Wall. 
7w*.— Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3389,  A. ' 

Himalaya  and  Tibet,  alt.  12-17,000  ft. ;  from  the  Karakorum,  Thomson,  to 
SiKKiM,  J.  Z>-  H. — Distrib.  Cold  N.  Hemisphere. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  creeping ;  scales  pale.  Stems  4-16  in.  (taller  are  called  C. 
coriophora,  Fisch.).  Leaves  usually  f~i  length  of  stem  ;  a  node,  with  a  leaf  1-3  in., 
often  occurs  ^-4  in.  below  the  infl.  Infl.  1-4  in. ;  lowest  spike  sometimes  1-2  in. 
distant  on  peduncle  1-1^  in. ;  lowest  bract  much  shorter  than  infl.,  and  when  distant 
usually  sheathing.  Spikes  ^-f  by  i-i  in.,  short-cylindric  or  ovoid,  dense ;  terminal 
spike  in  the  Europ,  and  sometimes  in  the  Himal.  plants  male  at  base  fem.  at  top,  or 
(not  rarely)  wholly  fem.,  or  frequently  fem.  with  a  few  males  at  top,  or  male  at 
both  ends  fem.  in  the  middle,  or  fem.  at  both  ends  male  in  the  middle.  Utricle 
about  as  long  as  glume,  more  or  less  biack-red,  compressed,  quite  flat  when  the  nut 
does  not  ripen,  otherwise  trigonous  with  two  marginal  wings;  beak  very  short,  2-fid 
or  distinctly  emarginate.  Nut  stalked,  small;  style-branches  shortly  exsert  from 
utricle. 

103.  C.  cruenta,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrib.  128;  closely  allied  to  G. 
ustulata  but  larger  in  all  its  parts,  spikes  5-12  remote,  peduncle  of  lowest 
usually  3-6  in.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  463 ;  Strachey  Gat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73 ; 
Boott  Carex,  ii.  75,  tt.  201,  202,  203  ;  Boec/c.  in  Linnaa,  xli.  261.— Carex, 
Wall.  Cat.  3389,  B. 

Himalaya,  alt.  8-15,000  ft.,  common;  from  Gilgit,  Giles,  to  Sikkim,  J.  D.  i7. 
— Distrib.  Central  Asia? 

Stems  often  2  ft.  and  more ;  infl.  nearly  a  foot.  Fem.  spikes  often  1  in.  ;  lowest 
peduncle  not  rarely  divided,  i.e.  with  1-3  spikes;  terminal  spike  (sometimes  2) 
wholly  male  in  the  copious  material,  except  a  quantity  collected  by  Levinge  at  Sona- 
raurg  (large  typical  cruenta)  where  the  terminal  spikes  are  all  male  at  base  fem.  at 
top.  Fem.  glumes  often  mucrouate.  Utricle  longer  narrower  than  those  of  C.  ustu- 
lata,  less  inflated,  more  or  less  red-black. — Generally  easily   recognized,  but  many 


Carex.']  clxxii.  CYPERACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  735 

small  specimens  T^oott  could  not  sort  between  C.  cruenta  and  C.  ustulata.  These 
are  very  near  C.  fuliginosa,  Schkur,  which  looks  difterent  by  reason  of  its  paler 
utricles.  C.  cruenta  no  doubt  extends  to  Central  Asia,  but  it  is  not  known  under 
what  name  the  Russian  botanists  record  it. 

104.  C.  luaculata,  Boott  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  128  and  Carex,  i. 
9,  t.  26  ;  stems  8-24  in.  slender,  spikes  3-10  cylindric  dense  rigid  dark 
terminal  one  male  paler,  lowest  remote,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid-triangular 
nervose  dark  brown  glabrous  granular  beakless  gland-dotted  to  base.  T/iw. 
Enum.  355  ;  Boeck.  inZinncea,  xl.  191.  C.  micans,  Boott  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad. 
(ISr.  s.)  vi.  419. 

Khasia;  alt.  4000  ft.,  C.B.  Clarice,  &c.  Nilghiri  Hills  ;  alt.  5000  ft.,  C.  B. 
Clarke,  &c.     Ceylon  ;  alt.  5000  ft.,  Thwaites.    Distkib.  Korea,  Japan,  Australia. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  creeping;  stems  1-3  toprether.  Leaves  nearly  as  long  as 
stem,  narrow  (hardly  more  than  ^  in.  broad).  Fern,  spikes  nearly  1  in.  by  ^-^  in. 
in  diam.  ;  lowest  (sometimes  very  remote),  peduncled  (peduncle  often  2-4  in.),  upper 
fern,  often  clustered  erect,  male  slenderer  sessile  bright  brown  ;  bracts  overtopping 
the  infl.,  leaf-like.  Fern,  glumes  jL  in.,  narrow  triangular,  sub-3-nerved,  pale 
brown  with  a  green  centre.  Utricles  unequally  trigonous,  5-8-nerved  on  each  face. 
Nut  sessile,  ^-f  utricle. 

105.  C.  vicinalis»  Boott  Carex,  iv.  133,  t.  428,  fig.  2 ;  three  upper 
spikes  male,  fern.  3  distant  long-cylindric  dense  lowest  peduncled,  style 
3-fid  or  occasionally  2-fid,  utricle  ovoid  beakless  glabrous  minutely 
granular. 

NiLGHiBi  Hills;  Schmidt. 

Apparently  3  ft  high.  Lowest  hract  about  1  foot,  much  overtopping  infl.,  not 
sheathing.  Male  spikes  f  in.,  pale  bright  brown,  close  together.  Fern,  spikes  1^  by 
^-i  in.,  erect;  lowest  peduncle  2  in.  ;  lowest  spike  3  in.,  distant.  Fern,  glumes 
elliptic,  obtuse,  dark  purple  with  green  back.  Utricle  (unripe)  ^^  in.  long,  dusky 
grey,  obscurely  3-5-nerved  on  convex  face,  triangular  at  either  end  ;  style-branches 
hardly  ^  length  of  utricle, — Boott  compares  this  species  with  C.  caespititia,  Nees  ; 
but  the  style  in  C.  vicinalis  appears  generally  3-fid.  The  only  specimen  consists  of 
the  top  of  one  stem,  as  figured  by  Boott. 

**  Utricle  glabrous,  beak  long. 

106.  C.  Jackiana?  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  260  and  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xx.  132  and  Carex,  i.  9,  t.  25 ;  spikes  3-9  distant,  uppermost  one 
male,  others  cylindric-lanceolate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  rather  large  ellipsoid- 
lanceolate  strongly  many-nerved  glabrous  lurid  green  gradually  narrowed 
into  conic  beak.  Miq.  Fl.  Lnd.  Bat.  iii.  353.  C.  instabilis,  Boott  vns.  ex 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  246.  C.  papulosa,  Boott  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
n.s.  418. 

Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  3-6000  ft.,  Griffith  {Kew  Distrih.  6090),  &c.— Distrib. 
Java,  Japan. 

Glabrous.  Stems  2  ft.,  triquetrous,  stoutish,  scabrous  at  top.  Leaves  nearly  as 
long  as  stem,  \  in.  broad.  Spikes  1  by  i  in.,  lower  usually  3-4  in,  apart,  then 
erect  on  short  stout  peduncle,  but  rarely  a  peduncle  near  base  of  stem  (then  of  course 
long  slender)  is  added  ;  spikes  lax-fid.,  sometimes  2-3  in.  long  with  lower  flowers 
remote ;  bracts  overtopping  infl.  Fern,  glumes  ovate,  acute,  pale,  scarious,  acute  or 
mucronate.  Utricle  \  in.,  subtrigonous,  slightly  inflated,  very  strongly  nerved  ;  beak 
as  Ion<?  as  nut,  notched.  Nict  obovoid,  triquetrous,  pale. — The  Khasian  plant  agrees 
very  closely  with  the  Javan, 

Var.  ?  minor ;  much  slenderer,  spikes  few  often  few-fld,  ovoid,  utricle  ovoid 
slightly  nerved  suddenly  narrowed   into  a  linear  beak,     C.  Jackiana,   Thw.  Enilm. 


735  CLXXii.  CYPERiCE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

356  (eoacl.  var.  $)  ;  Bocck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  277— NtLGHiRi  Hills  ;  alt.  7000  ft.,  C. 
B.  Clarice,  n.  11,08L.  Ckylon;  alt.  5000  f,.,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3198).— Stems  2-10 
in.,  very  slender.  Leaves  overtopping  stem,  ^  in.  broad.  Spikes  shorter,  reduced 
sometimes  to  2-4  flowers.  Utricle  wider  than  in  C  Jackiana  type,  stretched  tight; 
on  the  large  nut,  shining  not  lurid,  obscurely  striate,  base  obconic,  beak  narrow 
minutely  scabrid. — This  differs  a  good  deal  from  C.  Jackiana,  and  is  regarded  by 
Boeckeler  (who  transposed  the  name)  as  specifically  different  from  the  Khasiau 
species.  Boott  subsequently  marked  the  plant  as  Q.  Jackiana,  but  he  had  of  it  only 
immature  examples. 

107.  C.  fusiformis,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  128  ;  spikes  6-12  loosely 
panicled,  uppermost  one  male,  lower  female  long  linear  lax  interrupted, 
female  glumes  pale  mucronate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  rather  suddenly 
narrowed  into  oblong-linear  beak  glabrous  slenderly  striated.  Kunth 
Enum.  ii.  471  ;  Strachey  Gat.  Pl.  Kumann,  73  ;  Boott  Carex,  i.  44,  t.  Ill  ; 
Duthie  in  T.  E.  Atkinson  Oaz.  x.  616 ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  248. 

Temperate  Himalaya;  Mussoorie,  Royle,  n.  88;  Kumaon,  alt.  7000  ft., 
Strachey  ^  Winterbottom.     Sikkim  ;  L^ichen,  alt.  10-12,000  ft,  J.D.  H. 

Glabrous.  Stems  \-\\  foot.  Leaves  12  by  \  in.,  flnt.  Lower  fern,  spikes  often 
3-4  in.  apart,  peduncled,  solitary,  2  in. ;  bracts  about  as  long  as  infl.  Fem.  glumes 
ovate,  very  distant,  those  near  middle  of  spike  aristate.  Utricle  z-i  in.*  slender, 
green,  inconspicuously  10-nerved;  beak  aswlongas  utricle,  with  a  few  microscopic 
scabrous  points,  notched.  Nut  ellipsoid,  filling  the  utricle,  pale;  style  branches 
shortly  exsert. — General  appearance  of  C.  sylcatica. 

108.  C.  finitima,  Boott  Carex,  i.  44, 1. 112 ;  female  glumes  (from  tbe 
middle  of  the  female  spike),  elliptic-obtuse  with  a  very  short  lanceolate 
point  not  aristate  (otherwise  nearly  as  P.  fusiformis).  Boeck.  in  Linnaa, 
xli.  247. 

Sikkim  Himalaya,  alt.  9-12,000  ft.,  frequent,  J.  D.  H.,  C.  B.  Clarke.— 
DisTRiB.  Cliina. 

Stems  1-3  ft.  Spikes  more  numerous  than  in  C.  fusiformis,  often  several  from 
one  sheath ;  terminal  not  rarely  fern,  in  the  middle.  Utricle  hardly  nerved,  some- 
%yhat  suddenly  cpntracted  into  a  long  linear  beak. 

Var.  /3  attenuata;  slender,  leaves  shorter  ^  in.  wide,  spikes  fewer  about  1  in., 
utricles  rather  smaller. — Khasia  Hills,  Vale  of  Rocks,  alt.  4500  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke 
(n.  43,675). — Stems  8-12  in.  Leaves  much  shorter  than  stems.  This  appears  more 
different  from  C.Jinitima  than  is  C.  fusiformis. 

109.  C.  breviscapa,  C.  B.  Clarke  ;  stem  very  short  far  outtopped  by 
leaves,  spikes  8-14  linear  greenish  uppermost  one  male,  glumes  distant 
obtuse,  style  3-fid,  utricle  broad  lanceolar  very  angular  many-nerved 
glabrous,  nut  narrow  rhomboid  truncate  at  to]).  C.  Jackiana,  var.  /3, 
breviculmis,  Thw.  Enum.  356  ;  Trimen  Cat.  PI.  Ceylon,  104  {not  of  Boott). 

Ceylon  ;  Ambagowa  District,  Thwaites  (C.P.  3781.) 

Glabrous.  Stems  1-2  in.,  excl.  of  infl.  2-5  in.  Leaves  2  ft.  by  \  in.,  tough, 
many-nerved.  Inji.  narrow;  lower  pedunclea  1^  inch,  erect,  carrying  2-4  spikes; 
bracts  overtopping.  Fern,  spikes  1  by  i  in.  ;  male  i-|  in.,  very  slender.  Fern, 
glumes  much  shorter  than  utricle,  elliptic,  yellowish  with  green  back.  Utricles  i 
in.,  green,  passing  gradually  into  conic  deeply-notched  beak.  Nut  trigonous,  elon- 
gate-rhomboid, truncate  at  top,  closely  fitting  utricle. — Much  more  like  C.Jinitima 
than  Jackiana ;  but  the  nut  is  distinctive,  and  impresses  its  peculiarities  on  the 
utricle. 

110.  C.japonica,  Thunh.  Fl.  Japon.  38;  stolons  long  slender,  stems 
medium  almost  3-winged,  spikes  about  5  close  together  uppermost  one  male 


Carex.]  clxxii.  cYPEBAOEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  737 

(occasionally  fern,  at  base)  small,  lower  fern,  cylindric  very  dense  rigid  pale, 
style  3-ti(l,  utricle  ovoid  glabrous  suddenly  contracted  into  a  linear-conic 
beak.  Sehk.  Riedgr.  i.  115,  t.  Ww,  fig.  110  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  517.  C. 
japonica,  /3  minor,  Boott  Carex,  ii.  88.  C.  cbloroatachys,  Don  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  330  and  Prodr.  43.  C.  Doniana,  8preng.  Si/st.  iii.  825  ; 
Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  128;  Kunth  I.e.  503;  Boott  in  Perry  Exped.  Jap. 
ii.  327  (Donniana).  C.  Motoskei,  Miq.  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  148. 
C.  triohostyles,  Francli.  et  Savat,  PI.  Japan,  ii.  152,  581. — Carex,  Wall. 
Cat.  3395. 

Nepal;  Wallich.  Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  Herb.  Griffijth  (Kew  Distrib.  n.  6079) 
Khasia  Hills,  alt.  5500-6000  ft.,  frequent,  C.  B.  Clarke.  —Distrib.  Japan. 

Description  of  Khasian  plant. — Glabrous.  Shizome  often  8  in.  very  slender, 
with  pale  brown  scales.  Stems  6-15  in.,  rather  stout,  very  acutely  triquetrous. 
Leaxtes  often  as  long  as  stem,  i-^  in.  broad.  Fem.  spikes  ^-1  by  ^  in.,  very  short- 
peduncled,  suberect,  green  or  yellowish,  when  young  almost  comose  from  the  brown - 
red  styles ;  terniinal  spike  small,  almost  concealed  among  the  fem.  spikes  ;  bracts 
far  overtopping  infl.  Fem.  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  aristate,  green  with  scarious 
margins,  hardly  so  long  as  utricle.  Utriclea  -i  in.,  very  close-packed,  obliquely 
ascending,  trigonous,  8-nerved,  beak  narrow,  notched,  glabrous  or  most  minutely 
scabrous.  Nut  ellipsoid,  subacute  at  both  ends,  filling  the  utricle. — ^None  of  the 
Khasian  specimens  match  the  original  C.  japonica,  described  by  Thunb.  *'  spicis 
ovatis,"  and  figured  by  Schkuhr  (=  C.  aphanolepis,  Franch.  et  Savat.).  The 
Indian  C.  japonica  is  C.  chlorostachys,  Don,  which  is  near  the-followiu-g  var. 

Var.  j3  alopecuroides  (cp.)  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Sbc.  xiv.  332  &  Prodr.  43  ;  tall, 
spikes  2  in.  long  linear- cylindric,  male  spike  often  as  long  as  female,  frequently 
female  at  top,  utricle  ellipsoid  passing  almost  gradually  into  obltjng  beak.  Nees  in  .^ 
Wight  Contrib.  128;  Boott  Carex,  ii.  88,  t.  258;  Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  172.  C. 
emodorum,  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  818;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  516.  C.  jjponica,  Booth  Carex, 
ii.  88,  t.  257  (excl.  var.  /3) ;  Boeck.  I.  c.  283.  C.  Doni ma,  Brejef  Syvih.  26^  t.  13. 
Carex,  Wall.  Cat.  3396  A  (partli/)  B. 

Sikkim  Himalaya  ;  alt.  5-7000  ft.,  J.  B.  R.  Khasia  Hills  ;  Nunklao,  alt. 
4-5000  ft.,  ./.  J).  H.,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Muneypoor  :  alt.  8500  ft.,  JTdtt.-^DiSTRLB. 
Japan.  .  -  , 

Out  of  31  spikes  collected  by  me  at  Nunklao  14  have  the  terifiinal  spike ''(mostly 
plentifully)  fem.  at  top.  Stems  much  less  3-winged  than  in  the  Khasia  C.  japonica,. 
Both  Boott  and  Boeckeler  have  reduced  this  plant  to  C.  japonica,  Thunb.,  but  it  is 
very  unlike  it  in  general  aspect ;  the  principal  difference  1  find  in  the  male  spike 
which  is  in  C.  japonica  short  occasionally  female  at  base,  in  var.  (?)  alopecuroides 
long,  frequently  fem.  at  top. 

111.  C.  diluta,  M.  Bieh.  Fl.  Taur.  Catfcas.  ii.  p.  388 ;  iii.  614; 
spikes  3-10  distant,  terminal  one  male,  lower  fem.  cylindric  dense  rusty 
green,  glumes  shorter  than  utricle  rough- tipped,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid 
obscurely  striate  glabrous  green  narrowed  into  a  short-oblong  notched 
beak.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  448 ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  139,  t-  448 ;  Boeck.  in 
liinncea,  xli.  235 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  425.  C.  punctata,  Gaudin  Agrost.  ii. 
(1811),  152  &  FL  Helvet.  vi.  106,  t.  2  ;  Kunth  I.  c.  448  ;  Beichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ. 
viii.  22,  t.  251 ;  Boott  Carex,  iv.  155,  t.  500 ;  Boeck.  I.  c.  271.  0.  laevicaulis, 
Kunze  Suppl.  31,  t.  6,  fig.  2.  C.  rigidifolia,  Seub.  Fl.  Azov.  21,  t.  2, 
fig.  1. 

N.  Kashmir  ;  Indus  Valley,  alt.  7650-9000 ft.,  frequent,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Kuna- 
WTJR  ;  alt.  11,000  ft.,  Munro. — Distrib.  Cabul  and  Central  Asia  to  Lapland  and 
the  Azores. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  0.  Stems  caespitose,  6  in.  to  3  ft.  Leaves  very  variable  (in 
Indian  examples)  sometimes  less  than  ^  length  of  stems  \  in.  broad,  sometimes  20 
VOL.    VI.  3  B 


738  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

by  i  in. ;  bracts  similarly  varying.  Lower  spikes  alvt&ys  distant,  peduncle  sometimes 
hardly  exsert  from  the  sheath  with  erect  rigid  spike,  sometimes  much  longer  with 
nodding  spike  (in  Kunawur  examples  capillary  with  slender  spike) ;  3-5  upper  spikes 
not  rarely  fascicled.  Male  spike  f-1^  in.,  pale  brown,  glumes  hardly  mucronate. 
Fem.  spikes  commonly  f-1  by  ^  in.,  dense,  not  rarely  slenderer  (in  Kunawur  hardly 
i  in.  wide,  much  looser).  Fern,  glumes  shorter  than  utricle,  ovate,  thin,  pale  brown, 
linear-triangular  back  green  excurrent  in  a  scabrous  cusp.  Utricle  -i-  in,,  trigonous, 
irregularly  nerved,  herbaceous,  often  "punctate"  with  ferruginous  dots  (often 
missing  in  Europ.  and  Cent.  As.  examples)  ;  oblong  portion  of  beak  about  \-^ 
length  of  utricle,  glabrous  or  slightly  minutely  scabrous.  Nut  filling  utricle, 
obo void-ellipsoid,  trigonous. — The  identification  of  C.  punctata,  Gaudin,  with  C. 
diluta,  M.  Bieb.  is  due  to  Trevirarus  (Bull  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  1863,  i.  541);  and  is 
accepted  by  Trautvetter,  while  Kegel  {Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  vii.  573)  and  Boissier 
admit  both  species  in  Asia.  The  common  Indus  Valley  plant  appears  to  me 
identical  with  the  European  Q.  punctata,  Gaudin. 

112.  C.  Munroi,  JBoott  ms. ;  tall  slender,  leaves  narrow,  spikes  5-6, 
lowest  very  remote  on  filiform  peduncle,  topmost  male  with  one  utricle  at  the 
base  linear  lax  pale  brown,  female  glumes  ovate  acute  scarcely  mucronate, 
style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  imperfectly  nerved  thin  glabrous, 
narrowed  into  a  short  oblong-linear  beak.  C.  chinensis,  Munro  ms.  C. 
diluta,  var.  Boott  ms. 

Kunawue;  alt.  11,500  ft.  Munro  (n.  2431). 

Glabrous.  Stems  3  ft.  Leaves  18  by  ^  in.,  flat.  Lowest  peduncle  2  in.,  distant 
11  in.  from  the  next.  Spikes  f-li  by  ^-\  in.,  drooping,  rather  lax.  Fem.  glumes 
shorter  than  utricle,  ferruginous  brown,  green  3-nerved  on  back.  Utricle  -J^  in., 
subsessile,  wall  of  thin  loose  texture  pale  ;  beak  very  shortly  bifid,  smooth. — Perhaps 
allied  to  C.  Chinensis,  which  has  erect  less  distant  spikes  and  hairy  utricles.  The 
texture  and  character  of  the  utricle  is  much  like  that  in  C.  diluta,  M.  Bieb.  In 
both  the  examples  preserved  there  is  a  utricle  at  base  of  the  terminal  male  spike. 

113.  C.  ferrugrinea,  Scdj).  Fl.  Camiol.  ii.  225 ;  spikes  3-7  distant, 
terminal  one  male,  lower  fem.  cylindric  long-peduncled  nodding  brown, 
glumes  equalling  utricle  ovate  acuminate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid 
glabrous  beak  lanceolate  longish  notched  scabrous  on  edges.  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  viii.  21,  t.  248;  Boott  Garex,  iv.  207;  BoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  228. 
0.  Mielichhoferi,  Schk.  Biedgr.  ii.  66,  t.  Mmmm,  fig.  198  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
466. 

Kashmib  ;  Pir  Pinjnl,  alt.  11,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. — Disteib.  Alpine  Europe 
and  (if  C.  Scopoliana,  Willd.  be  included)  Central  Asia. 

Glabrous,  brownish.  Stems  1  ft.  Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  stem,  in.  broad, 
flat.  Spikes  all  distant,  f-1  in. ;  bracts  sheathing.  Glumes  (male  and  fem.  similar) 
castaneous-red  with  green  backs,  often  mucronate.  Utricle  quite  glabrous  in  the 
Indian  example  (as  in  Scopoli's  description  and  in  Schkuhr's  C.  Mielichhoferi) ; 
beak  lanceolate-linear  triangular,  plane,  subconcave  on  posticous  face,  glabrous  but 
very  scabrous  on  edges.—  G.  Scopoliana,  Schk.  Riedgr.  ii.  77,  t.  Nnnn,  fig.  199  has 
utricle  hispid  somewhat  subovoid  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  small  oblong  beak.  This 
is  united  (perhaps  rightly)  with  C.  ferruginea,  Scop,  {not  Schk.)  by  Boott  and 
Boeck.). 

114.  C-  tristis,  M.  Bieb.  Fl.  Taur.  Cauc.  iii.  615;  leaves  flat, 
spikes  6-8  cylindric,  uppermost  3  usually  male,  lower  fem.  distant 
peduncled  saberect,  fem.  glumes  ovate  hardly  mucronate,  style  3-fid, 
utricle  ellipsoid  trigonous  glabrous  fulvous-hispid  on  angles  suddenly 
narrowed  into  linear  shortly-notched  beak.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  465.  C. 
sempervirens,  Villars,  var.  y,  Boott  Carex,  iv.  218 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli. 


Carex,'}  olxxii.  oyperacej;.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  739 

227.     0.  Schottii,  Boiss.  Biagn.  ser.  2,  iv.  123.     0.  macrogyna,  Turcz.  {not 
of  Boott,  cf.  Turcz.  Fl.  Baical.  Bahur.  ii.  284). 

N.  Kashmir  to  the  Kaeakoeumj  alt.  13-15,000  ft.,  C.  B.  CZarAre.— Disteib. 
Central  Asia. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  0.  Stems  1-2  ft.,  rather  slender,  trigonous.  Leaves  rarely 
^  the  stem,  ^-^  in.  broad.  Spikes  chestnut-purple,  fern,  f  by  :^  in.  j  lowest  peduncle 
often  3-5  in.  distant,  exsert  2-4  in.  j  bracts  not  overtopping  infl.  Fern,  glumes 
chestnut  with  scarious  edges,  shorter  than  utricle ;  keel  green-yellow  or  concolorous. 
Utricle  -^  in.  (beak  excluded),  green,  prominently  8-nerved;  beak  f  length  of  nut, 
compressed,  setose-scabrous  on  margins.  Nut  filling  utricle,  shortly-stalked,  style 
scarcely  microscopically  pubescent. 

115.  C.  flava,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1384;  spikes  3-6  approximate  (or  lowest 
somewhat  distant)  terminal  one  male,  lower  fem.  short- cylindric  dense,  fern, 
glumes  ovate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  subinflated  ribbed  glabrous  flaves- 
cent  suddenly  narrowed  into  oblong  linear  beak.  Schk.  Riedgr.  i.  72  and 
ii,  56,  t.  H.  fig.  36 ;  Kunth  Enwm.  iii.  446 ;  Beiclib.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  30,  t. 
273  ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Boss.  iv.  299  ;  Boeck.  in  lAnnaea,  xli.  272.  0.  patula.  Host 
Gram.  Austr.  i.  48,  t.  64.  C.  CEderi,  Willd.  in  Act.  Berol.  44,  t.  1,  fig.  2 
{fide  Kunth) ;  Reichh.  I.  c.  29,  t.  272.  C.  lepidocarpa,  Tausch.  ms. ;  Kunze 
Suppl.  52,  t.  13,  fig.  2 ;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl  Germ.  viii.  29,  t.  272. 

Kashmir  ;  alt.  6-11,000  ft.,  Jacquemont,  Thomson,  &c, — Distrib.  N.  temp, 
regions,  Tasmania  (?). 

Glabrous.  Stolons  0.  Stems  caespitose,  I5-2O  in.  Leaves  often  f  length  of  stem, 
^-^  in.  broad.  Spikes  commonly  all  approximate,  sessile  sheath  hardly  any ;  or,  if 
one  spike  is  distant,  that  is  peduncled  in  a  distinct  sheath  (the  rule  throughout  the 
genus).  Fem.  spikes  commonly  ^-^  by  ^  in.,  sometimes  larger;  often  much 
smaller ;  beaks  of  ripe  fruit  stellately  spreading  or  deflexed,  rarely  obliquely  erect. 
Fem.  glumes  ovate,  shorter  than  utricles,  pale  often  yellowish,  muticous  or  rarely 
mucronate.  Utricles  with  8  or  9  thick  ribs  about  half  as  long  as  utricle  ;  beak  with 
an  oblique  small  mouth  or  shortly  notched.  Nut  not  nearly  filling  utricle,  obovoid, 
trigonous. — Boott  has  not  touched  Cfiava  &  0.  CEderi.  The  Indian  examples  show 
the  same  range  of  variation  as  the  European  ;  in  size  from  1^  to  20  in.,  the  spikes 
varying  greatly  in  size,  the  beaks  of  the  ripe  fruit  spreading,  or  deflexed,  or  rarely 
obliquely  erect. 

116.  C.  songrorica,  Karel.  et  Kiril.  in  Bull  Soc.  Mosc,  iii.  525  ;  spikes 
3-5  distant  erect,  uppermost  1  (or  2)  male,  lower  fem.  cylindric  dense, 
fem.  glumes  ovate  cuspidate  shorter  than  utricle,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid 
or  ellipsoid  inflated  corky  shining  red-brown  narrowed  into  short  2-fid  beak 
sessile  subtruncate  at  base.  Boott  Carex,  iv.  200 ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v. 
430.  C.  G-ebleri,  Prescott  ms.  ex  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  261  &  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xx.  141.  C.  nutans,  Boech.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  105  & 
{var.  microcarpa)  in  Linnsea,  xli.  297. 

N.  Kashmir  ;  alt.  8-10,000  ft.,  C.  B.  CZar^c— Distrib.  Cabu),  Central  Asia, 
Mandschuria. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  short,  hoi'izontal,  woody.  Stems  1-2  ft.  Leaves  often  f 
stems,  -i-^  in.  broad.  Male  spikes  often  pale,  narrow,  sometimes  dark  brown  much 
broader  (as  in  C.  nutans,  Host).  Lower  spikes  usually  nearly  sessile,  sheath  short ; 
sometimes  peduncle  1^  in.,  sheath  f  in.  Fem.  spikes  1^  by  §  in.,  or  smaller.  Fem. 
glumes  pale  or  brown  with  green  back,  margins  usually  scarious  white.  Utricle 
often  more  than  ^  in.,  ellipsoid  (as  long  as  in  C.  nutans.  Host)  but  typically  shorter, 
remarkably  truncate,  sessile  ;  teeth  of  beak  deep,  spreading  curved.  Nut  long,  ellip- 
soid, pyramidal  at  both  ends,  trigonous,  dark-brown. — If  Boeckeler  be  followed  in 
treating  C.  songorica  as  a  var.  of  nutans,  Host,  all  the  Indian  (and  neighbouring) 
material  will  belong  accurately  to  that  var. 

3    B  2 


740  OLxxii.  cypERACE-ffi.     (0.  B.  Clarke.)  [Garex. 

117.  C.  rostrata?  Stokes  in  With.  Brit.  PI.  ed.  ii.  1059;  spikes  3-6 
distant  erect,  uppermost  1  (or  2-3)  male,  lower  fern,  cylindric  dense,  fern, 
glumes  lanceolate  not  aristate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  much 
inflated  thin  narrowed  suddenly  into  short  beak,  nut  very  small.  C.  am- 
pullacea,  Gooden.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  207  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  494  ;  Reichh. 
Ic.Fl.  aerm.^'in.  31,  t.  277 ;  Boott  Garex,  iv.  156,  t,  501. 

Kashmir  ;  Jacquemont,  alt.  10-11,000  ft.,  Thomson,  alt.  8-13,000  ft.,  C.  B. 
(Jlarke.     Lahoul  ;  Jaesckke. — Distrib.  Cool  Northern  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stoloniferous.  Stems  2-3  ft.,  robust.  Leaves  often  |  the  stem,  i  in. 
broad,  scabrous  near  tip.  Male  spike  1\  by  i  in.  Lowest  fern,  spike  I-I5  by  \  in., 
often  3  in.  distant,  on  a  peduncle  0-^  in.  Fem.  glumes  purple-chestnut  with 
narrow  pale  back  (in  the  Indian  examples,  often  pale  in  the  European).  Utricles 
(fertile)  J  in.  long,  ellipsoid,  longer  than  glume,  but  many  of  the  utricles  are  ovoid 
more  inflated  (with  stei'ile  nut)  shorter  than  glume  ;  ribs  of  utricle  6-8,  incon- 
spicuous (till  the  nut  is  taken  out  and  the  wall  of  utricle  looked  through)  ;  beak  in 
sterile  utricles  about  ^  as  long  as  utricles  linear-conic,  in  fertile  utricles  much 
shorter,  shortly  2-fid  with  erect  teeth.  Nut  (perfect)  very  small,  not  ^  length  or 
breadth  of  utricle,  obovoid,  dark-brown. — This  Indian  C.  rostrata  is  so  referred  by 
Boott,  and  is  conspicuous  by  the  narrow  chestnut-purple  glumes  imperfectly  covering 
the  pale  (nearly  white)  utricles ;  the  beak  of  the  front  is  very  little  split.  Mr.  Baker 
says  "it  is  not  at  all  good  C.  atnpullacea." 

118.  C.  vesicaria,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1388  {partly) ;  spikes  longer  than 
in  G.  rostrata^  fem.  glumes  ovate-lanceolate  mucronate  or  short-aristate 
pale,  utricle  rather  larger  than  in  G.  rostrata,  beak  deeply  notched  with 
2  conspicuous  shining  lanceolate  riijid  teeth  (otherwise  as  G.  rostrata). 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  494 ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  30,  t.  276  ;  Boott  Garex, 
iv.  162,  tt.  536,  637 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xU.  319. 

Kashmir;  Margan  Pass,  alt.  11,500  ft.,  W.  S.  Atkinson.— Biqtbib.  Cold 
temp.  N.  regions. 

Male  spikes  2f  in.,  and  up  to  1|  in.  apart  (in  the  Kashmir  examples).  Fem. 
spikes  up  to  3  by  5  in.,  both  glumes  and  utricles  pale  stramineous. — Atkinson's 
collection  is  copious,  though  not  fully  ripe ;  Mr.  Baker  says  it  is  "  satisfactory 
vesicaria." 

119.  C.  pseudo-cyperus,  Li7in.  Sp.  PI.  1387  ;  spikes  3-7  moderately 
near  together,  terminal  one  male  pale,  lower  fem.  cylindric  dense  nodding, 
female  glumes  linear-oblong  aristate  pale,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid- 
lanceolate  subinflated  thin  pale  smooth  strongly  ribbed,  beak  2-fid  in  two 
erect  whitened  almost  prickly  teeth.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  501  ;  Reichh.  Ic.  Fl. 
Germ.  viii.  30,  t.  275 ;  Boott  Garex,  iv.  140,  tt.  451,  452  ;  Boeck.  in  Linncea, 
lU.  321. 

Kashmir  ;  alt.  6000  ft.,  Thomson  ;  Pir  Punjal,  alt.  11,000  ft.,  Xewnsfe— Disteib. 
Cool  N.  regions. 

Glabrous.  Stolons  0.  Sterne  2\  ft.  -  Leaves  often  longer  than  stem,  ^-^  in. 
bi'oad,  flat.  Spikes  1-3  in.  long,  lowest  1-3  (rarely  4-6)  in.  distant.  Utricles^  in., 
ultimately  divaricate,  green  or  yellowish;  beak  about  half  as  long  as  utricle,  deeply 
notched.  Nut  ovoid,  somewhat  narrower  than  utricle,  and  about  half  as  long, 
brown. 

120.  C.  acutiformis,  Ehrh.  Beitr.  iv.  43  ;  spikes  3-7  distant  erect, 
uppermost  3-2  male  chestnut-red,  fem.  cylindric  dense,  fem.  glumes 
elliptic-lanceolate  not  aristate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  in- 
flated thin  obliquely  ereot  fuscous  glabrous  obscurely  nerved,  beak  short, 
nut  very  small.     Boeck    in  LinncBaj  xli.  289.     C.  spadicea,  Koth  Tent.  ii. 


Carex,]  clxxii.  cyperage.e.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  741 

461.  C.  paludosa,  Gooden.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  202 ;  Nees  in  Wight 
Contrib.  p.  129  ;  Anderss.  Gyp.  Scand.  17  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  487 ;  JReichh. 
Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  28,  t.  266  ;'  Boott  Garex,  iv.  214.  0.  Kochiana,  DC.  Sort. 
Mmsp.  89;  Eeiclib.  I.  c.  t.  271. 

Kashmir,  alt.  7000  ft.,  Tliomson.  Nepal,  Eoijle  (n.  130). — Disteib.  Cool 
N.  temp,  regions. 

This  differs  from  C.  rosfrata  and  C.  vesicaria  by  the  thick  dark-colrd.  male 
spikes,  the  suberect  (not  divaricate)  ripe  utricles,  the  fa-cous  lurid  grey  colour  of 
utricles  with  shorter  beak. — In  Jaeschke's  Lahoul  collections  is  a  young  Carex  with 
11  spikes,  the  lower  peduncles  carrying  3-4  spikts,  style  3-fid,  utricle  glabrous  ; 
it  is  too  young  for  determination,  and  resembles  generally  G.  acuta  rather  than  C. 
acutiformis,  but  the  style  is  3-fid  so  that  it  must  be  placed  here. 

121.  C.  tumida,  Boott  Garex,  i.  QQ,  t.  181 ;  spikes  5-6  suberect, 
terminal  one  male  long  linear,  lower  fern,  short-peduncled  distant  long- 
cylindric  dense,  fem.  glumes  lanceolate  short  aristate  pale,  style  3-fid, 
utricle  ellipsoid  fuscous  glabrous  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  conic-linear 
shortly-notched  beak.     Boeck.  in  Linngea,  xli.  243. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya,  alt.  9000  ft.,  J.  D.  H.,  alt.  5000  ft.,  Q.  B.  Clarice.  Khasia 
Hills  ;   Shillong,  alt.  6000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous.  Ste.ns  12-18  in.  Leaves  longer  than  stem,  ^-\  in.  broad.  Terminal 
spike  2  in.,  very  narrow,  pale.  Lower  spikes  fem.  2-3  by  \  in.,  ripe  fruits  obliquely 
suberect.  Fem.  glumes  narrow-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  stramineous,  shorter  than 
utricle,  aristate  or  muticous;  bracts  much  overtopping  infl.  Utricle  ^  in.,  not 
inflated,  thin,  obscurely  nerved,  lurid  slate-colrd. ;  beak  nearly  as  long  as  utricle 
its  lower  half  conic.  Nut  obovoid -ellipsoid,  trigonous,  filling  utricle. — The  swelling 
in  the  middle  of  the  beak,  figured  and  insisted  on  by  Boott,  is  taken  from  a  single 
(not  well-ripe)  collection  ;  in  well-ripened  fruits  the  lower  half  of  the  beak  is  conic 
the  upper  narrow  oblong  j  it  is  hardly  possible  to  describe  it  as  tumid  in  the 
middle. 

122.  C.  olivacea,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i.  286,  ^  in  Trans.  Linn. 
Soc.  XX.  138,  &  Garex,  i.  56,  t.  149 ;  spikes  4-8  suberect,  terminal  one  male, 
lower  fem.  somewhat  distant  short-peduncled  long-cylindric  dense,  fem. 
glumes  lanceolate  aristate  pale,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  inflated  fuscous 
glabrous  finally  deflexed  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  short  linear  notched 
beak.  C.  confertiflora,  Boott  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  N.  S.  vi.  [1859]  418,  Sf 
Garex,  iv.  184 ;  Franch.  8f  Savat.  PI.  Japan,  ii.  151,  578. 

SiKKiM  ;  Terai,  /.  D.  H.  Assam,  alt.  300-1000  ft,,  frequent,  0.  B.  Clarke,  &c. 
Cachar,  Keenan. — Distrib.  Java,  Japan. 

Taller  and  stouter  than  C.  twnida,  Boott ;  leaves  in  Hooker's  examples  up  to 
f  in.  broad.  Stolons  long.  Terminal  spike  2-4  by  i  in.,  glumes  obtuse  purple 
with  green  keel.  Fem.  spikes  (not  quite  ripe)  up  to  7  by  ^  in.  in  Hooker's  examples, 
usually  shorter  thicker  denser.  Young  utricle  ovoid-conic,  gradually  narrowed  up- 
wards, when  ripe  much  inflated ;  teeth  of  beak  short,  linear,  finally  spreading  not 
very  prominent.  Nut  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  much  smaller  than  utricle. — Usually  larger 
than  C.  tumida ;  it  is  easily  told  from  it  when  young  by  the  much  thicker  deeply- 
colrd.  male  spike,  when  ripe  by  the  inflated  deflexed  utricles. 

123.  C.  lobulirostris,  Drejer  Symh.  Carie.  27,  t.  14;  spikes  4^6 
approximate  large  cylindric  erect,  terminal  one  male  dark  brown,  glumes 
lanceolate  aristate  dark  brown  fem.  much  smaller,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid 
somewhat  infiated  black  red  glabrous  nervose  suddenly  narrowed  into  a 
linear  shortly-notched  beak.  Boott  Garex,  iv.  190;  Thw.  Enum.  356; 
Boeck.  in  Linncea,  xli.  244.     C.  Arnottiana,  Boott  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  i. 


742  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

260,  (Sf  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  129  {not  of  Drejer).     C.  Neesiana,  Arnott 
ms.  (not  of  Endl.). 

Ceylon,  Gardner,  &c.,  alt.  6-7000  ft.,  Thwaites. 

Glabrous.  Stems  2-3  ft.,  rather  stout.  Leaves  often  overtopping  stem,  ^  in. 
broad.  Spikes  very  close  together,  subsessile ;  lowest  sometimes  1^  in.  distant  on  a 
1  in.  peduncle  j  bracts  very  long.  Fern,  spikes  2  by  ^-^  in.,  rigid.  Utricle  i  in., 
spreading,  hardly  defiexed,' longer  than  glumes,  thin  but  somewhat  succulent;  beak 
concolorous  less  than  ^  length  of  utricle.  Ifut  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  subsessile, 
pyramidal  at  top,  shortly  apiculate,  dark-brown. 

124.  C-  lurida,  C.  B.  Clarice ;  spikes  4-5  distant  cylindric,  terminal 
2-3  male  purple,  lower  fern,  erect  peduncled  dense,  fern,  glumes  elliptic 
aristate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid  inflated  thin  lurid  glabrous  suddenly 
narrowed  into  a  deeply  bifid  beak  with  2  spreading  prominent  linear  teeth. 
C.  rostrata,  Boech.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  317  {the  Sikkim  plant).  C.  ampullacea, 
var.  Boott  ms.— Caricis  sp.  (n.  1067),  Griff.  Bin.  Notes,  194. 

Sikkim  Himalaia  ;  Lachen,  alt.  9-12,000  ft.,  /.  D.  H.  Bhotan  ;  Chupcha, 
alt.  8000  ft.,  Griffith  {Keiv  Distrib.  n.  6066). 

Male  glumes  purple-red  with  green  keel,  triangular  tipped.  Fem.  glumes  purple- 
red  on  sides,  the  3-nerved  yellow  back  excurrent  in  a  rigid  scabrous  arista,  about  a& 
long  as  utricle.  Utricles  in  size  and  shape  about  equalling  those  of  small  examples 
of  C.  rostrata,  but  different  in  colour;  beak  2-fid  very  deeply  into  linear  teeth 
finally  stellately  divaricate,  conspicuous. — Boott  observes  that  he  has  never  seen 
such j^em.  glumes  as  these  in  C.  rostrata. 

125.  C.  fuscifructus,  C.  B.  Clarke ;  spikes  3-6  suberect  somewhat 
distant,  terminal  one  male  greenish,  lower  fem.  cylindric  dense  short- 
peduncled,  fem.  glumes  lanceolate  acute  mucronate  pale,  style  3-fid,  utricles 
ovoid,  fuscous  many-nerved  glabrous,  beak  oblong  conic  very  long  shortly 
2.fid. 

Assam;  Luckimpore,  alt.  300  ft,,  C.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous,  stoloniferous.  Stems  15  in.,  rather  stout.  Leaves  overtopping  stem, 
scarcely  ^  in.  broad.  Lowest  spike  sometimes  as  much  as  3  in.  distant  on  a  2  in. 
peduncle,  usually  much  closer  ;  bracts  1  ft.  Male  spike  1^  in.,  glumes  very  green 
on  back,  aristate.  Fem.  spikes  1^  by  ^^  in. ;  glumes  3-nerved,  rather  shorter 
than  utricles,  scabrous-pointed.  Utricle  nearly  i  in.,  conically  narrowed  at  base, 
somewhat  inflated ;  exserted  part  of  style-branches  hardly  ^  utricle. 

***   Utricle  hairy,  or  minutely  setulose. 

126.  C.  flacca,  Schreb.  Spicil.  Fl.  Lips.  Append,  n.  669  ;  spikes  4-6 
distant  long-cylindric,  terminal  3-2  male,  fem.  glumes  ovate  acute,  style 
3-fid  rarely  2-fid,  utricle  ellipsoid  turgid  obtuse  puberulous-scabrous, 
beak  minute  subentire.  Host  Oram.  Austr.  i.  66,  t.  90;  t.  P,  fig.  57,  & 
t.  Zz,  fig.  113.  0.  glauca.  Scop.  Cam.  ii.  223 ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  459  ; 
Beichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  29,  t.  269;  Drejer  Symb.  Garic.  20,  t.  6;  Boech. 
in  Linncea,  xli.  187. 

SiND,  Pinwill. — Temp.  N.  Hemisphere. 

Glabrous,  glaucous.  Stolons  long,  hardening  into  a  creeping  branching  rhizome 
15  in.  long  in  a  Siud  example.  Stems  8-18  in.  Leaves  f  stem,  f  in.  broad,  harsh. 
Fem.  spikes  1^  by  ^  in.,  dense  in  fruit ;  male  spikes  often  longer  1|  in.  in  Sind 
examples.  Lowest  spike  short-peduncled,  erect,  or  if  very  remote  long-peduncled 
long-sheathed;  bracts  usually  about  as  long  as  infl.  Utricle  small,  about  ^■^J  in.  in 
the  Sind  plant,  obscurely  trigonous. 


Carex.']  clxxii.  CTPBRACEiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  743 

127.  C.  setigrera,  Don  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  330,  &  Prodr.  43 ; 
stoloniferoTis,  spikes  4-8  cylindric  distant,  terminal  1  (or  2-3)  male,  lowest 
fern,  peduncled  erect,  fern,  glumes  ovate  often  aristate,  style  3-fid,  utricles 
ovoid  hispid  suddenly  narrowed  into  small  oblong  notched  beak.  Nees  in 
Wight  Contrib.  126;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  615  (partli/) ;  Boeck.  in  IAnn(sa,x\i. 
189  {excl.  Boott,  t.  6,  cited).  C.  hymenolepis,  Nees  I.  c.  126 ;  Kunth  I.  c. 
505.  C.  setigera,  var.  minor,  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73  {not  Boott). — 
Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3385. 

Himalaya,  alt.  7-10,000  ft.,  frequent,  from  Mussoorie,  Jacquemont,  to  Sikkim, 
J.  D.  H.,  and  Phari,  G.  King. 

Glabrous.  Rhizome  long,  creeping,  -—  in.  in.  diam.  Stems  1-2  ft.  Leaves 
nearly  as  long  as  stem,  |-i  in.  broad.  Spikes  1^-2  in.  long  (in  the  typical  C. 
hymenolepis,  hardly  half  as  much  in  the  var.  chronlepis,  Drejer),  fem.  up  to  \  in. 
broad  (but  not  more  than  ^  in.  broad  in  smaller  forms  referred  here)  ;  lowest  fem. 
spike  often  male  at  top,  rather  lax,  often  interrupted  at  base.  Fem.  glumes  as  long 
as  utricle,  with  a  bristle  much  overtopping  utricle  in  the  standard  form  (which  is 
often  small  or  disappears)  usually  with  bright  brown  sides  and  scarious  margins  (but 
the  colour  of  male  and  fem.  glumes  varies  widely).  Utricle  -^^-^-^  in->  brown-green, 
very  hispid,  nerveless,  strongly  2-edged,  the  concave  face  only  obscurely  ridged  by 
the  angle  of  nut,  margined  by  the  incurved  edges.  Nut  ellipsoid,  trigonous,  nar- 
rowed much  at  base,  dark  brown  ;  style  slender,  glabrous,  base  not  dilated;  exsert 
part  of  branches  about  as  long  as  utricle. 

128.  C.  Schlagrintweitiana,  Boeck.  Cyp.  Nov.  i.  48 ;  stoloniferous, 
spikes  3-6  very  small  cylindric  distant  pale,  terminal  1  (or  2)  male,  lowest 
fem.  peduncled  erect,  fem.  glumes  ovate  often  mucronate,  style  3-fid, 
utricle  very  small  ovoid  hispid  suddenly  narrowed  into  small  oblong 
notched  beak.  C.  setigera,  var.  )8  minor,  Boott  Garex,  i.  2,  t.  6,  fig.  1  (not 
fig.  2). 

N.W.  Himalaya,  alt.  6-10,000  ft. ;  Kashmir,  C.  B.  Clarice ;  Nynee  Tal,  Thomson ; 
Simla,  Schlagintweit  (n.  5039),  &c.     Sind,  Pinwill. — Distrib,  Yarkand. 

Stolons  numerous,  long.  Stems  4-10  in.,  slender.  Leaves  overtopping  stem, 
Y^  in.  broad.  Fem.  spikes  (in  fruit)  ^  by  xo~s^  ^"-j  weak.  Utricles  hardly  -^^  in. 
long.' — Otherwise  as  C.  setigera,  Don,  from  which  this  differs  mainly  in  size. 

129.  C.  inanis,  Kunth  Unum.  ii.  622;  spikes  4-12  cylindric  approxi- 
mate, terminal  one  male,  fem.  glumes  ovate  sometimes  mucronate,  style 
3-fid,  utricle  small  ovoid  trigonous  hispid  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  small 
notched  beak.  C.  setigera,  ^  minor,  Boott  Garex,  i.  2,  t.  6  {mostly,  i.  e. 
fig.  2).  C.  setigera,  y  humilis,  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  126.  C.  setigera, 
var.  fascicularis,  Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73.  C.  setigera,  Kunth  Enum. 
ii.  516  {partly). — Carex  sp.  {Boyle,  n.  122),  Nees  in  Wight  Gontrih.  p.  120. 

Himalaya,  alt.  7-10,000  ft. ;  from  Kashmir,  0.  B.  Clarice,  to  Sikkim,  J.  D.  H. 

Rhizome  divided,  short,  i.  e.  arises  from  lateral  offsetts  not  from  elongate  stolons. 
Stems  2-15  in.,  slender.  Leaves  overtopping  stem,  narrow.  Brads  very  long,  con- 
spicuously overtopping  infl.  Spikes  (in  fruit)  |  by  ^  in.,  dense,  grey-green,  upper 
often  fascicled,  lowest  sometimes  a  little  distant,  short-peduncled,  occasionally  carry- 
ing 3-4  spikes.  Femi  glumes  frequently  muticous,  the  midrib  sometimes  shortly 
excurrent.  Utricle  much  smaller  than  in  C.  setigera,  Don,  more  turgid,  without 
one  face  concave. — Spikes  much  denser  than  those  of  C.  setigera,  Don. 

130.  C  kasliinirensis,  G.  B.  Clarke ;  spikes  3-6  short-cylindric 
approximate,  terminal  1-3  male,  fem.  glumes  ovate  muticous,  style  3-fid, 
utricle  ellipsoid  lanceolate  trigonous  hispid  acuminated  into  oblong  deeply 
bifid  beak.     C.  hirtella,  Boott  ms.  {partly). 


744  CLXXii.  CYPEFACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [Carex. 

KaSHMIE,  alt.  lC-15,000  ft.,  Thomson,  frequent,  C.  £.  Clarke. 

Resembles  generally  C.  prcecox  or  C.  pilulifera,  but  has  an  oblong  beak  to 
utricle  ending  in  two  scarious  lanceolate  teeth.  Rhizome  short,  creeping,  divided. 
Stems  8-16  in.,  slender.  Leaves  all  nearly  basal,  f  length  of  stem,  \  in.  broad,  flat. 
Inji.  usually  1-1^  in.  ;  bracts  not  (or  scarcely)  overtopping  infl.  Spikes  very  close, 
nearly  sessile  ;  lowest  fem.  occasionally  1-1^  in.  distant,  then  shortly  peduneled. 
Spikes  ^-i  in.,  ferruginous;  fem.  with  8-20  utricles.  JJtricle  \  in.  long  (much 
smaller  than  in  C.  hirtella),  greenish,  about  8-ribbed.  Nut  filling  utricle,  dark 
brown,  oblong-ellipsoid  ;  style  microscopically  scabrous-pilose,  exsert  branches  about 
as  long  as  utricle. — The  preceding  C.  inanis,  Kunih,  is  distinguished  irom  the  present 
sp.  by  its  very  long  bracts. 

131.  C.  heematostoma,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  125;  spikes  4-10 
linear-cylindric,  uppermost  3-1  male,  lower  fem.  somewhat  distant  short- 
peduncled  suberect,  fem,  glumes  ovate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  much  com- 
pressed ovoid  tip  triaugular-oblong  deeply  2-fid  hairy,  nut  stalked,  style 
hairy.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  514 ;  Btrackey  Cat.  PL  Kumaon,  73 ;  Boott 
Carex,  i.  72,  t.  196  ;  Boeck.  in  lAnncea,  xli.  302.  C.  macrogyna,  Boott  I.  c. 
7,  t.  22 ;  Boeck.  I.  c.  223  {not  of  Turcz). 

Himalaya  and  VV.  Tibet  ;  N.  Sikkim,  alt.  12-17,000  ft.,  J.  B.  H.,  &c.  Kumaon, 
alt.  10-13,000  ft.,  Buthie,  &c.  Kunawur,  alt.  7-9000  ft.,  Bot/le,  &c.  Nubra,  alt. 
15-17,000  ft.,  Thomson. — Distrib.  Central  Asia. 

Glabrous,  except  spikes.  Rhizome  short;  no  stolons  seen.  Stems  8-30  in., 
unusually  terete.  Leaves  4-20  by  ^  in.,  weak,  flat  when  dry.  Spikes  sometimes  2^ 
by  ^  in.  (or  in  some  high-level  Sikkim  examples^  by  ^  in.  few-fld.),  chestnut-purple. 
Fem.  glvmes  shorter  than  utricle,  mucronate,  dark  chestnut  with  or  without  a  broad 
green  back,  in  the  large  Sikkim  examples  brown-pilose,  in  Royle's  plant  nearly 
(sometimes  quite)  glabrous.  Utricle  |-i  in.,  with  few  obscure  nerves,  usually 
browner  upwards.  Nut  oblong-obovoid,  trigonous,  obtuse,  with  short  oblong  api- 
culus. 

132.  C-  hirtella,  Brejer  Symh.  Caric.  21 ;  leaves  very  narrow  en- 
rolled when  dry,  utricle  ellipsoid-lanceolate  very  long — otherwise  as  C. 
hsematostoma,  Nees.  Boott  Carex,  i.  11,  t.  31 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  209, 
Sf  in  Journ.  Linn.  Sac.  xviii.  105.  C.  tenuis,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  128; 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  516. 

Kashmir,  alt.  9-13,0C0  ft.,  very  common.  Kunawur,  Royle.  Gurwhal, 
alt.  9-10,000  ft.,  Buthie  (n.  62). 

The  full  form  has  utricles  4-i  in-  long  and  is  very  marked ;  but  eastern  examples 
have  smaller  utricles,  and  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  C.  hirtella  by  their  very 
narrow  inrolled  leaves.  The  utricles  in  both  species  are  triangular  at  tip  without 
any  definite  beak  ;  the  terete  stems,  thd  much-stalked  nut,  and  the  very  hairy  style 
are  characteristic  of  both  species.  The  spikes  in  C.  hirtella  are  (usually)  3  male, 
3-2  fem. ;  the  glistening  margins  of  the  glumes  are  sometimes  very  prominent,  some- 
times not  more  so  than  in  0.  hcematostoma  and  many  sp. 

133.  C.  cardiolepis,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrib.  127  ;  spikes  3-5  distant 
cylindric,  terminal  one  male,  fem.  glumes  ovate  truncate  mucronate  pale- 
backed,  style  3-fid,  utricles  obovoid-ellipsoid  trigonous  scabrous  bristly 
suddenly  narrowed  into  minute  oblong  beak.  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  516 ; 
Strachey  Cat.  PI.  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  200  Sf  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  105  ;  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient,  v.  409. 

X.W.  Himalaya,  alt.  8-11,000  ft.,  frequent;  from  Kumaon  to  Kashmir.— 
Distrib.  Cabul. 

Glabrous.  /S^e?M5  6-18  in.,  csespltose  on  a  tough  short  motstock.  irnre*  often 
nearly  as  long  as  stem.  -^-^  in.  broad,  flat.     Lowest  fem.   spike  in  fruit  1  by  i  in.. 


GarexJ]  clxxii.  CYPERACSiE.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  745 

on  peduncle  1^  in.  j  bract  sheathing,  its  free  portion  very  short  (rarely  1  in.).  Fern. 
glumes  rather  large,  conspicuous  by  the  strongly -ribbed  broad  green  back;  male 
glumes  sometimes  similar  but  often  chestnut-red.  Utricle  i  in.,  shorter  than  glume, 
round-trigonous,  obscurely  nerved ;  beak  hardly  notched.  Nut  obovoid,  trigonous, 
tilling  utricle ;  style  very  short,  base  slightly  swollen,  branches  as  long  as  utricle. 

134.  C.  Kalleriana,  Asso  Syn.  133,  t.  9,  fig.  2  ;  spikes  3,  terminal 
one  oblong-cylindric  male,  fern.  2  close  to  it  short  few-ild.,  fem.  glumes 
ovate  green,  style  3-fid,  utricle  somewhat  large  ovoid  strongly-ribbe  I 
green  minutely  glandular-pilose  tip  triangular  shortly  notched.  Boott 
Carex,  iv.  128,  tt.  415,  416 ;  JBoecJc.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  201.  C.  alpestrifc;, 
Allioni  Fl.  Pedem.  ii.  270;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  479.  C.  gynobasis,  Vill. 
Danph.  ii.  206;  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  viii.  25,  t.  259.  C.  diversiflora.  Host 
Gram.  Austr.  i.  53,  t.  70. 

SiND,  Pinwill.  —  DiSTRiB.  Westward  to  Europe.  Also  (subspecies)  in  N. 
America. 

Glabrous.  Stems  6-12  in.,  csespitose  on  a  harsh  short  rhizome.  Leaves  usually 
many,  often  as  long  as  stem,  scarcely  -^^  in.  broad.  Terminal  male  spike  f  by  i  in., 
dense,  pale  brown.  Lowest  fem.  spike  rarely  1  in.  distant,  usually  ovoid  close  to 
the  upper  fem. ;  bract  very  short.  (Slender  subbasal  stems  carry  often  1  spike 
wholly  female  or  male  at  top ;  there  is  no  line  to  be  drawn  between  this  state  and 
the  common  form  of  1  male  spike  with  2  shorter  female  spikes  at  its  base.) 

185.  C.  laeta,  Boott  Carex,  i.  69,  t.  188 ;  slender,  spikes  2-3  distant 
cylindric,  terminal  1  male,  fem.  glumes  broadly  obovate  chestnut-purple, 
style  3-fid,  utricle  obovoid-ellipsoid  trigonous  pilose  tip  short-triangular 
beakless.     Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  199. 

SiKKiM  Himalaya  ;  Tungu,  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  J.  B.S. 

Glabrous.  Stems  4-6  in.,  caespitose  on  a  small  tough  woody  rootstock.  Leaves 
^-f  stem,  T^-x\)  in.  broad,  flat.  Lowest  fem.  spike  f  by  i  in.,  on  peduncle  1^  in. ; 
bract  sheathing,  its  free  extremity  very  short.  Fem.  glumes  very  broad,  tip  de- 
pressed-triangular, keel  narrowly  green.  Utricle  scarcely  -^  in.,  terminated  by  a 
small  round  hole.  Nut  obovoid,  triangular,  filling  utricle ;  style  short. — Boeckeler 
cites  this  as  "  C.  pellucida.  Hook.  f.  et  T.  Thoms,,  not  of  Turcz.'*  C.  pellucida, 
Turcz.,  was  never  published,  nor  does  Boeckeler  say  what  it  was  :  the  name  was 
sent  Boott  (by  Fischer  on  an  example)  who  affixed  it  in  ms.  to  Hooker's  Tungu 
plant.  Turczanimow  subsequently  published  his  ms.  C.  pellucida  as  C.  Kirilowii 
[Fl.  Baical-Dahur,  ii.  (pars.  1)  275] ;  it  is  very  near  indeed  to  C.  l<sta  but  has  more 
acute  fem.  glumes,  and  Boott  subsequently  referred  it  to  C.  pediformis,  C.  A.  Mey. 

136.  C.  setosa,  Boott  Carex,  iii.  108,  tt.  327,  328,  329 ;  spikes  2-6 
distant  slender  cylindric,  terminal  one  male,  fem.  glumes  elliptic  acute  or 
truncate,  style  3-fid,  utricle  oblong-obovoid  trigonous  setose  narrowed 
rather  suddenly  into  a  short  oblong  scarcely-notched  beak.  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xli.  303. 

Himalaya,  alt,  10.12,000  ft.  Sikkim,  J.  D.  If.,  &c.  Gv&wkal,  Duthie.  Kash- 
mir, C.  B.  Clarke. 

Glabrous.  Stems  caespitose  on  a  woody  horizontal  rhizome,  8-12  in.,  medium  in 
the  Sikkim  plant,  filiform  in  the  Kashmir,  Lea'oes  hardly  i  stem,  |-i  in,  broad, 
flat.  Terminal  male  spiJce  more  than  1  in.  in  the  Sikkim  plant,  \-\  in.  in  the 
Kashmir,  pale.  Fem.  spikes  2  by  |^  in.  (in  the  Sikkim  type)  dense,  on  a  2-3  in.  erect 
peduncle  ;  in  the  Kashmir  plants,  fem.  spikes  \-^  in.,  delicate,  lax,  on  filiform  wavy 
peduncles.  Fem.  glumes  likewise  vary  from  narrow  ovate  acute  (in  Sikkim)  to 
truncate  in  Kashmir.  Utricle  small,  shining  brown,  with  few  scattered  long  fulvous 
setae  in  Hooker's  type  plant  (whence  name  setosa) ;  in  the  perfectly  ripe  Kashmir 
plant  utricles  are  green  thin  with  rather  copious  short  pubescence. — The  Gurwhal 


746  CLXxii.  CYPEBAOBiE.     (C,  B.  Clarke.}  [Carex 

examples  since  Boott  (collected  by  Duthie)  are  intermediate  between  the  Sikkim  and 
Kashmir.  The  Kashmir  plant,  both  in  the  truncate  glumes  and  utricles,  is  near 
C.  eardiolepisy  Nees,  but  the  spikes  and  utricles  are  much  slenderer. 

137.  C.  oligrocarya,  G.  £.  Clarke  \  slender,  spikes  4-1  terminal  1 
male,  fem.  spikes  peduncled  with  4-1  utricles,  style  3-fid,  utricle  obovoid- 
ellipsoid  pilose  suddenly  narrowed  into  a  long  deeply-notched  beak. 

N.W.  Tibet  ;  Dras  to  the  Karakorum,  alt.  12-13,000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice. 

Glabrous  except  utricles.  Rhizome  stout,  horizontal.  Stems  6-10  in.  Leaves 
numerous,  much  shorter  than  stem,  -J^  in.  broad,  flat.  Spikes  i-^  in.,  terminal  one 
male  often  with  a  fem.  close  to  its  base  or  may  be  termed  "  androgynous  male  at  top/' 
Lowest  fem.  spilce  1-2  in.  distant,  on  a  1-1^  slender  peduncle  ;  bracts  shorter  than 
infl.  Fem.  glumes  elliptic-lanceolate,  hardly  mucronate,  shorter  than  fruit.  Utricle 
(beak  included)  i-i  in.,  trigonous,  about  8-ribbed,  brown-green  ;  beak  f  length,of 
body.  Utricle  ending  in  two  long  lanceolate  white  glabrous  teeth.  Nut  ellipsoid, 
trigonous,  filling  utricle ;  base  of  style  not  dilated,  branches  long. — The  European 
and  Asiatic  few-utriculate  species  compared  have  all  a  much  shorter  beak  than 
this. 

138.  C.  breviculmiSj  5r.  Frodr.  242;  slender,  spikes  2-5  oblong 
rather  small,  terminal  one  male  pale,  fem.  with  8^14  utricles,  fem.  glumes 
with  long  bristle  much  exceeding  utricles,  style  3-fid  base  dilated,  utricle 
small  ellipsoid  trigonous  slightly  hairy,  tip  pyramidal.  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
522  ;  Boott  Garex,  iv.  181 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnesa,  xli.  209.  C.  Royleana,  Nees 
in  Wight  Gontrih.  127;  Kunth  I.  c.  441 ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  6,  t.  19.  C.  leuco- 
chlora,  Bunge  in  Petersh.  Mem.  Sav.  Etrang.  ii.  142.  C.  Langsdorfii,  Boott 
in  Trans.  Linn.  8oc.  xx.  144.  C.  puberula,  Boott  in  Perry  Exped.  Jap.  ii. 
234. 

N.-W.  Himalaya,  alt.  6-10,000  ft.,  Boyle,  &c.  Sind  ;  Pinwill.  Khasia 
Hills,  alt.  4500-6300  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice.  Munetpooe;  alt.  6000  ft.,  Watt. 
NiLGiRi  Hills  ;  alt.  7000  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice — Disteib.  Japan,  China,  Austral.,  N. 
Zealand. 

Glabrous,  except  utricles.  Rhizome  creeping.  Stems  caespitose,  4—16  in. 
Leaves  often  f  stem,  |  in.  broad,  flat.  Spikes  usually  approximate,  subsessile ; 
lowest  fem.  sometimes  6  in.  distant  on  2  in.  peduncle ;  fem.  ripe  spikes  ^  by 
^  in.  Sti/le  at  base  dilated  green,  sometimes  forming  a  button  as  in  the  nuts  of 
JSleocharis. 

139.  C.  nemostachys,  Steud.  in  Flora,  xxix.  23  and  Gi/p.  218 ;  ro- 
bust, stolons  long,  spikes  3-8  approximate  long-cylindric  very  dense, 
terminal  one  male,  style  3-fid,  female  glumes  linear-caudate,  utricle  ovoid 
trigonous  somewhat  hairy  beak  long  conic-linear.  Miq.  in  Ann,  Mus. 
Lugd.  Bat.  ii.  150,  211;  C.  excurva,  Boott  Garex,  i.  57,  t.  150;  Boeck.  in 
lAnnsea,  xli.'  245.  C.  Zollingeri,  Boeck.  I.e.  242.— Carex  sp..  Griff.  Itin. 
Notes,  86  (n.  1256). 

Khasia  and  Jaintea  Hills,  alt.  3-5000  ft.,  everywhere  very  common,  J.  D. 
Hooker,  &c.     Gaeo  Hills  ;  alt.  1200  ft.,  C.  JB.  Clarke.— Di^tniB .  China,  Japan. 

Glabrous,  except  utricles.  Stolon  very  long,  stout.  Stems  3-1  fl.,  at  top 
triquetrous  scabrous.  Leaves  often  as  long  as  stem,  i  in.  broad,  flat,  margins 
scabrous,  cutting  ;  sheaths  often  fimbriated.  Male  spike  sometimes  4^  by  ^  in., 
always  long;  fem.  spikes  erect  (peduncles  hardly  ^  in.)  3  by  ^  in.,  dense,  appearing 
hispid  from  the  linear  beaks  spreading  in  all  directions  and  the  long  persistent 
style-branches.  Fem.  glumes  from  a  very  short  triangular  base,  linear  as  long  as 
utricles,  finally  whitening.  Utricle  (beak  included)  about  ^  in.— An  unmistakable 
plant  that  cuts  severely. 


Carex.]  clxxii.  cyperace^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  747 

140.  C.  Wallichiana,  Prescoft  in  Wall.  Gat  3380 ;  glabrous  except 
utricles,  stolons  long,  leaves  (all  sub-basal)  long,  spikes  4-8  distant  long- 
cylindric  dense,  3-1  terminal  male,  style  3-fid,  utricle  ovoid -ellipsoid 
densely  hairy,  beak  very  short  divided  nearly  to  base  into  two  lanceolate 
prickly  teeth.  JSfees  in  Wight  Contrih.  (1834),  129  ;  Kunth  Enum.  ii.  483 ; 
Strachey  Cat  PL  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  6,  t.  18  ;  Boech.  in  Linnsea, 
xli.  310  (partly) ;  Aitch.  Gat  Punjab.  PI.  152.  0.  Fedia,  Nees  I.  c.  129 ; 
Kunth  Enum.  ii.  483.  0.  hirta,  Boiss.  Ft  Orient,  v.  431 ;  Boeck.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  xviii.  105  (not  ofLinn).^Gsirex,  Wall.  Gat.  3390. 

N.  India,  generally  from  Rawul  Pindee,  Aitchison,  to  Bdbma,  Griffith,  and 
from  Delhi  Canal,  alt.  800  ft.,  EdgewortU,  to  Sikkim,  alt.  9000  ft..  King. — 
DiSTRiB.  Cabul. 

Stems  6-30  in.  Leaves  often  |  stem,  i  in.  broad,  sheaths  often  fimbriate. 
Spikes  often  1^  in. ;  terminal  males  pale  rather  thick,  often  3-2,  sometimes  6-4, 
rarely  1 ;  fem.  ^  in.  thick,  ashy,  lowest  often  3-7  in.  distant  on  erect  peduncle ; 
bracts  usually  overtopping  infl.  Fem.  glumes  ovate,  acute,  often  muci'onate,  fuscous, 
shorter  than  utricles.  Utricle  (beak  included)  i-i  in.  long,  8-10-nerved;  teeth 
of  beak  ultimately  whitening  spreading. — United  with  C.  hirta,  Linn.,  both  by 
Boeckeler  and  Boissier ;  to  which  it  is  undoubtedly  allied.  C.  hirta  differs  in  the 
sheaths  (or  the  "  ligules "  at  least)  haii-y,  the  m.ile  spike  smaller,  the  utricles 
larger  more  acuminate  into  a  longer  beak.  —  C.  Wallichiana,  Boeck.,  was  founded 
partly  on  Falconer's  n.  1164  which  is  0.  ligulata^  Nees. 

141.  C.  ligrulata,  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  127;  stems  with  nodes  and 
leaves  throughout  their  length,  leaves  :f-i  in.  wide,  spikes  6-8  cylindric 
distant,  terminal  one  male  slender,  style  3-fid,  utricle  densely  hairy  ovoid 
acuminate  into  a  short  2-fid  beak.  Kunth  Enwm.  ii.  516 ;  Strachey  Gat. 
PI.  Kumaon,  73  ;  Boott  Garex,  i.  45,  1. 113  ;  Boeck.  in  Linnaea,  xli.  305.  0. 
brevicnlmis,  Thw.  Enum.  356  not  Br.).  C.  Thwaitesii,  Sance  in  Journ. 
Bot.  V.  235  [cf.  Trimen  Cat.  Pi.  Ceylon,  104).  0.  Wallichiana,  Boeck.  in 
Linnsea,  xli.  310  {partly,  not  of  Prescott).  C.  lachnosperma,  var.  ^ 
major,  Nees  in  Wall.  Gat.  3379  (partly)  (3379  ^  Wall.  Herb,  propr.).— 
Carex,  Wall.  Gat.  3394  (second  sheet). 

Kashmie  ;  Falconer  to  Nepal,  Wallich,  alt.  5-7000  ft.  Khasia  Hills,  alt. 
5-6000  ft.,  Griffith,  C.  B.  Clarke.  Nilgiri  Hills  j  alt.  5-7000  ft.,  0.  B.  ClarTte. 
Ceylon  ;  alt.  4-5000  ft,,  Thtvaites. — Disteib.  China,  Japan. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  (partly)  minutely  hairy,  iJootsiocfc  woody,  short,  knotted, 
not  thick.  Stems  12-30  in.  Lower  leaves  short ;  those  springing  from  middle  of 
stem  about  as  long  as  infl.,  flat,  striate.  Terminal  spike  f  by  J^  in.,  brown.  Fem. 
spikes  1^  by  i  in.,  erect  on  short  peduncles,  pale  or  fuscous.  Fem.  glumes  ovate, 
acute,  mostly  mucronate,  shorter  than  utricles.     Utricle  (beak  included)  J„  in. 

142.  C.  hebecarpa,  C.  A.  Meyer  in  Petersb.  Mem.  8av.  Etrang,  i. 
223,  t.  12;  leaves  and  lower  bracts  very  close  together  scarcely  i  in. 
broad  much  overtopping  infl.,  fem.  spikes  slender  with  distant  utricles^ 
fem.  glumes  whitening  (otherwise  as  G.  ligulata,  Nees),  Kunth  Enum.  ii. 
471 ;  Boeck.  in  Linnsea,  xli.  301.  C.  Wallichiana,  0.  B.  Clarke  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  v.  25,  83  partly,  not  of  Prescott).  C.  lachnosperma.  Wall.  Gat. 
3379,  A. 

Nepal  ;   Wallich.     Mtjnetpoor  ;  alt.  5800  ft.,  C.  B.  Clarice, 
Beak  of  utricle  rather  longer  -and  slenderer  than  in  C.  ligulata,  Nees. 
Var.  )8  lachnosperma  (sp.)  Nees  in  Wight  Contrih.  124  (excl.  syn.) ;  leaves  close 
together  ^  in.  broad,  fem.  spikes  dense  ^— ^  in.  broad.     Kunth  I.  c.  505.     C.  Kunthii, 
Brejer  Sgmh.  Caricol.  22.    C.  gracilis,  Boott  Carex,  i.  59  (partly).   C.  Maubertiana, 
Boott  I.  c.  45,  t.  114.     C.  ligulata,  l^ees,  var.  minor  and  angustifolia,  Boott  ms. 


748  CLXxii.  CYPERACE^.     (C.  B.  Clarke.)  [^Carex. 

Nepal  ;  Wallich.  Khasia  Hills  ;  alt.  4500  ft.,  Griffith  {Kew  Bistrib.  6063), 
J.B.H.  Muneypooe;  alt.  4000-5000  ft.,  C.  B.  CiarA;^.— Disteib.  Cochin- 
China. 

Appears  exactly  intermediate  between  C.  ligulaba,  Nees  and  C.  hehecarpa,  C.  A. 
Meyer;  but  it  grows  mixed  with  the  latter  in  such  a  way  both  in  Wallich's 
collections  and  in  Muneypoor,  that  it  must  not  be  separated  from  it.  This  raises 
a  presumption  that  the  whole  series  of  plants  included  under  Q.  llgulata,  Nees,  and  C. 
hehecarpa  should  be  regarded  as  one  species.  Boott  was  much  puzzled  by  the  inter- 
mediate form,  and  gave  it  various  names;  but  in  reducing  it  to  C.  gracilis,  he 
forgot  that  the  style  in  gracilis  is  2-fid. 

Undetermined  Indian  Caeex. 

1.  C.  AiTCHisoNi,  Boeck.  in  Flora,  Ixiii.  456.  Kurrum  Valley  (British 
Afghanistan)  ;  Aitchison.  Allied  to  0.  microlepis,  Boeck.  <fe  C.  punctata,  Gaud.,^(Ze 
Boeckeler. 

2.  C.  CYL0CI8TIS,  BoecTc.  Cyp.  Nov.  I.  47.  Tibet;  Schlagintweit,  n.  8860  (partly) 
and  (n.  7045).     Allied  to  C.  pulla,  fide  BoecTceler. 

3.  C.  DIMORPHA,  Boeck.  I.e.  45.  W.  Himalaya;  Schlagintweit  n.  (4175). 
Allied  to  C.  alpina,  fide  Boeckeler. 

4.  C.  EXiGUA,  Boeck.  in  Engl.  Jahrh.  v.  514.  Ceylon;  Wichura  (n.  2690). 
Allied  to  C.  acicularis  8f  C.  Archeri,  fide  Boeckeler. 

5.  C.  HEiEROLEPis,  Boeck.  Cyp.  Nov.  1.  48  (not  of  Boott).  Spiti ;  Schlagintweit 
(n.  6972).     Allied  to  C  magellanica,  fide  Boeckeler. 

6.  C.  LONGEPEDICELLATA,  Boeck.  Cyp.  NovtB,  i.  41.  Ladak;  Schlagintweit  (n. 
1642).     Allied  to  C.  stenophglla,  C.  incurva,  fide  Boeckeler. 

7.  C.  LONQicusPis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  4S.  Balti;  Schlagintweit  (n.  6088).  Allied  to 
C.  fuliginosa,  C .  frigida,  fide  Boeckeler. 

8.  C.  MACEANTHA,  Boeck.  I.  c.  49.  Tibet ;  Schlagintweit  (n.7017).  Allied  to  C. 
ustulata,  fide  Boeckeler. 

9.  C.  MELANOLEPis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  47.  Lahoul ;  Schlagintweit  (n.  2869)  (partly). 
Allied  to  C.  pulla,  fide  Boeckeler. 

10.  C.  MiNUTiPLORA,  Boeck.  I.  c.  51.  W.  Himalaya  ;  alt.  6000-7300  ft.,  Schla- 
gintweit (n.  4919).     Allied  to  C.  hehecarpa,  C.  A.  Meyer, /de  Boeckeler. 

11.  C.  POLYGYNA,  Boeck.  I.e.  40.  Kishtwar;  Schlagintweit  (w.  Z^4<0).  Allied 
to  C.  leiocarpa,  fide  Boeckeler. 

12.  C.  PSEUDo-BicoLOR,  Boeck.  I.  c.  44.  W.  Himalaya;  Schlagintweit (u.  8643) 
Allied  to  G.  hicolor,  fide  Boeckeler. 

13.  C.  TiBETiCA,  Boeck.  I.  c.  46.  Spiti ;  Schlagintweit  (n.  6960).  Allied  to  C. 
Lehmanni,  fide  Boeckeler. 

'     14.  C.  TRisPicuLATA,  Boeck.  I.  c.  45.     Gurwhal ;  alt.  10,000-10,600  ft.,  Schla- 
gintweit) n.  10,'  56).     Allied  to  C.  hicolor  and  C.  pseudo -hicolor,  fide  Boeckeler. 

15.  C.  UNCiNiiFORMis,  Boeck.  I.  c.  40.  Kumaon  ;  alt.  11,000-12,000  ft.,  Schla- 
gintweit (u.  9640).     Allied  to  C.  linearis,  Boott,  fide  Boeckeler. 

Lasiolepis,  Boeck.  (in  Flora,  Ivi.  90,  and  in  Linnaea,  xxxviii.  542),  referred  by 
its  author  to  Cyperacece,  is,  as  pointed  out  in  Gen.  Plant,  (iii.  1043)  identical  with 
Mriocaulon.  The  description  of  the  only  Indian  species,  L.  hrevifolia,  is  too  incom- 
plete for  identification  with  any  previously  described  Eriocaulon,  but  answers  to 
several  common  ones. 


INDEX  OF  GENERA,  SPECIES  AND  SYNONYMS, 


The  Synonyms  and  Species  incidentally  mentioned  are  printed  in  italics. 


Page 

Ahildgaardia  cinnamo- 

metorum,  Thw.  .  650 
compressa,  Presl  .  649 
cyperoides,  Nees  .  650 
Eragrostis,  Boeck.  .  648 
fulvescens,  Thw.  .  .  650 
fuscay  Nees  .  .  .  649 
indica,  Nees  .  .  .  649 
Icevigata,  Link  .  .  649 
monostachya,  Vahl  ,  649 
nervosa,  Presl  ,  .  634 
pauciflora,  Kunth  .  649 
Botthoellianay  Nees ,  649 
tristachya,  Vahl  .  .  649 
sp.,  Wall 649 

Acampe,  Lindl.  .  .  54,  179 
cephalotes,  Lindl.  .  63 
congesta,  Lindl.  .  .  63 
dentata,  Lindl.  .  62,  66 
excavata,  Lindl.  .  .  63 
Griffithii,  BcU.  f.  .  66 
intermedia,  Rchh.  f.  66 
?  longifolia,  Lindl.  .  62 
?  multijiora,  Lindl.  .  62 
papulosa,  Lindl.  .  .  63 
Wightiana,  Lindl.  .  62 
Wightiana,  Thw.      .     62 

Accra^       angustifolia, 

Lindl 129 

Achasma  macro cheilos, 

Griff. 235 

megalocheilos,  Griff.    236 
metriocheilos,  Griff. .  234 

Aclisia  elegans,  Hassk.  368 
gigantea,  Hassk.  .  .  368 
indica,  Wt.  ...  368 
sorzogonensis,  E. 

Meyer     .     .     .     .367 


Page 
?  Thomsoni,  Clarke  .  376 
umhellata,  Clarke  .  368 
sp.  Hf.  &  T.     .    367,  368 

AcornSj  Linn.  .  .  .  555 
Belangeri,  Schott  .  555 
Calamus,  Linn.  .  .  555 
Calamus,  Benth.  .  556 
Casia,  Bertol.  .  .  555 
gramineus,  Soland  .  556 
Griffithii,  Schott .  .  555 
nilaghirensis,  Schott  555 
Tatarinovii,  Schott .  556 
terrestris,  Spreng.    .  556 

Acriopsis,  Reinwdt.  .  79 
crispa^  Griff.  ...  79 
Griffithii,  Rchb.  f.  .  79 
indica,  Wt.  .  .  .  79 
javanioa,  Reinwdt.  .  79 
picta,  Lindl.  ...  79 
Eidleyi,  Hk.  /.     .     .     79 

Actinoschoenus     filifor- 

mis,  Benth. .     .     .  650 
sp.  Benth.       .     .     .651 

?  Adenoncos  virens,  Bl.     77 

Ad^nosfylis  emarginata, 

Bl 107 

integerrima,  Bl.    .     .  107 

brides,  Lour.  .  43,  178 
&ffine.  Wall.  ...  44 
amplexicaule,  Lindl.  40 
ampullaceum,  Roxb.  64 
appendiculatum, 

Wall 67 

Arachnites,  Lindl.  .  41 
Arachnites,  Swartz  .  28 
£al  lantinianum, 

Rchb.  f 47 

Borassi,  Sam.     .     .     48 


Page 

Borassi,  Smith  .  .  10 
Brookeii,  Lindl.  .  .  46 
calceolare,  Smith  .  60 
carnosum,  Griff.  .  .  32 
cornutum,  Carey  .  47 
cornutum,  Roxb. .  .  47 
crassifolium,  Par.  ^ 

Rchb.f.  ....  46 
cri spurn,  Lindl.  .  .  45 
cristatum,  Wall.  .  .  53 
cylindricum,  Lindl. 

44,  196 
cylindricum,  Hook. .  44 
cylindricum,  Linn.  .  198 
dasypogon.  Smith  .  66 
decumbens.  Griff.  .  48 
densiflorum,  Wall.  .  72 
difforme,  Wall.  .  .  76 
Emericii,  Rchh.  f.  .  47 
expansum,  Rchb.  f.  .  ,,46 
falcatum,  Lindl.  .  '  46 
Fieldingii,  Lodd.  .  45 
flavidum,  Lindl.  .  .  47 
guttatum,  Roxb.  .  .  32 
Hystrix,  Lindl.  .  39,  76 
illustre,  Rchb.  f . .  .  45 
Larpentce,  Hort  .  .  46 
lasiopetalum,  Willd.  48 
latifolium,  Thw.  .  32 
leopardorum.  Wall.  .  60 
lepidam,  Rchh.  f.  .48 
Lindleyanum,  Wt.  .  45 
lineare,  Hk.f.  .  .  47 
Lobhii,  Hort.  ...  45 
longicornu,  HA;.  /.  .  44 
maculatum,  Smith  .  51 
maculosum,  Lindl.  .  45 
Mendalii,  Jen.     .     .     48 


750 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
mitratum,  Rchh.f.  .  44 
mnltiflorum,  Boxh.  .  44 
nohile,  Warn.  ...  47 
odoratum,  Lour. .  .  47 
paohyphyllum, 

Rchh.f.  ....  48 
pallidum,  Roxb.  .  .  36 
prcemorsum,  Willd.  .  32 
racemiferum,  Wall.  .  68 
radioosum,  A.  Rich.  46 
ramoswn,  Wall.  .  .  72 
Reich enhachiifljmden  47 
retrofractum,  Wall.  .  46 
retusum,  Swartz  .  ,  32 
rigidum,  Ham.  .  .  48 
rigidum,  Smith  .  .  196 
Bohanianum, Tichb.f.  47 
roseum,  Lodd. ...  45 
rostratum,  Roxb. .  .  36 
spicatum,  Don  .  .  32 
suaveolens,  Roxb.  .  34 
snavipsimiim,  iincZL  47 
tceniale,  Lindl.  .  .  31 
tessellatum,  Wt.  .  .  52 
testaceum,  Lindl.  .  50 
trigonum,  Klotzsch .  45 
umhellatum,  Walk  .  61 
undulata,  Smith  .  63 
Vandarum,  Rchb.  f.  44 
Veitchii,  Hort.  .  .  45 
viridiflomm,  Thw. 

38,  196 
Warneri,  Hort.  .  .  46 
Wightianum,  Lindl.  50 
Williamsi,  Warn.  .  45 
sp.,  Griff.  ....  53 
Mrohfion       carinatum 

Spreng.  ...  1,  195 

Mtheria,  Endl.    .     .     .114 

fusca,  Lindl.    .      97,  112 

mollis,  Lindl.  .     .     .  109 

Agave americanafJArxn.  277 

cantula,  Roxb.     .     .  277 

vivipara,  Linn.     .     .  277 

Aglaodorum    Griffithii 

Schott  .  .  .  .  52S 
Aglaonema,  Schott  .  528 
birmanicTim,  Hk.  f.  529 
Clarkei,  EJc.  f.  .  .  529 
costatum,  N.  E.  Br.  531 
?  cuscuaria,  Miq.  .  .543 
Griffithii,  Schott  .  528 
Helferi.  Hk.  f.  .  .  529 
Hookerianum, 

SchoU  ....  529 
ivtegrifolium,  Schott  529 
lorigecuspidatum, 

Schott     ....  530 


Page 

malaccense,  Schott  .  530 
minus,  Hk.  /....  530 
nanum,  Hk.  f.  '.  .  530 
nicobaricum,  Hk.  f. .  530 
nitidum,  Kunth  .  .  529 
oblongifolium, 

Schott      ....  528 
palustre,  Teysm».and 

Binn 528 

pictum,  Engl.  .  .  .  530 
pnmilnm,  Hk.  f.  .  .  530 
Schottianum,  Miq.  .  529 
Scortechinii,  Hk.  f.  530 
Albikkia  schoenoides, 

Presl 678 

scirpoides,  Presl  .  .  678 
Aletris,  Linn  ....  264 
hyacintlioideSy  Linn.  270 
khasiana,  Hk.  f.  .  .  265 
litoralis,  Keen.  .  .  264 
nepalensis,  Hk.  f.  .  264 
perfoliata,  Willd.  .  264 
sikkimensis,  Hk.  f.  .  265 
zeylanica.  Mill.  .  .  270 
Alisma,  Linn.  .  .  .  559 
apetalum,  Ham.  .  .  560 
calophyllum,  Wall.  .  560 
cristatum,  Wall.  .  .  561 
glandulosum,  Thw.  .  560 
?  Hamiltonianum, 

Wall 561 

?  intermedium.  Griff.  559 
KotschiiyUoohst.  .  560 
ohtusifolium,  Thw.  .  560 
oligococcum,   F. 

Muell 560 

parnassifolium,Mich.  560 
Plantago,  Linn.  .  .  559 
puhescens,  Ham.  .  .  561 
reniforme,  Don  .  .  560 
sagittifolium,  Willd.  560 
stellatum.  Ham.  .  .  561 
Alismace^    ....  559 

Alliejb 301 

Allium,  Linn.      .     .     .  337 
Ampeloprasum, 

Linn 337 

ascalonicum,  Linn.  .  337 
atropurpureum, 

Waldst.  8r  Kit.  .  344 
atrosanguineum, 

Schrenk  ....  338 
auriculatum,  Kunth  342 
Bakeri,  Regel  .  .  341 
blandum,  Wall.  .  .  339 
cceruleum.,  Wall.  .  .  341 
Cepa,  Linn.  .  .  .  337 
Clarkei,  Hk.f.      .     .  344 


Pag^ 
consanguineum, 

Kunth  .  .  .  .340 
Cumaria,  Ham.  .  .  337 
elHpticum,  Wall.  .  342 
exsertum,  Baker  .  .  341 
Fedsohenkoanum, 

Regel  .  .  .  .  .  338 
Govanianum,  Jf^all.  344 
grandifiorum,  Ledeb.  339 
Griffithianum,  Boiss.  339 
Hookeri,  Thw.  .  .  341 
humile,  Kunth.  .  .  344 
Jacquemontii,  Regel  342 
Jacquemontii,'Kunt'h.  339 
junceum,  Jacq.  .  .  342 
leptophyllum.  Wall. 

339,  342 
lilacinum,  Royle  .  339 
longisepaluvi,  Bert. .  339 
lor\gistamineum, 

Royle  ....  340 
loratum,  Baker  .  .  345 
macranthum.  Baker  345 
nivale,  Jacq.  .  .  .  344 
ohtusifolium,KlotzBch 

&  Garcke  ...  339 
odorum,  Linn  .  .  343 
oreoprasum,/Sc7ireM-fe  344 
Pallasi,  Bunge  .  .  339 
platyspathum, 

Schrenk  ....  340 
Porrum,  Linn.  .  .  337 
rohustum,  Kar  &  Kir.  345 
Hoxhurghii,  G.  Don  343 
rubellum,  M.  Bieb.  .  339 
ruhellum,  Ledeb.  .  339 
ruhens,  Baker  .  .  339 
sativum,  Linn.  .  .  337 
Schoenoprasum, 

Linn 338 

Schrenki,  Regel  .  .  343 
Semonovii,  Regel  .  838 
senescens,  Miq.  .  .  343 
sihiricum,  Linn.  .  .  338 
sikkimense,  Baker  .  341 
splendens,  Miq.  .  .  341 
Stracheyi,  Baker  .  340 
Sulvia,  Ham.  .  .  .  337 
syntamanthum,  C. 

Koch 339 

tataricum,  Ait.  .  .  343 
tenue,  G.  Don  .  .  339 
Thomsoni,  Baker  .  340 
tuberosum,  Roxb.  .  343 
uliginosum,  G.  Don  343 
victorialis,  Linn.  .  342 
violaceum,  Wall.  .  .  341 
vulcanicum,  Boiss.    .  339 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


751 


Page 

Wallichii,  Kunth.     .  341 

Allopytheon  Hookeri, 

Schott      ....  518 

Alocasia,  Schott  .  .  524 
acuminata,  Schott  .  527 
alba,  Schott  .  .  .  528' 
amabilis,  Hort.  .  .  527 
Beccarii,  Engl.  .  .  527 
commuiata,  Schott  .  526 
cucTillata,  Schott  .  525 
decipiens,  Schott  .  526 
denudata,  Engl.  .  .  525 
fallax,  Schott  .  .  .527 
fornicata,  R«xh.  .  .  528 
fornicata,  Schott  .  526 
indica,  Schott  .  .  525 
Jenni'igsii,  Yeitch  .  523 
longiloba,  Miq.  .  .  527 
maciorrhiza,  Schott  526 
montana,  Schott  .  .  525 
navicularis,  Koch  Sf 

Bouche  ....  527 
odora,  C.  Koch  .  .  526 
perakensis,  Hemsl.  .  528 
rapiformis,  Schott  .  525 
rugosa,  Schott  .  .  525 
singaporensis,  Lind. .  525 
sp.,  Grifi 528 

Aloe  perfoliata,  Willd.  264 
vera,  Linn.  .  .  .  264 
zeylanica,  Jacq.    •     .270 

Alpinia,  Linn.  .  .  .  252 
alba,  Rose.  .  •  .  253 
Allnghas,  Rose.  .  .  253 
aqnatica,  Rose.  •  .  256 
Asericea,  Moon  .  .  256 
aurantiaca,  Wall.  .  255 
bracteata,  Roxh.  .  .  255 
hracteata,  Rose.  .  .  254 
calcarata,  Rose.  .  .  254 
Cardamomum,  Roxb.  251 
carnea,  Griflf.  .  .  .  253 
cernua,  Sims  .  .  .  254 
conchigera.  Griff.  .  253 
costata,  Roxb. .  .  .  235 
cristata,  Griflf.  .  .  256 
?  decurvata,  Baker  257 
Galanga,  Sw.  .  .  .  253 
Qalanga,  Wall.  .  .  253 
Hamiitoniana,  Wall.  217 
involucra  a,  Griff.  .  256 
linguiformis,  Roxb.  .  235 
malaccensis,  Rose.  .  255 
malaccensis,  Wall.  .  256 
Manii,  King  ,  .  .  253 
?  MisAonis,  Wall.  .  202 
mutica,  Roxb. .     .     .  254 


Page 
Neesana  (Mesuana) 

Grab 247 

Nimmonii,  Grah.  .  244 
nutans,  Rose.  .  .  .  256 
petiolata,  Baker  .  .  255 
Raffle siana,  Wall.  .  255 
Rheedii,  Wt.  .  .  .  254 
Roxhurghii,  Sweet  .  255 
scabra,  Benth.  .  .  256 
?  secunda,  Baker  .  257 
sessilis,  Koen, .  .  .  219 
viridijiora,  GriflF.  .  .  253 
Wrayi,  King  .  .  .  254 
zingiberina,  Hk.  f.    .  253 

Amaryll^     ....  277 

Amabyllide^    .     .     .  277 

Amaryllis  carnosa, 

Ham 280 

ccenosa,  Ham.  .  .  .  281 
insignis,  Ker-Gawl. .  283 
latijolia,  L'Her.  .  .  283 
lineata,  Lamk.  .  .  284 
ornata,     Bot.    Mag. 

283,  284 
vivipara,  Lamk.  .  .  281 
zeylanica,  Linn.  .     .  283 

Amhrosinia  ciliata, 

Roxb 492 

refrospiralis,  Roxb.  .  493 
spiralis,  Roxb.  .  .  494 
unilocularis,  Wt. .     .  494 

Amelina  WalliqJiii, 

Clarke     .    \     .     .  383 

Amischotolvpaglahrata, 
Hassk."     .     .     .     .384 
marginata,  Hassk.    .  383 
mollissima,  Hassk.    .  383 

Amomum,  Linn.  .  .  233 
acnleatnm,  Roxh.  .  242 
acuminatum,  Thw.  .  237 
araneosnm,  Baker  .  234 
aromaticum,  Roxh.  .  241 
Benthamianum, 

Trim 242 

bifllornm,  Jack  .  .  240 
cannaecar  pum,  Benth.  240 
Cardamomum,  Linn.  251 
ciliatum,  Baker  .  .  238 
corynostachymm, 

Wall 238 

costatum,  Benth.  .  235 
Curcuma,  Jacq.  .  .  214 
dealbatum,  Roxb.  .  239 
echinatnm,  Willd.  .  242 
eletterioides,  Baker  240 
Fenzlii,  Kurz  .  .  .  234 
floribundum,  Benth.  233 
fulviceps,  Thw.   .     .  237 


Page 

gomphooheilos, 

Baker 236 

gramineum,  TTall.  .  233 
graminifolinmjTTito.  238 
hypoleucum,  Thw.  .  240 
ivLY olncrsLtnin,B enth.  233 
Kingii,  Baker  .  .  241 
Kcenigii,  Baker  .  .  237 
lat'ifolium,  Lamk.  .  211 
Leonurus,  Keen.  .  .  236 
linguiforme,  Benth.  235 
littorale.  Keen.  .  .  239 
macrocheilos.  Baker  235 
macrodus,  Scort.  .  236 
macrostephanum. 

Baker 243 

Maingayi,  Baker  .  235 
masticatorium,  Thw.  238 
maximum,  Roxb.  .  239" 
megalocheilo8,Bai{:er  236 
metriocheilos,  Baker  234 
microstephannm, 

Baker 239 

montanum,  Keen.  .  248 
nemorale,  Benth.  .  233 
panciflorum,  Baker  .  238 
pterocarpam,  Thw.  .  241 
pulehellum,  Thw.  .  251 
racemosum,  Lam.  •  .  251 
repens,  Willd.  .  .  251 
roseum,  Roxb.  .  .  244 
rubro-luteum,  ^cfeer  236 
rufescens,  Benth.  .  242 
scyphiferum,  Koen.  237 
sericeum,  Roxb.  .  .  239 
sphaerocephalum , 

Baker 234 

spurium,  Gmel.  .  .  247 
stenogloasum.  Baker  234 
snbnlatnm,  Roxh.  .  240 
sylvestre,  Poir.  .  .  247 
triorgyale,  Baker  .  237 
uliginosnm,  Keen.  .  241 
vitellinum,  Lindl.  .  242 
xanthioides.  Wall.  .  239 
xanthophlebinm, 

Baker 241 

Zedoaria,  Berg.  .  .211 
Zerumbet,  Linn.  .  .  247 
Zerumheth,  Koen.  .  211 
Zingiber,  Linn.  .  .  246 
sp.  Griff.      ....  240 

Sp.  Koen 237 

Amorphopballns.  Bl.  .  513 
bulbifer,  Bl.  .  .  .  515 
barmanicus,  ^L/.  .  517 
campanulatus,  Bl.  .  513 
campanulaius,  Bl.    .  514 


752 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPEOIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Chatty,  Andre  .  .513 
chlorospathus,  Kurz  516 
comrmitatxis,  Engl. .  515 
dubius,  Bl.  ...  514 
elatus,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  517 
giganteus,  Bl.  .  .  517 
hsematospadixjB^fc./.  517 
longistylus,  Kurz  .  515 
lyratus,  Engl.  .  .  517 
margaritiferus, 

Knnth  ....  519 
oncophyllus,  Prain  .  516 
Prainii,  Rlc.  f.  .  .516 
purpnrascens,  Kurz  515 
Rex,  Prain  .  .  .  514 
sparsiflorus,  Hk.f.  .  516 
sylvaticus,  Kunth  .  518 
tnberonliger,  Engl. .  517 
virosus,  N.  E.  Br.  .  513 
zeylanicus,  Bl.      .     .  518 

Anadendrum,  Schott  .  539 
latif  oliuro,  Hk.  f.  .  540 
marginatum,  Schott  540 
medium,  Schoit  .  .  540 
montanum,  Schott    .  540 

Anadryum  humile, 

Schott     ....  549 

Anaectochilus,  Bl.  94,  179 
alholineatus,  Par.  & 

Echb.  f 96 

brevilabris,  Lindl.  .  95 
crispus,  Lindl.  .  .  99 
Dawsonianus,  Low  .  102 
elatior,  Lindl.  .  .  95 
grandiflorus,  LindL  .  100 
Griffithii,  HTc.f.  .  .  96 
lanceolatus,  Lindl.  .  101 
luteus,  Lindl.  .  .  .  101 
regalis,  Bl.  ...  95 
Reinwardtii,  Bl. .  .  95 
Roxburghii,  Lindl.  .  95 
setaceuSy  Lindl.  .  .  95 
tetrapterus,  Hk  f.  .     96 

Anaphyllum,  Schott  .  551 
Wightii,  Schott  .     .  551 

Aneilema.  Br.  .  .  .  374 
seqainootiaAe,  Kunth  383 
canaliculatum,  Dalz.  378 
com,pressum,  Dalz.  .  379 
conspiouum,  Kunth  382 
'  ^croceum,  Griff.  .  .  380 
.  cymosum,  Knnth      .  390 

.  dehile,  Wall.  .  .  .379 
densifiorum,  Kunth  .  390 
diandrum,  Ham.  .  .  378 
didymum,  Wall.  .  .  368 
dimorphnm,  Dalz.  .  377 
dimorphum,  Thw.     .  376 


Page 
divergens,  Clarke  .  376 
diver sifolium,  Hassk.  379 
elatum,  Kunth  .  .  377 
ensifolium,  Wt.  .  .  379 
esculentum,  Wall.  .  377 
esculentum,  Wall.  .  379 
filiforme,  Ham.  .  .  381 
folioaum,  Hassk.  .  .  379 
giganteum,  Br.  .  .  379 
glaucum,  TMv.  .  .  375 
gramineum,  Br.  .  .  377 
Hatniltonianum, 

Wall 380 

herhaceum,W aXl.  377, 382 
hispidum,  Don  .  .  390 
Hookeri,  Clarke  .  .  376 
Junghuhnianum, Miq.  379 
Koenigii,  Wall.  .  .  381 
lancifolia,  Griff.  .  .  379 
lanuginosum,  Wall.  380 
latifolium,  Wt.  .  .  377 
lineolatum,  Kunth  .  376 
longifolium,  Hook.  .  379 
longifolium,  Wall.  .  376 
loriforme,  Hassk.  .  379 
Loureirei,  Hance  .  375 
?  melanostictum, 

Hance  ....  377 
minutum,  Kunth  .  .  379 
montanum,  Wt.  .  .  381 
montanum,  Thw.  .  .  376 
nanum,  Kunth  .  .  377 
nudicaule,  Kunth  .  379 
nudiflorum,  Br.  .  .  378 
nudiflorum,  Miq.  377,  381 
nudijiorum.  Wall.  .  381 
nummularium,  Miq.  378 
ochraceum,  Dalz.  .  380 
ovalifolium,  ML  f.  .  382 
ovatura,  Wall.  .  .  382 
paniculatum.  Wall.  381 
paniculatum,  Wt.  .  377 
pauciflorum,  Wt.  .  378 
pauciflorum,  Dalz.  .  381 
pilosum,  Wall.  .  .  380 
protensum,  Thw. .  .  376 
protensum,  Wall. .  .  382 
radicans,  Don  .  .  378 
reniforme,  Ham.  .  .368 
scaberrimum,  Kunth  382 
scapiflorum,  Wt.  .  375 
scapiJlorum,'H..t.&T.  376 
secundifiorum,  Kunth  368 
secundum,  Wt.  .  .  379 
semiteres,  Dalz.  .  .  381 
serotinum,  Don  .  .  375 
sinicum,  Lindl.  .  .  379 
spectahile,  Kurz  .     .  375 


—  Page 
spicatum,  Wall.  .  .  375 
spiratum,  Br.  .  .  377 
terminate,  Wt.  .  .  379 
Thomaoni,  Clarke  .  376 
trichocolea,  Schauer  379 
triquetrum,  Wall.  .  378 
tuberosum.  Ham. .  .  375 
vaginatum,  Br.  .  .  381 
versicolor,  Dalz.  .  378 
zeylanicum,  Clarke  .  376 
sp.  H.  f.  &  T.  .     376,  382 

sp.  Miq 377 

sp.  Wall 368 

Angrcecum  pugioniforme, 
Klotzsch      ...     70 
zeylanicum,  Lindl.  .     78 

Anguillaria  Heyneana, 

WaM 357 

indica,  Br 357 

ind'ca,  Grah.   .     .     .  357 

ANGUILLARIEiE    .      .      .    301 

Anosporum,  Nees    .     .  597 

cephalotes,  Kurz  .     .  597 

monocephahtm,  Nees  597 

pallidum,  Boeck.      .  598 

Anthericum      Adenan- 

thera,  Forst.  .  .  337 
nepalense,  Spreng.  .  335 
Nimmonii,  Grah.  .  .  336 
niveum,  Schult.  f.  .  336 
ornithogaloides, 

Hochst 334 

parviflorum,    Benth.  336 

serotinum,  Linn. .     .  354 

tuberosum,  Heyne.    .  334 

tuberosum.BjOxb.  334,335 

uniflorum,  Roxb.      .  355 

Aoplareniformis,\Andi{.  152 

Apaturiamontana,^hyf .  117 

Apetelon  minutum,  Wt.  122 

Aphylleia     erubescens, 

Champ 558 

Aphyll  orchis,  Bl.  .  .116 
montana,  Rchb.  f.  .  116 
pallida,  Bl.  .  '.  .  117 
Prainii,  Sk.  f.  .  .  117 
?  vaginata,  Hk.  f.  .  117 
Aponogeton,  Thunb.  .  564 
crispum,  Thunb.  .  .  564 
echinatum,  Roxb.  .  564 
flavidum,  Ham.  .  .  564 
lucens,  Hb.  Madr,  .  564 
microphyllum,  Roxb.  565 
monostachyon, I/i-nn.  564 
monostachySj'Edgew.  564 
undulatum,  Roxb.  .  564 
Apostasia,  Bl.  .  .  .  174 
Brunonis,  Griff.   .     .  175 


INDEX   OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


753 


Page 

latifolia,  Eolfe     .     .  175 

nuda,  Br 175 

Wallichii,  Br..  .  .  175 
Appendicula,  Bl.  .  .  82 
bifaria,  Lindl.  .  .  82 
callosa,  Bl.  ...  83 
cordata,  Hk.  /.  .  .  83 
cristata,  Bl.  ...  85 
cyathifera,  Rchb.  f.  .  83 
echinocarpa^  Hk.  f.  85 
graminifolia,  Teysm. 

&  Binn 85 

Koenigii,  Hk.  f.  .  84,  198 
lancifolia,  Hk.  f.  .  84 
Lewisii,  Orif,  ,  .  83 
longifolia,  Bl.  .  .  85 
Maingayi,  Hk.  /. .  .  85 
reduplicata,  Rchb.  f .  82 
stipulata,  Griif.  .  .  83 
teres,  Grif.     ...    85 

torta,  Bl 84 

xytriophora,  Echh.f.  84 
sp.  Griff.  ....  85 
Arachnanthe,  Bl.  .  .  27 
bilinguis,  Benth. .  ,  28 
Cathcartii,  Benth.  .  28 
Clarkei,  Rolfe  .  .  28 
Maingayi,  Hk.  f.  .  28 
moschifera,  Bl.  .  .  28 
Arachnismoschifera,Bl.    28 

Areca,  Linn 405 

augusta,  Knrz  .  .  414 
Catechu,  Linn.  .  .  405 
concinna,  Thiv.  .  .  406 
costata,  Kurz  .  ,  .  409 
curvata,  Griff.  408,  411 
Dicksonii,  Roxb.  .  409 
disticha,  Roxb.  .  .  408 
Faufet,  Gaertn.  .  .  405 
gracilis,  Roxb.  .  .  407 
hcematocarpa,  Griff.  4L0 
hexasticha,  Kurz  .  .  406 
horrida,  Griff.  .  .415 
hortensis.  Lour.  .  .  405 
humilis,  Roxb.  .  .  408 
malaiana,  Griff.  .  .  410 
nagensis.  Griff.  .     .  406 

Nenga,  Bl 412 

Nibung,  Mart.  .  .  414 
oryzcBJormis,  Gaertn.  409 
paradoxa,  Griff.  .  .  411 
pumila,  Bl.  ...  412 
tigillaria,  Jack  ,  .  414 
triandra,  Roxb.  .  .  406 
triandrai  Roxb.  ?  .  407 
Wallichiana,  Mart.  .  416 
sp.  Griff.      .     .    407,  410 

A  RECEDE 403 

VOL.    VI. 


Page 
Arenga,  Lahill.  .  .  .  421 
GrifitMi,  Seem.  .  .421 
obtusifoHa,  Mart.  .  421 
saccharifera,  Lahill.  421 
Westerhoutii,  Griff.  .  421 
Wightii,  Griff".  .  .  422 
Arethusa  hengalensis, 

Hort 122 

ecristata,  Griff.  .  .  122 
plicata,  Andr.  .  .  119 
Aeine/E  .  .  .  .  .  490 
Ariopsis,  Nimmo  .  .  519 
peltata,  Nimmo  .  .  519 
protanthera,'^.'Ei.BT.  519 
Arisaema,  Mart.  .  .  497 
abbreviatum,  Schott  503 
afflne,  Schott  .  .  .  505 
album,  N.  E.  Br. .  .  498 
alienatum,  Schott  .  505 
anomalum,  Hemsl.  .  498 
caudatum,  Engl. .  .  508 
commutatum,  Schott  502 
concinnum,  Schott  .  505 
consanguineum, 

Schott  ....  505 
cornutum,  Schott  .  506 
costatum,  Mart.  .  .  501 
costatum,  Wall.  .  .  500 
curvatum,  Kunth.  .  503 
cuspidatum,  Engl.  .  497 
decipiens,  Schott  .  503 
dolosum,  Schott  .  .  500 
echinatum,  Schott  .  506 
eminens,  Schott  .  .  500 
erubescens,  Schott  .  506 
?  erubescens,  Dalz.  & 

Gibs 504 

exile,  Schott  .  .  .  506 
filicaudatum,  N.  E. 

Br 507 

fiHforme,  Thw.  .  .  504 
fimbriatum.  Mast.  .  502 
flavum,  Schott  .  .  503 
fraternum,  Schott  .  507 
galeatnm,  jIV.  E.  Br.  502 
?  gracile,  Kunth.  .  512 
Griffithii,  Schott .  .  499 
helleborifolium, 

Schott  ....  502 
?  heptaphyllum,  Bl.  508 
Hookeri,  Schott  .  .  499 
IIookerianum,Sch.ott  499 
Huegelii,  Schott  .  .  504 
intermedium,  Bl.  .  500 
Jacpemontii,  Bl.  .  505 
Jacquemontiif'EngleT.  507 
Kunstleri,  Hk.  f. .  .  497 
Leschenaultii,  Bl.    .  504 


Page 

Leschenaultii,  Engl.  507 
mirahile,  Schott  .  .  500 
Murrayi,  Hk.  .  .  .  507 
neglectura,  Schott  .  504 
nepenthoides,  Mart.  504 
ochraceum,  Schott  .  507 
papillosum,  Steud.  .  504 
?  pentaphyllum, 

Schott  ....  508 
petiolulatum,  Hk.  f.  498 
Prazeri,  Hk.  f.  .  .  501 
propinquum,  Schott  501 
pulchrum,  N.  E.  Br.  505 
?  pumilum,  Bl.  .  .  509 
Roxburghii,  Kunth.  497 
S  cor  tec  bin  i,  Hk.  f.  .  503 
speciosum,  Mart.  .  500 
Steudelii,  Schott  .  502 
Stracheyanum,8ohott  500 
tortuosum,  Schott  .  502 
utile,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  499 
rerrucosum,  Schott  499 
vituperatum,  Schott  506 
Wallichianum,  Jlfc./.  500 
Wattii,  Hk.  f.  ,  .  498 
Wightii,  Schott  .  .  507 
Wightii,  Hook.  .  .  504 
Wrayi,  Hemsl.  .  .  503 
sp.  Wall.  498,  502,  504, 
*  505,  506,  510 

Arisarum    amhoinense, 

Rumph 510 

Aroid.  Wall.  495,  518,  519, 
520,  521,  522,  523,  524, 
525,  529,  530,  533,  534, 
536,  537. 

Aroide^ 490 

Arrhynchiumlahrosum, 

Lindl 28 

Arthrostylis    chinensis, 

Benth 651 

filiformis,  Thw.    .     .  650 

Arum,  Linm 509 

angulatum,  Griff.  .  512 
bulbiferum,  Roxb.  .  515 
campanulatum,'Roxb.  513 
clavatum,  Desf.  .  .  508 
Colocasia,  Linn.  .  .  523 
costatum.  Wall.  .  .  501 
crenatum,  Wt.  .  .512 
cucullatum.  Lour.  .  525 
curvatum,  Roxb.  .  502 
cuspidatum,  Bl.  .  .  512 
cuspidatum,  Roxb.  .  497 
divaricatum,  Linn.  .  510 
divaricatum,  Thw.  .  513 
echinatum,  Wall. .  .  506 
erubescens.  Wall.  .  506 
3c 


754 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Jlagelliforme,  Lodd.  .  512 
jiavum,  Forsk.  .  .  503 
fomicatum,  Roxb.  .  526 
graciUj  Roxb. .  .  .  512 
grandijlorum,  Ham. .  518 
Griffithii,  Schott  .  509 
guttatum,  "Wall.  .  .  508 
indicum,  Roxb."  .  .  525 
integrifolium.  Link. .  529 
Jacqnemontii,  Bl.  .  509 
lyratum,  Roxb.  .  .  517 
,  macrorrhizon,  Linn.  526 
marffaritifer,  Roxb. .  519 
minutum,  Willd. .  .  513 
montanum,  Roxb.  .  525 
mucronatum,  Spr.  .  513 
Murrayi,  Grab.  .  .  507 
nepenthoides.  Wall.  .  504 
nyvrphcei folium, 

Roxb 523 

occultatum.  Ham.  .  515 
odorum,  Roxb.  .  .  526 
orixense,  Roxb.  .  .  509 
ovatum,  Linn.  .  .  495 
pedatum,  Willd.  .  .  508 
peltatum,  Lam.  .  .  523 
pentaphyllum,  Liun.  508 
peregrinum,  Linn.  .  526 
?  pumilum,  Lamk.  .  509 
Rumphii,  (x;iud.  .  514 
sessilijlorum,  Roxb.  .  508 
speciosum,  Wall.  .  .  500 
spirale,  Grab.  .  .  .494 
spirals,  Retz.  .  .  .  494 
sylvaticum,  Roxb.  .  518 
taccoides,  Ham.  .  .  515 
tortuosum.  Wall.  .  .  502 
trilohatum,Bot.M.Q.g.  510 
trilohatmn,  Linn.  .  509 
trilohatum,  Roxb.  .  510 
venosum,  Lindl.  .  ,  508 
viviparum.  Roxb.  .  522 
sp.  Griff.  .  .  .  .520 
Ascolepis  hyllingioides, 

Sfceud 668 

tenuior,  Steud.     .     .  663 

AsPARAGEiE     ....    300 

Asparagopsis  ahyssinica, 

Kuntb  .  .  .  .316 
acerosa,  Kunth  .  .  317 
adscendens,  Kunth  .  318 
Brownei,  Kunth  316,317 
Curilla,  Kunth  .  .  318 
Decaisnei,  Kunth      .  316 

florihunda,  Kunth   .  316 
Hohenackeri,  Kunth  316 

javanica,  Miq. .     .     .  317 
rhricauUs,  Kunth   .  318 


Page 
sarmentosa,    Dalz.  & 
Gibs 317 

Asparagus,  Linn.  .  .  314 
acerosus,  Roxh.  .  .  317 
acerosus.  Wall.  .  .  316 
adscendens,  Roxh.  .  317 
asiaticus,  Linn.  .  .  316 
asiaticus,  Wt.  .  .  316 
capitatus,  Baker  .  .  315 
Curillus,  Ham.  .  .  318 
Curillus,  Wall.    .     . 

315,  316,  318 
dubius,  Done. .  .  .  316 
dumosus,  Balcer  .  .  315 
falcatus,  Linn.  .  .318 
fasciculatus,  Br.  316,  317 
filicinus,  Ham.  .  .  314 
fioribundus,  Rottl.  .  315 
gonoclados,  BaTcer  .  318 
gracilis,  Royle  .  ,  315 
Jacquemontiij^a&er  316 
laevissimus,  Steud.  .  317 
lycopodineus,  Wall.  .  315 
nepalensis.  Baker  .  316 
racemosus,  Willd.  .  316 
Rottleri,  Baker  .  .  315 
rubrioaulis.  Baker  .  318 
sarmentosas,  Linn.  319 
sarmentosus,  Heyne  316 
?  sarmentosus,  Thw.  318 
subulatus,  Steud.  .  315 
volubilis,  Ham.  .  .  316 
volubilis.  Wall.  317,  318 
zeylanicus,  Hk.f.    .  317 

Asphodel*   ....  300 

Asphodelopsis  aranga- 

dinensis,  Steud.    .  335 

Asphodelus,  Linn.  .  .  332 
cestivus,  Rchb.  .  .  332 
clavatus,  Roxb.  .  .  332 
comosus,  Baker  .  .  332 
microcarpus,  Rchb. .  332 
parvifloruSf  Wt.  .  .  332 
persicus,     Janb.      & 

Spach 333 

tenuifolius,  Cavan. .  332 

Aspidistra,  Ker.  .  .  326 
longifolia,  Sk.  f.  .  326 
lurida,  Baker.     .     .  326 

ASPIDISTRE*.      .      .      .   300 

Atacca  cnstata,  Kunth  287 
integrifolia,  Presl     .  288 

Ate  acuminata,  Thw.  .  133 
virens,  Lindl. .     .     .  133 

Banglium  sulphureum, 

Ham 217 

JBanksiaspeciosa, Keen.  250 


Barnardia  indica,  Wt.  348 

Barrotia  diodnn,  Gaud.  484 

Baumea,  Gaud.  .     .     .  674 

Brownei,  Boeck.  .     .  675 

crassa,  Thw.    .     .     .  675 

riparia,  Boeck.    .     .  674 

rubiginosa,  Boeck.    .  675 

Belamcanda,  Adans    .  276 

chinensis,  Leman     .  277 

punctata,  Moench.    .277 

Belosynapsis   kewensis, 

Hassk 388 

Bentinckia,  Berry  .     .  418 
Coddapanna,  Berry  418 
nicobarica,  Becc.      .  418 
Birchea   teretifolia,  A. 

Rich 24 

?  Bletia     bicallosa, 

Bon 196 

Dabia,  Don      ...       4 

Blysmus,  Panz.  .     .     .  660 

compressus,  Panz.     .  660 

rufus,  Link.     .     .     .  661 

BonaUa     henghalensis. 

Griff. 135 

Jierbacea,  Wall.    .     .  135 
punduana,  Lindl.      .  135 

BORASSE* 405 

Borassus,  Linn.  .  .  .  481 
cethiopum,  Mart.  .  .  482 
dichotomus.  White  .  482 
flabellifer,  Linn.  .  .  482 
fiabellijormis,  Murr.  482 
&omutus,  Lour.  .  .  421 
Botryosicyos    penta- 

phyllus,  Hochst.  .  289 
Brachyspathasylvatica, 

Schott     ....  518 

zeylanica,  Schott .     .  518 

Bromheadia,  Lindl.     .     20 

?  aporoides,  Rchb.  f.     20 

Finlaysoniana, 

Hchb.  f 20 

palustris,  Lindl.  .  .  20 
Brunieravivipara,  Fran.  558 
Bulbillaria    gageoides, 

Zucc 356 

Bulbophyllum  adeno- 

petalum,  Lindl.  .  188 
clandestinum.LwcZ^.  187 
clandestinum,  Linn.  198 
conchiferum,i2c/ib./.  188 
concinnum,  Hk.f.  ,  187 
cupreum,  Lindl.  .  .  188 
leptanthum,  Hk.  /.  .  188 
Lobbii,  Lindl.  .  .  187 
Macrai,  Rchb.  f. .  .  190 
maoranthum,  Lindl.  187 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


755 


Page 
Meaxisse,  Rchb.  f.  .  187 
patens,  King  .  .  .  187 
rufinum,  Bchh.  /. .  .  188 
Sillemianum,  Rchb.f.  189 
striatellum,  Ridl.  .  189 
vermiculare,  Hk.f.  .  188 

Bnlbostylis,  Kunih  .  651 
barbata,  Kv.nth  .  .  651 
oapillaris,  Kunth  .  652 
nudipes,  Kunth  ,  .  651 
pubernla,  Kunth  .  652 
pulchella,  Thw.  .  .  652 
sub8pine8cen8,CZar/ce652 
trifida,  Kunth  .  .  652 
Wallichiana,  Kunth  651 
Willdtnowii,   Kunth  651 

BuTOME^ 559 

Butomopsis,  Kunth  .  562 
lanceolata,  Kunth  .  562 
?  latifolia,  Kunth     .  562 

Butomus,  Linn.  .  .  .  562  ' 
Dobia,  Ham.  .  .  .  562  ; 
lanceolatus,  Koxb.  .  562  I 
latifiilius,  Don.  .  .  562  ' 
umbellatus,  Linn.    .  562  ! 

Caladium  acre,  Br.  .     .  523  \ 
amboinense,  Ham.    .  533 
cucullatum,  Pers.      .  525 
discretum.  Ham.  .     .  519 
esculentum,  Vent.      .  523 
glycirrhizura,  Fraser  526 
heterophylluni,  Presl  527 
macrorrhizon,  Br.     .  526 
montanuni,  Heyne    .  495  j 
ny  mp  hceifo liuni,Yen  t.  523  j 
odoratissimum,       C.  j 

Koch 526 

odorum,  Lindl.  .  .  526 
?  ovatuni.  Ham.  .  .  519 
ovatum,  Vent.  .  .  495 
pumilum,  Don  .  .  522 
viviparum,  Lodd.      .  522 

Cmlamosagus     harincB- 

foUus,  Griff.  .  .  475 
laciniosus,  Griff.  .  .475 
o&hriger,  Griff.  .  .  476 
polystachyus,  Griff.  .  476 
scaphigerus.  Griff.  .  475 
wallichioefolius, Gr\S.  475  i 
wallichicefoliuSf'Ma.vt.  475  j 

Calamus,  Linn.  .  .  .  436  j 
acauthospathu8,Griff.448 
mjnarn.%  Lour.  .  .  447  i 
atidamanicus,  Kurz  .  457  | 
anffusifolius,  Griff. .  464  j 
arb^resoens,  Griff.  .  439  ! 
aurtus,  Reinw.    .     .  460 


Page 
axillaris,  Becc.  .  .  456 
Brandisii,  Becc.  .  .  448 
oaesins,  Blums  .  .  456 
calicarpus,  Griff. .  .  467 
castaneus.  Griff.  .  .  440 
castaneus,  Griff.  .  .  440 
collimis,  Griff.  439,  472 
concinnus,  Mart.  .  444 
conirostris,  Becc.  .  461 
delicatulns,  Thia.  .  446 
densiflorus,  Becc.  .  445 
Diepeuhorstii,  Miq.  454 
diffusus,  Becc.  .  .  447 
digitatus,  Becc.  .  .  442 
Doriaei,  Becc.  .  .  456 
Draco,  Griff.  .  .  .467 
erectus,  Roxb.  .  .  438 
exilis.  Griff.  .  .  .  454 
exteusus,  Roxb.  .  .  462 
extensus,  Mart.  .  .  444 
fascicidat7ts,  Roxb.  .  444 
Feanus,  Becc. .  .  .  448 
Pernandezii, 

H.  Wendl.  .  .  .459 
filipendulus,  Becc.  .  443 
flagellum.  Griff. .  .  439 
Fiagellum,T.AndevB.  463 
floribundus.  Griff.  .  444 
Gamblei,  Becc.  .  .  453 
geminijlorus,  Griff.  .  479 
genicidatus,  Griff.  .  470 
giganteus,  Becc.  .  .  460 
glaucescens,  Blume  .  456 
gracilis,  Roicb.  .  .  453 
gracilis,  Thw.  .  .  442 
grandis,  Griff.  .  .  4^3 
grandis,  Kurz  .  .  463 
Griffithianus,  Mart.  440 
Guruba,  Ham.  .  .  449 
Helferianus,  Kurz  .  446 
Heliotropium ,  Ham.  447 
hostilis,  Hort.  Calc.  439 
Huegelianus,  Mart.  452 
humilis,  Roxb.  .  .  462 
?  humilis,  Roxb.  .  .  456 
hygrophilus,  Griff.  .  464 
hypoleuous,  K^irz  .  451 
Hystrix,  Griff.  .  .  469 
inermis,  T.  Anders.  .  456 
insignis.  Griff.  .  .  459 
intermedius.  Griff.  .  464 
javensis,  Bl.  .  442,  462 
Jenlcinsianus,    Griff. 

439,  462 
iKvigatus,  Mart.  .  .  477 
latifolius,  Roxb.  .  .  455 
latifolius,  Kurz  .  .  458 
leptopus,  Griff.  .  .  468 
3  c  2 


Page 

leptospadix,  Griff.  .  441 
Lewi-^ianus,  Griff.  .  465 
Lobbianus,  Becc. .  .  462 
longipes,  Griff.  .  .  471 
longisetus.  Griff.  .  440 
longisetus,  Thw.  .  .  441 
luridus,  Becc.  .  .  .  445 
macr acanthus, T.  An- 
ders  456 

macrocarpus.  Griff.  .  439 
Martianus,  Becc.  .  459 
Mastersianus,  Griff. .  449 
maximus,  Reinw.  .  479 
melanacan thus, Mar^.  453 
melanacanthus, Mart.  454 
melano  lepis,ll.  Wend .  452 
Metzianus,  S  hlecht.  462 
micracanthus,  Griff.  467 
micranthus,  Blume  .  461 
mishmiensis,  Griff.  .  445 
monoicus,  Roxb.  .  .  448 
montanus,  Anders.  .  449 
monticolus,  Griff.  .  466 
multiflorus,  Mart.  .  445 
myrianthus,  Becc.  .  451 
neglectus,  Becc.  .  .  458 
nicobaricus,  Becc.  .  446 
nitidus,  Mart.  .  .  .  449 
nutantiflorus,  Griff.  .  463 
ornatus,  Blume  .  .  460 
ornatus,  Griff.  .  .  460 
ovatv^,  Reinw.  .  .  460 
ovoideus,  Thiv.  .  .  457 
Oxleyanus,   T^i/s.  ^ 

Binn 458 

pachystemonu8,T7nt'.442 
pallidulus,  Becc.  .  457 
palustris,  Griff.  .  .  458 
paniculatus,  Mart.  .  459 
paradoxus,  Kurz  .  .  480 
paspalanthus,  Becc. .  450 
?  penicillatus,  Roxb. 

443,  462 
perakensis,  Becc.  .  451 
petiolaris,  Griff.  .  .  466 
platyspathus,  Mart.  449 
?jpoii,p'amiis,Roxb. 439,462 
polyspqthos,  Wall.  .  450 
Pseudo-Rotang,]!,lart.  444 
Pseudo-tenuis,  Becc.  445 
quinquenervius,i^oa;6.460 
radiatus,  Thw.  .  ,  442 
radulosus,  Becc.  .  .  443 
ramosissiinus,  Griff.  450 
Rheedei,  Griff.  .  .  452 
rivalis,  Thiv.  .  441,  462 
Rotang,  Linn.  .  .  447 
Roxburghii,  Griff.     .  448 


756 


INDEX,  OF    GENERAj    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Royleanus,  Griff.  .  .  44f7 
rudentum,  Mart.  .  .  441 
rvdenium,  Thw.  .  .455 
ragosus,  Becc.  .  .  443 
schizospathus,  Griff.  439 
scipionum,  Lour.  .  461 
scipionum,  Lam.  .  .448 
simplex,  Becc.  .  .  456 
singaporensis,  Becc.  454 
spathulatus,  Becc.  .  459 
strictv,s,  Miq.  .  .  .471 
tenuis,  Roxb.  .  .  .  447 
tenuis,  Becc.  .  .  .  445 
Thwaitesii,  Bece.  .  441 
tigrinus,  Kurz  .  .  440 
tomentosus,  Becc.  .  455 
travancoricus,5ecZcZ.  452 
nnifarius,  H.  Wendl.  458 
verticillaris,  Griff.  .  470 
viminalis,  Willd.  .  444 
viridispinas,  Becc.  .  458 
Wightii,  Griff.  .  .  452 
zeylanicus,  Becc.  .  455 
sp.  Griff.      .     .     .     .477 

CaIantheawsfraZis,E[ort.l95 
oolorans,  Echb.  f.  .  195 
grandiJlora,'EoTt.'Belg.l9o 
labrosa,  Rchh.  f.  .  .  195 
longipes,  SA;. /.  .  .195 
Petri,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  195 
rubens,  Ridl.  .  .  .  195 
ruhro'oculata,  Paxt.  195 
tricarinata,  Lindl.  .  195 
veratrifolia,  Hook.  .  195 
vestita,  Lindl.      .     .  195 

Calceariafornicata,  Bl.  118 
picta,  Bl 118 

Calla  angustifoliayJack  533 
aromatica,  R>xb.  .  532 
calyptraftti  Roxb.  .  539 
humilis,  Jack  .  .  534 
montana,  Bl.  .  .  .  540 
nitida,  Jack  .  .  .  529 
ohlongifolia,  Roxb.  .  529 
occulta,  Lodd.  .  .  532 
ovata,  Ham.  .  .  .  541 
ruhescens,  Roxb.  .  .  532 
virosa,  Roxb.  .     .     .  524 

Called 491 

Oallisiaorientalis, 'H.&m..  380 

?  Caloscordonexsertum, 

Herb.      .     .     .     .  341 

Calt/ptrocoryne  Wightii, 
Schott     ....  513 

Oalijptrostylis  Jlorida, 

Nees  .     .     .     .     .670 

CamaroUsc})tusa,li\nA\.  36 
pallida,  Lindl.      .     .     36 


Page 
purpurea,  Lindl.  .  .  36 
rostrata,  Rchb.  f.      .     36 

Campelia     glahrata, 

Hassk 384 

marginata,  Bl.  .  .  383 
marginata,  Wall.  .  384 
mollissima,  Bl.    .     .  383 

Campylandra      auran- 

tiaca,  Bak-r     .     .  325 
Wattii,  Baker       .     ,  325 

Candarum  Roxhurghii, 

Schott     .     .     .     .513 

Canna,  Linn.  .  .  .  260 
chinensis,  Willd.  .  .  260 
flavescens,  Link  .  .  261 
indica,  Linn.  .  .  .  260 
indica,  Linn.  .  .  .  260 
speciosa,  Rose .     .     .261 

Cannes 200 

Cardamo'inum  officinale, 

Salisb 251 

medium,  Roxb.  .  .  235 
medium,  Schult. .     .  235 

Carex,  Linn 699 

acicularis,  Boeck.  .  748 
acutiformis,  Ehrh.  .  740 
cequata,  Nees  .  .  .  723 
A-itchisoni,  Boeck.  .  748 
alopecuroides,  Don.  737 
alpestris,  Allioni.  .  745 
alpina,  Siv.  .  .  .  730 
alpina,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
alta,  Boott  .  ...  101 
ameena,  Boott  .  .  .  719 
ampullacea,  Good.  .  740 
angustifolia,  Boott  .  747 
aphanolepis,  Fran.  & 

Sav 737 

Archeri,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
arctica,  Deinb.  .  .  701 
Arnottiana,  Nees  .  .  709 
Arnottiana,  Boott      .  741 

"  arridens,  Clarke  .  .  726 
asperula,  Nees  .  .  732 
aterrima,  Hoppe  .  .  731 
atrata,  Linn.  .  .  .  731 
atrata,  Boott  .  .  .733 
atrofusca,  Schk.  .  .  734 
austriaca,  Schk.  ,  .  701 
axillaris,  Linn.  .  .  706 
baocans,  Nees  .  .  722 
haccans,  Boott  .  .  723 
hengalensis,  Boeck.  .  716 
hengalensis,  Boott  .  716 
hengalensis,Roxh.71o,  718 
hengalensis,  Thw.  .  715 
Benthamiana,  Boott  709 
Bertolonii,  Schk.      .  701 


Page 
hicolor,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
brevicnlmis,  Br. .  .  746 
hreviculmis,  Thw.  .  747 
breviscapa,  Clarke  .  736 
Brizopyrum,  Kunze .  707 
Bruceana,  Boott  715,  717 
brunnea,  Thunh.  .  .  705 
csespititia,  Nees  .  .  710 
ccBspitosa,  Schk.  .  .711 
canaliculata,  Boott .  715 
canescens,  Linn.  .  706 
capillacea,  Boott .  .  713 
capillacea,  Benth.  .  713 
capitulata,  Boott  .  721 
cardiolepis,  Nees  .  744 
caucasica,  Stev.  .  .  731 
celsa,  Boott  .  .  .  732 
cernua,  Boott  .  .  .  708 
ceylanica,  Boeck.  .  719 
chinensis,  Mnnro  .  738 
chlorostachys,  Don.  .  737 
cinnamomea,  Boott  .  732 
coacta,  Boott  .  .  .  701 
composita,  Boott .  .  724 
concolor,  Nees  .  .  729 
condensata,  Nees  .  716 
condensata,  Boott 

715,  716,  717 
confertiflora,  Boott  .  741 
continna,  Clarke  .  7l7 
cooptanda,  Clarke  .  7C7 
coriophora,  Fisch.  .  734 
courtallensis,  Nees  .  729 
crassipes,  Boeck.  .  726 
cruciata,  Wahl.  .  .  715 
cruciata,  Nees  .  .  718 
cruciata,  Thw. 

718,  719,  721 
cruenta,  Nees  .  ,  .  734 
Cumingiana,  Steud.  721 
caraica,  Kunth  .  .  702 
curaica,  Hoiss.  .  .  701 
curaica,  Turcz.  .  .  702 
curta,  Good.  .  .  .  706 
curticeps,  Clarke  .  729 
curyata,  Boott  .  .  728 
curvirostris,  Kunze  .  722 
cylocistis,  Boeck.  .  748 
cyrtostachys,  Brong.  714 
Daltoni,  Boott  .  .  726 
decora,  Boott  .  .  .  725 
Deinholliana,  J.  Gay  701 
desponsa,  Boott  .  .  724 
difusa,  Boott .  .  .717 
diluta,  M.  Bieb.  .  .  737 
dimorphaj  Boeck.  .  748 
distracta,  Clarke  ."  715 
divaricata,  Wall.  715, 726 


INDEX  OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


757 


Page 
diversiJloTa,  Host  .  745 
divisa,  Suds.      701,  702 


divisa,  Boott  .     . 
divulsa,  Good. 
dolicophylla,  Link 
Doniana,  Drejer 
Boniana,  Spr. 


702 
703 
722 
737 
737 


duriscula,C.AMejer  701 
Duthiei,  Clarke  .  .  731 
ecostaia,  Clarice  .  .  720 
elynoides,  J.  Gay  .  712 
eminens,  Nees  .  .  723 
emodorum,  Spr.  .  .  737 
erostrata,  Boott  .  .  711 
EsenhecMi,  Boott 

695,  712 
EsenhecMi,  Kunth  .  696 
excurva,  Boott  .  .  746 
exigua,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
fallax,  Steud.  .  .  .702 
Fedia,  Nees  .  .  .747 
fermginea,  Scoip.  .  738 
filicina,  Uees  .  .  .717 
Jilicina,  Boeck.  .  .  717 
finitima,  Boott  .  .  736 
fissilis,  Boott  714,  715 
flacca,  Schr.  .  .  .742 
flava,  Linn.  .  .  .  739 
fiexilis,  Don  .  .  .705 
fiorihunda,  Boeck.  .  723 
fluviatilis,  Boott  .  .  703 
foetida,  Allioni  .  .  702 
foliosa,  D.  Don  ,  .  703 
fragilis,  Boott.  .  .  728 
frigida,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
frigida,  Wall.  .  .  .734 
fucata,  Boott  .  .  .710 
fuliginosa,  Boeck.  .  748 
juliginosa,  Schk.  .  735 
fuscifmctus,  Clarke  742 
fusiform  is,  Nees  .  .  736 
Gardneri,  Boott. .  .  722 
Gehleri,  Presc.  .  .  739 
glauca,  Scop.  .  .  .  742 
glaucina,  Boeck.  .  .  719 
glomerata,  Host  .  .  701 
glomerata,  Schk. .  .  734 
gracilenta,  Boott  .  730 
gracilis,  Boott  .  .  747 
gracilis,  Br.  .  .  .  705 
Oriffithii,  Boott  .  .  732 
gynobasis,  Vill.  .  .  745 
hsematostoma,  Nees  744 
hcematostoma^  Jacq.  731 
Halleriana,  Asso.  .  745 
hebecarpa,  C.A.Meyer74:7 
Helferi,  Boeck.  .  .  714 
nenningsiana,Boeck.  702 


Page 

heterolepis,  Boeck.  .  748 
heterolepis,  Boott  .  710 
heterolepis,  Bunge  .  710 
hii-ta,  Boiss.  .  .  .  747 
hirta,  Linn.  .  .  .  747 
hirtella,  Drejer  .  .  744 
hirtella,  Boott  .  .  743 
Hosti,  Schk.  .  .  .701 
hymenolepis,  Nees  .  743 
impunctata,  Boeck.  .  698 
inaeqnalis,  Boott  .  726 
inanis,  Kunth .  .  .  743 
inclinis,  Boott  .  .  728 
incurva,  Lightf.  .  .  700 
incurva,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
indica,  Linn.  .  .  .  714 
indica,  Boeck.  .  .  715 
indica,  Munro  .  .715 
indica,  Nees  .  716,  720 
infuscata,  Nees  730,  731 
infuscata,  Wt.  .  .  730 
insignia,  Boott  .  .  725 
instahilis,  Boott  .  .  735 
Jackiana,  Boott  .  .  735 
Jackiana,  Thw.  .  .  735 
japonica,  Thunh.  .  736 
japonica,  Boott  .  .  737 
juncifolia,  Allioni  .  700 
juncifolia,  Schk. .  .  701 
kasbmirensis,CZa?'A:e  743 
Kochiana,  D.  C.  .  .741 
Kunthii,  Drejer  .  .  747 
lachnosperma,  Nees.  747 
lachnospernia.  Wall.  747 
Iseta,  Boott .  .  .  .745 
Icencaulis,  Kunze  .  737 
Langsdorfii,  Boott  .  746 
Lehmanni,  Drejer  .  730 
Lehmanni,  Boeck.  .  748 
Lehmanni,  Boott  .  730 
leiocarpa,  Boeck.  .  748 
leiorhyncha,     C.     A. 

Meyer  .  .  .  .702 
lenta,  Don  .  .  .  .705 
lenticularis,  Don  .  .  708 
lepidocarpa,  Tausch.  739 
leptocarpus,  Clarke.  719 
leucantha.  Am.  .  .  721 
leucochlora,  Bunge  .  746 
ligulata,  Nees  .  .  747 
Lindleyana,  Nees  .  721 
Lindley ana,  K.f.&T.  719. 
linearis,  Boott  .  .  712 
linearis,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
linearis,  Boott  .  .  696 
lobulirostris,  Drejer  741 
longepedicellata, 

Boeck 748 


Page 

longiaristata,  Boott  .  714 
longi  cruris,  Nees  .  .  705 
longicuspis,  Boeck.  .  748 
longi  pes,  Don  .  .  704 
longipes,  Thw.  .  .  706 
lurida,  Clarke  .  .  742 
macrantha,  Boeck.  .  748 
macrogyna,  Boott  .  744 
macrogyna,  Turcz.  .  739 
macrolepis,  Don  .  .  704 
macrophylla,  Hochst.  723 
macrorrhyncha,  Kar. 

&  Kir 712 

maculata,  Boott  .  .  735 
vnagellanica,  Boeck.  748 
malaocensis,  Clarke  12,'2, 
Mauhertiana,  Boott  747 
meiogyna,  Nees  718,  720 
melanantha,    C    A. 

Meyer 733 

inelanocephala,Tvircz.  733 
melanolepis,  Boeck.  748 
mercarensis,jffoc/isi.  719 
micans,  Boott  .  .  735 
microglochin.  Wall.  711 
microlepis,  Boeck.  .  748 
Mielichhoferi,  Schk.  738 
Milnei,  Boott  .  .  .715 
minutiflora,  Boeck.  .  748 
mitis,  Boeck.  .  .  .  704 
Moorcroftii,  Falc.  .  733 
Moritzii,  Steud.  .  .  714 
Motoskei,  Miq.  .  .  737 
munda,  Boott  .  .  .  727 
munipoorensis, 

Clarke  .  .  .  .729 
Munroi,  Boott .  .  .  738 
muricata,  Linn.  .  .  703 
mutans,  Boott  .  .  695 
Myosurus,  Nees  .  .  723 
Myosurus,  Boott  .  .  724 
Myosurtis,  Duthie  .  723 
Myosurus,  Nees  .  .  723 
nana,  Boott  .  .  .  713 
Neesiana,  Arn.  .  .  742 
nemostachys,  Steud.  746 
nepalensis,  Clarke  .  705 
nepalensis,  Spr.  .  .  704 
nilagirica,  Hochst .  .  718 
nivalis,  Boott .  .  .  732 
nivalis,  Boeck.  .  .  733 
nobilis,  Boott  .  .  724 
notha,  Kunth.  .  .  709 
Notoleia,  Nees  .  .  703 
nubigena,  D.  Don  .  702 
nutans,  Boeck.  .  .  739 
nutans,  Host  .  .  .  739 
ohesa,  Allioni  .     .     .  734 


758 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
obscara,  Nees  .  .  .  731 
ohscura,     Munro     & 

Boott  .  .  .  .731 
ohscura,  Nees  .  .  .  733 
(Ederi,  Willd. .  .  .739 
oligocarya,  Clarke  .  746 
olivacea,  Boott  .  .  741 
Oliveri,  Boeck.  .  .  732 
orbicularis,  Boott  .  711 
ovata,  C.  A.  Meyer  .  702 
paludosa,  Good.  .  .  741 
(?)  pandanophylla, 

Clarke  .  .  .  .714 
pandata,  Boott  .  .  724 
papulosa,  Boott  .  .  735 
parva,  Nees  .  .  .  712 
parvibracteata,  Nees 

731,  732 
jparm^ora,  C.  A.  Mey.  733 
parvigluma,  Clarke.  716 
patula,  Host  .  .  .  739 
ped'iformis,C.A.'Mej.  745 
peduncularis,  Wall. .  729 
pellucida,  H.  f.  &  T.  745 
pellucida,  Turcz.  .  745 
perakensis,  Clarke  .  720 
phacota,  Spr.  .  .  .  708 
phacota,  Drejer  .  .  709 
platycarpa,  Hoohst.  709 
plebeia,  Clarke  .  .718 
Poiretii,  Linn.  .  .  665 
polycephala,  Boott  .  725 
polygyna,  Boeck.  .  748 
prselonga,  Clarke  .  707 
praestans,  Clarke  .  723 
Prescottiana,  Boott .  710 
Prescottiana,      H. 

Mann-  ....  710 
producta,  Boott  .  .  710 
pruinosa,  Boott  .  .  709 
Pseudo-bioolor, 

Boeck 748 

Pseudo-cyperus, 

lAnn 740 

psycrophila,  Nees 

731,732 
puberula,  Boott  .  .  746 
pubescens,  Poir.  .  .  665 
pulohra,  Boott  .  .  727 
pulla,  Boeck.  .  .  .  748 
punctata,  Gaud. 

737,  738,  748 
punctata,  Nees  .  .  709 
pycnostachya,  Kar.  & 

Kir 702 

radicalis,  Boott  .  .  729 
ramosa,  Boott  .  .  719 
ramosa,  Schk.  718,  719 
raphidocarpa,  Nees  .  719 


Page 
rara,  Boott  .  .  .  713 
recurvirostris,  Steud.  722 
remota,  Linn,  .  .  706 
repanda,  Clarke  .  .  720 
rhizomatosa,  Sttv.d  .  721 
rigida,  Good.  .  .  .  711 
rigida,  Strach.  .  .  711 
rigidifolia,  Seub.  .  737 
rividaris,  Schk.  .  .  701 
Eochebruni,  Franch. 

Sf-  Sav 706 

rostrata,  Stokes  .  .  740 
rostrata,  Boeck.  .  .  742 
Royl(ana,  Nees  .  .  746 
rubella,  Boott  .  .  Tl2 
rubro-brunnea,  ClarkellO 
sahulosa,  Turcz.  .  .  733 
sandivicensis,  Boeck.  710 
sanguinea,  Boott  .  720 
saxatilis,  Schk.  .  .  711 
8ch/cuhrii,  Willd.  .  734 
Schlagintweitiaoa, 

J3oeck 743 

Schottii,  Boiss.  .  .  739 
scitula,  Boott.  .  .  724 
scoparia,  Wall.  .  .  723 
Scopoliana,  Schk.  .  738 
sempervirens,  Vill.  .  738 
setigera,  Don  .  .  .  743 
seiigera,  Kunth  .  .  743 
setosa,  Boott  .  .  .  745 
sikkimensis,  Clarke  .  708 
socia,  Bcott  .  .  .  709 
soueorica,    Kar.    ^'* 

Kir.  .  .,  .  .  .739 
spadicea,  Roth  .  .  740 
speciosa,  Kunth  .  .  729 
spicigera,  Nees  .  .  722 
spiculata,  Boott  .  .  724 
stenophylla,  Wahl. 

700,  702 
stenophijlla,  Benth.  .  702 
stenophylla,  Boeck.  .  748 
stipata,  Muhl. .  .  .  703 
Stracheyi,  Boott .  .727 
strameiititia,  Boott .  717 
supina,  Wahl.  .  .  733 
teinogyna,  Boott  .  705 
tenuis,  Nees  .  .  .  744 
teres,  Boott  .  .  .707 
teres  ?  Boott  .  .  .710 
teretiuscula.  Good. .  704 
Thomsoni,  Boott  .  703 
Thwaitesi,  Boott  .  715 
Tliu-aitesii,  Hance  .  747 
thyrsijlora,  Boott  .  721 
tibetica,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
trichostyles,  Fran.  & 

Sav 737 


Page 

trinervis,  Nees  .  .  696 
trispicnlata,  Boeck.  .  748 
tristis,  M.  Bieb.  .  .  738 
tumida,  Boott  .  .  .  741 
unciniiformi8,J5oect.  748 
uncinoides,  Boott  .  698 
ustulata,  Wahl.  .  .  734 
ustulata,  Boeck.  .  .  748 
vacua,  Boott  .  715,  716 
Vahlii,  Schk.  .  .  .730 
valida,  Nees  .  .  .  715 
vesicaria,  Linn.  .  .  740 
vesiculosa,  Boott  .  717 
vicinalis,  Boott  .  .  735 
Victorialis,  Nees  .  .  709 
vidua,  Boott  .  .  .713 
vulgaris,  Fries.  .  .  711 
vulpiuaris,  Nees  .  .  702 
Walkeri,  Am. .  .  .  725 
Wallichiana,  Presc.  .  747 
Wallichiana,  Boeck.  747 
Wallichiana,  Clarke  747 
Wallichiana,  Spr.  .  703 
Wightiana,  Nees  .  .  720 
Wightiana,  Boott 

717,  720 
Winterbottomi, 

Clarke  .  .  .  .727 
Zollingeri,  Boeck.  .  746 
sp.  GrifF.  .  .  701,  742 
sp.  Wall.     702,  704,  705, 

709,  710,  714,  715,  716, 

717, 718,  720,  723,  730, 

734,  737,  743,  746,  747 

Carice^ 587 

Carpha  junciformis, 

Boeck 674 

Caryota,  Linn.  .  .  .  422 
furfuracea,  Bl.  .  .  423 
Griffithii,  Eecc.  .  .  423 
horrida.  Moon  Cat.  415 
mitis,  Lovr.  .  .  .  423 
mitis,  Wo.  Calc.  .  .  419 
mitis,  Willd.  ?  .  .  413 
nana.  Wall.  ...  423 
obtusa.  Griff.  .  .  .422 
obtusidentata.  Griff. .  422 
?  ochlandra,  Hance  .  423 
propinqua,  Bl.  .  .  423 
sobolifera.  Wall.  .  .  423 
urens,  Linn.  .  .  .  422 
we7is,  Jacq,  .  .  .  423 
CasuinunarBoxburghii, 

Colla 248 

Caulinia  alzanensis. 

Poll 569 

fragilis,  Willd.  .  .  569 
indica.  Wall.  .  .  .  569 
indica,  Willd.  .     .     .569 


[NDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


759 


Page 

Cantleya,  Royle  .  .  208 
Cathcarti,  Baker  .  .  208 
lutea,  Royle  .  .  .208 
petiolata,  Baker  .  .  209 
robasta,  Baker  .  .  209 
spioata,  Baker     .     .  209 

Cenilo-plion  vitellinum, 

Horan 243 

Gephalanthera,  Rich. .  124 
acuminata,  Lindl.  ,  125 
cucullata,  Boiss.  .  125 
ensifolia,  Rich.  .  .  125 
Royleana,  Regel  .  .  126 
Thomsoni,  Rchb.  f.  .  125 
SByphophyllwn, 

Eohb.  f 125 

Cephaloschcenus  articu- 

latus,  Nees  .  .  .  670 
longirostris ,  Nees  ?  .  669 
longisetis,  Nees  .  .  669 
parvus,  Nees  .  .  .  668 
zeylanicus,  Nees  .     .  670 

?  Ceratochilus orchideus, 
Lindl 198 

Ceratolobus,  Bl.  .  .  477 
Kingianns,  Becc.  .  477 
laevigatus,  Becc.  .     .  477 

Ceratopsis  rosea,  Lindl.  124 

Ceratostylis  teres , Rchb.f .  85 

Cerochilusruhens,\And\.  115 

Chceradoplectron     Spi- 

ranthes,  Schauer  .  163 

Choetocj/perus    costula- 

tus,  Nees  .  .  .  629 
lAmnocharis,  Nees  .  629 
setaceus,  Nees      .     .  629 

Cheetosporacalostachya, 

Br 673 

nigricans,  Kunth      .  673 

Chamcecladon,  Schott  .  531 

.  angustifolium, Schott  533 
GriffifMi,  Schott  .  534 
humile,  Miq.  .  .  .  534 
ohliquatum,  Sobott  .  535 
ovatum,  Schott  .  .  536 
sang  uinolentum , 

Griff. 532 

truncatum,  Schott    .  535 

ChamoBrops        excelsa, 

Thunb 436 

Fortunei,  Hook.  .  .  436 
Griffithii,  Lodd.  .  .  436 
hhasyana,  Griff.  .  .  436 
Martiana,  Wall.  .  .  436 
Ritchieana,  Griff.      .  429 

Chapelliera  glomerata, 

Nees 675 


Page 

Cheirostylis,  Bl.  104,  179 
flabellata,  Wt.  .  .  105 
Griffithii,  Lindl.  .  .  105 
malleifera,    Par.    ^ 

Rchb.f.  .  .  .  .105 
parvifolia,  Lindl.  .  105 
pubescens,    Par.    ^ 

Bchb.f 106 

pusilla,  Lindl.  .  .  105 
pusilla,  Lindl.      .     .     99 

Chiloschista,  Lindl.  .  33 
usneoides,  Lmdl.  .  .  37 
usneoides,  Wt.       .     .     37 

Chlorophytum,  Ker.  .  333 
abt/ssinicum,Kot8ch.y 

&  Peyr 336 

acaule,  Baker  .  .  .  336 
anthericoideumfDalz.  334 
arundinaceum,J?ai'er333 
attennatum,  Baker  .  335 
breviscapnm,  Dalz, .  333 
breviscapum,  Thw.  .  333 
falcatum,  Baker  .  .  336 
glaucum,  Dalz.  .  .  334 
Heyneanum,  Wall. .  333 
Het/nei,  Baker  .  .  333 
khasiannm,  Hk.f.  .  334 
laxijiorum,  Baker     .  336 

laxam,  Br 336 

malabarioum,  Baker  335 
nepalensis,  Baker  334, 335 
Nimmonii,  Dalz.  .  .  336 
orchidastrum,I(mdL  336 
parvifiorum,  Dalz.  .  336 
tuberosum.  Baker  .  334 
undulatum,  Wall.     .  335 

Chondrachne  articu- 

lata,  Br 684 

Choricarpa  aphylla, 

Boeck.     .     .     .     .684 

Chrysohaphus    Roxbur- 
gUi,  Wall.   ...     95 

Chrysoglossum  maou- 

latum,  Rk.f.    .     .  193 

Cionisaccus  lanceolatus, 

Breda      ....  Ill 

Oirrhopetalum       ble- 

pharistes,  Rchb.f.  190 
concinnum,  Hook.  f.  190 
longescapum,  Teysm. 

^  Binn 189 

Roxburyhii,  Lindl. .  190 

Qistella  cernua,  Bl. .     .     18 

Claderia,  Hook.  f.    .     .  178 

Oladium,  Br 673 

germanicum,  Schrad.  674 
glomeratum,  Br. .     .  675 


Page 

jamaicense,  Crantz  .  674 
Maingayi,  Clarke  .  674 
Mariscus,  Br. .  .  .  673 
riparium,  Benth.  .  .  674 
undulatum,  Thw.  .  674 
Cladosperma,  Griff.  .  411 
Cieisosroraa,  Bl.  71,  179 
acaulis,  Lindl.  .  .  62 
andamanicum,  fT^./.  71 
bicuspidatum,  Hk.f.  75 
bipunctatum,  Sk.  f.  73 
brevipes,  Hk.  f.  .  .  73 
callosum,  Rchb,  f.  ,  74 
crassifolium,  Linil.  72 
Dawsonianum,'RGh.h.f.  43 
decipiens,  Lindl.  .  75 
discolor,  Lindl.  .  .  75 
fuscutn,  Lindl.  .  .  71 
galeatum,  Thw.  .  .  71 
lanatum,  Lindl.  .  .  60 
latifolium,  Lindl.  .  71 
loratum,  Ec/i*./. .  .  76 
maculosum,  Lindl.  .  71 
maculosum,  Thw.  .  75 
Mannii,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  74 
ramosum,  Hk.  f.  .  .  72 
spicatum,  Lindl. .  .  72 
fsubaltum,  Bl.  .  .  70 
tenerum,  Hk.f.  .  ,  73 
Thwaiteaianum,  Trim.  75 
undulatum,  jRcA6./. .  74 
uteriferum,  Hk.f.  .  74 
Wendlandorum, 

Rchb.f 74 

Clinogyne,  Salisb.  .     .  257 

dichotoma,  Salisb.    .  258 

grandis,  Benth.    .     .  258 

virgata,  Benth.     .     .  258 

Clintonia,  Rafin.     .     .  361 

.  alpina,  Kunth      .     .  361 

udensis,  F.  &  M.  .     .  361 

Qnetnidia  angulosa, 

Lindl 92 

bambussefolia,   Thw.     94 

*  cur culig aides,  Thw.    94 

semilibera,  Lindl.      .     92 

Cobresia  laxa,  Nees      .  698 

CocoiNE^ 405 

Cocos,  Linn.       .     .     .  482 
nana,  Griff.       .     .     .  483 
nucifera,  Linn.    .     .  482 
CoBloglossum,  acumina- 
tum, Lindl.  .     .     .163 
brevifolium,      Lindl. 

157,  166 
cernuum,  B-chb.  f.  .  156 
densum,  Lindl.     .     .  156 


*  Err.  typ.  for  Cnemidia  curculigoides,  read  Tropidia  cwculigoides. 


760 


INDEX    OF  GENERA,    SPECIES    AND   SYNONYMS. 


Page 
lacertiferum,  Lindl.  .  1()3 
Mannii,  Rchb.  f. .  .  163 
peristyloidesj'Rch.h.t.  156 
secundum,  Lindl.  .  160 
CoelogyBe  Arthuriana, 

Rchb.  f .  .  .  .  .  194 
asperata,  Lindl.  ,  .194 
barbata,  Griff.  .  .  194 
cristata,  Lindl.  .  .  193 
elata,  Lindl.  .  .  .  194 
Gardneriana,  Lindl.  193 
Hookeriana,  Lindl. .  194 
hnmilis,  Lindl.  .  .  194 
lagenaria,  Lindl.  .  .  194 
longibractata,  Hlc.f.  194 
Massaiigeaiia,i?cA&./.  193 
ocellata,  Lindl.  .  .194 
pandurata,  Lindl.  .  194 
praecox,  Lindl.  .  .  194 
Reichenbachiana,  T. 

Moore       ....  194 

Rossiana,  Rchb.f.    .  193 

salmonicolor,  Rchb.f.  194 

Schilleriana,  Rchb.  f.  194 

speoiosa,  Veitch  .     .  194 

tomentosa,  Lindl.    .  193 

C0LCHICE.E     ....  301 

Colchicum,  Linn.    .     .  356 

Intevun,  Baker      .     .  356 

Colehrookia      bulbifera, 

Roxb 206 

Collabinm,  £L  .  .  .178 
Colocasia,  Linn.  .  .  523 
acris,  Schott  .  .  .  523 
affinis,  Schott  .  .  .523 
Antiquorum,  Schott  523 
cochleata,  Miq.  .  .  525 
cucullata,  Schott  .  525 
esculenta,  Schott  .  .  523 
euchlora,  C.  Koch  .  523 
fallax,  Schott  .  .  .524 
Fontanesii,  Schott  .  523 
?  fornicata,  Knnth  .  526 
gigantea,  Hk.f.  .  .  524 
indica,  Engl.  .  *  .  ,  524 
indica,  Knnth  .  .  525 
macrorrhiza,  Schott .  526 
Mannii,  Hk.f.  .  .  524 
?montana,  Kunth  .  525 
mucronata,  Kunth  .  526 
navicularis,  Koch  & 

Bouche  .  .  .  .527 
nymphoeifolia,  Kunth  523 
odora,  Brongn.  .  .  526 
odorata,  Hook.  .  .  526 
pruinipes,  Koch  .  .  523 
?  pumila,  Kunth  .  522 
rapiformis,  Kunth    .  525 


Page 
rugosa,  Kunth  .  .  525 
viroea,  Kunth.  .  .  524 
vivipara,  Thw.  .  .  522 
Wendlandii,  Engl.  .  524 
sp.  Hk.  f.  &  T.  .  .  523 
sp.  Wall. .     523,  526,  527 

COLOCASIE^     ....    491 

Colpopodeum  sp.  Wall.  299 
Commelina,  Linn.  .  .  368 
agraria,  Kunth  .  . "  369 
alha,  Ham.  .  .  .374 
albescens,  Hassk.  .  373 
angustifolia,  Hassk. .  373 
appendicalata,  Clarke  374 
attenuata,  Kosn.  .  .  372 
aven  as  folia,  Grah.  .  374 
axillaris,  Linn.  .  .  389 
benghalensis,  Linn. 

370,  374 
benghalensis,  Wall.  .  372 
hracteolata,  Lamk.  .  378 
ccespitosa,  Roxb.  .  .  369 
canescens,  Vahl  .  .  370 
clavata,  Clarke  .  .371 
coelestii,  Willd.  .  .  369 
communis,  Linn.  .  374 
communis,  Roxb. .  .  372 
communis,   Wall. 

370,371,372,  373 
communis,  Walt.  .  .  369 
conspicua,  Bl.  .  .  382 
?  cristata,  Bl.  .  .  .  385 
cucullata,  Linn.    .     .  370 

cymosa,  Bl 390 

deficiens,  van  Houtte  369 
delicatula,  Sohlecht.  370 
densiflora,  Bl.  .  .  .  390 
diandra,  Koen.  .  .  379 
diffusa,  Burm.  .  .  .  369 
Donii,  Dietr,  .  .  .372 
elata,  Vahl  .  .  .377 
ensifolia,  Br.  .  .  .  374 
'  ensifolia,  F.  Muell.  .  373 
esculentum,  Heyne  .  377 
falcata,  Hassk.  .  .  371 
Forskalsei,  Vahl  .  .  371 
gigantea,  Vahl  .  .  379 
glabra,  Clarke  .  .  371 
Hamiltonii,  Spr.  .  .  390 
Hasskarlii,  Clarke  .  370 
herbacea,  Roxb.  .  .  377 
hirsuta,  Clarke  .  .  371 
hispida.  Ham,  .  .  390 
Hookerii,  Dietr.  .  .  379 
Kurzii,  Clarke  .  .  373 
lanuginosa,  Heyne  .  380 
linearifolia,  Kunth  .  369 
lineolata,  Bl.  .     .     .  377 


Page 
longicaulis,  Jacq.  .  369 
longifolia,  Spr.  .  .  379 
longifolia,  Thw.  .  .  373 
lunata,  Heyne  .  .  374 
maculata,  Edgew.  .  372 
?  minuta,  Bl.  .  ,  .  379 
mollis,  Jacq.  .  .  .  370 
multicaulis,  Hochst.  373 
nana,  Roxb.  .  .  .  378 
nervosa,  Burm.  .  .  370 
nilagirica,  Steud.  .  371 
Nimmoniana,  Grah.  374 
nudicaulis,  Burm.  .  379 
nudiflora,  Linn.  .  .  369 
nudijlora,  Linn.  .  .  379 
obliqua,  Ham.  .  .  372 
paleata,  Hassk.  .  .  372 
paludosa,  Bl.  .  .  .  372 
paludosa,  Burm.  .  .  372 
pedunculosa.  Link  .  370 
persicariaefolia, 

Wt 372 

polyspatha,  Wt.  .  .  372 
procurrens,  Schlecht.  370 
prostrata,  Regel  .  .  370 
pumila,  Royle  .  .  378 
radicans,  Spr.  .  .  379 
rajmahalensis,Cla.r'k.e  372 
repens,  Roxb.  .  .  .  372 
rugulosa,  Clarke  .  .  374 
saiicifolia,  Roxb.  .  370 
salicifolia,  Bojer  .  369 
saiicifolia,  Thw.  .  .  371 
scab  err  ima,  Bl.  .  .  382 
scapijlora,  Hoxh.  .  375 
Schimperiana, 

Hochst 373 

secundiflora,  Bl.  .  .  368 
semiovata.  Ham.  .  .  372 
semiovata.  Wall.       .  374 

setosa,  Wt 373 

sikkimensis,  Clarke .  369 
Simsoni,  Clarke  .  .  374 
sinica,  Roem.  &  Sch.  379 
spirata,  Linn.  .  .  378 
striata,  Edgew.  ,  .  372 
striata,  Hochst.  .  .  369 
striata.  Wall. .  373,  374 
subaurantiaca,  Hochst. 

369 
subulata.  Both.  .  .  369 
suffruticosa,  Bl.  .  .  374 
tuberosa.  Lour.  .  .  375 
turbinata,  Vahl  .  .  370 
undulata,  Br..  .  .  373 
vaginatum,  Linn.  .  381 
zeylanica,  Falkenb. .  374 
sp.  Edgew.      .     .     .  374 


INDEX    OF   GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


761 


Page 
sp.iH.  f.  &  T. 

373,  374,  387 

sp.  Miq 371 

sp.  Wall 373 

COMMELINACE^.       .       .    366 
COMMELINE^.      .       .      .    366 

Compsanthus  maculatus, 

Spr 359 

Compsoamaculata,  Don  359 
Gonopkallus      hulbifer, 

Schott  ....  515 
commutatus,  Schott  515 
lyratus,  Schott  .  .  517 
tuherculiger,  Schott.  517 

CONOSTYLE^.       .      .       .    264 

Convallaria    cirrifolia, 

Wall.  .....  322 

QovaniaTta,  Wall.  .  319 
leptophylla,  Don  .  321 
multiflora,  Linn.  .  .  319 
opposiiifolia,  Wall.  .  321 
punctata,  Wall.  .  .321 
verticillata,  Linn.  .  321 
sp.  Griff.     ....  321 

CONVALLARIE^    .       .       .    30O 

Cordnjlestylis      foliosa, 

laic Ill 

Cordyline,  Commers  .  331 
Jacquininii,  Knnth  .  331 
Sieberi,  Kunth  .  .331 
terminalis,  Kunth  -,-331 
terniflora,  Planch.^".  330 

Cori/cium?humile, Kara.  107 

Corymbis,  Thou.  "  .  .  91 
brevistylis,  Hk.f.  .  92 
disticha,  Lindl.  .  .  91 
longiflora,  Hie.  f. .  .  92 
rhytidocarpa,  Hk.f.  92 
veratrifolia,  Bl.  .     .    91 

Corymhorchis  assamica, 

Bl 91 

Corypha,  Linn.  .  .  428 
elata,  Roxh.  .  .  .  428 
Oehanga,  Ktirz  .  .  428 
macropoda,  Kurz  .  429 
Martian  a,  Becc.  .  .  429 
Sarihus,  Lour.  .  .  435 
Talliera,  Roxh.  .  .  428 
timbraCulifera,Ztrm. 

428,  429 

CORTPHEiE       ....    404 

CoryBanthes,  Br.  .  .  118 

fornicata,  Lindl.  .  118 

picta,  Lindl.    .  .  .  118 

CoBtns,  Linn.     .  .  .  249 

ardbicus,  Jacq.  .  .  250 

arabicus,  Linn.  .  .  253 

globosus,  Bl.  .  .  .  250 


Page 
Kingii,  Baker  .  .  250 
malaccenis,  Keen.  .  255 
nipalensis,  Rose.  .  250 
speciosns.  Smith  .     .  249 

Cottonia,  Wt.  .  26,  178 
Championi,  Lindl.  .  26 
macrostachya,  Wt. .  26 
peduncular  is,Rch.h.{.    26 

Courtoisia,  Nees  .  .  625 
cyperoides,  Nees      .  625 

Cremastra,  Lindl.  16,  178 
Wallichiana,  Lindl.     16 

Crinum,  Linn.  .  .  .  280 
amoenum,  Roxh.  .  .  282 
asiaticum,  Linn  .  .  280 
asiabicum,  Roxb.  .  .  281 
asiaticum,  Wall.  283,  284 
brachynema,  Herb. 

282,  284 
fcraciea^ww,Bot.Reg.  284 
hracteatum,  Willd.  .  284 
canaliculatum,C&Tej  284 
canalifolium,  Herb.  .  284 
canalifolium,  Carey  .  283 
Careyanum,  Herb.  .  283 
deflexum,  Ker.  .  .  281 
elegans,  Carey  .  .  283 
ensifolium,  Roxh.  .  281 
erythrophyllnm, 

Carey 284 

Herbertianum,SchxLlt.  284 
HerbeHianum,  Wall.  283 
humile,  Herb.  .  .  .282 
insigne,  Schultea  .  283 
latifolium,  Linn.  .  283 
latifolium,  Lindl.  .  283 
LinncBi,  Roem.  .  .  283 
longifo/ium,  Roxb.  .  282 
lorifolium,  Roxb.  .  283 
macrocarpum,  Carei/  284 
moluccanum,  R(^b. .  283 
ornatum,  Herb.  .  .  283 
paucifiorum,  Miq.  .  285 
pedunculatum,  Br.  .  284 
prat  en  se,  Herb.  .  .  282 
procerum,  Carey  .  .  281 
pusillnm.  Herb.  .  .  282 
Roxburghii,  Grab.  .  281 
speciocissimum,'EeTh.283 
speciosum,  Herb. .  .  283 
stenophyllum,  jBa&er  281 
Straoheyi,  Baker  .  282 
strictum,  Herh.  .  .  284 
sumatranum,  Roxb. .  284 
toxicarium,  Roxb.  .  280 
umbeliatnm,  Carey  .  284 
venustum,  Carey  .  .  283 
Wallichianum,iioem.28d  ! 


Page 
Wattii,  Baker .  .  .281 
zeylanicum,  Linn. 

283,  284 
sp.  Wall 281 

Crocus,  Linn.  ...  276 
sativus,  Linn. .     .     .  276 

Cryptocoryne,  Fisch.  .  492 
affinis,  N.  E.  Br.  .     .  494 
Beckettii,  Thw.  .     .  493 
ciliata,  Fisch. .     .     .  492 

cognata,  Schott    .     .  494 
consobrina,  Schott  .  493 
cordata,  Griff".     .     .  493 
Dalzellii,  Schott  .     .  495 
drymorhiza,  Zipp.     .  492 
elata,  Griff.      .     .     .492 

elliptica,  N.  E.  Br.  .  495 
Gomezii,  Schott  .     .  495 
Griffithii,  Schott  .     .493 
Huegelii,  Schott  .     .  494 
Kcenigii,  Schott  .     .  496 
lancifolia,  Schott      .  496 
ovata,  Schott  .     .     .  495 
retrospiraliSj  Kumth  493 
Roxburghii,  Schott  .  494 
Roxburghii,  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  .     .     .     .     .494 

spiralis,  Fisch.  .  .  494 
spiralis,  Thw.  .  .  492 
Thwaitesii,  Schott  .  495 
unilocularis,  Schott .  493 
unilocularis,  Wt.  .  494 
Walkeri,  Schott  .  .  492 
Wightii,  Schott  .  .493 
sp.  Griff.      ....  493 

Cryptosperma,  Qriff.  .  550 
lasioides.  Griff.    .     .  551 

Cryptostylis,  Br.  .  .  117 
Arachnites,  Bl.   .     .118 

Curculigo,  Gcertn.  .  .  278 
brevifolia,  Dryand.  .  279 
crassifolia,  Hk.f.  .  279 
FinlaysonianajPTaZL  279 
gracilis.  Wall.  .  .  278 
gratninifiilia,  Nimmo  278 
latifolia,  Dryand.  .  280  ■ 
malabarica,  Wt.  .  .  279 
orchioides,  Gartn.  .  279- 
?  paucijlora,  Moon  .  279 
recurvata,  Dryand. .  278 
sumatrana,  Roxb.  .  280 
villosa,  Wall.  .    278,  280 

Curcuma,  Linn. .  .  .  209 
aeruginosa,  Roxh.  .  212 
albiflora,  Thiv.  .  .  215 
Amada,  Roxh.  .  .  213 
amarissima.  Rose.  .  212 
angustifolia,  Boxh.  .  210 


762 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
angustifolia,  Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  .     .    .     .     .210 

aromatica,  Salisb.    .  210 
attenuata,  Wall.      .  213 
caesia,  Roxh.    .     .     .  212 

Careyana,  Wall.  .     .  225 
caulina,  Grab.      .     .224 
coccinea,  Wall.     .     .216 
comosa,  Roxh.      .     .  211 
eordata,  Wall. .     .     .216 

cordifolia,  Roxb.  .     .  216 
decipiens,  Dalz.  .     .  215 
elata,  Roxb.     .     .     .211 

(Tubescens,  Wall. .     .  213 
forruginea,  Roxb.     .  213 
gJauccphylla,  Wall.  .  224 
trrandiflora,  Wall.    .  216 
Kunstleri,  Baker .     .214 
Kurzii,  King   .     .     .216 
latifolia,  Rose.     .     .  211 
leucorhiza,  Roxh.      ,  212 
longa,  Linn.    .     .     .214 

loncfa,  Wall.      .     .     .210 

longijioray  Salisb.      .  213 
longifolia,  Wall.  .     .  246 
moBtana,  Rose.     .     .214 
musacea,  Wall..    .     .  225 

neilgherrensis,  Wt. .  210 
officinalis,  Salisb.      .  211 
oligantha,  Trim.  .     .215 
ornata,  Wall.  .     .     .211 

parviflora,  Wall.      .  215 
petiolata,  Roxh.    .     .  216 
plicata,  Wall. .     .     .213 

Pseudo-montana, 

Grab.  4  .  .  .214 
reclinata,  Roxb.  .  .  2l4 
Roscoeana,  Wall.  .  216 
rotunda,  Linu.  .  .  220 
rubescens,  Roxb. .  .  213 
rubricaulis.  Link.  .  213 
speciosa,  Link.  .  .  211 
Btrobilifera,  Wall.  .  216 
strohiliiia,  Wall.  .  .  216 
Zedoaria,  Rose.  .  .  210 
Zedoaria,  Roxb.  .  .210 
Zerumhet,  Roxb.   .     .  210 

Cuseuaria  marantifolia, 
Sohott      ....  543 
Rumphii,  Sohott .     .  543 
spuria,  Sohott      .     .  543 

Cyan  Otis,  Don  .  .  .384 
ads'eendens,  Dalz.  .  386 
araohnoidea,  Clarke  386 
axillaris,/2oem.  ^  Sch..  388 
barbata,  Don  .  .  .  385 
Burmanniana,  Wt.  .  385 
concanensis,  Hassk.  .  386 


Page 
cristata,  Schultesf.  .  385 
crisf^ata,  Linn.  .  .  385 
cucuUata,  Kunth  .  .  389 
deeumbens,  Wt.  .  .  387 
dichotricha,  Stocks  .  387 
disrunipens,  Hassk. 

388,  389 
eriantha,  Hassk.  .  .  388 
fasciculata,8c/ivi<es/.  387 
fascieulafa,WaU.  385, 386 
glaherrima,  Hassk,  ,  385 
hirtella,  Miq.  .  .  .  385 
hispida,  Dalz.,  .  .  385 
Hugelii,  Hassk.  .  .  385 
incerta,  Hassk.  .  .  389 
karliana,  Hassk.  .  .  389 
kewensis,  Clarke  .  388 
lanceolata,  Wt.  .  .  387 
Lawiana,  Wt,  .  .  387 
longifolia,  Wt.  .  .  386 
nilagirica,  Hassk.  .  389 
nobilis,  Hassk.  .  .  385 
nodiflora,  Clarke  .  385 
papilionacea, 

Sehultes  f.    ...  384 
pilosa,  Sehultes  f.     .  387 

pilosa,  Wt 386 

racemosa,  Clarke      .  385 

rosea,  Wt 388 

sarmentosa,  Wt.  .  .  386 
?  sericea,  Ha?sk.  .  .  386 
Stocksii,  Hassk.  .  ,  386 
Thomsonii,  Hassk.  .  386 
Thwaitesii,  Hassk.  .  388 
tnherosa,,  Sehultes  f.  386 
vaga,  Schultesf.  .  .  387 
vaginata,  Wt.  ,  .  385 
villosa,  Schultesf.  .  387 
vivipara,  Dalz.  .  .  388 
Wightii,  Clarke  .  .  386 
zeylamca,  Hassk.  .  387 
sp.  H.  f,  &  T.  386,  387 
sp.  Wall 385 

Cybele,  Falc.  .  .  .129 
alpina,  Falc,    .     .     .  129 

Oyclocampe  tvaigiouen- 

sis,  Stend.    .     .     .673 

Cyelocarpa   waigiouen- 

sis,  Miq.  ....  673 

Oylindrochilus  pulehel- 

lus,  Thw.      .     .     .     39 

Cylindropus     juneifor- 

mis,  Nees     .     .     .  692 

Cymbidium,  Swartz  .  8 
?  ajine.  Griff. .  .  .  15 
affine.  Warn.  .  ,  .  15 
Alagnata,  Ham.  .  .52 
alatum,  Roxb.      .     .     19 


Page 

aloejolium,  Heyne    ,  78 

aloifolium,  Swartz    .  10 

aloifolium,  Lodd.      .  10 

aloifolium,  Wall.      .  11 

aloifolium,  Wt.    .     .  11 

assamicum.  Linden  .  14 

bicolor,  Lindl.      .     .  11 

carnosum,  Griff.  .     .  14  • 

chloranthum,  Lindl.  14 

cochleare,  Lindl,  .     .  15 

crassifolium,  Wall.    .  10 

cyperifolium,    Wall.  13 

Dayanum,  Reichb.  f.  12 

densijiorum.  Griff.     .  14 

Devonian um,    Paxt.  10 

eburneum,  Lindl.     .  11 

elegans,  Heyne     .     .  44 

elegans,  Lindl.     .     .  14 

ensifolium,  Stvartz  .  13 

?  ereeium,  Wt.     .     .  11 

erythrceum,  Lindl.     .  13 
F  inlay  sonianuui, 

Lindl 11 

Gibsoni,  Paxt.      .     .  9 

giganteum,  Wall.     .  12 
giganteum,  Lindl,    12,  14 

grand iflorum,   Oriff.  12 

hoematodes,  Lindl.     .  13 
Hook&rianum, 

Reichb.  f.     ,     .     .  12 

inconspieuum.   Wall.  56 

iridioides,  Don    .     .  14 

javanicum,  Bl.     ..    .  9 

•    lancifolium,  Hook.   .  9 
lineare, 'B-eyne     .     .47 

longifolium,  Don     .  13 

Loifianum,  Rchb.  f. .  13 

macrorhizon,  Lindl.  9 

Mannii,  Rchb.  f.  .     .  10 

Mastersii,  Griff.   .     .  15 

micromeron,  Lindl.  .  15 

minimifolium,  Thw.  37 
Parishii,  Rchb.  f,     .12 

pendulum,  Bot.  Reg.  11 

pendulum,  Swartz     .  10 

prcBcox,  Smith      .     .  194 

prasmorsum,    Swartz  63 

pnbescens,  Lindl.    .  11 

Satyrium,  Ham;  .     .  58 

scriptum,  Swartz      .  18 

sikkimense,  Hk.  f.    .  9 

sinense,  Lindl.      .     .  14 

syringodorum.  Griff, .  12 

tennifolium,  Willd. .  26 

tenuifolium,  Lindl,   .  24 

tenuifulium,  Wt.  .     .  22 

tessellatum,  Swartz   .  52 

tesselloides,  Roxb.     .  52 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


763 


Page 

Page 

tigriniim,  Par. 

.     .       9 

Bacha,  Ham.    .     . 

.  610 

tricolor,  Miq.  . 

.     11 

bengalensis,  Clarke 

.  610 

triste,  Roxh.    . 

.     22 

hengalensis,  G.  Spr. 

.  612 

triste,WiUd.    .     . 

23,25 

licarinatus,  Heyne 

.  592 

triste,  Wt.   .     . 

.     24 

higlumi.t,  Clarke  . 

622 

varicfferum,  Rohb 

.  f.     14 

Ir^  moides,  Willd. 

.  593 

viridifiorum.  Griff.    .     13 

brunnescens,  Boeck 

.  619 

WallicMi,  Lindl.. 

.     11 

hulboso-stoloniferus, 

sp.  Griff.      6,  12, 

14,  192 

Steud.      .     .     . 

615 

Cymodocea,  Koenig 

.  570 

bulbosus,  Vahl    . 

.  611 

cequorea,  Kunth  . 

.  570 

canescen?:,  Heyne 

598 

australis,  Trim. 

.  570 

canescens,  Vahl    . 

623 

ciliata,  V.hrenb. 

.  570 

capillar  is,  Hoch. 

589 

iscetifolia,  Asch.  . 

.  570 

capillaris,  Koen.  . 

591 

serrulata,    AscJi. 

4- 

caricinus,  Don     . 

718 

Magn.      .     .     . 

.  570 

carnosus,  Heyne  . 

.  610 

Oyperacea,  Griff. 

.  590 

castanens,  Willd. 

598 

Wall.     . 

.  681 

castaneus,  Hance 

599 

Oyperacea    .     .     . 

.  5S5 

Cephalotes,  Vahl 

.  597 

Cypere^   .... 

.  686 

chilensis,  Boeck.  . 
compactus,  Retz. 

.  619 
624 

Cyperorchis,  Bl. 

14,  178 

cochleare,  Benth. 

.     15 

complanatus,   Willd 

646 

elegans,  BL     .     . 

.     14 

complanatus,  Wt. 

608 

Mastersii,  Benth. 

.     15 

.  compositus,  Br.     . 

.  595 

?  WallicMi,  Bl.    . 

.     13 

compressus,  Linn. 

605 

Cyperus,  Linn.   .     . 

.  597 

concolor,  Steud.  . 

590 

acerosus,  Eoxb.    . 

.  617 

congestus,  Heyne 

595 

acuminatus,  Eoxb 

.    .  596 

conglomeratus, i^oi^b.  602 

dlhidus,  Heyne     . 

.  615 

conglomeratus,  Thw 

603 

alopecuroides,Boe 

ck.  617 

conjunctus,  Steud.    . 

615 

alopecuroidfs,  He] 

'^ne  595 

coromandelirms. 

aloptcuroides,  Rot 

tb.  595 

Boeck 

589 

alopecuroides,   Ro 

xb.  617 

coromandelinus,  Spr 

601 

amabiliF,  Vahl     . 

.  598 

coronarius,  Kunth  . 

619 

amoyensis,  Hance 

.  610 

corymbosus,  Rottb. 

612 

Arvdersoniamis,  B  o 

eck.621 

corymbosus,  Keen.     . 

613 

angulatus,  Nees  . 

.  593 

corymbosus,  Eoxb.    . 

592 

angulatus,  Strach 

.    .  590 

corymbosus.  Wall. 

612 

angustif alius,  Han 

a.  .  599 

cruentus,  Boeck.  .     . 

620 

aphyllus,  Boeck.  . 

.  590 

cruentus,  Roxb.     . 

59U 

arenarius,  JRetz.  . 

.  602 

curvulus,  Boeck. .     . 

603 

arenarius,  Hance 

.  615 

cuspidritus,iI./>'.^K. 

598 

arenarius,  Heyne 

.  601 

cylindrious,  Boeck. . 

619 

arenarius,  Prain 

.  603 

cylindrostachys, 

arenarius,  Wt. 

.  606 

Boeck 

622 

aristatus,  Rottb.  . 

.  606 

dehiscent,  Nees    .     . 

613 

articulatus,  Linn. 

.  611 

densus,  Br.       :     •     • 

603 

ater,  Dalz.  &  Gibs 

.  .  592 

denudatifs,  Heyne    . 

614 

Atkinsoni,  Clarke 

.  603 

diaphaiiina,    Steud. 

606 

atratus,  Steud. 

.  590 

diaphanus,  Sohrad.. 

590 

atro-ferrugineus, 

dirtbrmis,"  Lmw^  .     . 

599 

Steud.     .     .     . 

.  592 

diffasns,  Vahl      603, 

604 

aureus,  H.B.K.     . 

.  598 

diffums,  Kunth    .     . 

604 

auricomus,  Benth. 

.  618 

diffusus,,  Roxb.     .     . 

662  1 

auricomus,  Sieb.  . 

.  618 

digitatus,  Ro.rb.  .     . 

618 

£ahakan,  Steud.  . 

.  610 

digi  atu.s\  Mees     .     . 

617 

Babakensis,  Sieud 

.  .  610 

dilutus,  Vah!. .     .     . 

624 

Baccha,  Kunth     . 

.  593 

diluvialis,  Schult.     . 

595 

Page 

diphyllos,  Benth.  .  611 
diphyUus,  Retz.  .  .  612 
distachyos,  Allioni  .  597 
distans,  Linn.  .  .  607 
divaricatus,  Ham.  .  592 
dives,  Delile  .  .  .  617 
Donianus,  Dietr. .  .  609 
dubius,  Rottl.  597,  620 
effusus,  Rottb.  .  .  603 
elatns,  Linn.  .  .  .  618 
elatus,  Heyne  .  .  .  617 
elatus,  Rottb.  .  .  .  607 
elatus,  Roxb.  .  .  .  619 
elegans,  Kunth  .  .  603 
elegans,  Linn.  .  .  604 
eleusinoides,  Kunth  608 
eminens,  Klein  .  .  619 
enodis,  Boeck.  .  .  612 
JEragrostis,  Rottl.  .  592 
Eragrostis,  Vahl  .  .  590 
esculentus.  Linn.  .  616 
eumorphus,  Steud.  .  600 
exaltatus,  Retz.  .  .  617 
exaltatus,  Retz.  .  .  596 
exaltatus,  Strach.  .  608 
extensus,  Heyne  .  .  617 
fastigiatus,  Heyne  .  608 
fastigiatus,  Rottl.  .  619 
Fenzelianus,  Steud.  615 
ferax,  L.  C.  Rich.  .  624 
ferox,  Vahl  .  .  .624 
ferrugineus,  Poir.  .  593 
Fieldingii,  Steud.  .  601 
filiformis,    Heyne 

589, 592 
fimbriatibs,J^ee^  .  .  609 
flavescens,  Linn.  .  .  589 
flaveseens,  Thw.  .  .  591 
Jlavicomus,  Torr.  .  594 
flavidus,  Retz.  .  .  600 
flavidus,  Decne.  .  .  591 
flavidus,  Heyne  .  .  594 
fluitans.  Ham.  .  .  598 
fuscus,  Linn.  .  .  .  599 
gangeticus,  Roxb.  .  608 
geminatus,  Heyne  .  592 
geminatus,  Keen.  .  .  611 
glaber,  Linn.  .  .  .  606 
globosus,  Allioni  .  .  591 
glomeratus,  Linn.  .  607 
glomeratus,  Klein  .  625 
Goei'ingii,  Steud..  .  599 
gracilis,  Heyne  .  .  600 
graminicola,  Steud  .  607 
graminif alius,  Poir.  .  600 
Griffithianus,  Boeck.  609 
Qr^thii,  Steud.  .  .  605 
grossarius,  Heyne    .  590 


764 


INDEX    OF    GENEEA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Gula-Methi,  Eoem.  & 

Sch 612 

gymnos,  Roem.  &  Sch. 

.  611 
Haspan,  Linn.  .  .  600 
Easpan,  Benth.  .  .  600 
Haspan,  Rottb.  .  .  601 
Haspan,  Wt.  .  .  .601 
hebes,  Steud.  .  .  .  609 
Helferi,  Boeclc.  .  .  604 
hexang ular is,  Wt.  .  601 
hexastachyus,  Nees  .  616 
hexastachyus,  Rottb.  615 
Heyneanus,  Boeck.  .  609 
Heynei,  Boeck.  .  .  610 
Hochstetteri,  Nees  .  594 
honestus,  Kunth  .  .  609 
Sookerianus,  Arnott  592 
Hookerianus,  Thw.  .  597 
hyalinus,  Heyne  .  .  623 
hyalinus,  Vahl  .  .  591 
incurvatus,  Roxb.  .  608 
indicus,  Boeclc.  .  .  619 
indicus,  Pers.  .  .  .  649 
infra-apicahs,  Nees .  608 
inundatus,  Nees  .  .  593 
inundatus,  Roxb.  595, 607 
involucratus,  Poir.     .  617 

Iria,  Linn 606 

Iria,  Thw 607 

ischnos,  Schl.  .  .  .  623 
Jacquini,  Schrad.  .  607 
japonicus,  Miq.  .  .  594 
jeminicus,  Heyne 

590,  615,  616 
ieminicus,  Retz  .  .  611 
Jeminicus,  Rottb.  .  602 
Juncifolius,  Klein  .  615 
junciformis,  Desf.  .  597 
Junghuhnii,  Miq.  .  .  592 
Kamphoeveneri,  Boeck, 

594 
Kleinianus,  Hochst.  625 
Kcenigiiy  Vahl  .  .612 
Kurrti,  Steud.  .  .  607 
Kurzii,  Clarke  .  .  604 
KylUngicBoides,  Vahl  620 
Icevigatus,  Linn.  .  .  596 
lagorensis,  fetend.  .  604 
Lamarckianus,  Schult. 

591 
laniprocarpus,  Boeck.  615 
lateralis,  Forsk.  .  .  596 
latespicatus,  Boeck.  590 
leptostachyus ,  Griff.  615 
leucocephalus,  Retz.  602 
leucocephalns,  Wt. 

597,  603 


Page 
littoralis,  Br.  .  .  .  615 
lividiis,  Heyne  .  .  592 
longif alius,  Decne  .  603 
longus,  Linn.  .  .  .  614 
longus,  Baker  .  .  616 
longus,  Vahl  .  .  .  594 
lucidulu&f  Clarke  .  614 
lucidulus,  Klein  .  .  616 
lucidus,  Heyne  .  .  592 
macer,  Clarke  .  .  613 
tnacropus,  Miq.  .  .  605 
macrostachyus,  Vahl  594 
maderaspatanus, 

Willd 623 

malaocensis,  Lam.  .  608 
marginellus,  Nees  .  609 
maximus,  Heyne  .  617 
maximus,  Roxb.  .  .  619 
membranaceus,  Vahl  591 
Meyenii,  Nees  .  .  605 
microcarpus,  Boeck.  601 
microiria,  Steud. .  .  606 
microlepis,  Baker  .  606 
mitis.  Steud.  .  .  .616 
mcestus,  Kunth  .  .  603 
monocephalus,  Roxb. 

596,  597 
monopTiyllus,  Vahl  .  612 
monostachyns,  Linn.  649 
Monti,  Linn.  .  .  .  594 
mucronatus,  Heyne  .  596 
inucronatus,  Moritz.  591 
mucronatus,  Rottb.  .  596 
multispicatus,J5oecfc.  604 
musarius.  Ham.  .  .  662 
mysurensis,  Heyne  .  608 
natans,  Ham.  .  .  .  597 
Neesii,  Kunth.  .  .  618 
Neesii,  Thw.  .  .  ,618 
nigro-viridis,Thw.  .  603 
nilagiricus,  Hochst.  592 
nitens,  Retz.  .  .  .  601 
nitens,  Rottb. .  .  .  601 
nitens,  Rottl.  .  .  .  601 
nitens,  Vahl  .  .  .  591 
nitens.  Wall.  .  .  .  601 
nivens,  Retz.  .  .  .  601 
niveus,  Heyne  .  .  596 
nudus,  Roxb.  .  611,  612 
nutans,  Vahl  .  .  .  607 
nutans,  Presl .  .  .  607 
Oatesii,  Clarke  .  .  618 
ohliquus,  Nees  .  .  610 
ohscurus,  Nees  .  .  617 
ohstinatus,  Steud.  .  591 
ochreoides,  Steud.  .  615 
odoratus,  Burm.  ,  617 
odoratus,  Forsb.  .     .  624 


Page 
odoratus,  Linn,  592,  608 
oleraceus,  Roxb.  .  .  611 
ornatus,  Br.  .  .  .  610 
oryzeticola,  Steud.  .  6l7 
ovularis,  Boeck.  .  .  622 
pachyrrhizus,  Nees  .  603 
pallescens,  Boiss.  .  615 
pallidus,  Heyne  .  .  598 
Pangorei,  Ham.  .  .  609 
Pangorei,  Heyne  .  .  613 
Pangorei,  Retz.  .  .616 
Pangorei,  Rottb. .  .  612 
Pangorei,  Roxb.  .  .  608 
Pangorei,  Wt.  .  .  613 
paniceus,  Boeck.  .  621 
paniculatus,  D.  Don  609 
paniculatus,  Rottb.  .  592 
Panimotha,  Ham.  .  609 
parviflorus,  Heyne  .  617 
parvifiorus,  Nees  .  607 
patulus,  Kitaib.  .  .  606 
pauciflorus,  Steud,  .  609 
pauper,  Clarke  .  .  590 
pectinatus,  Roxb.  .  601 
pectiniformis,  Nees 

605,  606 
pectiniformis,  Roem.  601 
pennatus,  Boeck,  .  624 
pennatus.  Lam.  .  .  623 
pertenuis,  Bujer  .  .  616 
pertenuis,  Roxb.  .  .  612 
pes-avium,  Bertol.  .  600 
pictus.  Wall.  .  .  .621 
pilosus,  Vahl  ...  609 
pilosus,  Vahl  .  .  .  595 
piptolepis,  Steud.  .  609 
platyphyllus,  Roem. 

^  Sch 618 

platystylis,  Br.  .  .  598 
plenus,  Heyne  .  .  592 
pleuranihns,  Nees  .  596 
polystachyus,  Br.  .  592 
polystachyus,  Rottb. 

609,  616 
polystachyus,  Strach.  592 
procerulvs,  Nees .  .  616 
procerus,  Rottb.  .  .  610 
procerus,  Roth.  .  .  609 
procerus,  Roxb. 

593,  608,  616 
proteinolepis,  Steud.  603 
Pseudo-\}romoides, 

Boeck 590 

pulescens,  Steud.  .  653 
pubisquama.  Steud.  604 
pulchellus,  Br.  .  .  602 
pulcher,  Don  .  .  .  619 
pulcherrimua,  Willd.  600 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


765 


Page 

pulvinatus,    Nees    & 

Meyen 591 

pumilus,  Hejne  .  .  616 
pumilus,  Linn.  .  .  591 
pumilus,  Nees  .  .  591 
pumilus,  Eottb.  .  .  590 
punciatus,  Roxb.  .  .  591 
puncticulatus,  Aitch.  594 
punclicufatuSy  Steud.  595 
puncticulatus,  Vahl  .  593 
pungens,  Boeck.  .  .  602 
pusillus,  Vahl  .  .619 
pusillus,  Wt.  .  598,  623 
pygmcBus,  Retz.  .  .  619 
pygmcBus,  Rottb.  .  .  596 
quinqu- florus, Hoch&t.  610 
quinqueflorus,  Steud.  618 
racemosus,  Heyne 

608,  617 
racemosus,  Retz.  ,  618 
radians,  Nees  Sf  Mey.  605 
radiatus,  Vahl  .  .  617 
radicans,  Kunth  .  .  605 
Rehmanni,  Boiss.  .  590 
Retzii,  Nees  .  .  .616 
rigidnlus,  Vahl  .  .  619 
Roestelii,  Kunth  .  .616 
rotundus,  Linn.  .  .  614 
rotundtis,  Benth. .  .  616 
rotundus,  Boeck.  .  615 
rotundus,  Kunth  611,  615 
rotundus,  Miq.  .  .  613 
rotundus,  Thw.  612,  616 
RoxburffhianuSf'Presl  596 
Roxhurghii,  Nees  .  619 
Roylei,  Arn.  .  .  .  617 
ruhicundus,  Kunth  .  601 
rubicundus,  Vahl  .  601 
sanguinolentus,  Vahl  590 
scariosus,  Br. .  .  .  612 
scoparius,  Decne.  .  608 
semidives,  Steud.  .  595 
seminudus,  Moritz.  .  606 
seminudus,  Roxb.  .  612 
semiteres,  Heyae.  .  592 
serotinus,  Rottb.  .  .  594 
setaceus,  Retz.  .  .  629 
setifolius,  Don  .  .  619 
silletensis,  Nees  .  .  600 
silletensis,  Thw.  .  .  600 
sinensis,  Deb.  .  .  .  605 
solutus,  Steud.  .  .  599 
songaricus,  Karel.  .  606 
sorostachys,  Boeck.  .  602 
spadiceus,  Heyne  .  610 
spaniophyllus,Stexid.  609 
speciosus,  Heyne .  .  595 
spicatus,  Heyne  .     .  617 


Page 
spinulosus,  Roxb.  .  624 
spongioso-vaginatns, 

Boeck 619 

squarrosus,  Linn.  606,  623 
squarrosus,  Roxb.  .  596 
squar7-osus.  Trim.  .  598 
stenostachyus,  Benth.  614 
Steudelianus,  Boeck.  622 
stoloniferus,  Retz.  .  615 
stoluniferus,  Nees 
stramineus,  Nees 
strictus,  Heyne 
strictus,  Lam.  . 
strictus,  Rottl. 
strictus,  Wt.  . 
strigosus,  Wt.  . 
suhalatus,  Steud 
Bubcapitatus,  Clarice  616 
suhulatus,  Heyne  .  613 
sulcinux,  Clarke  .  .  593 
tegetiformis,  Roxb.  .  612 
tegetiformis,  Benth.  .  609 
tegetiformis,'^.  Wats 
tegetum,  Roxb.  .  . 
tegetum,  Wt.  .  .  . 
tener,  Vahl  .  .  , 
Teneriflfse,  Poir.  .  . 
Tenorii,  Presl.  .  , 
tenuiculmis,  Boeck. . 
tenuijiorus,  Balf.  f.  . 
tenuifiorus,  Roxb. 
tenuijiorus,  Royle 
tenuispica,  Steud.  . 
teretifructus,  Steud. . 
Thomsoni,  Boeck.  . 
tortuosus,  Keen.  .  . 
tortuosus,  Roxb.  .  . 
triflorus,  Linn, 
trisulcus,  Don.  .  . 
truncatus,  Franch.  . 
tuberiferus,  Schrad. 
tuberosus,  Rottb. 
tuber osus,  Bojer.  .  . 
turgidulus,  Clarke  . 
umbellatus,  JSurm.  . 
umbellatus,  Benth.  . 
umbellatus,  Miq.  .  . 
umbellatus,  Roxb.     . 


611 
589 
601 
592 
593 
591 
592 
609 


613 
613 
594 
619 
601 
616 
613 
615 
616 
615 
601 
592 
608 
592 
591 
649 
619 
609 
618 
616 
615 
604 
619 
621 
622 
617 

umbellatus,  Thw.  621,622 
unioloides,  Br.  .  .  593 
venustus,  Br.  .  .  .  617 
venustus,  Moritz.  .  609 
venustus,  Nees  .  .  618 
versicolor,  Nees  .  .  606 
verticillatus,  Roxb.  .  617 
verticillatus,   Wt.    & 

Ham 617 

viridis,  Roxb.  .     .     .  605 


Page 

viscosus,  Alton     .     .  604 

vulgaris,  Sieb.      .     .  591 

Wallichianus,  8pr.    .  619 

Wallichii,  Nees  .     .  608 

Wallichii,  Wt.     .     .  609 

Wightii,  Hance    .     .  613 

Wightii,  Nees .     .     .601 

xanthopus,  Steud.     .  608 

Zollingeri,  Steud.     .  613 

sp.  Coldstream    .     .  606 

sp.  H.  f.  &  T.       608,  612 

sp.  WaU.     590,  591,  592, 

593,  595,  599,  600,  601, 

602,  603,  604,  605,  606, 

607,609,611,614,  615, 

617,  618,  619,  623,  624, 

640,  677,  680. 

sp.  Wt.  .     .     .    616,  670 

Cyphostigma,  Benth.  .  250 

exsertu'n,  Scort.  .     .  251 

pulchellum,  Benth.  .  251 

Cypripedie^      .     169,  177 

Cypripedium,  Linn.    .  169 

barbatum,  Lindl.      .  174 

Boxalli,  Rchb.  f.  .     .  171 

concolor,  Batem.     .  170 

cordigerum,  Don      .  170 

Grossii,  Belg.   Hort.  174 

Drurii,  Bedd.  .     .     .172 

elegans,  Rchb.  f. .     .  169 

Fairieanum,  Lindl.  .  173 

hirsutissimum,I(md?.  171 

insigne,  Wall.      .     .  172 

macranthon,  Swartz  170 

niveum,  ftchb.  f. .     .  171 

orhum,  Rchb.  f.    .     .  174 

pardinum,  Rchb.  f.  .  173 

Parishii,  Rchb.  f.      .  174 

purpu  atun,  Wt.       .  174 

Spicerianum,  Rc/ib./.  172 

an  perhiens,  Rchb.  f.  173 

Veitchianum,  111. 

Hort 173 

ventricosum,  Swartz  170 
venuatum,  Wall.  .  173 
villosum,  Lindl.  .  .  171 
Warnerianum, 
Rchb.  f.  .  .  .  .174 
Gyrtopera     hicarinata, 

Lindl 6 

Brunoniana,  Wt.  .  6 
Candida,  Lindl.  .  .  7 
CulUrti,  Wt.  .  .  .  7 
fiava,  Lindl.     ...       7 

fused  Wt 6 

Gardneri,  Thw.  .  .  •  6' 
Zao?  i^ora,  Gardn. .  .  6 
Maanii,  Rchb.  f. .  4 


766 


INDEX    OF   GENEKA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
mysorensis,  Lindl.  .  6 
nuda,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  6 
ohti  sa,  Lindl.  ...  3 
pHcaia,  Lindl.  .  .  6 
rufa,  Thw.  ...  8,  19fi 
sanguinea ,  Lindl.  .  8 
squalida,  Rchb.  f.     .       6 

Cyrtobia  altissuna,  Bl.  89 
javanica,  Bl.  .  .  .  88 
IAndleyana,B.'kJ.&T.    88 

Cyr  topper  ma,  Oriff.  .  550 
lasioides,  Griff".  .     .  551 

Cyrtostachys,  £1.  .  .  414 
Lakka,  Becc.    .     .     .  414 

Cystorchis,  Bl.  .  97,  179 
fusca,  Benth.  .  .  .  112 
javanica,  Bl.  .  .  .  97 
variegata,  Bl.  .     .     .     97 


DaBmonorops,  Bl.  .  .  462 
anguetifolius,  Mart.  464 
calicarpns.  Mart.  .  466 
didymophyllus.-Becc.  468 
fascicula  its,  Mart.  .  459 
geniculatns,  Mart.  .  470 
grandis,  Mart.  .  .  463 
grandis,  Knrz  .  .  .  463 
Guruba,  Mart.  .  .  449 
hirsutvs,  Bl.  .  .  .  468 
hygrophilus,  Mart.  .  464 
hypoleucus,  Knrz  .  451 
Hystrix,  Mart.  .  .  468 
intermedins,  Mart.  .  464 
Jenkinsianus,  Mart.  462 
Kuntsleii,  Becc.  .  .  469 
Knrzianus,  HooA;. /.  463 
leptopus,  Mart.  .  .  468 
Lewisianus,  Mart.  .  46o 
longipes,  Mart.  .  .  471 
macrophyllus,  Becc.  470 
Manii,  Becc.  .  .  .  463 
v<elanulepiy,  Mart.  .  452 
micracanthus,  Bfcc.  467 
monticolus,  Mart.  .  465 
nutantiflcrus,  Mart. .  462 
oligophyllas,  Becc.  .  470 
petiolaris,  Mart.  .  .  466 
platyspathus,  Mart. .  450 
propinquus,  Becc.  .  467 
Pseadosepal,  Becc.  .  465 
ramosissimus,  Mart.  450 
Bheedei,  Mart.  .  .  452 
Sabut,  Becc.  .  .  .469 
Sepal,  Secc.  .  .  .  465 
strictus,  Bl.  .  .  .471 
tabacinus,  B  cc.  .     .  466 


Page 
vagans,  Becc.  .  .  .  469 
verticillaris,  Mart.  .  470 

DalzelUa  vivipara, 

Hassk 388 

Vecaii^nea  angu'ofia, 

Lindl 92 

Dendrobiumaduncum, 

Wall 185 

aduncum,  Hk.  f.  .  .  185 
I  Andersonii,  Scdt  .  187 
I      atropxirpnreum,Mi5. 

1 84,  198 
anrantiacum,Ec/i6.  f.  187 
Ufarium,  Lindl.  83,  186 
bolboflornm,  yolc.  .  184 
Brymeriannm  jRc/i6./.187 
chrysenm,  Holfe  .  .  187 
crocatnm,  Hh.  /. .  .  185 
cumulatnm,  Lindl.  .  185 
Dalhousieannm,  Wall.186 
Devonianum,  Paxt. .  186 
flavidulum,  Ridl:  .  185 
geminatum,  Lindl.  .  183 
hercoglossum,Ec7ib./.  185 
Hughii,  BcU.  f.  .  .  187 
hymenanthum,i?A;./.  185 
hymenopterum,if  A;./.  185 
inauditum,  Rchl3.  f.  .  183 
kentrophyllum,HA;./.  184 
Knntsleri,  Hk.  f.  .  .  184 
Leonis,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  184 
Loddigesii,  R(dfe  .  187 
longicolle,  lindl.  .  183 
longipes.  Hie.  f.  .  .  183 
Macraei,  Lindl.  .  .  184 
macropodum,  Hk.  f.  183 
moulmeinense,  I'ar.  187 
panduriferum,i?^./.  186 
pendulum,  Roxb.  .  186 
pulchellum,  Roxb.  .  186 
pumilum,  Hoxh.  .  .  184 
■  phegidoglossum, 

Rchb.  f 186 

stuposum,  Lindl.  .  186 
^subtires,  Lindl.  .  .  184 
subulatum,  Lindl.  .  184 
tenuicaule,  Hk.  f.  .  184 
teres,  Roxb.  ...  49 
Teysmann  ,  Miq.  .  .  184 
tropaeoli  florum,Hfe./.  186 
tuberiferum,  Hk.  f.  .  184 
vaginatum,  Wall.  .  83 
V  ratrifulium,  Roxb.  191 

Bendrochilum  fuscum, 

Teysm.  &  Binn.    .  190 

Den'^rocolla     aniplexi- 

caulis,  Bl.     ...     40 
Arachnites,  Bl.      .     .     41 


Page 
Hystrix,  Bl.  ...  39 
pulchella,  Thw.  .  .  39 
serrceformis,  LindL  .  41 
teres,  Bl 34 

Besmotrichum  ffemina- 

turn,  Bl 183 

Dianella,  Lamk.  .  .  336 
ensifolia,  Reroute'  .  337 
javanica,  Kunth  ,  .  337 
nemorosa,  Lamk.  .  .  337 
odorata,  Bl.  ...  337 
sandvicensis,  Hook. 
&  Arn 337 

Diaphora       cochinchi- 

nensis.  Lour.    .     .  690 

Dicerostylis  lanceolata, 

Bl 110 

Dichcesperm'uin    auran- 

tiacum,  Hassk.  .  378 
Blumei,  Hassk.  .  .  380 
ciganteum,  Hassk.  .  376 
juncoides,  Wt.  .  .  381 
Koenigii,  Hassk.  .  .  381 
lanceolatibw ,  Wt. .  .  381 
ocJifaceum,  Hassk.  .  380 
paniculatum,K.f.&tT.  381 
repens,  Clarke  .  .  380 
repens,  Hassk.      ,     ,  37S 

repens,  Wt 380 

semiteres,  Hassk. .     .  381 

Dichostylis  Micheliana, 
Nees    .;     ...  662 
pyffmcea,  Nees      .     .  596 

I>iciidiumferox,^ohrad.624: 

Dictyosperrmim     con- 

spicuum,  Hassk.  .  382 
montanum,  Wt.  .  .  382 
ovalifolium,  Wt.  .  .  382 
ovatum,  Hassk.  .  .  382^ 
protensum,  Wfc,  .  .  382 
WigUii,  Hassk.  368,  382 

Didymoplexis,  Griff.  .  121 
pallens,  Griff.  .     .     .122 

Didymosperma,  H.  Wdl. 

Sj-  Dr 420 

gracilis,  Hk.f.  .  .  420 
hastata,  Becc.  .  .  420 
Hookeriana,  Becc.  .  420 
nana,  A.  Wdl.  Sf  Dr.  420 

Dioscorea,  Linn.  .  .  288 
aculeata,  Linn.  .  .  296 
aculeata.  Ham,  .  .  291 
aculeata,  Roxb.  .  .  291 
aculeata,  Wt.  .  .  .  296 
acutangula,  Ham.  .  296 
alata,  Lmn.  .  .  .  296 
alata,  Griseb.  .  .  .  295 
altissima,  Roxb.    .     .  289 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


767 


Page 
amoena,  Eoxb.  .  .  289 
angnlata,  Roxh.  .  .  296 
angulifiora^  St  end.  .  296 
anguina,  Roxb.  .  .  293 
atropurpurea,  Roxh.  296 
Bisantcbca,  Ham.  .  .  296 
bulbifera,  Linn.  .  .  296 
hulbifera,  Br.  .  .  .  295 
tulbifera,  Russ.  .  .  296 
Ceruhulium,  Ham.  .  291 
Cliffo'  tiava,  Lam.  .  295 
Collettii,  Hk.  /.  .  .  290 
coriacea,  Wt.  .  .  .292 
crepitans,  Ham.  .  .  294 
crispata,  Roxh.  .  .  296 
cylindrica,  Vitm.  .  296 
cymosula,  Hemsl.  .  291 
dsemoBa,  Roxh.  .  .  289 
decemangularis,  Ham.295 
decipiens,  Hlc.  f.  .  .  293 
deflexa,  Uk.  f.  .  .  293 
deltoidea,  Wall.  ,  .  291 
Devipata^  Ham.  .  .  296 
digitata,  Mill  .  .  .289 
echinata,  Ham.  .  .  291 
fasciculata,  Roxh.  .  296 
gibbiaora,  Hk.  f.  .  294 
glabra,  Roxh.  .  .  .  294 
c/Za?>ra,  Wall.  292,293,  294 
globosa,  Roxh.  .  .  296 
Hamiltoni,  Hk.  f.  .  295 
heterophyla,  Roxb.  .  295 
hirsuta,  Dennst.  .  .  289 
Hurchtisia,  Ham.  .  296 
mcrassata,  Ham. .  .  295 
intermedia,  Thw.  .  297 
Jaoquemontiij/Zoofe./.  290 
Japonica,  Hb.  Madr.  296 
Kleiniana,  Kunth  .  289 
kumaonensis,  Kunth  290 
lanata,  Half.  .  .  .291 
lancsolata,  Heyne.  .  292 
laurifolia,  Wall..  .  293 
lunata.  Roth  .  .  .289 
nepalensis,  Sweet,  .  297 
nummularia,  Kunth  294 
nummularia,  Lamk. .  294 
?  nummular ia,Wi\\d.  295 
obcnn  eata,  i//c. /.  .  293 
octangularis,  Ham.  .  296 
odoratissima,  Wall.  .  296 
opposiiifolia,  Linn.  .  292 
orbicnlata,  Hook.  .  292 
ovata,  Ham.  .  .  .  295 
peltata,  Juss.  .  .  .  297 
pentaphylla,  Lin/n. .  289 
peiito.phylla,  Wyll.  .  2yO 
polyclades,  Hk.  f.    .  294 


pulcliella,  Roxb. 
purpurea,  Roxh. 
pyri  folia,  Kunth 
rubella,  Ruxh.  . 
sagittata,  Royle 
sativa,  Linn.   .     . 
sativa,  Hb.  Madr 
sativa,  Linn.    . 
sativa,  Wall.    . 
spicata,  Roth  . 
spinosa,  Roxh. . 
spinosa,  Wall.  . 
tiliosfolia,  Kunth 


Page 

.  295 

.  297 

.  292 

.  297 

.  294 

.  295 

.  295 

.  291 

292,  295 

291,  297 

.     .  291 

.     .  294 

.  291 

tomentosa,  Heyne     .  289 

trinervia,  Roxb.  289,  292 

triphylla.  Ham.    .     . 

triphylla,  Linn.    .     . 

triphylla,  Ruse.    .     . 

triphylla,  Wall.    .     . 

Tunga,  Ham?y    .     . 

versicolor,  Ham.  .     , 

virosa.  Wall.    .     .     . 

Walliohii,ff/<;./.  .     . 

Wightii,  Hk.  f.     .     . 

DiOSCOREACEyE"    .      .       . 

Dipcadi,  Medic.  .     .     . 

ooncanense,  Dalz.    . 

hydsurioum.  Baker  . 

minor,  Hk.  /.  .     .     . 

montanum,  Baker     . 

Berotinum,  Medic.     . 

unicolor,  Baker   . 
Diphylax,       urceolata, 

Hk.  f 

Diplacrum    caricinum, 


289 
289 
290 
295 
295 
289 
295 
291 
288 
345 
346 
347 
346 
346 
346 
346 

165 


Br, 


tridentatum,    Brong.  688 

zeylanicum,  Nees      .  688 

Diplanthera  tridentata, 

Steinh 570 

Diplocentrum,  Lindl. .  78 

congestum,  Wt.  .     .  78 

longifolium,  Wt. .     .  78 

recurvxmi,  Lindl.     .  78 

Biplochilos      hirsutum, 

Lindl 167 

longifolium,  Lindl.    .  167 

Diplomeris,  Don      .     .  166 

hirsuta,  Lindl.     .     .  167 

pulchella,  Bon      .     .  167 

Diploprora,  Hk.  f.     26, 178 

Championi,  Hk.  f.    .  26 

Dipodium,  Br.     ...  19 

flavum,  Ham.  ...  7 

paludosnm,  Bchh.  f.  19 

pictum,  Rchh.  f.  .     .  19 

plicatum,  Ham.    .     .  6 

ramentaceum,    Ham.  4 


359 
359 


.  Page 
Roniata,  Ham.  .  .  6 
scariosum,  Ham.  .  .  3 
sp.  GriflF.      ....  195 

Bipseudo chorion  sagit- 

tifolium,  Buchen  .  560 

Disperis,  Swartz.  168,  177 
neilgherrensis,  Wt.  169 
tripetaloides,  Lindl.  169 
zeylanica,  Trimen     .  169 

Disporum,  Salish.  . 
calcaratum,  Don  . 
ceylanicum,  Wt.  .  .  360 
fulvum,  Don  .  .  .  360 
Hamiltonianum,  Don  359 
Horsfieldii,  Don  .  .  360 
latipetalum,  Coll.  & 

Hemsl.     .     .     .     .  359 
Leschenaultianum, 

Bon  .  .  . 
multijlorum,  Don 
mysorense,  Wt. 
parvifloruTii,  Don 
Pitsutum,  Don 
pullum,  Salish. 
Wallichii,  Don 

Dithyrocarpus 

Meyenianus,  Kunth .  390 
paniculatus,  Kunth  .  390 
petiolatus,  Wt. 
Rothii,  Wt.      .     . 
rufus,  Kunth  .     . 
undulatus,  Wt.     . 

Dochafa  flava,   Schott  503 

Donacodes,  Bl.    .     .     .  236 

Donax  Arundinastrum, 

Lour 258 

Doritis,  Lindl.  .  .  31, 178 
Braceana,  Hk.  f.  .  .  196 
pulcherrima,  Lindl.  .  31 
taenialis,  Benth.  .  ,  31 
Wightii,  BentJi.    .     .     32 

Dossinia,  Morr.  .  . 
lanceolata,  Lindl. 
marmorata,  J.indl. 

Dracaena,  Linn.  .  . 
angustifolia,  Roxh. 
atro-purpurea.  Roxb.  330 
aurantiaca,  Wall.  .  329 
brachyphylla,  Kurz  328 
brachystachys,  Hk.f. 328 
Cantleyi,  Baker  .  .  331 
elliptica,  Thunh. 
elliptica,    Thunb 

Dallm.     .     . 
ensifolia,  Wall. 
ferrea,  Linn.    . 
Finlaysoni,  Baker    .  327 
gracilis,   Wall.     .     .  330 


360 
360 
360 
360 
360 
360 
359 


390 
390 
390 
390 


102 
109 
96 
327 
327 


.  330 
& 
.  329 
.  327 
.  331 


768 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
graminifolia.  Wall. .  327 
granulata,  Hk.  f.  .  327 
GriffitUi,  Kegel  .  .  330 
Helferiana,  Wall.  .  330 
Heyneana,  Wall.  .  329 
Jackiana,  Wall.  .  .  331 
javanica,  Kunth  ,  .  330 
linearif  olia,  Kurz  .  331 
maculata,  Planch.  .  330 
maculata,  Roxb.  .  .  330 
maculata,  Wall.  .  .  32S 
Main  gay  i,  Hk.  f.  .  .  329 
?  marmorata,  Baker  329 
paohyphylla,  Kurz  .  329 
petiolata,  Hk.  f.  .  .  331 
Porteri,  Baker  .  .  328 
spicata,  Roxh.  .  .  328 
spicata,  Baker  .  .  328 
terminalis,  Jack  .  .331 
terminalis,  Wt.  .  .  329 
ternifiora,  Roxh.  .  .  328 
terniflnra,  Wall.  .  .  330 
ternifolia,  Kurz  .  .  328 
Thwaifesii,  Kegel  .  329 
Wallichii yKnnth  328,  330 

PRACiENEiE       ....    300 

Dracontium     polyphyl- 

lum,  Denst. .     .     .  514. 
spinosum,  Linn.    .     .  550 
Drapiezia  multifiora,  Bl.  360 
Drymophlceus      singa- 

porensis,  Hk.  f,      .413 
Dymczewiezia  capitata, 

Horan 249 

elata,  Horan.    .     .     .  249 
marginata,  Horan.    .  249 

Echinolytrum  dipsaceum, 
Deav 635 

Echioglossum  striatum, 
Rchb.f.    ....     76 

Elate  sylvestris,  Linn.  .  425 

Eleocharis,  R.  Br.  .  .  6io 
acicularis,  Br.  .  .  628 
acutangula,  Sohult. .  627 
affiata,  Steud.  .  .  .629 
atropurpurea,  Kunth  627 
capitata,  Br.  .  .  .  627 
Chaetaria,  Boem.^8ch.629 
?  confervoides,  Miq.  .  654 
congesta,  Don  .  .  630 
equisetina,  Presl  .  626 
erythrochlamys,  Miq.  630 
fistulosa,  Schult.  .  626 
incurvata,  Schult.  .  656 
interstincta,  Br.  .  .  626 
Juncoides,  Schult.  .  656 
media,  Schult.      .     .  627 


Page 
oohrostaohys,  Steud.  626 

ovata,  Br 628 

ovata,  Thw.  .  .  .630 
palustris,  Br.  .  .  .628 
palustris,  Strach.  .  630 
planiculmis,  Steud.  .  627 
plantaginea,  Br.  .  .  625 
purpurascenSf  Boeck.  630 

setacea,  Br 629 

spiralis,  Br.  .  .  .  627 
subproUfera,  Steud.  .  629 
subviripara,  Boeck. .  fi29 
tetraquetra,  Nees  .  630 
tumida,  Koem.  &  Sch.  625 
uniglum,is,  Nees  .  .  628 
variegata,  Kunth  .  626 
sp.  H.f.SfT.  .  .  .  630 
sp.  Wall.  626,  627,  628, 
630 

Eleogenus,  Nees  .  .  .  627 
atropurpureus,  Nees .  627 
capitatus,  Nees  .  .  628 
ovatus,  Nees    .     .     .  628 

Eleogiton     curvulus, 

Nees 653 

Jluitans,  Link.  .  .  653 
monostachya,  Dietr. .  634 
scahra,  Dietr.  .     .     .  631 

Elettaria,  Maton  .  .  251 
canntBcarpa,  Wt.  .  .  240 
Cardamomum,  Maton  251 
costata,  Horan.  .  ,  235 
florihunda,  Thw.  .  .  233 
involucrata,  Thw.  .  233 
linguijormis,  Schult.  235 
major.  Smith.  .  .  .  251 
mendia,  Link. .  .  .  235 
nemoralis,  Thw.  .  .  233 
rufescens,  Benth.      .  242 

Blettariopsis,  Baker  .  251 
Curtisii,  Baker  .  .  252 
exserta,  Baker  .  .  251 
serpentina.  Baker     .  252 

Elyna,  Schrad.  .  .  .  696 
capillifolia,  Decne.  .  697 
capillifolia,  Hend.  .  701 
fiUfolia,  Turcz.  .  .  699 
kokanica,  Kegel  .  .  698 
?  laxa,  Kunth .  .  .698 
schoenoides,      G.    A. 

Meyer  ....  697 
sihirica,  Turcz  .  .  697 
spicata,  Boiss.  .  .  697 
stenocarpa,  Kar.  &  Kir .698 
sp.  H.  f.  &  T.  695,  696, 
697,  699 

Ep  hippiorhynchium 

trijlorum,  Nees      .  670 


Epidendrum  aloifolium, 

Bot.  Mag.  ...  11 
aloifolium,  Linn. .  .  10 
bidentatum,  Koen.  .  197 
caleeolare.  Ham.  .  .  60 
calceolaria,  Koen.  .  197 
calceolaria     terres- 

tre,  Koen.  .  .  .197 
clavatum,  Koen.  .  .  197 
clavatum,  Ketz.  .  .  66 
complanatum,  Koen.  197 
complanatum,  Retz. .  41 
ensifolium,  Linn.  .  14 
Flabellum   Veneris, 

Keen 197 

Flos-aeris?  Koen.  .  197 
Flos-ceris,  Linn.  .  .  28 
geniculatum,  Ham.  .  45 
henandrum,  Koen.  84,  198 
Hippium,  Ham.  .  .  32 
liliiflorum,  Kmn.  .  .  198 
longiflorum,  Koen.  .  198 
lycopodioides,  Keen.  198 
nudum,  Koen.  .  .  .  198 
ophrydis,  Koen.  .  .  198 
orchideum,  Keen.  .  198 
plantaginifolium, 

Koen 198 

prcemorsum,  Koxb.  .  63 
pusillum,  Koen.  .  .  198 
pusillum,  Ketz  .  .  37 
retusum,  Linn.  .  ,  32 
saaronicum,  Koen.  .  197 
scriptum,  Linn.  .  .  18 
sessile,  Koen.  .  .  .  198 
spathulatum,  Koen.  .  198 
spathulatum,  Liun.  .  50 
subn latum,  Keen.  .  198 
suhulatum,  Ketz.  ,  44 
Supplexminima,Zfl?M.  198 
tenuifolium,  Linn.  .  25 
tessellatum,  Roxb.  .  52 
tomeutosum.  Keen.  .  198 
triste,  Forst.  ...  25 
umbellatum,  Ham.  .  66 
variegatnm,  Koen.  .  198 
Epipaotis,  Br.  .  ,  .  125 
?  americana,  Lindl.  .  126 
amoena,  Ham.  .  .  .126 
?  hicarin  ■  ta.  Ham.  .  6 
carinata.  Koxb.  .  .121 
consimilis.  Wall.  .  126 
consimilis,  Don  .  .  125 
Dalhousice,  Wt.  .  .  125 
gigantea,  Dougl.  .  .  126 
herbacea,  Lindl.  .  .  125 
intrusa,  Lindl.  .  ,  126 
Juliana,  Koxb.      .     .119 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


769 


Page 
latifolia,  8w.  .  .  .  125 
macrostachyay  Lindl.  125 
macrostachya,  Wt.  .  126 
plicata,  Eoxb. .  .  .  119 
JEtoyleana,  Lindl.  .  126 
veratrifulia^  Boiss.    .  126 

Epiphanesj  avanica  fBl.  123 
pallens,  Rchb.  f. .     .  122 

Epipognm,  Qmelin  .  .  124 
aphyllum,  8w.  .  .  124 
Gmelini,  Rich.  .  .  124 
nutans,  Rchh.  f.  .  .  124 
roseiim,  Lindl.      .     .   124 

Epipremnum,  Schott  .  548 
Beccarii,  Engl.  .  .  546 
giganteum,  Schott  .  548 
hnmile,  Hh.  /. .  .  .  549 
medium,  Engl.  .  .  540 
mirabile,  Schott  .     .  549 

Eremnrus,  Bieherst.  .  332 
hitnalaicns,  Baker  .  332 
persicus,  Boiss.    .     .  333 

Eria  calamifolia,  Hk.f.  191 
muscioola,  Lindl.  .  190 
pulchella,  Lindl.  .  .  190 
Thwaitesii,  Trim.  .  191 
tomentosa,  Lindl.      .  198 

EuiOCAULEiE    ....    571 

Eriocaulon,  Linn.  .  .  571 
achiton,  Koern.  .  .  584 
alpestre,  Hk.  f.  Sf  T.  578 
argentewm.  Mart. .  .  582 
argyreewm,  Steud.  .  582 
atratum,  Koern.  .  .  574 
australe,  Br.  .  .  .  580 
bifistnlosnm, 

F.  Heurl.  .  .  .572 
hracteosum,  Steud.  .  572 
breviscapum,  Koern.  575 
Brownianum,  Mart.  576 
oapillu8-naiadis,Hfc./.572 
cauleaoens,Sfc./.^T.  572 
oeylauioum,  Koern.  .  585 
cinerenm,  Br.  .  .  .  578 
cinereum,  Ham.  .  .  578 
Oollettii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  575 
collinum,  Hk.f.  .  .  584 
cristatum,  Mart.  .  .  574 
cristatum,  Benth.  .  574 
cristatum,  Mart.  .  .  575 
cuspidatum,  Dalz.  .  581 
Dalzellii,  Koern.  .  .  580 
Duthiei,  Hk.  f.  .  .  578 
echinulatum.  Mart. .  579 
erythropodum,  Miq.  .  582 
eurypeplon,  Koern.  .  585 
fluviatile,  Trim.  .  .  585 
gracile,  Marc.  .  .  .  577 
VOL.   VI. 


Page 
gregatutn,  Koern. .  .  581 
Hamiltonianum, 

Mart 579 

Helferi,  Hk.f.  .  .  583 
heterolepis,  Steud.  .  585 
hexangulare,  Kunth .  577 
injirmum,  Steud.  .  577 
intermedium,  KcBrn.  572 
kiiisianum.  Max.  .  .  578 
lanceolatum,  Miq.  .  577 
leucomelas,  Steud.  .  574 
longicuspis,  Hk.f.  .  573 
longifolium,  Nees  .  580 
luzuiaefolium,  Mart.  582 
luzulafolium,  Thw.  .  584 
Martianum,  Wall.  .  582 
melalenoum.  Mart.  .  574 
minimum.  Lain.  .  .  585 
minutum,  Hk.  f.  .  .  579 
miserum,  Koern.  .  .  575 
mitophylum,  Hk.f.  .  575 
Neesianum,  Koern.  .  585 
nepalense,  Presc.  .  581 
nigricans,  Br.  .  .  .  584 
nilagirense,  Steud.  .  576 
nitidum.  Ham.  .  .  577 
odoratum,  Dalz.  .  .  574 
oryzetorum,  Mart.  .  579 
polyoephalum,  Hk.f.  573 
Pumilio,  Hk.  f.  .  .  581 
pygmceum,  Dalz.  .  .  584 
quidrangulare,  Lour.  580 
quinquangulare,Ltwn.582 
quinquangularCy 

Heyne  ....  574 
quinquangulare,W&\l.  581 
quinquelohvan,  Wall.  583 
rivulare,  Dalz.  .  .  580 
robustum,  Steud. .  .  h^2i 
sericans.  Mart.  .  .  577 
setaceum,  Linn.  .  .  572 
setaceum,  Benth.  .  572 
setaceum^  Heyne  .  .  577 
setaceum,  Wall.  .  .  572 
sezangulare,  Linn.  .  580 
sexangulare,  Heyne  .  576 
sexangulare.  Mart.  .  577 
sexangulare,  Willd.  .  580 
Sieboldianum,  Sieh. 

^  Zucc 577 

Sieboldianum,  Keen.  578 
Sollyanum,  Royle  .  583 
stellulatum,  Koern.  .  579 
subcaulescens,  Hk.  f.  573 
suhulatum,  Bojer  .  583 
tenue,  Ham.  .  .  .  577 
Thwaitesii,  Koern.  .  583 
trilobum,  Ham.    .     .  583 


Page 
truncatum,  Ham.  .  578 
viride,  Koern.  .  .  .  581 
Walker i,  Hk.f.  .  .  583 
Wallichianum,  Mart. 

578,  580 
Wightianum,  Mart.  .  576 
xeranthernoides,  Heurok 

&  Muell 584 

xeranthemum,  Mart.  584 
Eriophorum,  Linn. .  .  663 
arundinaceum.  Wall.  664 
cannahinum,  Royle  .  664 
capitatum.  Host  .  .  664 
comoaum,  Wall.  .  .  664 
ciiperinum,  Linn. .  .  661 
Jilamentosum,  Boeck.  664 
humile,  Turcz.  ,  .  664 
mierostachyum, 

Boeck 664 

Scheuehzeri,  Hoppe  664 
vaginatum.  Curt.      .  664 

sp.  Benth 661 

sp.  Wall 664 

Erythr orchis  altissima^ 

Bl.  ......    89 

altissima,  Lindl.  .     .     89 
Lindleyana,  Rchb.  f.     88 
Erythronium    indicum, 
Hb.  Madr.   .    .    .348 

Erythrotis      Beddomei, 

Hk.  f 388 

Esmeralda     Cathcartii, 

Reichb.  f.    ...    27 
Clarkei,  Reichb.  f.    .    28 
Etceria  abhreviata, 

Lindl 109 

affinis,  Lindl.  .     .     .  109 

alhida,  Bl 97 

jiava,  Lindl.  .  .  .  108 
Jlava,  Wall.  .  .  .109 
javanica,  Bl.  .  .  .  !«7 
lanceolata,  Rchb.  f.  .  109 
moulmeinensis,    Par. 

&  Rchb.  f.  .  .  .  109 
nervosa,  Lindl.  .  .  108 
pusilla.  Wall.  .     .     .  105 

EUCYPEREJB     ....   586 

Eugeissonia,  Griff.      .  480 

tristis,  Griff.    .     .     .  481 

Eugona  superha,  Salisb.  358 

Eulophia,  Br.    .  I,  177, 178 

alhijlora,  Edgew.      .       2 

andamanensis,  Rchh.f.  8 

atro-virena,  Lindl.   .       8 

bicarinata,  Hk.  f.      .       6 

hicolor,  Dalz.    ...       6 

hrachi/petala,  Lindl. .       2 

bracteosa,  Lindl.      .      3 

3d 


770 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


barmanioa,  Hlc.  f. 
campestris,  Wall. 
Candida,  Hlc.f.  . 
carinata,  Lindl,  . 
decipiens,  Kurz.  . 
densiflora,  Lindl. 
elata,  HJc.  f.  .  . 
explanata,  Lindl. 
flava,  Hlc.  f.  .  . 
graminea,  Lindl. 
grandijlora,  Lindl 
hemileucaj  Lindl. 
herbacea,  Lindl.  . 
holocliila,      Coll. 

Hemsl.      .     .     . 
inconspicua,  Griff, 
laclinoclieila,  Hh.  f. 
macrobulbou,  Par.  ^ 

Rchb.f.    .     .     . 
macrorhizon,  Hh.  f. 
macrostachya,  Lindl. 
Mannii,  Eh.  f. 
monophylla,    Spens 

Moore      .     .     . 
nuda,  Lindl.     .     . 
obtusa,  Hlc.f.  .     . 
ochreata,  Lindl.  . 
pratensis,  Lindl.  . 
ramentacea,  Lindl. 
ramentacea,  Wt.    . 
rupestris,  Lindl.   . 
sanguinea,  Hh.  f. 
sqnalida,  Lindl.  . 
stenopetala,  Lindl. 
virens,  Br.  .     .     .    ] 
sp.  Trim.     .     .     . 
Euprohoscis      pygmcea 

Griff.  .     . 
Eutlnjra,  Salisb. 


Page 
5 


4 
6 
1 
5 
5 
3 
3 
7 
,196 
3 
4 
2 

196 
2 


7 
7 
4 
4 

8 
5 
3 

2 

4 
4 
4 
4 
8 
6 
5 
198 
8 


362 


Fieldia  gigantea,  Rcbb.  f.  27 
Fimbristylis,  Vahl  .  630 
ahhreviata,  Boeck.  .  648 
ahjiciens,  Steud.  .  .  631 
acicularis,  Br. .  .  .  631 
ac  tine  sell cBnus, 

Clarice  ....  650 
acuminata,  VaTil .  .631 
aestivalis,  Vahl  .  .  637 
albicans,  Nees  .  .  641 
albo-viridis,  Clarice  .  638 
amhlyphylla,  Steud.  645 
andamanica,  Kurz  .  639 
angularis,  Steud.  .  644 
anmia,  Roem.  &  Sob. 

636,  637 


Page 
apltylla,  Steud.  .  .  644 
argentea,  Vahl  .  .  640 
argentea,  Vabl  .  .  596 
Arnottiana,  Boeok.  643 
Arnottii,  Thw.  .  .  631 
arvensis,  Vahl .  .  .  639 
asperrima,  Boeck.  .  643 
auttminalis,  Roem.  & 

Soh 646 

harhata,  Benth.  .  .  652 
benghalensis,    Roem. 

&  Soh 644 

hijiora,  Boeok.  .  .  650 
hispicata,  Boeck.  .  634 
hispicatay  Nees  .  .  634 
hiumhellulata,BoeGk.  640 
Boeclceleri,  Steud. 

644,  646 
hrachyphylla,  Sch.  .  636 
Biiergueri,  Miq.  .  .  639 
capillacea,  Steud,  .  652 
capillaris,  Benth.  .  652 
capitata,  Zoll. .  .  .  640 
chcetorrhiza,  Kunth  ,  647 
chcetorrhiza,  Thw.  643, 648 
ciliolata,  Steud.  .  .  640 
cincta,  Nees  .  .  .  636 
cinnamo  m  etoruw,, 

Kanth  ....  650 
cinnainometorum, 

Hance  .  .  .  .649 
comata,  Nees  .  .  .  635 
commums,  Kunth  636,  638 
complanata,  Linlc  .  646 
co7nplanata,  Benth.  .  646 
oompressa,  Boeclc.  .  639 
eonfinis,  Steud.  .  .  639 
connectens,  Thw. .  .  646 
curvifolia,  Steud,  .  636 
cylindrocarpa,  Kunth  631 
cyperoides,  Br.  .  .  650 
cyrtophylla,  Miq.  .  639 
dasyphylla,  Miq.  .  .  641 
decora,  Nees  &  Mey,  641 
depaupei-ata,  Br.  636,  637 
dichotoma,  Vahl  .  .  635 
dichotoma,  Boeck,  .  637 
digitata,  Boeclc.  .  .  648 
diphylla,  Vahl  .  .  636 
diphylla,  Vahl  638,  646 
dipsacea,  Benth.  .  .  635 
disticha,  Boeclc.  .  .  651 
efoliata,  Steud.  .  .  645 
Jalcata,  Boeck.  .  .  648 
falcata,  Kunth  .  .  647 
f  erruginea,  Vahl .  .  638 
ferruginea,  Miq.  .  .  639 
filifolia,  Boeclc.     .     .  643 


Page 

filiformis,  Kunth.  .  633 
Jiaccida,  Steud.  .  .  644 
Jlaccidula,  Zoll.  .  .  644 
foliosa,  Link  .  .  .  636 
fulrescens,  Thw.  .  650 
fusca,  Benth.  .  .  .  649 
fuscinux,  Clarice  .  .  638 
G^mbleana,  Boeclc.  .  65] 
glabra,  Steud.  642,  650 
glauca,  Vahl  .  .  .  636 
globulosa,  Kunth .  .  644 
glomerata,  Nees  .  .  640 
gracilis,  Arnott  .  .  639 
GriffitMana,  Steud.  .  637 
Oriffi^thii,  Boeck.  .  .  637 
Hoinkei,  Dietr.  647,  648 
Hanceana,  Boeck.  .  640 
Heynei,  Boeok.  .  .  636 
Hookeriana,  Boeclc.  .  641 
inconstans,  Steud.  .  634 
insignis,  Thw.  .  .  645 
japonica,    Sieb.  & 

Zucc 634 

juncea,  Boeck.  .  .  632 
juncea,  Roem.  &  Sch.  633 
junciformis,  Kunth  .  647 
junciformis,  Munro  .  640 
Kamr>h(£veneri,'Boe6^.6i9 
KingH,  Clarice  .  .  .633 
Kraussiana,  Hoohst.  646 
loevissima,  Steud.  .  640 
latifolia,  Kunth  .  .  648 
laxa,  Vahl  ....  636 
leptoclada,  Benth.  .  647 
littoralis,  Gaud.  .  .  644 
longispica,  Steud.  .  639 
malaccana,  Boeok.  .  633 
marginata,  Labill.  .  639 
merguensis,  Clarice  .  642 
Metzii,  Stemd. .  .  .636 
microcarpa,  F.  Muell.  646 
miliacea,  Vahl  .  .  644 
?  mollis,  Kunth  .  .  672 
monandra,  F.  Muell,  633 
monandra,    Roem.  & 

Sch 652 

monostachya,  Hassle.  649 
monticola,  Stevd.  .  642 
muriculata,  Benth.  .  642 
nigrobrunnea,  Thw. .  648 
nutans,  Vahl  .  .  .632 
ochreata,  Boeck.  .  .  639 
ovalis,  Nees  .  .  .  636 
oxylepis,  Steud.  .  .  642 
pallescens,  Nees  .  .  636 
pauciflora,  Br.  .  .  633 
paupercula,  Boeclc.  .  647 
pentaptera,  Kunth   .  645 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


771 


Page 
pentastachi/a,  Boeck.  636 
Pierotii,  Jfi^..  .  .  642 
podooarpa,  Nees  .  .  638 
podocarpa,  Mtinro  .  638 
podocarpa,  Nees  .  .  636 
polymorpha,  Boeck. 

636,  638 
polytrichoides,  Vahl .  632 
pumila,  Benth.  .  .  633 
pycnostachya,  Hance  648 
quinquangularis, 

Kimth  ....  644 
retusa,  Thw.  .  .  .647 
rigida,  Kunth.  .  ,  640 
rigidula,  Nees .  .  .  6*0 
rigidula,  Berol.  .  .  640 
rigidula,  Thw.  .  .  (^36 
Boxburghii,  Dietr.  .  639 
Royeniana,  Nees  .  .  636 
Salbundia,  Kunth  .  646 
Salbundia,  Boeck.  .  644 
Salhundia,  Thw.  .  .  645 
Bcaberrima,  Nees  .  637 
scahra,  Kunth .  .  .  646 
schcBnoides,  Vahl  .  634 
sericea,  Br.  .  .  .  641 
eetaoea,  Benth.  .  .  632 
similis,  Steud.  .  .  636 
spadicea,  Boeck.  .  .  636 
spathacea,  Roth  .  .  640 
spirostachySfF.'Knell.  637 
squarrosa,  Vahl  .  .  635 
stolonifera,  Clarke  .  637 
sub-bispioata,     Nees 

Sr  Meyen  .  ...  634 
suh-hulhosa,  Boeck. 

632,  633 
suh  tetrastachyaf 

Boeck 648 

Bubtrabeculata, 

Clarice  ....  633 
tenera,  Roem.  ^  Sch.  642 
tenera,  Boeck.  644,  646 
tenuicula,  Boeck.  .  632 
tenuljolia,  Nees  .  .  639 
tenuifolia,  Thw.  .  .  642 
tetragona,  Br.  .  .631 
tetragona,  Br. .  .  .  366 
Thomsonii,  Boeck. 

644,  646 
Thwaitesii,  Boeck.    .  645 


tomentosa,  Yahl  , 
Torresiana,  Gaud. 
torta,  Kunth  .  . 
tricholepis,  Miq.  . 
trispicata,  Steud. 
tristachya,  Thiv.  . 
uliginosa,  Steud.- 


636 
645 
648 
637 

63y 

649 
648 


Page 

umhellaris,  Vahl  .     .  645 

velidina,  Franch.      .  641 

Wightiana,  Nees .     .  640 

sp.  Wall.     604,  612,  635, 

636,  637,  638,  639,  640, 

642,  643,  644,  645,  646, 

647,  648,  649,  659. 

Fisquetia    macrocarpa, 

Gaud 484 

militaris,  Gaud.  .  .  484 
ornata,  Gaud. .  .  .  486 
ovata,  Gaud.    .     .     .  487 

Flagellaeib^  .    .     .  390 

Flagellaria,  Linn.  .  .  390 
angustifoUaf  Wall.  .  391 
iudica,  Linn.  .  .  .  391 
minor,  Bl 391 

Fioscopa,  Lour.  .  .  .  390 
Hamiltonii,  Hassk.  .  390 
Meyeniana,  Hassk.  .  390 
paniculata,  Hassk. 

382,  390 
petiolata,  Hassk. .  .  390 
scandeiis.  Lour.  .  .  390 
undidata,  Hassk. .     .  390 

Fl  icggea      draccenoides , 

Baker 268 

Grifflthii,  Baker  .  .  270 
intermedia,  Kunth  .  269 
Jacquemontiana, 

Kunth  ....  269 
japonica,  Rich.  .  .  267 
japonica,  Schult.  .  269 
?  prolifera,  Baker  .  270 
WalUchiana,  Kunth  268 

Fliivialis  indica,   Pers.  569 

Forrestia,  A.  Rich. .  .  383 
glabrata,  Hassk.  .  .  384 
Griffithii,  Clarke  .  .  383 
hispida,  A.  Rich.  .  383 
hispida,  Bot.  Mag.  .  383 
Hookeri,  Hassk.  .  .  384 
marginata,  Hassk.  .  383 
mollis,  Hassk.  .  .  383 
rostrata,  Hassk.   .     .  384 

Franquevillea      major, 

Zoll 279 

Freycinetia,  Gaud.  .  487 
angustif  olia,  Bl. .  .  487 
angustifolia,  Kurz  .  487 
Britnoniana,  Wall.  .  487 
Deiregeseana,  Gaud.  487 
Gaudichaudii,  Bennet  488 
insignis,  Bl.    .     .     .  488 

.  pyonophylla,  Solms.  487 
Walkeri,  Solms.   .     .  487 

Fritillaria,  Linn.     .     .  352 
cirrhosa,  Don.     .     .  353 
3  D  2 


Page 

Corona-imperialis, 

Gaertn 354 

Gardneriana,   Wall.  353 
Gulielmi-  Waldemarii, 

Klotzsch  .  .  .  .353 
Hookeri,  Baker  .  .  352 
imperialis,  Linn. .  .  353 
?  macrophylla,  Don  .  352 
oxypetala,  Royle  .  352 
oxypetala,  Hook. .  .  353 
Roylei,  Hook.  .  .  .353 
Stracheyi,  Hk.  f. .  .  353 
Thomsoniana,  Don  .  352 
?  triceps,  Klotzsch  .  353 
verticillata,  Wall.  ,  353 
Fnirena,  Rottb.  .  .  .665 
canescens,  Vahl  .  .  6(^6 
ciliaris,  Nees  .  .  .  666 
ciliaris,  Roxb. .  .  .  666 
cuspidata,  Kunth  .  665 
glomerata,  Lam.  .  666 
paniculata,  Lam. .  .  667 
pentagona,  Nees  .  .  667 
pubescens,  Kunth  .  665 
puhescens,  Boeck.  .  665 
qioinquayigularis, 

Hassk.'  ....  667 
Rottboellii,lHees  .  .  666 
Trilobites,  Clarke  .  666 
umbellata,  Rottb.  .  666 
unoinata,  Kunth  .  .  666 
uncinata,  Thw.  .  .  667 
Walliohiana,  Kunth  665 
sp.  Wall.      665,  666,  667 


Gahertia  scripta.  Gaud.  18 
Gagea,  Salisb.  .  .  .  355 
commutata,  C.  Koch  356 
elegans,  Wall. .  .  .  355 
lutea,  Schultz  .  .  .  355 
Mooreroftiana,  Wall.  355 
pedunculata,  Wall.  .  356 
persica,  Boiss.  .  .  355 
?pulchella,  Wall.  .  354 
reticulata,  Schultes  f.  356 
sarmentosa,  C.  Koch  356 
stipitata,  Merkl.  .  .  356 
taurica,  Ster.  .  .  .  356 
triphylla,  C.  Koch  .  356 
Gahnia,  Forst.  .  .  .  676 
javanica,  Moritz. .  .  676 
Galanga,  Salisb.  .  .  253 
Galeola,  Lour.  ...  88 
altissima,  Rchb.  /.  .  89 
altissima  ?  Rchb.  f.  .  89 
Cathoartii,  Hk.f.  .  89 
Falconeri,  Hk.  /. .     ,     88 


772 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Hydra,  RcU.  /.  .  .  89 
javanica,  Benth.  88,  197 
Lindleyana,  Rchb.  f.  88 
?  pusilla,  Hk.  /.    .     .    89 

Galera  nutans,  Bl.  .  .  124 
rosea,  Bl 124 

Oamochilics,  Lestid.     .  231 

Oamoplexis,  Falo.  •.  .  122 
orhanchoides,  Falc.  .  122 

Garciana  cocJiinchinen- 

sis,  Lour.      .     .     .  363 

Gastrochilas,  Wall.  .  217 
affinis,  Wall.  .  .  .218 
calceolaria,  Don  .  .  60 
Jenkinsii,  Wall. .  .  218 
longiflora,  Wall.  .  .  217 
minor,  King  .  .  .217 
parvula,  TFall.  .  .  218 
pulol^rrima,  Wall. .  217 
rubrolntea,  Baker  .  218 
Ptilisefolia,  Baker  .  218 
tillandsioides,  Baker  218 

Gastrodia,  Br.    .     .     .   122 

elata,  Bl 122 

exilis,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  123 
?  Hasseltii,  Bl.  .  .  123 
javanica,  Endl.  .  .  123 
orobanchoide8,ZJe7if/i.l22 
Geocallis     fasciculata, 

Horan 241 

Geodornm,  Jackson      .     16 
appendiculatum , 

Griff.  .....     18 

'  attenicatum,  Grifi'.     .     17 
candidnm,  Lindl.     .     18 
candidum,  Wall. .     .     17 
citrinum,  Jacks.  .     .     17 
dilatatum,  Br.      .     .  al7 
dilatatum,  Lindl.      .     18 
dilatatum.  Wall.  .     .     16 
f  aoatum,  Lindl.  .     .     18 
javanicum,  Lindl.    .     18 
laxiflorum,  Griff. .     .     18 
pallidum,  Wall.  .     .     18 
pallidum,  Griff.    .     .     18 
parviflorum,  Lindl. .     18 
purpureum,  Br.   .     .     16 
semicristatum,  Lindl.     18 
sp.  Griff.      ....     18 

Qeorchis  hijlora,  Lindl.  114 
cordata,  Lindl.     .     .  114 
foliosa,  Lindl.  .     .     .  113 

secundijiora,  Griff.    .  113 
vittata,  Lindl. .     .     .114 

Gethyllis  fusiformis, 

Ham 279 

Globba,  Linn.  .  .  .  201 
Andersoni,  Clarke  .  202 


Page 
arracanensis,  Kurz  .  203 
braohyoarpa,  Baker  205 
hracteata,  Heyne  .  206 
braoteolata,  Wall.  .  204 
hracteosa,  Horan.  .  206 
bulbifera,  Roxh.  .  .  206 
canarensis.  Baker  .  206 
Carey  ana,  Roxb.  .  .  203 
cernna,  Bakei^ .  .  .  205 
Clarkei,  Baker  .  .  201 
elongata,  King  .  .  203 
erecta,  Red.  .  .  .  254 
cxpansa,  Wall.  204,  205 
floribunda,  Baker  .  203 
Hookeri,  Clarke  .  .  202 
Hura,  Roxb.  .  .  .205 
Kingii,  Balcer  .  .  .204 
marantina,  Linn.  .  206 
marantina.  Wall.  .  206 
tnarantinoides,  Wt.  .  206 
multiflora,  Wall.  .  202 
midtijiora,  Wall. .  .  205 
nutans,  Linn.  .  .  .  256 
ophioglossa,  Wt.  .  202 
orixensia,  Roxh.  .  .  201 
orixensiSf  Wall. 

201,  202,  203 
pallidiflora,  Baker  .  204 
panciflora,  King  .  .  205 
pendula,  Roxh.  .  .  205 
pendula,  Wall.  .  .  202 
platystachya,  Baker  206 
purpurea,  Andr.  .  .  200 
racemo8a,  Smith .  .  201 
radicalis,  Roxb.  .  .  200 
saltatoria.  Rose.  .  .  200 
sesailiflora,  Sims  .  203 
spathulata,  Roxb.  .  201 
stenothyrsa,  Baker  .  204 
strohilifera,   ZoU.   & 

Moritz 206 

snbscaposa,  Coll.  Sf 

Hemsl 204 

substrigosa,  King  .  202 
subulata,  Roxb.  .  .  200 
nliginosa,  Miquel  .  203 
velutina,  Wall.  .  .  202 
versicolor,  Smith  .  205 
Walliohii,  Baker  .     .  202 

Glomera,  Bl 178 

Gloriosa,  Linn.  .  .  .  358 
Doniana,  Schultes  f.  358 
simplex,  Don  .  .  .  358 
superba,  Li^m.     .     .  358 

Glossula     tentacula, 

Lindl.      .     .     .  -.  163 

Gomutus  obtusifolia,Bl,  421 
saccharifer,  Spr.  .     .  421 


Page 
Gonatantbus,  Klotzsch  522 
Griffithii,  Schott       .  520 
?  ornatus,  Schott      .  522 
sarmentosus,   Klotz.  522 
Goniosoypha,  Baker     .  326 
encomoides,  Baiter    .  326 
Goodyera,  Br.     .     110,  179 
biflora,  Hk.  /. .     .     .  114 
carnea,  A.  Rich,  .     .  Ill 
cordata,  Benth.    .     .  114 
discolor,  Ker.  .     .     .  101 
elongata,  Lindl.    .     .116 
flahellata,  A.  Rich.  .  106 
foliosa,  Benth.      .     .  113 
fnmata,  Thw.  .     .     .111 
f uaca,  Rk.  f.   .     .     .  112 
gracilis,  Hk.  f.     .     .  112 
hirsuta,  Griff.  ...     94 
hispida,  Lindl.    .     .  114 
marginata,  Lindl.     .  112 
ovalifolia,  Wt.      .     .  115 
Prainii,  Hk.  f....  112 
procera,  Hook.     .     .  Ill 
recurva,  Lindl.     .     .  112 
repens,  Br.      .     .     .  Ill 
robusta,  Hk.  f.    .     .  113 
rubens,  Bl.      .     .     .  Ill 
secundiflora,  Lindl.  113 
vittata,  Benth.     .     .  113 
.siJ..Griff.l05,  113, 115, 116 
Govindovia  nervosa, Wt.     92 
Gram  mat  ophy  Hum,  Bl.   18 
affine,  Griff.      ...     19 
fastuosum,  Lindl.      .     18 
?  Finlaysonianum, 

Lindl 20 

macranthum,  Rchb.f .  18 
paludosum,  Griff.  .  19 
scandens.  Griff.  .  .  19 
speciosum,  Bl.  .  .  18 
Grantia  globosa.  Griff. .  558 
microscopica.  Griff.  ,  558 
Qrosourdya       Systrix, 

Rchb.  f 39 

Gussonea      cyperoides, 

Presl. .     ....  650 

pauciflora,  Brong.     .  649 
Gymnadenia    Ghusiia, 

Lindl. .     .     .     .     .127 

cylindrostachya, 

Lindl 142 

galeandra,  Rchb.  f. .  164 
Helferi,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  164 
longifolia,  Lindl. .  .  141 
ohcordata,  Rchb.  f.  .  164 
Orchidis,  Lindl.  .  .  142 
platyphylla,  Lindl.  .  141 
puberula,  Lindl.  .     .  127 


eecundu,  Lindl.  . 
spathulata,  Lindl. 
?  tenuijlora,  Lindl. 
?  tenuis,  Lindl.  . 
violacea,  Lindl 


160 
127 
163 
156 
142 
'Qyrostachys  awsfraZis,Bl.  102 


INDEX   OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 

Page  fUJ^-'K^M-^ 
.  138 


773 


Habenaria,  WilU.  .  .  131 
acuifera,  Wall,  .  .  146 
acuminata,  Thiv. .  .  133 
affinis,  Don  .  .  .166 
affinia,  Wt  ...  149 
Aitchisoni,  Echh.  f.  152 
andamanica,  HJc.f.  .  134 
arooata,  Hk.  f.  .  .  155 
arietina,  Hk.  f.  .  .  138 
aristata,  i/^-. /.  .  .  158 
avana,  Ilk.  /.  .  .  .  148 
barbata,  Wt.  .  .  .133 
bicornuta,  Hk.  f. .  .  156 
hrachyphylla,  Aitch. 

&  Hemsl.  .  .  .152 
brachyphylla,  Bchb.  f.l51 
Brandisii,  Sk.  f. .  .  162 
breviloba,  Hk.  f.  .  .  159 
Candida,  Dalz.  .  .  148 
caranjensis,  Dalz.  .  166 
cephalotes,  Lindl.  .  139 
ohlorina,      Par.      ^ 

RcU.  f.  .  .  147,  197 
ciliolaris,  Kranz. .  .  144 
comnaelinifolia,  Wall.liS 
<5oncinna,  Hk.  /.  .  .  155 
constricta,  Hk.  f.  .  161 
corymbosa,   Par.  ^ 

Bchh.  /.    .    .     .     .136 
ci'assifolia,  A.  Rich 
crinifera,  Lindl.  . 
cnbitalis,  Br.  . 


151 
142 

157 


decipiens,  Hk.  f.  165, 197 


decipiens,  Wt. 

decipiens,  Wt.  .  . 

densa,  Wall.    .  . 
dichiopetala,  Thw. 

digitata,  Lindl.  . 

diphylla,  Dalz.  . 
ditrioha,  Hk.  f. 


197 
141 
153 
136 
134 
151 
151 


doliohostachya,  Thw.  135 


elliptioa,  Wt.  . 
ensifolia,  Lindl.  . 
Umbriata,  Wt. 
flavescens,  Hk.  f. 
foliosa,  A.  Rich. . 
furcifera,  Lindl. 
f nrfuracea,  Hk.  f. 
fusifera,  Hk.  f.  . 
galeandra,  Benth. 
aardneri,  Hk.  f.  . 


147 
137 
139 
150 
135 
149 
144 
147 
163 
158 


geniculata,  Do7i  . 
Gerardiana,  Wall.  .  137 
Gibsoni,  Hk.f.  .  .  135 
gigantea,  Don  .  .  137 
gigas,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  160 
glabra,  A.  Hich.  .  .  148 
goodyeroides,  Do7v  .  161 
goodyeroides,  Hook.  .  162 


gracillima,  Hk.  f. 
gracilis,  Coleh. 
graminea,  Lindl.  . 
graminea,  A.  Ricb. 
grandiflora,  Lindl. 
Griffitbii,  Hk.  f.  . 
hamigera.  Griff. 


163 
166 
151 
150 
136 
197 
149 


Hamiltoniana,  Hk.f.  160 
Helferi,  Hk.  f.  .  .  164 
Heyneana,  Lindl.  .  148 
intermedia,  Don  .  .  138 
jantha,  Benth. .  .  .  164 
Jerdoniana,  Wt.  .  .  152 
Josephi,  Rcbb.  f.  .  .  152 
khasiana,  Sk.  f. .  .  151 
Kingii,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  144 
lacertifera,  Benth.  .  163 
laciniata,  Dalz.  .  .  135 
lati folia,  Lindl.  .  .  140 
latilabris,  Hk.  f.  .  .  153 
Lawii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  162 
leptocaulon,  Hk.  f.  .  154 
Lindleyana,  Steud.  .  140 
Lindleyana,  Wt.  .  .  135 
linguella,  Lindl.  .  •  146 
Lobbii,  EcM. /.  .  .  166 
longibracteata,  Hk.f.  166 
longioalcarata,      A. 

Rich.    .     .     .     141,197 
longicorniculata, 

Grab 141 

longicornu,    Lindl. 

139,  197 
longifolia,  Ham. .  .  141 
lucida,  Wall.  .  .  .  133 
lutea,  Benth.  .  .  .  164 
macroceratitis,  Rottl.  141 
macro  8tacbya,iwdL  134 
malabarica,  Hk.  f.  .  159 
malleifera,  Hk.  f.  .  143 
Mandersii,  Hemsl.  Sf 

Coll 146 

marginata,  Coleb.  .  150 
modesta,  Dalz.  .  .  166 
monophylla,  Coll.  ^ 

Hemsl 143 

montana,  A.  Rich.  .  139 
montana,  Wt. .  141,  197 
muricata,  Vidal  .  .  144 
Murtoni,  Hk.  f.        .  144 


Page 
nematocaulon,  Hk.  f.  154 
oligantha,  Hk.  f.  .  154 
Orchidis,  Hk.  f.  .  .  142 
ovalifolia,  Wt.  .  .  149 
pachycaulon,  Hk.  f.  154 
Parishii,  HA:.  /.  .  .  161 
pectinata,  Don  .  .  137 
pectinata,  Lindl.  .  .  138 
pelorioides.   Par.    ^ 

Bchh.f.  ....  166 
peristyloides,  Wt.  .  156 
Perrottetianaj^.J2ic/i. 

164 
plantaginea,  Ljndi.  .  141 
platyphylla,  Spr. .  .  140 
polyodon,  flik./.  .  .  139 
Prainii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  159 
promensis,  Wall.  .  .  150 
pterocarpa,  Thw.  .  145 
pubesoens,  Lindl.  .  144 
rariflora,  A  Rich.  .  136 
reniformis,  Hk.f.  .  152 
rhynchocarpa,  Hk.  f.  145 
Richardiana,  JVt.  .  139 
robustior,  Hk.  f.  .  .160 
rostrata.  Wall.  .  .  146 
rotundifolia,  Lindl.  .  136 
Schischmareffiana, 

Cham 130 

schizochilus,  Grab.  .  142 
secnndiflora,  Hk.  f.  165 
sikkimensis,  Hk.f.  .  155 
spatnlsefolia,  Par.  8f 

Rchh.f.  ....  145 
stenantha,  Hk.  f.  .  153 
stenopetala,  Lindl.  .  134 
?  stenopetala,  Lindl.  145 
stenostachya,  Benth.  156 
Stocksii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  158 
suaveolens,  Dalz.  <fc 

Gibs 140 

subpubens,  A.  Rich.  148 
SusannsB,  Br.  .  .  .137 
Sutleri,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  152 
termicornis,  Wall.  .  149 
tenuis.  Griff.  .  .  .  150 
tipulifera.    Par.    ^ 

Rchh.f 157 

torta,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  159 
travancorica,  Hk.  f.  135 
trichoBantha,  Wall,  138 
triflora,  Don  .  .  .  142 
trif areata,  Rk.  f.  .  148 
trinervia,  Wt.  .  .  .  135 
uniflora,  Don  .  .  .  166 
unijlora,  Dalz.  .  .  137 
nrceolata,  Clarke  .  165 
vidua,  Par.  ^  Ec^6./.  146 


774 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 

•    Tiridiflora,  Br.    .     .  150 

Wightii,  Trim.     .     .  162 

zosterostylis,  HTc.  /.  155 

sp.  Griff.     ....  138 

Haemaria,  Lindl.  101,  179 

discolor,  Lindl.   .     .  101 

Hcematorchis  altissima, 

Bl 89 

H^MODOEACE^    .      .       .   264 

Halodule  australis,Miq.  570 

Halophila  Beccarii, 

Asoh 570 

Ealostemma,  Wall. .     .  681 

Hamatris   triphylla, 

Salisb 289 

Hanguana,  Bl.     .     .     .  391 

Hapale,  Schott  .     .     .521 

Hapaline,  Schott  .  .521 
Benthamiana,  Schott  521 
Brownii,  Hk.  /.    .     .  521 

Haplostylis,  Nees  .  .  669 
Meyenii,  Nees  .  .  668 
Wightiana,  Nees  .     .  669 

Harina  caryotoides, 

Ham 419 

nana,  Griff.      .     .     .420 
ohlongifolia,  Griff.    .  419 

Hartwegia  Nimnionii, 

Dalz 336 

Hasskarlia  leucacantha, 
Walp 485 

Hedychinm,  Koen.  .  .  225 
acuminatum,  Rose.  .  227 
album,  Ham.  .  .  .  225 
angustifolium,  Bot. 

Reg 232 

angustifolium.  Wall.  231 
aurantiacnm,  Wall.  2i'd2 
anrenm,  Clarke  .  .  229 
harhatum,  Wall.  .  .  231 
licornutum,  Wall.  .  227 
cernuum,  Wt,  .  .  .  226 
chrysoleucum,  Hook.  226 
coccineTim,  Sam.  .  231 
coccineum,  Lindl.  .  231 
coccineum,  Wall.  231,  232 
coronarium,  Koen.  .  225 
crassifolium,  Baker .  228 
densiflorum,  Wall.  .  227 
©latum,  Br.  .  .  .232 
datum,  Clarke  .  .  231 
ellipticum,  Bam.  .  228 
Elwesii,  Baker  .  .  226 
fastigiatum,  Wall.  .  228 
jlavescens,  Lindl.  .  227 
fiavescens,  Lodd.  .  .  227 
flavum,  Bot.  Mag.  .  226  i 
Havum,  Roxb. .     .     .  226  I 


Page 
Gandasullum,  Ham.  225 
Gardnerianum,  Rose.  230 
Qardnerianum,  Wall. 

231,  232 
Gomezianum,  Wall.  228 
graoile,  Roxh.  .  .  229 
gracile,  Wall.  .  .  .229 
gratnm,  Wall.  .  .  232 
Griffithianum,  JFall.  229 
hetero7nalhim, hindl.  230 
Hookeri,  Clarke  .  .  230 
longicornntum,  G'r«^.228 
Inteum,  Herb.Calcut.  232 
marginatum,  Clarke  226 
Prophetce,  Ham.  .  .  225 
Roscoei,  Wall.  .  .  231 
Roxhurghii,  Sieb.  .  227 
Sieholdii,  Wall.  .  .  227 
speciosum,  Wall.  .  231 
spicatum.  Ham.  .  .  227 
spicatum,  Lodd.  .  .  225 
squarrosum,  Buch.  .  231 
stenopetalum,  Lodd.  231 
sulphureum.  Wall.  .  226 
thyrsiforme.  Ham.  .  230 
Tocucho,  Ham.  .  .  230 
trilohum,  Wall.  .  .  227 
urophyllum,  Lodd.  .  226 
venustum,  Wt.  .  .  226 
villosum,  Wall.  .  .  228 
sp.  Griff.     .     .     225,  228 

Hekorima  Candida, 

Kunth      ....  322 

*HeleochaHs,  Lestib.  .  627 
alia,  Boeck.  .  .  .630 
atropurpurea,Boeok.  627 
ccespitosissima,Baker  629 
capitata,  Boeck.  .  .  628 
ChcBtaria,  Boeck.  .  629 
chlorocarpa,  Boeck. .  629 
fistulosa,  Boeck.  .  .  627 
Kuntzei,  Boeck.  .  .  630 
ochrostachys,  Boeck.  629 
ovata,  Boeck.  .  .  .628 
palustris,  Boiss.  .  .  628 
plantaginea,  Boeck.  626 
suhprolifera,  Boeck.  629 
subulata,  Boeck.  .  .  626 
tetraquetra,  Boeck.  .  630 
Thomsoni,  Boeck.  .  629 
variegata;  Boeck.  .  626 
Wichurai,  Boeck.     .  630 

Hellenia  alba,  Willd.  .  253 
Allughas,  Willd. .  .  254 
aquatica,  Horan. .  .  256 
grandijlora,  Retz.  .  250 
scabra,  Bl 256 

Helmia  hulhif er a,  Knnth  295 


Page 
?  dcemona,  Kunth  ,  289 
?  tomentosa,  Kunth  .  289 

HEMEBOCALLEiE  .      .       .    300 

Hemerocallis,  L»7iw.  .  328 
distich%,  Don  .  .  .  326 
fulva,  lAnn.  .  .  .  326 
longituba,  Miq.    .     .  327 

Hemicarex,  Benth.  694,  698 
curvata,  Clarke  .  .  699 
filicina,  Clarke  .  .  696 
Hookeri,  Clarke  .  .  695 
laxa,  Benth.  .  .  .  698 
pygmcea,  Clarke  .  .  696 
trinervis,  Clarke  696,  712 
sp.  Benth 712 

Eemicarpha  Isolepis, 

Nees 66a 

Hemiorchis,  Kurz. .  .  206 
burmanica,  Kurz.      .  207 

Hemipilia,  Lindl.  .  .  167 
calophylla,  Par.  Sf 

Rchb.f.   ....  167 
cordifolia,  Lindl.      .  167 

EenoBi8,Bk.f.  .     177,189 

Heritiera  alba,  Retz.  ,  253 
Alluqhas,  Retz.  .  .  254 
aquatica,  Retz.     .     .  256 

Herminium,  Linn.  128,  180 
SiTigvLstUolium,  Benth.  129 
congestum,  Lindl.  .  130 
constrictum,  Lindl.  .  161 
Duthiei,  Hk.  f.  .  .  13a 
fallax,  Sk.  /.  .  .  .  129 
fallax,  Lindl. .  .  .  129 
goodyeroides,  Lindl. .  161 
gramineum,  Lindl.  .  131 
grandijlormn,  Lindl.  129^ 
Hamiltonianum, 

■      Lindl 169 

Josephi,  Rchb.f..  .  129 
longicruris,  Wright .  129 
Monorchis,  Br.  .  .  12S 
orbiculare,  Hk.  f.  .  130 
pugioniforme,  Lindl.  130 
reniforme,  Lindl. .  .  152 
itnaZasc7iceMse,Rchb.f.  130 
sp.  Griff.      ....  165 

Herpysma,  Lindl.  98,  179 
longicaulis,  Lindl.   .     98 

fHetgeria,  Bl.  .  114,  179 
anomala,  Lindl.  .  .  116 
elata,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  116 
elongata,  Lindl.  116,  197 
Gardneri,  Benth.  .  115 
Helferi,  Hk.  f.  .  .  115 
longifolia,  Benth,  .  109 
ovalifolia,  Benth.  .  115 
rubens,  Benth.      .     .  115 


*  Heleochari^,  see  also  Eleocharis.  f  Hetseria,  see  also  ^tberia  and  Etseria. 


IN,DEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


775 


Page 

Heterocarpvs  rjlaher,Wt.  371 
hirsutus,  Wt.  .  .  .  371 
?  olliquus,  Hassk.     .  372 

Heterosmilax,  Kunth  .  314 
indica,  A.  DC.     .     .  314 

Heterosialis  diver  sifolia, 
Sohott     ....  510 
foliolosa,  Schott  .     .  510 
Huegeliana,  Schott  .  510 

Hitchenia,  Wall.  .  .  224 
Careyana,  Bentli.  .  225 
canlina,  Baiter  .  .  224 
glauca,  Wall.  .  .  .224 
musacea,  Baker  .  .  225 
Roscoeaiia,  Benth.    .  216 

Holoschosnus  australis, 

Reiohb 655 

filiformis,  Reichb.  .  655 
incurvahis,  Dietr.  .  656 
suharticulatus,  Dietr.  656 
vulgaris,  Link .     .     .  655 

Homalomena,  Schott  .  531 
angustifolia,  Hh.  f.  .  533 
aromatica,  Schott  .  532 
coerulescens,  Jungh.  533 
cordata,  Schott  .  .  532 
deltoid  ea,  Hk.  f.  .  .  536 
elliptica,  Hk.  f.  .  .  536 
Gaudichaudii,  Schott  532 
Griffithii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  534 
hnmilis,  Hk.  f.  .  .  533 
Kingii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  535 
lancifolia,  Hk.  f.  .  533 
majus,  Griff.  .  .  .533 
minus,  Griff.  .  .  .  533 
nutans,  Hk.  f.  .  .  535 
obliquata,  Hk.  /.  .  .  534 
ovata,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  536 
paludosa,  Hk.  /.  .  .  531 
pontedersefolia,(7ri/.  533 
?  propinqua,  Schott .  531 
pumila,  Hk.f.  .  .  .  535 
rostrata,  Griff.  .  .  532 
rubescens,  Kunth  .  532 
ruhra,  Hassk.  .  .  .  532 
sagittsefolia,  Jungh.  531 
Scortechinii,  Hk.f.  534 
singaporensis,  Kegel  537 
trapezifolia,  Hk.  f.  .  536 
trnncata,  Hk.f.  .  .  535 
velutina,  Scort.  .  .  534 
Wallichii,  Schott     .  533 

Hornstedtia  Leonurus, 

Retz 236 

Scyphus,  Retz.     .     .237 

Hwta  siainensium,  Keen .  205 

Hyacinthorchis  varia- 
bilis, Bl 16 


Page 

Page 

Hyacmthus  purpureus, 

Hypoxis,  Linn.  .     . 

.  277 

Griff. 

349 

aurea,  Lour.    .     . 

.  277 

serotinus,  Linn.    .     . 

346 

brachystachya,  Wt. 

.  279 

Hyalisma  janthina, 

curculigoides,  Wall. 

.  278 

Champ 

558 

dulcis,  Stend. .     . 

.  279 

Eydroschoenus,  Moritz. 

597 

Franquevillei,  Miq. 

.  278 

hyllingioides,  Zoll.  & 

latifolia,  Wt.    .     . 

.  279 

Mor 

597 

leptostachya,  Wt. . 

.  279 

Hylophila,  Lindl.  110, 

179 

minor,  Don      .     . 

.  278 

lanceolata,  ^Z:./.     . 

110 

pauciflora,  Wt. 

.  279 

mollis,  Lindl.  .     .     . 

110 

Saarpata,  Ham.    . 

.  278 

Hymenocallis  tenui  flora, 

trichocarpa,  Wt.  . 

.  279 

Herb.  .     .     .  "  .     . 

28ii 

Hysteria,   veratrifolia 

Hymenochcete  grossa, 
Nees 

Reinw.     .     .     . 

'.    91 

660 

Kysoor,  Nees   .     .     . 

660 

Tguanura,  BL.     .     . 

.415 

inaxiina,  Nees      .     . 

660 

bicornis,  Becc. 

.  417 

Hypcelyptum,  Griff. 

603 

brevipes.  Ilk.  f.    . 

.  416 

argenteum,  Vahl .     . 

667 

cornicnlata,  Becc. 

.  417 

ceylanicum,  Nees 

667 

diffusa,  Becc.  .     , 

.  416 

micro cephalum,  Br.  . 

668 

geonomaeformis, 

sphacelatum,  Vahl    . 
Hypelytrum,  see  Hypo- 

667 

Mart 

.  415 

malaccensis,  Becc. 

.  416 

lytrum. 

parvula,  Becc. .     . 

.  417 

HYPOLYTREiE        .      .       . 

587 

polymorpha,  Becc. 

.  417 

Hypolytrum,X.  C.EicTi 

677 

Wallichiana,  Hk.  f. 

.  416 

borneense,  Kurz.  . 

680 

Indeterminata,  Wall. 

.  299 

compactum,  ?  Moritz. 

682 

loniris  Doniana,   Klatt  272 

costatum,  Thw.     . 

684 

jragrans,  Klatt     . 

.  272 

diandrum,  Dietr. 

678 

Pallasii,  Klatt      . 

.  272 

giganteum,  Nees  .     . 

678 

triflora,  Klatt  .     . 

.  272 

giganteum,  Wall.  . 

678 

Iphigenia,  Kunth    . 

.  357 

humile,  Boeck.     ,     . 

682 

caricina,  Kunth    . 

.  357 

latifolium,  i.C.Eic7i. 

678 

indica,  Kunth .     . 

.  357 

latifolium,  Dietr. 

678 

pallida.  Baker  .     . 

.  357 

latifolium,  Thw.   .     . 

679 

racemosa,  Kunth 

.  357 

longirostre,  T'w.     . 
mauritianum,  Boeck 
myrianthum,  Miq.     . 

679 

Ipsea      

.  178 

678 
678 

1b.IT)EM 

.  271 

Iridiorchis  gigantea,  Bl 

.     12 

Fandanophyllum, 
F.  Muell.      .     .     . 

Iris,  Linn.      .     .     . 

.  271 

680 

Aitchisoni,  Boiss. 

.  272 

penangense,  Clarke. 

679 

aurea,  Lindl.   .     . 

.  273 

proliferum,  Boeck.   . 

679 

biglumis,  Vahl 

.  272 

schoenoides,  Nees 

678 

Clarkei,  Baker      . 

.  275 

triceps,  Dietr. .     .     . 

667 

cr-ocea,  Jacq.    .     . 

.  273 

trinervium,  Kunth  . 

679 

decora,  Wall.    .     . 

.  274 

tnrgidum,  Clarke      . 

679 

deflexa,     Knowl.     Sf 

Wightiannm,  Boeck. 

678 

Westc.      .     .     . 

.  275 

sp.  Wall.      662,  678, 

680 

Doniana,  Spach  . 

.  272 

Hypoporum,  Nees   .     . 

685 

Duthieii,  M.  Fost. 

.  275 

annulare,  Nees     .     . 

687 

ensata,  Thunb.     . 

.  272 

capitatum,  Nees  .     . 

689 

jragrans,  Lindl.    . 

.  272 

gracilc,  Nees    .     .     . 

685 

gilgitensis,  Baker 

274 

lithospermum,  Nees  , 

685 

goniocarpa,  Baker 

.  274 

Uoxburghii,  Nees  .     . 

686 

halophila,  Bot.  Mag 

.  272 

Htpoxide^    .... 

277 

Hookeriana,  M.  Fost 

275 

Hypcxidopsis  pumila. 

kashmiriana.  Baker 

275 

Steud.      .... 

357 

Kingiana,  M.  I'ost. 

.  274 

776 


INDEX    OF  GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page  I 
kumaonensis,  Wall.  274 
longifolia,  Royle  .  .  276  j 
longispatha,  Fisch.  .  272 
Milesii,  M.  Fost. .  .  273 
Moorcroftiana,  Wall.  272 
nepalensis,  Don  .  .  273 
nepalensis,  Don  .  .  276 
nepalensis,  Wall.  275,  276 
Notha,  M.  Bieb.  .  .  272 
pabulina,  Naud.  .  .  272 
Pallasii,  Fisch.  .  .  272 
Sisyrinchium,  Linn  .  272 
spuria,  Linn.  .  .  .  272 
Stocksii,  Boiss.  .  .272 
sulcata,  Wall.  .  .  .  274 
tigrina,  Jacq.  .  .  .  274 
trijlora,  Balbis  .  .  272 
Wattii,  Baker  .     .     .273 

Isolepis,  Br 654 

amhigua,  Zoll.  .  .  656 
angularis,   Roem.    & 

Sch 644 

articulata,  Nees  .  .  656 
harbata,  Br.  .  .  .  651 
bispicata,    Roem.    & 

Sch 634 

capillaris,  Don  .  .  652 
cochleata,  Steud.  .  .  632 
complanata,     Roem. 

&  Soh 646 

coronaria,    Roem.    & 

Sch. 619 

corymbosa,  Roem.  & 

Sch 657 

Cumingii,  Stand.  .  652 
curvata,  Zoll..  .  .  .  653 
curvifolia,  Schrad.  .  636 
curvula,  Knnth  .  .  653 
densa,  Roem.  &  Sch.  652 
dipsacea,'Roem.&SGh.  635 
dura,  Moritz.  .  .  .  643 
echinulata,  Knnth  .  606 
elachista,    Roem.    & 

Sch 635 

falcata,  Roem  &  Sch.  647 
Jluitans,  Br.  .  .  .  653 
glohulosa,    Roem.    & 

Sch 645 

gracilis,  Nees  .  .  .  653 
incUnata,  Barb.  .  .  657 
incurvata,  Nees  .  .  656 
involucellata,  Steud.  652 
kyllingioides,  A.  Rich.  662 
longispica,  Steud.  .  649 
lupulina,  Nees  .  .  657 
maxima^  Dietr.  .  .  660 
Micheliana.  Roem.  & 

Sch 662 


tniliacea,  Presl.  .  .  644 
monostachya,  Spr.  .  634 
oligantha,CA.^ejer  654 
oryzetorum,  Stend.  .  656 
?  pentagona,    Roem. 

&Sch 644 

prolongatai  Nees  .  656 
puherula,  Steud.  .  .  653 
ptobescens,  Roem.    & 

Sch. 665 

pumila,  Roem.  &  Sch. 654 
rariflora,  Schrad.  .  634 
Roylei,  Nees  .  .  .  657 
setacea,  Br.  .  .  .  654 
squarrosa,  Roem.  & 

Sch 663 

suhtristachya,  Hoch8t.652 

supina,  Br 655 

tenuissiina,  Don  .  .  652 
?  tetragona,  Roem.  & 

Sch 644 

triehokolea,  Steud.  .  652 
trifida,  Nees  .  .  .  652 
uncinata,   Roem.    & 

Sch 666 

uninodis,  Delile  .  .  656 
verrucifera.  Max. .  .  635 
Wallichiana,   Roem. 

&Sch 651 

Willdenowii,    Roem. 

&  Sch 646 

sp.  Wall.  398,  596,  605, 
627,  ?628,  629,  ?631, 
632,  633.  634,  635,  637, 
640,  641,  649,  652,  6U2, 
663. 
Ixia  chinensis,  Linn.    .  277 


Jocaste  alhiflora,  Kunth323  j 
purpurea,  Kunth      .  323 

Josephia 178  ' 

JUNCACEJE       ....   392  j 
JuDcellus,  Kunth    .     .  594  j 
alopecuroides,  C^ar^e  595  ' 
inundatus,  Clarke   .  595 
laevigatus,  Clarke     .  596  j 
Monti,  Rottb. .     .     .610 
pygmaBUS,  Clarke      .  596  I 
serotinus,  Clarke      .  594 
stylosus,  Clarke  .     .  595 
Junous,  Linn.     .     .     .  392 
articulaius,  Linn.     .  395 
henghalensis,   Kunth  398 
bracteatus,  Buchen.  397 
bufonius,  Ldnn.   .     .  392 
campestris,  Linn.      .   401 
castaneus,  Hf.  &  T.  .  398 


Page 
chrysocarpu8,B'Uc7ien.394 
Clarkei,  Buchen. .  .  400 
communis,  E.  Mey.  .  392 
compressus,  Jacq.  .  393 
concinnus,  Bon  .  .  399 
concinnus,  Hf.  &  T. .  398 
eflfusus,  Linn.  .  .  .  392 
effusus,  Steud.  .  .  393 
elegans,  Royle  .  .  399 
glaucus,  Ehrh.  .  .  393 
Grisebachii,  Buchen.  394 
himalensis,  Klotzsch  398 
Hofmeisteri,KlotzBch  398 
indicus,  Royle  .  .  396 
khasianus,  Buchen.  .  399 
lampocarpus,  Ehr.  .  395 
leptospermus, 

Buchen 396 

Leschenaultii,  J. Gay  395 
leuoanthus,  Eoyle  .  397 
leucomelas,  Royle  .  397 
maritimus,  Lamk.  .  393 
membranaceuSjRoyZe  397 
minimus,  Buchen.  .  400 
monticola,  Steud.  .  396 
nematocaulon,  Hk.  f.  400 
ochraceus,  Buchen.  .  394 
phimosus.  Wall.  .  .  401 
prismatb carpus,  Br.  395 
punctorius,  Linn.  f.  395 
scirpoides,  Jacq.  .  .  398 
sikkimensis,  Hk.  f.  .  399 
sinensis,  J.  Gay  .  .  396 
sphacelatuB,  Decne. .  398 
sphenostemon, 

Buchen 398 

tenuis,  Willd. .  .  .  393 
Thomiyoni,  Buchen.  .  397 
triglumis,  Linn.  .  .  396 
unibracteatus,  Griflf.  396 
Wallichianus,  La 

Harpe  ....  396 
zehrinus,  Gard.  Chr.  658 
sp.  Wall.       396,  398,  399 

Kaempferia,  Limi.  .  .218 

Andersoni,  Baker  .  221 

angustifolia,  Hose.  .  219 

Candida,  fVall.     .  .  222 

concinna,  Baker  .  .  221 

Crawfurdii,  Wall.  .   222 

diver sij alia,  Link.  .  220 

elegans.  Wall.     .  .  222 

Galanga,  Linn.     .  .  219 

Galanga,  Willd.   .  .  219 

humilis,  Salisb.    .  .  219 

involucrata,  King  .  221 

linearis,  Wall.      .  .  223 


INDEX    OP   GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


777 


Page 
hnga,  Jaoq.  .  .  .  222 
macrochlamySjBa&er  223 
marginata,  Caret/  .  219 
ovalifolia,  Boxb.  .  .219 
ovata,  Koxb.  .  .  .220 
paBdurata,  Roxh.  .  220 
Parishii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  220 
parviflora,  Wall.  .  221 
parvula,  King  .  .  223 
plantaginifolia, S6li8h.219 
Prainiana,  King  .  .  220 
Eoscoeana,  Wall.  .  220 
Roscoei,  Wall.  .  .  .221 
rotTinda,  Linn.  .  .  222 
Boxhurghiana,Sch.ult.219 
scaposa,  Benth.  .  .  224 
secnnda,  Wall.  .  .  223 
sessilis,  Keen.  .  .  .  219 
sikkimensia,  King  .  223 
siphonantha,  King  .  222 
speciosa,  Baker  .  .  220 
undulatay  Link.  .  .219 
versicolor,  Salisb.  .  222 
Katon  Indel,  Ham. .  .  425 
Kentiaparadoxa,  Mart.  411 
Keppleria,  sp.  Mart.  .  418 
Kobresia,  Willd.  .  .  694 
angusta,  Clarice  .  .  695 
hrunnescens,  Boeck.  697 
capillifolia,  ClarJce  .  697 
curvirostris,  Clarke .  699 
Duthiei,  Clarke  .  .  697 
elata,  Boeck.  .  .  .  697 
filicina,  Clarke  .  .  696 
iilifolia,  Clarke  .  .  699 
fiBsiglnmis,  Clarke  .  696 
foliosa,  Clarke  .  .  696 
Hookeri,  Boeck.  .  .  695 
hyalinolepis,  Boeck.  701 
laxa,  Boeck.  .  .  .  698 
macrantha,  Boeck.^  ,  699 
nitens,  Clarke  .  .  697 
pseudo-laxa,  Benth.  698 
pygmaea,  Clarke  .  .  696 
Royleana,  Boeck.  .  698 
Royleana,  Hend. .  .  697 
schoenoides,  Boeck.  .  697 
scTicenoides,  Hend.  .  698 
scirpina,  Boeck.  .  .  697 
seticulmis,  Boeck.  .  695 
seticulmis,  Boeck.  .  696 
sihirica,  Boeck.  .  .  697 
stenocarpa,  Clarke  .  698 
trinervie,  Boeck. .  .  695 
uncinoidea,  Clarke  .  698 
vaginosa,  Clarke.  .  695 
Korthalsia,  Bl.  .  .  .  474 
andamanensis,  Beoc.  475 


Page 

angustifolia,  Miq.  .  476 
echinometra,  Becc.  .  474 
ferox,  Becc.  .  .  .  476 
flagollaris,  Miq.  .  .  476 
laciniosa,  Mart.  .  .  475 
Lobhiana,  H.  Wendl.  475 
polystachya,  Mart.  .  476 
rostrata,  Bl.  .  .  .  475 
scaphigera,  Mart.  .  475 
scapJiigera,  Kurz  .  475 
Scortechinii,  Becc.  .  475 
tenuissima,  Becc.  .  476 
wallichiaefolia,  H. 
Wendl 475 

Kyllinga,  Rottb.  .  .  587 
albescens,  Steud.  .  .  667 
higlumis,  Clarke  .  .  622 
brevifolia,  Rottb.  .  588 
hrevifolia  ?  Heyne  .  587 
brevifolia,  Nees  .  .  588 
brevifolia,  Eottb. .  .  620 
bulbosa,  Keen.  .  .  620 
cruciata,  Nees  .  .,  588 
cylindrica,  Nees  .  .  588 
cyperina,  Eetz.  .  .  621 
cyperoides,  Eoxb.  .  625 
fuscata,  Miq.  .  .  .  588 
fuscescens,  Boeck.  .  588 
gracilis,  Kunth  .  .  588 
gracilis,  Zoll.  .  .  .  589 
intermedia,  Br.  .  .  588 
naelanosperma,  Nees  588 
Metzii,  Steud. .  .  .  589 
microcephala,  Steud.  662 
mindorensis,  Steud.  .  589 
monocephala,  Rotth.  5S8 
monocephala,  Nees  .  587 
monocephala.  Strach.  589 
monocephala,  Thunb.  588 
monocephala,  Vahl  .  619 
panicea,  Eottb.  .  .  621 
sororia,  Kunth  .  .  588 
sorer ia,  Miq.  .  .  .  589 
squamulata,  Vahl  .  589 
triceps,  Rottb.  .  .  587 
triceps,  Linn.  .  .  .  589 
triceps,  Thunb.  .  .  588 
umbellata,  Eottb.  .  622 
umbellata,  Eoxb.  621,  622 
vaginata,  Zoll.  .  .  588 
sp.  Wall. 

587,  588,  589,  597,  620 

Kyllingia,  see  Kyllinga 

Lagenandra,  Dalz. .  .  495 

insignis.  Trim.     .  .  496 

Koenigii,  Thw.     .  .  496 

lancifolia,  Thtv.  .  .  496 


Pacre 
ovata,  Thw.  .  .  .  4!>5 
Thwaitesii,  Engler  .  496 
toxicaria,  Dalz.   .     .  495 

Z/amprocarpus     thyrsi- 
fiorus,  Bl.     .     .    .  367 

Lamprodithyros  panicu- 
latus,  Hassk.    .     .  390 
protensus,  Hassk.      .  382 

Lampuzium      minus, 

Eumph 249 

Languas        aquaticum, 

Keen 256 

sylvestre.  Keen.  .  .  256 
xulgare.  Keen.       .     .  253 

Lasia,  Lour 550 

desciscens,  Schott  .  550 
Hermanni,  Schott  .  550 
heterophylla,  Schott  550 
Jenkinsii,  Schott  .  550 
Roxbiirghii,  Griff.  .  550 
spinosa,  Thw. .  .  .  550 
Zollingeri,  Schott     .  550 

Ledebouria  hyacinthina, 

Both 348 

maculata,  Dalz.    .     .  348 

Lemna,  Linn.  .  .  .  556 
arrhiza,  Linn. .  .  .  558 
cruciata,  Eoxb.  .  .  557 
gibba,  Linn.  .  .  .  556 
glohosa,  Eoxb.  .  .  558 
major.  Griff".  .  .  .  557 
minor,  Linn.  .  .  .  556 
minor,  Griff.  .  .  .  556 
obcordata,  Ham.  .  .  556 
oligorrhiza,  Kurz  .  557 
orbiculata,  Eoxb.  .  557 
pa.ucioost&ta,,Hegelm.  556 
polyrrhiza,  Linn.  .  657 
trisulca,  Linn,  .  -.  557 
sp.  Griff.      ....  557 

Lemnacb^      ....  556 

Leopardanthus       scan- 
dens,  Bl 19 

Lkpidocabpeje   .    .     .  404 

Lepidosperma,  Labill.  676 
chinen8e,Ji/^e'es  SfMey.  676 
zeylanicum,  Nees      .  674 

Lepironia,  L.  C.  Rich  .  684 
bancana,  Miq.  .  .  .  680 
ceylanica,  Miq.  .  .  <^82 
cuspidata,  Miq.  .  .  683 
humilis,  Miq.  .  .  .  683 
mucronata,i.  CEtcA.  684 
pahistris,  Miq.      .     .  681 

Leptolepis  tibetica, 

Boeck.     .     .     660,  712 

Leucocasia       gigantea^ 

Schott     .     .     .     .524 


778 


INDEX    OF   GENEEA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Leiicocephala    gramini- 

folia,  Roxb. .     .     .  582 
spathacea,  Eoxb.  .     .  678 
Leueojwn   capitulatum, 

Lour 278 

Leucorchis,  Bl.  .  .  .  121 
syhatica,  Bl.  .  .  .  122 
Lencostachys,  Hoffm.  .  Ill 
Licuala,  Thujih.  .  .  .430 
Hcutifida,  Mart.  .  .  433 
ferruginea,  Becc.  .  432 
glabra,  Gritt'.  .  .  .432 
horrida,  Bl.  .  .  .431 
Kingiana,  Becc.  .  .  434 
Kunstleri,  Becc.  .  .  433 
longipes,  Griff'.  .  .  431 
malayana,  Becc.  .  .  431 
modesta,  Becc.  .  .  433 
paludosa,  Grif.  .  .  430 
paludosa,  Kurz  .  .  431 
peltata,  JRoxb.  .  .430 
pusilla,  Becc.  .     .        433 

ramosa,  Bl 431 

Scortechini,  Becc.    .  434 

spinosa,  Wwmh.  .     .  431 

triphylla,  Griff.  .     .  432 

Liliacea,  GriflP.    .     .     .  355 

LiLIACBiE 299 

Lilium,  Limi.  .  .  .  349 
Bakerianum,  Hemsl.  350 
Batisua,  Ham.  .  .  350 
cordifolium,  Don  .  349 
claptonense,  Hort.  .  351 
giganteum,  Wall.  .  349 
Hookeri,  Baker  .  .  352 
longiflorum,  Wall.  .  350 
longifolium,  Griff.  .  352 
Lowii,  Baiter  .  .  .350 
Metzii,  Steud.  .  .  .350 
nanum,  Klotzsch  .  .  352 
neilgherrense,  Wf.  .  350 
neilgherrense,  Hemsl. 

&  Coll 351 

neilgherricwni, 

Lem 350 

nepalecge,  Don  .  .  350 
nepalense,  Coll.  & 

Hemsl 350 

ochroleucum,  Wall.  .  351 
oxypetalumy  Baker  .  353 
polyphyllum,  Don  .  351 
prim^linum,  Baker  .  351 
punctatum,  Jacq.  .  351 
roseum,  Wall.  .  .  352 
roseum,  Wall.  .  .  .  352 
stylosunif  Klotzsch  .  351 
sulphureum,  Baker  .  351 
TliomBoiiiainim,Roj/Ze352 


Page 

Tliomsonianum,  Ldl.  352 

tubijlorum,  Wt.     .     .  350 
Wallichianum, 

Schidtesf.     .     .     .349 

Wallichianum,  Wt.  .  350 

Limnochloa,  Lestib.     .  628 

acutangula,  Nees      .  627 

media,  Nees     .     .     .  627 

plant aginea,  Nees     .  626 

spiralis,  Nees  .     .     .  627 

tumida,  Nees  .     .     .  626  j 

Limn ophy ton,  Miq.      .  560  | 

obtusifolium,  Miq.    .  560  1 

Limodorum  avgusti-  \ 

folium,  Ham.    .     .  13 

hieallosum.  Ham.      .  196 

bicolor,  Eoxb.  ...  2 

bidentatum,  Willd.    .  197 

candidum,  Roxb. .     .  18 

clavatum,  Willd.  .     .  66 

complanatuni,  Willd.  41 

dubi^im,  Ham.      .     .  4 

ensatum,  Thunb.  .     .  14 

epidendroides ,  Willd.  1 

Flos-acris,  Sw.      .     .  28 

liliifiorum,  Willd.      .  198 

longifolium,  Ham.     .  12 

longifolium,  Roxb.    .  13 

nutans,  Roxb. ...  16 

pusillum,  Willd. .     .  37 

ramentaceum,   Roxb.  4 

recurvum,  Roxb.  .     .  17 

retusum,  Sw.   .     .     .  32 

roseum,  Don    .     .     .  124 

spathulaium,    Willd.  51 

subulatum,  Willd.    .  44 

virens,  Sw 1 

Limogeton  sp.  Edgew.  564 

Liparis  decursiva, 

Rchb.  f 183 

diphyllos,  Nimmo     .  152 
Dolabella,  Ilk.  f.      .183 

gracilis,  Hk.  f.     .     .  182 

latifolia,  Lindl.    .     ,  183 

nervosa,  Lindl.     .     .  182 

paradoxa,  Rchh.  f.    .  181 

Parishii,  Hk.  f.     .     .  182 

resupinata,  Ridl.      .  183 

robusta,  Hk.  f.      .     .  182 

Scortechinii,  Hk.  f .    .  182 

serrcBJormis,  Lindl.    .  41 

tenuifolia,  Hk.  f.       .  182 

torta,  Hk.  f.    .     .     .  182 

Wrayii,  Nk.  f.       .     .  181 

zeylanica,  Ridl.  .     .  183 

Lipocarpha,  Br.  .     .     .  667 

argentea,  Br.  .     .     .  667 

foliosa,  Miq.    ..     .     .  677 


Icevigata,  Nees  .  .  667 
microcepbala,  Kunth  668 
microcephala,  Hance.  663 
sphacelata,  Kunth  .  667 
triceps,  Nees  .  .  .  667 
Zollinger iana,  Boeck.  668 
sp.  Wall.       587,  602,  667 

Liriope  spicata     .     .     ,  270 

Listera,  Br.  .  .  103,  180 
micrantha,  Lindl.     .  104 

ovata,  Br 104 

pinetorum,  Lindl.  .  104 
reniformis,  Don  .  .  152 
tennis,  Lindl. .     .     .  104 

Livistona,  £r.  .  .  .  434 
chinensis,  Br.  .  .  .  434 
cochinchinensis, 

Mart 434 

Diepenhorstii, Teysm.  436 
Jenkinsiana,  Griff.  .  435 
Kingiana,  Becc.  .  .435 
sinensis,  Mart.  .  .434 
speciosa,  Kurz      .     .  435 

•     spectabilis,  Griff.  .     .  435 

Lloydia,  Salisb.  .  .  .354 
alpina,  Salisb.  .  .  354 
hinialerisis,  Royle  .  354 
kunawarensis,  Royle  356 
longiscapa,  Hook.  .  354 
serotina,  Rchb.     .     .  354 

Lontanns  domestica, 

Rumph 482 

Lophiocarpus  guaya- 

nensis,  Mich.    .     ,  561 

Lowia,  Scortech.  .  .  263 
longiflora,  Scort.      .  264 

Loxococcns,  H.  Wendl. 

c^  Dr 413 

rupicola,  H.  Wdl.  Sf 
Dr 413 

Ludisia  discolor,  Lindl.  101 

Luisia,  Gaud.  .  .22,  178 
alpina,  Lindl.  .  .  53 
antennifera,  Bl.  .  .  25 
bicaudata,  Thw.  .  .  26 
Birchea,  Bl.  .  .  .  24 
brachystachys,  Bl.  .  23 
brachystachys,'Rch.h.i.  22 
burmanica,  Lindl.  .  22 
filiformis,  Hk.f.  .  23 
Grovesii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  25 
macrotis,  Rchb.f.  .  24 
micrantha,  Hk.  f.  .  23 
microptera,  Ec/i6./.  25 
platyglossa,  Rchb.  f.  22 
primulina.  Par.  ^ 

Rchb.f.    ....     24 
Psyche,  Rchb.  f.  ,     .     24 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


779 


Page 

retusa,  Rchb.  f.    . 

23 

tenuifolia,  Bl. 

24 

teretifolia,  Gaud. 

22 

teretifolia,  Rohb.  f. 

23 

trichorhiza,  BL    . 

23 

trichorhiza,  Lindl. 

.    23 

tristis,  Ek.  f.  .     . 

25 

uniflora,  Bl.     .     . 

44 

volucris,  Lindl.    . 

25 

zeylanica,  Lindl.  . 

22 

zeylanica,  Thw.  . 

24 

Luzula,  DC.  .     .     . 

401 

campestris,  DC.  . 

401 

eflFnsa,  Buchen.     .     . 

401 

Forsteri,  H.  f.  &  T,  . 

401 

plumosa,  E.  Meyer   , 

401 

spioata,  DC.     .     . 

401 

MacheBrina,  Vahl     .     . 

674 

restioides,  Vahl   .     . 

674 

Macrocladus    sylvicolaf 

Griff.  .... 

423 

Macrolomia    hracteata, 

Nees 

694 

Macrostigma,    tupis' 

troides,  Kunth  .     . 

325 

Macrostylis       disticha, 

Breda      .     .     . 

91 

Malacochcete    Uttoralis, 

Nees 

659 

pectinata,  Nees    .     . 

659 

Malaxis  cernua,  Willd. 

17 

latifolia,  Bl.    .     .     . 

182 

lunata,  Bl 180 

nervosa y  Swartz  .  .  182 
nutans,  Willd.     .     .     16 

Mantisia,  Sims  .  .  .  200 
saltatoria,  Sims  .  .  200 
spathulata,  Schult.  .  201 

Mapania,  Aubl.  .  .  .  680 
andamanica,  Ciarfce  .  681 
bancana,    Benth.    & 

Hk.  f 680 

hmnilis,  Nav.  8,"  Till.  683 
/it/poiy Oroides,  Benth.  680 
immersa,  Benth.  .  .  682 
Kurzii,  Clarice  .  .  681 
longa,  Clarke  .  .  .683 
lucida,  N.  E.  Br. .  .  683 
multispicata,  Clarke.  682 
palustris,  Benth. .  .  681 
Pandanop?tyllum,  Sch. 

&  Hollr 680 

silhetensis,  Clarke   ,  681 
tenuiscapa,  Clarke   .  683  i 
Wallichii,  Clarke      .  682 
zeylanica,  Benth.      .  682 


Page 

Maranta  caespitosa,  A. 

Dietr 259 

dichofoma,  Wall.  .  258 
Galanga,  Linn.  .  .  253 
grandis,  Miq.  .  .  .  258 
imhricata,  A.  Dietr.  259 
malaccensis,  Bnrm.  .  255 
parviflora,  A.  Dietr.  259 
Placentaria,  A.  Dietr.  259 
ramosissima,  Wall.  .  258 
spicaia,  Thw.  .  .  .  260 
virgata,  Wall. .  .  .258 
Maranteje  ....  200 
Mariscus,  Vahl  .  .  .  619 
albescens,  Gaud.  .  623 
higlumis,  Gaert.  .  .  622 
bnlbosTis,  Clarke  .  .  620 
capitatus,  Zoll.  .  .  677 
corymhosus,  Boeck.  .  622 
cyperinus,  Vahl  .  .  621 
cyperimis,  Nees  621,  622 
cyperoides,  Dietr.  .  625 
dilutuSy  Nees  .  .  .  624 
Dregeanus,  Kunth  .  620 
ferax,  Clarke  .  .  .  624 
giganteios,  Boeck.  .  624 
Hookerianus,  Clarke  623 
irroratus,  Nees  .  .  620 
ischnos,  Clarke  .  .  623 
kyllingiceformis, 

Boeck 620 

microcephalus,  Presl.624- 
panioeus,  Vahl  .  .  620 
paniceus,  Strach.  .  622 
pictus,  Nees  .  .  .  621 
pictus,  JSTees  .  .  .  620 
Pullu,  Steud.  .  .  .621 
Sieberianus,  Nees  .  622 
squarrosns,  Clarke  .  623 
sundaicus,  Miq.  .  .  621 
tenuifolius,  Schrad. .  622 
umhellatus,  Moritz. .  621 
mnbellatus,  Vahl  .  ,  622 
Wallichianus,  Knnth  621 
sp.  Wall.  618,  620,  621, 
622,  624 
Medeole^  ....  301 
Medora      divaricata, 

Kunth  .  .  .  .323 
Meistera,  Giseke  .  .  237 
Melanfhacea,  Griff. .  .  356 
Melanthium  caricinum, 

Eoth 357 

hyacinthoides,  Herb. 

Madr 348 

indicum,  Linn.  .  .  357 
nudum,  Heyne  .  .  348 
racemosum,  Roth      .  357 


Page 

Merendera,  Ramond    .  356 
Aitchisoni,  Hk.  f.      .  357 
persica,     Boiss.     8f 
Kotsch 357 

Mesoclastes    hrachysta- 

chys,  Lindl. ...    23 
uniflora,  Lindl.    .     .     44 

Mesodactylus      deflexa,  ■ 
Wall 175 

Metachilum  cyathiferum, 
Lindl 83 

Methonica       Doniana, 

Knnth     ....  35a 
superha,  Lamk.     .     .  358 

Metroxylon,  Botth. .  .  481 
inermis.  Mart.  .  .  481 
Rumphii,  Mart.  .  .  481 
Sagus,  Botth.  .     .     .  481 

Micropera,  Dalz.      .     .     55 

Micropera,  Lindl.  .  .  33 
muculata,  Dalz.  .  .  64 
pallida,  Lindl.  .  36,  67 
pallida,  Wall. ...  36 
viridiflora,  Dalz.  .     .     63 

Microsaccus,  Bl,  .  .  77 
javensis,  Bl.  ...  77 
virens,  Sk.f.  ...     77 

Microschcenus,  Clarke  675 
Duthiei,  Clarke   ,     .  675 

Microstylis  crenulata, 

Bidl 181 

Mischospora       efoliata, 

Boeck      ....  631 

Moliniera      capituldta, 

Herb 278 

crassijolia,  Baker  .  279 
Finlayso7iiana,  Baker  279 
gracilis,  Kurz .  .  .278 
latifolia,  Kurz  .  .  280 
plicata,  Colla  .  .  .  278 
plicata,  Kurz  .  .  .  280 
recurvata.  Herb.  .  .  278 
sumatrana,  Herb.      .  280 

Monochilus  o^w^jLindl.  109 

affinis,  Wt 108 

flabellatus,  Wt.  .  .  106 
fiavum.  Wall.  .  .  .  108 
galeatus,  Lindl.  .  .  107 
longilahre,  Lindl.  .  108 
nervos\im,  Wall.  .  .  108 
regium,  Lindl.      .     .  108 

Monochoria,  Presl.  .  .  362 
dilatata,  Knnth  .  .  362 
hastaefolia,  Presl .  .  362 
hastata,  Solms  .  .  362 
linearis,  Miq,  .  .  .  363 
pauciflora,  Kunth  & 
Miq 363 


780 


INDEX    OP    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
sagiitata,  Kunth .     .  362 
vaginalis,  Presl   .     ,  363 
MonolopJius   elegans, 

Wall 222 

linearis,  Wall.      .     .  223 
sca'posus,  Dalz.      .     .  224 
secundus,  Wall.    .     .  223 
Monstera    decursiva, 

Schott     ....  547 

ffigantea,  Schott .     .  548 

glauca,  C.  Koch  .     .  547 

Peepla,  Schott      .     .  545 

'pinnatifida,  Schott  .  549 

Monti,  Bonon.     .     .     .  594 

*'  Moorva,"  As.  Ees.     .  271 

MoTcea  chinensis,  Murr.  277 

MOREiE 271 

Morisia  Wallichii,  Nees  668 
Murdannia  tuberosa, 

Eoyle 375 

Musa,  Linn 261 

a88amica,Hort.£//^Z.  263 
aurantiaca,  Mann  .  263 
Cliffortiana,  Linn.  .  262 
coccinea,  Andr.  .  .  263 
dasycarpa,  Kurz  .  .  263 
glauca,  Roxh.  .  .  .  262 
Mannii,  Wendl.  .  .  263 
nepalensis.  Wall.  .  261 
omata,  Roxb.  .  .  .  263 
rosacea,  Jacq.  .  .  263 
sanguinea,  Hk.  /.  .  268 
sapientnm,  Linn.  .  262 
euperba,  Roxh.  .  .  261 
textilis.  Grab. . 


Page 
rigida,  Grif.  .  .  .670 
seminuda,  GriflF.  .  .  569 
semistipula,  Balb.  .  569 
spinosa.  Ham. .  .  .  569 
tenuis,  A.  Br.  .  .  570 
ternata,  Roxb.      .     .  569 

Nanuorhops,  E.  Wdl.  429 
Ritchieana,  E.  Wdl.  429 

Narthkcieje  ....  301 

Nectarohothrium 

striatum,  Ledeb.  .  354 

Nenga,  E.  Wendl.  ^ 

Drude  ....  412 
gracilis,  Becc.  .  .  407 
macrocarpa,  Scort  .  412 
pumila,  Wendl.  .  .  412 
Wendlandiana,  <ScAe/.  412 

Nengella  paradoxa, 

Becc 411 

Neottia,  Linn.  .  103,  180 
amcena,  Bieb.  .  .  .  102 
australis,  Br.  .  .  .112 
crispata,  Bl.  .  .  .  102 
fexuosa,  Smith  .  .  102 
Lindleyana,  Dene  .  103 
listeroides,  Lindl.  .  103 
macrophylla,  Don  .  130 
monophylla,  Don  .  131 
parvijiora.  Smith  .  102 
plantaginea,  Don  .  181 
procera,  Ker.  .  .  .111 
sinensis,  Pers.  .  .  102 
strateumatica,  Br.  .  103 
viridijlora,  Bl.      .     .     96 


261    Neottie^ 
uranosoopos,  Lour. .  263  !  Nephelaphyllum,  Bl. 


velutina,  Wendl. .  .  263 
Muscari  hootanense, 

Griff. 299 

MusE^ 200 

Myoda  rufescens, hindl.  101 
Myrialepis,  Becc.    .     .  480 

ocort echini,  Becc.  .  480 
Myrmechis  glalra,  Bl.  .  98 
Mystacidium,  Lindl.  .    78 

zeylanicum,  Lindl.  .     78 

NAIADACEJ5     ....   562 

Naias,  Ltnn 568 

dichotoma,  Roxb.  .  569 
falciculata,^.J5raw»  569 
fucoides,  Griff.  .  .  569 
graminea,  Del.  .  .  569 
heteromorpha,  Griff.  570 
indica,  Cham. .  .  .  569 
major,  Allioni  .  .  569 
minor,  Allioni  .  .  569 
muricata,  Del.      .     .  .'69 


192 
192 
192 

121 


grandiflorum,  Ek.  f. 

nudum,  Eh.  f.      .     . 
Nervilia  Aragoana, 

Gaud 

NeuhecTciadecora,K\&tt  274 

sulcata,  Klatt  .  .  274 
Neuwiedia,  Bl.  .     .     .  175 

Curtisii,  Rolfe      .     .  175 

Griffithii,  jBc^J. /.     .  176 

Lindleyi,  £olfe  .  .  175 
Nipa,  Wurmh.     .     .     .  424 

fruticans,  Wurmh.  .  424 
Nolina  ?  ?avawica,Hassk.336 
Notholirion  macro- 

phyllum,  Boiss.     .  352 

rhseum.  Wall.  .  .  .352 
Nothoscordium  Sulvia, 

Kunth     ....  337 

Oberonia  angustifolia, 

Lindl 181 

caulescens,  Lindl.    .  180 


Page 
ciliolata,  Ek.  f.  .  .  180 
insectifera,  SJc.  f.  .  180 
iridif  olia,  Lindl. .  .  180 
Innata,  Lindl.  .  .  .  180 
Mannii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  180 
pachyrachis,  Rchb.f.  181 
rosea,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .180 
Odontochilus,  Bl.  98,  179 
brevistylis,  Hk.  f.  .  100 
calcaratus,  Hk.  f.  .  99 
Clarkei,  Hk.  f.  .  .100 
crispus,  Hk.  f.  .  .  99 
Elwesii,  Clao-ke  .  .100- 
fiavus,  Benth.  .  .  .101 
grandiflorus,  Benth.  ICO 
lanceolatus,  Benth. .  101 
macranthus,  Ek.  f. .  98 
pectinatns,  Hk.  f.  .  99 
pumilus,  Ek.  /.  .  .  99 
(Eceoclades  flexuosa, 

Lindl 72 

paniculata,  Lindl.    .     58 
pusilla,  Lindl.      .     .     57 
Retzii,  Lindl.  ...     37 
tenera,  Lindl.  ...     73 
(Eonia  ?  alata ,  A.  Rich.     73 
Olyra  malaccensis, 'Keen.  688 
orientalis,  Lour.  .     .  685 
Oncosperma,  Bl.      .     .  414 
cambodianum,  Hanoe  414 
fasciculata,  Thw.      .  415 
filamentosa,  Bl.  .     .  414 
horrida,  Sclieff.   .     .  415 
Ophiopogone^  .     .     .  264 
Ophiopogon,  Ker    .     .  267 
hrevifoUus,  Royle      .  324 
Clarkei,  Hk.  f.      .     .  268 
dracsenoides,  Hk.  f.  268 
Griffithii,  Hk.  f.  .     .  270 
indicus,  Royle      .     .  270 
indicus,  Rottl.      .     .  269 
indicus,  Wt.     .     .     .  269 
intermedins,  Doii     .  269 
japonicus,  Gawl. .     .  267 
japonicus,  Wall.  268,  269 
longifolius,  Decne     .  268 
Malcolmsoni,  Boyle .  269 
micranthus,  Hk.f.  .  269 
minor,  Boyle   .     .     .  270 
mollis,  Boyle  .     .     .  270 
mollis,  Royle  .     .     .  324 
?  pallidus,  Wall.  .     .  270 
?  pallidus,  Wall.  .     .  324 
prolifera,  Lindl. .     .  270 
reptans,  HA;.  /.     .     .  268 
spicatus,   Ker-Gawl.  270 
Wallichianus,  Hk.  /.  268 
Ophiria  paradorajBecc.  4ill 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


781 


Page 

Ophbyde^     .     .    126,  177 

Ophrys  MonorcMsyhinn.  128 

nervosa,  Thonb.   .     .  182 

Orania,  Zippel.    .     .     .  423 

maorocladus.  Mart. .  423 

nicoharica,  Kurz  .     .  418 

Orchidantha,  H.  E. 

Brown     .     .     .     .264 

OBCHIDEiE 1 

Orchis,  Linn.  .  .  .  126 
altissima,  Ham.  .  .  137 
Chusua,  Don  .  .  .  127 
clavata,  Heyne  .  .  150 
conmielinijolia,'Ros.h.  143 
cuhitalis,  Linn.  .  .  157 
gigantea,  Sm.  .  .  .137 
grandijlora,  Heyne  .  136 
Hatagirea,  Don  .  .  127 
latifolia,  Linn.  .  .  127 
leucantha,  Ham.  .  .  16 
longicornu,  Eeyne  .  139 
micranthema,  Uana . .  160 
rmjsorensis,  Heyne 

135,  150 
olcordata,  Dun  .  .  164 
pectinata,  Sm.  .  .  137 
plantaginea,  Roxb.  .  140 
platyphyllos,  Roxb.  .  141 
platyphyllos,  Willd.  140 
Roooburghii,  Pers.  .  140 
spathnlata,  Rchh.  f.  127 
Stracheyi,  Hk.f.  .  128 
strateumatica,  Linn. 

103,  197 
stylosanthes,  Ham.  .  143 
Susannee,  H-^yne .  .  164 
Susannce,  Lino.  .  .  137 
tenuis,  B,oi\].  .  .  .  141 
unijiora,  Roxb.  .  .  167 
viridiflora,  Sw  .  .  150 
Ornitharium  striatu- 

lum,  LfftdL  ...     34 

Ornithoohilus  W'all.  76, 179 

euhlepharum,   Hanoe     76 

fnsouB,  Wall.   .     .     .76 

sinaiuZus,  Hurt.  Oalc.  34 

Ornithogalum  falcatum, 

Wt 336 

indicum,  Kten.  .  .  334 
indicum,  R'».  m.  .  .  335 
polyphyllum,  Heyne  .348 

Okontib^ 492 

Orsidice  amplexicaulis, 

Rchb.  f.  ....  40 
Otandra  cernun,  Salisb.  17 
Otochiins  alba,  Limit.  195 
Ouvirandra  undulata, 

Edsrew 564 


Page 
Pachystoma  ....  178 

Palmes 402 

Pancratium,  Linn.  .  .  285 
biflorum,  Roxb.  .  .  285 
carnbayense,  Herb.  .  286 
longiflorum,  Roxh.  .  286 
longijlorum,  Herb.  .  285 
malabaricam,  Thw. .  286 
malabathricunif'Kerh.  285 
parvum,  Dalz.  .  .  286 
tiaroeflorum,  Salisb.  285 
trifloram,  Roxh.  .  .  285 
verecundum.  Ait.  .  285 
verecundum,  Wt.  .  286 
zeylanicum,  Linn.  .  285 
Pandane^  ....  483 
Pandanece,  "Wall.  .  .  487 
Fandanophyllum, 


angustifoliuin,  Kurz  683 
costatum,  Kurz  .  .  684 
humile,  Hassk.  .  .  683 
humile,  Zoll.  .  .  .682 
Tiypolytroides,  F. 

Muell 680 

immersum,  Thw.  .  683 
Miquelianum,  Kurz .  683 
palustre,  Boeck.  .  .  681 
palustre,  Hasak.  .  .  681 
palustre,  Kurz  .  .  682 
Wendlandi,  Gard. 

Chr 683 

zeylanicum,  Kurz  .  682 
zeylanicum,  Thw.  .  682 
Zippelianum,  Kurz  .  683 
Pandanus,  Linn.  .  .  483 
andamanensium,  Kurz 

485 
albus,  Hort.  ...  486 
atrocarpus.  Griff.  .  484 
Candelabrum,  Kurz .  485 
caricosus,  Spr.  .  .  484 
caricosus,  Miq.  .  .  484 
ceylanicus,  Solms.  .  484 
crassipes,  WalL  .  .  484 
fascicularis,  Lam.  .  485 
foetidus,  Roxb.  .  .  483 
furcatus,  Roxh.  .  .  484 
furcatus,  Hassk.  .  .  486 
furcatus,  Thw.  .  .  484 
graminifolius,  Kurz  486 
horridus,  Reinw.  .  486 
Houlletii,  Carr.  .  .  486 
humilis,  Thw. .  .  .486 
iutegrif  olius,  Lour. .  486 
Lais,  Kurz  .  .  .  486 
laevis,  Rumph.  .  .  486 
Leram,  Jones  .     .     .  486 


Pago 
ieram,  Kurz  .  .  .  485 
Linnaei,  Gaud.  .  .  486 
leucacanthus,  Hassk.  485 
minor.  Ham.  .  .  .  485 
odoratissimus,  Roxb.  485 
odoratus,  Salisb.  .  .  485 
ornatus,  Kurz  .  .  486 
ovatus,  Kurz  .  .  .  486 
polycephalus,  Linn.  487 
Rheedii,  Gaud.  .  .  485 
spinifructus,  Dennst.  484 
turbinatus.  Lodd.  .  487 
unguifer,  Hk.  f.  .  .  485 
verus,  Kurz  .  .  .  485 
Yvani,  Solms  .  .  .  487 
sp.  Wall.  .  .  484,  485 
Papyrus      corymhosus, 

Nees 613 

dehiscens,  Nees  .  .  613 
elatus,  Nees  .  .  .  618 
latifolius,  Willd.  .  .  619 
Pangorei,  Nees  612,  613 
venustus,  Nees  .  .  618 
venustus,  Schrad.  .  617 
Paragnathis  pulchella, 

Spr 167 

Pardanthus     chinensis, 

Ker 277 

nepalensis.  Sweet     .  277 

Paris,  Linn 362 

Daisua,  Ham. .     .     .  362 
imperialis,  Jacq  .     .  362 
polyphylla,  Smith    .  362 
Pattonia       macrantha, 

Wt 18 

Peliosanthes,  Andr.  .  265 
albida.  Baker  .  .  .  267 
Bakeri,  Hk.f.  .  .  .267 
campanulata.  Wall.  .  266 
courtallensis,  Wt.  .  266 
Griffithii,  Baker  .  .  266 
humilis,  Andr.  .  .  266 
humilis.  Baker  .  .  267 
longifolia,  Steud.  .  2R6 
macrophylla.  Wall, .  266 
neilgherriensis,  Wt.  266 
Teta,  Andr.  .  .  .265 
Teta,  Wall.  .  .  .266 
violacea,  Wall.  .  .  266 
violacea,  Wall.  .  .  265 
Peristylus    aristatus, 

Lindl 158 

aristatus,  Thw.  .  .158 
hrachyphyllus,  A,'Rich.l59 
hrevilobus,  Thw.  .  .  159 
chloranthus,  Lindl.  .  163 
constrictus,  Lindl,  .  161 
elatus,  Dalz.    .     .     .  162 


782 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECFES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 

exilis,  Wt 158 

fallax,  Lindl.  .  .  .129 
ffoodyeroides,  Lindl.  .  161 
gracilis,  Bl.  ...  157 
grandiSf  Bl.  .  ,  .  161 
Hamiltonianus, hindl.lSO 
lancifolius,  A.  Rich.  160 

Lawii,  Wt 162 

Parishii,  Echb.  f.  .  162 
plantagineus,  Lindl.  162 
Richardianus,  Wt.  .  156 
rohusfior,  Wt. .  .  .160 
spiralis,  A,  Rich.      .  159 

Fetiliutn  imperiale,    J. 

St.  Hil 354 

Phajus  albus,  Lindl.  .  192 
BensonicB,  Hemsl.  .  192 
macnlatus,  Lindl.  .  192 
nanus,  Rlc,  /.  .  .  .  192 
Wallichii,  Lindl.      .  191 

PhaJcellanthus     multi- 

fiorus,  Zoll. .     .     .676 

Phalffinopsis,  Bl.  29,  178 
antennifera,  Rchb.  f .  31 
cormi-cervi,  Par.  ^ 

Rchh.f.  ....  29 
Esmeralda,  Rchh.  f.  31 
fuscata,  Rchh.f.  .  .  31 
Kunstleri,  Hlcf.  .  .  30 
Lowii,  Rchh.f.  .  .  30 
Mannii,  £chb.  f.  .  .  30 
Parishii,  Rchh.  f..  .  31 
speciosa,  Rchh.f.  .  30 
tetraspis,  Rchh.  f.  .  30 
violacea,  Teysm.  ^ 
Binn 29 

Phalangium    Adenan- 

fhera,  Poir.  .  ,  .337 
alatum,  Ham.  .  .  .  333 
alatum,  Wall. .  .  .  334 
attemtatum,  Wt.  .  .  335 
falcatum,  Wall.  .  .  336 
indicum,  Kunth  .  .335 
nepalense,  Lindl.  .  .  335 
niveiim,  Poiret  .  .  336 
oligospermum,  Wc.  .  336 
ornithogaloides, 

Schweinf.  .  .  .334 
?  parvifiorum,  Wt.  .  336 
tuherosum,     Dalz.    & 

Gibs 335 

tuherosum,  Wt.      .     .334 

PHILODENDREiE    .      .       .    491 

Philodendron    ? pere- 

grinum,  Kunth      .   526 

Philydeace.e     .     .    .  363 

Philydrum,  Banks  .     .  363 

lanuginoBum,£anA;s  .  363 


Phcenice^      ....  404 

Phoenicoidea,  GriflF.  .     .  425 

Phoenix,  Linn.  .  .  .  424 
acaulis,  Buck. .  .  .  426 
acaulis,  Miq.  .  ,  .  427 
Andersnni,B.ort.Ca,lc.4!2b 
cycadifolia,  Regel  .  428 
dactylifera  ....  424 
farinifera,  Roxh.  .  .  426 
humilis,  Royle  .  426 
Loureirii,  Kunth .  .  427 
Ouseleyana,  Griff.  .  427 
paludosa,  Roxh.  .  .  427 
pedunculata,  Griff.  .  427 
pusilla,  Gaertn.  .  .  425 
pnsilla,  Lour. .  .  .  427 
?i>M.s<7ia,  Trim.  .  .  426 
robusta,  Hh.  /.  .  .  427 
Roehelinii,  O'Brien  .  427 
rupicola,  T.  Anders.  425 
siamensis,  Miq.  .  .  427 
sylvestris,  Roxh.  .  425 
sylvestris,  Thw.  .  .  425 
sylvestris  ?  Wall. .  .  427 
zeylanica,  Trim..  .  425 
zeylanica,  Hort.    .     .  425 

Pholidocarpus,  Bl.  .  .  436 
?  Thur,  Miq.  .  .  .436 
macrocarpa,  Becc.    .  436 

Pholidota     parviflora, 

Rk.f. 195 

Phryniura,  Willd.  .  .  258 
Cadellianum,  King  .  260 
capitatum,  Willd.  .  258 
dichotomwn,  Korn.  .  258 
dicTiotomum,  B-oxb.  .  258 
Griffithii,  Balcer  .  .  260 
imbricatum,  Roxh.  .  259 
macrostachyum. 

Wall 259 

musaceum,.  Wall.  .  .  259 
parviflorum,  Roxh.  .  259 
spicatum,  Roxb.  .  .  259 
spicatum,  Griff.  .  .  260 
sumatramim,  Miq.  .  260 
virgatum,  Roxb.  .  .  258 
zeylanicum,  Benth.  .  260 

Phyllodes   Placentaria, 

Lour 259 

Physurus,  Rich.  .  94,  179 
Mumei,  Lindl.  .  .  94 
hirsutus,  Lindl.  .  .  94 
humilis,  Bl.  .  .  .  94 
?  viridijiorus,  Lindl.     96 

Piletocarpus  protensus, 

Hassk 383 

Pinanga,  Bl 406 

bicolorfBl.yidehifida  408 


Page 
hijida,  lapsus  hicolor, 

Bl 408 

coronata,  Kurz     .     .  409 

costata,  Bl 409 

Dickaomii,  Bl.  .  .  409 
disticha,  Bl.  .  .  .408 
gracilis,  Bl.  .  .  .  407 
Griffithii,  Becc.  .  .  407 
hexasticha,  Scheff.  .  406 
Hookeriana,  Becc.  .  410 
hymeno8patha,-fffe./.  411 

Kuhlii,  Bl 409 

malaiana,  Scheff. .  .  410 
Manii,  Becc.     ...  409 

N&nga,  Bl 412 

paradoxa,  Scheff.      .  411 

patula,  Bl 411 

pectinata,  Becc.  .  .  410 
perakensis,  Becc.  .  410 
polymorpha,  jBecc.  .  407 
robusta,  jBecc. .  .  .  408 
Scortechini,  Becc.  .  408 
subruminata,  Becc. .  408 

Pistia,  Linn 496 

Stratiotes,  Linn.      .  497 

Platanthera  acuiferaj 

Lindl 147 

acuminata,  liindl.     .  153 

afflnis,  Wt 164 

arcnata,  Lindl.  .  .  155 
hrachyphylla,  Lindl.  151 
canarensis,  Lindl. 152, 197 
Candida,  Lindl.  .  .  142 
Championi,  Lindl.  .  164 
clavigera,  Lindl.  .  .  153 
commelinifolia,'Lin.d\.  143 
constricta,  Lindl.  .  161 
cordifolia,  Lindl.  .  167 
cuhitalis,  Lindl.  .  .  157 
densa,  Lindl.  .  .  .  153 
galeandra,  Rchb.  f .  .  163 
genictdata,  Lindl.  .  138 
gigantea,  Lindl.  ,  .  137 
Heyneana,  Liudl.  .  148 
jantha,  Wt.  .  .  .164 
latilahris,  Lindl. .  .  153 
linifolia,  Lindl.  .  .  151 
lonffihracteata,ljindl.  166 
lucida,  Lindl. .     .     .  133 

hbtea,  Wt 164 

7narginata,  Lindl.  .  150 
marginata.  Wall.  .  135 
ohcordata,  Lindl.  .  163 
Orchidis,  Lindl.  .  .  142 
Orchidis,  Wall.  .  .  153 
rhynchocarpa,  Thw.  145 
robusta,  Lindl.  .  .  137 
rostrata,  Lindl.   146,  147 


INDEX    OP   GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


783 


Page 
Schischmareffiana, 

Lindl 130 

stenostachya,  Lindl.  .  156 
SiisanncB,  Lindl.  .  137 
unifiora,  Lindl.    .     .  166 

Platyclinis  gracilis, 

m.  f 183 

Fleet  ocomia,  Mart.  .  477 
assamica,  Griff.  .  .  479 
assamica,  Hk.  .  .  478 
elongata.  Mart.  .  .  479 
elongata,  Griff.  .  .  478 
jremt»i/Zora,H.Wendl.  479 
Griffithii,  Becc.  .  .  478 
himalayana,  Grif.  .  478 
khasyana,  Griff.  .  .  478 
maorostaohya,  Kurz  478 
montana,  Hk.  f.  .     .  478 

Plectocomiopsis,  Becc.  479 
geminiflorus,  Becc.  .  479 
paradoxus, -Be*  c.  .  480 
Wrayii,  Becc.  .     .     .480 

Plesmonium,  Schott  .  518 
dulium,  Schott  .  .  519 
margaribiferum, 

Schott 518 

Plocoglottis.jBL  21, 177, 178 
acuminata,  Bl.  .  .  21 
javanica,  Bl.  .     .     .     22 

Podantherapallida,Wt.  124 

Podianthus  arifolius, 

Sclinitzl.      .     .     .297 

Podochilus,  BL.  .  .  80 
acicularis,  Hk.  f.  .  82 
cultratus,  Lindl.  .  80 
falcatus,  Lindl.  .  .  80 
khasianus,  Hk.f.  .  81 
luoescens,  Bl.  .  .  82 
malabaricus,  Wt.  .  80 
TaioTophjlluSyLindl.  81 
microphyllus,  Wall. .  81 
saxatilis,  Lindl.  .  .  81 
unciferus,  Hk.  f.      .     81 

Podolasia,  N.  E.  Br.  .  550 
stipitata,  N.  E.  Br.  .  550 

Pogochilus,  Falc.     .     .     88 

Pogonia,  Griff.  .  .  .118 
biflora,  Wt.  .  .  .119 
carinata,  Lindl.  .  .  121 
carinata,  Wt.  .  .  .  121 
flabelliformis,  Lindl.  121 
Gammiena,  JLk.  f.  .  120 
Juliana,  Wall.  .  .  119 
raacroglossa,  Bk.  f.  120 
macula ta.  Par.  ^ 

Rchb.f 120 

Nervilia,  Bl.  .  .  .121 
plicata,  Lindl.      .     .119 


Page 
Scottii,  Echb.f.  .  .  120 
velutina,  Par.  ^ 

Rchb.f 119 

sp.  Griff.     .     .     120,  121 

Pogonostylis  squarrosa, 

Bertol 635 

Pollia,  Thunh.  .  .  .367 
Aclisia,  Hassk.  .  .  367 
glaucescenSf  Teysm. 

&  Binn 367 

indica,  Thw.  .  .  .368 
japonica,  Hance  .  .  368 
pentasperma,  Clarke  368 
purpurea,  Hort.  .  .  383 
sorzogonensis,  Endl.  367 
subumbellata,  Clarke  368 
thyrsiflora,  Endl.    .  367 

POLLIE.E 366 

Polychilus  Cornu-cervi, 

Breda      ....     29 

P0LTGONATE.E    .     .     .  300 

Polygonatum,  Tourn. .  319 
brevistylum,  Baker  .  319 
Cathcartii,  Baker  .  320 
?  ciliatum,  Royle  .  320 
cirrifolium,  Royle  .  322 
geminiflorum,  Decne  320 
Qovanianum,  Boyle  319 
graminifolium,  Hk.f.  319 
Griffitkii,  Baker  .  .  320 
Hookeri,  Baker  .  .  320 
Inglesii,  Royle  .  .  322 
Jacquemontianum, 

Kunth     .     .     .     .321 
Kingianum,  Coll.  ^ 

Hemsl 322 

leptophyllum,  Royle .  321 
multifiorum,  Allioni  319 
nervulosum,  Baker  .  319 
officinale,  Allioni  .  319 
oppositifolium,  Royle  320 
punctatum,  Royle  .  321 
roseum,  Bot.  Mag.  .  321 
sihiricum,  Baker  .  .  322 
verticillatum,  Allionid21 

Poljstachya,  Hook.  .  20 
luteola,  Hoo^,  ...  21 
luteola,  Wt.  ...  21 
purpurea,  Wt.  .  .  21 
Wightii,  Rchh.  f..  .  21 
zeylanica,  Lindl.      .     21 

Pomatocalpa  spicatum, 

Kuhl  &  Hasselt.  .     74 

Pontederia  dilatata, 

Andr 363 

hastata,  Linn.  .  .  .  362 
pauciflora,  Bl. .  .  .  363 
plantaginea,  Roxb.    .  363 


Page 
racemosa.  Ham.  .  .  363 
saggitata,  Roxb.  .  .  363 
sagittifoliay  Heyne  .  363 
vaginalis,  Linn.    .     .  363 

PoNTEDEEIACEiE        .      .   362 

Posidonia  serrulata, 

Spreng 570 

serrulata,  Thw.    .     .  570 

Potamogeton,  Linn.  .  565 
crenulatus,  Don  .  .  566 
crispus,  Linn. .  .  .  566 
digynus.  Wall.  .  .  566 
elegans,  Wall.  .  .  .  566 
jlabellatus,  Bab.  .  .  567 
jiahellatus,  Hk.  f . .  .  567 
heterophyllus.  Ham. .  566 
Ivybridus,  Mich.  ?  .  .  666 
indious,  Roxh.  .  .  565 
indicus.  Roth. .  .  .  564 
javanicus,  Sassk.  .  566 
lucens,  Linn.  .  .  .  567 
lucens,  Ham.  .  .  .  567 
tnalaianus,  Miq.  .  .  567 
marinus  ?  Ham.  .  .  567 
mucronatus,  Presl  .  567 
natans,  Linn.  .  .  .  565 
natans,  Thw.  .  .  .  565 
oblongus,  Viv.  .  .  566 
parvifolius,  Buch.     .  566 

"  pectinatus,  Livn.  .  567 
perfoliatus,  Linn.  .  566 
polygonifolius,  Pourr.  566 
pusillus,  Linn.  .  .  567 
Roxhurghianus,  Schult. 

565 
rufescens,  Aitch.  .  .  565 
tenuicaulis,  F.  Muell.  566 
tuberosus,  Roxb.  .     .  566 

Pothos,  Linn.  .  .  .  651 
angustifolius,  Presl.  552 
Barberianus,'  Schott  553 
bifarius,  Wall.  .  .  555 
Cathoarti,  Schntt  .  552 
caudatus,  Roxb.  .  .  549 
cognatus,  Schott  .  .  552 
Curtisii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  554 
decipiens,  Schott .  .  552 
decurrens,  Wall.  547,  549 
decursiva,  Roxb.  .  .  547 
decursivus.  Wall. .  .  549 
elegans,  Wall.  .  .  .  540 
elliplica,  Moon  .  .  555 
exiguiftorus,  Schott  .  552 
fallax,  Schott .  .  .  552 
giganteus,  Roxb.  .  .  548 
glaucus,  Wall. .  .  .  547 
gracilis,  Schott  .  .  553 
heferophytla,  Roxb.  .  550 


.784 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Hookeri,  Schoft  .  .  552 
Junghunianus,    de 

Vriese  ....  553 
Kingii,  m.f.  .  .  .553 
Kunstleri,  Hfe./..  .  554 
lancif  olius,  Hk.  f.  .  554 
Lasia,  Roxb.  .  .  .  550 
latif olius,  Hh.f.  .  .  554 
macrocephalas,Scorf .  553 
macroph^llus,  de 

Vriese  ....  553 
Maingayi,  Hh.  f.  .  .  554 
malayanus,  Miq. .  .  540 
tnarginatus,  Wall.  .  540 
obliquus,  fVall.  .  .  555 
officinalis,  Roxb.  .  .  541 
officinalis,  Wall.  .  .  547 
Peepla,  Roxb.  .  .  .  545 
Peepla,  Wall.  .  .  .546 
pertusus,  Roxb.  .  .  547 
pinnaHJidus,  Roxb.  .  549 
pinmtus,  Wall.  .  .  540 
remotiflorus,  HTc.  .  555 
Roxhurgkii, deYriese  552 
RoxhurghiiySchott  .  552 
scandens,  Linn.  .  .  551 
scandens,  Don  .  .  552 
scandens,  Hk. .  .  .  552 
scandens,  Wall.  .  .  552 
spinosa,  Ham. .  .  .  55(T 
tenera,  Wall.  .  .  .553 
Thomsoniantis,ScAof^  555 
ventricosa,  Wall.  .  .  543 
Vriesiauus,  Schott  .  552 
Wallichii,  Hk.  /.  .  .  553 
Prionostachys  ensifolia, 

Hassk 379 

herbacea,  Hassk.  .     .  377 
termmalisy  Hassk.     .  379 
Pteroceras,  Hasselt.      .     33 
Pteri/godium  sulcatum, 

Roxb 107 

Ptycborapbis,  Becc.     .  413 
augusta,  Becc.      .     .414 
singaporensis,  Becc.  418 
Ptychos/jerma     costata, 

Miq 409 

disticha,  Miq.  .  .  .  408 
Kuhlii,  Miq.  .  .  .409 
malaiana,  Miq.  .  .  410 
patula,  Miq.  .  .  .411 
rupicola,  Thw.  .  .413 
singaporensis,  Becc.  413 
PycreuB,  Beauv. .  .  .  589 
albomarginatus,  Nees  594 
angulatus,  Nees  .  .  593 
Baccha,  Nees  .  .  .  593 
capillaris,  Nees     .     .591 


Page 

diffusus,  Nees  .  .  596 
ferrugineus,  Clarke  .  593 
flavescens,  Nees  .  .  589 
IcBvigatus,  Nees  .  .  596 
lateralis,  Nees  .  .  596 
latespicatus,  Clarke.  590 
mucronatus,  Nees  .  596 
nitens,  Nees  .  •  .  591 
polystachyus,  Beauv.  592 
polystachyiis,  Beanv.  609 
pnmilus,  Nees .  .  .591 
puncticulatus,  Nees .  593 
pu7icticulatics,  Nees .  610 
pygmceus,  Nees  .  .  596 
sanguinolentuSj^ees  590 
squarrosus,  Nees  .  .  623 
stramineus,  Clarke  .  589 
8ulcinTix,  Clarke  .     .  593 

PYTHONlEiE       ....   491 

Pythonium  hulbifemm, 

Schott  .  .  .  .515 
Wallichianum,Sohott  518 
sp.  Griff.     .     .     499,  506 

Ravenala  madagasca- 

riensis,  Sonn.  .     .  198 

Remirea,  Auhlet  .  .  677 
disticophylla,  Boeck.  677 
maritima,  Auhl.  .  .  677 
pedunculata,  Br. .  .  677 
Wightiana,  Nees  .     .  677 

Bemusatia,  Schott .  .  521 
Hookeriana,  Schott  .  522 
vivipara,  Schott  .  .  521 
vivipara,  Wt.  .     .     .  519 

Renanthera,  Lour.  .  48 
angustifolia,  Hk.  f. .  49 
Arachnitis,liindl.  28, 197 
bilinguis,  Rchb.  f.  .  28 
coccinea,  Lour.  .  .  48 
elongata,  Lindl.  .  .  48 
Flos-aeris,  Rchb.  f.  .  28 
histrionioa,  Rchh.  f.  49 
lahrosa,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  28 
matutina,  Lindl.  .  .  49 
micrantha,  Bl.      .     .     49 

Renealmia  calcarata, 

Haw 254 

fasciculata,  Rose.  .  241 
mutica,  Salisb.  .  .  255 
nutans,  Andr.      .     .  256 

Restio  articulatuSflBietz.  684 

Rhamphidia  elongata, 

Thw 197 

Gardneri,  Thw.  .  .  115 
ovalifolia,  Itindl. .  .  115 
ruhens,  Lindl.      .     .  115 

Rhapbidophora,  Schoft  543 


Page 
affinis,  Schott  .  .  .  548 
angustifolia,  Schott  543 
Beccarii,  Engl.  .  .  546 
calophyllum,  Schott  545 
caudata,  Schott  .  .  549 
orassifolia,  Hk.  f.  .  543 
Gionningha mil, Bohott  549 
decursiva,  Schott  .  547 
eximia,  Schott  .  .  547 
glauca,  Schott  .  .  547 
gracilipes,  Hk.  f.  ,  ,545 
grandis,  Schott  .  .  547 
Hookeri,  Schott  .  .  546 
Korthalsii,  Schott  .  548 
Kunstleri,  Hk.  f.  .  546 
lacera,  Hassk.  .  .  .  549 
lancifolia,  Schott  .  545 
Lobbii,  Schott  .  .  544 
Maingayi,  Hk.  f.  .  .  543 
minor,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  544 
Peepla,  Schott  .  .  544 
pertnsa,  Schott  .  .  546 
pinnata,  Schott  .  .  549 
pinnatijida,  Schott  .  549 
Schottii,  Hk.  /.  .  .  544 
Scortechinii,  Hk.  f,  545 
tetrasperma,  Hk.  f.  548 
Wallichii,  Schott  .  549 
Wrayi,  Hk.  /. .  .  .  544 
Rhomhoda  longifolia, 

Lindl 109 

Rhopaloblasfe  singapo- 
rensis, Hk.  f .    .     .  413 
Rhuacophila  javanica, 

Bl 337 

Rhyncanthera  panicU' 

lata,  Bl 91 

Rhynchanthus,  Hk.f.  257 
longiflorus,  ^A;. /.  .257 
Rhynchostylis,  Bl.  32,  178 
garwalica,  Rchb.  f. .  32 
guttata,  Rchb.  f ,  .  .  32 
pramorsa,  Bl. .     .     .     32 

retusa,  Bl 32 

Rhyncopyle  elongata, 

Engl 539 

Ridleya 33 

Robartia  indica,  Linn.  602 
Rosooea,  Smith  .  .  .  207 
alpina,  Royle  .  .  .  207 
capitata,  Smith  .  .  208 
elatior.  Smith .  .  .  208 
gracilis,  Smith  .  .  208 
longifolia.  Baker  .  208 
lutea,  Royle  .  .  .  208 
petiolata,  Baker  .  .  209 
purpurea,  Smith  .  .  207 
purpurea,  Lindl.  .     .  208. 


INDEX    OF    GENERAj    SPECIES    AND    SYNONYMS. 


785 


Page 
purpurea,  Eoyle  .     .  207 
spicata,  Smith      .     .  209 
RostJcovia  ensiformis. 

Ham.  .     .     .     .     .396 

Rotang  Pajare,  Griff.  .  459 
Roussinia  indica,  Gaud.  486 
Roxhurghia  Gloriosa, 

Pers 298 

gloriosoides,  Jones  .  298 
gloriosoides,  Wt.  .  .  298 
Stemona,  Steud.  .  .  298 
viridiflora,  Smith      .  298 

EoXBUBGHIACEiE      .      .   297 

Ruppia,  Linn.  .  .  .  568 
maritima,  Griff.  .  .  568 
rostellata,  Koch  .  .  568 
suhsessilis,  Thw.  .     .  567 

Ryckia  furcata,  De 

Vriese     ....  484 

Rynohospora,  VaJd  .  668 
P  anomala,  Steud.  .  649 
articulata,  Roem.  & 

Soh 670 

anrea,  Vahl  .  .  .  670 
ceylonica,  Kunth .  .  670 
chinensis,  Boeck.  .  672 
chinensis,  NeeB  .  .  671 
glauca,  Vahl  .  .  .  671 
glauca,  Boeck.  .  .  672 
gracilis,  Vahl  .  .  .  671 
gracillima,  Thw. .  .  671 
Griffithii,  Boeck.  .  .  672 
Hcenkei,  Presl.  .  .  668 
Hookeri,  Boeclc.  .  .  671 
Kamphceveneri,Boeck.67l 
Kysoor,  Dietr.  .  .  660 
lavarum, B.0 ok. &  Arn.672 

laxa,  Br 671 

laxa,  Thw 672 

longisetis,  Br.  .  .  669 
malasica,  Clarke  .  .  670 
Frescottiana,  Wall.  .  669 
rv/ppioides,  Benth.  .  654 
sikkimensis,  Clarks  .  672 
triflora,  Vahl.  .  .  670 
Walliohiana,  Kunth  668 
Wightiana,  Steud.  .  669 
zeylanica,  Thw.  .  .  670 
sp.  Wall. 

605,  668,  670,  671 

Rtnchospore,^  .     .     .  586 


Saccolabium,  Bl.  .  54, 179 
aoaule,  Hk.  /.  .  .  .  61 
acuminatum,  Hk.  f. .  65 
acuminatum,  Thw.  .  67 
VOL.  VI. 


'    Page 

acutifolium,  Lindl.  .  61 

ampullaceum,  Lindl.  64 

bellinum,  Rchh.  f.    .  61 

Berkeleyi,  Rchh.f.  .  33 

bigibbum,  Rchh.  f.    .  61 
hipunctatum,  Par.  & 

Rchb.  f 73 

JBlumei,  Lindl.      .     .  32 

^brevifolium,  Lindl. .  57 

buccosum,  Rchh.  f.   .  58 
calceolare,  Lindl.  60, 197 

calceolare,  Paxt.  .     .  61 

carinatum,  Griff. .     .  63 

cephalotes,  Sk.  f.    .  63 

clavatum,  Lindl. .     .  6Q 

congestum,  Hk.  f.    .  63 

curvifolium,  Lindl.  .  65 

dasypogon,  Lindl.   .  66 

densijiorum,  Lindl.  .  72 

denticulatuni,  Paxt. .  61 

discolor,  Rchb.  f.      .  56 

distichum,  Lindl.     .  64 

filiforme,  Lindl.  .     .  56 

flavum,  Ek.  /. .     .     .  58 

flexuosum,  Lindl.      .  72 
fragrans.   Par.   ^' 

Rchh.f.    ....  58 

galeatum,  Garda.     .  71 

garwalicum,  Lindl.  .  32 
geminatum,  Lindl. 

55, 197 

giganteum,  Lindl.     .  53 

gracile,  Lindl.      .     .  57 
Qriffi^thii,   Par.    & 

Rchb.  f 77 

guttatum,  Lindl.  .     .  32 

Heathii,  Hort.     .     .  32 

Self  eri,  Hk.  /.     .     .  57 
?  inconspicuum,  Bk.  f.  56 

intermedium,   Chriff.  61 
Jerdonianum,  Rchh.  f.  59 

lanatum,  Hk.  /.    .     .  60 

lineare,  Lindl.      .     .  47 

lineolatam,  Thw. .     .  62 

littorale,  Rchb.  f.      .  33 
longifolium,  Hk.f. 

62,  197 

maculatum,  Hk.  f.    .  64 

micranthum,  Lindl. .  59 

miniatum,  Hook.      .  65 

minimiflorum,  Hk.f.  59 

nilagiricum,  Hk.  f.  .  60 

niveum,  Lindl.     .     .  55 

obliquum,  Lindl.  .     .  61 

obtusifolium,  Sk.  f.  65 

ochraceum,  Lindl.    .  62 

pallens.  Lindl.     .     .  65 

paniculatum,  Wt.     .  47 


Page 
papillosum,  Lindl.   .     63 
papillosum,   Dalz.  & 
Gibs.  .....     62 

papillosum,  Wt.  .     .     63 
pafvulum,  Lindl.      .     58 
Pechei.  Rchb.  /.   .     .     66 
penangianiim,  Hk.f.     57 
perpusilliim,  Hk.  f.  .     56 
praemorsum,  Hk.  f.^ .     62 
prcemorsum,  Lindl.    .     32 
Pumilio,  Rchh.f.  .     .     56 
pusillum,  Lindl.  .     .     57 
racemiferum,  Lindl.  .     68 
ramosum,  Lindl.  .     .72 
rejiexum,  Lindl.    .     .     49 
retusum,  Fl.des  Serres  32 
Rheedii,  Wt.    ...     32 

ring  ens,  Lindl.      .     .     46 
roseum,  Lindl.     .     .     58 
rostellatum,  Hk.f.  ,     59 
ruhrum,  LindL     .     •     65 
rubrum,  Wt.    ...     46 

speciosum,  Wt.  .  .  45 
?  tenerum,  Lindl. .  .  73 
tenuioaule,  Hk.  f.  .  64 
trichromum,  Rchh.f.  65 
undulatum,  Lindl.  .  74 
virescens,  Gardn. .  .  57 
viridiflorum,  Lindl.  63 
Wightianum,  Hk.  f. 

62, 197 
Wightianum,  Lindl. .     46 

Sagittaria,  Linn.  .  .  561 
cordifolia,  Koxb.  .  .  561 
Doniana,  Swp.ot  .  .  561 
guayan  e  ii  nlt'^i.  JL  K.  561 
hasfata,  Don  .  .  .  561 
herniaphrodita,  Ham.  561 
Lappula,  Don  .  .  561 
obtusifolia,  Linn.  .'  560 
parvijlora,  Wall.  .  .  561 
sagittifolia,  Linn.  .  561 
triandra,  Dalz.     .     .562 

Saguerus  Langkab,  BI.  421 
Rumphii,  Koxb.  .  .  421 
saccharifer,  Wurmb.  421 

Sagu8farinifera,GaertJi,  481 
genuina,  Bl.  .  .  .  481 
inermis,  Roxb.  .  .  481 
?  Koenigi,  Griff.  .  .  481 
lisvis,  Rnmph.  .  ,  481 
Rumphii,  Bl.  .  .  .  481 
RumphiifWiUd.  .     .  481 

Sansevieria,  Thunh.  .  270 
fruticosa,  Bl.  .  .  .  327 
Roxburghiana,Sci'it6Zi.271 
zeylanica,  Willd.  .  270 
zeylanica,  Roxb.   .    .  271 

3   B 


786 


INDEX   OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 
Sarcanthns,  Lindl.  66,  179 

appeudiculatus,  Hk.f.  67 

arietinus,  Rchb.f.    .  70 

asperus,  Rchh.  /.  .     .  70 

chrysomelas,  Rchh.f'  70 
densijlorus,    Par.     & 

Kchb.  f 72 

erinaceus,  Rchh.f.   .  69 

filiformis,  Lindl.      .  66 

fiUformis,  "Wt. .     .     .  56 

guttatus,  Lindl.    .     .  32 

inseotifer,  Rchh.  f.   .  68 

laxus,  Rchh.  f.     .     .  69 

lorifolius,  Par.     .     .  69 

macrodon,  Rchb.f.   .  70 

mirabilis,  Rchh.  f.  58,  70 

oxyphyllus.  Wall.    .  70 

pallidus,  Lindl.   .     .  68 

Parishii,  HooTc.     .     .  69 

paucijlorus,  Wt.  .     .  67 

peninsularis,  Lalz. .  67 
pugioniformis,B,Gh'b.  f .  70 

racemifer,  Rchb.  f.  .  68 

roseus,  Wt 56 

Scortechinii,  Hlc.f.  .  68 

secundus,  Griff.  .    .  67 

Stowellianus,  Batetn.  69 

teretifolius,  Rohb.  f.  67 

tricolor,  Rchb.  f . .     .  68 

WalkerianuSy'Rchh.f.  58 

Walherianus,  Wt.     .  58 

Williamsoni,  Rchh.f.  67 
Saroocbilus,  Br.       33,  178 

amplexicaulisyRGhh.i.  40 

Araohnil^.s,  Rchh.  f.  41 

aureus,  Rk.  j. .    .     .  35 

Berkeley!,  Ec?i6./  .  37 

brachyglottis,  Sk.f.  34 

braoliyStacliys,ff/5;./.  41 

cladostaohys,  Rk.f.  35 
complanatus,  Hk.f. 

41,  197 

filiformis,  Bk.  f.       .  39 

hirsutus,  HL  f.   .     .  38 

hirtulus,  Hk.  /.    .     .  39 

hirtus,  Benth.      .     .  35 

'H.jstTix,Rchh.f..     .  38 
leopardinus,  Par.  ^ 

Rchh.f.   .....  38 

lilaoinus,  Griff.    .     .  40 

luniferus,  Rchh.  f.    .  37 

luniferus,  Bot.  Mag.  37 

maculatus,  Benth.    .  64 

Mannii,  Hk.  f.      .     .  36 

merguensis,  Hh.  f.   .  40 

minimifolius,  Hk.  f.  37 

muriculatu8,Ec/ib./.  34 

nepalensiSf  Spr.   .     .  60 


Page 
notabilis,  Hk.  f.  .  .  42 
ohtuBue,  Benth.  .  .  36 
pauoiflorus,  Hk.  f.  .  41 
prcemorsus,  Spr.  .  .  63 
pugionifolius,  Hk.f.  196 
pulchellus,  Trim.  .  39 
purpureus,  Benth.  .  36 
recurvus,  Hk.  f.  ,  .  39 
Roxburghii,  Hk.f.  .  36 
Scopa,  Rchb.  /.  .  .  40 
Scortechini,  Hk.  f.  .  40 
serrceformis,  Rchb.  f.  41 
Sillemianus,  Ec/ib.y.  42 
stenoglottis,  Hk.f.  .  34 
suaveolens,  Hk.  f.  .  33 
trichoglottis,  Hk.f.  39 
Trimeni,  Hk.  f.  .  40,  196 
usneoides,  Rchh.  f.  .  37 
viridiflorus,  Hk.f.  38, 196 
Wightii,  Bk.  f.  .  37,  198 
Sarihus  cochinchinensis, 

Bl 435 

Satyrium,  Swartz.  .  .  168 
albiflorum,  A.  Rich.  168 
Epipogium,  Linn.  .  124 
foliosum,  Heyne  .  .  160 
nepalense,  Don  .  .  168 
pallidum,  A.  Rich.  .  168 
Perrottetianum,  A. 

Rich 168 

repens,  Linn.   .     .  95,  112 

Wightianum,   Lindl.  168 

Sauromatum,  Schott   .  508 

guttatum,  Schott      .  508 

pedatum,  Schott  .     .  508 

punctatum,  C.  Koch  .  508 

sessilijlorum,  Kunth  508 

simlense,  Schott  .     .  508 

venosum,  Schott  .     .  508 

Saururus  natans,  Linn.  564 

Soaphochlamys,  Baker  252 

malaccana,  Baker    .  252 

Schcenorchis,  Bl.        54,  179 

juncifolia,  Thw.   .     .     56 

Schismatoglottis,  Zoll. 

8f  Moritz .  .  .  .537 
breviouspis,  Hk.  f.  .  537 
brevipes,  Hk.  f.  .  .  538 
calyptrata,  Zoll.  & 

Moritz  ....  539 
elongata,  Engl.  .  .  539 
Kurzii,  ^A;. /. .  .  .  539 
longipes,  l^Hq.  .  .  538 
minor,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  638 
mutata,  Scort.  .  .  538 
Scortechini,  Hk.  f.  .  537 
Wallichii,  Bk.  f. .  .  537 
Schizolepis,  Nees    .     .  694 


Page 
Schcemrs,  Linn. .  .  .  672 
articulatus,  Buch.  .  671 
articulatus,  Roxb.  .  670 
calostachyus,  Poir.  .  673 
coloratus,  Linn.  .  .  588 
compressus,  Linn.  .  660 
cy  per  aides,  Retz, .  .  649 
gracilis,  Swartz.  .  .  672 
Haskarlii,  Steud.  .  677 
junceus,  Willd.  .  .  656 
lithospermus,  Linn.  .  685 
longisetis,  Poir.  .  .  669 
Mariscus,  Linn.  .  .  674 
nigricans,  Linn.  .  .  673 
nivens,  Linn.  .  .  .  620 
paniculatus,  Hassk.  .  677 
polymorphus,  Rottb.  639 
pnheruhts, C.A.M.ey.  649 
ruber.  Lour.  .  .  .  668 
rufus,  Huds.  .  .  .  661 
surinamensis,  Rottb.  670 
Sciaphila,  Bl.  .  .  .  558 
erubescens,  Miers.  .  558 
janthin^,  Thw.  .  .  558 
Khasiana,  Hk.  f. .  .  559 
secundiflora,  Thw.   .  558 

Scilla,  Linn 348 

coromandeliana, 

Roxb 347 

Cundria,  Ham.  .  .  347 
denudata,  Ham.  .  .  347 
Hohenackeri,  Fisch. 

SfMey 349 

indica,  Baker.  .  .  348 
indica,  Roxb.  .  .  .  347 
onaculata,  Baker  .  .  348 
serotina,  Bot.  Mag.  .  346 

SCILLE.E 301 

Scindapsus,  Schott .  .  541 

argyrcea,  Engl.     .  .  541 

Beccarii  ?  Engl.  .  .  542 

caudatus,  Engl.    .  .  549 

caudatus,  Schott  .  549 

crassipes  ?  Engl.  .  542 

cuscuaria,  Presl. .  .542 

decursivius,  Schott  .  547 

giganteus,  Schott  .  548 

glaucus,  Schott    .  .  547 

hederacea,  Schott  .  542 

inquinatus,  Schott  .  542 
marantcefolius,  Miq.  543 
medius,  Zoll.  & 

Moritz     .     .     .  .540 

montanus,  Kunth  .  540 

officinalis,  Schott  .  541 

Peepla.  Schott      .  .  545 

Peepla,  Thw.  .     .  .  547 

perakensis,  Hk.  f.  .  542 


INDEX   OP    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


787 


Page 

pertusus,  Schott  .  .  547 
pictus,  Hassh. .  .  .  541 
pinnatifidus,  Schott  .  549 
pinnatus,  Schott .  .  549 
pothoides,  Miq.  .  .  542 
pothoides,  Schott  .  541 
Scortechinii,  HTc.  f.  .  541 

SciEPE^ 586 

Scirpodendron,  Kurz  .  684 

costatum,  Kurz    .     .  684 

sulcatum,  Miq.     .     .  684 

Scirpus,  Lmn.     .     .     .  653 

acicularis,  Linn.  .     .  629 

acutangulus,  Roxb.  .  627 

(smulans,  Steud.  .     .  660 

(BStivalis,  Retz.    .     .  637 

aestivalis,  Wall.  .     .  635 

affinis,  Roth     .     .     .  659 

chains,  Benth.    .     .  629 

alpinuSy  Schl.  .     .     .  654 

anceps,  Willd.  .     .     .  646 

annuus,  All.     .     .     .  636 

annuus,  Host  .     .     .  636 

anoinalus,  Retz.   .     .  678 

antarcticus,  Thnnb.  .  651 

argenteus,  Rottb.      .  640 

aristatus,  Willd.  .     .  666 

articulatus,  Linn.    .  656 

arvensiSf  Retz. .     .     .  639 

arvensis,  Roxb.    .     .  636 

atropurpttreus,  Retz.  627 

Bceothryon,  Ehrh.     .  654 

Balna,  Ham.    .     .     .  659 

hangalorensis,  Heyne  657 

harhaUvs,  Boeck.  .     ,  653 

harhatus,  Rottb.  .     .  651 

henghalensis,  Pers.    .  644 

hispicatus,  Roxb.  .     .  634 

hrevifolia,  Decne  .     .  660 

hrevifolius,  Roxb.      .  636 

ccespitosus,  Boeck.    .  654 

canaliculato-triqueter, 

Steud.      ....  660 

^  capillaris,  Linn.  .     .  652 

capitatus,  Burm.  .     .  666 

capitatus,  Linn.    .     .  628 

caricis,  Retz.   .     .     .  660 

carinatus,  Sowerb.  .  658 

.ceplialotes,  Jacq.  .     .  589 

cernuus,  Vahl  .     .     .  655 

6hinen8iB,Munro  662,678 

ciliaris,  Linn. .     .     .  666 

cinnamometorumy 

Vahl 650 

comosus,  Wall.  .  .  664 
complanatus ,  Retz.  .  646 
compressus,  Pers.  .  660 
confervoides,  Poir.    .  654 


Page 
congestus,  Spr.  .  .  630 
coniferus,  Poir.  .  .  684 
coronarius,  Vahl  .  .  619 
corymbosus,  Heyne .  657 
corymhosus,  Forsk.  .  659 
corymbosus,  Linn.  .  670 
cuspidatus,  Roth.  .  665 
cyperoides,  Linn.  .  622 
dehilis,  Pursh  .  .  656 
denstis,  Wall.  .  .  .652 
dichotomtiSy  Linn.  .  636 
diphyllus,  Retz.  .  .  636 
dipsaceus,  Rottb. .  .  635 
dissitus,  Duthie  .  .  661 
DonianuSf  Spr.  .  .  663 
?  duhius,  Roxb.  .  .  625 
Duvallii,  Hoppe  .  .  658 
ecMnatus,  Linn.  .  .  621 
elongatus,  Ham.  .  .  664 
erectus,  Poir.  .  .  .  656 
Briophorum,  Mich.  .  661 
falcatus,  Vahl .  .  .647 
ferriigineus,  Linn.  .  639 
fimbrisetus,  Delile  .  659 
fistulosus,  Forsk.  .  656 
fistulosus,  Poir.  .  .  627 
fluitans,  Linn.  .  .  653 
fuscus,  Roxb.  .  .  .  639 
glohulosus,  Retz. .  .  645 
glohulnsus,  Roxb.  .  639 
glomeratu$,  Heyne  .  602 
glomeratus,  Linn,  .  620 
glomeratus,  Retz.  .  640 
glomeratus,  Roxb.  .  636 
gracillimus,  Boeck.  .  652 
QrifltMi,  Boeck.  .  .  660 
grossns,  Linn. .  .  .  659 
Rakonensis,  Fran.  & 

Sav 630 

hemisplKBrieus,  Roth.  667 
Holoschoenus,  Linn.  655 
inclinatus,  Delile  .  657 
incurvatus,  Roxb.  .  656 
Isolepis,  Boeck.  .  .  663 
javanus,  Nees  ...  .  657 
junciformis,  Nees  .  656 
juncoides,  Roxb.  .  .  656 
kyllingioides,  Boeck.  662 
Kysoor,  Roxb.  .  .  660 
lacustris,  Linn.  .  .  658 
lateralis,  Heyne  .  .  656 
Lawianus,  Boeck.  .  648 
laxiflorus,  Thw.  .  .  626 
lithospermus,  Linn.  .  685 
littoralis,  Schr.  .  .  659 
livzonensis,  Presl.  .  656 
macrostachys,  Boeck.  659 
maritimus,  Linn.  .  658 
3  E  2 


Page 

maritimus,  Maxim.  .  659 
maximtis,  Roxb.  .  .  659 
medius,  Roxb.  .  .  .  627 
melanospermus,  A.  C. 

Meyer  ....  655 
Meyenii,  Nees  .  .  658 
Michelianus,L'inw.596,662 
miliaceus,  Burm. .  .  644 
miliaceus,  Linn.  .  .  644 
miliaceus,  Roxb. .  .  636 
minimus,  Roxb.  .  .  635 
mollis,  Wall.  .  .  .672 
monander,  Rottb.  .  640 
monander,  Roxb.  .  .  651 
monostacTiyus,  Keen.  634 
muoronatus,  Linn.  .  657 
mucronatus,  Roxb.  .  656 
mutdtus,  Roxb.  .  .  627 
muticus,  Don  .  .  .  657 
mysurensis,  Heyne  .  657 
nutans,  Retz.  .  .  .  632 
Onaei,  Fran.  &  Sav.  630 
ovatus.  Roth,  .  .  .  628 
pallescens,  Roxb. .  .  636 
palustris,  Linn.  .  .  628 
pauciflorus,  LigMf. .  654 
pectinatus,  Roxb.  .  659 
pentagonus,  Roxb.  .  644 
petasatus.  Max.  .  .  630 
pilosus,  Retz.  .  .  .  666 
plantagineus,  Retz.  .  625 
plantagineus,  Roxb.  626 
plantaginoides^otth.  625 
flumosus,  Br. .  .  .  659 
Pollichii,  Gren.  & 

Godr 658 

polytrichoides,  Retz.  632 
prcelongatus,  Poir.  .  656 
puberulus,  Boepk.  .  651 
puberulus,  Poir.  .  .  653 
puhescens,  Lam.  .  .  665 
pumilus,  Vahl  .  .  654 
quadrangulus,  Don .  663 
quinquangidaris, 

Boeck i345 

quinquangularis, 

Vahl 644 

qninquefarius,  Ham.  657 
riparius,  Presl  .  .  658 
rufus,  Schrad.  .  .661 
Salbundius  (Satbun- 

dius),  Ham.  .  .  644 
Savii,  Seb.  &  Manr.  655 
scdber,  Roxb.  .  .  .  631 
scaherrimus,  Boeck. .  660 
schoenoides,  Retz.  .  634 
scJKxnoides,  Roxb.  .  649 
setaoens,  Linn.    .     .  654 


788 


INDEX    OF   GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Page 

Page 

spiralis,  Eofctb.     , 

.  627 

ceylanica,  Kunth      . 

688 

squarrosus,  Linn 

.  663 

chinensis,  Kunth     . 

690 

strictus,  Roxb. 

.  640 

ciliaris,  Nees  .     .     . 

690 

itrolilimis,  Roxb. 

.  659 

corymbifera,   Boeck. 

686 

subarticulatus,  Roxb.  656 

oorymbosa,  Roxb.     . 

686 

sub  capita  tus,  Thw.  .  661 

elata,  Thw.     .     .     . 

690 

Bubmersns,  Sauv. 

.  653 

elata,  Thw.      ... 

690 

subulatus,  Aitch. 

.  658 

exaltata,  Boeck.  ,     . 

690 

?  suhulaius,  Praii 

L    .  658 

.  flaccida,  Clarke   .     . 

683 

subulatus,  Vahl  . 

.  659 

Sasskarliana,  Boeck 

sunda7ius,  Miq.     . 

.  657 

690 

692 

supinus,  Linn.     . 

.  655 

hebecarpa,  Nees  .     . 

689 

sylvaticus,  Straoh 

.    .  662 

hebecarpa,  Thw.  .     . 

688 

Tabernoemontani, 

hirsuta,  Moon      .     . 

692 

Gmel. .     .     . 

.  658 

Hookeriana,  Boeck.  . 

691 

tenellus,  Roxb.     . 

.  642 

junciformis,  Thw.   . 

692 

ternatanus,  Reinw.  .  662 

khasiana,  Clarke     . 

692 

ternatus,  Ham.     . 

.  656 

khasiana,  Boeck.  689, 692 

tetragonus,  Poir.  . 

.  644 

l(Bvis,  wim.   .    .    . 

694 

Thivaitesii,  Boeck 

.    .  652 

lateriflora,  Boeck.    . 

688 

timorensis,  Kunth    .  656 

latifolia,  Moon     .     . 

691 

tranquehariensis, 

laxa,  R.  Br.     .     .     . 

688 

Roth 

.  639 

levis,  Betz 

694 

trialatus,  Boeck. 

.  605 

lithosperma,  Sio.  .     . 

685 

triangulatus,  Roxb.  .  657 

lithosperma,  Roxb.   . 

690 

tridentatus,  Roxb 

.    .  659 

macrocarpa,  Wall.    . 

684 

trifidus,  Hance    . 

.  652 

macrophylla,  Presl. . 

693 

trifiorus,  Poir. 

.  670 

majus,  Moon  .     .     . 

686 

triqueter,  Linn.  . 

.  658 

malacoensis,  Boeck. 

693 

triqueter,  Gren.  & 

melanosperma,  Nees 

Godr 

.  659 

&Arn 

692 

tristachyus,  Roxb. 

.  639 

melanostoma,  Boeck 

.692 

tumidus,  Roxb.    . 

.  626 

multifoliata,   Boeck 

693 

umhellaris,  Lam. 

.  645 

Neesii,  Kunth  .     . 

688 

uncinatus,  Willd. 

.  666 

orizoides,  Boeck. .     . 

691 

uniglumis,  Link. 

.  628 

oryzoides,  Presl.  .    . 

691 

validus,  Vahl  .     . 

.  658 

pandanophylla,  Kurz  714 

WallicUi,  Nees  . 

.  656 

parvula,  Steud.   . 

687 

Wichurai,  Boeck 

.  661 

pergracilis,  Kunth 

685 

Wichurai,  Franci 

Life 

pilosa,  Boeck.  ,     . 

692 

Sav 

.  630 

Ploemii,  Boeck.     . 

692 

Wightianus,   Boe 

ck.  653 

propinqua,  Steud. 

686 

sp.  Rottb.   .     . 

.  600 

psilorrhiza,  Clarke 

691 

sp.  WalL     .656,  ( 

557,  660 

pubescens,  Steud. 

689 

Scitaminea  Finlaysc 

n- 

pubescens,  ZolL    . 

693 

iana,  Wall.   . 

.  203 

purpurascens,  Steud 

693 

Scitaminea    .    . 

.  198 

Radula,  Hance     . 

691 

Scleria,  Berg.      . 

.  685 

Ridleyi,  Clarke    . 

686 

alata,  Moon     . 

.  689 

Rinkiana,  Boeck. 

694 

alta,  Boeck.      . 

.  690 

scrobiculata,  Moritz 

690 

androgyna,  Nees 

.  686 

scrobiculata,  ZoW. 

689 

annularis,  Kunth 

.  687 

setigera,  Roxb. 

693 

aspera,  Boeck. 

.  691 

Steudeliana,  Miq. 

687 

axillaris,  Moon 

.  688 

stipularis,  Thw.  . 

689 

bancana,  Miq. 

.  693 

Stocksiana,  Boeck. 

687 

biflora,  Roxb.  . 

.  687 

stricta,  Moon  .     .     . 

689 

braoteata,  Cav. 

.  694 

sumatrensis,  Retz.    . 

693 

caricina,  Benth. 

.  688 

tenuis,  Retz.    .     .     . 

685 

Page 
tessellata,  Willd.  686, 694 
tessellata,  Benth.  .  687 
tessellata,  Hk.  f.  &  T.  687 
Thomsoniana,  J5oecL  689 
Thwaitesiana,  Boeck.  688 
uliginosa,  Boeck.  .  687 
vestita,  Boeck.  .  .  689 
villosula,  Wall.  .  .  689 
Wightiana,  Steud.  .  685 
zeylanica,  Poir.  .  .  687 
zeylanica,  Moon  .  .  694 
sp.  H.  f.  &  T. 

689,  691,  692,  694 

sp.  Wall.     685,  686,  687, 

689,  690,  693,  694 

ScLERIEiE 587 

Seaforthia  costata.  Mart.  409 
Dicksonii,  Mart.  .  .  409 
disticha,  Mart.  .  .  408 
gracilis.  Mart.  .  .  407 
Kuhlii,  Mart.  .  .  .409 
malaiana,  Mart.  .  .  410 
oryzceformis,  Mart.  .  409 
patula,  Mart.  .  ^  .  411 
Seidlia,  Opiz  ....  661 
Selenipedium  Parishii, 

Jolibois   ....  174 
Serapias  Epidendraea, 

Keen 198 

epidendrea^  Retz.  .  1 
SlSYRINCHIE^  .  ,  .  271 
Slackia  geonomeeformis, 

Griflf. 415 

Smilacea 300 

Smilaoina,  Besf.  .  323 

albifiora,  Wall.  .  .  323 
alpina,  Royle  .  .  .  361 
bootanensis.  Griff.  .  323 
divaricata.  Wall.  .  323 
fusca.  Wall.  .  .  .323 
oleracea,  ffk.  f.  ^  T.  323 
oligophylla,  Hk.  f.  .  323 
pallida,  itoyle .  .  .323 
purpurea,  Wall.  .  .  323 
Smilax,  Linn.  .  .  .  302 
aspera,  Linn.  .  .  .  306 
aspericaulis,  Wall.  .  306 
barbata,  Wall.  .  .  306 
Blumei,  A.DC.  .  .  313 
calophylla.  Wall.  .  303 
calophylla.  Wall.  .  313 
China,  M&xim.  .  .  307 
collina,  Kunth  .  .  313 
decipiens,  Spr.  .  .  313 
elegans,  Wall.  .  ,  305 
elega'ils,  A.DC.  .  .  304 
extensa,  Wall.  ,  .  309 
extensa,  Wall. .     .    .  303 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND   SYNONYMS. 


789 


Page 
ferox,  Wall.  .  .  .307 
fulgens,  Wall. .  .  .306 
glabra,  Boxb.  .  .  .302 
glaucophylla, 

Klotzsoh  .  .  .304 
grandifolia,  Wt.  .  .  310 
grandis,  Wall.  .  .  310 
Griffithii,  A.DC. .  .  313 
Helferi,  ^.DC.  .  .  309 
Hohenacheriy  Kunth  310 
HooJceri,  Kunth  .  .  302 
indica,  Vitm.  .  .  .  310 
Kingii,  Hk.  /. .  .  .  307 
laevis,  Wall.  .  .  .308 
lanceaBfolia,  Roxh.  .  308 
laurifoUa,  Hohen.  .  310 
laurifolia,  Roxb.  311,  312 
laurina,  Kuntb  .  .312 
leucopbylla,  Bl.  .  .  312 
longebracteolata, 

Hk.f. 305 

?  luzonensis,  Presl  .  309 
macrophylla,  Roxh. .  310 
?  macrophylla,  Dalz. 

&  Gibs 312 

maculata,  Roxb.  .  .  306 
megacarpa,  A.DC.  .  311 
menispermoidea, 

A.DC 305 

micTopoda,  A.DC.  .  308 
minutiflora,  A.BC.  .  305 
myosotiflora,  A.DC. 

303,  309 
Myrtillus,  A.DC.  .  304 
?  narcotica,  Ham.  .  289 
nilagarensis,  Stend. .  306 
obliqua,  8pr.  .  .  .  313 
ochreata,  A.DC.  .  .311 
?  odoratissima,  El.  .  306 
orthoptera,  A.DC.  .  311 
ovalifolia,  A.DC.  .  312 
ovalifolia,  Hk.f.  ^  T.  310 
ovalifolia,  Roxb.  .  310 
oxyphylla,  Wall.  .  308 
oxyphylla,  Kuilth  .  308 
pallescens,  A.DC.  .  3©7 
parvifolia,  Wall.  .  304 
peguana,  A.DC.  .  .  303 
perfoliata,  Bl.  .  .  313 
polyacantha.  Wall.  ,  311 
prolifera,  Roxh.  .  .  312 
proUfera,  Hk.  f .  &  T.  31p 
prolifera,  Wall. 

310,  311,  313 
pseudo-China,      Hb. 

Madr 310 

pseudo- China,  Roxb.  313 
quadrata,  A.DC.      .  308 


Page 
retusa,  Roxb.  .  .  .  310 
rigida,  Wall.  .  .  .304 
Roxburghiana,  Wall.  311 
Roxhurghiana,  Wall.  306 
Roxhurghii,  Kunth  .  310 
setosa,  Miq-.  .  .  .  306 
singaporensis,^. DC.  313 
Thomsoniana,  A.DC.  307 
wmJe^ata,  Hb.  Madr.  310 
umhellata,  Heyne  .  312 
vaginata,  Decne. .  .  305 
villandia,  Ham.  .  .  314 
virosa,  Ham.  .  .  .  289 
Walliohii,  Kunth  .  313 
Wallichii,  Steud.  .  304 
Wightii,  A.DC.  .  .  310 
zeylanica,  Linn.  .  .  309 
zeylanica,  Wall.  .  .  309 
zeylanica,  Wt.      .     .  310 

Sorostachys  kyllin- 

gioides,  Steud.      .  602 

Sparganium,  Limi.  .  489 
carinaUtm,  Ham.  .  490 
erectum,  Kurz  .  .  .  490 
ramosum,  Muds.  .  .  490 
simplex,  Huds.  .  .  490 
stoloniferum.  Ham.  .  490 

Spathium  microphyllum, 

Voigt 565 

monostachyum, 

Edgew 564 

ivndulatum,  Edgew. ,  564 

Spathodiihyros  suffruti- 

cosus,  Hassk.   .     .  374 

Spathoglottis  aurea, 

Lindl 191 

Kimhaliana,  Hort.  .  191 
Lobbii,  Rchb.  f.  .  .  191 
pubescens,-LwdL  .  191 
?  trivalvis,  Wall.      .     79 

Spharochloa  quadran- 

gularis,  Beau.  .     .  582 

^phoeroschoenus  Wal- 
lichii, Axn.&i'^eQ^  668 

Spiranthes,  Rich.  102,  180 
amoena,  Bunge  .  .  102 
australis,  Lindl.  .  .  102 
.  australis,  Wt. .  .  .  103 
autumnalis,  Rich.  .  103 
densa,  A.  Rich.  .  .  103 
flexuosa,  Lindl.  .  .  102 
longispicata,  A.  Ricb.  102 
macrophylla,  Spr.  .  130 
monophylla,  Spr. .  .  131 
novcB  Zelandicce,  Hk.  102 
parvijlora,  Lindl.  .  102 
pudica,  Lindl. .  .  .  102 
unalaschcensis,  Spr. .  130 


Wightiana,  Lindl.  .  103 
sp.  Griff.      ....  102 

Spirodela     melanorr' 

hiza,  F.  Muell.  .  557 
oligorrhiza,  Hegelm.  557 
pleiorrhiza,  F.  MuelK  557 
polyrrhiza,   Scbleid.  557 

Spodiopogon  angusUfo- 

lius,  Trin.    .     .     .664 

Stachyopogon    panici- 
florus,  Klot.      .     .  264 
spicatus,  Klot.     .    .  274 

Stauritis    violacea, 

Rchb.  f 29 

Stauropsis,  Schh.  /.  .  27 
giganteus,  Benfh.  .  27 
undulatuB,  JBenth.    .     27 

Stemona,  Lour.  .  .  .  298 
Curtisii,  Hk.  f.  .  .  298 
gloriosoides,  Voigt  .  298 
Griffithiana,  Kurz  .  299 
minor,  Hk.  f.  .  .  .  298 
tuberosa,  Lour.    .     .  298 

Stenaster,  sp,      ...  284 

Stenochasma  convolutum. 
Griff.  .    .     .     .     .236 

urceolare.  Griff.    .     .  237 

Stereochilus,  Lindl. .  .  33 
hirtus,  Lindl. ...     35 

Steudnera,  C.  Koch  .  519 
assamica,  HA;. /.  .  .  520 
capitellata,  Hk.f.  .  521 
coiooasiaefolia,    C. 

Koch 520 

coloeasieefolia,  Hk.  f.  520 
colocasioides,  Hk.  f.  520 
discolor,  Hort.  .  .  520 
Griffithii,  Schott  .     .  520 

Stichoneuron,  Hk.  f.  .  299 
membranaceum, 

Hhf 299 

Streptolirion,  'Edgew.  .  389 
Griffithii,  Kurz  .  .  389 
volubile,  Edgew.  .     .  389 

Streptopus,  Michx.  .  .  322 
candidus,y^aX\.  .  .322 
chinensis.  Smith  .  .  360 
peduncularis,  Smith  360 
simplex,  Don  .     .     .  322 

Strohidia  conchigera, 

Kuntze    ....  253 

Sturmia  nervosa, 

Rchb.  f 182 

Susum,  Bl 391 

anthelminticum,  Bl.  391 
anthelminticum, 

Maury  .  .  .  .391 
malayanum,  Planch.  391 


790 


INDEX    OF    GENERA,    SPECIES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


Pagel 

Page 

Page 

Symmeria  schizochilus, 

pygmaea,  Lindl.  .   86,  87 

paniculata,  Roth.     . 

382 

Grab 

142 

Theriophonum,  Bl. 

512 

pani'culata,  Roxb.     . 

390 

Synantherias,  Schott  . 

517 

crenatum,  Bl.  .     .     . 

512 

papilionacea,  Linn.  . 

385 

sylvatica,  Schott .    . 

518 

Dalzellii,  Schott  .     . 

513 

pilos'a,  Heyne .    .     . 

387 

ByzygantJius  multiflorus 

* 

infaustum,  N.  E.  Br. 

513 

radicans,  Royle   .     . 

385 

Steud 

677 

Kleinii,  Schott     . 

512 

rufa,  Presl .... 

390 

Wightii,  Schott    .     . 

512 

rupestris,  Law.   385 

,388 

T&ocsi,  For  St.  1.     .     .     . 

287 

Wightii,  Engl.      . 

513 

terminalis,  Bl.      .     . 

380 

aspera,  Roxb.  .     .     . 

288 

zeylanicum,  N.E.Br 

513 

thyrsiflora,  Bl.      .     . 

367 

cristata,  Jacq.      .     . 

287 

Theropogon,  Maxim.  . 

324 

triflora,  Heyne     .     . 

309 

integrifolia,  Ham.     . 

288 

pallidns,  Maxim.  270, 324 

tuberosa,  Roxb.    .     . 

386 

integrifolia,    Ker- 

Thishe,  Falc 

129 

umbellataj  Heyne     . 

385 

Gawl.       .     .     ... 

287 

Thomsonia,  Wall.    . 

518 

vaga,  Bl 

387 

laevis,  Roxb.     .    .     . 

288 

Hookerij  Engl.     .     . 

518 

villosa,  Spr.     .     .     . 

387 

pinnatifida,  Forst.287 ,617 

nepalensis,  Wall. 

518 

sp.  Griff.      .... 

383 

pinnatifoUa,  Gaertn. 

287 

Thoracostachyum,Ziti'2  680 

Teadescantie^      .     . 

367 

Rafflesiana,  Jacq.     . 

287 

banoanum,  Kurz .     . 

680 

Trentepohlia,  Boeok. 

597 

TaCCACE/E 

286 

hypolytroides,  CZarfce  680 

Ujoliata,  Boeck. .     . 

597 

Taganocharis  cordofana 

> 

Thrixspermum  amplexi- 

Trichelostylis,  Lestib.  . 

641 

Hochst 

562 

caule,  Rchb.  f. .     . 

40 

asperrima,  Nees  . 

643 

Tseniophyllum,  Bl.      . 

76 

Arachnites,  Rchb.  f. 

41 

chcBtorrhiza,  Nees     . 

647 

Aly^iBii,  Lindl.    .    . 

76 

Freemani,  Rchh.  f. 

42 

cinnamometorum,'N  ees650 

soabernlum,  Hk.  f.  . 

77 

HystriXy  Rchb.  f.      . 

39 

complanata,  Nees    . 

646 

serrula,  Hk.  f.      .     . 

77 

lilacinum,  Rchb.  f.  . 

40 

curvifoliat  Nees   . 

636 

Tainia  cordata,  ETc.  f. 

193 

teres,  Rchb.  f . .     .     . 

34 

digitata,  H.  f.  &  T.  . 

648 

latifolia,  JSenth.     14 

192 

usneoides,  Rchb.  f.  . 

37 

filiformis,  Nees     . 

633 

maoulata,  Hk.  f.  190 

193 

Tinantia    lineolata. 

glohulosa,  Nees     . 

645 

Talliera  bengalensis,S-pr.4:29 

Hassk.     .     .     . 

377 

junciformis,  Nees 

647 

Tali,  Mart.      .     .     . 

429 

Tofieldia,  Ruds. .     . 

357 

latifolia,  Nees 

648 

Tapino  carpus  Dalzellii, 

himalaica,  Baker 

.  358 

miliacea,  Nees     . 

644 

Schott     .... 

513 

nepalensis,  Straoh.  & 

pentaptera,  Nees . 

645 

indicus,  Dalz.  .     .     . 

513 

Wint 

.  265 

qui7iquangularis,l!ieeB64!4: 

Telmatophace    gihha, 

nepalensis,  Wall. . 

264 

Salbundia,  Nees  . 

646 

Scbleid 

557 

Tovaria  fusca.  Baker 

323 

scabra,  Nees    .     . 

.  646 

Terminalia  angustifoUa, 

oleracea,  Baker    . 

323 

tenella,  Nees   .     . 

642 

Rninpb 

327 

oUqophylla,  Baker 

.  323 

tetragona,  Nees    . 

644 

Teta  viridijioTa,  Roxb. . 

265 

pallida,  Baker     . 

323 

V  torta,  Nees  .    .     . 

648 

Teysmannia  altifrons, 

purpurea.  Baker  . 

323 

sp.  H.  f.  &  T. 

RcU.f 

483 

Trachycarpns,  H.  Wdl 

435 

642,  643,  645 

,646 

Thalassia  ciliata,  Kon. 

570 

excel sa,  H.  Wdl. 

.  436 

Trichoglottis,  Bl.   . 

.     42 

Hemprichii,  Ascb.    . 

570 

Fortunei,  H.  Wdl. 

436 

Da  wsoniana,  Rchb ./, 

43 

Thalia     canncBformis, 

khasiana,  H.  Wdl. 

436 

qnadricornnta,  Kurz 

43 

Willd 

258 

Martiana,  H.  Wdl. 

.  436 

retusa,  Bl.    .     .     . 

.     43 

Thecostele,  Rchh.  f.     . 

19 

Tradescantia  aphylla, 

Trichophorum  arundi- 

alata.  Par.  &  Rcbb.  f.  19 

Heyne     .     .     . 

375 

naceum,  Strach. 

.  664 

Maingayi,  Hk.  f.  .     . 

20 

axillaris,  Linn.    . 

389 

comosum,  Strach. 

664 

quinquefida,  Hk.  f.  . 

20 

harhata,  Spr.   .     . 

385 

cyperinum,  Pers. . 

.  661 

ZoUingeri,  Ec/i&. /.  . 

19 

cordifolia,  Griff.  . 

389 

Trichopodium  angusti- 

Thelasis,  Bl 

85 

cristata,  Heyne    . 

385 

folium,  Lindl.  . 

297 

bif olia,  Hk.  f. .     . 

86 

cristata,  Jacq.     . 

385 

cordatum,  Lindl. . 

297 

?  capitata,  Bl. .    . 

86 

?  cyanotidea,  Hassk 

.  387 

intermediutn,   Lindl 

.  297 

carinata,  Bl.     .     .  87,  88 

fasciculata,  Heyne 

.  388 

zeylanicum,  Thw. 

.  297 

carinata,  Rchh.f.     . 

88 

gangetica,  Linn.  . 

.  381 

Trichopus,  Qoirtn.  . 

297 

decurva,  Hk.  f.    . 

87 

imhricata,  Roxb.. 

385 

zeylanieus,  Qoertn. 

.  297 

e\a.ia,,  Hk.f..    .     .    . 

87 

incana,  Heyne     . 

386 

Trichosma  suavis,LmdZ.193 

elongata,  Bl.  .     .     . 

86 

lanata,  Heyne     . 

386 

Tricostularia  fimbristy 

kbasiana,  Hk.  f.  .     . 

87 

malaharica,  Linn. 

379 

loides,  Benth.  . 

674 

longifolia,m.7..     . 

87 

montana,  Heyne . 

.  382 

Tricyrtis,  Wall.  .     .    . 

358 

INDEX    OF   GENERA,    SPEClES   AND    SYNONYMS. 


791 


Pagel 

Pagel 

elegans,  Wall. .     .    . 

359 

latifoUa,  Moon    .     . 

489 

pilosa,  Wall.  ,     .     . 

359 

Laxmanni,  Lepech.  . 

489 

Triglochin,  Linn.    .     . 

563 

Maresii,  Balland.     . 

489 

maritimum,  Linn.    . 

563 

Martini,  Aitchis. 

489 

palustre,  Linn.    .     . 

563 

minima,  Kurz      .     . 

489 

Si).  Griff.      .... 

563 

stenophylla,  Rohrb.  . 

489 

Trilepis,  Nees     .     .     . 

698 

Typhace^     .... 

488 

Boyleana,  Nees   .     . 

698 

Typhonium,  Schott      . 

509 

Trillidium  Govanianum,       \ 

brevipes,  Hk.  f.  .     . 

511 

Kunth     .... 

361 

bulbiferum,  Dalz.    . 

511 

Trillium,  Linn.   .     .     . 

361 

crenatum,  Schott 

512 

Govanianum,   Wall. 

361 

cuspidatum,  Bl.  .     . 

511 

Tschonoskii,  Maxim. 

361 

divaricatum,   Decne. 

510 

Trilophus,  Lestib.  .     . 

220 

diver sifolium,  Wall. 

510 

Tripleura]pallida,Lindl.lO'J  \ 

fallax,  N.  E.  Br. .     . 

511 

Trithyrocarpus  oligo- 

flagelliforme,  Bl.  .     . 

511 

spathus,  Hassk. 

373 

foliolosum,  Engler    . 

510 

paleatusy  Hassk.  . 

373 

gracile,  Schott     .     . 

512 

Triticoides,  Griff.    . 

698 

Huegelianum,  Schott  510 

TRIURIDE.E        .      .      . 

558 

javanicum,  Miq.   .     . 

510 

Tropidia,  Lindl.      .    . 

92 

minutum,  Bl.  .     .     . 

513; 

angnlosa,  Bl.  .     . 

92 

minutum,  Schott .     . 

512 

assamica,  Bl.  .     . 

93 

Motleyanum,  Schott  510  ; 

cnrctiligoideSjLmdi 

93 

orixense,  Schott  . 

509 

cur culig aides,  Kurz  . 

94 

pedatum,  Schott  .     . 

511 

Govindovii,  Bl.    . 

92 

pedatum,  Schott .     . 

511 

graminea,  jBZ.  .     . 

93 

Roxburgh ii,  Schott . 

510 

Maingayi,  Hk.f.. 

93 

siamense,  Engler  . 

509 

pedunculata,  Bl.  .     . 

93 

trilobatum,  Schott 

509 

semilibera,  Bl. 

.     92 

triste,  Griff.     .     .     . 

509 

Thwaitesii,  Sic.  f. 

.    93 

Tulipa,  Linn. .     .    . 

.  354 

Uncifera,  Lindl.      .  54 

,179 

chrysantha,  Boiss. 

.  355 

acuminata,  Lindl. 

65 

LehmannianayKerckl.d6b 

ohtusifolia,  Lindl. 

.    65 

stellata,  Hoolc.      . 

.  355 

Uncinia europcsa,  J. Gay  712 

undulata,  Jacq.    . 

.  355 

microglochin,  Spr. 

.  712 

TULIPE.E      .... 

.  301' 

nepalensis,  Nees  . 

.  712 

Tunga  diandra,  Eoxb 

.  678 

Unaeria  monocephala, 

IcBtigata,  Roxb.     . 

.  667 

Nees   .... 

.  597 

triceps,  Roxb. .     . 

.  667 

Urania  speciosa,  Wall 

.  198 

Tupistra,  Ker.    .     . 

.  324 

Urginea,  Steinh.     . 

.  347 

aurantiaoa,  Wall. 

.  325 

congesta,  Wt. 

.  348 

Clarkei,  HTc.  f.     . 

.  325 

ooromandeliana,ffA;./.347 

macro  stigma,  BaTcer  325 

coromandeliana,  Wt 

nutans,  Wall. .     . 

.  324 

346,  347 

singapureana,  Wall 

.  325 

indioa,  Kunth 

.  347 

squalida,  Baker  . 

.  324 

indica,  Wt.      .     . 

.  348 

Stoliczkana,  Kurz 

.  325 

polyphylla,  Hk.f. 

.  348 

Wsktiii,  Hk.  f. .     . 

.  325 

seneffalensis,  Kunth 

.  347 

?  sp.  Griff.  .     .     . 

.  325 

Wightiana,  Hk.  f. 

.  347 

Typha,  Linn. .     .     . 

.  488 

Uropetalum  concanense. 

angustata,  Chauh.  ^ 

Baker      .     .     . 

.  346 

Bory  .... 

.  489 

hydsuricum,  Edgew 

.  347 

angustifolia,  Kurz 

.  489 

montanum,  Dalz. . 

.  346 

angustifolia,  Thw. 

.  489 

serotinum,  Bot.  Reg 

.  346 

elephantina,  Roxh. 

.  489 

Uvularia  Betua,  Ham 

.  359 

javanica,  Schnizl. 

.  489 

calcarata.  Wall.  , 

.  359 

latifolia,  Edgew. . 

.  489 

ehinensis,  Gawl.  . 

.  360 

Page 

Hamiltoniana,  Wall. 

359,  360 
Lesch  enau  Itian  a, 

Wall 360 

multifiora,  Reinw.  .  360 
parvijiora.  Wall.  .  .  360 
umhellata.  Wall. .     .  360 

UVULARIE/E     ....    301 

Vanda,  Br.     .     .    .  49,  178 

alpina,  Lindl.      .     .  53 

Bensoni,  Batem.  .     .  51 

hicaudata,  Thw.  .     .  26 

bicolor,  Griff.      .     .  52 

brunnea,  Bchh.  f.     .  51 

Cathcartii,  Hk.  f.      .  27 

casrulea.  Griff.     .     .  51 

oaerulescens.  Griff.  .  50 
ccerulescens,  Journ. 

Hort.  Soc.   ...  51 

congesta,  Lindl.  .     .  63 

cristata,  Lindl.  .  .  53 
Denisoniana,  Bens. 

8r  BcU./.    ...  51 

densiflora,  Lindl.      .  53 

fasciata,  Gardn.  .     .  62 

ffnibriata,  Gardn.      .  62 

gigantea,  Lindl.   .     .  27 

Griffithii,  Lindl.  .     .  53 

Hookeriana,  Ec^cJ./.  50 

Lindlet/ana,  Griff.     .  27 

longifolia,  Lindl.      .  62 

multifiora,  Lindl.      .  62 

ohliciua.  Wall. ...  61 
Parishii,  Veitch  <^ 

Rehh.f.    ....  51 

parviflora,  Lindl.     .  50 

peduncularis,  Lindl.  26 

pulchella,  Wt.      .     .  60 

pumila,  Hk.f.  ...  53 

Roxburghii,  Br.  .     .  52 

spathulata,  Spr.  50,  198 

Stangeana,  Ec/ii. /..  54 

stnata,  Rchb.  f.  .     .  53 

teres,  Lindl.   ...  49 

tesselloides,  Rchb.  f.  52 

testacea,  Rchb.  f.      .  50 

?  trichorhiza.   Hook.  23 

undulata,  Lindl. ,     .  27 

Vipani,  Rchb.  f.  .     .  54 

'    Wightiana,  Lindl.     .  62 

Wightii,  Rchh.  /.  .     .  54 

sp.  Griff.     ....  51 

sp.  Jones     ....  52 

VANDEiE      ..'...         1 

Vanilla,  Swartz.      .     .    90 

albida,  Bl 91 

aphylla,  BL  ?  .    .    .    91 


Page  1 

.  90 1 

.  91 

.  90 

.  90 

.  89 

.  89 

.  90 

.  90 


391 

391 

700 
,  706 
,  703 
700 
703 
706 


792 

aphylla,  Lindl.    . 

Qrijithii,  Rchb.  f. 

Moonii,  Thw.  .     . 

Parishii,  Bchh.f. 

pterosperma,  Lindl 

rubiginosa,  GrifiF. 

Walkeriae,  Wt.    . 

Wightiana,  Lindl. 

sp.  Griff.     ....     91 

sp.  Wall.     ....    91 

Veratronia  malayana, 
Miq.    ..... 

Veratrum  ?  malayanum 
Jack  .... 

Vignea,  Beauv.    .     . 

canescens,  Reichb. 

divulsa,  Reichb.  . 

incurva,  Reichb. 

onuricata,  Reichb. 

remota,  Reichb.  .     .   — 

stenophvllO',  Reichb.  701 
Vitis  sp.  Wall.  ...  290 
Vrydagzynea,  Bl.    96,  179 

albida,  Bl 97 

gracilis,  JBl.    ...    97 
viridiflora,  Hk.  f.     .     96 

Wailesia  paludosa, 

Rchb.  f 19 

jDicta,  Lindl.  ...  19 
Wallichia,  Boxh.  .  - 
caryotoides,  Boxh.  . 
caryotoides,  Wall.  . 
densiflora,  Mart. 
disticha,  T.  Anders, 
nana,  Griff.  -  •  • 
oblongifoUa,  Griff.  . 
Yoma,  Kurz  .  •  . 
Websteria  UmnopliUa, 

S.  H.  Wr.     .     .    . 

Wisneria,  Mich. .     .     - 

triandra,  31icli.    .     ■ 

Wolffia,  Horkel  .     .     . 

arrhiza,  Wimm.  .     . 

Deliliiy  Knrz   .     . 

Michelii,  Schleid. 

microscopica,  Kti,rz 

Wriffhtia    caryotoides, 

Roxb 

Wurjbainia,  Giseke 


INDEX    OP   GENERA,    SPECIES   AND   SYNONYMS. 


spuriuniy  Klatt    .     .  272 
Xyri  s,  Irwn 364 


anceps,  Lanik. 
bancana,  Miq.      . 
capensis      .     .     . 
indica,  Linn.  .     . 
indica  altera,  Vahl 
lappacea,  Seyne  . 
malaccensis,  Steud. 
nilgarensis,  Steud. 
oryzetorum,  Miq.  . 
paaciflora,  Willd. 
robusta.  Mart.     . 
schoenoides.  Mart. 
Walkeri,  Arn. 
Wallichii,  Kunth . 
sp.  Griff.      .     .     . 


361 
366 
366 
364 
365 
366 
365 
365 
365 
365 
364 
365 
365 
365 
365 


Yoania,  Maxim.   .  123,  180 
japonica,  Maxim.     .  123 


418 
419 
419 
419 
419 
420 
419 
419- 

654 
561-1 
562 
557 
557 
557 
557 
,  558 

,  419 
.  241 


.  472 
.  472 
.  474 
.  473 
.  472 
.  473 
.  473 
.  473 
.  473 
.472 
.  473 
.  568 
.  568 
.  568 
568 


Xerotes  leucocephala, Br.  664 

Xiphion      Aitchisoni, 

Baker 272 

Donianum,  Alefeld  .  272 

XYRlDEiE 364 

Xyridion  aureum,  Klatt  273 

2fot?iuw,*Klatt    .     .  272| 


Zalacca,  Beinw. .     . 
affinis,  Griff.    .^   • 
Beccarii,  Hk.  f.   . 
coaferta.  Griff.    . 
edulis,  Rieinw. 
edulis,  Wall.    .     . 
glabrescens,  Griff^. 
macrostachya,  Griff". 
Bumphii,  Griff.     . 
secunda.  Griff.    . 
Wallichiana,  Mart. 
Zannichellia,  Linn. 
gihherosa,  Reichb. 
palustris,  Linn.    . 

pedicellata.  Ham.      . 

pedunculata,  Reichb.  568 

Zantedeschia  aromatica, 

0.  Koch  .... 

cordata,  C.  Koch.     . 

foetida,  C.  Koch  .     . 

ruhens,  C.  Koch   .     , 

virosa,  C.  Koch   ... 

Zephyranthes    tuUs- 

patha,  Herb.     .     . 
Zerumhet  speciosum, 

Jacq 

Zingiber,  Lest.  .  . 
Zeuxine,  Lindl.  .  106,  179 
abbreviata,  Hk.  f. 
affinis,  Benth. .  . 
bracteata,  Wt. 
hrevifolia,  Wt.^  • 
emarginata,  Lindl 
flava,  Benth.  .  .  .  — 
goodyeroides,  Lindl.  107 
integerrima,  Lindl.  .  106 
longifolia,  Eh.f.      .  109 


Page 
longilabris,  Benih.  .  107 
membranacea,  Lindl.  106 
moniliformis,  Griff.  .  105 
moulmeinensis,  Hfe./.109 
aervosa,  Benth.  .  .  108 
procumbens,  Bl.  .  .  107 
regia,  Benth.  .  .  . 
reniformis,  Hk.f.  . 
robusta,  Wt.    .     •     • 

sulcata,  Lindl.     . 

Tripleura,  Lindl. 

Zingiber,  Adans      . 

Jaarbatum,  Wall. 

capitatum,  Boxb. 

Casumunar,  Boxb. 

cernuum,  Dalz.    . 

chrysanthum,  Bosc. 

Clarkei,  King 

Cliff  or  dice,  Audi?. . 

oylindricum,  Moon 

elatum,  Roxb.  .     . 

flavescens,  Link    . 

gracile,  Jack    .     • 

Griffithii,  Baker  .     . 

intermedium,  fiaker  246 

ligulatum,  Boxb. .     .  245 

ligulatum.  Wall.  .     .  243 

macrostachyum,Dai2i.247 

marginatum,  Boxh.  .  249 


532 
532 
532 
532 

524 

277 

256 
247 


109 
108 
106 
106 
107 
108 


108 

107 

106 

106 

106 

243 

244 

248 

248 

245 

.243 

248 

.  248 

,  247 

.  249 

.  243 

.  246 

246 


Missionis,  Wall. 
montdnum.  Link 
nigrum,  Gaertn. 
Nimmonii,  Dalz. 
officinale,  Bosc. 
panduratum,  Eo:»b. 


246 
248 
254 
244 
246 
245 


pardocheilum,  Wall.  245 


Parishii,  Hk.  /. 
purpureum.  Rose, 
roseum,  Bosc. .     . 
rubeus,  Boxb.  .     . 
spectabile,  Griff.  . 
spurium,  Koen.     . 
squarrosum,  Boxb. 
squarrosum,  Wt.  . 
Wightianum,  Thw. 
Zerumbet,  Smith 

sp.  Bl 

sp.  Griff.      .     .     • 
sp.  Hance    ... 

ZfNGIBERE^     ....    L»0 

Zostera  ciliata,  Forsk.  570 
uninervis,  Forsk.      .  570 
Zosterostylis  Arachnites, 
BL.     .     .     .     . 
WalkeroB,  Wt.  .     . 
zeylanica,  Lindl.  . 
Zygomenes  axillaris, 
Spr 


248 
248 
244 
243 
247 
247 
245 
244 
244 
247 
249 
247 
249 


118 

118 
118 


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