Flora of Costa Rica ..

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PUBLICATIONS

OF

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES
VOLUME XVIII

THE LIBRARY OF THE

MAR 151939

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

CHICAGO, U.S.A.

1937-1938^

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XVIII THE LIBRARY OF THE

MOV 5 -1937

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

PART I

BY

PAUL C. STANDLEY

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGREN

CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR

PUBLICATION 391

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
OCTOBER 12, 1937

PRINTED IN THK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

560.5

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction 5

Plant geography 6

Atlantic tierra caliente 10

Pacific tierra caliente 16

Temperate region (tierra templada) 21

Cold region (tierra fria) 29

Relationships of the Costa Rican flora 43

Botanical exploration in Costa Rica ... 45

Plan of the flora 57

Acknowledgments 58

Bibliography 62

Systematic list of families, genera, and species 63

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

PAUL C. STANDLEY

INTRODUCTION

Preparation of manuscript for the Flora of Costa Rica has been
the most agreeable botanical work that the writer ever has under-
taken, for two reasons. No other area of equal size anywhere in
America possesses so rich and varied a flora, and none in North
America is at all comparable in these respects. It is improbable
that in any part of the earth there can be found an equal area of
greater botanical interest. In the second place, work upon the
flora has enabled the writer to relive many happy days spent in
Costa Rica in 1924 and 1925-26, while making collections and
becoming acquainted with several separated and representative
regions: the Meseta Central; the Atlantic and Pacific coasts; the
Province of Guanacaste, so unlike and yet in some respects so
similar to central Costa Rica; the volcanoes; the Canton de Dota;
and even the alpine paramos of Dota, the only ones, even if small
and insignificant in comparison with those of the Andes, that exist
in North America.

Working over these collections revived a host of memories of
inspiring days spent in mountain and lowland forests, memories
of the most varied kinds, all happy and pleasant ones. It is truly
remarkable that in traveling so many miles, afoot, on horseback,
and by other, often primitive means of transportation, there should
have occurred no unpleasant incidents, nothing more embarrassing
than minor failures of modern rather than primitive machines of
transport. In few countries of the world, I believe, would it be
possible to travel so much and find only pleasant and ever varied
scenes, and be received everywhere with simple and sincere hospi-
tality. Elsewhere in Central America the writer has always received
most sympathetic treatment and most kindly hospitality from rich
and poor, but in Costa Rica even the customary and expected
courtesies have been exceeded.

It is unnecessary to expand this theme, for the writer has always
been extremely enthusiastic in speaking of Costa Rica, and it would
be difficult to develop the subject adequately. Suffice it to say that
the country possesses a peculiar charm, in part based upon its great

6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

natural beauty, with scenes that vary from densest tropical rain
forest and jungle to semi-desert, the wildest mountain scenery, with
steep scarps, majestic volcanoes, often with smoke issuing from their
summits, lovely lakes, swift streams of clear, cold water; and alder-
encircled pastures that recall the hillsides of New England. Costa
Rica never has seemed to me a foreign country at all. Its atmosphere
is homelike, and one feels immediately at home in any part of it.
Costa Rica's greatest resource is its people. Ask any Central
American outside Costa Rica what is the best part of Central
America, and the answer is always the same: Costa Rica. This
is not only because of the great beauty of the land, but on
account of its inhabitants, who are celebrated for their good schools
and stable and truly democratic government. It is a land where
no one is very rich and no one hungry. The term that best describes
the Costa Ricans is the Spanish word humildes. In its best sense
this expresses their naturalness, their dignity without affectation,
their contentment, and their happiness. One can not fail to be
impressed with the intelligence of the mass of Costa Ricans, and
the high learning of many of them, which always is combined with
a lack of affectation that compels the respect that well-based educa-
tion always deserves and receives.

PLANT GEOGRAPHY

Of the independent countries of the earth Costa Rica is one of
the smallest. In flora it is one of the richest. Its area is approxi-
mately 18,400 square miles, about that of the State of West Virginia,
which it somewhat resembles in rugged terrain, but upon an exag-
gerated scale. Bounded on either side by the Pacific and Atlantic
(really the Caribbean Sea) oceans, it is scarcely more than a hundred
miles in width, its longest axis running from northwest to southeast.
Somewhere near this axis, but rather closer to the Pacific, it is
transversed by the great cordillera that extends near the Pacific
Ocean for almost the whole length of the two American continents.

Such, in brief, is the geography of Costa Rica. Land at either
of its ports, but especially the Atlantic one, and look about you,
and the geography seems far from simple. After spending a little
time in the country, and trying to travel over it, even to the more
accessible and more densely populated regions, you will agree that
practically the geography is highly complicated.

So difficult is travel in Costa Rica, in spite of the railroad extend-
ing from coast to coast, and so many are the regions never visited

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 7

by a botanist, even for the most desultory collecting, that it seems
presumptuous to attempt at this time to offer a flora of a region so
rich floristically as this. It is for that reason, principally, that the
present flora appears as an annotated list rather than a more elaborate
work with keys and full descriptions, for the time has not arrived
when an adequate flora of the country can be written. There is
no doubt that the great majority of Costa Rican plants have been
collected, and that most of the important ones are described, but
to judge from what is known of the flora, it is certain that the
number of species will be greatly increased, far beyond even the
astonishing number enumerated on the following pages.

Why should so small an area possess such a vast number of
plants, a number much greater than exists in any of the other
Central American countries, most of which are much more extensive
in area? Why should Costa Rica have such a stupendous number
of ferns and orchids, groups in which few other tropical countries,
no matter how great their area, can rival it? Why is it that in
America such wealth of plant life can be found in no other area
of equal size, unless it be in portions of Colombia, Ecuador, or
Peru? These questions may be answered satisfactorily by an under-
standing of Costa Rican geography and climate.

In few tropical regions is it possible to find within such small
compass so varied physical conditions. The surface of Costa Rica
ascends from sea level to about 3,900 meters' elevation, an altitude
above which, at this latitude, little plant life could be expected.
Much of the provinces of Limon, Alajuela, Guanacaste, and Pun-
tarenas consists of plains that rise gradually toward the mountains.
About a third of the country is formed by high hills and mountains,
of the most rugged character and the most involved structure. While
upon the map one sees a neat chain crossing the country obliquely,
in actuality this chain is much interrupted and bewilderingly complex
in geography. All or most of the mountains are volcanic in origin;
several volcanoes are almost constantly or intermittently active.
Like most volcanoes, their slopes are steep and exceedingly rough,
making travel over them tedious or even impossible. So difficult
are conditions of travel that probably no one person has ever seen all
the country, even superficially, despite the fact that so many Costa
Ricans make long and frequent excursions on foot or horseback
over their country. So difficult are means of communication that
some of the richest agricultural lands have never been occupied.
What motive can induce settlement in the productive valleys of

8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

El General, since all produce, to reach a market, must be transported
by a long and difficult route to the coast, then by boat to a port,
and by railroad to the interior, or else carried on men's backs, or
driven on the hoof, across the highest mountains of the country
to market? Perhaps the airplane will solve this economic problem,
as it has already done to a slight extent. The expense of building
roads over such difficult territory is so great as to make them
impractical for many years to come.

The writer has spent two winters in Costa Rica, making innumer-
able trips by various means of transport, and visiting as many
regions as could be reached during the months spent there. As
he looks back at the collecting thus accomplished, and the list of
localities visited, it seems that a great deal of traveling was done,
but a glance at the map shows the routes as only thin lines, almost
lost upon its surface. Few other botanists have seen so much of
the country, and, in spite of all this, we know that botanically Costa
Rica has received much more than its fair share of exploration, as
compared with most other parts of tropical America! There is
much still to be learned about the flora of the tropics.

The plains of Costa Rica, in the departments of Limon, Alajuela,
Guanacaste, and Puntarenas, have a sparse population. On the
Atlantic coast the chief and almost the only industries are the pro-
duction of bananas and cacao, both of diminishing importance in
late years, although flourishing formerly. It was in Costa Rica that
the export banana trade, now of such huge importance, had its
birth. The Pacific plains, in Guanacaste and Puntarenas, are
devoted to stock-raising, although in limited regions agriculture is
followed.

The great majority of Costa Rica's population is concentrated
in the upland regions, chiefly within a small portion of the depart-
ments of San Jose, Cartago, Heredia, and Alajuela. This elevated
region, coinciding roughly with what is here called the tierra
templada, is known commonly as the Meseta Central, although
at times the latter term is restricted to the great valley between
the two chief mountain ranges.

The high mountains of Costa Rica are arranged in two great
chains running almost parallel. The northern and better known is
formed primarily by the four great volcanoes, Turrialba, Irazu,
Barba, and Poas, that overlook the Meseta Central, from any point
of which at least one of them is visible. Northwestward the chain
is continued by the low Sierra de Tilaran and the volcanoes of

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 9

Tenerio, Rincon de La Vieja, and Orosi, all of which except the first
are quite unknown botanically.

South of this chain, and separated from it by valleys and low
mountains, extends the shorter cordillera of Dota. This includes
such high peaks as Cerro de La Muerte, Cerro de Las Vueltas, and
Chirripo, the highest mountain of Costa Rica, and continues with
little interruption to the Volcano of Chiriqui, in Panama, whose
flora is naturally similar to that of the Costa Rican mountains.
The flora of the more southern range, although it is little separated
from the northern one, seems to possess a much closer affinity with
that of the Colombian Andes.

The dominant factor in plant distribution in Central America
is rainfall, moisture conditions being more or less uniform through-
out corresponding parts of the region. Upon the Atlantic coast
rainfall is heavy, in some places reaching 180 inches per year. Of
greater importance is its continuity throughout the year, for while
in some months rainfall is scant, there always is enough for luxuriant
growth of vegetation.

On the Pacific coast rainfall is scarcely half as great, and periodic
in distribution. During the invierno, May to September or October,
the whole rainfall of the year is received. During the much warmer
verano, coinciding with winter months of the North, there is little
rain or more often none at all. For only half the year is there suffi-
cient moisture for free growth of vegetation. During the dry months
many plants are dormant, and many trees and shrubs shed their
leaves. Crops can not be grown here during the dry season, but
on the Atlantic coast they may be produced at all times of the year.

The mountains constituting the continental divide are the factor
governing distribution of rainfall. During winter months they
are an effective barrier against rain clouds driving inland from the
Caribbean. These clouds are halted at the summits, but drift
across upon the Pacific slope for a short distance. Ascending the
Pacific slope of one of the central volcanoes during the winter,
especially in early morning, it is easy to see how the moisture is
distributed. On the lower slopes in March the fields are dry and
brown, but at a certain level the dust in the road disappears, and
the ground becomes progressively wetter and wetter. Immediately
one notices that every tree is laden with orchids, ferns, and other
epiphytes. It is to this line that clouds and mists descend at night.

Other factors affecting plant distribution are temperature and
wind, the former dependent principally upon elevation, but partly

10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

also upon rainfall. The mean temperature, in general, decreases
as one ascends the mountains. The lowlands are hot, although
seldom if ever so disagreeable as a hot summer day in central and
northern United States. At middle elevations the temperature is
delightful through all or most of the year. At San Jos£ the days
may become rather hot during the dry season, but the nights are
cool or cold. At Cartago, which has a considerably greater elevation,
only the trite term of perpetual spring can properly describe the
climate. There can scarcely be a more perfect climate, except that
the nights are rather too chilly for one not born to the climate.

At 1,800 meters or higher the climate is really cold. The writer
has suffered more from cold in Costa Rica than in all his life in the
United States, and it is hard to recall a comfortable night spent
in the uplands, even in a room almost hermetically sealed, which,
unfortunately, is usually far from the case. Upon the Cerro de La
Muerte and Cerro de Las Vueltas thin ice often forms at night.
Although the temperature is sufficiently low for snow, this phenom-
enon seems to be unknown in Central America, although a few
possible exceptions are recorded.

The only places where wind is an important factor are the tops
of the highest mountains, principally those of Dota, and there it
is questionable whether wind is so important as temperature. In
the high mountains, especially at night, winds are all too frequent,
often reaching the force of gales. Even at such a low elevation as
Tilaran, in Guanacaste, the wind howls all night long, and it is
disagreeable to be on the road at night almost anywhere in the
mountains, especially if rain is falling.

Most celebrated for wind and cold is the Cerro de La Muerte,
whose name indicates its somber reputation. A rather important
trail, crossing it from El General to Santa Maria de Dota, has long
been an important thoroughfare. Because of its dangers, the govern-
ment has built shelters where travelers may take refuge from cold
and wind if overtaken by night, or sometimes even in daytime.
Horses seldom are taken across the paramo, for it is said that they
are almost certain to perish. It is claimed the Indians, when they
had to cross the Cerro de La Muerte, used to carry bundles of nettles,
with which they lashed their bodies to increase circulation and
enable them to bear the cold.

ATLANTIC TIERRA CALIENTE

The Spanish term tierra caliente, generally used to designate
the lowlands of Central America and other Spanish-American coun-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 11

tries, signifies merely "hot land." As a term it is unsatisfactory,
for it implies that the lowlands are regions of intense heat, which
is not generally true. Some parts of them are uncomfortably hot,
it must be admitted, especially desert areas, or those whose atmos-
phere is saturated with water in association with high temperature,
but in general the lowlands are less uncomfortable than most regions
of the United States in midsummer.

Pittier places the upper limit of the tierra caliente in Costa Rica
at 1,000 meters, while Werckl£ locates it at 800 meters. The former
author gives 21°-28° C. as the mean temperature.

Entering the harbor of Limon, one has a good view of the Atlantic
tierra caliente of Costa Rica. The scene is most lovely and impressive
in early morning — in front a lofty wall of deep green, half veiled by
low-hanging, fleecy clouds, swaying lazily like curtains stirred by
light breezes. One does not realize the presence in the foreground
of forested plains that extend for many miles inland from the coast,
because only their edge is visible. The eye is held by the steep,
green slopes of the high mountains, that appear to rise just beyond
the port, but are actually many miles away.

The whole Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, from the sea to the
tops of the mountains, except where cleared for cultivation, is
occupied by dense rain forest of the type prevalent from southern
Mexico almost continuously along the Central American coast, and
far southward, at least to the mouth of the Amazon. If viewed
from an airplane, nothing would be seen but a monotonous expanse
of green, everywhere almost uniform in height, broken only by
isolated peaks, and varied but slightly by lower mountains and hills.

When one is riding by railroad from Limon to San Jose", the land-
scape of the tierra caliente is monotonous, even to a botanist. To
others uninterested in vegetation it must seem even less varied,
for the view consists of little but forest, interrupted by an occasional
glimpse of a swift stream, especially the roaring waters of the Rio
Reventazon. Here and there are plantations of bananas and cacao,
but most of these are remote from the main line of the railway.

Along the Atlantic beaches is the usual type of tropical vegeta-
tion so widely dispersed in America and even on shores of Old World
tropics. The sand is carpeted with mats of rope-like stems of goat-
foot morning glory (Ipomoea Pes-caprae) and Canavalia maritima.
In salt flats shallowly flooded at high tide are sparse colonies of
halophilous grasses and sedges, with Cakile, Sesuvium, Batis, Philox-
erus, and other plants. Just back of the strand, in places seldom

12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

reached by the waves, are compact thickets of shrubs and small
trees, their outer edges usually banked with low shrubs of Caesalpinia
Crista, Coccoloba Uvifera, and Chrysobalanus Icaco. Behind the
shrubs, or frequently at the very edge of the water and projecting
far into it, are often large areas of mangrove swamp, with their
customary association of Rhizophora, Avicennia, Conocarpus, and
Laguncularia. Usually the coast is fringed with graceful coconut
palms, which add the necessary touch of picturesqueness to every
tropical shore. Beyond the coastal thickets and mangrove swamps
stretch miles of unbroken forest, uniform in appearance to the casual
observer, but to the botanist observing its elements infinitely varied.
Rainfall on the wide Atlantic plains of Costa Rica is so heavy
that even the poorest soil can support a luxuriant vegetation. Some
parts of these plains, only a fraction of which ever has been planted
with bananas, are said to have very rich and productive soil, but
much of the land in the wetter parts of Central America has the
appearance of being sterile and probably useless for agriculture. It
often consists of sticky red clay that collects heavily upon one's feet.

Where the forest has been cut, the ground cultivated for a time,
and then abandoned, there often is a fine showing of bright-colored
flowers, supplied by a large variety of shrubs and bushy herbs.
Most plants that grow in these clearings are never seen in virgin
forest, and one wonders what their habitat may have been before
man altered the original disposition of the vegetation. If cleared
land is neglected, it is soon covered with a lavish growth of herbaceous
weeds, frequently six feet or more in height. By the second year
there have sprung up coarse shrubs and seedlings of soft-wooded
trees, which grow rapidly and soon form a low secondary forest.
Growth of such plants is appallingly rapid, and the lowland settle-
ments wage a constant fight to protect themselves from being
overwhelmed with vegetation, which is growing every day in
the year.

Weedy plants that repopulate clearings include such trees and
shrubs as Cecropia, Luehea, Apeiba, Trium/etta, Trema, Ochroma,
Spondias, various melastomes, Belotia, and dozens of others. The
weedy plants are numerous in species and not confined to any
special group. Away from the influence of tide water are many
open or partly wooded swamps. The open swamps or marshes, often
of great extent and affording homes for flocks of noisy aquatic birds,
are rather uniform in vegetation. Dominant plants are the stiff-
leaved Calathea lutea and Thalia, Canna, and Cyperus giganteus.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 13

Other almost ubiquitous aquatic plants are Sagittaria, Pistia, Nym-
phaea ampla, Pontederia rotundifolia, Eichhornia, and Limnanthemum.

In another type of swamp in which the water is shallow, some-
times almost disappearing by the end of the spring months, and often
influenced by the tides, there is a good growth of trees of such genera
as Mora and Pterocarpus, and vast thickets of palms of the genera
Raphia, Corozo, and Manicaria. A giant aroid with handsome
inflorescences like callas, Montrichardia arborescens, grows abundantly
in such places. These wooded swamps generally have a varied and
interesting herbaceous vegetation, and numerous woody vines. One
of their most beautiful flowers is Passiflora vitifolia, whose large
blossoms are fire-red.

It is the upland forest that covers the major part of the lowland
plains, the great plains of Santa Clara and San Carlos, the latter
stretching far northwestward, almost to the Pacific coast. It consists
of a dense stand of huge trees, often from 30 to 50 meters in height,
occupying every available bit of land.

Entering this forest afoot or on horseback, the first feeling is one
of bewilderment. One recalls the old remark about being unable
to see the forest for the trees, a statement that here, especially for
the botanist, is all too literally true. You are in a forest, with trees
on every hand, but all you can discern in any direction is tree trunks
and more trunks. You can not even guess at what they may be.
For most botanists, unfortunately, tree trunks have little significance.

All the branches of the trees are so high overhead that one can
form no idea of their foliage, especially because the branches of
adjoining trees are interlaced, and even when leaves float down from
their branches one never can be quite certain of the tree to which
they belong. The only means of identifying these tall trees is to
see them cut. Then it is revealed that they are astonishingly diverse
as to species, and that pure stands of one species never, or very rarely,
occur. Certain species often are especially abundant in a locality,
but it is seldom that one dominates any limited forest area.

The most impressive feature of these forests is the vast height
of the trunks and their gigantic diameter, especially when, as often
happens, this is exaggerated by buttresses. A famous American
naturalist a few years ago in a published account of Costa Rica
remarked that he had never seen there any trees larger than those
of the river valleys of Illinois. He wrote in his late years, long after
he had seen Costa Rica, and his memory must have been at fault.
I have seen many of the best existing forests of the eastern and

14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

central United States, and none of their trees are comparable in
size with those of the Atlantic forests of Costa Rica.

Because of the difficulty in obtaining material of them, it will
be long before all the trees of the Atlantic plains are catalogued,
but their principal components are well known. Among the more
common ones are Luehea Seemannii, Pentaclethra, a great variety
of Lauraceae in several genera, particularly Nectandra, Ocotea, and
Phoebe; Ficus and Coussapoa, which often or usually begin life as
epiphytes; species of Brosimum, Ogcodeia, Perebea, Poulsenia, Sym-
phonia, Hippomane, Minquartia, Virola, Compsoneura, Dialyanthera,
Prioria, Dialium, Dipteryx, Zanthoxylum, Bursera Simaruba, Protium,
Swietenia macrophylla, Vochysia, Terminalia, Manilkara; the purple-
flowered Jacaranda, probably the most brilliant tree of the Atlantic
coast; Castillo,, Chrysophyllum, and hundreds of others. While most
species are well represented and some abundantly, others are rare.
Examples are Lecythis costaricensis, and that odd tree, Theobroma
simiarum, whose tall trunk is decorated with sausage-like fruits.

The rain forest has three or four different levels of foliage. Al-
though the dense crowns of the tallest trees intercept most of the
sunlight, usually there is a definite understory of small trees— small
here, yet of respectable size if in a temperate zone. Prominent
among them is a variety of palms of minor or medium size, notably
in such genera as Socratea, Welfia, Astrocaryum, Euterpe, Geonoma,
Iriartea, Reinhardtia, and Chamaedorea. Tree ferns are plentiful in
some localities. Zamia often occurs in wide colonies. Of small and
medium-sized trees of higher groups may be mentioned Didymopanax,
Pourouma, Carica dolichaula, Inga and Pithecolobium, Dracaena,
Ravenia, Guatteria, Theobroma, Guarea, Posoqueria, Carapa, and
Olmedia.

Shrubs are numerous in species, although seldom closely spaced.
They include species of Piper, Heisteria, Siparuna, Swartzia, Quassia,
Neea, Cupania, Pentagonia, Cephaelis, Rudgea, and Psychotria.
There are many woody vines — call them lianas if the word seems
more tropical; the words are synonymous — some of them reaching
the tops of the highest trees. Marcgravias are often plentiful, and
such water vines as the wild grape (Vitis tiliifolia) and certain Dillenia-
ceae; several species of Carludovica, palm-like in foliage; Bigno-
niaceae of several genera, with bright-colored flowers that are seldom
seen; Allamanda; Rourea; Entada gigas, with gigantic, bean-like
pods; species of Strychnos and Maripa; and the prickly sarsaparilla
(Smtiax).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 15

The light is so scant on the forest floor that herbaceous plants
are typically sparse in growth. There are few grasses, and those
vine-like in habit, \\keLasiacis, or of certain genera with broad leaves,
especially adapted to forest conditions, species of Olyra, Streptachne,
and Lithachne. The herbs thriving best are certain coarse Monoco-
tyledoneae, of such genera as Heliconia, Calathea, Dieffenbachia,
Renealmia, Costus, Xiphidium, and their relatives, which often grow
in the greatest luxuriance. These plants are perhaps responsible
for the greater part of the scant color found in these gloomy forests,
whose atmosphere is as sober as that of a great church, and almost
as silent, at least for most of the day. One who expects displays
of brilliant color in a tropical forest will be disappointed in the
Atlantic rain forest, where usually no other color than dark green
is visible from a given point.

The Heliconias often grow so luxuriantly as to form, in the case
of the larger plants, like H. Mariae, dense and for all practical
purposes impenetrable thickets. Their stems are almost as thick
and solid as those of banana plants, and so closely set that one can
scarcely pass between them.

An important element in these forests consists of epiphytes.
From the ground you can see the coarser ones, festooning the trunks
of almost every tree with rope-like stems and cloaks of huge leaves.
On a recently fallen tree you will discover a host of others that are
invisible from the ground. Some of the more freely branched trees
support dozens of epiphytic species, ranging in size from minute
lichens and hepatics to the largest aroids.

The aroids are probably the most showy and abundant of these
epiphytes, especially species of Philodendron and Anthurium. The
Monsteras attract attention because of their ample leaves perforated
with large holes or "windows." Lush bromeliads are almost as
conspicuous as aroids, particularly species of Aechmea and Tillandsia,
all of which usually grow high on branches rather than on trunks.
Many kinds of ferns are common, but mostly of relatively unin-
teresting and widely distributed species. There are a good many
orchids, but no such abundance of species as at higher elevations.
It is in this belt, however, that there is found the most celebrated
of Costa Rican orchids, the guaria de Turrialba, Cattleya Dowiana,
its lip crimson veined with gold. Vanilla likewise is a lowland orchid
that thrives in dark, wet forest.

The ground covering of small, herbaceous plants seldom is very
ample, but it is sufficiently varied. One might expect in such low-

16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

lands to find only uninteresting and widely distributed species of
herbs and such species are frequent enough; but it is here that one
finds a good many endemic Costa Rican plants. I have often been
impressed by their local distribution. In one place a certain rare
herbaceous plant may be abundant, while in another forest area
a few miles away, exactly similar in general appearance, perhaps
not a single individual of the same species can be discovered. On
this account it seems probable that many more endemic lowland
species will be described from Costa Rica when such areas as the
now almost unknown plains of San Carlos have been explored.

Acanthaceae, in wide variety as to color and habit, are a feature
of the rain forest, also Commelinaceae. Several Selaginellas form
lacy carpets over the soil. Terrestrial Araceae are not rare, and
there are many dwarf plants of Cyclanthus, and huge clumps of
Carludovica palmata, so much like a palm, except for its odd inflores-
cence. Low-growing Rubiaceae are rather numerous. The Cucur-
bitaceae are represented by large-leaved vines of the genera Gurania
and Anguria, with small but handsome, orange and red flowers.

The Atlantic forests of Costa Rica have been neglected by most
botanical collectors, who may have been eager to reach the more
attractive regions of the mountains, more probably because they
expected to find little of interest, or perhaps because of the lurking
menace of malaria. It has seemed to me that in a land of so many
interesting regions, this was one of the most profitable for explora-
tion. Nowhere is it possible to find a greater number of plants that
are likely to prove new.

PACIFIC TIERRA CALIENTE

In practice, it usually is a long distance from the tierra caliente
of the Atlantic coast to the corresponding belt of the Pacific. By
air line the distance is not great, but in Costa Rica one does not
travel that way. Between the two is usually an interval spent in
the Meseta Central, and after that the Atlantic rain forest seems
very far away. Then it is not surprising to find on the Pacific coast,
at the same elevations — 800 meters or less- — altogether different con-
ditions prevailing. So far as general appearance of scenery and
vegetation is concerned, the two regions might be a thousand mi-les
apart. Equally unlike are the species on the two coasts: most of
them are different.

In the Pacific lowlands there is rarely much suggestion of the
conventional type of tropical vegetation. The general appearance

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 17

is not so unlike western or southern Texas. For half the year, at
least, there is less of green than brown and yellow. In the wet
season the general hue of the landscape is not the deep, dreary
green of the rain forest, but a livelier green, brightened by abundant
sun, more like the vivid green of temperate lands.

The principal factor differentiating the vegetation of the Pacific
tierra caliente is rainfall. The fact that a continental divide inter-
venes is probably of great importance, but not an insuperable
barrier, since there are plenty of low gaps by which plants could
cross it if the environment were favorable. As stated previously,
rainfall on the Pacific coast is limited to half the year. The Atlantic
forests are evergreen, those of the Pacific, such as they are, mostly
deciduous, many of the trees and shrubs being leafless during much
of the dry season, and many of the herbs dying if annual, or remain-
ing dormant if perennial. A botanist can always find on the Pacific
coast plenty of plants in flower or fruit, even at the driest season,
and it is during the dry season, when travel is easiest, that most
botanical exploration has been carried on.

The major part of the Pacific tierra caliente is or has been covered
with either forest or thickets of more or less deciduous trees and
shrubs. In general, the vegetation may be described as xerophytic.
In gross aspect as well as in component species it is most unlike the
Atlantic rain forest.

Most of the trees are smaller than those of the wet region, but
there are exceptions, the ceibas, sandbox trees (Hura), and guana-
caste (Enterolobium) having few rivals in size among Central American
trees. These very large examples, however, usually grow as isolated
individuals, or at least not densely crowded, as in the Atlantic forest.
The trees of the Pacific forest usually are not crowded but generally
rather widely spaced, and their tops are often broad and spreading,
there being ample sunlight to induce free branching. Much of the
soil in the Pacific tierra caliente is rather poor, and the rainfall is
not heavy enough to compensate for soil deficiencies.

Descending by train from the Meseta Central toward the Pacific
coast, one is impressed by the sparseness of vegetation, especially
if the time is the dry season. Many hillsides and plains support
but a scanty growth of plants, in which shrubs often are more con-
spicuous than trees. The land is so open that it affords natural
grazing areas, and in some places trees and bushes have been cut
to improve pasturage. Much of the Pacific tierra caliente is devoted
to the cattle industry, which is the principal livelihood of this area.

18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

There are cultivated fields of considerable extent in some parts,
but crops are grown only in the rainy season or invierno.

In the lowest parts of the coast, toward the seashore, there often
are dense thickets of low and tall shrubs, above which rise scattered
trees. Here, as in the Atlantic tierra caliente, it is unusual to find
a pure stand of any tree, but normally a large number of species
grow in association. Sometimes, it is true, one species of tree domi-
nates a locality, as the guanacaste and sandbox trees in much of the
Province of Guanacaste.

In large areas of the Pacific tierra caliente, possibly because the
land is too poor for the growth of many shrubs or trees, perhaps
partly on account of seasonal fires, and probably because of still
other conditions, there are no shrubs or trees, or only scattered ones,
and the land is a grassy savanna. This type of vegetation does not
extend north of Costa Rica except in insignificant areas, but it is
well developed in Costa Rica, in Guanacaste and farther southeast-
ward in TeYraba and Boruca, toward the Golfo Dulce. Savannas
are characteristic of Pacific Panama, and of many regions of north-
ern South America, notably Venezuela and the Guianas.

These savannas are beautiful after the rains begin, when they
are covered with fresh, bright green grass, and capable of supporting
large herds of cattle and horses. The grasses, which often form a
dense sward, represent numerous species, mostly plants less than a
meter in height and often much lower. Among them grow many
other plants, particularly a large number of Cyperaceae, and repre-
sentatives of such genera as Cipura, Polygala, Curtia, Melochia,
Hyptis, Centrosema, Sauvagesia, Crotalaria, Eriosema, Stylosanthes,
Zornia, Evolvulus, Buchnera, Ruellia, and Borreria. There often is
an abundance of small but brightly colored flowers. Water collects
in shallow pools all over the savannas, and about these are borders
of aquatic or hygrophilous plants, such as species of Schultesia,
Bacopa, Limnanthemum, and Nymphaea. During the dry season
the savannas are parched and brown.

Along the Pacific coast, as along the Atlantic, are mangrove
swamps, with their peculiar association of species. The strand vege-
tation is nearly, or quite identical with that of the Caribbean shore.

Among the principal large trees of dry Pacific forests are Anacar-
dium excelsum, Pseudolmedia, Licania platypus, Sterculia apetala;
various species oiFicus; guanacaste or ear tree, Enterolobium, one
of the giants of Central American forests, and abundant in many
regions, where it is an important source of lumber; Platymiscium;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 19

Pithecolobium Saman; Pterocarpus Hayesii; Sweetia; Lauraceae in
various genera although fewer than in wetter and more elevated
regions; several Sapotaceae; Tabebuia pentaphylla, with gorgeous
pink flowers; the almost equally showy Triplaris; the ant-infested
Cor dia alliodora; Cassia grandis; Ceiba, Bombax, and Bombacopsis;
Terminalia; Cedrela; Hura crepitans; Rheedia edulis; Gyrocarpus;
Calycophyllum, with sheets of white "flowers" and distinctive, pale,
peeling bark; Andira inermis; Dalbergias, the cocobolo trees; and
Genipa Caruto. Especially in evidence are trees of the family
Leguminosae, and even more numerous are shrubs and herbs of the
same family, the group of plants most abundantly represented in
the Pacific tierra caliente, as in many other lands of similar climate
in remote parts of the earth.

Of characteristic smaller trees of the Pacific tierra caliente one
may mention Dipterodendron, with handsome, fern-like foliage;
Byrsonima, which often forms extensive groves of distinctive aspect;
several species of Coccoloba; Tabebuia chrysantha, with bunches of
golden blossoms; Hymenaea Courbaril; Crataeva; a few species of
Caesalpinia; Cochlospermum, often only a shrub, with flowers like
yellow roses; a rubber tree, Castilla nicoyana; Gecropias, but much
fewer than on the Atlantic coast; Chlorophora, the fustic or mora
tree that furnishes dyewood; Guazuma; Pourouma;Lacistema; Trophis
racemosa; Plumeria acutifolia with beautiful white flowers, produced
when the tree is leafless; Anona pur pur ea; Rollinia; Anacardium
occidental with curious, edible fruits; Psidium Guajaba, which often
forms groves or thickets, as does also the calabash tree, Crescentia
Cujete; Sloanea quadrivalvis ; Diphysa robinioides with racemes of
yellow blossoms ;Esenbeckia; Simaruba glauca, with edible, olive-like
fruits; Muntingia Calabura, also with edible, intensely sweet fruits;
Gliricidia;Erythrina rubrinervia, with pale-red, sword-shaped flowers;
Spondias purpurea, with edible, plum-like fruits; Pereskia; Trema
micrantha; Licania arbor ea; various species of Lonchocarpus ; and
Bursera Simaruba.

The shrubs of the Pacific thickets are legion in both individuals
and species. While some, like the trees, reach the Atlantic tierra
caliente, many, and probably the majority, are restricted to the
Pacific coast. They include species of Casearia and Gouania; Ouratea
with bright yellow flowers and leathery leaves; Rauwolfia; the
abundant Hamelia patens; Chiococca alba, with pure white, disk-
like fruits; numerous species of Psychotria (these are more plentiful
in wetter regions); Coutarea; Ruprechtia; Curatella americana, the

20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

sandpaper tree, distinctive in its rough leaves, often forming thickets
of characteristic aspect; Cassia biflora and C. nicaraguensis ; various
Anonaceae, particularly the carrion-flowered Sapranthus; Helicteres;
Melastomaceae, but of fewer species than in wetter regions ;Erythro-
chiton; Acacia Farnesiana; Psidium guineense; Triumfetta, with bur-
like fruits; several species of Capparis; Heisteria concinna; several
Solanums with prickly branches; Ximenia; Mimosa pigra, mostly
in marshy places; bullhorn Acacias; Prosopis, chiefly on seashores;
Erythroxylon; various species of Acalypha, especially A. diver sifolia.
There are many Pipers, but fewer than in wet regions. In the
brushy thickets often are extensive areas so closely covered with
Bromelias that they are impenetrable by any large animal.

In the Pacific tierra caliente grows the only tree cactus of Costa
Rica, Cereus Aragoni, which may not be a native plant, according
to statements of some authorities. Here abound palms of the genus
Bactris, often producing an impenetrable undergrowth of stiff, spiny
stems in places where water stands during the wetter months. An
outstanding feature of the landscape in most of the Pacific tierra
caliente is the coyol palm, Acrocomia vinifera. In thickets and
forests are all too many plants of the sole climbing palm of the
region, Desmoncus, with dangerously armed leaves. Other common
palms are species of Pyrenoglyphis and Scheelea.

Epiphytes are scarce in most of the Pacific coast, but a few exist,
especially Bromeliaceae, principally Tillandsia species, and, less
frequently, hardy aroids. Orchids are scarce, but some showy
ones grow upon the trees, species of Laelia and Epidendrum, and
even the superb guaria morada, Cattleya Skinneri.

Woody vines thrive in the dry thickets and even in the forest,
often in dense tangles over shrubbery. Many of them are Bignonia-
ceae with bright-colored flowers, produced at the end of the dry
season. Likewise plentiful are Malpighiaceae, displaying masses of
golden blossoms. Other common vines are Vitis tiliifolia; species
of Cissus, often with long, pendent, aerial roots; the blue-flowered
Petrea; Trigonia; the pink Securidaca; species ofBauhinia, the stems
of some of them ribbon-like and perforated with holes, to suggest the
common name escalera de mono, "monkey ladder" ; species of Mucuna,
a few with painfully irritant hairs on their large pods; and one or
two species of Combretum, with showy, red and yellow flowers attrac-
tive to bees and hummingbirds.

The area designated as tierra caliente is, naturally, not sharply
separated from the belt next above it, the two gradually merging

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 21

except where there is abrupt transition in climate, as may happen
at the crest of a range of hills or mountains. Certain lower hills
of the Pacific slope do not rise above the tierra caliente, while others
bear on their summits small areas of different vegetation. The
height to which the typical tierra caliente vegetation ascends depends
largely upon rainfall, and in places where there is plenty of rain,
especially if long continued, the tierra templada vegetation descends
to a lower level, as in the region of Tilaran. Where the climate is
markedly dry, the tierra caliente vegetation rises to higher levels.
Its upper belts often remain green nearly or quite throughout
the year.

While the vegetation of the Pacific tierra caliente is varied enough,
and composed of a large number of species, botanically this is the
least interesting part of Costa Rica. Certainly it is the least agree-
able in which to work, for the climate is hot, the forest and thickets
particularly so, and full of tangled vines and spiny branches, not to
mention the ticks that thrive better than elsewhere. On this account,
and for lack of good means of transportation, partly also because of
the sparsely settled country, the Pacific tierra caliente has been
relatively little investigated by botanists. Its exploration involves
long rides on horseback on obscure trails, where there are few and
often uncomfortable lodging places. It must not be forgotten
that some localities on the Pacific coast are noted for a virulent
type of malaria.

TEMPERATE REGION (TIERRA TEMPLADA)

In relative botanical interest, the tierra templada ranks just
above the Atlantic tierra caliente. Its flora includes large numbers
of rare or unusual species, many of them endemic. It is the region
in which most of the Costa Rican people live, the one in which all
or nearly all the coffee is produced. Wherever in Central America
coffee is grown commercially, the climate is agreeable.

Pittier locates the tierra templada between 1,000 and 2,600
meters in altitude and gives its mean temperature as 14°-21° C. These
wide limits include practically all the uplands, excluding only the cold
regions about mountain summits. It seems to me that Werckle
does better in placing the limits of the temperate region (the term
is only a relative one) at 800-1,500 meters. That, as remarked,
includes all the coffee region, and even extends somewhat higher.

This belt is one of transition, and not sharply marked anywhere,
as so often is true of plant belts. It is no easy matter to indicate

22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

species most distinctive of the area, because so many extend higher
or lower, but the same may be said of most of the other regions more
or less arbitrarily defined here. On the Pacific slope the so-called
tierra templada is much better marked than on the Atlantic, for
in the former it may be taken to include all mountain slopes at middle
elevation that have a well-defined dry season. The upper limit is
recognized readily when, in climbing the slopes of the volcanoes, one
meets the line at which trees begin to be heavily infested with orchids,
mosses, and other epiphytes.

On the Atlantic slope, where there is almost everywhere plenty
of rain throughout the year, it is not easy to recognize any vegetation
belts at all, except those marked by different types of agriculture.
There the tierra templada may be roughly indicated as beginning
in the region of Turrialba and Pejivalle, approximately where coffee
cultivation begins, and extending up the volcano slopes to the fields
where potatoes are cultivated, and to the pastures for dairy cattle.

Climate in some parts of Costa Rica plays strange pranks. If
altitude alone were considered, the mountains of Tilaran in Guana-
caste would fall wholly inside the tierra caliente, but as a matter
of fact at only 750 meters they display almost the same vegetation
seen in central Costa Rica at twice that elevation or more.

The explanation of this phenomenon is that here the continental
divide is extremely low, only about 700 meters, and that rain-laden
winds from the Caribbean coast are not wholly stopped by the
summits of the mountains. The rain clouds drift westward across
their tops, and throughout the year considerable rain falls on the
west slope of the Tilaran range, which should be arid and parched
during the dry season. The climate at Tilaran is the most curious
I have encountered in Central America. Although the elevation
is only 500 meters, in the dry months there falls almost all day long
a fine mist, the pelo de gato, "cat fur," a very descriptive term.
Although the sun is shining, in half an hour one's clothes become
quite damp. There is a rainbow nearly always in sight. It is said
that the name Tilaran, of Indian origin, signifies "the place where
rain is always falling." In the town the fields are beautifully green,
while only two or three miles away, toward the Gulf of Nicoya,
everything is as dry and brown as a desert.

The tierra templada, as stated, contains most of Costa Rica's
population, all the area mentioned on the following pages as the
Meseta Central, and such important regions as Tilaran, Heredia,
San Jose", Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota. Because of the high

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 28

percentage of cultivated land in the tierra templada, its vegetation
has been modified more than that of any other part of Costa Rica,
and less remains of the former forest. Originally all or practically
all the land was covered by heavy forest, centuries ago, for the
large aboriginal population (attested by the abundance of pottery
buried everywhere in the soil), must have cleared a good deal of land,
and their Spanish successors have almost completed the work.

This is the best farming area of the country, nearly all of it,
except where too steep, being suitable for some sort of agriculture.
Costa Rica is fortunate in having available for its increasing popula-
tion large areas yet unsettled, chiefly because of present lack of
transportation. Such lands exist in the mountains of Guanacaste,
on the more remote slopes of the central volcanoes, and in the
difficultly accessible mountains of the Province of Puntarenas, as
well as in the less distant region of Dota, and the plains of San Carlos.

Clearing of land is progressing constantly in some of those regions,
and there probably are being destroyed a good many orchids and
other epiphytes that never will be known to science. Many species
must have passed out of existence thus in the 'central region. There
is, for instance, a handsome ornamental shrub, Bouvardia glabra,
common in Costa Rican gardens but unknown elsewhere, and not
found recently in Costa Rica in a wild state. Probably it grew
formerly about San Jos£ or Cartago, but has been wholly destroyed.

Originally the tierra templada must have been covered (except
in Guanacaste) by a dense, moist or wet forest in which oaks (Quercus}
predominated. In the more heavily populated valleys all these trees
have been cut, except upon slopes too steep for cultivation, and even
there most usable trees have been removed. It is possible to judge
of the primitive forest about San Jose", Heredia, and Cartago only
by fragments remaining in quebradas or on slopes above the culti-
vated fields, in such places as the beautiful Cerro de La Carpintera,
near Cartago, and El Tablazo, near San Jose". About Santa Maria
de Dota there are larger forests little disturbed, although even there
the better forest lies in what is here called the tierra fria.

Other large trees associated with the oaks are great numbers of
Lauraceae, especially species of Nectranda, Ocotea, and Persea, espe-
cially P. Schiedeana and P. caerulea; Cedrela or Spanish cedar;
Sapium; Inga in several species; Chaetoptelea ; Talauma;Zanthoxylum;
Podocarpus; Engelhardtia ; the endemic genus Alfaroa of the Jug-
landaceae; and Ladenbergia, a relative of the true quinine trees.
Among smaller trees and large shrubs are numerous species of

24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Croton; Citharexylum; several woody Compositae, especially the
white-flowered Montanoa; Myrtaceae, chiefly species of Myrcia,
Calyptranthes, and Eugenia; Urera and Myriocarpa; three species
of Hedyosmum; species of Geonoma and several other genera of
palms; Malvaviscus and Robinsonella ; Myricas; Panopsis; Litsea;
Arctostaphylos ; Conostegia xalapensis; Hauya; Trichilia and Guarea;
Roupala; Symplocos; Eurya; Oestrum aurantiacum; and several
white- or pink-flowered Rondeletias.

Among smaller shrubs Melastomaceae, Rubiaceae, and Piper
are prominent, the last in greater numbers than at any other level.
There are many shrubby Compositae, including species of Calea,
Vernonia, Eupatorium, and Verbesina. In wetter parts of the Atlantic
slope are innumerable red-flowered Gesneriaceae and Ericaceae,
mostly epiphytic. Further groups well represented by species or
individuals are Solanum, Rubus, Clematis, Paullinia and Serjania,
Calliandra, Palicourea, Smilax, Myrsinaceae, Siparuna, and
Mollinedia.

Immediately about Cartago and San Jose most of the native
shrubs are to be sought in the dense roadside hedges so characteristic
of all cultivated parts of Central America. Certain common shrubs
are almost confined to hedges. Among the most characteristic shrubs
and small trees of such places are Xylosma, Randia Karstenii,
Zanthoxylum Limoncello, Iresine Calea, Trichilia havanensis, Mauria,
Acnistus, Picramnia, Oestrum aurantiacum, and Erythrina rubrinervia,
the last one of the most noticeable small trees of the tierra templada,
although by no means confined to it. In the Meseta Central a
delightful hedge or roadside plant is the rosa de Castilla, a rose with
clusters of small, pink, double flowers that has become naturalized.

Herbaceous plants, both weedy and endemic or rare species, are
an important element of the temperate forests. Among them are
species of Passi flora, Begonia, Lamourouxia, Salvia, Desmodium,
Leucocarpus, Ipomoea, Ischnosiphon (in Guanacaste),Gerarmm, ferns
in great variety, including some tree ferns and numerous epiphytes;
Cuphea, Spigelia, Gynandropsis, Xanthosoma; Heliconias; wide fields
ofEleocharis, and many other Cyperaceae;Canavalia;Loasa;Lopezia;
Tibouchina, Centradenia, and other small melastomes; Gynandropsis ;
Zebrina; species of Juncus and Phaseolus; Valeriana; Coccocypselum.
Interesting among aquatic plants are the several Podostemonaceae
that grow submerged on rocks in swift streams.

The pasture lands encircling San Jose and Cartago, especially
the former, become dry during winter months, but in the rainy

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 25

season, and at Cartago for most of the year, they are beautiful with
fresh, green grass and myriads of small plants with prettily colored
flowers. Nothing is more pleasant during the wet season than a
walk through the lanes about those places, with high hedges on
either side, the road bordered with closely cropped grass from which
spring many conspicuous flowers. Common plants of pastures are
Lamourouxia and Russelia, Lobelia laxiflora, and Kohleria, all with
red flowers; Mimosa albida; Hypoxis; Desmodium; Parosela; Poly-
galas; Oenothera rosea; Salvias; Vernonias and Caleas; Sisyrinchium;
Centaurium;Evolvulus; Dichondra; Lobelias; EryngiumCarlinae; and
several species of Tagetes. Lovely beyond description are the pastures
of Cartago, on the lower slopes of Irazu, unbroken sheets of the
beautiful hazy blue of Santa Lucia (Alomia microcarpa), which looks
exactly like the Ageratum of gardens. Around Cartago and Santa
Maria the cornfields often are invaded by tall plants of Santa Catalina,
a dahlia with single or double, white or pink flowers, which behaves
like sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in the middle western states.

Epiphytes are plentiful in the temperate region, especially on the
Atlantic slope. They are never absent anywhere, and are more
varied in species than in the tierra caliente, although much less
diversified than in the tierra fria. Orchids are sufficiently common,
and many of the species are so ubiquitous as to rank almost as weeds.
Here grows the beautiful guaria morada (Cattleya Skinneri). The
country people often take numbers of large plants to their homes,
and throw them upon tile roofs or on the tile covering of the adobe
walls. There the plants thrive, and produce gorgeous masses of
flowers in springtime. Another plant of similar habit is the endemic
Echeveria australis, which is most at home on tile or dirt roofs.

Other common epiphytes are aroids, generally species of Philo-
dendron, Anthurium, and Monstera. Epiphytic ferns are numerous,
and there are plenty of mosses, hepatics, and lichens. The Cactaceae
are represented by a few species of Cereus and Rhipsalis.

There are many fascinating collecting grounds for plants in the
tierra templada, some of which have been celebrated among local
and visiting botanists since the days of Oersted. Around San Jos4
so much land is cultivated that little representative native vegetation
remains, but only a short distance away by bus are the hills of
Escasu and Aserri, where there are tantalizing bits of forest, with
large numbers of rare plants. El Tablazo also is easily reached, the
type locality for dozens of Costa Rican species. During the rainy
season there is a fine showing of beautiful flowers in hedges and

26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pastures, but one is not likely to find there species of great rarity.
With a horse it is possible to visit in a day the lower slopes of Irazu
and Barba, although those regions, at least the ones conspicuously
different from the environs of the city of San Jose", lie above the
tierra templada.

At Cartago botanical conditions are much more favorable for a
collector. It is an easy stroll up the lower slopes of Irazu, through
grassy lanes bounded by weathered stone walls, to quebradas where
there are many interesting plants, including the rarer endemic
species. In such stream beds are scattered individuals of high
mountain plants, borne by the current far below their normal
habitat. Every roadside tree, large or small, bears a varied burden
of epiphytes, orchids and the more conspicuous, brilliant-flowered
bromeliads. The mountain air is so cool and invigorating that
walking is a pleasure, especially where on every side there is nothing
but beauty, wide meadows banked with forest, extensive views in
every direction, upward to the summit of Irazu, southward across
Cartago and the Reventazon to the mountains beyond Navarro and
Orosi. Cartago charms every one who visits it.

South of Cartago, one or two hours by horseback, are some of
the richest collecting fields of Costa Rica. The Rio Navarro and
Santa Clara compare favorably even with the forests of the upper
mountain slopes, and it will be long indeed before their flora is
completely known.

Unique among collecting grounds of the central region is the
Cerro de La Carpintera, near Tres Rios and Cartago, an elevated
and isolated mountain that rises above the fields of Ochomogo,
where was fought a famous and almost the only Costa Rican battle
of the past hundred years. I have a special liking for La Carpintera,
because it can be reached easily on foot from either Cartago or
Tres Rios, and because it has an extraordinarily diverse flora, which
has yielded dozens of new species. This flora is, however, referable
for the most part rather to the tierra fria than to the tierra templada.

The lower slopes of the mountain are cleared for grazing, and
there are easy trails to the edge of the forest that covers the upper,
painfully steep sides about the summit. Wood is cut at the edge
of the forest, so that every year the trees are reduced in number.
It would be a patriotic act if this last remaining bit of fine natural
vegetation were permanently reserved as a national monument, that
future generations might see how beautiful their country was in its
primeval state.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 27

The upper forest of La Carpintera is dense and wet, and dif-
ficult to penetrate. Nowhere in Costa Rica have I seen more varied
and luxuriant vegetation. There is a profusion of rare trees, many
tree ferns, a luxuriant growth of innumerable kinds of epiphytes,
Ericaceae and Gesneriaceae, endless ferns, and a great variety of
beautiful flowers. Along the ridges are tall plants of Marattia,
one of the most primitive ferns, and of great rarity in Costa Rica.

The most memorable feature of a climb up La Carpintera is the
fact that all day you are entertained by the roaring of a few naulingos
that somehow manage to survive in their isolated and restricted
home. Nowhere else so close to the cities of Costa Rica is it possible
to hear the magnificent voices of these great black howler monkeys,
the largest monkeys of Middle America.

One of the regions in the temperate belt best deserving the
attention of a botanist is that of Santa Maria de Dota, south of
Cartago and some sixty miles by road from San Jose". Situated on
the Pacific watershed, its climate is relatively dry, decidedly so
during winter months. Its most famous locality botanically is El
Copey, appearing on even the smallest maps of Costa Rica, and
consisting of half a dozen houses! There still is plenty of forest
about Santa Maria, but little close to the village, and even this
remnant is shrinking rapidly. From the settlement it is possible in
a day's trip with a horse to reach many rich localities lying at greater
elevation.

The vegetation around Santa Maria, while similar in many
respects to that of San Jose and Cartago, shows manifest differences
or at least is unlike anything now remaining at the latter places.
On slopes near the town is a rather open oak forest, the trees often
widely spaced and with spreading crowns, although even under such
conditions exhibiting little resemblance to northern oak forests.
Between them is a comparatively scant growth of shrubbery, with
many characteristic species lacking elsewhere in forest. One of the
most remarkable is Dodonaea, a shrub more usually found at sea
level and most often on seashores.

Perhaps the most distinctive and profitable region in which the
writer has ever worked in Central America is that of Tilaran where,
in company with Professor Juvenal Valerio, he spent approximately
the month of January, 1926. Reference already has been made to
the unique climate and physiography of Tilaran. Botanical interest
arose primarily from the fact that it was virgin land for exploration,
and even more from its surprisingly rich and varied flora, which

28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

abundantly justified our hopes. An unexpectedly large number of
new species was discovered.

Not the least important element contributing to the success of
our excursion to Tilaran was the hospitality of its people, who
showed an intelligent interest in our work. The land about Tilaran
has been settled in recent years by people from the Meseta Central,
who form an oasis in the otherwise almost Nicaraguan culture of
the Province of Guanacaste. The somewhat primitive but pros-
perous and comfortable conditions prevalent at Tilaran suggest
pioneer days in the United States, which likewise were noted for
their hospitality.

The most vivid impression of Guanacaste — the small part of it
that I have seen — is of its abundant animal life. Along streams
running into the landlocked Gulf of Nicoya are countless flocks of
aquatic and other birds. Every tree along the rivers supports
colonies of them, noisily flapping about their nests. Evidently they
are little molested, for they pay slight heed to passing boats.

More astonishing than the birds are the mammals, and above
all the monkeys. Contrary to popular and generally erroneous
pictures of the tropics, monkeys seldom figure in a tropical land-
scape; in such places as Panama and Salvador, or even Honduras,
you may spend a long time in the forest and see not a single one.
But if I described literally the abundance and tameness of Guana-
caste monkeys, particularly the big black howlers elsewhere so shy,
along the country roads or even on the very edge of the village of
Tilaran, I should not be believed. They are so tame that they seem
quite indifferent to man, and their numbers are beyond belief.
Traveling the roads one is accompanied by their roaring, that
suggests nothing so much as the rumbling of a gargantuan coffee
mill, and is one of the loudest sounds made by any animal.

It is quite defensible to assign to the temperate region the west-
ward slopes of the Sierra de Tilaran, for their flora is strangely like
that of the woods about San Jose" and Cartago, where the elevation
is twice as great. The Atlantic slopes of the same mountains, being
dripping wet, support a flora definitely referable to the Atlantic
tierra caliente.

Although the Tilaran flora is so like that of the Meseta Central,
it differs in important respects. Oaks (Quercus) are said not to
grow in Guanacaste, and I saw none; neither are there members of
the genus Rubus, so well represented in the central regions. Never-
theless, the flora is sufficiently similar to remind the settlers of their

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 29

former homes in the Meseta Central. It is also, I judge, much like
that of the incredibly rich region of San Ramon, where Professor
Alberto M. Brenes has made such comprehensive collections.

The Tilaran forests are infinitely varied in composition, with
much the same groups of trees that have been listed for the tierra
templada. The undergrowth is unusually dense, so tangled that
often it is impossible to enter it without a machete. Rich pastures
of tall, rank Guinea grass exist where forest has been cleared, and
the climate in some places is excellent for coffee production. As
previously stated, a short distance often makes a great difference
in agricultural potentialities of Guanacaste land. One landowner
whom we visited remarked in all seriousness that on his finca of
only moderate extent there were practically three distinct climates.

Another outstanding and well-defined temperate region I have
visited is the lower slopes of the Volcan de Poas, above Alajuela.
They have few inhabitants, chiefly, it seems, because the land is
unproductive. Much of it is open, and perhaps formerly under
cultivation, at least by the Indians, who must have been numerous
there, and wide stretches are covered with bracken (Pteridium),
whose presence is usually considered an indication that land has
little agricultural value. There are numerous fincas in some parts
of the slopes, and especially at lowest elevations most of the natural
vegetation has disappeared. In the quebradas are dense growths of
rather small trees and many shrubs, and some of the densest thickets
of tall bamboo to be found anywhere in Costa Rica. Bamboo
thickets are a customary feature of the highest mountain slopes,
but they are not a usual type of vegetation on the lower flanks.

COLD REGION (TIERRA FRIA)

The fame of Costa Rica's flora for bewildering variety and
exquisite beauty is based primarily upon the vegetation of the
tierra fria, and when one comes to discuss this portion of the plant
life, one is appalled by the complexity of the task. Only the vocab-
ulary and the descriptive genius of a Reginald Farrar could do
justice to the subject. I am sure that the plants of the Chinese
mountains upon which he lavished his incomparable vocabulary
hold no superiority in beauty and variety to those of the high
mountains of Costa Rica.

If a botanist has only a short time to spend in Costa Rica, he
should hasten to the upper slopes. He will never forget what he
sees there of profuse vegetation, and he will have seen, no matter

30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

how long he remains, only a small fraction of the whole. For many
years botanists have been visiting La Palma de San Jose", the place
at which this type of vegetation is mostly easily reached from the
capital, but late visitors find there many plants never seen or at
least never collected by their predecessors. It still seems possible
to discover almost as many new species as when La Palma was
first visited by a botanist. After seeing the region, it is easy to
understand why this is true.

The variety of vegetation in the wet tierra caliente is well known,
but it is monotonous uniformity in comparison with what exists
in the high mountains. In all North America no region can compete
in variety of vegetation and number of species with the higher
mountains of Costa Rica, except the similar adjoining Province of
Chiriqui in Panama. In all the Americas it is improbable that any
region is at all comparable, except the mountains of Colombia, with
their related flora, or certain regions of the eastern slopes of the
Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes.

Pittier, as before stated, limits the tierra fria to regions above
2,600 meters, with a mean temperature of 5°-15° C., and there is
no doubt that the small area so circumscribed does possess a dis-
tinctive flora. It seems to the present writer preferable to follow
Werckle, who applies the term tierra fria to all slopes above approxi-
mately 1,500 meters. If this is done, it is necessary to subdivide the
cold region into two belts, lower and upper, the upper representing
the tierra fria of Pittier.

The lower belt of the cold region, then, is an area of dense forests
(except where modified by man), the forests composed of small or
only medium-sized and densely crowded trees. Their tops are
drenched every night and sometimes all day with drizzling rain
or heavy downpours, and much of the time they are half hidden by
drifting clouds and fog. If you touch a tree or bush you are showered
with cold water. Every branch and trunk is swathed in epiphytic
vegetation, which is dripping wet. The bunches of mosses, hepatics,
and lichens are like saturated sponges. One's feet never touch dry soil .

Agriculturally the cold belt is the region of potatoes and the
dairy industry. Wherever you go, you will eat potatoes and eat
(clabbered) or drink milk, very likely potatoes boiled in milk, or,
at higher elevations, the potatoes may be lacking. We once spent
a night at one of the high ranches where so far as could be seen the
people (we were well supplied with food ourselves) had nothing to
eat except milk, and what game they could kill.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA . 31

The term tierra fria is an accurately descriptive one, for the
climate is really cold. There is nothing in the temperature to remind
one of the tropics, no matter how tropical the vegetation may appear.
I have spent a good many nights in the tierra fria of Costa Rica,
as well as in the corresponding belt in other countries of Central
America, and I can remember only two when I was comfortably
warm while sleeping — one of those was spent on an open veranda!
The native people have to be accustomed to the cold and wet, but
the children, at least, suffer severely, and often have hacking coughs
that bode no long or happy future.

The effect of the cold is intensified by the dampness, for in these
regions it is impossible to keep any object dry. Outside the house
one's footwear is always wet. Only the tightest houses, and they
are few indeed, are impervious to the cold winds and rain that
bluster throughout the night.

By day rains are less persistent, but they are often followed by
dense fogs, dangerous for the stranger or even the residents them-
selves. In regions where fogs prevail, and elsewhere in the uplands
for that matter, it is unsafe for a stranger to venture far without a
guide; it is a careless host who permits him to do so. I have had
few more painful half hours than once in the high mountains of Costa
Rica when, after sending back to the house a guide who had proved
himself a hindrance to the work I was doing, I suddenly realized
that I did not know just where the house was from which we had
started.

Another danger that may deserve mention in this place is that
of falling branches. Most of the taller trees bear such a heavy load
of epiphytes that a wind sends branches crashing noisily to the
ground. Especially in the higher mountains it is unsafe to wander
through a forest when much wind is blowing. After the end of a gale,
it is possible to make a rare haul of epiphytes from fresh branches
strewn upon the ground. It is even more fortunate to reach a place
where tall trees have been cut recently, but the majority of the
epiphytic plants wither on fallen trees in an astonishingly short time.

The reason why these wet mountain forests still yield so many
new plants to even the most casual collector is that one person can
never see more than mere fragments of them. No collector, unless
giving his whole attention to some limited group, will travel far
through them in one day, for he will be unable to carry away speci-
mens of the plants he finds. Almost anywhere in the region, if a
collector experienced in the tropics will follow a trail along a forest,

32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

at the margin of a meadow, and collect all the plants he sees, none
or scarcely any of which will be common ones, in two hundred yards
he will gather more specimens than he alone can transport. One
wholly unfamiliar with such places will be so bewildered that he
can only pick here and there at the most brilliant or curious bits
of vegetation, and will overlook the great majority of the plants,
many of which, particularly among orchids and ferns, are small and
unobtrusive.

Originally all these mountain slopes, except in the highest parts
where there are paramos or paramillos, were densely covered with
forest. It must have been discovered in comparatively recent years
that the upper slopes, when cleared, made excellent pastures if seeded
with European grasses, and thus many fine collecting grounds have
become accessible to the botanist.

Formerly, as now to some extent, the populated Meseta Central
was isolated from the Atlantic coast by mountains that were every-
where densely forested. These forests were penetrated only by a
narrow, paved cartroad that crossed the divide between Barba
and Poas, and descended to the San Juan River. The roads were so
long and steep that people who could afford the cost, as I have heard
very old people relate, were carried along the trail in chairs on the
backs of professional cargadores.

At present it is easy to reach hundreds of places on the upper
slopes where dairy farms exist, by roads which, if often painfully
steep and boggy, can at least be traversed on horseback. The
places thus accessible are so numerous that no one person ever has
seen them all, although all lie within a region of no great extent, as
the earth's surface is measured.

Each of these many isolated localities yields plants seen nowhere
else. It is a remarkable fact that one may go to any secluded nook
on the slopes of Barba, Irazu, and Turrialba, whose floras seem
to be richer than that of Poas, and find there an always surprising
number of showy and conspicuous plants. At another spot in the
next quebrada, or in one three or four miles away, there may be
an altogether different or at least conspicuously different association
of species, in which many of the most conspicuous plants of the
first locality are absent. On this account, when visiting a certain
area it never is safe to pass a desirable plant, for it may never be
seen again.

Many of the species seem to be extremely local in distribution,
and this is true of some of the showiest ones. Good examples are

33

the two species of Wercklea (Malvaceae), trees with huge, bright-
colored flowers that can not be overlooked. Each species is abundant
in certain limited localities on the slopes of Irazu, but they do not
grow together, so far as known, and each is known from a single
station in the central mountains. Both do grow in other parts of
Costa Rica and, I have no doubt, at other places on Irazu and Barba.
Some of the most showy plants, naturally, are rather general in
distribution, and may be seen almost anywhere one goes.

A catalogue of characteristic trees of the forests of the cold region
would include almost the whole mountain forest flora of Costa Rica,
but there are certain species, genera, or families that are particularly
well represented. Large areas, in Dota up to the edge of the paramo
region, are covered with Quercus in almost pure stands. It may be
remarked that often it is difficult to determine what a particular
tree may be, for it bears so many woody or herbaceous epiphytes
that their foliage is much more prominent than that of the host
itself. Conversely, often it is hard to decide whether a certain
branch represents the tree or an epiphyte.

Podocarpus is another genus typical of the higher mountains.
P. oleifolius is not a conspicuous tree, because its branches are so
high above the ground, but P, montanus, on account of its fir-like
foliage, with leaves white beneath, is more easily discerned. Laura-
ceae are everywhere numerous, with several genera and a fair
number of species. On many slopes the Weinmannias, most fre-
quently W. pinnata, are more plentiful than any other trees, and
small trees of Melastomaceae, especially of the genera Blakea and
Topobea, are often dominant. In many open places are groves or
thickets of Alnus and Vismia. Other large and small trees occurring
in some abundance, generally or locally, are Araliaceae, especially
Oreopanax, in great variety, some with strikingly handsome and
well-differentiated foliage; Prunus; Morus insignis, with greatly
elongate but inedible fruit; Magnolia; endless tree ferns, including the
largest individuals of the whole country; various Myrtaceae,.
especially species of Eugenia and Myrcia; Hedyosinum; Gaiadendron,
with showy, bright yellow flowers; Drimys Winteri, a relative of the
magnolias, with glaucous leaves, pungent bark, and small, white
flowers; slender Phyllonomas, whose minute flowers issue from the
upper leaf surface; Brunellia; Pithecolobium species of the subgenus
Cojoba; Fuchsia arbor escens, which becomes a round-topped tree of
some size, especially if isolated in pastures; the two species of the
endemic genus Wercklea, one with mauve, the other with pumpkin-

34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

yellow flowers as large as those of hollyhocks ;Eupatoriumfistulosum,
with huge leaves and panicles of vividly purple flowers; Sambucus;
Sty rax, with dead-white flowers; Symplocos; Myrica; Sapium; very
numerous Rubiaceae, mostly species of Psychotria, Palicourea, and
Faramea; numerous Myrsinaceae; the lovely pink-flowered Hydran-
gea Oerstedii, which usually is a high-climbing vine; Bocconia;
numerous Guttiferae, especially species of Clusia, with waxy, white
flowers, fragrant like orange blossoms; Solandra, with trumpet-
shaped, white corollas similar to those of Datura; several species
of Ilex; the Icacinaceous tree Calatola, which sometimes grows at
lower elevations, as in the region of Dota; and the flaming red-
flowered Billia, related to the buckeye (Aesculus) of the North.

Among small shrubs Pipers are plentiful, exhibiting here as much
diversity as almost everywhere else in Costa Rica. There are
numerous species of Rubus, usually forming thickets in or at the
borders of clearings. The one with the best fruit is Rubus glaucus,
whose handsome berries are deliciously flavored. Several Senecios
with yellow or white heads are much in evidence in some localities.
One of the showiest shrubs of the slopes of Irazu is Solenophora
calycosa (Gesneriaceae), with trumpet-shaped, dull yellow flowers
dotted with purple and as large as a small coffee cup.

On the upper -slopes of most of the higher mountains are inter-
laced thickets of tall bamboos, growing beneath the forest trees.
These tangles are so dense that it is necessary to cut a trail in order
to pass, and scarcely any other plants are found among them. The
ground usually is covered with a deep mulch of their fallen leaves.

As might be expected, palms are far less numerous than at lower
levels, but there are a good many species of such genera as Euterpe,
Geonoma, and Chamaedorea, especially the last, whose representa-
tives are low and graceful, slender palms of handsome appearance
because of their often brightly colored fruiting spadices. Woody
vines are conspicuously few on the upper slopes; mention already
has been made of the native Hydrangea. On the. slopes of Irazu
a famous plant is the flor del volcan, Solanum Wendlandii, with large
clusters of vivid blue blossoms, which have made the vine a favorite
in cultivation. Muhlenbeckia drapes old stumps and trunks. Several
species of Carludovica with biparted, palm-like leaves cover the tree
trunks, but these distinctive plants are fully as much at-home in
the tierra caliente, perhaps more so.

The tierra fria is the region par excellence of epiphytes. Condi-
tions are ideal for their growth — moderate shade and constant,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 35

abundant moisture. First in interest are the orchids for which Costa
Rica is famous. In the tierra caliente, if moisture is sufficient, there
are plenty of orchids, but few are seen because they are so high
overhead on branches of tall trees that they can be reached only
when a tree is felled. In the tierra templada orchids are much more
plentiful than in hotter regions, and some localities, like those south
of Cartago and the environs of San Ramon, have yielded great
numbers, but even there many of the orchids grow on the taller
trees, where it is impossible to collect them except when trees have
been felled. But when, ascending the slopes of the volcanoes that
overlook the Meseta Central, one comes to the cloud line previously
described, one realizes that there at last is the paradise for orchid
hunters.

The trunk of every low tree beside the road bears several large
clumps of orchid plants. Dismount from your horse, inspect the
tree closely, and you will discover dozens of small plants invisible
from the middle of the road, species of Pleurothallis, Stelis, Lepanthes,
etc. Lift your eyes to the branches, and you will see that every one
has small and large clumps of orchids perched along it. The trees
are so low, with heavy, broad tops like apple trees, that it is easy to
climb into them, and upon any random tree one interested in orchids
can find enough to keep him busy for some time. In any other
country of Central America one such tree would be a boon, but here
are countless thousands, and on every tree one may expect something
quite new, not only of orchids but of other groups of plants. It is
because of this great diversity and the immensity of the field that
it may be stated confidently that the number of orchids known from
Costa Rica will be vastly increased with time.

Let no one suppose that the abundance of orchid plants involves
a profusion of orchid flowers such as may be seen in orchid houses
of the North, for that is far from the case. Orchid species with
large and showy flowers are few, and their blooming season seems
to be usually short. Yet on every trip one may have the thrill of
discovering a few clumps of perfectly flowered Miltonias, varied
Epidendrums, Oncidiums, and hosts of others. There are few more
delicately beautiful flowers than a thrifty clump of the lovely
Epidendrum Endresii (certainly to be envied is the orchid collector
for whom it was named), with its panicles of small, white and purple
blossoms.

It is not true that small-flowered orchids lack beauty — they
merely are not showy. Some of the almost minute flowers, if ex-

36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

amined closely, prove quite as beautiful and even more intricate
than the large ones, but they never will be popular in foreign lands —
fortunately, since so many of the showiest orchids of tropical America
face extinction by commercial collectors.

Well known to botanists are the orchids — -some of them — of
La Palma, a paradise indeed; but dozens of other localities are
equally productive or better, and in the Costa Rican mountains
are hundreds of other promising places never discovered by a col-
lector. Locate a clearing anywhere in the higher mountains, cattle
pastures or small openings made apparently by nature, perhaps
relics of former small clearings made by man, and you are certain
to find all the orchids you will be able to care for. They are abundant
as to both species and individuals. From any one of these favored
spots it would be possible to carry away wagonloads of orchid plants,
if one were inclined to such vandalism.

Popularly orchids are associated with hot, dense forests, but they
do not develop best in either heat or deep shade, the great majority
of them at least. They thrive where the climate is cool or even
chilly, and orchids, except the smallest and most delicate, require
plenty of light. The richest collecting grounds are not inside the
dark forest but at its outer edge, where the branches are exposed
to abundant sunlight.

Orchids are but one element of the epiphytic vegetation of the
tierra fria, and not the most voluminous one. Probably the greatest
mass of epiphytes consists of mosses, hepatics, and lichens, the last
least in evidence. Mosses and hepatics serve a useful purpose as
sponges, to maintain abundant moisture at the bases of orchids and
other larger epiphytes. Every limb is shrouded in them, so that
usually nothing of the bark is visible. From every branch dangle
feathery streamers of mosses and hepatics. These same plants
exist also on the ground, but in lesser quantity.

For one interested in ferns there is probably no richer field on
the whole earth, for the number of ferns in these dripping forests
is beyond belief. The best region for them I have seen is the upper
slopes of Turrialba, where there seems really no end to them. They
cover every tree, and almost as many others grow profusely over
the ground. Many hundreds of species have been collected in Costa
Rica, many of them still without names, and possibly almost as
many more await discovery. They represent most of the known
genera, but are particularly numerous in such groups as Polypodium,
Asplenium, and Elaphoglossum. It is here that the delicate filmy

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 37

ferns ( Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes) find a congenial habitat,
their fronds always bathed in water. Lycopodiums, likewise mostly
epiphytic plants, are almost confined to this belt.

Aroids, especially Anthurium species, are very abundant but not
particularly showy. They attract notice because of the varied
shapes of their leaves, and some have curiously colored spathes or
fruit spikes. Bromeliads are exceedingly conspicuous and often
confusingly abundant. They continue so up to the very limit of
woody vegetation, some of the largest and showiest of all Costa
Rican bromeliads being confined to the highest thickets. Well
represented there are the genera Thecophyllum, Vriesia, and Guz-
mannia, not to mention the Tillandsias, which range from the coast
almost to the limit of vegetation. Many bromeliads are far showier
than any orchids, with clean clusters of leaves and brilliantly colored
inflorescences, the bracts often intensely red or pink, and the petals
blue or white.

Important in numbers and diverse in foliage, but possessing few
claims to beauty, are the many Peperomias that grow on the upper
slopes, but these epiphytes are found in equal or greater profusion
at middle or lower elevations. Everywhere, too, are Pileas, which
may be either epiphytic or terrestrial. Among the strangest of the
epiphytes are several species of Utricularia that often are mistaken
for orchids. U. Endresii, with large, rose-purple flowers, really is
quite orchid-like in appearance.

The most prominent flowers of the uplands are produced not by
orchids but rather by groups which, if represented at all in the
North, are not noted for showy blossoms. The profusion of bright
flowers in the upper mountains of Costa Rica reminds one of the
wealth of color in alpine parks of the Rocky Mountains, the upper
slopes of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, or meadows
of the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Nature is all
too prodigal of yellow, a quite practical hue that wears well, but
becomes excessively tedious when overdone, as in most parts of
North America. In the Costa Rican uplands one is for once freed
of the dominance of yellow. While there are no wide meadows
filled with color, there are reckless displays of the most lively hues,
and not yellow but reds and pinks, mixed with some white and blue,
predominate.

It is probably epiphytic shrubs of the tribe Thibaudieae of the
family Ericaceae that contribute most to this riot of color. They
are small or large shrubs that abound at almost every forest edge.

38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

They are not confined to such high elevations, for they are familiar
enough in the lower hills beyond Cartago, but wherever they are,
no matter how great their abundance, they always seem fresh and
new, and one is never sated with them. Each individual flower is
so perfect, so fresh, so beautifully and variedly tinted, that each plant
seems a new discovery. These fine shrubs have decorative foliage,
often bronzed or painted with red and pink, the bracts are as intensely
colored as the flowers, and the corollas present many shades of red,
pink, and white. Beautiful, too, are the scarcely less abundant
Gaultherias of the same family, very unlike the northern ones in
habit of growth; and graceful and dainty are some of the epiphytic
species of Vaccinium.

Another group of epiphytic plants with gorgeously colored flowers
is the Gesneriaceae, which are legion in Costa Rica, and infinitely
diversified in habit, form, and color. Pre-eminent are the Columneas,
rather coarse in habit, and ordinary in foliage, but with the most
gaudy, bright red or orange-red flowers. They are scarcely less
abundant or conspicuous than the Ericaceae. Strange are the
scandent Campaneas, with bell-shaped flowers suggestive of Gloxinias,
luridly colored in green and brown, and dangling on cord-like
peduncles far below the supporting branches. Not all Gesneriaceae
of the tierra fria are epiphytes. There are many herbaceous or half-
woody terrestrial plants, especially in the genus Besleria, but most
of these have far less vivid flowers.

A further group of red-flowered plants is the Lobeliaceae, one
of the families best represented and most conspicuous in these upper
regions. They are either epiphytic or terrestrial, the latter more
numerous. Their flowers are prevailingly red, often with some
admixture of yellow, or they may be green or green and purple.
The genera Burmeistera and Centropogon have many species in both
middle and upper regions of Costa Rica, and, while their foliage is
mediocre and their habit often ungainly, their flowers, if not so
beautiful as those of Ericaceae and Gesneriaceae, yield nothing to
them in brilliance of color.

Among the epiphytes are a few species of Eupatorium with
white, pink, or purple heads. The prettiest is E. eximium, with
neat, succulent leaves and vivid pink flower heads. Species of
Senecio and Liabum supply all the yellow needed to vary the color
picture. The white clusters of Metternichia cover many half-decayed
stumps, often in company with festoons of Marcgravia and Ruyschia.
The Marcgravias, while represented even in the tierra caliente, attain

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 39

greatest luxuriance in the cold regions. Their foliage is most decora-
tive, the young leaves usually tinged with bronze and red. Further
tints of the same colors are exhibited by the bizarre flowers, or rather
bracts. Epiphytes are rare among the Rubiaceae, but in these
forests two genera have adopted this habit, Ravnia, with bright red,
tubular corollas little suggestive of the family to which they belong,
and Hillia, with pure white blossoms.

In the tierra fria, as at lower elevations, herbaceous plants play
only a minor role in the forest, but there are more of them in open
places, or at the margin of the forest. Among the characteristic
groups are Acanthaceae, some with handsome blue, white, or red
corollas; Hydrocotyle; Hemichaena, with bright yellow flowers, in
Dota; Cardamine; Monnina; Dysopsis; Symbolanthus ; Sibthorpia;
and Nertera, with small, deep green leaves and bright red berries,
reminiscent of its near relative, the partridge berry (Mitchella) of
the United States. In wet forests high in the mountains of Dota
grows a species of Greigia, the single North American member of
this otherwise South American genus of bromeliads. On the slopes
of the central volcanoes clumps of large herbs often are tangled with
graceful foliage of a slender vine, Cobaea, decorated with bell-shaped
flowers of delicate pink. Near it grows Loasa speciosa, a tall, coarse
plant with large, pale yellow, bell-shaped flowers. Like most Loasas,
it is well protected by a dense covering of long hairs that inflict more
painful stings than any nettle.

In the densest forests of Dota one, if fortunate, may find three
strangely familiar and welcome northern plants, Conopholis, Mono-
tropa, and Chimaphila. In the same canton grows an umbellifer,
Myrrhidendron, that is most unlike its northern relatives in attaining
the size of a large shrub, with foliage of corresponding dimensions.
Two other conspicuous plants of upland forests are species of Symbo-
lanthus, a gentian, and a Gynandropsis that sometimes bears brilliant
red flowers, but more often only dirty pink ones.

The Costa Rican plant of most individuality, certainly one of
those best known in the country, is the higuera (Gunnera), which
suggests distantly by habit the garden rhubarb (Rheum'). Its incon-
spicuous, greenish inflorescences are hidden beneath the foliage. The
leaves are gigantic, the rounded and deeply cordate blades supported
on stout stalks and sometimes almost two meters in breadth. The
stiff higuera leaves serve well as umbrellas if one is surprised on
some mountain trail by a rainstorm. I have seen half a dozen people
trudging one after the other stolidly through pouring rain along a

40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

slippery, muddy trail, each protected by one of the great leaves
held by its stalk above his head.

It is not alone among the epiphytes that bright red flowers are
found in the high mountains, for some of the terrestrial plants rival
them in color. Most beautiful of them are the Bomareas, slender
vines with profuse umbels of bell-shaped flowers, deep red, yellow,
and green. Two other decorative plants with confusingly similar
flowers of exactly the same intense shade of red are Impatiens and
Tropaeolum.

One of the most delightful mountain regions of Costa Rica
consists of the meadows in the upper, wettest belt that have been
cleared for pasture. These are of wide extent, and are being enlarged
yearly. They support large herds of dairy cattle, this being the only
Central American country in which dairying is an industry of im-
portance. From these high, isolated ranches a plentiful supply of
milk is carried in metal cans on horses' backs every morning to San
Jos4 and Cartago, and on the most remote ranches the milk is made
into butter or cheese, the cheese of the Volcan de Turrialba being
justly famous.

These meadows, except where unusually well drained, are almost
bogs, their soil always muddy, and the close vegetation like a dripping
sponge. In tracks made by cattle live myriads of little frogs, some
of which have a call suggesting a silver hammer upon a tiny anvil.
The grass is vividly green, and it is said there is no change in the
appearance of the vegetation from one end of the year to the other.

After the trees have been felled, the meadows usually are planted
with grass seed imported from Europe. Mixed with it as impurities
are seeds of common European weeds, some of which have become
firmly established here, as nowhere else in Central America. Many
of them are familiar weeds of the United States, but others are rare
or absent in most of temperate North America. Particularly pleasing
are the mats of English daisy (Bellis perennis), which finds a moist,
cool, uniform climate exactly suited to its growth. After attempting
the difficult feat of growing daisies in the United States, it is a joy
to see how they prosper throughout these pastures.

With them many other small plants abound, Cerastium viscosum,
Silene gallica, Ranunculus, Veronica, Lotus, Rumex Acetosella, two
or three species of Trifolium with white or yellow flowers, Medicago
lupulina, Taraxacum, and a good many others. On the slopes of
Irazu are colonies of foxglove (Digitalis), and in marshy spots along
the walled lanes on the slopes of the same volcano are wild colonies

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 41

of callas (Zantedeschia). Elsewhere there have been planted long
hedges of Datura Candida with huge, pendent, trumpet-shaped, white
corollas that exhale a heavy fragrance. Small groves of alder (Alnus)
and isolated trees of Fuchsia arbor escens and showy-flowered Oestrums
often add picturesqueness to the pasture landscape.

Introduced plants, principally grasses, often dominate the meadow
vegetation, but there is a large element of small native plants, few
of them distinguished by showy flowers. Common among them are
Sisiyrinchium with either blue or yellow flowers; Alchemillas; Tri-
folium amabile, the only native clover; Oenothera cuprea; Halenias;
Calceolarias; species of Hypericum; Hydrocotyle with prostrate,
rooting stems; and several species of Valeriana. Nertera often forms
close mats over shaded banks or mossy fallen logs. In dense tangles
in drier parts of the meadows grow two ferns, Pteridium and Dicran-
opteris, the latter often scandent.

A very specialized flora reigns about the summits of the volcanoes,
or at least about the limit of vegetation, which often is lower than
the summit. On the summits of Irazu and Turrialba are extensive
fields of volcanic rock, and lava flows often extend far down the
slopes. In the mountains of Dota are wide expanses of natural
meadow, covering high plains or gentle slopes, constituting the only
paramos of North America, perhaps better called paramillos because
of their meager extent. They are similar in every respect to the
paramos of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, as indicated by the
typically Andine plants growing in them.

Just below or at the edge of these alpine meadows or paramos
are usually interlacing thickets of shrubs and low trees of localized
species. Typical are Escallonia, Ribes, Berberis, Mahonia, Hes-
peromeles, Holodiscus, Myrtus, Pernettia, Buddleia alpina, Arcyto-
phyllum, and a few Senecios. All or most of these are confined to
such places. Most of the larger shrubs and small trees are densely
invested with epiphytes, such as certain large bromeliads, mosses,
and lichens, from which water is dripping constantly. Two con-
spicuous herbaceous plants of these places are Myrrhidendron and
a giant Rumex sometimes four meters high or more, truly tree-like
in habit, although its hollow stems are herbaceous and succulent.

The paramos of the mountains of Dota undoubtedly constitute
one of the most interesting floristic regions of Costa Rica, if not the
most interesting of all. They are best developed upon Chirripo,
the highest peak of Costa Rica, Cerro de La Muerte, and the near-by
Cerro de Las Vueltas.

42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Among their distinctive plants are several large mosses, which
often carpet the ground to the exclusion of most other vegetation.
There are extensive beds of Sphagnum, of several species, crowded
into soft cushions saturated with water. Arising conspicuously
from the sphagnum are several species of Lycopodium, stout, stocky,
stiffly erect plants, often differentiated from their neighbors by a
tinge of dark red. Here, too, are colonies of the narrow, stiff fronds
of the Jamesonias, a genus of ferns restricted to the higher Andes,
and in North America to these mountains.

Of small herbs, many of which form dense and elevated cushions,
few of them with showy flowers, there are a great many, and since
so many of these paramo plants are tiny, it seems likely that a great
many of them are still to be collected. It must be remembered that
the weather here is so uniformly disagreeable, with fogs, mists, and
even drenching rains, and a cold wind blowing almost constantly,
that only the most enthusiastic collector will linger long to hunt
diminutive plants while his feet and knees are wet and sinking deeper
every moment into the moss and ice-cold water.

L/upinus and Castilleja are two bright-flowered plants of the drier
spots of the paramos and volcanic meadows. Other alpine plants
are the almost minute Gentiana sedifolia, several species of Carex,
Juncus, and Luzula; Xyris; Eriocaulon and Paepalanthus; a few low
and some taller grasses; Acaena cylindrostachya; several species of
Alchemilla, one of a definitely Andean type; Halenias; and Eryngium.

It is here in the paramos of Dota that the definitely Andean
genus Puya (Bromeliaceae) finds its northernmost outpost, isolated
many hundreds of miles from its nearest occurrence in the mountains
of Colombia. Except a few scattered shrubs and an occasional
stunted tree, it is the tallest and stateliest paramo plant, its pole-like
stems scattered through the meadows so as to resemble perplexingly
the mullein stalks of some New England pasture.

Some of the best displays of certain of these paramo plants are
near Santa Maria de Dota at a comparatively low elevation, probably
not more than 2,400 meters, around small or large sphagnum bogs
enclosed by dense but not very high forest. These bogs are gradually
filling small ponds, and are not greatly unlike similar sphagnum bogs
in the mountains of northwestern Montana. It is suspected that
they represent remains of former more extensive paramos that have
been gradually occupied by forest.

It gives one an uncanny feeling to push for an hour through the
densest sort of wet oak forest, with the light so scant that a lantern

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 43

would be useful, then to emerge without warning upon one of these
openings flooded with sunlight. The water is bordered with a broad
belt of sphagnum, into which the feet sink so deeply that plants
only a few feet from the bank, no matter how desirable, can not be
reached. Eriocaulon, Paepalanthus, Xyris, and a low, shrubby
Hypericum luxuriate in such situations, and it was in such a place
that I first saw the Costa Rican Puya. The particular bog in which
it grew, a rather large one, was bordered by a plant so strange that
the spot seemed almost supernatural. Could an unsuspected cycad
possibly occur at such an elevation? The trunks, three or four feet
high and very thick, were surely cycad trunks, and the leaves, thick
and hard to the touch, were surely those of a cycad. Very slowly
it dawned that the plant was a fern, probably Lomaria Wercklei
Christ, the only North American representative of another Andean
group of plants.

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE COSTA RICAN FLORA

In order to get some idea of the relationships of the Costa Rican
flora with those of other regions it is necessary to consider the vegeta-
tion according to the belts discussed on preceding pages. A mere
glance at the map affords no reason for supposing that the flora of
Costa Rica should be particularly notable, or markedly different
from that of other parts of Central America, at least Panama and
Nicaragua or, more distantly, Guatemala. Yet the fact remains
that after composition of the vegetation is studied, Costa Rica is
found to have a flora which, taken as a whole, is distinctive, and
quite dissimilar from that of other parts of Central America. The
Volcano of Chiriqui in Panama is essentially Costa Rican in flora,
but other regions of Panama are not.

Of all Central American countries Costa Rica possesses by far
the richest flora. Nowhere is it even approached except in the
Coban district of Guatemala, which is limited in area as well as in
number of species.

The variety of the Costa Rican flora is best illustrated in such
groups as orchids, Piperaceae, and ferns, in all of which it is eminent.
The percentage of endemism is extraordinarily high, nor is it believed
that further exploration of adjoining countries will greatly reduce it.
The reason for this is that the high mountains, where the greatest
variety of plants exists, are isolated by either elevation or climate,
or both, from all neighboring regions. The mountains of Nicaragua,
to the north, are low and comparatively or absolutely dry. Those

44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

of Panama, to the south, except the adjacent Volcano of Chiriqui,
are too low to invite comparison. In order to find comparable areas
it is necessary to look to such distant countries as Colombia and
Ecuador, where, indeed, a similar flora exists. The montane flora
of Costa Rica is definitely allied with that of Colombia and Ecuador,
and shows little affinity with that of Guatemala, which is essentially
Mexican.

The least peculiar region of Costa Rica is the tierra caliente, the
majority of the species here having a relatively wide range. The rain
forest of the Atlantic tierra caliente is in every respect similar to
that prevailing from Panama to at least Guatemala, and probably
even to the State of Veracruz in Mexico. Many of the trees have a
still wider range, southward as far as the Amazon Basin. A good
many endemic species of trees and shrubs are reported from the
Atlantic tierra caliente, but these are to be expected in Panama and
Nicaragua, or even in regions more remote. The herbaceous plants
include a large number that are endemic so far as present knowledge
indicates, but herbs are of relatively little significance in rain forest,
and even the present endemics may appear in other countries.

The flora of the Pacific tierra caliente of Costa Rica is continuous
with that occupying the Pacific coast from Sinaloa in Mexico south
to Panama. Essentially the same flora reappears on the coast of
Ecuador and, rather strangely, on the north coast of Colombia and
Venezuela. It is characterized by a high number of Leguminosae,
as usually is the case in tropical regions of limited or periodic rainfall.
There are many apparently endemic Costa Rican species in this
division, and probably many of them really are confined to the
country, since endemism is not unusual in this coastal strip. But
not a great deal is known about the Pacific coastal floras of Nica-
ragua and Panama, consequently many of these supposed endemics
may later be discovered in those countries, if not even farther away.

The flora of the Costa Rican tierra templada is largely endemic.
Its great variety of trees and shrubs is unequaled elsewhere except
on Chiriqui. Many of them belong to South America genera, but
one does not expect mountain species of trees and shrubs to con-
tinue over so wide a region as separates Costa Rica from the nearest
similar regions, in Colombia. It is only the tierra templada plants
growing about settlements or in places altered by man that have, as
a rule, a wide range, extending in either direction, but more often
toward the south. There are, I believe, a great many more species
having in Costa Rica a northern than a southern limit.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 45

Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the tierra templada flora
is the abundance of oaks. Oaks are few in South America, and more
numerous in Mexico than anywhere else in the world, but this does
not imply any close relationship with the Mexican flora. More
significant is the fact that pines fail to reach Costa Rica, but find
their southern limit in central Nicaragua.

Mention should be made of the plants of grasslands, not only in
the tierra templada but in the Pacific tierra caliente. Most savanna
species have a wide range. Their affinities are obviously South
American. North of Costa Rica are no savannas worthy of con-
sideration, but farther south, near by in Panama and far away in
Venezuela and the Guianas, are vast tracts of savanna land, of which
the Costa Rican ones are distant outliers. The savanna flora of
Costa Rica is essentially South American, not only in genera but
often in the very species.

It is the flora of the tierra fria in Costa Rica that probably shows
the highest percentage of endemism, and it certainly is the one most
clearly South American in taxonomic affinities. This relationship
is impressive in such groups as orchids, Melastomaceae, Rubiaceae,
Gesneriaceae, the tribe Thibaudieae of the Ericaceae, Cunoniaceae,
Araceae, Bromeliaceae, and many more that might be mentioned.

The closest link with the South American, or rather the Andean
flora is exemplified in the vestigial paramos of southern Costa Rica,
on the mountains of Dota. These represent a purely Andean type
of vegetation, which vanishes even before the center of the country
is reached.

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN COSTA RICA

Of the Central American countries Costa Rica has received most
attention from botanical collectors. This is the result of its fame
for exuberant and varied vegetation, and also of its delightful climate
and scenery, and the fact that in the uplands at least one is safe from
malaria and other plagues that menace health in so many parts of
Middle America.

Most other Central American countries were explored to some
extent by Spanish botanists in colonial days or by other Europeans
more than a century ago, but Costa Rica seems almost wholly
to have escaped their attention. Plants were collected in Guatemala
and Panama 150 years ago or more, but we find no mention of Costa
Rican vegetation in the works of early writers, except for casual refer-
ences in Oviedo's History of the Indies (1541).

46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

The botanist who was privileged to reveal to science the first
glimpse of the riches of the Costa Rican flora was a Dane, Anders
Sandoe Oersted, who landed at Puntarenas in 1864. Fortunate
indeed was the man who first with the critical eye of a botanist had
the opportunity of exploring such a flora as this. Except for the
common weeds of roadside and field, almost every plant he saw after
reaching the uplands was new to science. By accident he landed
at the strategic point for beginning his exploration, the point at
which the least distinct flora was to be found. As he journeyed
inland, up the Pacific slope, to the Meseta Central, and later the
wet Atlantic slope, and the steep sides of the volcanoes, one climax
after another was unfolded before him.

Oersted was an enthusiastic and capable botanist, who fully
appreciated the opportunity offered him. From the coast he traveled
slowly toward the interior, collecting at various stations along the
way. Especially valuable were the collections made at the mines
of Aguacate, a locality not revisited by later botanists, so far as I
know. Reaching San Jose", he remained there some months, making
excursions in different directions. He visited Pacaca and the valley
of Jaris, then inhabited only by Indians. His pen has left a vivid
picture of the forests of the mountains of Candelaria, that rise above
San Jose", as they existed in his day. At present nothing remains
of those forests where he collected so many of his species except a
few scattered groves of scant extent, much of their remaining vegeta-
tion now damaged by pasturing cattle.

In Cartago Oersted passed several months. He made the acquaint-
ance of Don Francisco Maria Oreamuno and Don Francisco Gutierrez,
who greatly faciliated his explorations. To the former he dedicated
the genus Oreamunoa of the Juglandaceae, to the latter two beautiful
plants of the Cartago region, Lamourouxia Gutierrezii and Sipho-
campylus Gutierrezii.

From Cartago Oersted must have made many excursions in
search of new plants, but probably the regions accessible then were
much less distant than those that now can be reached easily.
It is probable that in the immediate vicinity of Cartago there was
then a great deal more forest than exists today. He visited the
slopes of Irazu that rise steeply above the town, and reached the
summit. It was thus that so many of the high mountain plants of
Costa Rica have their type localities on the slopes of Irazu.

Descending toward the coast, Oersted stopped at El Naranjo,
now Juan Vinas, where he collected many more new plants, and also

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 47

at the settlement of Turrialba. Thence he made his way by most
difficult trails down the Rio Reventazon to Moin, and left the country
by the Sarapiqui Valley. In Nicaragua he continued his botanical
explorations, and also had an opportunity to visit Guanacaste in
Costa Rica, where he made what were until recently the only collec-
tions known from the major part of that isolated province.

After three years in Central America, Oersted returned to
Copenhagen, to devote the remaining twenty-five years of his
life to study of his collections. Unfortunately he never completed
a report upon his plants, although the herbarium shows that he
named all or most of them, but he did publish many papers discussing
the larger families, and describing many of the new species he had
discovered. Groups that he treated in some detail included the
palms, Lobeliaceae, Acanthaceae, Begoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, and
Compositae.

Oersted's original specimens, preserved at Copenhagen, represent
the cream of the endemic species of the Costa Rican mountains.
Few of his specimens, apparently, were distributed to European
herbaria, but in the United States a good many of his duplicates
now are found in Field Museum of Natural History and the United
States National Museum.

In 1848 Costa Rica was visited by a Polish gardener, Warscewicz,
who had been a member of a Belgian commission sent to Central
America with the idea of establishing a colony for settlement by
Belgian emigrants. He visited several countries of Central America
and northern South America, devoting much of his attention to
orchids and hummingbirds. Little or nothing is known of his routes
in Central America, for as a rule no locality data appear on his labels,
and there is often doubt as to whether the species based upon his
specimens were collected in Costa Rica or Panama, or even in Colom-
bia or Ecuador. He did, however, gather original material of many
Costa Rican orchids.

Later naturalists to explore the country were Moritz Wagner
and Carl Scherzer, the latter commemorated in the handsome aroid,
Anthurium Scherzerianum, now grown in hothouses all over the
earth, but neither of these was a botanist. In 1853 or 1854 there
came to Costa Rica a German, Carl Hoffmann, who spent the few
remaining years of his life, until 1859, in study of the flora of his
adopted land. He worked principally about the capital, and pub-
lished accounts of his ascents of the volcanoes of Irazu and Barba.
His collections are preserved at Berlin, where they have served as

48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

basis for description of many of the most handsome ornamental
plants of the mountains.

In 1856 and 1857 Hermann Wendland, gardener of the court
of Hanover, visited Costa Rica and made a small but highly impor-
tant collection of plants. He gave special attention to palms,
orchids, and aroids, plants difficult to make into specimens, and
consequently neglected by most collectors. He entered the country
by the Sarapiqui Valley, and explored especially the mountain chain
from Barba to Turrialba.

The German gardener Julian Carmiol, who died in San Jos£ in
1885, assembled a large number of the finer ornamental plants of
Costa Rica in his garden. He was responsible for introducing to
Europe many native species that are still favorites in cultivation.

Between 1870 and 1880 Costa Rica was visited by several Euro-
pean collectors, among them F. C. Lehmann, who seems to have
made here only a small collection. He devoted many years to work
in the mountains of Ecuador and western Colombia. Endres is best
known for the orchids he discovered, and while nothing is available
regarding his routes in Costa Rica, he must have found some of the
best regions for these plants, because many species were described
by Reichenbach from his collections. In the Natural History Mu-
seum of Vienna, where his specimens are deposited, there is also
much material in other families, but little has ever been published
concerning it. Otto Kuntze crossed the country from Limon to
Puntarenas, collecting at various localities, especially in the Atlantic
tierra caliente, and he mentions many of the plants in his account
of his voyage around the earth.

In 1875 Dr. Helmut Polakowsky came to Costa Rica, in company
with other teachers imported by the government to reorganize the
secondary schools, and for two years he was instructor in natural
history in the Institute Nacional. He botanized particularly in the
vicinity of Cartago and San Jose", and many of his specimens came
from the Cerro de La Carpintera. He was author of several important
papers upon the flora of Costa Rica, and described a number of new
species. His specimens, at least in part, are in the Berlin herbarium.

Costa Rica has always been famous for its own distinguished
men of letters and sciences, and it is not surprising to learn that the
major part of its flora is the result of work by native botanists or
others who adopted it as their home. Modern increase in knowledge
of Costa Rican vegetation began with Professor Anastasio Alfaro,
for many years Director of the National Museum of Costa Rica,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 49

who in 1888 published a list of the known plants of the country,
compiled from Hemsley's recently completed Botany of the Biologia
Centr ali- Americana. It is interesting to note that previous explora-
tion had resulted in the report of 1,218 species of phanerogams and
Pteridophyta from Costa Rica. Probably three-fourths of these
were discovered by Oersted.

Professor Alfaro began, with the publication of this list, an interest
in botany that has continued for many years. He has given most
attention to orchids, ferns, mosses, and Cactaceae, in all of which
he has made notable discoveries, in spite of the fact that his major
work has been in other branches of natural history. His contribu-
tions to our present knowledge of the Costa Rican flora are very
extensive indeed.

He was instrumental in arousing to interest in botanical collecting
Juan J. Cooper of Cartago, already an enthusiastic naturalist, who
made a large collection of specimens, mostly in the mountains south
of Cartago. These were sent for study to Captain John Donnell
Smith, who described from them a large number of new species.

Henry Pittier came to Costa Rica in 1887 from Switzerland, one
of several Swiss educators invited to the country about this time to
reorganize the educational system, He remained in Costa Rica
until 1903, and during those years he and the several botanists or
naturalists associated with him executed a systematic exploration
which has not been equaled in any other country of tropical America.
Pittier's interests were catholic, as indicated by the long list of his
publications, covering almost every branch of natural history in its
broadest sense, and other subjects as well, for Costa Rica and other
regions of Central America and northern South America.

Henry Pittier undoubtedly has gained a more intimate knowledge
of the natural history and especially the botany of Central America
and northwestern South America than has ever been possessed by
any single person. His many papers upon plants of Central America
are fundamentally essential for any botanical work that ever may
be undertaken there. The writer had the good fortune to be associ-
ated intimately with him for a number of years, and heard from his
lips much about his work in Costa Rica. It was his sympathetic
and fluent description that first gave the writer a desire to visit a
country that seemed to possess such a distinctive charm, not only
botanically but in many other respects.

The combined labors of Pittier and Adolfo Tonduz, Pablo
Biolley, Carlos Werckle, Alberto M. Brenes, and the Brade brothers

50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

resulted in the formation in the National Museum in San Jos£ of
a national herbarium which in 1903 was unequaled below the Rio
Grande del Norte. They visited almost every corner of the country,
and while neither they nor many others could succeed in collecting
all the plants of Costa Rica, they brought together a marvelous
number of them, estimated by Pittier at 5,000 species. He began
publication of the first comprehensive account of the Costa Rican
flora, in the Primitiae Costarricenses, a work that most unfortunately
was not brought to completion. In his account of the Plantas
Usuaks de Costa Rica he presented more information regarding
Costa Rican vegetation than had ever been published before.

The herbarium so formed consisted of more than 18,000 numbers,
which were sent to specialists of North America and Europe for
determination. It may be seen from the data adduced that Pittier
and his collaborators added to the known flora of Costa Rica almost
4,000 species! Besides the specimens filed in San Jose", many thou-
sands of duplicates were distributed to the leading herbaria of the
world. In all the larger herbaria of Europe and the United States
there are so many of them that one marvels at the patient labor
expended in their collection.

Adolf o Tonduz is well known to the botanical world for his collec-
tions of plants. He gave most of his life completely to them and
spent more than 30 years in exploring the mountains and lowlands
of Costa Rica. A man of somewhat eccentric nature, devoted to the
flora of his adopted land, he built an enduring monument in the many
Costa Rican plants that bear his name, and in his contributions
toward advancement of botanical science. Carlos Werckl£ likewise
was a man with rather eccentric traits — many botanists seem to
be so — and at his unfortunate death he is believed to have possessed
an unequaled store of information regarding the far corners of Costa
Rica and their plant life. The writer had an opportunity of meeting
him only once, and then but briefly, and was amazed at the fund
of knowledge that he exhibited so fluently. Werckl£ collected less
extensively than the other persons named but discriminately, giving
his attention to special groups, particularly bromeliads and orchids.
The majority of endemic bromeliads of Costa Rica were described
from his collections. His specimens usually were disgraceful, for on
his tramps over the country he used to cram any strange plants
into his pockets or into a bag, and they reached the herbarium in
a sad state, but still in good enough condition for study. After all,
such a method of collection is not ill adapted to bromeliads. Werckle

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 51

published an important paper upon the phytogeography of Costa
Rica, a work that is tantalizing because of its hints concerning rare
plants that unfortunately still remain unknown to science, except
as briefly mentioned by its author. His thorough knowledge of the
country is well proved by this important paper, the only extensive
one that he published.

Werckle"'s later years were devoted to the collection of orchids,
chiefly at the instigation of Dona Amparo de Zeledon, under whose
patronage there were collected so many of the species figuring in
Schlechter's classic account of Costa Rican orchids. Much of the
material upon which Schlechter worked was gathered also by the
Brade brothers, whose prime interest was in plants having horti-
cultural value.

The work of United States botanists in Costa Rica began with
Captain John Donnell Smith of Baltimore, Maryland, who, after
a business career, retired about 1884 to devote the rest of his life to
the botanical work in which he had long been interested. These
years were equal to many a lifetime, for he lived until 1928, and
lacked but a few months of attaining a full hundred years.

Captain Smith's attention probably was first drawn to Costa
Rica by the collections of Juan J. Cooper, which were sent him for
determination. In 1896 he visited the country, where he was accom-
panied on expeditions by Anastasio Alfaro. A charming gentleman,
distinguished in appearance, highly cultured, with keen enthusiasm
for his work, Captain Smith was a welcome visitor, and Professor
Alfaro has spoken affectionately of his companionship upon their
excursions. I have also heard Captain Smith recall with evident
pleasure his memories of the Costa Rican mountains, where he saw
so many plants that previously he had known only from mere dried
specimens. Among the regions that he visited were the plains of
Santa Clara, La Palma de San Jose", and the mountains south of
Cartago.

For many years Captain Smith was the authority upon the flora
of Central America. He financed collectors in several countries,
and received large collections for study. He assembled a very exten-
sive herbarium, chiefly of Central American plants, with hundreds
of types of species he had described. These, with his large library,
are now in the United States National Museum in Washington.

Reports upon Costa Rica by enthusiastic visitors have caused
several United States botanists and collectors to travel to Costa
Rica, where they have obtained large series of new and valuable

52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

material. Among them have been Dr. William R. Maxon of the
United States National Museum, who has visited Costa Rica twice,
in search primarily of ferns. Dr. 0. F. Cook and C. B. Doyle of
the United States Department of Agriculture made a substantial
collection in different parts of the country, including many specimens
of palms. Dr. J. M. Greenman of the Missouri Botanical Garden
collected in the Costa Rican mountains, where he was especially
interested in the genus Senecio. Prof. H. E. Stork of Carleton College,
Minnesota, has made two admirable collections, largely in the region
of Dota. Dr. C. W. Dodge of the Missouri Botanical Garden has
visited Costa Rica twice, in search of cryptogamic plants, particularly
lichens. There are also a number of other visitors from the United
States who have made collections in Costa Rica.

A few years ago the well known mycologist, H. Sydow of Berlin,
made an extensive collection of Costa Rican parasitic fungi about
which he has issued various publications. Additional material has
been collected for him by Professor Brenes. Specimens of some of
the host plants are deposited in the Berlin herbarium, and others
have been sent to the writer for determination.

Of special importance because of the publications based upon
them are the collections made recently by the Austrian expedition
under Dr. Porsch. Most of the botanical material was collected by
Dr. Giorgi Cufodontis, who has published an admirable list of the
plants collected, with critical notes and descriptions of new species.

Among the residents in the country who have made important
contributions to knowledge of its flora is Mr. C. H. Lankester of
Las Concavas. With wide interests in natural history, he has made
intensive studies of the birds and butterflies. In botany his special
field of interest has been the orchids, which he has hunted assiduously
in the mountains and lowlands. With facilities for care of living
plants, he has brought them into flower, and the specimens he has
sent to the Kew Gardens and to the United States have served as
types for dozens of new species. To most of the foreign botanists
visiting Costa Rica in recent years Mr. Lankester has been a genial
host and a tireless guide.

Of the Costa Ricans who have given serious attention to the
flora of their native land one is preeminent for his work. Professor
Alberto M. Brenes, botanist of the National Museum for many
years, took up the work of exploration after Pittier left the country.
With unequaled zeal and devotion he has continued his collections
to the present time, and has accumulated a herbarium of more than

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 53

20,000 numbers. In volume and value of his collections, he has no
rival in Central America. In fact, it is questionable whether they
have been surpassed even in South America, unless by such botanists
as Spruce, Glaziou, and Ducke in Brazil.

The writer is extremely fortunate in being able to include in
this flora the unique collection made by Professor Brenes. Although
representing several distinct regions, it comes in chief part from the
mountains of San Ramon, a center of inexhaustible botanical variety.
It well illustrates the floristic wealth of a region of the Costa Rican
mountains. No such intensive study has been given to any part of
Central America, and the San Ramon region is now better known in
herbaria than any other area of equal extent in Middle America,
unless it be the Panama Canal Zone, or Morelia, Mexico. How
fortunate botanical science would be if only there were more collectors
of equal industry and discrimination!

Other Costa Ricans besides those already mentioned have been
active in expanding the available knowledge regarding the flora.
For many years Oton Jimenez has worked both directly and in-
directly to explore the forests, and it is much to be regretted that the
demands of business affairs have precluded a greater amount of
personal field work on the part of one who has such a keen perception
of facts and the ability to discover them in strange places. As it is,
he has acquired a vast amount of interesting data concerning Costa
Rican plants, which it is hoped may be made available to the public.
Many of his specimens are found in the United States National
Museum.

Professor Rube"n Torres Rojas of Cartago in recent years has
made extensive collections, especially of ferns, in the varied region
of Cartago. In the Herbarium of Field Museum there is an extensive
series of specimens of his collection that has proved unusually valu-
able because of the numerous vernacular names that accompany it.
Some of his earlier collections are in the United States National
Museum.

The first collection made in the Tilaran Mountains, so far as I
know, was one by Prof. Juvenal Valerio Rodriguez, now Director
of the Museo Nacional. This material, from El Silencio de Tilaran,
was fascinating because of the curious flora that it indicated, and
aroused in the writer a desire, later gratified, to visit the mountains
of Guanacaste. Mention should be made of Prof. Romulo Aguilar
and the late Prof. Fidel Tristan, the latter a congenial companion
and a wise guide to many foreign naturalists who visited Costa Rica.

54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Prof. Manuel Valerio has forwarded to the writer more than a
thousand numbers of plants from the most varied regions, some of the
species new to the country and others new to science. He has also
made extensive collections of mosses that have added many species
to the known Costa Rican flora.

Very recently there have been received excellent and sometimes
extensive collections made by promising new collectors resident in
Costa Rica. Among them are Fernando Solis Rojas and Professor
Manuel Quiros Calvo, and it is greatly hoped that the number of
Costa Rican botanists may increase. There is no good reason why
floras of Central American countries should not be written by the
resident botanists who have a deeper understanding of their native
lands. Only when this is done shall we ever have a fully satisfactory
knowledge of the plant life of Middle America. The foreign botanist,
no matter how sympathetic his attitude toward a strange country
nor how well he may explore it, misses so much of the local atmos-
phere and overlooks data that are common knowledge among the
whole population. No matter how widely he may travel, he can
never gain the intimate geographic and floristic knowledge that a
person born in the country could acquire.

It is unfortunately true that local floras published in Latin
America by resident scientists often have been superficial or worse,
but that is equally true of many published in Europe and the United
States. Every Central American country should and could possess
a botanical library adequate for study of its flora, and a compre-
hensive herbarium, formed by local collectors. Such a herbarium
now exists in Costa Rica. By sending the local collections to special-
ists in countries where facilities exist for their study, there can be
assembled an authoritatively determined series of any country's
flora, and with this as a basis, assisted by the proper literature, in
which any Latin American institution can easily obtain aid from
North American botanical libraries, the local botanists could begin
original creative work that would form a basic contribution of the
highest practical value to science.

The writer's personal experience in Costa Rica has consisted of
two visits to the country, in the winters of 1923-24 and 1925-26.
While the time spent there was sadly limited, special facilities
graciously provided by friends in Costa Rica made it possible to
visit a surprising number of localities, and obtain a large quantity
of diversified herbarium material. Without such exceptionally
generous assistance the work would have been far less successful.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 55

During the first season attention was centered upon the central
region, with many short trips about San Jose" and Cartago. Longer
excursions were made to La Palma and La Hondura, on the old road
to the Atlantic coast; Las Nubes, high on the slopes of Irazu; El
Coyolar and the Rio Grande de Tarcoles, near the Pacific coast;
the regions of Navarro, La Estrella, and Orosi south of Cartago;
and the Cerro de La Carpintera, near Cartago. A memorable excur-
sion was made to Alajuela, and an ascent to the summit of the Vol-
cano of Poas, with its forest-walled lake and its awe-inspiring crater.
Another had as its object the Volcano of Turrialba, as far as the
famous finca situated well toward its summit. Very profitable visits
were made to several parts of the Atlantic coast, especially La
Colombiana and Guapiles, regions that have received little attention
from collectors.

During the second visit to Costa Rica more distant regions were
visited, although collections were made at some of the places explored
during the preceding years, such as La Palma and La Hondura,
Cartago, Navarro, and La Carpintera. Almost a month was spent
in work about Santa Maria de Dota, an area little explored pre-
viously. After the Dota expedition a month was devoted to Guana-
caste, where, from headquarters at Tilaran, daily excursions were
made in every direction. Our trips extended as far as the Lake of
Arenal, on the Atlantic side of the Sierra de Tilaran.

Several excursions of a day each were made to the upper slopes
of the Volcan de Barba, a volcano which, in spite of its accessibility,
has attracted few collectors. An excursion to Fraijanes, on the
slopes of Poas, was especially noteworthy for the new plants it
revealed. At Pejivalle a rich collection was made of the plants of
the border line between the tierra templada and the tierra caliente.
Two days were passed in collecting in the rain forest along the banks
of the Reventazon near El Cairo.

During these two expeditions to Costa Rica approximately
15,000 numbers of plants were obtained, representing all groups,
with special emphasis upon orchids. Although the field covered
was rather wide, and a good deal of effort expended to utilize it, it is
realized that only a small part of Costa Rica was seen. Travel to
the farther parts of the country, or even to some of those quite near
the capital, as a bird flies, is so tedious that many months and years
of time and effort are necessary if one will see most of Costa Rica.

As the map is studied, with a knowledge of the localities at which
plants have been collected, it is plain that most of Costa Rica never

56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

has been visited by a botanist, except most casually. Whole regions
are botanically unknown, and until every mountain side has been
explored, every region of the plains visited repeatedly, there can be
no certainty that the flora is even approximately well known. Some
places have had more than their share of exploration, the environs of
San Jos£ and Cartago, and the southward slopes of Irazu, the volcano
slopes most visited by a long line of botanists, and apparently the
least interesting ones of the country. The region of San Ramon has
been combed assiduously, to reveal an unparalleled flora. But even
in the outskirts of San Jos4 the writer has found undescribed species,
and many others doubtless can be found in even the best explored
localities.

Regions conspicuously in need of exploration are so numerous
that it is impractical to list them. Most alluring of all, perhaps, are
the forests of El General and the slopes of Chirripo and the other
high mountains of the Cordillera of Dota. Scarcely less promising
are the volcanoes of Guanacaste, whose very summits have scarcely
been seen even from afar by a botanist. There is no reason to suppose
they are less interesting than the central volcanoes, and what sort
of a flora they possess is a matter for speculation. Close as they are
to the Meseta Central, the northward slopes of the central volcanoes
are wholly unknown, nor are they easy to reach. The savannas and
plains of the southeastern part of Costa Rica are almost virgin
territory.

One of the most promising fields awaiting botanical collectors is
the wide plains of San Carlos. Practically nothing is known of the
whole region toward the Rio San Juan, and not a great deal about
the rest of the Atlantic plains.

Most of the unexplored regions mentioned are fairly easy of
access, so far as human transportation is concerned. I have often
envied ornithological collectors, who carry in saddle-bags all the
necessary equipment for collecting birds, and transport their finished
collections with ease. Unfortunately a botanical collector needs
bulky and heavy equipment, and the finished specimens are even
more bulky, making transportation a serious problem. A botanist
can easily visit the most remote and desirable parts of Costa Rica,
but without almost unlimited funds for hire and care of pack animals,
he can not make collections there, and even with such funds, pack
animals can not always be obtained. It is on this account that for
many decades to come Costa Rica will continue to attract botanists,
for they will be able only to nibble from year to year at regions that

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 57

become gradually more accessible. Even progressive accessibility
can not be depended upon, for many regions of the tropics, including
some in Central America, are far less accessible now than they were
decades or even centuries ago.

PLAN OF THE FLORA

On the following pages is presented a systematic, annotated list
of the phanerogamic plants of Costa Rica. In ferns the country is
one of the richest areas of the earth, and it is unfortunate that they
can not be listed here, especially since their literature is even more
widely scattered, perhaps, than that of the flowering plants. There
have been published extensive lists of the mosses, hepatics, and
lichens, but all these, like the fungi, are still known but imperfectly,
the mosses and lichens being better known than the other groups.

In most details the plan of the following list is obvious. For each
family there have been cited all Costa Rican species known to the
writer, with indication of their distribution within and outside the
country. For names based on Costa Rican material there is cited
the place of publication, and for such species there are cited also
their synonyms with place of publication. The first citation of
material for a species published from Costa Rica is the type collec-
tion, with the locality and the name of its collector. Type collec-
tions of synonyms are cited in parentheses after the citation of the
synonym. Species without citation of literature were described from
other countries. The species believed to be endemic, that is, con-
fined to Costa Rica, are so indicated (when only a single collection
is known, this has not seemed necessary), but some of these doubtless
will be found later in other countries.

Cultivated plants are included in the list, so far as they are known.
For some obscure reason, cultivated species are despised by the aver-
age systematic botanist as being something unworthy of his atten-
tion, with the natural result that common garden plants are less well
known, as regards nomenclature and taxonomy, than our native
flora. While horticultural plants do not constitute a part of the
native flora of a region, from a practical standpoint and as a matter
of interest to residents and visitors, they are often more important
than the native ones. It is regretted only that the list of cultivated
plants of Costa Rica can not be presented more completely than it
appears on the following pages.

In the present flora are listed all the species known or reported
for Cocos Island, so far as they are familiar to the author.

58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Unfortunately, but little is known of its flora which, from general
reports, must be a rather rich one. Although lying far from Costa
Rica, Cocos Island is a possession of that republic and, somewhat
strangely, the Cocos Island flora seems to be as closely related to
that of Costa Rica as to that of any other continental region.

At this place it may be worth while to insert a word of caution
regarding Costa Rican place names. The names of saints, particu-
larly, are all too lavishly employed to designate geographic localities
in Central America, and within a given country, often indeed within
the same province or department, the same saint's name may desig-
nate two or more settlements. Locally the places usually are dis-
tinguished by the addition of a reference to the province or to some
near-by locality, as San Isidro de Coronado and San Isidro de Heredia.
Frequently the distinguishing phrases do not appear upon collectors'
labels, sometimes leading to the assumption that two plant localities
are identical when in fact they may be many miles apart, in quite
unlike phytogeographic regions. Especially to be noted in Costa
Rica is the name La Palma. La Palma de San Jose" in the Depart-
ment of San Jose* has long been a favorite collecting ground for
local and visiting botanists, and is the type locality for many species.
Almost equally famous for orchids, however, is another place of the
same name, La Palma de San Ramon, at which Professor Brenes
and others have found so many new species. Upon the following
pages these and other similarly duplicated names have not always
been distinguished.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Were it possible to name here all persons who have given material
assistance to the writer in the course of work with the plants of Costa
Rica, the list would be a very long one, of many dozens of names.
The preparation of a local flora well illustrates the necessity of
cooperation by many people to achieve a definite and visible end.
How many collectors, how many students in both field and her-
barium, working together or separately for almost a century, have
collaborated to make possible the presentation of facts that appears
on the following pages! Unfortunately it is practical to mention
only a few of the persons to whom the writer is indebted, but these
few are important.

With his wonted hospitality toward visiting scientists, Professor
Anastasio Alfaro, then Director of the Museo Nacional, generously
provided convenient working quarters in the museum building during
all the time the writer spent in Costa Rica. These were more than

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 59

ample, and an extremely pleasant place in which to be, even during
the earthquake weeks of March, 1924! Professor Alfaro contributed
freely of his time to the success of the work, and gave helpful advice
as to its execution, besides collecting a large quantity of highly
desirable specimens. He was a congenial guide upon a delightful
excursion to the Volcano of Poas, of which the most interesting
and vivid memories are preserved by the writer. With his simplicity,
gentleness, and abundant store of accurate knowledge, Professor
Alfaro represents the best type of scientist, a man whom I shall
always remember with deepest affection.

On both his visits to Costa Rica very direct assistance of the
most substantial kind was given the author by Don Oton Jimenez
Luthmer of San Jose", who is the good counselor of North American
botanists. His advice upon practical matters of procedure as well
as upon regions best suited for exploration has been invaluable.
The writer looks back with longing to the many pleasant evenings
spent in his company, when the work of the past and future was
discussed so sympathetically. Even more to be remembered are
rides with him to the mountains, and it was, in fact, in his company
that I made an excursion to La Palma, where I saw for the first
time the wonderful diversity of the flora of the tierra fria. No
petty detail of the writer's work was too small for his consideration;
without his unstinted kindness the writer's memories of Costa Rica
would be less perfect. His sympathetic and witty exposition of the
history and culture of Costa Rica have contributed more than the
reading of many books to an understanding of the principles that
distinguish this country among all lands of tropical America.

To Mr. C. H. Lankester of Las Concavas the writer owes many
favors and many of the brightest pictures in his gallery of Costa
Rican recollections. One who has experienced the hospitality of
Mr. and Mrs. Lankester at Las Concavas has something to remember.
Nor does their hospitality end there. The writer has not forgotten
that they sent a special messenger upon a two days' journey to bring
a greeting at Christmas time. Such courtesies are not forgotten.

To Mr. Ferdinand Nevermann there are special obligations for
a most pleasant and profitable visit to his fincas in the lowlands
along the Reventazon River. Enviable is the botanist who receives
a welcome from so considerate a host, or visits the forest with so
competent a guide.

Another who will ever have a special place in the writer's affections
is Professor Ruben Torres Rojas of Cartago, to whom he is indebted

60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

for some of the happiest days of all his many memorable ones in
Central America. I have been fortunate in having his company
upon several important excursions to Navarro, to the upper slopes
of Turrialba, to Orosi, and to the beautiful region of Frai janes on
the slopes of Poas. His gentleness and consideration, his inflexible
punctuality, and his joyous enthusiasm will ever be remembered with
pleasure.

I have left until the last one person to whom I am most indebted
for practical help and companionship through many days of work
in the mountains and lowlands of Costa Rica — Professor Juvenal
Valerio Rodriguez, Director of the Museo Nacional of Costa Rica.
During my first visit to Costa Rica we made but one excursion to-
gether, to La Hondura de San Jose". During the second expedition
I was more fortunate. Professor Valerio accompanied me during
part of the time spent in Santa Maria de Dota, and together we made
two ascents to the paramos of Cerro de Las Vueltas, spending there
the unforgettable New Year's Eve of 1926. For a month we were to-
gether in Guanacaste, a province that without his aid I should
scarcely have seen. The great success of that expedition and the
warm welcome received in Guanacaste were due solely to his fore-
sight and to the high esteem in which he is held in that alluring region.
Later we visited the lowlands of Pejivalle and El Cairo, and made
several memorable ascents of the slopes of the Volcan de Barba,
setting out from Heredia in the madrugada or earlier, so that we saw
the awesome spectacle of the sun's slow illumination of the Meseta
Central, with a final blaze of light and color that no painter's brush
could exaggerate. The whole day would be spent in the forests and
meadows high on Barba' s slopes, and riding homeward after dark
we would see the less spectacular but very peaceful and comforting
view of the Meseta Central, dotted with myriad clusters of electric
lights, each locating a city or a tiny village.

All these many days of excursions were very profitable ones, all
took us to fascinating places where there was much beauty and
entertainment. Sometimes there was aching weariness when the
day was over, because of the great amount of work that had to be
done. Such an opportunity and necessity for work seldom comes to
a botanist. Throughout these weeks Professor Valerio was always
the most kind and entertaining companion, conversing eloquently
upon interesting subjects pertaining to science and many other
fields of knowledge. He was a tireless worker, always patient and
considerate, even when he had frequent reason for provocation to

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 61

quite other moods. His kindness and friendship will always be
treasured by one who often has sorely tried both.

There are many other Costa Ricans who deserve mention here,
rich and poor, who extended the hospitality of their homes to shelter
a guest who was undoubtedly a pest — this is a presumption; there
never was any visible sign— with his peculiarities. There were also
many others who were generous in providing information of the
most varied sorts, upon voyages or while collecting material in the
field. Everyone seemed to have a genuine and intelligent interest
in the work being done, and a desire to be of service, if even in the
most modest way. I can not remember ever to have met with dis-
courtesy from any Costa Rican. If the eyes of any of these persons
should ever light on these pages, let them feel that their sympathy
has helped to give the foreign world an idea of the flora of their
country, and let them know that wherever in the world there is a
person who knows something about Costa Rica, their country has
a friend.

While it is impossible to mention all the people who gave direct
assistance to the writer's exploration in Costa Rica, there must be
mentioned a few others who aided in other ways than the making
of collections. From Don Prospero Mena of Santa Maria de Dota
many favors were received. To Dona Isabel Valverde of Santa
Maria and her family the writer is indebted for the most homelike
life, at least of the longest duration, that he has ever enjoyed in
Central America. And especially remembered are the evenings
spent in Tilaran with Don Federico Carmioland Don Daniel Esquivel,
whose geniality had an important part in the success of our work in
Guanacaste, and in the pleasant recollections that are retained of it.

To Professor Oakes Ames of Harvard University the writer is
indebted for the long list of Costa Rican orchids that appears on the
following pages, and also for substantial aid in the success of the two
expeditions to Costa Rica. To Dr. William R. Maxon of the United
States National Museum special thanks are given for the loan of a
large amount of material studied in preparation of the Flora. Last,
but not least, special acknowledgment should be made of the many
favors received from the United Fruit Company, which has so often
aided the writer's work in Central America. That company's cus-
tomarily generous assistance toward scientific work contributed
greatly toward the success of the two visits to Costa Rica. Its
employees in the Atlantic lowlands were courteous in affording
facilities for work in the tierra caliente, and to some of them, par-

62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ticularly Dr. Paul V. Siggers, then of La Colombiana, the writer is
indebted for many profitable and pleasant days spent in the luxuriant
forests that border the great banana plantations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The publications cited below are those most important or useful
for study of the Costa Rican flora. The list is brief, but if there were
included all papers containing references to Costa Rican plants, it
would fill many pages. A more complete bibliography may be found
in Pittier's Plantas Usuales. Unfortunately, the works practically
useful for study of Central American plants, at least for nonprofes-
sional botanists, are few. Those that treat isolated groups or contain
descriptions of new species are scattered through serials and other
volumes, many of which are available in only the larger libraries.
In the systematic list forming the principal part of this volume there
will be found references to monographs of families and genera that
are useful in study of the Costa Rican species concerned.

Alfaro, Anastasio. Lista de las plantas encontradas hasta ahora en Costa
Rica y en los territories limitroifes, extractada de la "Biologia Centrali-
Americana." Anales del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica 1: 1-101. 1888.
A list of 1,218 species, cited in Hemsley's classic account of the Central
American flora.

Bartram, Edwin B. Costa Rican mosses collected by Paul C. Standley in 1924-
26. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 51-114. /. 1-39. 1928. An enumeration of
a large number of species occurring in Costa Rica, with references to previous
literature upon mosses of the region.

Calvert, Amelia Smith, and Galvert, Philip Powell. A year of Costa Rican
natural history. 577 pages, numerous plates, map. The Macmillan Company,
New York, 1917. A good description of Costa Rica, with extensive notes
regarding both animals and plants.

Dodge, Carroll W. The foliose and fruticose lichens of Costa Rica. I. Ann. Mo.
Bot. Gard. 20: 373-467. 1933. Includes a map and a general account of
geography, vegetation, and exploration.

Durand, Th., and Pittier, H. Primitiae florae costaricensis. 2 vols., Brussels
and San Jose, 1891-1901. The only proper flora ever published for Costa
Rica and very useful, but unfortunately it does not cover all the families.

Hemsley, W. B. Botany, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
5 vols., ill. London, 1879-88. Lists all Costa Rican species of phanerogams
and pteridophyta known at the time of publication.

Pittier, Henri. Ensayo sobre las plantas usuales de Costa Rica. 176 pages,
31 plates. Washington, 1908. The most useful published paper for gaining
a general idea of Costa Rican vegetation, and equally useful for almost all
other parts of Central America.

Record, Samuel J., and Mell, Clayton D. Timbers of tropical America.
610 pages, frontispiece, 50 plates. New Haven, 1924. A descriptive account
of the principal woods of tropical America, with much information regarding
trees of Central America and their economic uses.

Standley, Paul C. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol.
23. 1,721 pages. Washington, 1920-26. Contains descriptions of many Costu
Rican species.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 63

Standley, Paul G. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.,
vol. 27. 416 pages, 51 plates. Washington, 1928. Useful for the coast
regions of Costa Rica.

Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
Ser., vol. 10. 418 pages, 68 plates. Chicago, 1931. Contains descriptions
and illustrations of many Costa Rican plants.

— and Calderon, Salvador. Lista preliminar de las plantas de El Salvador.
274 pages. San Salvador, 1925. Includes notes and lists of vernacular
names that are somewhat useful also in Costa Rica.

Werckle, Carlos. La subregion fitogeografica costarricense. 55 pages. San

Jose, 1909. An excellent account of the phytogeography of Costa Rica, by

one who knew it well. It is unfortunate that one who knew so much of the

>•' plants of Costa Rica, through many years of keen observation, should have

published so little.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FAMILIES, GENERA,
AND SPECIES

CYCADACEAE. Cycad Family

One of the most ancient groups of higher plants, represented
in the native flora of Central America only by the genus Zamia.

CYCAS L.

Cycas revoluta Thunb. Cultivated at Desamparados, and
doubtless in other regions. Native of the East Indies. A handsome,
palm-like plant with a short, thick trunk, the very stiff leaves with
very numerous narrowly linear leaflets.

ZAMIA L.

Zamia Skinneri Warscewicz. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast,
ascending to Pejivalle (900 meters), and in the mountains of Guana-
caste (up to 700 meters) ; abundant in many places. Also in Panama.
A large plant of palm-like appearance, the thick, rough trunk as
much as a meter high, or the leaves often rising directly from the
ground; leaves pinnate, the segments few or numerous, rigid, lanceo-
late, with conspicuous, elevated nerves; fruit cone-like, the scales
covered with a brown or rusty wool. A very handsome plant, which
has been introduced to the greenhouses of Europe. Specimens of
Zamia from Costa Rica have been referred to Z. pseudoparasitica
Yates, which is doubtfully distinct from Z. Skinneri.

In the coast of Honduras there is a species of this group (Z. fur-
furacea L. f.), which is known by the name Camotillo. Its root is
highly poisonous, and has been employed at times for criminal
poisoning, as well as for poisoning noxious animals. There is a
popular belief that the root, if out of the ground two days, kills its
human victim in two days; if dug a week before, it kills in a week,
and so on. I do not know whether the Costa Rican species is

64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

used in the same manner, or whether the same belief is held there
regarding it. It goes without saying that, although the root is a
dangerous poison, it does not kill in accordance with the popular
schedule.

TAXACEAE. Yew Family
Reference: R. Pilger, Pflanzenreich IV. 5. 1903.

PODOCARPUS L'Her.

A genus of wide dispersal in tropical regions of almost the whole
earth. Besides the species enumerated here, another Central Ameri-
can one grows in Guatemala and British Honduras. The wood is
yellowish or brownish, of fine and uniform texture, and easy to work.
In the regions where it is found it is employed for the same purposes
as pine (Pinus). Pittier states that in Costa Rica it is favored for
the manufacture of certain parts of ox carts.

Podocarpus montanus (Willd.) Lodd. Ciprecillo, Cobola.
Volcan de Poas; mountains of the Canton de Dota; at 2,000-3,000
meters. A South American species that does not extend north of
Costa Rica. A tall tree, 25 meters high or more; leaves 1-2 cm.
long, linear, white on the lower surface; fruit juicy, purplish black,
with a single seed. The branches look almost exactly like those of
fir (Abies'), and I well remember the first time that I ever saw some
of them, at the Lecheria on Volcan de Poas thrown on the ground
where they had been used as the basis for a bed, just as fir branches
are sometimes used in the United States. I could not believe that
they were not fir branches, but at the same time could not guess how
they might have reached Costa Rica! The tree is plentiful on the
slopes of Poas from the Lecheria to the crater.

Podocarpus oleifolius Don. Ciprecillo, Cobola. Wet forest
of Volcan de Poas and mountains of the Canton de Dota; El Muneco,
Prov. Cartago; region of San Ramon; at 1,400-2,700 meters. A
South American species that does not extend north of Costa Rica.
A tall tree, up to 20 meters or more in height; leaves linear-lanceolate,
3-8 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, green. All parts of the plant exhale
an unpleasant odor. The trees are abundant in the mountains,
especially in Dota, but are so tall that a person on foot ordinarily
sees nothing of their foliage, except the young seedlings, and is
unaware of the adult trees.

Pilger reports for Costa Rica (Poas) P. macrostachyus Parl.,
another South American species. The specimens I have seen were

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 65

all sterile, and it has been impossible to recognize more than a single
species, because the differences are based upon the inflorescences.
However, I consider it highly improbable that there exist on Poas
two (this and P. oleifolius) closely related species of the genus.
Consequently, it seems more nearly in accordance with the probable
facts to refer all the specimens with broad leaves to a single species.

CONIFERAE. Pine Family
ARAUCARIA Juss.

Several species of this genus are rather frequent or common as
ornamental trees in Central America, often attaining a great size.
They are natives of South America, Australasia, and the Pacific
islands.

Araucaria excelsa R. Br. Planted frequently in the temperate
region. Native of Norfolk Island. A handsome tree, at first pyrami-
dal in form, with horizontal or drooping branches, the rigid, linear
leaves somewhat curved, not closely imbricated. Doubtless other
species are planted in Costa Rica, especially A. Rulei Muell., with
appressed, densely imbricated leaves.

CRYPTOMERIA D. Don

Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Planted as an ornamental tree
in the temperate region. Native of Japan and China. A tall tree
with reddish brown bark peeling off in shreds; leaves linear-subulate,
laterally compressed, somewhat incurved, 6-8 mm. long.

CUPRESSUS L. Cypress

Cupressus Benthamii Endl. Cipres. Cultivated commonly in
the Meseta Central and elsewhere as an ornamental tree. Native of
the mountains of Guatemala and Mexico. The species has been
reported for Costa Rica as Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. The branches
are employed commonly as decorations in churches and houses.

PINUS L. Pine

In spite of the fact that ill-informed writers, with little regard
for accuracy, have reported the existence in Costa Rica of pine
forests, these exist only in their imagination, for pines in a wild state
do not exist in the country. The genus has its southern limit in
America in central or northern Nicaragua.

Pinus oocarpa Schiede. Pino. Planted occasionally in small
numbers as an ornamental tree in the region of San Jose", and espe-

66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

cially about fincas on the middle slopes of the mountains. Ranging
from Mexico to Honduras and probably to Nicaragua.

THUJA L.

Thuja orientalis L. A shrub or small tree, native of eastern
Asia, sometimes planted for ornament in parks and fincas in Costa
Rica. In general appearance it suggests Cupressus, but is distin-
guished by its evidently compressed branchlets.

TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family
TYPHA L. Cat-tail

Typha angustifolia L. Espadana, Tule balsa. T. domingensis
Pers. A plant of open swamps, forming wide colonies in some parts
of the Atlantic coast, and probably in other regions of the country.
Widely distributed in both hemispheres. In other parts of Central
America the plant is called Tule and Enea. It is a coarse herb, 1-2
meters high, with spongy, flat, long, linear leaves; the inflorescence is a
thick, chestnut-colored spike 10-40 cm. long. In some parts of the
Central American coast the fluffy "wool" from the spikes is utilized
for stuffing pillows and cushions.

In gardens there are cultivated sometimes as ornamental plants
species of Pandanus (P. tectorius Soland. and P. dubius Spreng.;
Pandanaceae). They are tall plants, somewhat palm-like in habit,
the narrow leaves sword-shaped, their margins armed with fine,
spine-like teeth. They are natives of the East Indies.

POTAMOGETONACEAE. Pondweed Family

POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Meseta Central and probably in
other regions. A species widely distributed in America. An aquatic
plant with long, slender stems, floating in water, the leaves linear,
the minute flowers green, in small spikes. The species of Potamogeton
grow in lakes or streams, attached to soil or stones, with their leaves
all submerged or some of them floating on the surface of the water.
It is probable that other species grow in Costa Rica, although these
plants are not plentiful in the tropics.

It is probable that the genus Naias (Naiadaceae) is represented
in Costa Rica. Two or more species occur elsewhere in Central
America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 67

ALISMAGEAE. Arrowhead Family
ECHINODORUS L. Rich.

Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau. Open swamps in the
coasts or in regions of scant elevation. Widely distributed in America.
A small herb, the leaves linear to elliptic; flowers small, white; fruit
a small head of minute achenes. Undoubtedly other species of Echino-
dorus are to be found along the Atlantic coast.

SAGITTARIA L.

Sagittaria lancifolia L. Atlantic coast to the Meseta Central;
Guanacaste; in swamps or in the edges of streams and lakes. Widely
dispersed in tropical America. An aquatic plant, the leaves lance-
linear to elliptic, 20-50 cm. long; flowers large, white, in long racemes;
fruit a head of many achenes.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Swampy places in the coasts,
usually growing in shallow water. Widely distributed in America.
Leaves arrow-shaped.

BUTOMACEAE
HYDROCLEIS L. Rich.

Hydrocleis parviflora Seub. Collected in Guanacaste by
Oersted. An aquatic plant, otherwise South American in distribu-
tion, unknown elsewhere in Central America.

There is to be found almost certainly in Costa Rica, at least on
the Pacific slope, Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau, another aquatic
plant of this family. It is known from both Nicaragua and Panama.

Also to be expected in Costa Rica are species of Triuris and Scia-
phila, of the family Triuridaceae. They are delicate saprophytes
of dense, wet forests of the tierra caliente. Species of Sciaphila are
known from Honduras and Panama.

GRAMINEAE. Grass Family

Reference: A. S. Hitchcock, The grasses of Central America,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24: 557-762. 1930.

One of the largest families of plants, and the one containing the
plants of greatest importance to man. Grasses are most abundant
in temperate regions, but they are well represented in Costa Rica.

AEGOPOGON Humb. & Bonpl.

Aegopogon cenchroides HBK. Meseta Central. Mexico to
Bolivia.

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Aegopogon tenellus (Cav.) Trin. Meseta Central, and prob-
ably in other regions. Arizona to northern South America.

AGROSTIS L.

Agrostis bacillata Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 59. 1902.
Type from Cerro de La Muerte, 3,100 meters; paramos of that peak,
and of Cerro de Las Vueltas. Endemic.

Agrostis Hoffmann! Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 3. 1922.
Irazu, Hoffmann; also Cerro de La Muerte, 3,100 meters. Guatemala
to Chile.

Agrostis Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 60. 1902.
Known only from Volcan de Poas, 2,500 meters, growing in sphagnum
bogs. Endemic.

Agrostis stolonif era L. Abundant in meadows of the volcanoes,
where it has been sown for pasture. Imported from Europe.

Agrostis tolucensis HBK. Paramos of the high peaks, 2,700-
3,100 meters. Mexico to Chile.

Agrostis turrialbae Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 4. 1922. Volcan
de Turrialba, Pittier. Turrialba and Cerro de Las Vueltas, in pastures
and paramos, 2,000-2,600 meters. Endemic.

ANDROPOGON L.

Andropogon bicornis L. Cola de venado. Meseta Central, and
regions of less elevation, growing in savannas and abandoned fields;
region of San Ramon. Widely distributed in America.

Andropogon brevifolius Swartz. Meseta Central and regions
of less elevation, in pastures and on open banks; region of San
Ramon. Tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Andropogon condensatus HBK. Meseta Central to the coasts.
Mexico and Lesser Antilles to Argentina.

Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) BSP. A common grass of
the Meseta Central, and in regions of less elevation. Southeastern
United States to Argentina.

Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth. Canton de Dota;
Meseta Central, extending to the coasts. Widely distributed in
America.

Andropogon leucostachyus HBK. Meseta Central, extending
to the coasts. Widely distributed in America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 69

Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. Meseta Central, and in
the tierra caliente. Florida and Mexico to Argentina.

Andropogon virgatus Desv. Savannas of the tierra caliente.
Extending to the West Indies and Brazil.

Andropogon virginicus L. On banks and in sterile fields at
low elevations. Panama to the West Indies and United States.

ANTHEPHORA Schreb.

Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze. A common plant
of the coasts. Generally distributed in tropical America.

ANTHOXANTHUM L.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Frequent in the pastures of the
volcanoes, 1,500-2,500 meters, naturalized from Europe. The plant
has a sweet, agreeable odor.

ARISTIDA L.

Reference: A. S. Hitchcock, The North American species of
Aristida, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 517-586. 1924.

Aristida capillacea Lam. Boruca, Buenos Aires, and other
regions of little elevation, usually in savannas; region of San Ramon
at 1,100 meters. Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil.

Aristida jorullensis Kunth. Pacific coast, in dry or sterile
fields. Mexico to Panama.

Aristida ternipes Cav. Pacific coast, in dry or sterile places.
Arizona to Colombia and Cuba.

Aristida torta (Nees) Kunth. A. breviglumis Mez, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 17: 152. 1921 (Buenos Aires, Tonduz). Region of Buenos
Aires. Extending to Brazil.

ARTHROSTYLIDIUM Rupr.

Arthrostylidium Maxonii Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40:
80. 1927. Wet forests of Santa Clara de Cartago, 1,950 meters,
Maxon 8154; region south of Cartago, and on the slopes of Barba,
1,400-2,000 meters. Endemic. A bamboo with long, slender stems
as much as 4 meters in length.

Arthrostylidium Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 53:
75. 1904. Wet forests in the region of the Meseta Central, the type
collected near San Jose". Also in Guatemala.

70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Arthrostylidium racemiflorum Steud. Carrizo. Mountains
of Guanacaste, and probably in other places on the Pacific slope;
region of San Ramon. A slender bamboo with stems as much as
5 meters long.

ARUNDINARIA Michx.

Arundinaria Standleyi Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 79.
1927. Wet forest, El Muneco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400-1,500 meters,
Standley & Torres 51050. Endemic; known only from the type
locality. An erect bamboo, or sometimes almost scandent, the stems
as much as 3 meters long.

Arundinaria viscosa Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 79.
1927. Bosques de Velirla, Copey, 1,800-2,700 meters, Tonduz 11729.
Canton de Dota, abundant in many places and forming a dense
undergrowth in forest. Also in Venezuela. An erect bamboo, up to
4 meters in height.

ARUNDINELLA Raddi

Arundinella Berteroniana (Schult.) Hitchc. & Chase. Meseta
Central, slopes of the volcanoes, and in places of less elevation;
common in many localities; region of San Ramon. Mexico to Brazil.

Arundinella confinis (Schult.) Hitchc. & Chase. A grass of
pastures and open fields. Mexico to the West Indies and Paraguay.

Arundinella Deppeana Nees. Cola de venado. Common in the
Canton de Dota, Pejivalle, and other regions, ascending to 2,000
meters; region of San Ramon. Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil.

AVENA L.

Avena sterilis L. San Jose". A European plant, introduced but
probably not naturalized.

Avena sativa L. Avena. The common oats, so important as a
grain crop in temperate regions, has been planted experimentally
in Costa Rica, but does not thrive in Central America, even in
regions where potatoes are grown.

AXONOPUS Beauv.

Axonopus aureus Beauv. A grass of pastures and savannas,
at low elevations. Central America to Brazil and Bolivia.

Axonopus capillaris (Lam.) Chase. In fields and savannas.
Central America to Brazil.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 71

Axonopus chrysoblepharis (Lag.) Chase. Savannas of the
Pacific coast, at 500 meters or less. Ranging to Paraguay.

Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. Zacate amargo.
Abundant in waste ground, forests, and thickets, especially in the
tierra caliente; Meseta Central, and sometimes in pastures of the
volcanoes, ascending to 1,800 meters or higher; Guanacaste; Cocos
Island. Generally distributed in tropical America.

Axonopus Purpusii (Mez) Chase. Zacate amargo. Paspalum
Purpusii Mez. Savannas and pastures at low elevations; collected
also on the slopes of Barba, 1,800 meters. Mexico to Argentina.

Axonopus scoparius (Fluegge) Hitchc. Pie de paloma. Savan-
nas and pastures, region of Cartago and elsewhere. Planted in some
regions as a pasture grass. Salvador to Brazil and Bolivia.

BAMBUSA Retz. Bamboo

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Bambu. Planted almost everywhere
for ornament, and also for its tall, thick stems, which are utilized
in various ways. An Asiatic plant, naturalized in all tropical regions.

BOUTELOUA Lag.

Reference: David Griffiths, The grama grasses, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 14: 343-428. 1912.

Bouteloua alamosana Vasey. Pacific coast. Ranging to
northern Mexico.

Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. Savannas and pastures,
at low elevations. Honduras to Venezuela and British Guiana.

Bouteloua chondrosioides (HBK.) Benth. Nicoya, 150 meters.
Unknown in other parts of Central America. Mexico and south-
western United States.

Bouteloua pilosa (Hook, f.) Benth. Savannas of the Pacific
coast. Guatemala to Peru.

Bouteloua repens (HBK.) Scribn. & Merr. Pacific coast.
Mexico to Panama.

BRAGHIARIA Griseb.

Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. Wet fields and waste
ground, Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300 meters or lower.
Southern United States to Brazil and Bolivia.

72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

BRACHYPODIUM Beauv.

Brachypodium mexicanum Link. Forests and thickets of the
higher mountains. Mexico to Bolivia.

BRIZA L.

Briza minor L. Pastures near Cartago, 1,500 meters. An
annual, naturalized from Europe.

BROMUS L.

Bromus laciniatus Beal. Triguillo. B. proximus Shear. Meseta
Central and slopes of the volcanoes. Guatemala and Mexico.

CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.

Calamagrostis intermedia (Presl) Steud. Paramos of Cerro
de Buena Vista, 3,100 meters. A South American species, unknown
north of Costa Rica.

Calamagrostis Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 108.
1902. Wet paramos of Cerro de Buena Vista, 3,100 meters, the
type; also Cerro de La Muerte. Endemic.

CENCHRUS L. Sandbur

The fruit in this genus is a bur, covered with very sharp spines
that penetrate the skin easily or adhere to clothing. The plants
are troublesome weeds in cultivated fields.

Cenchrus echinatus L. Abundant from the Meseta Central
to the coasts. Generally dispersed in tropical America.

Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Abundant in waste ground of the
coasts, often invading cultivated ground. Generally distributed in
tropical America.

Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Pacific coast, usually on beaches.
Argentina to the United States.

CHAETIUM Nees

Chaetium bromoides (Presl) Benth. Setilla. Pastures and
fields at low elevations; abundant in the Meseta Central and Canton
de Dota. Extending to Mexico.

CHLORIS Swartz

Chloris orthonoton Doell. Pastures and fields, Meseta Central
and probably in other regions. Mexico to Brazil.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 73

Chloris petraea Swartz. Atlantic coast. Panama to southern
United States.

Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz. Meseta Central to the coasts,
often abundant in cultivated or abandoned fields, at 1,300 meters
or less. Generally distributed in tropical America.

CHUSQUEA Kunth

The plants of this genus are tall bamboos, with thick or slender
stems that are used in many ways in the regions where they grow.
For Costa Rican species of this genus there have been reported the
following names: Bejuco de canasta, Cafiuela; Uka (Bribri); Petara
(Guatuso); Krugro, Uirba (TeYraba).

Chusquea Lehmannii Pilger. Forests of the volcanoes
(Cascajal and Poas), 1,500-3,150 meters. Plants 3-6 meters high,
forming dense thickets in forests. Also in Colombia.

Chusquea Meyeriana Rupr. Cascajal, at 1,650 meters, Lankes-
ter 105. Also in Brazil and Bolivia.

Chusquea Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 53: 153. 1903.
Cana brava. Cuesta de los Arrepentidos, between San Marcos and
Santa Maria de Dota, 1,400 meters; known only from Canton de
Dota. Endemic. The stems are 3-6 meters long.

Chusquea serrulata Pilger. Cana brava. Cerro de Las Vueltas
and Volcan de Poas, 1,300-3,000 meters. Also in Panama and
Colombia. A bamboo 3-6 meters high, often forming dense thickets.
The stems, which are 2-5 cm. thick, are used locally for making
rockets and a kind of firecracker.

Chusquea simpliciflora Munro. Rio Naranjo. Ranging from
Guatemala to Panama.

Chusquea subtessellata Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40:
81. 1927. Batamba. Paramos of Cerro de La Muerte, Tonduz3367;
Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters. Panama (?). Plants
only 1-3 meters high, forming dense thickets in the paramos; stems
thick and flexible, almost as hard as iron. The plant is said to
be an important source of forage in the elevated region where it
is found.

Chusquea Tonduzii Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 53: 155.
1903. Known only from the summit of Volcan de Poas. Endemic.

Chusquea virgata Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 53: 156. 1903.
San Marcos, 1,355 meters, type; and El Copey. Endemic.

74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

CINNA L.

Cinna poaeformis (HBK.) Scribn. & Merr. Slopes of the higher
mountains, 2,000-3,000 meters. Mexico to Peru.

COIX L. Job's tears

Coix Lacryma- Jobi L. Lagrimas de San Pedro. Waste ground,
Meseta Central and the coasts, preferring wet soil. Imported from
the tropics of the Orient. The handsome, smooth and shining, gray
seeds are used for making necklaces, rosaries, and other articles.

CORTADERIA Stapf

Cortaderia nitida (HBK.) Pilger. Bogs in the high mountains,
often growing in sphagnum, 2,000-3,000 meters, frequent in Canton
de Dota. Ranging to Peru. The genus Cortaderia, typically Andean,
does not extend north of Costa Rica.

CYMBOPOGON Spreng.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Zacate de limon, Sontol.
Planted commonly in gardens and often naturalized; native of
India. All parts of the plant have a strong and agreeable odor
of lemon. The rhizomes are employed for flavoring tobacco, and
an infusion, te de limdn, is a popular domestic remedy.

CYNODON L. Rich. Bermuda grass

Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. Capriola Dactylon Kuntze.
Common in many places, Meseta Central to the coasts. A species
of pantropic distribution. Perhaps the best lawn grass, certainly
the one most used, for the tropics. It forms a very dense, close sod
that thrives even during long dry seasons. When, however, Bermuda
grass invades cultivated ground, it is a bad pest, extremely difficult
of eradication.

DACTYLIS L. Orchard grass

Dactylis glomerata L. Naturalized in pastures in the region
of El Copey; imported from Europe. Perhaps planted in some
places as a pasture grass, a purpose for which it is much used in
temperate regions.

DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt. A common grass of
the coasts, growing in waste places, especially about the ports;
naturalized from the Old World tropics.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 75

DIECTOMIS HBK.

Diectomis fastigiata (Swartz) HBK. Fields and savannas
at low elevations. Widely distributed in the tropics of both
hemispheres.

DIGIT ARIA Heist. Crab grass

Digitaria argillacea (Hitchc. & Chase) Fernald. Atlantic
coast. Guatemala to Panama; Greater Antilles.

Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Meseta Central to the coasts;
common in many places. Widely distributed in tropical regions of
both hemispheres.

Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban. Carrillos de Poas, Brenes
19303. Mexico to Panama and West Indies.

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Syntherisma sanguinalis
Dulac. Abundant in waste or cultivated ground, Meseta Central
to the coasts. Widely dispersed in both hemispheres.

Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers. Meseta Central. Ranging to
the West Indies and southern United States.

ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyard grass

Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Panicum colonum L. Wet
or swampy places, Meseta Central to the coasts; introduced from
the tropics of the Old World.

Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. Crus-pavonis
(HBK.) Hitchc. Cola de gallo. Wet or swampy places, Meseta
Central to the coasts. Mexico and West Indies to Argentina.

ELEUSINE Gaertn.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Meseta Central to the coasts;
a common species of waste and cultivated ground. Introduced from
the tropics of the Old World.

EPICAMPES Presl

Epicampes Emersleyi (Vasey) Hitchc. Meseta Central and
in regions of less elevation; region of San Ramon. Panama to south-
western United States. A coarse grass, as much as 1.5 meters high.

ERAGROSTIS Host

Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. A delicate annual,
growing near the coasts; introduced from the Old World.

76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. E. major Host; E. mega-
stachya Link. Meseta Central to the coasts; a common species of
waste and cultivated ground. Naturalized from the Old World.

Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link. An abundant grass of lowlands,
growing in waste ground; probably introduced from the Old World.
One of the most common weedy grasses almost throughout tropical
America.

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Wet soil near the coasts.
Brazil to the United States.

Eragrostis limbata Fourn. Frequent at low and middle eleva-
tions; region of San Ramon. Mexico to Bolivia.

Eragrostis lugens Nees. Common at middle elevations.
Southwestern United States to Argentina.

Eragrostis maypurensis (HBK.) Steud. Common in waste
ground in the lowlands, and sometimes at higher elevations; region
of San Ramon. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

Eragrostis mexicana (Lag.) Link. Las Concavas, Prov. Car-
tago. Southwestern United States to Chile. Unknown elsewhere in
Central America.

Eragrostis prolif era (Swartz) Steud. Pacific coast ; a halophilous
plant, growing on beaches. Central America to West Indies and
Brazil.

Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. San Francisco de Guadalupe;
the only Central American locality known for the species. Mexico
and southwestern United States.

Eragrostis simpliciflora (Presl) Steud. Fields and savannas
of the Pacific slope. Mexico to Panama.

Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult. Fields and waste ground,
at low or middle elevations. Southern United States to Brazil.

ERIOCHLOA HBK.

Eriochloa distachya HBK. In savannas at 1,000 meters or
less. Guatemala to Paraguay.

Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. A perennial plant, growing in
wet or boggy places, at 1,000 meters or less. Southern United States
to Argentina.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 77

ERIOCHRYSIS Beauv.

Eriochrysis cayennensis Beauv. A perennial grass, growing in
swamps at low elevations. Mexico and West Indies to Uruguay.

FESTUCA L.

Festuca elatior L. Meadows of the volcanoes, probably
planted as a pasture grass; introduced from Europe.

Festuca rubra L. Pastures of Volcan de Turrialba, introduced
from Europe.

Festuca tolucensis HBK. Pastures of Volcan de Irazu. A
Mexican species, unknown elsewhere in Central America.

It is probable that there grows on the Atlantic coast Guadua
aculeata Rupr., a native bamboo as large asBambusa vulgaris, armed
with hooked spines. The species is abundant in many parts of the
coast from Guatemala to Panama, but there are extensive areas
where it does not occur.

GYMNOPOGON Beauv.
Gymnopogon f astigiatus Nees. Boruca. Extending to Brazil.

GYNERIUM Willd.

Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Cana blanca, Cana de
Castillo,. G. saccharoides Humb. & Bonpl. Abundant in open
swamps of the coasts, especially along the Reventazon, where it
occupies large areas to the exclusion of most other plants. Southern
Mexico to Paraguay. A giant grass, almost as large as a bamboo.
Stems as thick as those of sugar cane, employed commonly for the
construction of huts in the tierra caliente. In the larger towns the
stems are employed in the better houses in place of laths. The stems
have many other uses, in their utility being scarcely inferior to bam-
boo. Pittier states that in Talamanca this grass is so important that
the Indians have adopted its flowering season to mark the beginning
of their summer. Among the indigenous names reported for the
species are: Ukakul, Ukakur (Bribri); Kagru, Uka (Cabe"cara);
Bak-kra (Brunka); Soro (Te"rraba).

HACKELOGHLOA Kuntze

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze. Manisuris granularis
Sw.; Rytilix granularis Skeels. Chiefly on the coasts, growing in
waste places; San Ramon, 1,050 meters. Naturalized from the Old
World.

78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

HOLCUS L.

llolcus lanatus L. Mielilla. Notholcus lanatus Nash. Rather
common in pastures of the volcanoes and in Santa Maria de Dota,
1,400-2,800 meters. Perhaps sown for pasture, or introduced by
accident with seeds of other pasture grasses. Native of Europe.
All parts of the plant are covered with a fine, soft pubescence. In
Santa Maria I was given for this species the name of Raigra, which
is employed ordinarily for Lolium perenne.

HOMOLEPIS Chase

Homolepis aturensis (HBK.) Chase. Atlantic coast, in wet
places or swamps. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

HYMENACHNE Beauv.

Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees. Atlantic coast,
in wet ground or swamps. Tropics of both hemispheres.

HYPARRHENIA Fourn.

Hyparrhenia bracteata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Stapf. Fields and
savannas at low elevations. Mexico to Paraguay. A coarse perennial ,
1-2 meters high.

ICHNANTHUS Beauv.

Ichnanthus axillaris (Nees) Hitchc. & Chase. Panicum
axillare Nees. In forests of the lowlands. Central America and
West Indies to Brazil and Ecuador.

Ichnanthus nemorosus (Swartz) Doell. Wet forests and
thickets, abundant in many places, 1,000-2,000 meters; sometimes
in localities of less elevation; Guanacaste. Mexico to Panama and
West Indies.

Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro. Panicum pattern Swartz.
Wet forests, region of Cartago to the coasts; region of San Ramon;
Guanacaste; at 1,400 meters or less. Generally distributed in
tropical America.

Ichnanthus tenuis Presl. Wet forests at low and middle eleva-
tions; region of San Ramon. Ranging to Trinidad and Colombia.

IMPERATA Cyrillo

Imperata contracta (HBK.) Hitchc. In savannas at low
elevations; Guanacaste, common in the region of Tilaran. Mexico
and West Indies to Brazil and Chile.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 79

ISACHNE R. Br.

Isachne arundinacea (Swartz) Griseb. A vine or a more or
less clambering plant, its stems as much as 6 meters long, growing
in wet forests and thickets, 500-2,000 meters; region of San Ramon.
Mexico to Jamaica, Venezuela, and Bolivia.

Isachne polygonoides (Lam.) Doell. Wet savannas and
swampy places, at low and middle elevations. Guatemala to Brazil.

ISCHAEMUM L.

Ischaemum latifolium (Spreng.) Kunth. Canton de Dota,
and in other regions. Southern Mexico to West Indies, Brazil, and
Ecuador.

IXOPHORUS Schlecht.

Ixophorus unisetus (Presl) Schlecht. Zacate de Honduras.
Swampy places in the lowlands; abundant in Guanacaste, where it
is sometimes planted for pasture. Mexico to Colombia.

LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc.

Except for L. procerrima, the plants of this genus are vines or
more or less clambering shrubs with elongate and branched stems.

Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Panicum divaricatum L.
Abundant in forests and thickets of the lowlands; region of San
Ramon. Florida and Mexico to West Indies and Argentina.

Lasiacis oaxacensis (Steud.) Hitchc. Tierra caliente of both
coasts; abundant in Guanacaste. Mexico to Ecuador.

Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
24: 145. 1911. Panicum procerrimum Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
51:431. 1901. Type collected near San Jose". Meseta Central to
the coasts. Mexico to Venezuela. A coarse, erect, herbaceous plant,
as much as 4 meters high.

Lasiacis rhizophora (Fourn.) Hitchc. Panicum rhizophorum
Fourn. Wet forests, Meseta Central and on both slopes at lower
elevations; mountains, at 500-2,000 meters. Extending to Mexico.

Lasiacis ruscifolia (HBK.) Hitchc. Panicum ruscifolium
HBK. Wet thickets and forests of the coasts, ascending to 900
meters. Mexico and West Indies to Peru.

Lasiacis scabrior Hitchc. Meseta Central and other regions,
at 1,300 meters or less. Guatemala to Panama.

80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Lasiacis Sloanei (Griseb.) Hitchc. Panicum Sloanei Griseb.
Turrialba. Mexico and West Indies to Colombia.

Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase. Carricillo, Carri-
cillo trepador. Panicum sorghoideum Desv. Common in the Meseta
Central and other regions of middle elevation; region of San Ramon.
Mexico and West Indies to Argentina and Bolivia. It is probable
that the name Carricillo is given to all the Costa Rican species.

Lasiacis Standleyi Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 86.
1927. La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Guanacaste, 800 meters, Standley
& Valeria 45839. Wet forests of the mountains of Guancaste;
region of San Ramon; El General. Endemic.

LEERSIA Swartz

Leersia grandiflora (Doell) Prodoehl. Meseta Central and
regions of less elevation. Southern United States and Mexico to
Brazil.

Leersia hexandra Swartz. Tepalon. Homalocenchrus hexandrus
Kuntze. Swamps or wet soil at low and middle elevations, usually
near the coasts. Southern United States and Mexico to Brazil.

LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. A common grass of the
coasts. Generally distributed in tropical America.

Leptochloa scabra Nees. Wet soil of the coasts. Widely
dispersed in tropical America.

Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. Abundant in moist ground
at low and middle elevations; region of San Ramon. Generally
distributed in tropical America.

LEPTOCORYPHIUM Nees

Leptocoryphium lanatum (HBK.) Nees. Dry or sterile
places, Meseta Central and in other regions of slight or middle eleva-
tion. Mexico and West Indies to Argentina.

LITHACHNE Beauv.

Lithachne pauciflora (Swartz) Beauv. Wet forests of the
coasts, ascending to 2,000 meters. Mexico and West Indies to
Argentina. A low plant with broad leaves. Referred by many
authors to the genus Olyra.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 81

LOLIUM L.

Lolium perenne L. Raigras, Raigrd. Commonly sown for
pasture in almost all the meadows of the volcanoes. Imported from
Europe. The local name is, of course, a modification of the English
"rye grass."

MELINIS Beauv.

Melinis minutiflora Beauv. Zacate gordura. A grass of African
origin, sometimes sown for pasture, and completely naturalized in
some places, as in Santa Maria de Dota; region of San Ramon. This
plant has a strong odor, and possesses properties that seem to repel
insects. It is claimed that cattle pasturing in fields of it are free
from ticks.

MEROSTACHYS Spreng.

Merostachys multiramea Hack. Carrizo. La Palma de
San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 51$3. Also in Brazil. A slender
bamboo, growing in forest clearings. The genus is unknown else-
where in North America.

MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

Muhlenbergia ciliata (HBK.) Kunth. In shaded places, 700-
2,000 meters. Mexico to Panama.

Muhlenbergia diversiglumis Trin. Meseta Central, forests
and on open banks, 1,000-1,800 meters. Mexico to Peru.

Muhlenbergia implicata (HBK.) Kunth. Meseta Central
and other regions of middle elevation, 1,000-2,000 meters. Mexico
to Venezuela.

Muhlenbergia quadridentata (HBK.) Kunth. M. flabellata
Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 213. 1921 (Cerro de Buena Vista, Pittier}.
Known in Central America only from Cerro de Buena Vista, at 3,100
meters. Also in Mexico.

Muhlenbergia setarioides Fourn. In forest or other shaded
places, Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes, 1,000-2,000
meters. Mexico to Panama.

Muhlenbergia tenella (HBK.) Trin. Zacate de seda. A
common species of the Meseta Central, in shaded places. Mexico to
Panama.

OLYRA L.

Olyra caudata Trin. 0. Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
51: 461. 1901. Known in North America only from forests of El

82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cordoncillal, 300-500 meters, type locality of 0. Pittieri. British
Guiana to Brazil and Peru.

Olyra lateralis (Presl) Chase. In forests at 700-1,100 meters.
A South American species, known in Central America only from
Costa Rica. It has been collected in El General and elsewhere.

Olyra latifolia L. Gamalote. Common in wet forests of the
coasts; Guanacaste. A coarse grass resembling a bamboo, sometimes
as much as 5 meters high but usually lower. Mexico and West
Indies to Brazil and Bolivia.

Olyra Standleyi Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 86. 1927.
Wet forest, El Murleco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400-1,500 meters, Standley
& Torres 50932. Endemic ; known only from the region of El Muneco.

OPLISMENUS Beauv.

Reference: A. S. Hitchcock, The North American species of
Oplismenus, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 123-132. 1920.

Oplismenus Burmannii (Retz.) Beauv. Zacate de raton. 0.
Humboldtianus Nees. Meseta Central to the coasts; abundant
in moist places of the coasts, especially in banana plantations. Pan-
tropic in distribution. Said to be a native of the Old World, but to
one who has seen its present abundance in America, this seems
improbable. It is one of the most common weeds of Central America.

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Meseta Central to the
coasts, an abundant grass of forests and wet places. Generally
distributed in tropical America.

ORTHOCLADA Beauv.

Orthoclada laxa (L. Rich.) Beauv. Common in forests of the
Atlantic coast. Mexico to Brazil and Peru.

ORYZA L.

Oryza latifolia Desv. Wet or swampy places of the Atlantic
coast, perhaps also on the Pacific slope. A native plant that it is
almost impossible to distinguish from cultivated rice. It is said
that in the Amazon region its seeds have been employed for food.
Guatemala and West Indies to Brazil.

Oryza sativa L. Arroz. Rice. A plant native in the Orient.
Rice of good quality, but insufficient for local consumption, is grown
in all inhabited portions of the Pacific slope and in the plains of San

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 83

Carlos and Sarapiqui. Only the upland variety is grown, this needing
no irrigation in its cultivation. Indigenous names reported for rice
are: lok-koro (TeYraba); Sunoji-ku (Guatuso).

PANICUM L.

Reference: A. S. Hitchcock and A. Chase, Tropical North Ameri-
can species of Panicum, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 459-539. 1915.

The largest genus of grasses, composed of about 500 species.
From Central America 65 species are known.

Panicum altum Hitchc. & Chase. Buenos Aires. British
Honduras to Panama; Trinidad and Tobago.

Panicum boliviense Hack. Reported as collected in El General
by Skutch. Guatemala to Paraguay.

Panicum cayennense Lam. Buenos Aires. Central America
and West Indies to Brazil.

Panicum cordovense Fourn. Piedra del Convento, Pittier.
Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. P. fuscum Swartz. On the
coasts and sometimes in regions of middle elevation; common in
waste places and often in cultivated ground. Generally distributed
in tropical America.

Panicum frondescens Mey. Swampy places along the Atlantic
coast. Mexico to Brazil.

Panicum geminatum Forsk. Wet or swampy places, Guana-
caste (Bebedero) and probably in other regions. Tropics of both
hemispheres.

Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Meseta Central to the Pacific
coast. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

Panicum glutinosum Swartz. Wet forests at middle eleva-
tions; region of San Ramon. Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

Panicum Haenkeanum Presl. P. costaricense Hack. Oesterr.
Bot. Zeitschr. 51: 428. 1901 (between Buenos Aires and TeYraba,
Pittier 3636). Reported also from Boruca and El Cordoncillal.
Mexico to Venezuela.

Panicum helobium Mez. Swampy places in forests, region of
Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800 meters. A South American
species, unknown elsewhere in Central America.

84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Panicum hirsu turn Swartz. Wet places of both coasts. Mexico
and West Indies to Brazil and Ecuador.

Panicum hirticaule Presl. Pacific coast, and probably in other
regions. Southwestern United States to Bolivia.

Panicum laxum Swartz. Tepaldn. Abundant on the coasts, and
sometimes in regions of middle elevation; region of San Ramon.
Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea, Zacate de Guinea. Probably
native of Africa, planted almost everywhere, but especially in the
lowlands, as pasture for stock; Cocos Island. Pittier states that
the seed was first brought to Costa Rica about 1885 by Don San-
tiago Millet. This is considered the best pasture grass everywhere
in the tierra caliente of Central America.

Panicum megiston Schult. Guanacaste, and probably in
swamps of other regions. Mexico and Cuba to Paraguay.

Panicum molle Swartz. Pacific coast (Puntarenas), and prob-
ably in other regions. Mexico and Cuba to Argentina.

Panicum olivaceum Hitchc. & Chase. Meseta Central and
slopes of the volcanoes; Canton de Dota; common in some regions,
1,200-1,800 meters. Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.

Panicum orbiculatum Poir. Meseta Central and Atlantic
slope. Southern Mexico to West Indies and Paraguay.

Panicum parvifolium Lam. Savannas of Buenos Aires. Not
known elsewhere in Central America. West Indies to Paraguay.

Panicum parviglume Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51: 429.
1901. Rio Torres, near San Jose", Pittier 9080. Meseta Central.
Also in Mexico.

Panicum pilosum Swartz. Common in the lowlands, in wet
or swampy places. Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

Panicum polygonatum Schrad. Common in wet places of the
tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Cocos Island. Mexico to
Paraguay.

Panicum pulchellum Raddi. Meseta Central and in the low-
lands; a plant of shaded places; region of San Ramon. Mexico and
West Indies to Brazil.

Panicum purpurascens Raddi. Para, Zacate de Para. P.
barbinode Trin.; P. molle of some authors, not of Swartz. Planted
generally for forage on the Atlantic slope, up to 1,400 meters; also

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 85

on the Pacific slope. Perhaps introduced to Costa Rica from Brazil
or elsewhere. Tropics of both hemispheres.

Panicum Rudgei Roem. & Schult. Savannas of El General,
Buenos Aires, and other localities of that general region. Central
America and West Indies to Brazil.

Panicum Schiffneri Hack. Meseta Central. Mexico and West
Indies to Brazil.

Panicum Sellowii Nees. El General. Mexico and West Indies
to Paraguay.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Meseta Central and Canton de
Dota, 1,200-1,800 meters. Eastern United States to Venezuela.

Panicum stenodes Griseb. Buenos Aires. Guatemala and
West Indies to Brazil.

Panicum stenodoides Hubbard. Buenos Aires. British Hon-
duras, Panama, and Trinidad.

Panicum strigosum Muhl. Meseta Central. Colombia to
West Indies and United States.

Panicum trichanthum Nees. Common in wet forests of the
Atlantic coast. Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

Panicum trichoides Swartz. Abundant in the lowlands,
ascending to at least 1,100 meters. One of the most common weedy
grasses of all the tierra caliente of Central America. Dispersed
throughout tropical America.

Panicum virgultorum Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51: 369.
1901. La Verbena, near Alajuelita, Tonduz 8829. A common
species of the Meseta Central; region of San Ramon. Mexico to
Panama.

Panicum viscidellum Scribn. Meseta Central; El Muneco; El
General. Mexico and Cuba to Colombia.

Panicum xalapense HBK. Regions of Cartago and Dota.
Extending to the United States; Hispaniola.

Panicum zizanioides HBK. Wet or swampy places of the
Atlantic coast. Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

PARIANA Aubl.

Pariana zingiberina Doell. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast.
Ranging to Brazil. The genus, otherwise South American, does not
extend north of Costa Rica.

86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

PASPALUM L.

Reference: Agnes Chase, The North American species of Pas-
palum, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 28: 1-310. 1929.

One of the largest genera of grasses, with 380 species, of which
at least 67 are known in Central America.

Pa spa 1 urn candidum (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth. Common in
the Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes; region of San
Ramon; 1,100-1,800 meters. Southern Mexico to Chile.

Paspalum centrale Chase. Pacific Coast (Puntarenas and
Atenas). Salvador to Panama.

Paspalum clavuliferum C. Wright. P. Pittieri Hack, ex
Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 88. 1896. Llanos de Turrucares, Pittier.
Southern Mexico and Cuba to Brazil.

Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Turvara. Meseta Central to
the coasts, abundant in wet or waste places, often in cultivated
ground. Pantropic in distribution.

Paspalum convexum Humb. & Bonpl. Meseta Central to the
Pacific coast. Mexico to Brazil.

Paspalum costaricense Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 72. 1917.
Zacate de caballo. San Jose", Tonduz. Meseta Central and Canton
de Dota. Also in Guatemala and Salvador.

Paspalum decumbens Swartz. Common in the tierra caliente,
ascending to 900 meters; Cocos Island. Guatemala and West
Indies to Brazil and Bolivia.

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Meseta Central; meadows of
Volcan de Turrialba. Believed to be a native of South America,
but now widely introduced elsewhere. It is said to have considerable
value as a pasture grass.

Paspalum distichum L. Meseta Central and at middle
elevations on the Atlantic slope. Widely distributed in America.

Paspalum fasciculatum Willd. Gamalote. Meseta Central
and on the coasts, abundant in many places. The Guatuso name
for the species is reported by Lehmann as Tonun.

Paspalum Humboldtianum Fluegge. Meseta Central. Mex-
ico to Argentina.

Paspalum Jimenezii Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 28: 159.
/. 101. 1929. Rio Bebedero, Las Playitas, Guanacaste, Otdn Jimenez
742. Endemic, and known only from the original collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 87

Paspalum Langei (Fourn.) Nash. Reported for Costa Rica by
Hitchcock and Chase, without indication of the locality. Southern
United States to Venezuela.

Paspalum lineare Trin. Known on the North American conti-
nent only from Cabagra, where it was collected by Tonduz. Cuba
to Argentina.

Paspalum microstachyum Presl. On the coasts. Guatemala
to Ecuador and Brazil.

Paspalum minus Fourn. A grass of the coasts; collected also
at San Jose". Mexico and West Indies to Paraguay.

Paspalum multicaule Poir. Grecia; Buenos Aires; Boruca;
region of San Ramon, ascending to 1,050 meters. Southern Mexico
and West Indies to Brazil.

Paspalum notatum Fluegge. Gengibrillo. Meseta Central to
the coasts. Mexico and West Indies to Argentina.

Paspalum nutans Lam. Pejivalle; San Jose"; El General.
Central America and West Indies to Brazil.

Paspalum paniculatum L. Abundant in many places, Meseta
Central to the coasts. Tropics of both hemispheres.

Paspalum pectinatum Nees. Guanacaste;Puntarenas. Hon-
duras to Brazil.

Paspalum pictum Ekman. P. maculatum Nash, N. Amer.
Fl. 17: 186. 1912 (savannas of Boruca, Pittier U?4). Ranging to
Brazil and Bolivia. Known in North America only from Costa Rica.

Paspalum pilosum Lam. Meseta Central; Turrialba; Pacific
slope. Ranging to Brazil and Bolivia.

Paspalum plenum Chase. Nuestro Amo; Agua Caliente.
Southern Mexico to Colombia.

Paspalum plicatulum Michx. Meseta Central to the coasts.
Southern United States to Argentina.

Paspalum propinquum Nash. Puntarenas. Florida and
Mexico to Panama.

Paspalum repens Berg. Guanacaste and Puntarenas; an
aquatic plant. Southern United States to Paraguay.

Paspalum saccharoides Nees. Atlantic coast; region of San
Ramon. Extending to West Indies and Bolivia.

88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Paspalum squamulatum Fourn. Meseta Central and slopes
of the volcanoes; Canton de Dota; in pastures and shady places.
Ranging to Mexico.

Paspalum stellatum Humb. & Bonpl. Boruca. Southern
Mexico to Argentina. A species easy of recognition because of the
broad, yellow wings of the axis of the flower spike.

Paspalum Tonduzii Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 72. 1917. In
cornfields, Santa Rosa del Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11767.
Endemic.

Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. Atlantic coast. Southern
United States to Argentina and Chile.

Paspalum variabile (Fourn.) Nash. Guanacaste. A Mexican
species, unknown elsewhere in Central America.

Paspalum virgatum L. Meseta Central to the coasts; Cocos
Island; abundant in many places, growing in moist or swampy
ground. Texas to West Indies and Brazil.

PENNISETUM L. Rich.

Reference: Agnes Chase, The North American species of Penni-
setum, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 209-234. 1921.

Pennisetum bambusiforme (Fourn.) Hemsl. Guapiles, El
Copey, and probably in other regions, at 1,800 meters or less; region
of San Ramon. Mexico to Peru. Stems branched, as much as 5
meters high; flowers arranged in dense spikes 5-12 cm. long.

Pennisetum distachyum (Fourn.) Rupr. Chiefly in the
Meseta Central, in thickets and on stream banks, also at San Ramon.
Mexico and Central America. Stems 1-4 meters high.

Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher. Yerba elefante. Native
of Africa, planted in some regions (Dota, etc.) for forage. Spikes
conspicuously tinged with purple.

Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L. Rich. Pacific slope, at low
elevations, in fields and savannas, forming dense clumps 1-2 meters
high. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Pennisetum vulcanicum Chase. Nuestro Amo. Also in
Salvador.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 89

PEREILEMA Presl

Pereilema Beyrichianum (Kunth) Hitchc. Llano Grande de
Puriscal. A South American species, known in North America only
from Costa Rica.

Pereilema crinitum Presl. Meseta Central and regions of
middle elevation, growing on moist banks and in shaded places.
Mexico to Ecuador.

PHALARIS L.

Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta L. Zacate de listdn. A
European grass, grown for ornament in gardens. The green leaves
are striped with yellowish white. The plant rarely blooms in
cultivation.

PHARUS L.

Pharus cornutus Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 9. 1902.
An endemic grass, growing in moist or wet places at low elevations,
the type collected at Tsaki; at 200-500 meters.

Pharus glaber L. P. Mezii Prodoehl, Bot. Archiv Mez 1 : 250.
1922 (type from Costa Rica). Abundant in wet forests of the tierra
caliente, ascending to 1,100 meters. Mexico and Guatemala to
Brazil. The large leaves are lanceolate and 3-5 cm. wide. The
Bribri name is reported as Tsubuk-uo.

Pharus latifolius L. Yerba de hierro (Cufodontis). Common
in wet forests of the coast regions. Guatemala and West Indies
to Brazil.

Pharus parvifolius Nash. Wet forests of the tierra caliente;
common in Guanacaste. Mexico and West Indies to Brazil.

PHRAGMITES Adans.

Phragmites communis Trin. Abundant in swamps of coast
regions, especially on river banks, sometimes forming colonies of
large extent. In temperate regions almost throughout the earth,
and extending into the tropics. A coarse plant, 2-3 meters high,
its stems as thick as a finger, the leaves ashy green. The stems are
employed for many purposes by the people of the coastal regions
of Costa Rica.

POA L.

Poa annua L. Zacate de raton. Abundant in almost all meadows
of the higher mountains; growing on Poas Volcano in sphagnum

90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

bogs. An annual grass, here doubtless imported from Europe.
Widely dispersed in temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Poa pratensis L. Pastures of Volcan de Turrialba, and prob-
ably in those of other volcanoes. Imported from Europe, and
widely naturalized in temperate regions of America. A favorite
pasture and lawn grass (bluegrass) in many parts of the earth.

POLYPOGON Desf.

Polypogon elongatus HBK. Common in the Meseta Central
and pastures of the volcanoes; region of Dota; growing in swamps
or wet meadows. Mexico to Argentina.

PSEUDECHINOLAENA Stapf

Pseudechinolaena polystachya (HBK.) Stapf. Meseta Cen-
tral; Pejivalle; on shaded banks or sometimes in cultivated fields,
900-1,500 meters. Mexico to Bolivia and Uruguay; tropical Africa.

RADDIA Bertol.

Raddia concinna (Hook, f.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
21: 185. 1908. Olyra concinna Hook. f. in Curtis' Bot. Mag. III. 52:
pi. 7469. 1896. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast (Hamburg Finca).
Known only from Costa Rica; described from plants believed to
have grown from Costa Rican seeds in greenhouses of the Kew
Gardens, London. A low perennial with short, broad leaves, forming
small, dense tufts somewhat suggestive of a tiny bamboo.

Raddia costaricensis Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 40: 87.
1927. Forests of Rio Hondo, near Madre de Dios, 200 meters,
Pittier 10352. Endemic.

ROTTBOELLIA L. f.

Rottboellia aurita Steud. Savannas of the tierra caliente.
Extending to Argentina and Bolivia.

SACGHARUM L. Sugar cane

Saccharum officinarum L. Cana, Cana de azucar. A native
of the Orient, sugar cane is one of the most important economic
plants of Costa Rica. It is cultivated chiefly in the temperate
regions but also in almost every part of the tierra caliente. Two
main varieties are grown locally, yellow and purple, the former
chiefly as a source of sugar, the latter for forage for stock. Among
indigenous names cited for this plant are the following: Ipacru,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 91

Ipakur (Bribri); Pashtu (Cabe"cara); Soror-bo (T&raba); Budi
(Boruca); Afo-fora (Guatuso).

SETARIA Beauv.

Reference: A. S. Hitchcock, The North American species of
Chaetochloa, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 155-208. 1920. (The
generic name Chaetochloa is a synonym of Setaria.}

Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Abundant in almost all
inhabited regions, Meseta Central to the coasts; often abundant in
cultivated ground. Generally distributed in tropical America, but
without economic value, since it is not useful for pasture or forage.
A low, perennial grass with dense, yellowish flower spikes.

Setaria magna Griseb. Pacific coast. Ranging to the West
Indies and United States. An annual as much as 4 meters high.

Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) Fourn. Zacate de mula. Meseta
Central to the coasts, in wet forests or swamps. Mexico to West
Indies and Colombia. A perennial grass, sometimes 4 meters high,
the leaves as much as 10 cm. wide.

Setaria scandens Schrad. Meseta Central. Guatemala to West
Indies and Paraguay.

Setaria tenacissima Schrad. Meseta Central; Canas Gordas.
Guatemala to West Indies and Brazil.

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Pastures near Cartago; the only
Central American locality known for the species, which is European
in origin. In the United States this grass is one of the worst pests
of cultivated ground.

Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Atlantic coast
and probably in other regions; region of San Ramon. Southern
Mexico to West Indies, Argentina, and Peru. A coarse plant, as
much as 2 meters high.

SORGHASTRUM Nash

Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl) Nash. Dry fields and
savannas at low elevations. Mexico to Venezuela; tropical Africa.
It is probable that there grows in Costa Rica also S. nutans (L.)
Nash, which is known from Honduras and Panama.

SORGHUM Moench

Sorghum halepense Pers. Holcus halepensis L. Waste or
cultivated ground. Naturalized from Europe, but not common in

92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Costa Rica. In the United States this (Johnson grass) is considered
one of the worst weeds of cultivated land.

Sorghum vulgare Pers. Maicillo, Maiz de millo. Holcus Sor-
ghum L. A plant of the Old World, cultivated in some parts of Costa
Rica as forage and for its seeds. A tall plant, much like maize in
habit, its spikes of fruit forming a large, rounded inflorescence. A
form of the species with large, open panicles is cultivated for use in
manufacture of brooms.

SPARTINA Schreb.

Spartina Spartinae (Trin.) Merrill. S. Pittieri Hack. Oesterr.
Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 237. 1902 (type from Costa Rica). A grass of
sea beaches, known in Central America only from Limon. Ranging
to Mexico and southern United States.

SPOROBOLUS R. Br.

Sporobolus cilia tus Presl. Savannas of the Pacific slope.
Honduras to Brazil.

Sporobolus cubensis Hitchc. Savannas of Cafias Gordas.
Extending to the West Indies, Venezuela, and British Guiana.

Sporobolus elongatus R. Br. Meseta Central and slopes of the
volcanoes, ascending to 2,000 meters; also in the lowlands. Widely
distributed in tropical America, perhaps naturalized from Asia.

Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Pitilla. Savannas and dry
fields at low elevations. Generally distributed in tropical America.

Sporobolus littoralis (Lam.) Kunth. A halophilous plant of
sea beaches. Florida to Brazil.

Sporobolus minutissimus (Steud.) Hitchc. S. confusus Vasey.
Meseta Central and regions of less elevation. Extending to western
United States.

Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz) Hamilt. In fields at low
or middle elevations. Mexico and West Indies to Brazil and Bolivia.

Sporobolus ramulosus (HBK.) Kunth. Pastures of Irazu.
Extending to southwestern United States.

STENOTAPHRUM Trin.

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. Common in
the coasts. Southern United States to Argentina.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 93

STIPA L.

Stipa Ichu (Ruiz & Pavon) Kunth. Cerros de Escasu; abundant
on grassy slopes, the long, slender, and very tough leaves forming
dense clumps. Mexico to Chile. This is the celebrated ichu grass
of the Andean paramos, where it is often the dominant species, and
is used extensively for thatch and fuel.

STREPTOCHAETA Schrad.

Streptochaeta Sodiroana Hack. Wet forests of the Atlantic
coast. Honduras to Ecuador. A coarse and showy grass with broad
leaves as much as 7 cm. wide.

STREPTOGYNE Beauv.

Streptogyne crinita Beauv. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast.
Mexico to Trinidad and Brazil. A perennial grass, 1-1.5 meters
high, its leaves 1-1.5 cm. wide.

THRASYA HBK.

Thrasya campylostachya (Hack.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 24: 115. 1911. Panicum campylostachyum Hack. Oesterr.
Bot. Zeitschr. 51: 367. 1901. Type collected at Canas Gordas.
Ascending to 1,200 meters. Guatemala to Bolivia.

TRACK YPOGON Nees

Trachypogon Montufari (HBK.) Nees. Dry fields and savan-
nas at low elevations. Southwestern United States to Uruguay i

Trachypogon Montufari var. mollis (Nees) Anderss. In
savannas. A form of the species with densely villous foliage.

TRICHACHNE Nees

Trichachne insular is (L.) Nees. Valota insularis Chase. A
common grass of fields and pastures, Meseta Central to the coasts.
Generally distributed in tropical America. The soft, silky flower
panicles are used for decorating altars and nacimientos.

Trichachne Pittieri (Hack.) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
40: 83. 1927. Panicum Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51:
367. 1901. Valota Pittieri Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 188.
1906. Meseta Central, 1,000-2,000 meters, the type from Rio
Tiribi. Endemic.

TRICHOLAENA Schrad.

Tricholaena rosea Nees. Ilusion, Zacate de seda. An African
grass, thoroughly naturalized in the Meseta Central, Pacific coast,

94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

and probably other regions, abundant in many places. It is com-
mon in many parts of Central America. The silky panicles are
handsomely colored with pink or purple.

TRINIOCHLOA Hitchc.

Triniochloa stipoides (HBK.) Hitchc. Meadows of the higher
mountains, 2,000-3,000 meters. Mexico to Bolivia.

TRIPSAGUM L.

Tripsacum laxum Nash. Maicillo, Cana de la India. Planted
on the coasts and in regions of middle elevation for forage; natural-
ized in some places. Mexico to Colombia. A tall grass as much
as 5 meters high, the stems 2.5 cm. thick.

TRISETUM Pers.

Trisetum irazuense (Kuntze) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
40: 82. 1927. Calamagrostis irazuensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 763.
1891 (Volcan de Irazu, Kuntze). Meadows of Irazu and Turrialba,
2,000-3,000 meters. Ranging to Ecuador.

Trisetum Pringlei (Scribn.) Hitchc. Paramos of Cerro de Las
Vueltas, 3,000 meters. Panama to Mexico.

Trisetum viride (HBK.) Kunth. Meadows of the high moun-
tains, 2,000-2,500 meters. A Mexican species, known in Central
America only from Costa Rica.

TRITICUM L.

Triticum aestivum L. Trigo. Wheat is said to grow well
in the temperate regions of Costa Rica, and has been planted on a
small scale, but it is grown only experimentally.

UNIOLA L.

Uniola Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 309. 1902.
Type collected at the Bay of Salinas; Pacific coast, on sea beaches.
Mexico to Ecuador. A tall, coarse grass, with large panicles of
handsome, flat spikelets 1-2 cm. long.

ZEA L. Maize

Zea Mays L. Maiz. Maize and beans are the two important
Costa Rican products for local consumption. Maize is cultivated
from sea level to the uppermost limit of cultivation on the higher
mountains, three crops a year being obtained sometimes in the tierra

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 95

caliente, one only in the cold regions. All the corn grown is of the
hard-kerneled or flint type. Believed to be of Mexican origin, maize
has never been found in a wild state. Its only close relative that
does grow wild is teosinte (Euchlaena), of Guatemala and Mexico.
It is believed by some authorities that maize is a hybrid between
teosinte and some other unknown grass. It has been grown in
Costa Rica doubtless since the very beginning of agriculture, and
reached Peru long before the Spanish conquest. Indigenous Costa
Rican names reported for maize are: Ik (Cabe"cara, Bribri); Ip
(Te"rraba), Ai (Guatuso); Rukra (Brunka); Hoie" (Talamanca);
Ko-ep, Cup (Boruca).

ZEUGITES P. Br.

Zeugites mexicana (Kunth) Trin. Senites mexicana Hitchc.
Meseta Central, Canton de Dota, and probably elsewhere; shaded
places, often abundant, 1,000-2,000 meters. Mexico to Bolivia.

Zeugites Pittieri Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 52: 373. 1902.
Wet forest, 500-1,100 meters. Type from Alto del Rodeo. Endemic.

CYPERAGEAE. Sedge Family

References: C. B. Clarke, The Cyperaceae of Costa Rica, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 443-471. 1902; Paul C. Standley, The Cyper-
aceae of Central America, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 239-292. 1931.

Although so similar to grasses in general appearance, the Cyper-
aceae have few or none of the important economic uses of that
family.

CALYPTROCARYA Nees

Calyptrocarya glomerulata (Brongn.) Urban. C. fragifera
Kunth. Atlantic coast; Cocos Island. British Honduras to South
America.

CAREX L.

The largest genus of the family, with numerous species in most
temperate and arctic regions, but with very few in the tropics, and
then not in the hotter regions.

Carex albolutescens Schwein. Slopes of the volcanoes, 1,500-
1,800 meters, wet places, often in sphagnum bogs. United States
to northern South America.

Carex Bonplandii Kunth. C. heptastachya Boeckl. Linnaea
39: 114. 1875 (based upon Costa Rican material); C. Durandii
Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 189. 1896 (type from Costa Rica).

96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Higher mountains, 2,400-3,100 meters. A South American species,
unknown north of Costa Rica.

Carex Donnell-Smithii Bailey. C. viridis Boeckl. Linnaea 40:
330. 1876, ex parte, non C. viridis Jungh.; C. Pittieri Boeckl. Allgem.
Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 190. 1896 (type from Costa Rica). High mountains,
2,500-3,300 meters, sometimes in sphagnum bogs. Listed by Clarke
under the names C. Jamesonii Boott and C. pichinchensis HBK.

Carex Humboldtiana Steud. Forests of the temperate region,
1,200-1,800 meters. Mexico and West Indies to northern South
America.

Carex Jovis Clarke, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 470. 1908.
Without locality, Pittier & Tonduz 10757.

Carex Lemanniana Boott. Higher mountains, at 2,000 meters
or more. Southward to Ecuador. Reported from Costa Rica under
the names C. pichinchensis HBK. and C. Jamesonii Boott.

Carex polystachya Swartz. C. cladostachya WahL; C. acrolepis
Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 270. 1851 (type from Costa
Rica); C. Oerstedii Liebm. op. cit. 272. 1851 (type from Costa Rica).
Common in forests of the Meseta Central and on the higher moun-
tains, 1,000-2,500 meters; region of San Ramon. Mexico and West
Indies to northern South America. The most common species of
Carex in Central America.

Carex Purdiei Boott. Forests of the higher mountains, 2,000-
3,000 meters. Southward to Ecuador. A characteristic species of
the paramos of Cerro de Las Vueltas, often growing with sphagnum.

CYPERUS L.

The largest genus of Cyperaceae in tropical regions, well repre-
sented in Costa Rica as well as elsewhere in Central America.

Cyperus alternifolius L. An aquatic plant, originally from
Madagascar, cultivated in gardens, especially in fountains. It is so
similar to the native C. canus Presl that it is difficult to distinguish
the two species in herbarium specimens.

Cyperus amabilis Vahl. Delta of Tsuritkub, Tonduz 8606 (fide
Kiikenthal). Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America
and Africa. The Costa Rican collection is referred by Kiikenthal
to var. macrostachyus (Boeckl.) Kiikenth.

Cyperus articulatus L. Common in the tierra caliente and
perhaps in regions of greater elevation; growing in shallow water

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 97

or wet soil. Generally distributed in tropical regions of the earth.
Easily recognized by its leafless, terete, spongy stems with numerous
cross partitions.

Cyperus canus Presl. Tierra caliente. Extending to Mexico.
In Salvador this species is cultivated commonly for its tough, some-
what spongy stems which are used for making the mats generally
used as mattresses in Central America.

Cyperus caracasanus Kunth. Mariscus flabelliformis HBK. ;
C. breviradiatus Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 26. 1851.
Common, especially on the coasts. Generally distributed in the
tropics of America, Asia, and Africa.

Cyperus chorisanthus C. B. Clarke, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
10 : 449. 1908. Forests of Boruca, 460 meters, Tonduz 4^75. Endemic.

Cyperus compressus L. Common in the tierra caliente.
Widely distributed in warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Britton. Mariscus Sieberianus var.
evolutior Clarke. Talamanca and El Rodeo de Pacaca, 900 meters.
Central America, West Indies, and Old World.

Cyperus diffusus Vahl. Common in forests of the lowlands,
often in banana plantations, at 1,200 meters or less. Warmer regions
of both hemispheres. One of the most common Cyperaceae of
Central America.

Cyperus divergens HBK. C. asperrimus Liebm. Dansk. Vid.
Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 30. 1851; Mariscus Manimae Clarke. Cartago
and other localities, 750-1,400 meters. Mexico to South America.

Cyperus esculentus L. A species of the coasts; Cocos Island.
Widely distributed in both hemispheres.

Cyperus ferax L. Rich. Torulinium confertum Hamilt. Abun-
dant in the tierra caliente, ascending to the Meseta Central. Pan-
tropic in distribution. The most abundant species of the genus
in Central America, growing profusely in cultivated ground.

Cyperus flavescens L. Pycreus flavescens Beauv. C. Durandii
Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 1: 185. 1895 (type from San Jose").
Common from the coasts to the Meseta Central (1,400 meters);
La Hondura de San Jose. Tropical and temperate regions of both
hemispheres.

98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cyperus Haenkei Presl. C. Pittieri Boeckl. Allgem. Bot.
Zeitschr. 2: 19. 1896 (Bahia de Salinas, Tonduz 2711); Mariscus
Haenkei Presl. Growing on the coasts. Mexico and California.

Cyperus haspan L. Common in some regions, in wet soil at
1,300 meters or less. Warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standl. Zacate jacintillo.
Mariscus Jacquinii HBK.; M. dissitiflorus Clarke; C. Randuzii var.
tennis Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 17. 1896 (type from Costa
Rica). Common in the Meseta Central and in coastal regions, at
1,400 meters or less. Mexico and West Indies to South America.

Cyperus Humboldtianus Schult. Pycreus helvus Clarke.
Turrialba; Capulin; 0-500 meters. Central America.

Cyperus imbricatus Retz. C. radiatus Vahl. San Carlos, and
probably in other regions. Warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Cyperus incompletus (Jacq.) Link. Zacate jacintillo. Maris-
cus Mutisii HBK. ; M. Ehrenbergianus Clarke; C. Randuzii (Tonduzii)
Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 17. 1896 (San Jose", Tonduz}.
Meseta Central and coastal regions, at 1,400 meters or less. Widely
distributed in tropical America.

Cyperus lagunetto Steud. Pycreus lagunetto Clarke. Meseta
Central, 1,200-1,400 meters. Guatemala to South America.

Cyperus lanceolatus Poir. C. Olfersianus Kunth; Pycreus
propinquus Nees. Canas Gordas, at 1,100 meters. Widely distrib-
uted in tropical regions.

Cyperus ligularis L. Mariscus rufus HBK. Common on the
coasts. Generally distributed in tropical America. A coarse, pale
green plant, forming large clumps.

Cyperus Luzulae (L.) Retz. Zacate estrella. Common on the
coasts. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Cyperus macrolepis Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 1: 226.
1895. Based upon Costa Rican material. Endemic.

Cyperus Meyenianus Kunth. Cartago, 1,400 meters. Mexico
and West Indies to South America.

Cyperus niger Ruiz & Pavon. C. melanostachyus HBK. ; Pycreus
melanostachyus Clarke; P. elegantulus Clarke. Common in the
Meseta Central and pastures of the volcanoes, 1,000-2,500 meters.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 99

Southern California to South America. A small plant with nearly
black spikelets.

Cyperus nubigenus Britt. & Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
15: 472. 1925. Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose", 1,900 meters, Standley
38653. Endemic.

Cyperus piceus Liebm. C. piceus L densior Kiikenth. Pflanzen-
reich IV. 20, Heft 101: 397. 1936 (Turrialba, Tonduz 8266). C.
piceus f. squalidus Kiikenth. loc. cit. C. squalidus Liebm. Vid.
Selsk. Skrivt. Kjoebenhavn V. 2: 199. 1851 (San Jose", Oersted
14399). C. Tonduzianus Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 1: 187. 1895.
Reported from San Francisco de Guadalupe. Mexico to Argentina.

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. C. inconspicuus Liebm. Vid.
Selsk. Skrivt. Kjoebenhavn 197. 1851 (San Jose", Oersted 14392).
C. Liebmanni Steud. Syn. Cyp. 7. 1855. C. fugax Liebm. In sandy
soil, Meseta Central to the coasts. Widely distributed in tropical
regions.

Cyperus prolixus HBK. An aquatic plant, frequent in the
Atlantic lowlands. Mexico to South America. Plants as much as
2 meters high, resembling the papyrus plant of the Nile.

Cyperus rotundus L. San Jose"; Capulin; at 1,300 meters or
less. Tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Cyperus saturatus Clarke, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 517. 1906. Mariscus
saturatus Donn. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 5: 89. 1899, nomen; Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 453. 1902. C. millifolius Poepp. & Endl. var.
saturatus Kukenth. Pflanzenreich IV. 20, Heft 101: 221. 1936.
Jime'nez, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 6839. Also Tuis,
at 600 meters. Ranging to Bolivia (fide Kiikenthal).

Cyperus simplex HBK. Atlantic coast, at 300 meters or less.
Mexico to northern South America.

Cyperus spectabilis Schreb. Cartago, 1,400 meters. Hon-
duras and Mexico.

Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. In the tierra caliente. Widely
distributed in warmer regions of America and Africa.

Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Common in the tierra caliente.
Generally distributed in tropical America.

Cyperus tenerrimus Presl. Boton de amor. C. cymbiformis
Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 20. 1851. Pacific coast,

100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

usually growing in sand; Guanacaste; Cartago. Mexico to northern
South America.

Cyperus uncinatus Poir. Meseta Central, 1,300 meters.
Warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Cyperus unioloides R. Br. Meseta Central, 1,300 meters.
Almost pan tropic in distribution.

Cyperus virens Michx. Junco. Cartago; Canton de Dota;
1,300-2,000 meters. United States to West Indies and South
America.

DICHROMENA Michx.

Small, low plants, the bracts subtending the spikelets usually
white at the base.

Dichromena ciliata Vahl. Common from the Meseta Central
to the coasts, at 1,400 meters or less. Generally distributed in
tropical America.

Dichromena radicans Schlecht. & Cham. A common plant
from the Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,400 meters or less.
Widely distributed in tropical America.

Dichromena Watsoni Britton. Atlantic coast. Guatemala
to Panama.

DIPLASIA L. Rich.

Diplasia karataefolia L. Rich. Zacaton. Lomas del Silencio,
Valle de Diquis, 600 meters. A South American species, unknown
elsewhere in North America. Cited by Clarke under the fantastic
name of Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton, which pertains to
a very different plant of the United States.

ELEOCHARIS R. Br.

Annual or perennial plants of wet soil, the leaves reduced to
bladeless sheaths at the base of the stem, the stems terminated by
a single spikelet.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. Br. Volcan de Poas and Cerro
de Las Vueltas, 2,500-3,000 meters, in sphagnum bogs or marshy
places. Widely distributed in both hemispheres. A diminutive
plant, only 3-15 cm. high.

Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake. Common in many places,
ascending to 1,800 meters. Tropics of both hemispheres. Reported
by authors under the name E. capitata (L.) R. Br.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 101

Eleocharis Durandii Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 34. 1898.
Buenos Aires, Tonduz 4887. Endemic.

Eleocharis flaccida (Reichenb.) Urban. E. ochreata Steud.;
E. Pittieri Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 35. 1896 (San Jose,
Pittier 548). Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes, 1,200-
2,000 meters. Tropics of both hemispheres. One collection listed
by Clarke as E. olivacea Torr. is referable to this species.

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) R. Br. Junco, Tule. Abundant in
many places, Meseta Central to the coasts. Generally distributed
in tropical America. A stout plant as much as a meter high. In
some parts of Costa Rica there are wet fields occupied almost
exclusively by this plant, whose spongy stems are used in large
quantities for making the thick mats that serve commonly for
mattresses.

Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. Junco.
Meadows of Volcan de Turrialba, 2,600 meters; Buenos Aires, 500
meters. United States to South America.

Eleocharis minima Kunth. Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters.
Widely distributed in tropical America.

Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. Br. Meseta Central. Widely
distributed in tropical America. This species is utilized in the same
manner as E. geniculata.

Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schult. Junco. Meseta Central,
and probably on the coasts; region of San Ramon. Widely dispersed
in tropical America.

Eleocharis pachystyla (C. Wright) Clarke. Canas Gordas,
1,100 meters. Cuba and northern South America. Unknown else-
where in Central America.

Eleocharis plicarrachis (Griseb.) Svenson. E. variegata var.
laxiflora Clarke. Buenos Aires, 200 meters. Tropical America.

Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urban. E. chaetaria Roem. &
Schult. Abundant in wet places almost everywhere, at 1,800 meters
or less. Tropics of both hemispheres.

Eleocharis sulcata (Roth) Nees. E. costaricensis Boeckl. All-
gem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 34. 1896 (Boruca, Tonduz 4687); E.purpureo-
vaginata Boeckl. loc. cit. (Buenos Aires, Tonduz 4884)- Common
in many regions, 300-1,200 meters. Mexico to South America.

102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl

Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Bahia de Salinas.
United States and Mexico. Unknown elsewhere in Central America.

Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl. Abundant almost every-
where from the Meseta Central to the coasts. Tropics of both
hemispheres. The common form of the species has an inflorescence
of numerous spikelets, but there is another rare form in which it
is reduced to a single spikelet, as in Eleocharis.

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Common on the coasts.
Pantropic in distribution. A small, annual plant.

Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk. Guanacaste, 250
meters, and probably in the savannas of other regions. Tropics of
both hemispheres.

Fimbristylis Preslii Kunth. Nicoya. Guatemala to Colombia.

Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. A halophilous plant growing
in saline places along the seacoasts. Central America to West
Indies and South America.

FUIRENA Rottb.

Fuirena umbellata Rottb. Common on the Atlantic coast.
Tropics of both hemispheres. Almost aquatic in habitat, growing
usually in swampy places.

HEMICARPHA Nees & Am.

Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Moist places of the
coasts, growing most commonly in sandy, exposed stream beds
(arenales). Tropical America and western Africa.

HYPOLYTRUM L. Rich.

Hypolytrum nicaraguense Liebm. Cocos Island; probably
also in swamps of the Atlantic coast. Central America to Brazil.

KYLLINGA Rottb.

Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Meseta Central to the coasts, at
1,300 meters or less. Warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Kyllinga nudiceps Clarke ex Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 199.
1929. Cocos Island, Pittier 16272. Endemic.

Kyllinga odorata Vahl. Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300
meters or less. Generally distributed in tropical America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 103

Kyllinga peruviana Lam. K. vaginata Lam. Atlantic coast,
a halophilous plant of sea beaches. General in tropical America.

Kyllinga pumila Michx. Common almost everywhere, at
1,800 meters or less. Tropical America and Africa.

Kyllinga pungens Link. Atlantic coast; a halophilous plant
of sea beaches. Widely distributed in tropics of both hemispheres.

MAPANIA Aubl.
The genus is unknown elsewhere in Central America.

Mapania pycnocephala Benth. Carillo, 300 meters. Vene-
zuela and Colombia.

Mapania sylvatica Aubl. Carillo, 300 meters. Ranging to
Venezuela and the Guianas.

RYNCHOSPORA Vahl

Rynchospora aristata Boeckl. Region of Cartago, 1,200-1,400
meters. Mexico and Jamaica to northern South America.

Rynchospora armerioides Presl. Buenos Aires, 480 meters.
Extending to South America. A characteristic species of savannas.

Rynchospora cephalotes (L.) Vahl. Forests and thickets of
the tierra caliente. Generally distributed in tropical America. Plants
coarse, pale green, forming dense clumps.

Rynchospora Clarkei Rose. R. Pringlei Clarke. Savannas of
Buenos Aires, 200 meters. Also in Panama and Mexico.

Rynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton. R, aurea Vahl. Atlan-
tic coast and Meseta Central, at 2,000 meters or less. Tropics of
both hemispheres.

Rynchospora cyperoides (Swartz) Mart. Guanacaste; Buenos
Aires; savannas, 500 meters or less. Tropical America and Africa.

Rynchospora eximia (Nees) Boeckl. This species was listed
for Costa Rica by Clarke, but the specimen I have seen of the
number cited (Boruca, Tonduz 44-79) is Fimbristylis diphylla. The
species inhabits wet savannas, and it is probable that it does grow
in such places in Costa Rica. Mexico to Panama and Cuba.

Rynchospora glauca Vahl. Boruca; Buenos Aires; Paramos
del Abejonal; Canton de Dota; 200-2,900 meters, in savannas or
sphagnum bogs. Tropics of both hemispheres. Cited by Clarke
under the name R. Schaffneri Boeckl., a Mexican species probably
synonymous with this.

104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Rynchospora globosa (HBK.) Roem. & Schult. San Jose and
probably in other regions. Central America and Cuba to South
America.

Rynchospora hirsuta Vahl. Savannas of Buenos Aires, 480
meters. Cuba and northern South America.

Rynchospora locuples Clarke, Bot. Jahrb. 34: Beibl. 78: 5.
1904. El Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11919. Also in Colombia.

Rynchospora longispicata Boeckl. Laguna de Buenos Aires,
200 meters. West Indies and South America. Unknown elsewhere
in Central America.

Rynchospora macrochaeta Steud. Forests of the higher
mountains, 2,000-3,000 meters. A South American species, else-
where unknown in Central America.

Rynchospora Marisculus Nees. Cie"naga de Agua Buena;
Canton de Dota; 1,100-1,800 meters. Mexico and West Indies to
South America.

Rynchospora polyphylla Vahl. R. costaricensis Boeckl. Allgem.
Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 110. 1896. Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300
meters or less; Cocos Island. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Rynchospora robusta (Kunth) Boeckl. Cie"naga de Agua
Buena, 1,100 meters, and probably in other regions. Southern
Mexico to South America.

Rynchospora Schiedeana Kunth. R. Schiedeana subsp. varica
Clarke, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 463. 1908 (El Copey, Tonduz
11736). Regions of Cartago and Dota, 1,300-1,800 meters. Mexico
and Guatemala.

Rynchospora Torresiana Britt. & Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 15: 473. 1925. Forests of El Mufieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400
meters, Standley 33846. Endemic. The species is named in honor
of Professor Rube"n Torres Rojas.

Rynchospora vulcani Boeckl. Linnaea 37: 638. 1873. R. Pit-
tieri Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 109. 1896. Volcan de Barba,
Hoffmann 66. Slopes of the higher mountains, at 2,000-3,000 meters.
Endemic.

SCIRPUS L.

Scirpus inundatus (R. Br.) Poir. Higher mountains, at 2,000-
2,800 meters. South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Not

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 105

known elsewhere in Central America. A small plant, growing in
meadows of the volcanoes, often in sphagnum bogs; abundant
about the crater of Poas.

Undoubtedly there will be found in Costa Rica Scirpus cubensis
Kunth, a subaquatic plant that grows in many places along the
Atlantic coast of Central America.

SCLERIA Berg

Reference: Earl L. Core, The American species of Scleria, Brit-
tonia 2:1. 1936.

Scleria arundinacea Kunth. Atlantic coast, ascending to
Pejivalle (900 meters); region of San Ramon. Central and South
America.

Scleria bracteata Cav. Navajuela. Moist places of the coasts.
Mexico to South America.

Scleria coriacea Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. Kjoebenhavn V. 2:
259. 1850. Guanacaste, Oersted. Known only from the original
collection. Reduced by the present writer incorrectly to synonymy
under S. setacea Poir. Core states that it is too closely related to
S. ciliata Michx.

Scleria hirtella Swartz. Guanacaste, San Jose", and probably
in other regions. Widely distributed in tropical America; Africa.
A characteristic plant of savannas. One collection listed by Clarke
as S. distans Poir. belongs to this species.

Scleria latifolia Swartz. Rio Sarapiqui, and probably through-
out the Atlantic coast. Central America to Lesser Antilles and
Venezuela.

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Swartz. Guanacaste, 250 meters.
Tropical regions of both hemispheres. A slender plant of savannas.

Scleria macrophylla Presl. S. paludosa Poepp. & Kunth.
Region of Buenos Aires, and almost certainly in other parts of the
coasts. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.

Scleria microcarpa Nees. Guanacaste, 0. Jimenez 756; re-
ported as collected in El General by Skutch. Guatemala to Cuba
and Paraguay.

Scleria micrococca (Liebm.) Steud. S. Liebmanni Steud.
S. costaricensis Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 157. 1896 (between

106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Te"rraba and Boruca, Tonduz 4634)- Region of Boruca. Mexico
to northern Brazil; Cuba. A plant of savannas.

Scleria pterota Presl. S. Pittieri Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr.
2: 159. 1896 (La Cruz, Guanacaste, Pittier 2715). Tierra caliente,
at 500 meters or less. Mexico and West Indies to South America.

Scleria pterota var. melaleuca (Schlecht. & Cham.) Standl.,
var. nov. Scleria melaleuca Schlecht. & Cham. Common in forests
of the coasts, ascending to 900 meters; region of San Ramon. Widely
distributed in tropical America. The achenes of S. pterota are white
or yellowish brown, those of var. melaleuca purplish or almost black.
Since no other differences are apparent, it seems necessary to regard
S. melaleuca as representing merely a variety, which, however,
usually is constant and definitely recognizable.

Scleria secans (L.) Urban. Navajuela. S. reflexa HBK. Com-
mon in forests and thickets of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Some-
times scandent and as much as 3 meters long, forming impenetrable
tangles in swamps and forests. The long leaves, with rough edges,
cut the flesh almost like a knife.

Scleria vaginata Steud. S. Tonduzii Boeckl. Allgem. Bot.
Zeitschr. 2: 160. 1896 (Valle de Tuis, Tonduz 8181). Also in Brazil,
Peru, and Bolivia.

STENOPHYLLUS Raf.

Stenophyllus junciformis (HBK.) Britton. Bulbostylis junci-
formis Kunth. Boruca and Buenos Aires, 300-500 meters. A plant
of savannas. Mexico to West Indies and Uruguay.

Stenophyllus paradoxus (Spreng.) Standl. Pelo de raton
(Guanacaste). Bulbostylis paradoxa Kunth; Rynchospora perrigida
Boeckl. Allgem. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 93. 1896 (type from Costa Rica).
Buenos Aires and Guanacaste. A plant of savannas and dry places;
dwarf and forming very dense and large tufts of filiform leaves.

Stenophyllus tenuifolius (Rudge) Britton. Meseta Central
to the Pacific coast, at 1,300 meters or less. Guatemala to South
America.

UNCINIA Pers.

Plants perennial, the flowers disposed in a single terminal spike.

Uncinia hamata (Swartz) Urban. U. jamaicensis Pers. Forests
of the Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes, 1,300-3,300

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 107

meters; region of San Ramon. The achenes terminate in hooked
bristles which adhere closely to clothing and penetrate the skin.

Uncinia tenuis Kunth. Volcan de Barba, 2,500 meters. An
Andean species, unknown elsewhere in Central America.

PALMAE. Palm Family

Reference: B. E. Dahlgren, Index of American palms, Bot. Ser.
Field Mus. 14. 1936.

The number of palms native in Costa Rica is very large. They
are one of the groups of plants most difficult of study, at least by
ordinary methods, chiefly because of their stature, which makes it
difficult or impossible to prepare adequate herbarium specimens of
them. Only in genera composed of small plants, such as Chamaedorea
and Reinhardtia, is it possible to prepare herbarium specimens that
give some idea of the plant as it grows in nature. Thanks to recent
publications by Burret, it is possible to present here a much more
dependable account of Costa Rican palms than could have been
offered five years ago. Their study has been facilitated enormously
also by the recently published species index prepared by Dr. B.
E. Dahlgren.

ACROCOMIA Mart.

Acrocomia vinifera Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 47.
1859. Coyol. Based by Oersted upon plants seen on the Pacific
slope of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Nicaragua to Panama; and
perhaps not distinct from the Mexican A. mexicana Karw. A palm
as much as 8 meters or more in height, the trunk very thick, armed
with long, black spines; leaves numerous, pinnate, very large, the
dry ones persistent and hanging from the base of the green ones,
densely spiny; spathes spiny, 1 meter long; spadices arising among
the leaves, glabrous, densely branched; fruit globose, smooth,
lustrous, 3.5 cm. thick. A characteristic palm of the savannas and
dry slopes of the Pacific coast, where it often forms forests of large
extent. Pittier states: "It was one of the economic plants of the
ancient Indians, who obtained from its trunk a sap rich in sugar
that they fermented to form one of the intoxicating drinks with
which they enlivened their festivities. In times of scarcity, the
fruits were eaten, and these are much enjoyed by cattle. Many of
the larger coyolares of the Pacific coast have already disappeared."
The name Coyol is of Aztec origin. Among local Indian names
are: Sera (Cabe"cara); U-kra, Ua-kra (Brunka); Zuri (TeYraba).

108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ASTEROGYNE Wendl.
The genus consists of two species, the other Colombian.

Asterogyne Martiana Wendl. Geonoma trifurcata Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 34. 1859. Wet forests of the Atlantic
coast. Also in Nicaragua and Colombia. A dwarf palm, as much
as 2 meters high, the trunk 4-5 cm. thick; leaves about 1 meter
long, simple, bifid at the apex, 25 cm. wide; spadix with 3-6 branches
10-20 cm. long; fruits ellipsoid, purplish black, small, with one seed.

ASTROCARYUM Mey.
Reference: Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 35: 114. 1934.

Astrocaryum confertum Wendl. ex Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov.
35: 136. 1934. Coyolillo, Surubre (Wendland). Rio Sarapiqui,
Wendland. Region of San Ramon. Growing (fide Pittier) in the
tierra caliente of both coasts. Plants 2-3 meters high, the trunk
armed with compressed and elongate spines; leaves pinnate, spiny;
fruits globose, forming large, dense, pendent panicles. It may well
be that more than one species of the genus exists in Costa Rica,
but no specimens are at hand for determination of the matter.

BACTRIS Jacq.

Reference: M. Burret, Bactris und verwandte Gattungen, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 34: 167-253. 1933-34.

Low palms, the trunk usually slender, armed with very long
and slender spines; leaves terminal or disposed along the trunk,
pinnately parted, the segments numerous, narrow, often furnished
with spines; spadix usually short and branched, the 2 spathes hard
and armed with sharp spines; fruits subglobose, unarmed, with a
single seed. — The palms of this genus are abundant almost every-
where in the lowlands, where they often form dense and impenetrable
thickets. They are most plentiful in swampy regions or in places
inundated for part of the year. It is probable that other species
than those listed here occur in Costa Rica.

Bactris caudata Wendl. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3:
412. 1885, nomen; Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 230. 1934. Rio
Sarapiqui, Wendland. Endemic. Leaf segments obovate-oblong,
27 cm. long, 10 cm. wide, acuminate; fruit 12 mm. long, 11 mm.
broad.

Bactris dasychaeta Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 215. 1934.
Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 700 meters, Tonduz 13310. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 109

Leaf segments about 40, linear, glabrous, with short spines on the
margins, 30 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; spadix 4 cm. long, with numerous
branches 5 cm. long; fruit 1.5 cm. long.

Bactris fusca Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 43. 1859;
Amerique Centrale pi. 8,f. 16-29. Forests of Turrialba, 900 meters,
Oersted. Endemic. Leaves 1 meter long, the segments linear, 20
cm. long, 1 cm. wide, pubescent beneath, armed with short, slender
spines; spadix with 2-5 branches about 7 cm. long; drupe blackish.

Bactris glandulosa Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
184. 1859; Ame>. Centr. pi. 8, f. 1-15, pi. 9, f. 53; B. bifida Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 44. 1859, non B. bifida Mart.; B.
Oerstediana Traill, Journ. Bot. 15: 43. 1877. Forests of Turrialba,
900 meters, Oersted. Endemic. Leaves large, their segments linear,
pale, 40 cm. long, 18 cm. wide, pubescent beneath, the margins
armed with short spines; branches of the spadix 5-6 cm. long;
spathe covered with long, slender, hair-like spines.

Bactris gracilior Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 216. 1934. San
Carlos, Koschny in 1901. Endemic. Leaf segments narrowly linear,
40 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, narrowly long-produced at the apex;
branches of the spadix 15-18, slender, 5-6.5 cm. long; fruits 13
mm. long.

Bactris longipetiolata Wendl. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 3: 412. 1885, nomen. Collected by Wendland on the Rio Sara-
piqui. No description of the species has been published.

Bactris longiseta Wendl. ex Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 213.
1934. Pedregal and San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. En-
demic. Leaf segments linear-lanceolate, 60 cm. long, 4-6.5 cm. wide,
acuminate, the marginal spines as much as 2.5 cm. long; fruit 1.5
cm. long.

Bactris minor Jacq. Huiscoyol. B. horrida Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1858: 414. 1859; Ame>. Centr. pi. 9, /. 50-52. Pacific
coast, in many places forming dense thickets of wide extent. Rang-
ing to Venezuela. Stems slender, 2-3 meters high, forming dense
colonies, armed with spines 7-10 cm. long; leaves 1 meter long,
the segments 18 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, lanceolate; spathe tomen-
tose, 25 cm. long, covered with short spines; spadix branches 20-22,
about 8 cm. long; drupe violet-black. The fruits are edible, but
their flesh is scant and not at all agreeable in flavor. In some parts
of Costa Rica this palm furnishes one of the principal sources of

110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

forage for cattle during the dry season. Pittier states that cattle
soon learn how to bend down the stems in order to reach the leaves,
but that in doing so they often destroy their eyes. The vernacular
name is written also as Uizcoyol and Biscoyol; it is of Mexican
origin. For this species there have been cited the following Indian
names, which probably are applied also to other species: Surikkuo
(Cabe"cara) ; Skub, Sero (Bribri) ; Tsuakra (Brunka) ; Shir (TeYraba) ;
Kooki (Guatuso); Pisup (Rama).

Bactris polystachya Wendl. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 3: 413. 1885, nomen nudum. Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. No
description of this species has been published.

Bactris Porschiana Burret, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 229.

1933. La Castilla to Los Negritos, 12 km. from the mouth of Rio
Reventazon, Cufodontis 724- Endemic. A palm 10 meters high,
with leaves 4 meters long.

Bactris pubescens Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 197. 1934.
Huiscoyol, Coligallo. San Carlos, Koschny in 1901. Wet forests of
the Atlantic coast. Endemic. Leaves entire, bifid at the apex,
about 50 cm. long, pubescent beneath; spathe densely covered with
slender spines; fruit bright red; trunk 1-2 meters high.

Bactris Standleyana Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 199. 1934.
Wet forests, Tilaran, Guanacaste, Standley & Valeria 44446- En-
demic. Stems slender, 1 meter high; leaves entire, bifid at the apex,
the blade 38 cm. long, somewhat pubescent beneath; spathe covered
with spines 1 cm. long; branches of the spadix 5, short; fruit 13
mm. long.

Bactris Wendlandiana Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 34: 198.

1934. B. obovata Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 234. 1878, nomen;
B. villosa Wendl. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 413. 1885,
nomen. Sarapiqui, Wendland. Endemic. Leaves with elongate
petioles, the blade simple, bifid at the apex, 60 cm. long, pubescent
on both surfaces; spadix small, 6 cm. long, the branches about 22
and 5 cm. long; fruit 12 mm. long.

CALYPTROGYNE Wendl.

Reference: M. Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 131-140. 1930.

Low, unarmed palms, the trunk very short or none; leaves
pinnatisect, green; spadix simple in the Costa Rican species, the
flowers sunk in pits in the rachis; fruits very small, with a single seed.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 111

Calyptrogyne glauca (Oerst.) Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 238.
1878. Geonoma glauca Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 35.
1859; G. spicigera K. Koch, Wochenschr. 244. 1858; C. spicigera
Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 17: 72. 1859. Type collected by Oersted in
Nicaragua, along the Rio San Juan, and doubtless occurring also
in Costa Rica. Leaves 1.3 meters long, 50 cm. wide, the segments
4-12, about 2 cm. wide; spadix as much as 30 cm. long, 1 cm. thick,
glabrous; fruits purple-black, 12 mm. long.

Calyptrogyne sarapiquensis Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 238.
1878, nomen; Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 134. 1930. Cola de gallo,
Coligallo, Siuta. Rio Sarapiqui, between La Virgen and Pedregal,
Wendland. Region of San Ramon and in Guanacaste. Endemic.
Trunk as much as 2 meters in height; leaves 1.5-2 meters long,
60-70 cm. wide, dark green, the segments 10-30; spadix 40-50 cm.
long, glabrous, the flowers arranged in 8 ranks. The palms of
this genus often form wide and dense colonies in the wet or swampy
forests of the northern lowlands. The leaves are used by the coast
people for covering the roofs and sides of their houses. The name
Coligallo is a contraction of Cola de gallo. Pittier reports the
Brunka name as Saat-kra, the TeYraba name as Shro-nemo.

Calyptrogyne trichostachys Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 135. 1930.
San Carlos, Koschny. A common species of forests of the Atlantic
coast. Endemic. Leaves paler on the lower surface, the blade
1 meter long; spadix 30 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick, densely pilose;
fruit obovoid-oblong, 9 mm. long.

In parks and fincas there are often cultivated, under the name
Cola de pescado, Caryota mitis Lour, and C. urens L., natives of Asia
and the East Indies. They are tall and handsome palms, their
leaves twice pinnatisect, with very numerous wedge-shaped segments.

CHAMAEDOREA Willd.

Reference: M. Burret, Chamaedorea Willd. und verwandte Pal-
mengattungen, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 724-768. 1933.

Dwarf palms with slender, smooth, unarmed stems; leaves com-
monly pinnatisect, sometimes simple, inserted along the upper part
of the stem; spadices in most species branched, sometimes simple,
enclosed before anthesis in a few green spathes that resemble corn
husks; flowers dioecious; fruits globose or oblong, black at maturity,
with a single seed. — The species of Chamaedorea are elegant and

112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ornamental plants, and often are planted in Central American
gardens. They are known by the name Pacaya, which is given prob-
ably to all the species, most of which are much alike in general
appearance. The young and tender inflorescences are commonly
used as a vegetable, being fried with eggs or prepared in various
other manners. They have a somewhat bitter flavor that is at the
same time altogether agreeable. In some species, however, the
spadices are so intensely bitter that they can not be eaten. It is
said that the young leaves likewise are sometimes eaten. Among
the Central American Chamaedoreas are several of the smallest
palms known, the plants producing flowers in some instances when
only 30 cm. in height.

Among Indian names cited for this genus are: Sor (Cab^cara);
Tsepa, Huko (Bribri) ; Shrongo (Terraba) ; Kerar (Cabe"cara) ; Kabu
(Bribri); Kue-tiki-tashia (Guatuso); Kuktik, Koktik, Kokti-gistashi
(Guatuso); Yab, lyab (Bribri); lyabu (Cabe"cara); Hodchuc (Es-
trella) ; Hechuc (Chirripo) ; Caratepu (Tucurrique) ; Shoe (TeYraba) ;
Cuh (Boruca).

Chamaedorea amabilis Wendl. ex Dammer, Gard. Chron. 36:
254. 1904. Nunnezharoa amabilis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 731. 1891.
Near San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Wet forests of the
Atlantic coast and mountains of Guanacaste, at 750 meters or less;
region of San Ramon. Stems slender, 1-2 meters high; leaf blades
25-30 cm. long, 13-17 cm. wide, deeply bifid; spadix with 2 or more
slender branches, the flowers dense or remote. Endemic.

Chamaedorea Arenbergiana Wendl. Pacaya. Region south
of Cartago and slopes of Volcan de Barba, at 1,400-2,000 meters.
Extending to Guatemala. Stems slender, green, 1-1.5 meters high;
leaves pinnatisect, the numerous segments lanceolate, conspicuously
nerved; pistillate spadix simple, very dense; fruits black, broadly
oblong.

Chamaedorea bifurcata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
13. 1859. Pacaya. Nunnezharoa bifurcata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 730.
1891. Aguacate, Oersted. Collected also at Santa Rosa de Copey,
at 1,800 meters. Endemic. A small plant, the caudex procumbent,
30 cm. long; leaves pinnate, 45-60 cm. long, the segments 8, lanceo-
late, 15 cm. long; pistillate spadix 20 cm. long, bifurcate; spathes 5.
This species is not represented in the numerous collections of the
genus made by the writer, hence it is to be inferred that it is a
rare plant.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 113

Chamaedorea costaricana Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1858: 19. 1859. Pacaya. Nunnezharoa costaricana Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. 730. 1891; C. Biolleyi Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
28: 543. 1922 (temperate region, Biolley). Turrialba, 900-1,200
meters, Oersted. An abundant plant of the valley of the Reventazon
and wet forests of Guanacaste, at 500-2,000 meters. Endemic. Stems
slender, green, 1-3 meters high; leaves pinnate, the segments as
many as 40, linear-lanceolate, few-nerved; staminate spadix 40 cm.
long or more, simply branched, the branches slender, 10-25 and
10-25 cm. long; pistillate spadix with few or numerous branches;
fruits globose.

Chamaedorea Dammeriana Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 737. 1933. San Carlos, Koschny. San Carlos; mountains of
Guanacaste, ascending to 700 meters. Endemic. Stems slender,
1 meter high; leaves simple, small, bifurcate or pinnatisect; pistillate
spadix simple, 20 cm. long, very slender, the flowers remote.

Chamaedorea exorrhiza Wendl. ex Guillaumin, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris 28: 542. 1922. Pacaya, Pacaya de danta. San
Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Plants growing in the region of
San Ramon and on both slopes of the mountains of Tilaran are
perhaps referable here, although this is not certain. Stem erect,
1.5-2.5 meters high, 3.5-4 cm. thick; leaves few, 75-100 cm. long,
with as many as 40 lanceolate segments, their nerves very conspicu-
ous and elevated; staminate spadix 25 cm. long, simply branched,
with about 40 branches; fruits black, obovoid, 15-18 mm. long.

Chamaedorea geonomaeformis Wendl. Region of San
Ramon. Ranging to Guatemala. Stems slender, 1.5 meters high
or less; leaves simple, commonly about 30 cm. long, deeply bifid
at the apex, the lobes acute or acuminate; fruiting spadix simple,
long and slender, the rachis orange or bright red; fruit globose,
scarcely 1 cm. in diameter, black.

Chamaedorea graminifolia Wendl. Pacaya. Wet forests of
the Atlantic slope. Extending to Guatemala. Stems slender, green,
1.5-4 meters high; leaves large, divided into numerous linear seg-
ments; spadices pendent, with numerous elongate, tortuous branches;
rachis orange-colored after anthesis; fruits oblong, black. The leaf
segments are much narrower than those of other species.

Chamaedorea macrospadix Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1858: 20. 1859. Pacaya. Nunnezharoa macrospadix Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. 730. 1891. Forests of Turrialba, 900-1,200 meters, Oersted.

114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Atlantic slope; reported from El General. Endemic. Caudex short
or none; leaf blade 60 cm. long, the 20-24 segments narrowly lance-
olate, acuminate; staminate spadices elongate, almost equaling the
leaves, the peduncle almost a meter long, the branches 21-26, very
slender; spathes 6-7 and 25-30 cm. long. Sometimes cultivated in
gardens of the Meseta Central.

Chamaedorea microphylla Wendl. Region south of Cartago
and slopes of Volcan de Poas; region of San Ramon; 900-1,900
meters. Described from Chiriqui, Panama. A dwarf palm, the
stem very short or none; leaves small, the numerous segments 7-10
cm. long, 3-nerved; pistillate spadix small, with few short branches;
fruits globose, blackish.

Chamaedorea nana N. E. Brown, Kew Bull. 156. 1914; Bot.
Mag. pi. 8652. Kinetostigma nana Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 318. 1932. Based upon a Costa Rican plant cultivated
in the Kew Gardens, London. Collected also at Tucurrique, at
800 meters. Endemic. Plants 30-60 cm. high, acaulescent, the
rhizome creeping; leaves about 10, the petioles as much as 13 cm.
long; blade obovate, bifid almost to the middle, 23 cm. long; spadix
simple, glabrous, axillary, 20 cm. long, the flower spikes 8 cm. long;
fruits small, globose, black. A species close to C. pumila, and
perhaps not distinct.

Chamaedorea Pacaya Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
12. 1859. Pacaya. Nunnezharoa Pacaya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 730.
1891. Jaris, 900 meters, Oersted. Wet forests, Atlantic coast to the
Meseta Central; slopes of Volcan de Poas; San Ramon; mountains
of Guanacaste; Canton de Dota; at 300-2,000 meters. Ranging to
Honduras. Stems slender, 1-3 meters high; leaves pinnate, 60-90
cm. long, the segments about 14, oblong-lanceolate or narrower,
15-20 cm. long; spathes 5-6; rachis of the pistillate spadix 2.5-3.5
cm. long, the 5 or 6 branches 7-10 cm. long, rather stout, some-
times erect; fruits 8-10 mm. in diameter, globose, black.

Chamaedorea parvifolia Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 746. 1933. Pacaya. Cerros de Velirla, Copey, 2,600-2,700
meters, Tonduz 11794. A common palm of the oak (Quercus) forests
of Canton de Dota, 1,500-1,700 meters; region of San Ramon.
Endemic. Stems 2 meters high or less, sometimes almost none,
green; leaves small, the 8-10 segments lanceolate, 16 cm. long;
pistillate spadix with 3-5 slender branches 7-8 cm. long, the rachis
orange-colored or reddish; fruits small, globose, black.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 115

Chamaedorea pumila Wendl. ex Dammer, Card. Chron. 36:
246. 1904. Nunnezharoa pumila Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 731. 1891.
San Miguel, Sarapiqui, Wendland. Atlantic coast and mountains
of Tilaran, Guanacaste; San Ramon; ascending to 850 meters.
Endemic. A dwarf plant, acaulescent or with a procumbent caudex;
leaves 6-8, very shortly petiolate, 20-45 cm. long, bifid at the apex,
thick, the nerves numerous and elevated; pistillate spadix short,
simple. A handsome plant, especially because of the thick texture
of its leaves, which are very different from those of other species.

Chamaedorea rhombea Burret, NotizbL Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 753. 1933. Rancho de Achiote, southern slope of Volcan de
Poas, 2,250 meters, Pittier 37 J>. Endemic. Stem 1 cm. thick;
petiole 24 cm. long, the rachis of the blade 42 cm. long, the seg-
ments 10, ovate-rhombic, acuminate, 6.5-9 cm. long; spadix branches
3-4 and 6-7 cm. long; fruits subobovoid. Related to C. Pacaya,
from which it may not be distinct.

Chamaedorea Warscewiczii Wendl. Forests of Tucurrique,
700 meters. Also in Guatemala. Leaves pinnatisect, the segments
rhombic-sigmoid, acuminate; spadix simply branched.

COCOS L. Coconut

Cocos nucifera L. Cocotero. This, the best known of all palms,
grows abundantly upon the sea beaches, and is seen in cultivation
in almost every part of the country, except in the colder regions.
Perhaps the most handsome and certainly the most picturesque of
all palms, it forms an essential element of almost every scene in the
tierra caliente. Notwithstanding its present abundance, the coconut
is not a native of Costa Rica, but it is not known whether it existed
here before the advent of the Spaniards. The fruits have been
exported from Costa Rica upon a small scale. The meat is employed
locally for preparation of different kinds of sweetmeats, and from
the pipas — young and tender fruits — is obtained a refreshing bever-
age that has the advantage of being always cool, no matter how hot
the air may be. Pittier states that the variety of coconut found on
Cocos Island has a depressed nut smaller than that of continental
trees. Among the Indian names cited are: Kuku (Cabecara, Bribri) ;
Sia-kra (Brunka); Koko (TeVraba); Igva (Talamanca); Si-agua
(Boruca).

COROZO Giseke

Corozo oleifera (HBK.) L. H. Bailey. Coquito, Palmiche
(Nicoya). Elaeis melanococca var. semicircularis Oerst. Vid. Medd.

116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Kjoebenhavn 1858: 51. 1859 (Palmar, Oersted). Swampy places
near the sea, on both coasts. An almost unarmed palm, the trunk
large and very thick, procumbent, the erect portion 1.5-3 meters
high, covered in part by persistent bases of dead leaves; leaves very
large, the blade 3 meters long or more, the very numerous segments
a meter long; petiole armed with sharp, incurved spines; fruits
resembling small, red coconuts, arranged in large, dense, cone-like
panicles almost concealed in the axils of the leaves. This palm has
been listed commonly under the name of Elaeis melanococca Gaertn.
From the seeds there is extracted an oil that is highly esteemed by
the people of the coast, but only small amounts of it are obtained.
The species ranges southward to Venezuela.

CRYOSOPHILA Blume

Reference: H. H. Bartlett, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
37. 1935.

Tall palms armed with elongate, not very sharp spines that
probably represent adventitious roots, the trunk provided near the
base with aerial roots; leaves rounded, fan-like, bifid to the base,
the rachis almost none, the blades 1.5-2 meters long, pale and silvery
beneath; petioles 1-2 meters long, with numerous fibers at the base;
fruits obovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long. — The genus consists of
four Mexican and Central American species. The leaves are used
for making coarse brooms.

Cryosophila albida Bartlett, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
40. 1935. Guagra, Palmera de escoba. Plains of Santa Clara, 100
meters, Cook & Doyle 74. Probably frequent in the Atlantic tierra
caliente. Also in Panama. Leaves not lustrous on the upper
surface; spadix amply paniculate. For this species, referred previ-
ously by some authors to Acanthorrhiza Warscewiczii Wendl., a
species of Panama, there are reported the following Indian names:
Shkua (Cabe"cara); Tus (Bribri); Kin-go (Te"rraba); Suurun, Baoka
(Guatuso).

Cryosophila Warscewiczii, like numerous other palms of southern
Central America, is illustrated by L. H. Bailey in his pamphlet
Certain palms of Panama, in volume 3 of Gentes Herbarum (1933).
This publication, with its numerous fine illustrations, is the most
useful one available for those who desire to become acquainted
with the palms of Central America.

Cryosophila Cookii Bartlett, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
39. 1935. Rio Hondo, plains of Santa Clara, 100 meters, Cook

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 117

& Doyle 635. Endemic. Leaves very lustrous on the upper surface;
spadix narrow, with very short, simple branches.

DASYSTAGHYS Oerst.

The genus consists of only the following species.

Dasystachys Deckeriana (Klotzsch) Oerst. Coligallo. Atlantic
slope; collected at San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, and at Tuis; Pejivalle,
at 900 meters. Also in Guatemala. A dwarf palm, the stem short,
erect; leaves simple, bifid at the apex, petiolate; spadices simple,
arising between or below the leaves, the peduncle elongate, the
flowers 8-ranked; stigmas 3, recurved, exserted. The species is
illustrated by Oersted, AmeY. Centrale pi. 6. In general appearance
it resembles a Chamaedorea.

DESMONCUS Mart.

Desmoncus costaricensis (Kuntze) Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov.
36: 202. 1934. Matamba. Atitara costaricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
726. 1891. Mountains south of San Jose", Kuntze. Abundant in
all the tierra caliente. Endemic. A large vine, the slender stems
armed with blackish spines; leaves pinnate, the segments spiny near
the base; terminal part of the rachis without segments but with
pairs of stout, refracted, very sharp spines, the terminal portion
of the rachis long and whip-like; fruits arranged in large panicles.
The flexible stems are employed in Nicoya for making baskets.
The vines of this genus form impenetrable thickets in some places
along the Atlantic coast, where they are a constant menace to
travelers through the forest, particularly because of the danger of
injuring one's eyes with the sharp spines, which often dangle across
the trails and are not at all conspicuous. The plant has been reported
from Costa Rica under the name D. oxyacanthos Mart. Indian
names listed are Tsua-kra (Brunka) and Shir (TeYraba).

Desmoncus leptochaeta Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 36: 204.
1934. Matamba. Rio Abrojo, Pacific plains, Pittier 11969. En-
demic. Judging from Burret's description, the plant is very similar
to the preceding species.

EUTERPE Gaertn.

Reference: M. Burret, Die Gattung Euterpe Gaertn., Bot. Jahrb.
63: 49-76. 1929.

Tall, solitary palms, the trunk slender and unarmed; leaves
terminal, pinnatisect, the segments narrow and acuminate; spadix
a branched panicle; fruits very small, with a single seed.

118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Euterpe brachyspatha Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 53: 56. 1929.
Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier 11124. Endemic. Leaves with
about 34 segments, these 35-50 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, green on
both sides; spadix 1 meter long, the branched portion only 20 cm.
long; spathe shorter than the peduncle; spadix branches glabrous;
fruits 7 mm. long.

Euterpe decurrens Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 244. 1878, nomen;
Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 63. 1929. Type collected in San Carlos by
Koschny in 1901. Collected at San Miguel by Wendland. Endemic.
Leaf segments 65 cm. long, 3 cm. wide; spadix branches 50 cm.
long, pubescent; fruits 8 mm. long.

Euterpe longipetiolata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:,
32. 1859. Palmito, Pacaya de raton. Near Turrialba, 1,000 meters,
Oersted. Collected at Tucurrique (635 meters) by Tonduz, and
probably common on the Atlantic slope. A tall palm, the leaves
2.5-3 meters long, the 40-50 segments 45-60 cm. long, linear-
lanceolate; spathe 75 cm. long, equaling the spadix; spadix branches
40-60 cm. long, glabrous The terminal bud or cabbage of this and
other species is a delicious vegetable, much liked by all who are
acquainted with it. All the species of Euterpe are much alike in
general appearance, and it is probable that all bear the same local
names. Among Indian names reported for this species are: Kerar-
tebu (Cabe"cara) ; Shin-kra (Brunka) ; Sherebo (TeYraba) ; Si, Si-tebu
(Cabe"cara).

Euterpe microspadix Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
31. 1859. Type collected by Oersted in Nicaragua, on the Rio
San Juan near Sarapiqui, and almost certainly to be found in Costa
Rica. Material from Los Angeles de San Ramon probably is refer-
able here. Trunk 15-25 meters high; leaves 2-2.5 meters long,
with 70-80 segments; inner spathe 90 cm. long; branches of the
spadix pubescent, 45 cm. long.

GEONOMA Willd.

Reference: M. Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 144-270. 1930.

Unarmed palms, dwarf or barely of medium size; leaves rela-
tively small, entire or pinnatisect; spadix simple or branched, the
flowers sunk in its branches; fruits small, globose, with a single
seed. — One of the largest genera of the family, with 170 American
species.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 119

Geonoma binervia Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 33.
1859. Surtuba. Type collected by Oersted on the Rio San Juan
in Nicaragua. Common in wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Ex-
tending to Guatemala. Trunk smooth, pale, 1.5-4.5 meters high;
leaves large, pinnatisect, the narrow segments numerous; spadix
pubescent, twice branched, reddish; fruits 1 cm. long. The tender,
young spadices are eaten in some parts of Central America. This
is an exceptionally handsome palm because of its neat and grace-
ful form.

Geonoma congesta Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
112. 1872. Cana de danta. Rio Sarapiqui, between Pedregal and
San Miguel, Wendland. Endemic. Forming small colonies, the
trunk 4-5 meters high, 25 cm. thick, smooth, yellowish green; leaf
rachis 90 cm. long, with 10 segments; spadix with 7-10 branches,
the lower ones sometimes bifurcate, the flowers 6-8-ranked; fruit
7-8 mm. long.

Geonoma cuneata Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
104. 1871. Rio Sarapiqui, between Cariblanco and San Miguel,
Wendland. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Endemic. Trunk
50 cm. high and 3-4 cm. thick; leaves 1 meter long, with 4-16
segments; spathes 20-30 cm. long; spadix simple, 20-30 cm. long,
the flowers in 8-10 ranks; fruits 7 mm. thick.

Geonoma decurrens Wendl. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 162.
1930. El Muelle, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Endemic. Trunk 50
cm. high, 3-4 cm. thick; leaves 1.5 meters long, entire, bifid; spathe
12-17 cm. long; spadix simple, 22-27 cm. long, the flowers in 8 ranks.

Geonoma edulis Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
106. 1871. Surtuba. Above Turrialba, Wendland. Endemic. A tall
palm, the trunk 6-10 meters high, 5-6 cm. thick, smooth; leaves
almost erect, 3-4 meters long, pinnatisect, with about 40 segments;
spathes 20 cm. long; spadix 50-60 cm. long, the branches about 20,
again branched. The terminal buds or cabbages are eaten commonly
as a vegetable, and are sold in quantity in the markets of the Meseta
Central. The species is probably a common one on the Atlantic slope.

Geonoma ferruginea Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
110. 1871. Above Cariblanco, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Endemic.
Forests of the Atlantic coast; San Ramon; at 850 meters or less.
Endemic. A palm forming small colonies, the trunk 2-4 meters
high; leaves 4-6, about 1 meter long, covered with a brownish wool,

120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

with 6 segments; rachis of the spadix 6 cm. long, with 8 or 9 simple
branches 12-18 cm. long.

Geonoma flaccida Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 245. 1878, nomen
nudum. Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. No description has been
published of this species, which was listed by Hemsley also from
Guatemala.

Geonoma gracilis Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
105. 1871. Pacaya de caballo. Pedregal, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland.
Region of San Ramon, at 1,100 meters. Endemic. Trunk 50-100
cm. high, 1-2 cm. thick; leaves 60 cm. long, with 6 segments; spathes
13-20 cm. long; spadix simple, 10-14 cm. long, the flowers arranged
in 5-6 ranks.

Geonoma Hoffmanniana Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc.
11: 106. 1871. Volcan de Barba and Desengano, 3,000 meters, Wend-
land. Wet forests of Barba and Poas; El Copey; 1,800-3,000 meters.
Endemic. A dwarf palm, the trunk as thick as a finger; leaves
1 meter long, with 8-10 segments; spathes 25 cm. long; rachis of
the spadix 5-7 cm. long, the 4-6 branches simple, 15-20 cm. long.

Geonoma longipetiolata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1858: 36. 1859. Type collected by Oersted in Nicaragua, along the
Rio San Juan. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Plants forming
small colonies, the trunk 3-5 meters high, 2-2.5 cm. thick; leaves
1.5 meters long, with 8-16 segments; rachis of the spadix 15-17 cm.
long, the branches 12-14, the lower ones again branched; fruits 6 mm.
in diameter. G. flaccida Wendl. is perhaps a synonym of this species.

Geonoma longevaginata Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc.
11: 109. 1871. Rio Sarapiqui, between La Virgen and Pedregal,
Wendland. Endemic. An elegant palm, forming colonies, the trunk
3-5 meters high, 3-3.5 cm. thick; leaves 2-2.5 meters long, with
12-16 segments; spathes 12 cm. long; spadix twice branched, the
rachis 15-23 cm. long, with 9-11 branches, the flowers in 7-8 ranks.

Geonoma microspadix Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
110. 1871. Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Listed by Hemsley also from
Nicaragua. A little known plant, placed by Burret among the
doubtful species.

Geonoma microstachys Wendl. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63:
228. 1930. San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Also in Nicaragua.
A dwarf palm, forming colonies, the trunk 2-3 meters tall, 2-2.5 cm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 121

thick; leaves 80-90 cm. long, the 6-12 segments widely separated,
20-30 cm. long; spadix twice branched, the rachis 8-10 cm. long;
fruits 4-5 mm. thick. The fruits are eaten in Nicaragua, where the
plant is known by the name Coyolito.

Geonoma obovata Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
104. 1871. Pedregal, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Atlantic coast.
Endemic. A dwarf palm, the trunks solitary, 50 cm. high, 1.5-2
cm. thick; leaves 1 meter long, simple or more or less parted,
20-25 cm. wide; spadix simple, 10-20 cm. long, the flowers in
7-8 ranks.

Geonoma oxycarpa Mart. Reported by Burret from the
Atlantic coast. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Haiti. Leaves
with 6 segments; spadix twice branched.

Geonoma procumbens Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc.
11: 105. 1871. Near San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Plains
of the Atlantic coast. Endemic. Trunk as much as 2 meters high,
3-5 cm. thick; leaves almost 2 meters long, the 12-16 segments
lanceolate; inner spathes 50-70 cm. long; spadix simple, 30-50 cm.
long, the flowers in 10-11 ranks.

Geonoma versiformis Wendl. ex Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
109. 1871. Above Turrialba, Wendland. Plains of the Atlantic
coast. Endemic. Forming dense clumps 3-4 meters high, the
trunk 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; leaves 1-1.5 meters long, with 5-15
segments; spathes 20 cm. long; rachis of the spadix 5-9 cm. long,
the 8-10 branches simple, 8-17 cm. long, the flowers in 6 ranks.

GUILIELM A Mart.

Guilielma utilis Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 46.
1859. Pejibaye. Bactris utilis Benth. & Hook, ex Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 413. 1885. With regard to this palm, so well
known in Costa Rica, one can not do better than cite Pittier's words:
"An arborescent palm of the tierra caliente, where it is more abundant
on the Atlantic side. The Indians cultivated it from the most remote
times, and it is unknown in a truly wild state, for its occurrence in
remote places is an indication of former settlements there. The
trunk reaches a height of 8 meters, and is covered with slender, sharp
spines, arranged in circular bands. The leaves are pinnatifid, and
dark green. The yellow flowers, much frequented by Hymenoptera,
form short racemes that are protected by a spiny spathe. The fruits
are as large as a jocote tronador, and are bright red in one variety,

122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

yellow in the other. The nut is surrounded by a sweet, mealy pulp
that is eaten when cooked ; its flavor suggests that of chestnuts, and
it is a favorite food of the common people. The very hard wood was
employed by the Indians for staffs, bows, arrow points, etc. The
word Pejibaye is probably of South American origin, with the
variants Pejiballe, Pijibay, Pixbae, and Pixbay."

The species G. utilis is known only from Costa Rica, but it may
not be really distinct from G. Gasipaes (HBK.) L. H. Bailey, which
ranges from Colombia to Brazil, and is known in many regions
by the name Chonta. I believe that a palm I have seen on the
Atlantic coast of Costa Rica — it is reported also elsewhere — where
it is called Chonta, is nothing more than a wild or naturalized form
of the pejibaye. Its bark, removed in a single piece and flattened
out, with the spines removed, is employed for making the bottoms
of beds or bunks in some of the country huts. The pejibaye, whose
fruits are usually highly esteemed by visitors to Costa Rica, has
been carried to other parts of Central America, where it thrives, but
it is not common outside Costa Rica. To the writer it seems probable
that the palm was brought to Costa Rica from South America by
the Indians of the coasts, perhaps many centuries ago. Especially
probable is this hypothesis if, as Pittier claims, the tree is not wild
anywhere in the country.

Indian names reported for this palm are; Dika (Cabe*cara);
Diko (Bribri); Suba-kra (Brunka); Shup (TeYraba); Suuma (Gua-
tuso); Supa (Rama).

IRIARTEA Ruiz & Pavon

Iriartea gigantea Wendl. ex Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 920. 1930. San Miguel, Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Endemic.
A tall, unarmed palm; leaves pinnate, the segments green, cuneate,
50-170 cm. long; branches of the spadix furcate, glabrous, the
flowers ternate, monoecious; fruits globose, 2.5 cm. in diameter.
In this genus the trunk is provided near the base with numerous
prop or aerial roots that are very hard and strong, and help to
hold it erect.

MANICARIA Gaertn.

Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. Yolillo. Abundant in swamps
of some parts of the Atlantic coast, forming large colonies of charac-
teristic aspect. The species occurs in many parts of the Atlantic
coast of Central America, and also in South America. Trunk thick
and short, but the leaves very large, and the whole plant as much

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 123

as 6 meters high ; leaves entire but often torn by the wind, unarmed ;
spadiees branched, a meter long, the flowers monoecious, sunk in
the rachis; spathes 2; fruits 4-5 cm. in diameter, somewhat 3-lobate
or occasionally bilobate or globose, covered with pyramidal tubercles.
The wide leaves are employed locally for thatch, which is said to
last for many years (40-50 years, according to some reports). The
fruits are eaten by swine and other animals.

NEONICHOLSONIA Dammer

Dwarf, acaulescent palms, the leaves pinnate; spadix simple,
the flowers ternate, sunk in the rachis, monoecious; stamens 6,
slightly coherent at the base, the anthers sagittate. — The genus
consists of only the two Costa Rican species.

Neonicholsonia Georgii Dammer, Card. Chron. III. 30: 178.
1901. Type collected in Costa Rica, without indication of the
locality. Endemic. Leaf segments 20-22, lanceolate, acuminate,
30-36 cm. long; spadix as much as 55 cm. long.

Neonicholsonia Watsoni Dammer, Card. Chron. III. 30: 179.
1901. Type collected in Costa Rica. Endemic. Leaf segments
18-20, elongate-lanceolate, 34-46 cm. long; spadix 40 cm. long,
much more slender than in the preceding species.

Orbignya Cohune (Mart.) Dahlgren. This palm, which ranges
from Mexico to Honduras and probably farther south, has been
reported for Costa Rica, with the common name of Palma real.
It may be that it exists here, but it is more probable that the plant
so reported is a species of Scheelea. The genus Orbignya is easy of
recognition because of the much twisted and curled anthers; those
of Scheelea are straight.

It is probable that there has been planted in Costa Rica the
date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., of African origin. It is cultivated
commonly in the drier regions of Mexico, but does not thrive, or
at least produce much if any fruit, in the more humid climate of
Central America.

PHOLIDOSTACHYS Wendl.
The only other species of the genus is native in Colombia.

Pholidostachys pulchra Wendl. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 3: 410. 1885, nomen; Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 130. 1930. Geo-
noma pulchra Wendl. ex Hemsl. loc. cit. in syn. Type collected by

124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Wendland in the Valley of Sarapiqui between San Miguel and El
Muelle. Found by Koschny in San Carlos. Endemic. An elegant
plant, forming colonies, the unarmed trunk 6-9 meters tall, 4-5
cm. thick; leaves terminal, 2 meters long, pinnatisect, the segments
12-16, lanceolate, very narrowly acuminate, 35-60 cm. long, 5-9
cm. wide; spadices pendent between the leaves, simple, tomentose,
50-60 cm. long; spathes 2, the inner one 30 cm. long; fruit obovoid,
28 mm. long, 2 of the cells abortive.

PYRENOGLYPHIS Karst.

A genus of palms much like the species of Bactris, but the fruits
longer than broad, with solid, firm flesh; the fruit of Bactris is usually
broader than long, with a soft, red pulp. In Pyrenoglyphis the
staminodia form a continuous ring; in Bactris they are absent or
obscure and indistinct.

Pyrenoglyphis balanoidea (Oerst.) Karst. Fl. Columb. 2: 142.
1869. Augustinea balanoidea Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
39. 1859; Ame"rique Centrale pi. 9, f. 1-18; Bactris balanoidea Wendl.
in Kerchov. Palm. 233. 1878. Type collected at Puntarenas by
Oersted. Probably in all parts of the Pacific coast. British Hon-
duras to Panama. Trunk 3 meters high, slender, armed with long
spines; leaves pinnatifid; fruit glabrous and smooth, 3.5 cm. long.

There is little doubt that there grows in Costa Rica also P.
ovata (Oerst.) Karst., a species based by Oersted upon plants from
the north coast of Nicaragua and found more recently in Panama.

RAPHIA Beauv.

Raphia taedigera Mart. Yolillo. Swamps of the Atlantic
coast. Nicaragua to Brazil. An almost unarmed palm, the trunk
short and thick; leaves pinnatisect, the segments with short spines
on the margins; spadix very large, somewhat woody, said to persist
for several years; fruits as large as an egg, covered with handsome,
smooth, lustrous, imbricate scales. The Guatuso name is reported
as Suuri. This palm may be recognized at once by the characteristic
fruit, unlike that of any other plant of Central America. The
Central American plant has been listed as R. vinifera Beauv.

REINHARDTIA Liebm.

Reference: M. Burret, Die Palmengattungen Reinhardtia Liebm,
und Malortiea H. Wendl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 551-556.
1932.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 125

Dwarf palms, unarmed, the stems slender and elongate or very
short; leaves simple and bifid at the apex or pinnatisect, small;
flowers monoecious, the spadix stalked, simple or simply branched;
fruits small, ellipsoid, with a single seed. — Plants with more or less
the appearance of the genus Chamaedorea.

Reinhardtia Koschnyana (Wendl. & Dammer) Burret,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 554. 1932. Malortiea Koschnyana
Wendl. & Dammer, Card. Chron. III. 29: 341. 1901. San Carlos,
Koschny. Endemic. A dwarf plant, the leaves simple, short-bifid
at the apex; spadix simple. Reinhardtia latisecta (Wendl.) Burret,
reported by Hemsley from Costa Rica (Sarapiqui, Wendland), is a
Guatemalan species.

Reinhardtia rostrata Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
554. 1932; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46: 228. 1933. Between
La Castilla and Los Negritos, 12 km. from the mouth of Rio Reven-
tazon, Cufodontis 700. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast, ascending
to Pejivalle (900 meters). Also in Nicaragua. Stem slender, as
much as 2 meters high; leaves small, pinnatisect, the 4 segments
cuneiform, with narrow perforations or "windows" close to the
rachis; spadix with a few reddish branches. A neat and handsome
palm, easy to recognize because of the perforations of the leaves.
Other similar species grow in northern Central America.

Reinhardtia simplex (Wendl.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 554. 1932. Malortiea simplex Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 17: 5.
1859. Sarapiqui, Wendland. Common in wet forests of the Atlantic
coast and the mountains of Guanacaste, ascending to Pejivalle
(900 meters). Also in Panama; cultivated in Europe. A dwarf
plant, usually 60 cm. high; leaves simple, short-bifid at the apex,
13-18 cm. long, dentate; peduncle elongate, the spadix with a few
erect branches, tinged with red. Illustrated in Curtis' Bot. Mag.
pL 5247. Of interest as being the smallest palm of Costa Rica, pro-
ducing flowers when only 30 cm. high.

ROYSTONEA 0. F. Cook

Roystonea regia (HBK.) 0. F. Cook. Palma real. Oreodoxa
regia HBK. Native of Cuba and Florida, this palm is seen fre-
quently in parks and fincas of Costa Rica. Of all cultivated palms,
it is the most popular in the American tropics, because of its majestic
and handsome appearance. This species may be recognized by its
smooth and somewhat swollen trunk, somewhat recurved leaves,

126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

and spherical fruits. It is possible that there has been planted in
Costa Rica also R. oleracea (Mart.) O. F. Cook (Oreodoxa oleracea
Mart.), native of Barbados, which has horizontal leaves and oval or
oblong fruits. At the finca of the United Fruit Company at La
Colombiana there is an exceptionally handsome and long double
row of royal palms that have attained a fine development.

Under the local name of Palma de sombreros Pittier has listed
for Costa Rica (under the generic name Inodes, synonym of Sabal)
a plant about which he writes: "A palm frequently cultivated or
half-cultivated near the dwellings of the people of the Pacific coast.
It is unknown in Costa Rica in a wild state. The leaves are employed
for making the every-day hats worn by the country people of that
coast." If really referable to the genus Sabal, it is probable that this
palm has been imported from northwestern Central America.

SCHEELEA Karst.

Tall, unarmed palms, the large leaves pinnate; flowers monoe-
cious; spathes greatly elongate, more or less persistent, woody; spadix
elongate, with numerous lateral branches that are short and densely
flowered, in fruit forming a compact, pendent panicle; fruits ellipsoid
or oval, containing 1-7 seeds.

Scheelea costaricensis Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
684. 1929. Corozo. Type collected in Costa Rica by Hoffmann,
without indication of the locality. Endemic. Fruit small, oblong,
5.5 cm. long, short-beaked, containing a single seed. The descrip-
tion by Burret was based upon fruits only.

Scheelea gomphococca (Mart.) Burret. Palma real. To this
species is referred a tall palm that abounds in the savannas of Guana-
caste and in other parts of the Pacific coast, but it is not certain that
the Costa Rican plant is the one described by Martius (from
"America meridionali"). Trunk thick, about 10 meters tall; leaves
very large, the segments linear; leaf sheaths persistent upon the
trunk. The leaves are employed for construction of temporary huts.

Scheelea rostrata (Oerst.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 688. 1929. Attalea rostrata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858:
50. 1859. Near Puntarenas, Oersted. Probably common on the
Pacific coast. Endemic. Trunk 4-6 meters tall; leaves 3.5-4.5
meters long, the segments almost a meter long, linear; spathes 1.5-
2 meters long. For this species there have been listed the following
Indian names: Uru (Cabe"cara); Oru (Bribri); Su (TeYraba).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 127

At present very little is known of the Scheelea species native in
Costa Rica. This results in part from the great size of the plants,
making it difficult to prepare usable material of them for study.

SOCRATEA Karst.

Socratea durissima (Oerst.) Wendl. Bonplandia 8: 103. 1860.
Maquenque, Maquengue, Palmito. Iriartea durissima Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 30. 1859. Type collected in Nicaragua
on the banks of the San Juan, not far from the Costa Rican border.
Common on the Atlantic coast, and reported also for the Pacific.
A beautiful palm, as much as 25 meters high, unarmed, the trunk
smooth, green, provided near the base with aerial roots that are
stilt-like and as much as 3 meters in length; leaves 1.5-2 meters
long, the few segments cuneiform, 30-60 cm. long; spadices arising
below the leaves, glabrous, branched, the flowers monoecious, white;
fruits oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long. Nicaragua to Panama. One of the
handsomest palms of Central America. Its wood is hard and durable.
The plant has an important role in construction by the Indians and
other inhabitants of the Atlantic coast. The cabbage of young leaves
is a vegetable of good flavor. Among Indian names reported are:
Uraa-kra (Brunka); Rru (TeYraba). This palm has appeared in
works treating the Costa Rican flora as Iriartea exorrhiza Mart.

SYNECHANTHUS Wendl.

Slender, dwarf palms, unarmed, with the general appearance
of Chamaedorea, but the flowers monoecious; spadix simply branched,
the numerous branches slender, elongate, flexible and somewhat
flexuous, the whole inflorescence suggestive of a broom.

Synechanthus angustifolius Wendl. in Koch & Fint. Wochen-
schr. 15. 1859. Based upon Costa Rican plants. Differing from
the following species by the narrower leaf segments, and probably
only a form of it. Endemic. Of this species I have seen only a
photograph of the type.

Synechanthus Warscewiczianus Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 16: 145.
1858. Reineckia triandra Karst. in Koch & Fint. Wochenschr. 349.
1&5S; Cottinia fibrosa Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1858: 5. 1859;
Nunnezharoa Warscewicziana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 731. 1891. Type
collected in Costa Rica by Warscewicz. Common in wet forests
along the Atlantic coast, and also on the Pacific, and ascending to
Pejivalle (900 meters); region of San Ramon. Also in Panama.
Trunk green, up to 4.5 meters in height, 2.5 cm. thick, smooth;

128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

leaves a meter long, the 16-20 segments lanceolate; spadix glabrous;
fruits oblong, 1.5 cm. long, black when ripe.

WELFIA Wendl.

Two other species of the genus are known, in Honduras and
Colombia.

Welfia Georgii Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 258. 1878, nomen;
Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 125. 1930. Type collected in the Valley of
Sarapiqui, between San Miguel and El Muelle. Endemic. An
elegant palm, forming colonies, the unarmed trunk 20 meters high,
10 cm. thick; leaves 20-30, terminal, 6-7 meters long, pinnatisect,
the segments 80-120, lanceolate, the middle ones a meter long, 7 cm.
wide; spadices binate or ternate, 70-90 cm. long, pendent, the
branches 60-80 cm. long; drupes oblong-ellipsoid, 3.5^4.5 cm. long,
violet, with a single seed.

CYCLANTHACEAE

The family is represented in Central America by only two genera.
The plants in general appearance are much like palms, but have very
different inflorescences.

CARLUDOVICA Ruiz & Pavon

Epiphytic or terrestrial plants, acaulescent or with elongate
stems; leaves petiolate, bifid or flabellate, the segments narrow,
with few or numerous parallel nerves; flowers monoecious, arranged
upon an oblong or cylindric spadix, this subtended by 2-6 large
spathes; fruit a fleshy syncarp, composed of numerous berries each
with many seeds. — The genus was dedicated by its authors to Carlos
XI of Spain and his queen, Luisa.

Carludovica ensiformis Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 6418. 1879.
Palma. Based upon plants cultivated in the Kew Gardens, London,
of Costa Rican origin. Common in wet forests of the volcanoes
and the mountains of Guanacaste; El Muneco; Guapiles; San Ramon;
at 300-2,000 meters. Plants acaulescent or with a short stem;
petioles long, the blade 1-costate, its segments linear, 3-4-nerved,
1.5-3 cm. wide; spathes about 4; spadix oblong or subglobose. At
first green, the fruits turn red, and when fully ripe white. They are
then intensely fragrant, with a sweet and agreeable odor. Endemic.

Carludovica irazuensis Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 4. 1933.
Coligallo, Palmiche. Near Guayabillos, Volcan de Irazu, 2,250
meters, Cufodontis 466. Common in wet forests of the Meseta

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 129

Central and the Canton de Dota; Pejivalle; at 900-2,400 meters.
Endemic. Plants acaulescent or with a short stem, terrestrial or
epiphytic, sometimes forming dense clumps; leaves distichous, the
petioles elongate; blade biparted, 1-costate, the segments 5-8 cm.
wide, 7-12-nerved; fruits at first green, turning red, white when
fully matured. Plants handsome and very ornamental, like the
preceding species.

Carludovica microcephala Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 7263. 1892.
Based upon plants cultivated at the Kew' Gardens, London. Wet
forests of the Atlantic coast; Guapiles and elsewhere. Also in
Honduras. Plants terrestrial, 30-60 cm. high, acaulescent; petioles
slender and elongate; blade bifid, 15-25 cm. long, 1-costate, the
segments linear-lanceolate, 8-nerved; spathes only 2, the spadix
very short and slender, green. This species seems to be always
terrestrial. It grows in damp or wet places, often on banks of small
streams in dense forest where it has little competition from other
vegetation.

Carludovica microphylla Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1857: 197. 1858. Coligallo, Chidra, Palma. Type collected at Turri-
alba by Oersted. Abundant in wet forests of the Meseta Central
and San Ramon, and in Guanacaste, ascending the slopes of the
volcanoes to 2,000 meters. A vine with long, slender stems, ascend-
ing tall trees; leaves alternate, short-petiolate, the blade bifid, the
segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6-nerved; spathes 6-8;
spadix green, 2.5-3 cm. long. Endemic.

Carludovica Oerstedii Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 416.
1885. Coligallo, Chirrivaca, Chidra, Tucuso (Oersted). Evodianthus
angustifolius Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1857: 195. 1858;
AmeY. Centr. pi. 1; non C. angustifolia Ruiz & Pavon. Type col-
lected at Turrialba by Oersted. Abundant in wet forests of the
Atlantic coast. Honduras to Panama. A large vine; petioles short
or elongate, the blade bifid, rough to the touch, 1-costate, the
segments lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, with numerous nerves; spathes
2 or 3 ; spadix globose or oblong. Easy of recognition because of the
rough surface of the leaves. Oersted states that the Indians ate the
ripe spadices of this species, like those of C. utilis, but I have never
heard mention of the edible quality of the fruits, so it is probable
that they are no longer eaten.

Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pavon. Chidra, Palma de som-
brero, Pita, Tuna (Bribri name). C. incisa Wendl. Ind. Palm. 67.

130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

1854; C. rotundifolia Wendl. ex Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 7083. 1889
(based upon cultivated plants of Costa Rican origin). Abundant
in wet forests of the coasts, ascending to an elevation of 2,000 meters.
Southern Mexico to Peru. Plants acaulescent, forming dense clumps ;
petioles 1-2 meters high; blade 3-4-parted, a meter broad; spadix
10-20 cm. long, the staminodia white, very slender, as much as 15 cm.
long, very conspicuous; syncarp red at maturity. From the young
leaves, bleached and divided into thin strips, are made the celebrated
Panama or Jipijapa hats, most of which come from a limited region
of Ecuador. This industry, formerly practiced by the Indians of
Costa Rica, is followed now only in a few remote villages, but large
quantities of Panama hats, of both poor and fine quality, are imported
into Central America. It is noteworthy that some of the poorer
laborers of Central America take as great pride in their hats as the
cowpunchers of the western United States in their hats and boots,
and they often wear fine Panama hats whose value is probably
greater than that of all their other earthly possessions. The Panama
hat palm is a handsome and ornamental plant, and often is cultivated
in Costa Rican gardens.

Carludovica stenophylla Standl., sp. nov. — Caudex elongatus
scandens gracilis; folia longipetiolata, lamina profunde bifida uni-
costata, segmentis linearibus 30-60 cm. longis 1.5-2.5 cm. latis
longiattenuatis 8-10-nerviis; inflorescentiae ignotae. — El Mufieco,
south of Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, February, 1924,
Standky 33829 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). An endemic species,
common in wet forests of the central region, at 1,400-2,400 meters.
A long vine, the petioles elongate, the blade bifid, its linear segments
8-10-nerved. Although the inflorescences of this distinct plant are
not known, it seems desirable to give it a specific name in order
to have a definite means of referring to it.

Carludovica utilis (Oerst.) Benth. & Hook. Coligallo, Cola de
gallo, Tucuso (Oersted), Palma, Chidra. Sarcinanthus utilis Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1857: 197. 1858; Amer. Centr. pi. 2.
Type collected at Jaris by Oersted. Common in the tierra caliente
of the Atlantic slope, and in Guanacaste; San Ramon; ascending to
La Hondura, 1,400 meters. British Honduras to Panama. A large
vine; petioles elongate, the blade bifid, 3-nerved, the segments 40-
60 cm. long or larger, 7-15 cm. wide, with numerous nerves; spathes
5 or more, usually persistent, the spadix 5-8 cm. long; fruit yellowish
at maturity. A conspicuous, large vine in the forests, climbing upon

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 131

tall trees. The leaves formerly were employed, and probably still
are used, in the manufacture of hats. In Honduras the strong and
flexible stems of this and other species are employed for making
furniture similar to that made from willow.

CYCLANTHUS Poit.
In Central America there is a single species.

Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Hoja de lapa, Tornillo. Abundant
in wet forests of the whole Atlantic coast, ascending to El Muneco
(1,400 meters) ; region of San Ramon. A species of wide distribution
in Central and South America. Plants terrestrial and acaulescent,
1-2 meters high, forming dense clumps; petioles elongate, the blade
biparted, 50-100 cm. long, the segments linear-lanceolate, 7-15 cm.
wide; flowers monoecious, arranged upon the spadix in alternating
whorls of staminate and pistillate flowers; fruit suggesting a screw
in its form, 10-20 cm. long; spathes 4 or 5.

ARACEAE. Arum Family

References: A. Engler, Araceae, in Pittier, Prim. Fl. Costar.
2: 343-365. 1898; A. Engler & K. Krause, Araceae, Pflanzenreich IV.
23. 1905-1920.

A large family, mostly of tropical distribution in all parts of the
earth, well represented in almost all regions of Costa Rica, especially
in the wet lowlands. The plants are terrestrial or epiphytic, often
with long, scandent stems. The inflorescence, which resembles a
single flower, consists of a green or variously colored spathe, enclosing
a cylindric spadix that bears the small true flowers. A typical
representative of the family is the calla (called Cartucho in Costa
Rica), a common ornamental plant of gardens. The flowers are
perfect or staminate and pistillate, the staminate borne upon the
upper part of the spadix. The fruits are small berries, which some-
times are edible. All parts of the plant often or usually contain
needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate. When a piece of the
leaf is chewed, these crystals penetrate the tongue, causing it to
swell with much attendant irritation or pain.

ANEPSIAS Schott

Anepsias Moritzianus Schott. Santa Maria de Dota. Also
in Venezuela; unknown elsewhere in Central America. A scandent
epiphyte, the leaves ovate-oblong.

132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ANTHURIUM Schott

The largest genus of the family, with 65 or more species in
Central America. Most of the species are epiphytic plants, but
some are terrestrial. In the epiphytic forms the stems are some-
times scandent, but more often very short.

Anthurium acutangulum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 371. 1898.
Near San Jose", 1,200 meters, Tonduz 10360. Meseta Central;
mountains of Guanacaste. Epiphytic; spikes dark red.

Anthurium acutifolium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 365. 1898.
Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 4099. Also at Boruca and Buenos Aires;
region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Anthurium aemulum Schott. A. bombacifolium Schott,
Prodr. 552. 1860 (Costa Rica, Hoffmann). Forests of the coasts.
Also in Mexico. A scandent epiphyte with slender stems; spadix
purple; fruits red or purple.

Anthurium Bakeri Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 6261. 1879.
Described from plants cultivated in Kew Gardens, London, imported
from Costa Rica. A common species of the coasts and of Guanacaste,
ascending the slopes of the mountains (Barba). Endemic. An
epiphyte, the fruits deep red.

Anthurium barbanum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
270. 1925. Volcan de Barba, A. C. Brade 2510. Region of San
Ramon. Endemic.

Anthurium concinnatum Schott. Meseta Central and Atlan-
tic slope, 900-1,800 meters; Guanacaste; region of San Ramon.
Also in Guatemala. Either epiphytic or terrestrial.

Anthurium consobrinum Schott. A. eximium Engler, Bot.
Jahrb. 25: 412. 1898 (Punta Mala, Tonduz 6768}. Wet forests of
the coasts; region of San Ramon; epiphytic. Fruits white. Also
in Nicaragua.

Anthurium consobrinum var. cuneatissimum Engler, Pflan-
zenreich IV. 23b: 186. 1905. Llanuras de Santa Clara, 250 meters,
J. D. Smith 6811. Endemic.

Anthurium costaricense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 398. 1898.
Agua Caliente, 1,800 meters, Lehmann. Endemic. An epiphyte.

Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott. Tabacon. Atlan-
tic coast. A species of wide distribution. A large epiphyte with

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 133

broad leaves, the fruit spikes thick and red. A showy and con-
spicuous plant, usually growing high on the trees.

Anthurium cuspidifolium Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858. Type collected in Costa Rica by Oersted. Endemic.

Anthurium densinervium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 386. 1898.
Forests of the Rio Hondo, near Madre de Dios, 200 meters, Pittier
10346. Atlantic coast to the slopes of the volcanoes, ascending to
1,800 meters. Terrestrial or epiphytic. Endemic.

Anthurium Donnell-Smithii Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 389.
1898. Rio Jime'nez, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 280 meters, J. D.
Smith 4979. Wet forests of the Atlantic slope, at 200-1,450 meters.
Endemic. A scandent epiphyte.

Anthurium Durandii Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 401. 1898.
Between La Division and Alto del Palmital, Pittier 3868. Also at
Turrialba, 570 meters. Endemic.

Anthurium firmum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 460. 1898.
Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier 11130. Endemic. A scandent
epiphyte.

Anthurium flexile Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1858: 180.
1860. Pedregal, Wendland. Collected at Tilaran, Guanacaste.
Also in Nicaragua. A small, scandent epiphyte.

Anthurium formosum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 181.
1858. Naranjo, Wendland. Tuis; Santa Maria de Dota; 500-1,500
meters. An endemic epiphyte, the leaves oblong-cordate, as much
as 1 meter long and 40-50 cm. wide.

Anthurium Friedrichsthalii Schott. Forests of the Atlantic
slope, at 1,200 meters or less; region of San Ramon. Guatemala
to South America. Epiphytic.

Anthurium hacumense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 363. 1898.
Rio Hacum near Buenos Aires, 250 meters, Tonduz 6536. Also in
Panama.

Anthurium Hoffmannii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 181.
1858. A. margaritaceum Baker in Saund. Refug. Bot. pi. 280.
1879. Uruca, Rio Virilla, near San Jose, Hoffmann. Endemic.
Common from the Meseta Central and Canton de Dota to Boruca
and Buenos Aires, 500-1,600 meters; region of San Ramon. An
epiphytic or terrestrial plant with heart-shaped leaves.

134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Anthurium Holtonianum Schott. Common on the coasts.
Extending to Colombia. A large, epiphytic vine, climbing tall trees;
leaves 5-parted, the segments 60-100 cm. long, more or less lobate.

Anthurium Johnii Engler, Pflanzenreich IV. 23B: 119. 1905.
Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith 6812.
A common plant of the Atlantic coast, ascending the slopes of the
volcanoes to 1,500 meters. Spadix dark red.

Anthurium joseanum Engler, Pflanzenreich IV. 23B: 68. 1905.
Growing upon rocks, Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Tonduz 12818.
Atlantic coast; region of Tilaran. Endemic.

Anthurium lancifolium Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858. Volcan de Turrialba, Wendland. Endemic.

Anthurium latihastatum Engler ex Krause, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin. 11: 612. 1932. Cerros de Tremendal, San Ramon,
1,300 meters, Tonduz 17708. Region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Anthurium littorale Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 405. 1898. Near
Sierpe, Atlantic coast, Pittier 6837. Also in Panama.

Anthurium microspadix Schott. A. tapinostachyum Schott,
Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180. 1858 (Candelaria, Hoffmann). Meseta
Central and slopes of the volcanoes, and in regions of less elevation,
200-2,000 meters. A small, scandent plant with oblong leaves.
Also in Ecuador.

Anthurium myosuroides (HBK.) Endl. Slopes of Volcan de
Barba to El General, 500-1,800 meters. A scandent epiphyte,
growing also in Colombia and in other regions of Central America.

Anthurium myosuroides var. angustifolium Engler, Bot.
Jahrb. 25: 382. 1898. Matina, Pittier 9797.

Anthurium obtusilobum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 181.
1858. Comida de culebra. San Miguel, Wendland. Collected near
San Jos£ and in Canton de Dota, 1,100-2,000 meters. Endemic.

Anthurium ochranthum C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
App. 16. 1853. A. lapathifolium Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl.
309. 1857. Collected in Costa Rica by Wendland. Also in Panama.

Anthurium Oerstedianum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858. Naranjo, Oersted. Endemic.

Anthurium pallens Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180. 1858.
Desengano, 2,600 meters, Wendland. Common throughout the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 135

central region and in Guanacaste and Canton de Dota; San Ramon;
900-2,600 meters. Endemic. A small plant, scandent, epiphytic
or terrestrial.

Anthurium panduriforme Schott, Prodr. 536. 1860. A.
panduratum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 182. 1858, non A. pandu-
ratum Mart. 1855. Cartago, Oersted. Central region and in Guana-
caste, 700-1,800 meters; San Ramon. Also in Colombia. Epiphytic
or terrestrial, the leaves 3-lobate, the spathe purple.

Anthurium Pittieri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 373. 1898. Rancho
Flores, region of Barba, 2,030 meters, Pittier 865. A common
species of the Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes, extending
to the Atlantic coast; Canton de Dota; region of San Ramon; 100-
2,100 meters. Also in Panama. An epiphytic plant, sometimes
scandent.

Anthurium porrectum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858. Desengano, 2,350 meters, Wendland. Slopes of the volcanoes,
and Canton de Dota, 1,300-2,500 meters. Endemic. A scandent
epiphyte.

Anthurium Porschianum Krause, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien
46: 231. 1933. Between La Castilla and Los Negritos, 12 km. from
the mouth of Rio Reventazon, Cufodontis 611. Endemic. Related
to A. Pittieri.

Anthurium protensum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 181.
1858. Volcan de Barba, 2,500-2,700 meters, Oersted. Slopes of the
mountains, also on the Pacific coast, 200-2,700 meters. Endemic.
An epiphyte, sometimes scandent.

Anthurium ramonense Engler ex Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 611. 1932. San Ramon, 1,200 meters, Tonduz 17703.
Region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Anthurium ranchoanum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 421. 1898.
Rancho Flores, 2,100 meters, Pittier 2295. Region of Santa Maria de
Dota and Volcan de Barba. A small, scandent epiphyte. Endemic.

Anthurium rigidulum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858. Maicillo. Cartago, Oersted. Common on the Atlantic slope,
400-1,800 meters. Also in Panama and Colombia. A small epi-
phyte. The purple fruits are said to be edible.

Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engler. Elotillo, Elotico, Mai-
cillo, Bejuco real. Abundant in almost all the wet regions, from the

136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

coasts to an elevation of 2,200 meters. Terrestrial or more commonly
epiphytic, with short or elongate stems. The strong and flexible
stems are used for making baskets and for tying together the
framework of huts.

Anthurium Scherzerianum Schott. Lengua del diablo.
Common in wet forests of the central region, 1,300-2,100 meters;
Aguacate. Also in Guatemala. A terrestrial plant, the leaves
oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long; inflorescences
of an intense and vivid red; fruits red. Probably the most showy
Anthurium species, introduced into Europe about 1850, and now
well known in hothouses almost throughout the world. Engler
lists about 40 forms recognized in cultivation, distinguishable by
the shape of the leaves, color of the inflorescence, etc. The species
has been hybridized, also, with other cultivated species of Anthurium.
In the wild plants the spathe seems to be always red, but in garden
plants it is often white or yellow. Potted plants of the species are
often offered for sale in the flower shops of United States cities, as
in Chicago, for instance.

Anthurium Schlechtendalii Kunth. Tilaran, growing upon
rocks. Also in Mexico.

Anthurium scolopendrinum (Hamilt.) Kunth. Common on
the Atlantic coast. A species of wide distribution. Epiphytic.

Anthurium spectabile Schott, Prodr. 144. 1860. Volcan de
Turrialba, Wendland. Also at Guapiles. Endemic.

Anthurium subcordatum Schott. Slopes of Volcan de Barba,
1,600-2,000 meters. Also in Guatemala.

Anthurium subsignatum Schott, Bonplandia 9: 368. 1862.
Pedregal, Wendland. Plants collected at Guapiles perhaps represent
the same species. Endemic.

Anthurium talamancae Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25 : 386. 1898. For-
ests near Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Tonduz 9229. Endemic.

Anthurium tetragonum Schott, Prodr. 475. 1860. Region
of Talamanca, 100-200 meters. Also in Panama. A large epiphyte.

Anthurium tilaranense Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
245. 1927. Wet forest of Quebrada Serena, southeast of Tilaran,
Guanacaste, 700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46310. Collected also
at Los Ayotes in the same region. Endemic. An epiphyte, the
leaves deeply 3-lobate.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 137

Anthurium Tonduzii Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 376. 1898. Near
San Marcos, in forests of Alto del Pi to, 1,400 meters, Tonduz 7683.
Endemic. A scandent epiphyte.

Anthurium torresianum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 428. 1898.
Rio Torres, near San Francisco de Guadalupe, 1,170 meters, Tonduz
10147. Meseta Central to the Atlantic coast, and in Canton de
Dota, 200-2,000 meters. Endemic. Epiphytic; spadix red or white.

Anthurium triangulum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 383. 1898.
Forests near Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Pittier & Tonduz
9225. Atlantic coast. Endemic. A terrestrial plant.

Anthurium trinerve Miq. Elotillo, Elotico. Abundant in the
Meseta Central and on slopes of the volcanoes; Canton de Dota;
1,000-2,000 meters. A species of wide distribution.

Anthurium tsakianum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 423. 1898.
Forests near Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters, Tonduz 9510. Endemic.

Anthurium turrialbense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 25: 406. 1898.
Rio Turrialba, 500 meters, J. D. Smith 4978. Endemic.

Anthurium Valerii Standl., sp. nov. — Planta ut videtur acaulis
omnino glabra; petiolus 18-23 cm. longus gracilis; lamina lanceolato-
oblonga 19-25 cm. longa 7.5-9.5 cm. lata fere a basi versus apicem
sensim angustata, apice acuta vel acuminata, basi breviter (ad 1.5
cm.) cordata, sinu lato, lobis posticis late rotundatis, crasse papy-
racea, supra viridis, costa prominente, nervis venisque quoque
prominentibus vel prominulis, subtus fere concolor, costa gracili
elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere circiter 15 tenuibus promi-
nentibus fere rectis angulo lato divergentibus prope marginem in
nervum collectivum irregularem conjunctis, venulis prominulis
laxiuscule reticulatis; pedunculus 10 cm. tantum longus gracillimus;
spatha late oblonga 3 cm. longa apiculato-obtusa 1.5 cm. lata, basi
rotundato-truncata; spadix juvenilis 7 mm. longe stipitatus cras-
siusculus in sicco fusco-purpurascens fere 3 cm. longus obtusus 5 mm.
diam. — Santo Domingo de Vara Blanca, 2,200 meters, April, 1936,
Manuel Valerio 1600 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Anthurium Wendlandii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 182.
1858. San Miguel, Wendland. Endemic. A large vine, the leaves
13-lobate, the segments again lobate.

CALADIUM Vent.

Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent. Corazon de Jesus. Collected
in the Llanuras de Santa Clara, but probably naturalized there.

138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

The plant is a native of Brazil but is cultivated in gardens of Costa
Rica, as well as in tropics of most parts of the earth and in hot-
houses elsewhere. It may be recognized easily by the cordate,
peltate leaves, variegated with various colors — pink, red, yellow,
and white. In other Central American countries it is sometimes
called Paleta de pintor.

COLOCASIA Schott

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. An ornamental plant of
gardens with huge, green, heart-shaped leaves a meter long or
larger. Native of the East Indies.

DIEFFENBACHIA Schott

The plants of this genus are terrestrial, about a meter high, with
thick and solid stems, the leaves oblong or ovate, thick and fleshy.
The fruits are bright red at maturity. When cut, the plant exhales
an offensive, skunk-like odor. The milky sap of the leaves is very
irritating, causing inflammation of the skin in some persons. The
plants are rather handsome and are cultivated commonly in hot-
houses of temperate regions.

Dieffenbachia aurantiaca Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 566. 1899.
Forests near Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 9961. I
collected the species at El Arenal, on the Atlantic slope of Guana-
caste. The spathes are orange-colored. Endemic.

Dieffenbachia Leopoldii Bull, Cat. 4. 1878. Type collected
at Siquirres. In cultivation in Europe. Endemic.

Dieffenbachia Oerstedii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 179.
1858. Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted. Region of San Ramon. Also
in Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Dieffenbachia Pittieri Engler & Krause, Pflanzenreich IV.
23Dc: 42. 1915. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Also in Panama.
The spathe is green.

Dieffenbachia Seguina (L.) Schott. Sahinillo, Comida de
culebra. Abundant in forests of the Atlantic coast and in moister
parts of the Pacific coast. A species of rather wide distribution.
Many of the wild plants have leaves variegated with white or pale
yellow; such forms are popular in cultivation in the United States.

DRACONTIUM L.

Large or small plants, arising from a hard tuber that sometimes
is very large, producing a single leaf that is 3-parted, and has few

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 139

or numerous 2-3-parted segments. — One of the most extraordinary
plants of all Central America is D. gigas (Seem.) Engler, of Chontales,
Nicaragua (it may well exist also in Costa Rica), whose leaf is as
much as 3-4 meters high, and its spathe 40-50 cm. long.

Dracontium costaricense Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 23C: 44.
1911. Forests of Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Pittier 9232.
Also on the Atlantic coast near the Reventazon, where the Jamaicans
give it the name of "mountain cabbage." The large leaves are as
much as a meter wide.

Dracontium Pittieri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 122. 1905.
Hombron. Banks of Rio Naranjo, 200 meters, Pittier & Tonduz
7515. Also Boca Culcha, Pacific coast. Endemic. Petioles as much
as 3 meters high, the peduncle up to 2 meters in length; spathe
reddish violet.

Dracontium polyphyllum L. Rio Barbilla, collected by Cufo-
dontis; determined by Krause. Ranging to the Guianas.

HETEROPSIS Kunth

Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth. Atlantic coast. Also in
Brazil. The genus is unknown north of Costa Rica. A scandent
epiphyte, the leaves elliptic-oblong, fleshy and somewhat leathery,
10-17 cm. long.

HOMALONEMA Schott

Homalonema Wendlandii Schott, Prodr. 308. 1860. Type
collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, without definite locality.
The genus does not extend north of Costa Rica, and most of the
species are natives of the Old World tropics. The Costa Rican
plant is terrestrial.

MONSTERA Adans.

Large vines, attached to the trunks of tall trees by aerial roots.
Eleven species are known from Central America. They constitute
a conspicuous feature of the coastal forests, sometimes climbing to
the tops of the tallest trees. Various species are much grown for
ornament in hothouses of the United States.

Monstera acuminata C. Koch. Tierra caliente of Atlantic slope,
at 700 meters or less. Also in Guatemala. Leaves ovate, entire.

Monstera dilacerata C. Koch. Chirrivaca. Common on the
Atlantic coast, ascending the slopes of the volcanoes to 1,800 meters;

140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Guanacaste. Ranging to Venezuela. Leaves very large, with numer-
ous perforations or "windows." The well ripened spadices of this
and other species are white, very juicy, sweet, and edible, but it is
necessary to exercise caution in eating them because of the calcium
oxalate crystals that they contain.

Monstera epipremnoides Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 118. 1905.
Forests of Santa Maria de Dota, 1,300 meters, Pittier 2486. Also
at Uruca, 1,160 meters. Endemic. Leaves large, pinnatifid.

Monstera Friedrichsthalii Schott. Pinanona, Ventanilla.
Abundant in the Meseta Central; Aguacate; Guanacaste; region of
San Ramon. Guatemala to Panama. A large vine, the leaves with
numerous large and small perforations; ripe fruit greenish white.

Monstera gigantea Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 118. 1905. Forests
of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 13311. Endemic.
Leaves large, deeply pinnatifid.

Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese. Chirrivaca. Meseta Central
to the Pacific coast; Guanacaste. Leaves as much as a meter long,
with large perforations.

Monstera Pittieri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 116. 1905. Matina,
Pittier 9766. Common on the Atlantic coast. Endemic. Leaves
small, only 10-15 cm. long, entire.

MONTRICHARDIA Crueger

Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott. Common on the
Atlantic coast, growing in shallow water, in quiet streams or open
swamps. Plants as much as 3 meters high, the thick, solid stems
provided near the base with hard prop roots that hold the trunk erect.
Inflorescences rather large and showy, the spathe white, resembling
that of the calla (Zantedeschia) . Guatemala to West Indies and
northern South America.

PHILODENDRON Schott

Plants variable in general appearance, either epiphytic or ter-
restrial. About 26 species are known from Central America.

Philodendron Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Scandens epiphytica
glabra, caulibus non visis; petiolus ut videtur teres 12-28 cm. longus
et ultra basi circiter 3 cm. longe vaginatus; lamina crassiuscula
subcoriacea oblongo-ovata ca. 35 cm. longa et 15 cm. lata anguste
sensim acuminata basi profunde cor data, lobis posticis 5-6.5 cm.
longis subsemiorbicularibus, supra viridis, subtus paullo pallidior,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 141

costa crassa elevata basi 5 mm. lata, nervis primariis utroque latere
circa 11 pallidis elevatis, secundariis numerosis multo tenuioribus;
inflorescentia perfecta non visa. — In forest, La Palma de San Ramon,
1,050-1,100 meters, Brenes 5110 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Between
Guachipelin and Volcan de La Vieja, Brenes 15565.

Philodendron gracile Schott, Prodr. 244. 1860. Type collected
in Costa Rica by Wendland. Leaves oblong-cordate. Endemic.

Philodendron guatemalense Engler. Growing on the coasts.
Also in Guatemala. A scandent epiphyte, the leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate.

Philodendron guttiferum Kunth. Common in the tierra
caliente; Canton de Dota; region of San Ramon; ascending to 1,800
meters. A large vine, the leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic. Guate-
mala to South America.

Philodendron Hoffmannii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 178.
1858. Hoja de hombre. Aguacate, Hoffmann. Also on the Atlantic
coast and in Guanacaste; region of San Ramon. Panama to Guate-
mala. A large vine, the leaves cordate.

Philodendron ligulatum Schott, Prodr. 224. 1860. Type
collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, without definite locality.
Also in Colombia.

Philodendron panamense Krause. Plants collected on the
Atlantic coast perhaps are referable to this species, which was
described from Panama.

Philodendron Pittieri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 541. 1899.
Ujarras de Buenos Aires, Pittier 111 32. Endemic. A scandent plant
with cordate leaves.

Philodendron pterotum C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
App. 6. 1854. Type collected in Costa Rica by Wendland. Forests
of El Mufieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters. Endemic.

Philodendron radiatum Schott. Common on the Atlantic
coast. Mexico and Central America. A large, coarse vine, the leaves
pinnately parted.

Philodendron rigidifolium Krause. Atlantic coast. Also in
Panama. A large vine with ovate leaves.

Philodendron Schottianum Wendl. ex Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 72. 1865. Type collected in Costa Rica by Wendland,

142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

without definite locality. Collected recently at Guapiles. A
scandent epiphyte.

Philodendron talamancae Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 511. 1899.
Forests of Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Pittier & Tonduz 9223.
A scandent epiphyte with oblong leaves.

Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott. Comida de culebra,
Mata de culebra, Daguilla. Wet forests, Meseta Central to the
Atlantic coast; region of San Ramon; abundant in many localities.
A large vine with 3-parted leaves; fruits red.

Philodendron trisectum Standl., sp. nov. — Caulis ut videtur
gracilis atque dense foliatus scandens; petiolus gracilis circa 30 cm.
longus basi anguste 4 cm. longe vaginatus; lamina fere ad basin
trisecta crasse chartacea, segmentis subaequalibus anguste lanceo-
lato-oblongis circa 17 cm. longis et 3-4.5 cm. latis longe anguste
acuminatis, basin versus paullo angustatis, exterioribus paullo
angustioribus et subincurvis, costis crassis elevatis, nervis omnibus
aequalibus tenerrimis obscuris numerosis; pedunculus 12 cm. longus
vel ultra gracilis; spatha ut dicitur alba fere 10 cm. longa superne
paullo attenuata prope basin fere 2 cm. crassa. — In forest, La Palma
de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 5762 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Well distinguished by the form of the leaves, quite unlike those of
any other species known from Costa Rica.

Philodendron verrucosum Mathieu. P. Cooperi Engl. ex
Donn. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 4: 156. 1895, nomen nudum. Com-
mon in wet forests of the Atlantic slope, 200-1,800 meters; region
of San Ramon. Also in Colombia. Plants terrestrial or epiphytic,
the stems short or elongate; leaves cordate, bronze green, the upper
surface with a beautiful velvety appearance; petioles covered with
soft, slender scales. A handsome plant, cultivated sometimes in
European hothouses.

Philodendron Wendlandii Schott, Prodr. 221. 1860. Type
collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, without definite locality.
Atlantic coast. Also in Panama. A more or less scandent epiphyte,
the oblong leaves 30-40 cm. long.

PISTIA L. Water lettuce

Pistia Stratiotes L. Lechuga de agua. Abundant in the tierra
caliente. A species of wide distribution in the tropics. An aquatic
plant, in appearance very different from other Araceae, floating upon

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 143

the surface of swamps and lakes, excessively abundant in some
localities. It has the form of a rosette, composed of numerous
pale, obovate, spongy leaves. The flowers are very small and incon-
spicuous. The plant is often grown in aquaria.

PORPHYROSPATHA Engler

Porphyrospatha Schottiana (Wendl.) Engler in DC. Monogr.
Phan. 2: 290. 1879. Syngonium Schottianum Wendl. ex Schott,
Prodr. 200. 1860. Type collected in Costa Rica by Wendland,
without definite locality. A scandent epiphyte. Endemic.

RHODOSPATHA Poepp.

Rhodospatha costaricensis Engler & Krause, Pflanzenreich
IV. 23B: 95. 1908. Finca Boston, Atlantic coast, 30 meters, Tonduz
14628. Endemic. A scandent epiphyte, the leaves oblong.

Rhodospatha Forgeti N. E. Brown, Kew Bull. 358. 1913.
Type collected in Costa Rica by Forget, without definite locality.
Endemic. A scandent epiphyte, the leaves lance-oblong.

Rhodospatha Wendlandii Schott ex Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 2: 105. 1878. Type collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, the
exact locality unknown. Endemic.

SPATHIPHYLLUM Schott

Terrestrial plants, the leaves mostly more or less oblong and
acuminate, the petioles elongate; spathe usually large and white,
widely opened and almost flat.

Spathiphyllum atrovirens Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8:
179. 1858. Pedregal, Wendland 1264- Guapiles, and undoubtedly
in other parts of the Atlantic coast; region of San Ramon, at 950
meters. Plants as much as a meter high. Endemic.

Spathiphyllum Friedrichsthalii Schott. S. Wendlandii Schott,
Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8: 179. 1858 (Cuesta de Congo, San Miguel,
Wendland 772}. Wet forests, Atlantic coast to the Meseta Central
and Canton de Dota; mountains of Guanacaste; at 1,800 meters or
less. Guatemala to Colombia. The fruiting spikes are white.

Spathiphyllum fulvovirens Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8:
179. 1858. Pedregal, Wendland 939. Endemic.

Spathiphyllum laeve Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 120. 1905. Cocos
Island, forests of Valle Gissler, Pittier 12370. Endemic.

144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium Schott. Meseta Central, and
without doubt also on the Atlantic coast, although I have seen no
specimens from that region. Guatemala to Panama.

STENOSPERMATION Schott

Epiphytic and usually scandent plants, the leaves petiolate,
oblong-elliptic or lanceolate.

Stenospermation angustifoliuni Hemsl. Forests of Tala-
manca and Buenos Aires; San Ramon. Also in Nicaragua.

Stenospermation marantaefolium Hemsl. Forests of Tsaki,
200 meters. Also in Nicaragua.

Stenospermation robustum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 111. 1905.
La Palma, 1,550 meters, Tonduz 12447. Common in wet forests of
the volcanoes, extending to the Atlantic coast, at 200-1,600 meters.
Also in Panama.

Stenospermation sessile Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 111. 1905.
La Palma, 1,550 meters, Tonduz 12447. Common in moist forests
of the volcanoes, extending to the Atlantic tierra caliente; region
of San Ramon; 200-1,600 meters. Also in Panama.

SYNGONIUM Schott
Large, scandent epiphytes, the leaves parted in various ways.

Syngonium Hoffmannii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8: 178.
1858. Porphyrospatha Hoffmannii Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. 2:
291. 1879. Candelaria, Hoffmann 616. Meseta Central. Endemic.
Leaves trisect; spathe white outside, pale purple within.

Syngonium peliocladum Schott, Prodr. 202. 1860. Type
collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, without indication of the
locality.

Syngonium podophyllum Schott. S. Oerstedianum Schott,
Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8: 178. 1858 (Guanacaste, Oersted). S. podo-
phyllum var. Oerstedianum Engler, Pflanzenreich IV. 23E: 129. 1920.
Meseta Central and Canton de Dota to the coasts, at 1,500 meters
or less. Abundant in many localities. Widely dispersed in Central
America. Leaves 5-7-parted; spathe green outside, white or pink
within.

Syngonium Rothschuhianum Engler. Specimens collected
on the Atlantic coast (Guapiles and Finca Montecristo) perhaps
represent this species of Nicaragua.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 145

Syngonium Wendlandii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8: 178.
1858. Type collected in Costa Rica by Wendland, the exact locality
unknown. Leaves trisect.

UROSPATHA Schott

Urospatha Tonduzii Engler, Anal. Inst. Fis. Costa Rica 8:
364. 1895. Matina, Pittier 10302. Atlantic coast. A terrestrial
plant. Endemic.

XANTHOSOMA Schott

Terrestrial plants with rhizomes or tuberous roots, the stems
elongate or none.

Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott. Meseta Central,
and almost certainly in forests of the coasts. Leaves divided into
5-13 narrow segments. Extending to the West Indies and South
America.

Xanthosoma pilosum C. Koch. Atlantic coast; region of San
Ramon, at 700 meters. A large plant, the leaves ovate-sagittate,
covered with fine, soft hairs. The leaves are glabrous in the other
species listed here. The species ranges to Colombia.

Xanthosoma roseum Schott. Pato, Pico de pato. Meseta
Central and Atlantic slope; Guanacaste. Abundant in many places,
growing on stream banks or in swampy ground. Leaves ovate-
sagittate, the blades often a meter long; stems sometimes 1-4 meters
long, 10-20 cm. thick, and recumbent upon the ground; spathe large,
white or pink. The plant is a conspicuous and rather handsome one,
very abundant in some places, as in the vicinity of Cartago and
Tilaran. Ranging to Mexico.

Xanthosoma violaceum Schott. Tiquisque. Cultivated com-
monly in many places, and naturalized in some localities, as about
San Jose. A tall plant with broad leaves. It arises from a large,
thick rhizome, which is edible when cooked. The plant is much
cultivated in almost all tropical regions of the world, and it is not
known just where it is native. In Panama it is well known by the
name Oto. Among Indian names listed for it are: Bu-i (Cab6cara);
Bu-6 (Bribri); San (Brunka); Tis, Hako (TeYraba); Pina (Guatuso).
The species has been reported from Costa Rica as X. sagittifolium
(L.) Schott, a species that may be in cultivation on the Atlantic
coast among the Jamaican settlers.

Xanthosoma Wendlandii (Schott) Standl., comb. nov. Comida
de culebra. Acontias Wendlandii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 8:

146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

178. 1858; A. Hoffmannii Schott, Prodr. 196. 1860 (San Jose, Hoff-
mann 612); X. Hoffmannii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 15: 33.
1865; X. Hoffmannii var. Wendlandii Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 2: 191. 1878. Type collected in Costa Rica, without indication
of the exact locality. Region of San Ramon, at 1,050 meters.
Endemic. Leaves parted into 5-7 segments; berries yellow.

ZANTEDESCHIA Spreng. Calla

Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. Cola, Cartucho. This
beautiful plant, native of South Africa, is grown commonly in
gardens, being in Costa Rica quite as popular a funeral flower as
in the United States. The calla has become thoroughly naturalized
in pastures of Irazu, where the great masses of large plants with
their many white flowers provide a sight one is not likely to forget.

LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family

The plants of this family are the smallest phanerogams. They
float upon the surface of quiet water, and consist of a small, green
disk with or without rootlets, and with microscopic flowers, greatly
reduced in structure. No doubt there exist in Costa Rica species
of the genus Lemna, but I have seen no specimens. Lemna differs
from Spirodela in having solitary rootlets.

SPIRODELA Schleid.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Floating on quiet water,
forming small or large colonies. The plant consists of an obovate
disk only 2.5-4.5 mm. long with a few rootlets. A species of cosmo-
politan distribution.

MAYACACEAE. Mayaca Family
MAYACA Aubl.

Mayaca Aubleti Michx. Buenos Aires, 480 meters. The only
Central American member of the family, widely distributed in tropical
America. A slender, aquatic plant, resembling a moss in general
appearance; leaves linear, 4-6 mm. long; flowers very small, white.

XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family

In Central America this family is represented by only the follow-
ing genus.

XYRIS L.

Annual or perennial herbs, acaulescent, the leaves linear, 2-
ranked; scapes simple, terminated by a bracted head of inconspicu-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 147

ous, small, yellow flowers that have a delicate and quickly fading
perianth; fruit a 1-celled capsule.

Xyris macrocephala Vahl. Buenos Aires, 500 meters, and
probably in other regions, growing in swampy places. Flower heads
1.5-2 cm. long, the scapes 60-90 cm. long.

Xyris mexicana Wats.(?). Laguna de La Chonta, Canton de
Dota, 2,000 meters, in sphagnum bogs, forming dense clumps.
Ranging to Mexico. Flower heads 1 cm. long. It is not certain that
the Costa Rican plant is properly referable to the Mexican species.
It is, however, quite distinct from X. Jupicai L. Rich., a species
that probably will be found in Costa Rica.

ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family

Reference: W. Ruhland, Eriocaulaceae, Pflanzenreich IV. 30.
1903.

Annual or perennial herbs, acaulescent or with elongate stems,
the leaves narrow and grass-like; flowers minute, arranged in dense,
involucrate, whitish heads.

ERIOCAULON L. Pipewort

Eriocaulon microcephalum HBK. Paramos of Cerro de Las
Vueltas, 3,000 meters, common. Mexico and Ecuador; known in
Central America only from Costa Rica. A perennial 1-3 cm. high,
forming dense mats; leaves lance-linear, 1-2 cm. long; heads about
3 mm. broad.

PAEPALANTHUS Mart.

Paepalanthus costaricensis Moldenke, ined. Laguna de La
Chonta, Canton de Dota, 2,000 meters, abundant in sphagnum
bogs, Standley 4-2326. An Andean species, known in North America
only from this locality. A perennial, forming dense clumps, the
leaves 13-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; scapes elongate, the heads
1-2 cm. broad.

SYNGONANTHUS Ruhland

Syngonanthus caulescens (Poir.) Ruhland. Canas Gordas,
1,100 meters. A South American species, known in North America
only from this locality. Stems 10-20 cm. long, densely leafy, the
leaves linear, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; peduncles few or numerous, terminal;
heads 3-5 mm. broad.

TONINA Aubl.

Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. Rio Ceibo, 200 meters. Widely
distributed in tropical America. A plant of wet places, the stems

148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

branched, leafy; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 8-15 mm. long; heads

minute.

BROMELIACEAE. Pineapple Family
By Lyman B. Smith and Paul C. Standley

Almost all the Costa Rican Bromeliaceae are epiphytes. The
subfamily Pitcairnioideae, which contains almost a third of the
species of this exclusively American family, is terrestrial, except for
a few species of Pitcairnia, but this group is represented in Costa
Rica only by one species of Puya and a few of Pitcairnia. The
Bromeliaceae are well represented in Costa Rica, by a much greater
number of species than in any other country of Central America,
largely as a result of the collections of Werckle", who gave much
time to their study. The bromeliads are abundant in almost all
parts of the country, especially at middle and high elevations.
Because of their brightly colored inflorescences, some of them are
very handsome and conspicuous plants.

AECHMEA Ruiz & Pavon

Aechmea angustifolia Poepp. & Endl. A. Cumingii Baker.
Atlantic coast, epiphytic. Extending to Brazil and Bolivia.

Aechmea dactylina Baker. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce;
Puerto Jimenez. Also in Panama and Colombia.

Aechmea Kienastii E. Morren. A. tillandsioides as to Costa
Rican specimens. San Juan. Extending to Mexico and Colombia.

Aechmea magdalenae Andre. Pita, Pita floja. Ananas mag-
dalenae Standl. Common in wet forests of the Atlantic coast; also
in Guanacaste and the region of San Ramon. Forming very extensive
colonies (pitales) in some places. Extending to Mexico and Ecuador.
In general appearance this terrestrial plant is similar to the pine-
apple. From its long, narrow leaves is obtained a fiber noted for
its fineness and strength.

Aechmea Mariae-Reginae Wendl. Hamb. Gartenz. 9: 32.
1863. Espiritu Santo, Corpus, Pina de polo. A common and well
known species of the tierra caliente, ascending almost to Cartago.
Endemic. An epiphyte, sometimes growing upon the ground,
probably where it has lodged after the host tree has fallen. A very
large plant with dense, elongate flower spikes subtended at the
base by long, soft, pendent bracts, which are tinted with the most
lovely and delicate pink that it is possible to imagine. In beauty

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 149

it has few equals among the many beautiful flowers of Costa Rica,
and it has few rivals even among the most showy orchids. Werckle
states that the fruiting spike sometimes weighs two kilograms, and
that the fruit is good to eat. Illustrated, Curtis' Bot. Mag. pi. 64.41 .

Aechmea mexicana Baker. A. Bernoulliana Wittm. Cartago,
Rio Turrialba, and other regions, at 250-1,300 meters. Mexico
to Ecuador.

Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb. Near Cartago (Mez), and
Lago Bonilla near "Tunnel Camp," Prov. Limon, Dodge 6079. A
species of wide distribution.

Aechmea Pittieri Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 231. 1896.
Boruca, Tonduz 4830. Also at Buenos Aires. Endemic.

Aechmea pubescens Baker. Common on the coasts, ascending
to 600 meters. Colombia to Honduras.

Aechmea Schultesiana Mez. A. Friedrichsthalii Mez & Donn.
Smith. Atlantic coast, at 300 meters or less. Also Venezuela,
Hylaea, Peru.

Aechmea Standleyi Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 182. 1933.
Finca Waldeck, 28 miles from Limon, Cufodontis 719. An endemic
epiphyte.

Aechmea Tonduzii Mez & Pittier, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3:
132. 1903. Alto del Pi to, near San Marcos, 1,400 meters, Tonduz
7684. Endemic.

Aechmea Veitchii Baker. Pinuela. Valley of Tuis (Mez),
Orosi, and other unspecified localities. Colombia.

ANANAS Mill. Pineapple

Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill. Pina. A. sativus Schult. f.
A Brazilian plant, the pineapple was introduced into Central America
immediately after the Spanish conquest or perhaps even earlier.
It is cultivated commonly in Costa Rica, not only throughout the
tierra caliente but in regions of greater elevation. The pineapples
of Turrialba are justly celebrated for their superior quality. The
fruit has been grown for export on the Atlantic coast. The plant
is naturalized in some localities. Among Indian names reported are :
Karu-ru-bui (Cabe"cara); Amu (Bribri); Boa-et (Brunka); Pong-uo
(TeYraba); Ki-kuru (Guatuso); Boat (Boruca); Surak (Rama).

150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ANDROLEPIS Brongn.

Androlepis Donnell-Smithii (Baker) Mez. Canyon of Rio
Reventazon, Prov. Cartago, Dodge 4864; Capulin, Prov. Alajuela,
Standley 40183. Also in Guatemala.

ARAEOCOCCUS Brongn.

Araeococcus pectinatus L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 95:
41. pi. 11, f. 6. 1931. Pozo Azul de Pirris, 95 meters, Lankester
1164- Endemic. The only North American representative of this
otherwise South American genus.

BILLBERGIA Thunb.

Billbergia macrolepis L. B. Smith. Billbergia pallidiflora as
to Costa Rican citations. Buenos Aires, Prov. Puntarenas, Pittier
6608. Described from Panama.

BROMELIA L.

The members of this genus are terrestrial plants.

Bromelia Pinguin L. Pinuela, Pinuela casera, Piro. Abundant
in dry forests of the Pacific coast, and often planted for hedges,
its spiny leaves serving well to repel animals. From the leaves is
obtained a strong fiber less fine than that of Aechmea magdalenae.
The young inflorescence, prepared in various ways, is a vegetable of
good flavor and quality. The yellow fruit is intensely acid, but is
sometimes employed for preparing refreshing beverages. Native
Indian names are: Amu (Bribri); Bi-shku (TeYraba). Extending
to Mexico, West Indies, and Guiana.

Bromelia Wercklei Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 2. 1919. Pinuela
de garrobo, Pinuela de mico. B. Karatas of some authors, not L.
Forests of the Pacific tierra caliente. Also in Nicaragua, Salvador,
and Mexico. Sometimes planted for hedges. The very acid fruit
is employed for preparing beverages similar to lemonade.

CATOPSIS Griseb.
Epiphytic and usually small plants.

Catopsis apicroides (Cham. & Schlecht.) Baker. C. Schindleri
Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 1124. 1904 (without locality,
Werckle 136}. 1C. tennis Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 181. 1933
(near Finca Waldeck, 28 miles from Limon, Cufodontis 720). San-
tiago, Prov. Cartago; El General, Prov. San Jose"; Tucurrique,
Prov. Cartago. Mexico to Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 151

Catopsis brevifolia Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
1127. 1904. Without definite locality, Werckle 135, Endemic.

Catopsis floribunda (Brongn.) L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray
Herb. 117: 5. 1937. Catopsis nutans of some authors. Las Deli-
cias, Prov. Guanacaste; Meseta Central and slopes of Volcan de
Poas. Southern Florida, British Honduras, West Indies, Venezuela.

Catopsis juncifolia Mez & Werckle^ Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
1124. 1904. Without exact locality, Werckle 133. Endemic.

Catopsis Morreniana Mez. C. Bakeri Mez. Los Ayotes,
Guanacaste. Extending to Mexico.

Catopsis nitida (Hook.) Griseb. Cartago, San Ramon (Mez).
Honduras, West Indies, Guiana.

Catopsis nutans (Swartz) Grfseb. C. vitellina Link, Kl. &
Otto; C. fulgens Griseb. (Cf. Contr. Gray Herb. 117: 7. 1937).
A common species of the Meseta Central and Pacific coast; Pejivalle;
ascending to 1,500 meters. Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico to Ecuador.

Catopsis pendula Baker. Near Cartago, Maxon 67. Mexico,
Guatemala.

Catopsis pusilla Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 248.
1916. Navarro, 1,400 meters, Werckle. Also near Cartago and
slopes of Barba and Poas. Endemic.

Catopsis sessiliflora (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez. C. nutans var.
crecta Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 71. 1889 (near Cartago, Lehmann 1088).
Common in the Meseta Central and on slopes of the volcanoes,
ascending to 1,800 meters; Atlantic coast and in Guanacaste.
Mexico to Brazil and Peru.

Catopsis Wangerini Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 1126. 1904. Near Cartago, Werckle 105. Also Candelaria.
Endemic.

Catopsis Werckleana Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 1125. 1904.
Near Tucurrique, 800 meters, Werckle 65. Endemic.

GRAVISIA Mez

Gravisia aquilega (Salisb.) Mez. Aechmea aquilegioides Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. 2: 698. 1891. Angostura, Kuntze. The genus is a South
American one, otherwise unknown in North America. The present
species ranges from Jamaica and Trinidad to Brazil.

152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

GREIGIA Regel

Greigia sylvicola Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 160.
1927. Forests near Laguna de La Escuadra, northeast of El Copey,
2,200 meters, Standley 41975. Known only from mountains of
Canton de Dota, 2,100-3,000 meters. Endemic. A slender, terres-
trial plant, 1-1.5 meters high. Otherwise the genus is confined to
the Andean region of South America.

GUZMANIA Ruiz & Pavon

Reference: L. B. Smith, Provisional key to the genus Guzmania,
with notes on new or critical species, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 18-
34. 1932.

The members of the genus are epiphytic plants.

Guzmania angustifolia (Baker) Wittmack. Wet forest, 800-
1,800 meters. Bracts colored with an intense red. Ranging to
Ecuador.

Guzmania compacta Mez. G. capitulata Mez & Werckle,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 255. 1916 (La Palma, Werckle 17288). Also
in Nicaragua.

Guzmania condensata Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
3: 228. 1903. Vicinity of Cartago, 1,200-1,600 meters, Werckle
16198. Tapanti, 1,200 meters, M. Valeria 1439. Endemic.

Guzmania coriostachya Griseb. G. strobilifera Mez & Werckle,
Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 110. 1905 (without exact locality, Werckle
78}. Also at El Muneco. Colombia, Venezuela.

Guzmania costaricensis Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov. 16:
78. 1919. Las Concavas, Prov. Cartago, Werckle 132. Endemic.

Guzmania crateriflora Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
5: 110. 1905. Without exact locality, Werckle 84- Cocos Island.
Endemic.

Guzmania dissitiflora (Andre) L. B. Smith. Sodiroa dissiti-
flora Andre". Cascajal and La Hondura, 1,300-1,700 meters. Also
in Colombia.

Guzmania Donnellsmithii Mez, Bot. Gaz. 35 : 9. 1903. Schlum-
bergeria Donnellsmithii Harms in Engl. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a:
129. 1930. Forests of Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters,
J. D. Smith 6842. La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600-
700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46067.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 153

Guzmania glomerata Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov. 14:
256. 1916. La Palma, Werckle. Endemic.

Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez. Near Turrialba, Werckle 85
(Mez). West Indies and Nicaragua to Brazil and Bolivia.

Guzmania minor Mez. Cartago; Atlantic coast; mountains
of Guanacaste; up to 1,400 meters. Nicaragua to Amazonian Brazil.

Guzmania monostachia (L.) Rusby. Near Cartago; El
Arenal, Guanacaste; San Ramon (Mez). Florida and West Indies
to Bolivia.

Guzmania nicaraguensis Mez & C. F. Baker. Tucurrique,
Tonduz 13291. Without exact locality, Werckle. Guatemala,
Nicaragua.

Guzmania obtusiloba L. B. Smith. Sodiroa Andreana Wittm.,
non Guzmania Andreana Mez. La Hondura de San Jose1, M. Valeria
702. A Colombian species, known in North America only from
this locality.

Guzmania patula Mez & Werckle, Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 255.
1916. Navarro, Werckle. Colombia.

Guzmania plicatifolia L. B. Smith, Proc. Amer. Acad. 68:
146. pi. 2, f. 4, 5. 1933. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Tonduz 12533.
Jocosal near Cartago, Lankester; San Ramon. Endemic.

Guzmania polycephala Mez & Werckle1, Repert. Sp. Nov. 14:
254. 1916. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle. Collected near
Cartago by Lankester. Panama.

Guzmania Scherzeriana Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 949.
1896. Vicinity of Cartago, 1,700 meters, Scherzer. Collected at
Las Concavas by Werckl£ (Mez).

Guzmania stenostachya L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 117:
9. 1937. Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Prov. Heredia,
2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 501 74.. Also San Geronimo, Prov.
Cartago. Endemic.

Guzmania strobilifera Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
5: 110. 1905. Without exact locality, Werckle 78. Also at El
Muneco. Endemic.

Guzmania subcorymbosa L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb.
117: 10. 1937. El Arenal, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley &
Valeria 45110. Also Naranjos Agrios. Panama, Colombia.

154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

PITCAIRNIA L'He>.

Pitcairnia atrorubens (C. Koch) Baker. Wet forests of the
Atlantic slope. A terrestrial plant, about a meter high. Also in
Panama.

Pitcairnia Brittoniana Mez. P. flaviflora Standl. Journ. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 17: 247. 1927 (La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,600 meters,
Standley 33091). Also region of San Ramon, at 950 meters. Plants
either terrestrial or epiphytic. Extending to Bolivia.

Pitcairnia heterophylla (Lindl.) Beer. Broma, Broma real.
Meseta Central, Canton de Dota, Guanacaste, and probably in
many other regions. Mexico to Ecuador. A terrestrial or epiphytic
plant, sometimes growing upon rocks, the bases of the leaves furnished
with sharp and dangerous spines; flowers pink. Pittier states that
an infusion of the leaves is considered a sovereign remedy for
dysentery.

Pitcairnia maidifolia (E. Morr.) Dene. P. Oerstediana Mez

in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 448. 1896 (Ujarras, Oersted 44)- Rio

Virilla and Cabeceras; San Ramon, at 1,200 meters. Also in
Colombia and Venezuela.

Pitcairnia membranifolia Baker, Handb. Bromel. 109. 1889.
Quebrada Honda, Hoffmann 657. Endemic.

Pitcairnia oblanceolata L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 117:
26. 1937. Cataracts of San Ramon, Brenes 13512. Endemic.

Pitcairnia Theae Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 376. 1896.
Forests near Boruca, Pittier 6868. Endemic.

Pitcairnia Valerii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 246.
1927. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,500 meters, Juvenal Valeria
51879. Region of San Ramon, at 1,100 meters. A terrestrial plant.
Endemic.

Pitcairnia Wendlandi Baker. P. sulfurea Mez, non Andr.
La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 5600. Guatemala (?).

Pitcairnia Werckleana Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 622.
1904. Without exact locality, Werckle 108. Endemic.

PUYA Molina

Puya dasylirioides Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 159.
1927. Laguna de La Chonta, northeast of Santa Maria de Dota,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 155

Prov. San Jose", 2,100 meters, Standley 4233 4.. Cerro de Las Vueltas
and Cerro de La Muerte, ascending to 3,000 meters or more. A
terrestrial plant, 1-2.5 meters high; margins of the leaves furnished
with short, sharp spines. The only North American species of the
genus, which is a characteristic group of the Andean paramos. The
old, dried stalks, as they appeared through the meadows where the
type was collected, reminded the collector strongly of mullein stalks.

THECOPHYLLUM Andr£
A genus of epiphytic plants.

Thecophyllum acuminatum L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb.
117: 30. 1937. Epiphytic, La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,600 meters,
Standley 38276. Also La Hondura. Endemic.

Thecophyllum angustum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss.
11.4:1121. 1904. Without definite locality, Werckle 88. Collected
also at Carillo. Endemic.

Thecophyllum balanophorum Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
3: 131. 1903. Guzmania balanophora Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan.
9 : 918. 1896. Volcan de Irazu, Oersted 22. Collected also by Werckle",
without definite locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum bracteosum Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov.
14: 246. 1916. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle 17921. Endemic,
and known only from the region of La Palma.

Thecophyllum capitatum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 873. 1904. Without definite locality, Werckle 86. Endemic.

Thecophyllum comatum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 871. 1904. Near Turrialba, 900 meters, Werckle. Endemic.

Thecophyllum crassiflorum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 3: 138. 1903. Cartago, 1,200-1,400 meters, Werckle 16188.
Endemic.

Thecophyllum discolor Mez & Werckle', Repert. Sp. Nov. 14:
246. 1917. Without definite locality, Werckle. Endemic.

Thecophyllum insigne (E. Morr.) Mez. Guzmania insignis
Mez. Either epiphytic or terrestrial, abundant on the slopes of the
central volcanoes; San Ramon. Conspicuous because of its red
bracts. The plant is employed commonly for ornament in gardens
and on altars, and is often seen in hanging baskets in the city of
San Jose. Also in Panama.

156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Thecophyllum irazuense Mez & Werckle^ Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 3: 138. 1903. Volcan de Irazu, Werckle 15206. Also Las Pacayas
de Cartago; Cerro de La Carpintera. Endemic.

Thecophyllum latissimum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 1122. 1904. Without definite locality, Werckle 82. Endemic.

Thecophyllum laxum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 1123. 1904. Without definite locality, Werckle 90. La Hondura,
Prov. San Jos£, Standley & Valeria 51912. Endemic.

Thecophyllum lineatum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 875. 1904. Cartago, 1,200-1,600 meters, Werckle 16207. Also
at Cascajal, Lankester K256; Cerro de Las Caricias and Cerro de
Las Lajas, north of San Isidro, Prov. Heredia. Endemic.

Thecophyllum orosiense ("ororiense") Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 3: 131. 1903. Guzmania ororiense Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9:
917. 1896. Orosi, Oersted 25. Also on Barba (Mez) and on Irazu,
at 2,200 meters. Endemic.

Thecophyllum panniculatum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 4: 1123. 1904. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle 55.
Endemic.

Thecophyllum pedicellatum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 3: 136. 1903. Cartago, 1,200-1,600 meters, Werckle 16197.
Also Laguna de La Chonta, near Santa Maria de Dota; Cerro de La
Carpintera. The species has been collected in Nicaragua.

Thecophyllum pictum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 874. 1904. Desengano, 1,460 meters, Werckle 119. Endemic.

Thecophyllum Pittieri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 137.
1903. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Tonduz 12526. Cartago (Mez);
San Jeronimo; Yerba Buena. Endemic.

Thecophyllum rubrum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 878. 1904. Type Werckle 100, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum singuliflorum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 4 : 870. 1904. Type Werckle 89, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum spectabile Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4 : 873. 1904. Type collected by Werckle, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum Standleyi L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 117:
30. pi. 2, f. 30-31. 1937. Epiphytic, Cerro de Las Vueltas, Prov.
San Jose", 3,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 43573. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 157

Thecophyllum stenophyllum Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 4: 875. 1904. Type Werckle 112, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum turbinatum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 1122. 1904. Type Werckle 116, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum violascens Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4 : 877. 1904. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle 43. Viento Fresco,
Prov. Alajuela, Standley & Torres 48020. Endemic.

Thecophyllum viride Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
872. 1904. Type collected by Werckle", without locality. Irazu,
Standley 36631 . Endemic.

Thecophyllum vittatum Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 871. 1904. Type Werckle 79, without locality. Endemic.

Thecophyllum Werckleanum Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3:
139. 1903. Cartago, at 1,200-1,400 meters, Werckle 16201 . Endemic.

TILLANDSIA L.

This genus is exceptionally well represented in Costa Rica.
The plants often occur in great abundance, and are found nearly
everywhere, from the coasts almost to the summits of the highest
volcanoes.

Tillandsia Acostae Mez & Tonduz, Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 252.
1916. Forests of Cerros de Tremendales, near San Ramon, Tonduz
1 7891 ; Brenes 20573. Endemic.

Tillandsia adpressa Andre", var. orthiantha (Standl.) L. B.
Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 89: 9. 1930. T. orthiantha Standl. Journ.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 248. 1927. Laguna de La Chonta, near Santa
Maria de Dota, 2,000 meters, Standley 42312. The typical form of
the species occurs in Ecuador.

Tillandsia adpressa Andre", var. Tonduziana (Mez) L. B.
Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 89: 8. 1930. T. Tonduziana Mez, Bot.
Jahrb. 30: Beibl. 67: 9. 1901. Meseta Central. Also Colombia.

Tillandsia anceps Lodd. Vriesia Schlechtendalii var. alba
Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 69. 1889 (Cartago, Lehmann 1188). Cartago
and Guanacaste. Ranging to Trinidad, Guiana, and Colombia.

Tillandsia Andrieuxii (Mez) L. B. Smith. T. Benthamiana
var. Andrieuxii Mez (cf. Contr. Gray Herb. 117: 31. 1937). Cachi,
Lankester. Mexico. Illustrated, Curtis' Bot. Mag. pi. 8576.

158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Tillandsia Balbisiana Schult. f. T. Urbaniana Wittm. Bot.
Jahrb. 11: 65. 1889 (Cartago, 1,500 meters, Lehmann 1771}. Col-
lected also by Oersted, without locality (Mez). Extending to
Mexico, Florida, West Indies, and Venezuela.

Tillandsia biflora Ruiz & Pavon. Quebradillas, near Santa
Maria de Dota, 1,800 meters, Standley 43073; also near El Copey.
Extending to Venezuela and Bolivia.

Tillandsia brachycaulos Schlecht. T. cryptantha Baker; T.
Bradeana Mez & Tonduz, Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 252. 1916 (near
San Jose, Werckle 37, 16414}- Near Cartago, Bahia de Salinas,
Tilaran, and Rio Virilla near El Brasil. Panama to Mexico.

Tillandsia bulbosa Hook. Common on the coasts. Widely
distributed in tropical America.

Tillandsia Butzii Mez. T. variegata Schlecht., non Veil.
Region of Cartago. Extending to Mexico. Inflorescence of a
handsome, dark red that contrasts with the brilliant violet corollas.

Tillandsia caput-medusae E. Morren. Meseta Central to the
Pacific coast. Ranging to Mexico. Bracts bright red.

Tillandsia cauliflora Mez & Werckte, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
5: 100. 1905. Type Werckle 68, without locality. Endemic.

Tillandsia chontalensis Baker. T. spuria Mez & Werckle,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 74. 1919 (collected at Las Concavas, near
Cartago, by Werckle"). Also San Jeronimo, El Mufieco, and El
General. Nicaragua and reported from Panama.

Tillandsia complanata Benth. Region of Cartago. Extending
to Bolivia and West Indies.

Tillandsia compressa Bert. Near Cartago and San Jose (Mez).
Extending to Jamaica and Surinam.

Tillandsia contorta Mez & Pittier, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3:
224. 1903. Tuis, Pittier 11376. Endemic.

Tillandsia cyanea (A. Dietr.) E. Morren. Collected by Hoff-
mann (Mez), without indication of the locality. La Palma, Tucu-
rrique (Mez). Extending to Guatemala.

Tillandsia excelsa Griseb. T. costaricana Mez & Werckle,
Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 143. 1903. T. costarricensis Mez & Werckle
ex Werckle", Subreg. Fiteogr. Costar. 33. 1909, nomen. Near Cartago,
1,200-1,400 meters, Werckle 16180. Also at Tuis, La Hondura, and

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 159

La Palma. The pale red bracts contrast with the corollas which,
as in other species, are violet. Central America, Cuba, Jamaica.

Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz. Pejivalle, Santa Maria de
Dota, and in other regions. Colombia and Guiana to Mexico,
West Indies, and Florida.

Tillandsia festucoides Brongn. Talamanca, Candelaria (Mez);
Tucurrique; Turrialba; Hamburg Farm, Prov. Limon. Central
America, West Indies, Florida.

Tillandsia filifolia Schlecht. & Cham. Tucurrique and Peji-
valle. Extending to Mexico.

Tillandsia guanacastensis Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
17: 247. 1927. Moist forest, La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Guana-
caste, 650 meters, Standley & Valeria 46045. Also at Naranjos
Agrios in the same region; region of San Ramon, at 1,050 meters.
Endemic.

Tillandsia incurva Griseb. T. digitata Mez in DC. Monogr.
9: 715. 1896 (based upon plants cultivated in Europe, of Costa
Rican origin). T. castaneo-bulbosa Mez & Werckle*, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. II. 3: 140. 1903 (near Cartago, 1,200-1,400 meters, Werckle
16189}. Common about Cartago; also slopes of Barba, and Santa
Maria de Dota. Extending to Cuba and Bolivia.

Tillandsia juncea (Ruiz & Pav.) Le Conte. Common from
the Atlantic coast to the Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes;
also in Guanacaste, and probably throughout the Pacific coast.
Florida to Bolivia.

Tillandsia Leiboldiana Schlecht. T. Aschersoniana Wittm.
Bot. Jahrb. 11: 68. 1889 (Turrialba, 800 meters, Lehmann 1810); T.
lilacina Mez. A handsome and showy plant with red bracts and
violet corollas, common in the Meseta Central, on the slopes of the
volcanoes, and in Guanacaste. Panama to Mexico.

Tillandsia longifolia Baker. Quebradillas, north of Santa
Maria de Dota, 1,800 meters, Standley 43065. Venezuela.

Tillandsia Makoyana Baker. T. cucaensis Wittm. Forests
of Nicoya, Tonduz 13647. Also in Guatemala and Honduras.

Tillandsia melanocrater L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 117:
31. pi. 2, f. 34. 1937. T. melanopus E. Morr. ex Mez in part.
Frequent in the Meseta Central; El Mufieco and Guanacaste.
Extending to Mexico.

160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Tillandsia monadelpha (E. Morr.) Baker. T. monobotrya
Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 77. 1919. Common on the coasts,
ascending to the Meseta Central. Guatemala to Guiana and
Ecuador.

Tillandsia multicaulis Steud. China. T. caespitosa Cham.
& Schlecht., non Le Conte. Common in the Meseta Central, on
slopes of the volcanoes, at 1,100-1,800 meters, and in Santa Maria
de Dota. Panama to Mexico. Inflorescences bright red, very showy.

Tillandsia pruinosa Swartz. Werckle, without locality (Mez);
Atlantic coast, Las Concavas, Pejivalle, and Guanacaste. Extending
to Mexico, West Indies, and Brazil.

Tillandsia punctulata Cham. & Schlecht. T. melanopus E.
Morr. ex Mez, typical. Meseta Central and slopes of the volcanoes,
ascending to 1,800 meters. Extending to Mexico and Surinam.

Tillandsia rubra Ruiz & Pavon, var. costaricensis Mez,
Pflanzenreich IV. 32: 458. 1935. T. paniculata Cham. & Schlecht.
var. costaricensis Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 703. 1896. Orosi
(where the type of the variety was collected by Oersted) and Cartago.
Extending to the West Indies and Bolivia.

Tillandsia Schiedeana Steud. T. vestita Cham. & Schlecht.,
non Willd. Meseta Central to the Pacific coast. Venezuela to West
Indies and Mexico.

Tillandsia singularis Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
5: 103. 1905. Type Werckle 76, without locality. Also Pejivalle
and mountains of Guanacaste. Endemic.

Tillandsia spiculosa Griseb. var. palmana (Mez) L. B. Smith,
Contr. Gray Herb. 89: 14. 1930. T. palmana Mez, Bot. Jahrb. 30:
Beibl. 67: 9. 1901. La Palma, 1,500-1,700 meters, Tonduz 9710.
Also in the regions of Cartago, El Muneco, and Pejivalle. Endemic.
The typical form of the species is Venezuelan.

Tillandsia tricolor Cham. & Schlecht. Collected by Oersted
and by Werckle without indication of the locality (Mez). Ranging
to Mexico.

Tillandsia usneoides L. Barba de viejo. Common in almost
all regions from the coasts to the Meseta Central. In habit and
general appearance quite unlike other species of the genus, the long,
slender stems pendent in dense tufts from the branches of trees,
A plant of wide distribution, from Virginia to Argentina. In the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 161

United States the black fiber obtainable from the stems is employed
commercially for making mattresses of high quality. In ArenaL,
Costa Rica, where the plant is called Barbasco, it is employed for
stuffing pillows.

Tillandsia Valenzuelana A. Rich. T. polystachya L. var. alba
Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 65. 1889 (Turrialba, 800 meters, Lehmann
1114)- T. Purpusii Mez. Tucurrique, at 1,000 meters; Meseta
Central, Guanacaste, and Atlantic coast. Colombia and Venezuela
to Florida.

Tillandsia venusta Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5:
108. 1905. Turrialba, 600 meters, Werckle 95.

Tillandsia Werckleana Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 144.

1903. Cartago, 1,200-1,600 meters, Werckle 16194. Endemic.

VRIESIA Lindl.

Vriesia acuminata Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:

868. 1904. Type Werckle 117, without locality. Endemic.

Vriesia brachyphylla Mez & Werckle*, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4;

869. 1904. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle 66. Endemic.

Vriesia Brunei Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 865.

1904. Candelaria, Brune (Werckle 45). Also at Aserri and in Canton
de Dota. Endemic.

Vriesia camptoclada Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov. 14:
247. 1916. La Palma, Werckle 17292. Endemic.

Vriesia diminuta Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
869. 1904. Type Werckle 118, without locality. Meseta Central
and slopes of the volcanoes, ascending to 2,000 meters. Endemic.

Vriesia gladioliflora (Wendl.) Ant. Wien. 111. Gartenz. 5: 97.
1880. Tillandsia gladioliflora Wendl. Hamb. Gartenz. 19: 31. 1863.
Common in mountains of the Meseta Central; also San Ramon,
Canton de Dota, and mountains of Guanacaste. Panama. Because
of its beauty, it has been introduced into cultivation in Europe.

Vriesia graminifolia Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 868. 1904. Type Werckle 92, without locality. Endemic.

Vriesia heliconioides (HBK.) Hook. V. disticha auct., non
Renealmia disticha L. Atlantic coast and San Jose". Guatemala
to Bolivia.

162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Vriesia Jimenezii Mez & Werckle", Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 246.
1916. Cerros de Tremendales, near San Ramon, 1,300-1,400 meters,
Tonduz 17899. Endemic.

Vriesia macrantha Mez & Werckle, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
867. 1904. Type collected by Werckle, without locality. Endemic.

Vriesia macrochlamys Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 865. 1904. Type Werckle 115, without locality. Endemic.

Vriesia pachyspatha Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.
4: 867. 1904. Type Werckle 120, without locality. Endemic.

Vriesia Pittieri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 135. 1903. Forests
of Santa Clara del Copey, 2,600 meters, Pittier 12229. Known from
various localities in Canton de Dota. Endemic.

Vriesia rugosa Mez & Werckle", Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 866.
1904. Guardo Arias, Werckle. Also La Palma. Endemic.

Vriesia sanguinolenta Cogn. & March. V. Alfarovii Mez,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 247. 1916. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce,
Tonduz 9883. Cuba, Panama, Colombia.

Vriesia subsecunda Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11 : 69. 1889. Tillandsia
subsecunda Baker, Handb. Bromel. 217. 1889. Rio Sucio, 400 meters,
Lehmann 1775. Also near Cartago. Endemic.

Vriesia viridiflora (Regel) Wittm. V. viminalis E. Morr. Belg.
Hort. 28: 257. pi. 14, 15. 1878. Tillandsia viminalis Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 323. 1884. Volcan de Irazu, Wendland (fide
Hemsley). Introduced into cultivation in Europe. Endemic.

Vriesia Werckleana Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 136. 1903.
Cartago, 1,200-1,600 meters, Werckle 16210. Endemic.

WITTMACKIA Mez

Wittmackia lingulata (L.) Mez. W. odora Mez. Collected
by Oersted (No. 24), without locality (fide Mez). Extending to
West Indies and Brazil.

COMMELINACEAE. Dayflower Family
ATHYROCARPUS Schlecht.

Athyrocarpus leiocarpus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. Meseta
Central; Guanacaste; San Ramon; 500-1,400 meters, growing usually
in wet forest. Plants branched and more or less scandent, the leaves

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 163

ovate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers blue; fruits dark blue. In
general appearance the species of this genus are similar to Commelina.

Athyrocarpus persicariifolius (DC.) Hemsl. Wet forests,
mountains of Guanacaste and Atlantic slope; region of San Ramon.
Leaves lanceolate, pilose; fruits white.

Athyrocarpus rufipes (Seub.) Standl. Growing in wet places
of the coasts. A species of wide distribution in South America.
Spathes covered with ferruginous hairs.

CALLISIA L.

Callisia monandra (Sw.) Schult. Wet forests or shaded places,
Meseta Central to the coasts; common in many localities; region
of San Ramon. A small, creeping plant, the leaves ovate, 2-4 cm.
long; flowers small, white, in small umbels which are either solitary
and lateral or arranged in terminal panicles.

Callisia repens L. Meseta Central, and probably in other
regions of less elevation; sometimes growing in small deposits of
earth on tree trunks, although not a true epiphyte. Widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. In this species the pedicels are short
and scarcely exserted from the leaf sheaths; in C. monandra they
are long-exserted.

CAMPELIA L. Rich.

Campelia Zanonia (L.) HBK. Canutillo. Common in wet
forests, Meseta Central to the coasts; also slopes of the volcanoes,
ascending to 2,000 meters. Widely distributed in tropical America.
A fleshy, branched plant as much as 2 meters high, the leaves lanceo-
late, pilose on the lower surface; flowers white.

Werckl£ has published the following statement: "In the moun-
tains south of Turruvares a gigantic Cochliostema is abundant, and
covers the thick trunks of the trees. It is a very beautiful epiphyte."
He reports it also from the Cordillera de Dota, as a plant 2 meters
in height. The genus is known only from Ecuador, but probably it
is represented also in Costa Rica.

COMMELINA L. Dayflower

Succulent herbs; inflorescence of a few flowers enclosed in a
compressed spathe.

Commelina diffusa Burm. f. C. longicaulis Jacq. Meseta
Central to the coasts, common in waste places. Generally dis-

164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

tributed in tropical regions. The species has been cited for Costa
Rica as C. nudiflora L. For a discussion of the nomenclature of
this species see Merrill, Journ. Arn. Arb. 18: 64. 1937.

Commelina elegans HBK. Meseta Central to the coasts,
abundant in wet forests and waste places, often invading cultivated
ground. A prostrate plant, the leaves lanceolate or ovate-oblong;
petals blue. This species has been reported from Costa Rica under
the name C. virginica L. The flowers, like those of most other
members of the family, soon wither when exposed to bright sunlight.

Commelina monticola Seub. C. monticola var. vestita C. B.
Clarke. The variety was cited from Costa Rica (Hoffmann 398
in part) by Clarke. I have seen no specimens from the region.
The species is widely distributed in South America.

Commelina pal lid a Willd. Reported for Costa Rica, the exact
locality not indicated. A species of Mexico and Guatemala.

Commelina quitensis Benth. var. cardiosepala (Kuntze) C.
B. Clarke. Reported for Costa Rica (Hoffmann 398 in part) by
Clarke, without mention of a definite locality. The species is South
American.

DICHORISANDRA Mikan

Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl. D. Aubletiana Roem.
& Schult. Abundant in many parts of the tierra caliente, growing
in wet forest. Widely dispersed in tropical America. A coarse,
fleshy plant, 1-2 meters high, the lanceolate leaves 6-20 cm. long,
almost glabrous; flowers purple.

FLOSCOPA Lour.

Floscopa Clarkeana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 720. 1891. Cartago,
Kuntze. Endemic. Common in wet forests of the Atlantic coast.
Flowers arranged in dense panicles, very densely covered with
purple hairs, the petals white. The only North American species
of a genus well represented in South America and in tropical Africa.
It does not extend north of Costa Rica. The Costa Rican plant
has been referred toF. robusta (Seub.) C. B. Clarke.

LEPTORRHOEO C. B. Clarke
The genus consists of a single species.

Leptorrhoeo filiformis (Mart. & Gal.) C. B. Clarke. Carrillos
de Poas, Quiros 554- Mexico to South America. Plants almost

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 165

glabrous, the slender, branched stems 5-20 cm. long; leaves oblong
or linear, 1-4 cm. long, sessile; flowers blue, very small, in 3-6-
flowered, pedunculate, axillary and terminal umbels.

RHOEO Hance

Rhoeo discolor (L'HeY.) Hance. Pluma Venus. Rio Hondo,
100 meters. Often grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.
Native of the Yucatan Peninsula, and probably introduced into
Costa Rica. A glabrous perennial, the leaves strap-shaped, 10-20
cm. long, purple beneath; flowers white, enclosed by two concave
bracts. In Honduras this plant is known by the picturesque and
appropriate name of Senoritas embarcadas.

TINANTIA Scheidw.

Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schlecht. Wet forests or other shaded
places, Meseta Central and regions of middle elevation, at 900-
1,800 meters. Widely distributed in tropical America. Probably
annual, erect, branched, as much as a meter high, with broad leaves;
flowers blue, in umbels. Calyx pilose.

Tinantia leiocalyx C. B. Clarke. Guanacaste, in wet forest.
Ranging to Mexico. Calyx glabrous.

TRADESCANTIA L.

Tradescantia amplexicaulis Klotzsch. Reported for Costa
Rica (Hoffmann) by Clarke, without definite locality. Ranging to
Mexico.

Tradescantia commelinoides Roem. & Schult. Wet forests,
slopes of the higher mountains, at 1,000-2,000 meters; region of
San Ramon, at 1,100 meters. Petals bright pink.

Tradescantia cordifolia Swartz. Canton de Dota, 1,600
meters. A small, prostrate plant with ovate leaves; petals white.
Widely distributed in tropical America.

Tradescantia cumanensis Kunth. Wet places, usually in
forest, chiefly on the Atlantic coast, but also in regions of greater
elevation. Widely distributed in tropical America. Flowers small,
the petals either white or pink.

Tradescantia disgrega Kunth. Meseta Central to the coasts.
Extending to Mexico.

Tradescantia elongata Mey. Meseta Central to the Atlantic
coast, in moist places. Petals pink. Mexico to South America.

166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Tradescantia geniculata Jacq. Wet places, usually in forest
of the tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Leaves pilose on the lower surface; flowers white.

ZEBRINA Schnizl. Wandering Jew

Zebrina pendula Schnizl. Hoja de milagro, Canutillo. Com-
mon in the Meseta Central, extending to the coasts, in forests or
pastures or on open banks. Mexico and Central America. A
prostrate plant, the leaves purple beneath, striped longitudinally
on the upper surface with silver and green; petals purple. This
rather handsome plant is seen commonly in gardens. It is much
grown in the United States in houses and hothouses under the
name Wandering Jew. In Costa Rica it is often seen in hanging
baskets.

PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family

EICHHORNIA Kunth. Water hyacinth

Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth. Abundant in lakes and
streams of the tierra caliente, often covering large areas of water.
Mexico to South America. Similar to the following species, but
the petioles little inflated.

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Lirio de agua. Meseta
Central to the coasts. South and Central America. A floating
aquatic, the petioles inflated and bulb-like, the leaf blade oval;
flowers large, delicate, violet, spicate. A beautiful plant, but also
a great pest in streams and lakes, where it often completely covers
the surface of water. It has become established in large rivers in
the state of Florida, where it is so abundant at times as almost to
stop navigation. Likewise in the Panama Canal this and the
preceding species have to be kept under control. Because of its
handsome flowers, the plant is often seen in gardens in the Meseta
Central, especially in fountains, and it is grown frequently also in
the United States.

HETERANTHERA Ruiz & Pavon

Heteranthera limosa (Swartz) Willd. Swampy places, Meseta
Central to the coasts. Widely distributed in tropical America.
A succulent plant, the leaves oval or ovate; spathe with a single
flower, the delicate perianth blue.

Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pavon. Meseta Central to
the coasts, common in swampy places, especially along stream

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 167

banks. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants procumbent,
the leaves reniform, 2-5 cm. wide; spathe usually 3-flowered; peri-
anth white.

PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed

Pontederia rotundifolia L. Common in the tierra caliente,
chiefly near the coasts, floating upon the water or growing in shal-
low water, often densely covering great areas. Widely dispersed in
tropical America. A succulent, glabrous plant as much as 2 meters
high, the leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate; flowers in dense spikes,
the perianth white. The Central American plant often has been
listed as P. cor data L., but it now appears that the tropical plant
represents a species quite distinct from the one common in the
United States.

JUNCACEAE. Rush Family

In general appearance the plants of this family resemble grasses,
but their flowers are altogether distinct, consisting primarily of
6 almost equal, sepal-like segments. The fruit is a small capsule
containing few or numerous seeds.

JUNCUS L. Rush

Juncus bufonius L. Common in meadows of the volcanoes,
at 1,600-2,600 meters. A plant of wide distribution in temperate
and subtropical regions of almost the whole earth. Inasmuch as
in Costa Rica it is found only in the high meadows, most of which
have been seeded with European grasses, it is probable that the
plant is introduced here rather than native. It is a small annual,
the other Costa Rican species being perennials.

Juncus effusus L. Junco. Common through the central region,
in moist meadows or in bogs, abundant in some places, especially
in the Canton de Dota, at 1,500-2,200 meters. A species of almost
cosmopolitan distribution. Plants as much as a meter high, the
stems spongy, terete, the leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths. In
Dota and perhaps elsewhere the stems are employed, like the stems
of Eleocharis, for making the mats used as mattresses.

Juncus microcephalus HBK. Central region, wet meadows
and stream banks, at 1,300-1,800 meters. Mexico to South America.
A tall, slender perennial, the leaves terete and septate.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Region of Cartago, and in the meadows
of Irazu, 1,300-1,800 meters. Widely distributed in America.

168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Growing most frequently on banks of small streams. A perennial
with narrowly linear, flat leaves.

Juncus sp. In the paramos of Cerro de Las Vueltas there
grows in abundance a small plant, only 2-5 cm. high, that forms
dense and elevated mats. I found it only in a sterile state, and
it is impossible to be certain that it is a species of Juncus; it may
be a species of Patosia, a South American genus of the same family.
I consider that it is probably a species of Juncus related to
J. depauperatus Phil, of the Andean region.

LUZULA DC. Wood rush

Luzula gigantea Desv. Cerro de Las Vueltas, and probably
in other regions of similar elevation (3,000 meters), in paramos
or wet forest. Mexico to Peru. A perennial with rather broad
(6-11 mm.), flat leaves, much wider than those of the local species
of Juncus.

LILIACEAE. Lily Family

AGAPANTHUS L'He>.

Agapanthus umbellatus L'HeY. Agapanto, Corona imperial.
An ornamental garden plant, native of South Africa. Large and
very showy, with umbels of blue or white flowers.

ALLIUM L.

Allium Gepa L. Cebolla. The onion, native of Persia, is one
of the most common local vegetables. There are numerous varieties,
distinguished by the shape and color of the bulbs.

Allium sativum L. Ajo. Originally from Europe, garlic is
grown and utilized all too commonly, although it is much less
favored in Costa Rica than in some other parts of Central America.

ALOE L.

Aloe vera L. Savila. Aloes, a native of the Mediterranean
region, is cultivated occasionally, probably for use in domestic
medicine. The mucilaginous pulp of the leaves is employed as a
purgative. The dried juice of the leaves (acibar) constitutes the
drug aloes, which in small quantities has stomachic properties, and
is drastic in large doses.

ANTHERICUM L.

Anthericum apodastanthum Bonn. Smith. Rare in fields of
the Meseta Central; Canton de Dota; 1,200-1,800 meters. Ex-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 169

tending to Guatemala. Plants with fleshy-fibrous roots, the leaves
basal, linear; flowers yellow, 12-14 mm. long, in racemes.

ASPARAGUS L.

Asparagus officinalis L. Esparrago. The common asparagus
is grown sometimes as a garden vegetable, the young shoots being
the part employed as food. The plant is a native of Europe
and Asia.

Asparagus plumosus Baker. An ornamental vine of gardens,
with very fine, short, slender "leaves." Native of South Africa.

Asparagus Sprengeri Regel. Esparrago. A large vine, culti-
vated for ornament. Native of South Africa.

DRACAENA L.

Dracaena americana Bonn. Smith. Wet forests of the Atlantic
coast, but apparently rare. Extending to British Honduras. A
tree as much as 10 meters high, with the aspect of Yucca; leaves
linear, 20-35 cm. long; flowers small, white, forming large panicles.
The plant is of special interest because it is the only American
representative (except for another recently described from Guate-
mala) of a large genus otherwise confined to the Old World, especially
Africa. It is a handsome tree, worthy of cultivation as an orna-
mental in the Meseta Central, where probably it would grow well.

GLORIOSA L.

Gloriosa superba L. Sometimes grown in gardens as an
ornamental plant. Native of Africa and Asia. Plants scandent
by means of tendril-like prolongations at the tips of the leaves;
flowers large and showy, axillary, the segments narrow, crisped,
at first yellow, changing to bright red.

The hyacinth (jacinto; Hyacinthus orientalis L.) is sometimes
planted in gardens in the tierra templada but, like other bulbous
spring flowers of the North (Tulipa, Narcissus, etc.), it does not
thrive in Central America, even in the coldest regions.

KNIPHOFIA Moench

Kniphofia Uvaria (L.) Hooker. Molenillo. Cultivated com-
monly for ornament and in some places, as at Frai janes, naturalized
in meadows. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. A tall, coarse
plant, forming thick clumps, the flowers orange-red, in dense spikes.

170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

LILIUM L. Lily

Lilium lingiflorum Thunb. Azucena. A species of Asiatic
origin, cultivated commonly in gardens, at least in temperate and
cold regions. It is much used in Costa Rica for funeral wreaths.

NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth

Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. Cebolilla, Ajillo. Com-
mon in cultivated or waste ground about San Jose", probably intro-
duced from the north, perhaps from the United States, although
it may possibly be native in Costa Rica. A bulbous herb, exactly
like some species of Allium in appearance, but without an alliaceous
odor; flowers white.

SABADILLA Brandt & Ratz.

Sabadilla officinalis (Schlecht. & Cham.) Standl. Schoenocaulon
officinale Gray. Reported for Costa Rica, but perhaps only in
cultivation. Ranging from Mexico to Venezuela. Known in some
regions by the name Cebadilla. The seeds contain veratrin. This
species and its relatives were employed extensively during the
World War for the preparation of an ointment applied to destroy
parasites upon the human body.

SANSEVIERIA Thunb.

Sansevieria guineensis (Jacq.) Willd. Espada de Judas. Very
common in gardens, often planted for low hedges, naturalized in
some places. Native of tropical Africa. Leaves erect, rigid, elongate,
rising from the ground, sword-shaped, often striped or mottled with
pale yellow. They contain a strong fiber utilized in some parts of
the earth for cordage. The small and inconspicuous, whitish flowers
exhale a strong and pleasant perfume at night.

SMILACINA Desf.

Smilacina paniculata Mart. & Gal. Common in forests of
the higher mountains, 1,800-2,400 meters. Mexico to Panama. In
Costa Rica the plant is almost always an epiphyte. Plants arising
from a rhizome, the stems as much as a meter high, bearing numerous
lanceolate or elliptic, nerved leaves; flowers small, white, panicled;
fruit a small, red berry.

TAETSIA Medic.

Taetsia fruticosa (L.) Merrill. Cana de India, Gracena, Cor-
nelina. An ornamental shrub, common in parks and gardens. Native

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 171

of the East Indies. Leaves large, lanceolate, green; flowers very
small, in panicles.

Taetsia fruticosa var. ferrea (Baker) Standl. Cultivated with
the typical form; distinguished by the purplish or dark red color of
the leaves.

YUCCA L.

Yucca elephantipes Regel. Itabo. The only Central American
representative of this Mexican group of plants. Abundant through-
out the temperate region, and common also near the coasts, especially
the Pacific; grown sometimes even in the colder regions. It is not
native in Costa Rica but probably was introduced by the Indians
before the Spanish conquest, perhaps from Mexico, where it is be-
lieved to be native. The long, stiff, dagger-shaped leaves yield a
fine, strong fiber that the Indians employed as a textile. Strips
split from the leaves are used commonly in place of twine. The
large, white, bell-shaped flowers are so much sought as a vegetable
that it is rare to find open flowers upon a plant. They are prepared
for the table by being fried with eggs, or in other modes. Although
slightly bitter, their flavor is quite agreeable. It is believed that the
name Itabo is of local Indian origin. In northern Central America
the plant is known by the name Izote, a word of Aztec origin.

SMILACACEAE. Sarsaparilla Family
The family consists of a single genus.

SMILAX L.

Reference: Killip & Morton, A revision of the Mexican and Cen-
tral American species of Smilax, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
257. 1936.

Woody vines, usually armed with spines or prickles; leaves
alternate, petiolate, palmately nerved, entire or lobate; flowers
small, usually greenish, umbellate; fruit a red or black berry with
1-6 seeds. — From the rhizomes of some of the species of the Atlantic
coast of Central America is obtained sarsaparilla (zarzaparrilla)
of commerce, used in medicine and also for flavoring beverages.
Some sarsaparilla is exported from Costa Rica, but it is uncertain
from which species it is obtained.

Smilax angustiflora A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 67. 1878;
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461 : pi. 8. Alto de La Cruz near Aserri,
Hoffmann 575. Collected also at La Palma de San Ramon, 1,200

172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

meters. Stems unarmed, subtomentose; leaves ovate-oblong, cor-
date at the base, pilose or pilosulous, 7-nerved; staminate umbels
long-pedunculate, the flowers 8-9 mm. long. Endemic.

Smilax Bernhardi Apt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 418. 1922. A
doubtful species, based upon plants cultivated at Berlin, said to
have been grown from Costa Rican seeds.

Smilax candelariae A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 70.
1878; Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: pi. 7. Candelaria, Hoffmann.
Also at Navarrito, 1,370 meters. Endemic. Leaves ovate to oblong,
coriaceous, cordate or subcordate at the base, glabrous above, some-
what pilosulous beneath, 7-nerved; fruiting umbels almost sessile,
the pedicels 8 mm. long, the berries bright red.

Smilax Engleriana Apt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 407. 1922. Santa
Rosa del Copey, 1,100 meters, Tonduz 11732. S. canaliculata Apt,
op. cit. 406 (Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 700-800 meters, Tonduz 13303}.
Frequent in the central region, 700-1,700 meters. Endemic. Plants
glabrous or nearly so, prickly; leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, acute
at the base, 5-nerved; peduncles 6 mm. long or less, the pedicels
5-8 mm. long; flowers 6 mm. long; berries red, 6-9 mm. in diameter.

Smilax Kunthii Killip & Morton. Putarra. Collected at
Agua Caliente, San Isidro de Heredia, and La Palma de San Jose.
Ranging to Ecuador. Plants glabrous or nearly so, sparsely prickly;
leaves ovate, rounded or subcordate at the base, 7-nerved ; staminate
peduncles 3-13 mm. long, the pedicels 5-7 mm. long; flowers 4.5-5
mm. long.

Smilax lanceolata L. Bejuco de canasta. S. domingensis Willd.
Escasu, Standley 32512. Mexico to Panama. Plants glabrous,
sparsely prickly; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the
base, 5-nerved; peduncles 1-7 mm. long, the slender pedicels 4-10
mm. long; flowers 4.5-6.5 long; berries dull red or brown, 5-10 mm.
in diameter. The stout, flexible stems of this and other species are
sometimes employed in Costa Rica for weaving baskets,

Smilax mollis Humb. & Bonpl. Frequent in forests of the
central regions, descending to the Atlantic lowlands. Mexico to
Panama. Plants unarmed, not conspicuously woody, usually small;
leaves ovate-oblong to broadly oval, 7-nerved, glabrate on the
upper surface, persistently pilosulous beneath or when young some-
what tomentose; umbels long-pedunculate, the pedicels 3-5 mm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 173

long; perianth 3-4 mm. long; berries red or yellow, 4-8 mm. in
diameter.

Smilax mollis var. hirsutior Killip & Morton, Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Publ. 461: 288. 1936. Rio Turrialba, Prov. Cartago, 480
meters, J. D. Smith 4971. Endemic. Differs from typical form
in having the stems and leaves hirsute with very long, yellowish hairs.

Smilax panamensis Morong. S. ramonensis Apt, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 18: 405. 1922 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,400-1,600 meters,
Tonduz 17723}. Widely distributed, chiefly in the tierra caliente
at low elevations. Guatemala to Panama. Plants glabrous, sparsely
prickly; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at the
base, 7-nerved; peduncles 2.5 cm. long or less, the pedicels 5-15 mm.
long; perianth 4-6 mm. long; berries large, apparently red.

Smilax spinosa Mill. S. costaricae Vatke, Linnaea 40: 223.
1876 (San Jose", Hoffmann 503, 504)- S. mexicana var. costaricae
A. DC. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 117. 1878. Widely distributed in
forest at low and middle elevations; Guanacaste; region of San
Ramon. Mexico to Panama. Plants glabrous, sparsely armed or
unarmed; leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, acute to rounded at the
base, 5-nerved; peduncles 8 mm. long or less, the slender pedicels
5-13 mm. long; perianth 2.8 mm. long or less; berries black, 4-12
mm. in diameter.

Smilax spissa Killip & Morton, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461 : 273. 1936. Between La Muerte and La Division, Pittier 3470.
Also at TeYraba, Buenos Aires, and Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce.
Panama. Upper stems unarmed, the plants glabrous; leaves oblong,
acute at the base, 5-nerved; peduncles up to 4.5 cm. long; pistillate
flowers sessile, 3 mm. long; berries red, 1.5 cm. or less in diameter.

Smilax Standleyi Killip & Morton, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ.
461: 280. 1936. Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600-700
meters, Standley & Valeria 45557. Also at Quebrada Serena in the
same region. Endemic. Stems quadrangular, the upper ones un-
armed, the plants glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse at the base,
5-nerved; peduncles to 2.5 cm. long, the pedicels 9 mm. long or less;
perianth 5 mm. long; berries red, 8 mm. in diameter.

Smilax subpubescens A. DC. In forest, region of Santa Maria
de Dota and on Volcan Poas, at 2,900 meters or less. Extending
to Mexico. Stems unarmed, obtusely quadrangular, tomentose
when young; leaves ovate or broadly ovate, truncate to deeply

174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

cordate at the base, tomentose on both sides or later glabrate,
9-11-nerved; peduncles 3.5 cm. long or less, the pedicels to 15 mm.
long; perianth 5-6 mm. long; berries orange.

Smilax vanilliodora Apt. Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 416. 1922;
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: pi. 4- S. Tonduzii Apt. op. cit. 414
(Rio Ciruelas, Tonduz 2233); S. Gilgiana Apt. op. cit. 417 (Guacimo,
120 meters, Tonduz 14639); S. barbillana Cufodontis, Archiv. Bot.
9: 186. 1933 (Rio Barbilla, 40 meters, Cufodontis 658). Hacienda
El Guayabo, near Turrialba, 600-700 meters, Gdmez. In forest,
widely distributed, at 1,900 meters or less. Endemic. Plants gla-
brous, armed with stout prickles; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, 5-9-nerved; pistillate
peduncles usually longer than the petioles, the pedicels to 17 mm.
long; berries red, 1 cm. or more in diameter.

HAEMODORACEAE. Bloodwort Family
XIPHIDIUM Aubl.

Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Durandia macrophylla Boeckl.
Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 2: 173. 1896. Common in wet forests of the
Atlantic coast, also on the Pacific slope. Widely distributed in
tropical America. A perennial herb, in foliage much like an Iris,
the leaves sword-shaped and equitant; flowers small, white, in termi-
nal panicles; fruit a fleshy, red capsule. The genus Durandia,
based upon Costa Rican material, was referred by its author,
strangely enough, to the Cyperaceae, a group with which it certainly
has little in common. The plant is a characteristic forest species
of the tierra caliente of Central America.

AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family
Reference: J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae. 1888.
Perennial plants of various habit, acaulescent except in Bomarea;
flowers usually large and showy; fruit a capsule.

AGAVE L.

Agave Wercklei Weber ex Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
23: 132. 1920. Based upon plants collected by C. Werckle, and
cultivated in San Jos£ in the garden of Dona Amparo Zeledon.
Endemic. I do not know in what part of Costa Rica this handsome
plant, with large, thick, spiny leaves, is native.

The genus Agave has its center of distribution in Mexico, where
there are about 170 species. There are not many native species in

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 175

Central America, but a few do exist in Guatemala and Salvador.
In Mexico they are plants of the greatest economic importance,
supplying useful fibers and the famous beverages known as pulque,
mescal, and tequila. Some exotic species are planted in Costa
Rican gardens as ornamental plants.

BOMAREA Mirb.

Climbing herbs, the roots tuber-bearing, the stems with numerous
alternate, lanceolate or ovate leaves; flowers red, bell-shaped, in
simple or compound umbels; seeds with a fleshy, red testa. — Among
the many lovely flowers of Costa Rican forests there are few more
beautiful than the Bomareas, which are conspicuous almost every-
where in the higher mountains.

Bomarea acutifolia (Link & Otto) Herb. Papa de venado,
Common in forests of higher mountains, at 2,000-3,000 meters. The
root tubers are edible, as in other species, but have little flavor.

Bomarea chontalensis Seem. Wet forests of the mountains.
Also in Nicaragua.

Bomarea costaricensis Kranzlin, Bot. Jahrb. 50, Beibl. 112:
4. 1913. Cerro de Buena Vista, Pittier 10457. Also on slopes of
Irazu and Poas, 2,000-2,800 meters. Endemic. Flowers exception-
ally large, 5 cm. long.

Bomarea edulis (Tuss.) Herb. Papa de venado. Common at
the edge of forest, in the higher mountains, 1,400-3,000 meters.

Bomarea Porschiana Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 11. 1933.
Volcan de Turrialba, 2,500 meters, Porsch 753. Endemic.

CRINUM L.

Crinum cruentum Ker. Wet soil at low elevations; also in
cultivation. Plants with large bulbs, the leaves strap-shaped, 4-7
cm. wide; flowers 10-20 cm. long, in umbels, pink or white.

Crinum erubescens Soland. An ornamental plant of gardens,
perhaps naturalized in some localities. Of American origin. Flowers
white, tinged outside with pink, their segments linear-lanceolate,
as much as 25 cm. long.

Crinum longiflorum Herb. Common in gardens, and perhaps
naturalized in some localities. Of American origin. A very large
and coarse plant, the bulbs 10 cm. or more in diameter; leaves 4-10
cm. wide; flowers pedicellate, 20 cm. long, pink.

176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

CURCULIGO Gaertn.

Curculigo scorzonerifolia (Lam.) Baker. Grassy places of
slight elevation; probably on the Pacific slope. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Leaves linear, 5-20 mm. wide; flowers yellow,
arising from the axils of the leaves.

EUCHARIS Planch.

Eucharis grandiflora Planch. Eucaristo, Eucaristia. An orna-
mental plant of gardens. Native of Colombia. Plants acaulescent,
arising from a bulb, the leaves broad, distinctly petiolate; flowers
umbellate, white, fragrant, 7 cm. long, with a very slender tube.

Eucharis himeroessa Sandwith, ined. A plant collected at
El Rodeo by C. H. Lankester, and cultivated in the Kew Gardens,
London. No description has been published of this species, the
only one known to be native north of Colombia. The flowers are
smaller than in the preceding species.

FURCRAEA Vent.

Furcraea Cabuya Trelease, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II.
Suppl. 3: 906. 1910. Cabuya, Cabuya con espinas. Type collected
at San Ramon. Common in dry places, especially at 1,000-2,000
meters; cultivated in many localities, particularly around Cartago.
Also in Panama. The fine, strong fiber is much used for making
rope and other articles. The following Indian names are reported
for the species: Bis (Cabecara); Amu (Bribri); Kik (Terraba).

Furcraea Cabuya var. Integra Trelease, op. cit. 907. 1910.
Cabuya, Cabuya sin espina, Cabuya de Olancho, Cabuya blanca.
Cultivated and perhaps also native. Honduras to Panama. In the
species the long leaves are armed on their margins with stout spines;
the leaves of the variety are spineless.

HIPPEASTRUM Herb.

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urban. Nardo. H. reginae
Herb. A common plant in gardens, native of South America.
Flowers very large and showy, bright red. Commonly this plant is
confused with the genus Amaryllis, a quite distinct group.

HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.

Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. Common in wet or
swampy places of the tierra caliente, usually on or near sea beaches.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants with large bulbs,
the strap-shaped leaves 4-8 cm. wide; scape very thick, 60 cm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 177

high, the flowers capitate, white, 15-20 cm. long, fragrant; stamens
united by a membrane that forms a corona. Through some slip
of the pen this plant has been listed by the writer in the Flora of
the Panama Canal Zone and elsewhere under a fictitious name,
"H. americana (L.) Salisb."

HYPOXIS L.

Hypoxis decumbens L. Trompa de chancho. Common in
grassy places of the Meseta Central and probably in savannas at
lower elevations. Widely distributed in tropical America. A low,
acaulescent plant, the leaves linear, pilose; flowers small, yellow,
3-4 at the apex of a short, slender scape.

Hypoxis decumbens var. major Seub. Las Concavas, Prov.
Cartago, 1,200 meters. Plants as much as 40 cm. high, the scape
with 4-8 flowers. Probably nothing more than an exuberant state,
resulting from an unusual abundance of water.

PHAEDRANASSA Herb.

Phaedranassa Carmioli Baker in Saund. Refug. Bot. pi. 46.
1869; Bot. Mag. pi. 8356. Based upon plants cultivated in England
by Wilson Saunders in 1867, sent from Costa Rica by Julio Carmiol.
In 1925 I found the plant flowering in a garden at Santa Maria
de Dota. Although described from Costa Rica, and known to grow
there in gardens, it probably is not native, and it has been reported
recently from Peru. The other species of the genus are all natives
of the Andean region. A very pretty, bulbous plant with lanceolate,
petiolate leaves; flowers umbellate, tubular, pale red, the tips of the
segments green. As indicated above, there has been published a
colored plate of this plant, which well deserves introduction to foreign
gardens.

POLIANTHES L. Tuberose

Polianthes tuberosa L. Nardo. The tuberose is cultivated
commonly in gardens for its very fragrant, white flowers. Native
of Mexico, where probably it has been in cultivation for a good
many centuries. The garden plant usually has double flowers.

SPREKELIA Heist.

Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herb. Cultivated frequently in
the Meseta Central as an ornamental garden plant. Native of
Mexico and Guatemala. Somewhat similar in appearance to
Hippeastrum, but the flowers solitary rather than umbellate, bright
red, with narrow segments.

178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ZEPHYRANTHES Herb.

Zephyranthes carinata (Spreng.) Herb. Ldgrimas de Maria.
Atamosco carinata Standl. Common in gardens; naturalized in
grassy places of the Meseta Central and doubtless other regions.
Native of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. A bulbous
plant with linear leaves; scape bearing a single pink flower 5-7
cm. long.

DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family

Reference: R. Knuth, Dioscoreaceae, Pflanzenreich IV. 43. 1924.

Represented in Central America by a single genus.

DIOSCOREA L. Yam

Climbing herbs, with rhizomes, these sometimes tuberous and
very large; leaves petiolate, broad, palmately nerved; flowers minute,
white, green, or purple, with 6 stamens some of which may be
sterile; fruit a 3-angled, 3-celled capsule; seeds winged.

Dioscorea alata L. Name comun, Name bianco. Cultivated
from the coasts up to an elevation of about 1,200 meters. The
most common yam of Costa Rica, probably of Asiatic origin. The
species may be recognized easily by the narrow wings of the stems,
the stems of the other species lacking such wings. Pittier states
that if one may judge by the scant variation exhibited by this plant,
its cultivation in Costa Rica is not ancient.

Dioscorea borealis Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 304.
1937. El General, 880 meters, Skutch 2638. Leaves broadly ovate,
the larger 11 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, acuminate, shallowly cordate
at the base, glabrous, 9-11-nerved; flowers racemose, on pedicels
1-1.5 mm. long; stamens 6.

Dioscorea bulbifera L. Papa caribe, Papa del aire, Papa
voladora. Cultivated and in some places naturalized. Native of
Asia. Pittier states that it is grown only in Nicoya, but it may
be seen in various parts of the Atlantic coast of Central America.
It produces in the leaf axils enormous bulblets or tubers, edible,
as is the root, if certain precautions are taken in cooking them.

Dioscorea cayennensis Lam. Name negro. Cultivated on the
Atlantic coast, chiefly by the West Indian negroes. A yam of
inferior quality.

Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham. & Schlecht. D. esurientium
Uline. Meseta Central to the Pacific coast, and probably on the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 179

Atlantic slope. Leaves broadly cordate-oval, 7-9-nerved; capsules
12-14 mm. long. The rhizomes of the species native in Central
America are not edible, and they may, indeed, be poisonous, since
it is well known that species of other regions have poisonous prop-
erties. In some parts of the world they are employed as barbascos,
i.e., for intoxicating fish. Some Costa Rican material placed here is
referred by Morton to D. convolvulacea var. glabra (Hemsl.) Uline.

Dioscorea costaricensis Knuth, Pflanzenreich IV. 43: 65. 1924.
Nicoya, Tonduz 13724- Region of San Ramon. Also in Mexico.
Leaves oblong-deltoid, 7-nerved; stamens 6; capsules oblong, 2
cm. long.

Dioscorea cyanisticta Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 20: 10. 1895.
Stony places, Rio Turrialba, 530 meters, J. D. Smith 4969. A glabrous
plant with cordate, 11-nerved leaves; fertile stamens 3.

Dioscorea joseensis Knuth, Pflanzenreich IV. 43: 159. 1924.
San Jose", Brade 2049. Region of San Ramon, and El Naranjo.
Endemic. Leaves ovate-cordate, 9-nerved, pubescent beneath;
capsules 2 cm. long.

Dioscorea laevis Uline, Bot. Jahrb. 22: 425. 1897. San Jose,
Hoffmann 199. Region of San Ramon. Endemic. Plants glabrous,
the leaves cordate, 9-nerved; stamens 3.

Dioscorea lepida Morton, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
248. 1936. Laguna de La Chonta, northeast of Santa Maria de Dota,
Prov. San Jose", 2,000 meters, Standley 421 S3. Region of Santa
Maria, at 2,000-2,400 meters. Also in Panama. Leaves ovate,
cordate at base, 9-nerved; capsule narrowly oblong, 10-16 mm. long.

Dioscorea macrostachya Benth. Meseta Central to the coasts,
at 1,500 meters or less. Plants glabrous, the leaves ovate-cordate,
7-9-nerved; fertile stamens 6; capsule oblong, 2 cm. long.

Dioscorea matagalpensis Uline. Mountains of Guanacaste,
600 meters. Extending to Yucatan. Leaves glabrous, cordate,
7-nerved; stamens 6.

Dioscorea racemosa (Klotzsch) Uline, var. Hoffmannii Uline,
Bot. Jahrb. 22: 431. 1897. Candelaria, Hoffmann 614. Region of
San Ramon at 1,000-1,100 meters. Plants glabrous, the leaves 11-13-
nerved; stamens 3.

Dioscorea rernota Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 304.
1937. El General, 975 meters, Skutch 2197. Referable to the section

180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cryptantha, a Brazilian group. Leaves broadly ovate, 15 cm. long,
10 cm. wide, acuminate, cordate at the base, 7-9-nerved, glabrous;
staminate inflorescences up to 90 cm. in length, the flowers solitary,
remote, sessile.

Dioscorea sapindoides Presl. Forests of the coasts, at 200
meters or less. Leaves glabrous, cordate-oblong, 7-nerved; flowers
pubescent; capsule 13 mm. long. Also in Panama.

Dioscorea Standleyi Morton, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 461:
252. 1936. Wet forest, La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,200-1,500
meters, Standley & Valerio 51877. Collected also at Yerba Buena
and La Palma de San Jose. Endemic. Leaves ovate, cordate at
the base, 9-nerved; stamens 3, the filaments long-connate.

Dioscorea trifida L. Name de la India. A species perhaps of
American origin, cultivated for its tubers, which, although small,
are of excellent quality. The species may be recognized by its 5-
lobate leaves. Among the West Indians of the Atlantic coast the
plant is known by the name Yampi.

Among Indian names reported from Costa Rica for yams (prob-
ably Dioscorea alata) are the following: Seri-de-ua (Cabecara); Tu
(Bribri); Du (Brunka); Tue (Guatuso); Tselido (Talamanca).

IRIDACEAE. Iris Family

Reference: J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Irideae. London, 1892.

Perennial herbs with narrow, equitant leaves disposed in two
ranks; flowers enclosed in a spathe composed of bracts, usually showy;
fruit a 3-celled capsule.

CIPURA Aubl.

Cipura paludosa Aubl. Guanacaste, in wet fields; probably
also in other regions. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Flowers large and white, the perianth segments very delicate and
soon withering.

In gardens are grown commonly various forms of the genus
Gladiolus, notable for their large and brilliantly colored flowers.
They are plants of African origin.

MARICA Ker

Marica caerulea Ker. A Brazilian species, grown in gardens
of San Jose". Recognizable by its winged scapes and large, blue
flowers.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 181

Marica gracilis Herb. Wet forests of Guanacaste, and in other
parts of the tierra caliente, at 300-700 meters; region of San Ramon,
at 1,125 meters. A species of wide distribution in tropical America.
Plants about 60 cm. high, the scapes broadly winged; leaves linear,
1.5-2.5 cm. wide; flowers large, white; seeds with a bright red aril.

MORAEA Mill.

Moraea iridioides L. Sometimes planted for ornament about
San Jose". Native of Africa. A handsome, iris-like plant, the stems
with many closely appressed, sheathing bracts; flowers white, marked
with yellow, as much as 8 cm. broad.

NEMASTYLIS Nutt.

Nemastylis triflora Herb. One Costa Rican collection is per-
haps referable to this Guatemalan species. It is a bulbous plant
with plicate leaves, the rather large flowers violet-blue.

ORTHROSANTHUS Sweet

Orthrosanthus chimboracensis (HBK.) Baker. Common in
meadows of the higher mountains; Piedra Blanca; Canton de Dota;
1,400-3,000 meters. A very showy plant similar to an Iris, the
scapes as much as a meter high; leaves pale green, 1 cm. wide;
flowers large, blue. A characteristic species of paramos and moun-
tain meadows, sometimes forming dense colonies of wide extent.
Mexico to the Andes.

SISYRINCHIUM L.

A group of American plants, widely dispersed in temperate or
subtropical regions; leaves narrow and grass-like; flowers usually
small, blue or yellow.

Sisyrinchium alatum Hook. Las Concavas, in pastures, 1,200
meters. Flowers yellow; scapes branched. The plants blacken in
drying, and impart a purple color to the papers between which they
have been dried. Mexico to South America.

Sisyrinchium iridifolium HBK. Meadows of Volcan de
Turrialba, 2,000-2,400 meters. A South American species extending
to Guatemala. Flowers yellow; stems little branched; capsules 1-2
cm. long.

Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. Abundant throughout the
central region, at 800-1,800 meters, growing in pastures, meadows,
and cultivated ground, often in coffee plantations. Plants small

182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

and delicate, the leaves narrow; flowers pink or pale blue; capsules
only 3 mm. long. Mexico to South America.

Sisyrinchium tinctorium HBK. Common throughout the
central region, at 1,200-2,600 meters, growing in meadows or other
grassy places. Flowers large, yellow; scapes not branched, terminated
by a single spathe. Southern Mexico to South America.

TIGRIDIA Juss.

Tigridia Pavonia (L. f.) Ker. Guatemala. An ornamental
plant with very large, red, showy flowers, often cultivated in gardens.
Native of Mexico and Guatemala. It is said that it has become
naturalized in cornfields of the Volcan de Barba, also in fields at
San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,000 meters.

TRITONIA Ker

Tritonia crocosmaeflora Lem. Chispa. Cultivated for orna-
ment in gardens. A tall plant with linear leaves; flowers 4 cm. long,
orange-yellow. It is stated that this well-known garden plant is a
hybrid between T. Pottsii Benth. and Crocosmia aurea Planch.

WATSONIA Mill.

Watsonia angusta Ker. Found by Mr. C. H. Lankester and
the writer growing beside a small dwelling at Alto de La Estrella,
south of Cartago. There were several large clumps of the plant
with its showy, pale red flowers. It is a species of South African
origin that I have never seen elsewhere in Central America, nor
had Mr. Lankester found it in any other place in Costa Rica. It
would be interesting to know how the plant reached this remote spot.

MUSACEAE. Banana Family
HELICONIA L.

Reference: R. F. Griggs, Some new species and varieties of Bihai,
Bull. Torrey Club 42: 315-330. 1915.

Tall or medium-sized herbs, the larger ones resembling species
of Musa, the smaller ones canna-like in habit; stems simple, the
broad leaves 2-ranked; flowers arranged in a terminal spike, this
provided with large, 2-ranked bracts of various colors; fruit a small,
fleshy capsule. — This is the only genus of the family native in Central
America.

Heliconia acuminata L. Rich. Platanillo. Bihai acuminata
Kuntze. Abundant in wet forests of the Atlantic slope, ascending

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 183

to Pejivalle (900 meters); also on the Pacific coast; region of San
Ramon, at 1,100 meters. Widely distributed in Central America.
Plants 1.5-2 meters high; leaves 10 cm. wide or narrower; inflores-
cence erect, the bracts remote, narrow, red; flowers yellow; fruits
purple. A very handsome plant, like all other species of the genus.
The Heliconias form a conspicuous element in almost all forests of
the tierra caliente and supply a large part of the color seen in those
regions, where there are but few bright-colored flowers. The bracts
often are full of water in which mosquitoes and other insects breed.

Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesbreght. Caliguate (Pittier). Forests
of the Atlantic coast, and in Guanacaste. Ranging to Mexico.
Plants 1-1.5 meters high, slender, the leaves relatively narrow;
inflorescence erect, the bracts remote, colored with orange and
bright green ; flowers yellowish white.

Heliconia Bihai L. Platanillo. Forests of the Atlantic coast.
Plants medium-sized, with large leaves; inflorescence erect, the
bracts broad, appressed, colored with yellow, red, and bright green;
fruits pale yellow, blue when fully ripe. Perhaps the handsomest of
all Central American species because of the vivid and handsome
coloring of its inflorescence. For this species there are reported the
following indigenous names: Karsik (Bribri); Krangka (Brunka);
Kroga (Terraba); Pukuri tsa-ora (Guatuso). Mexico and West
Indies to northern South America.

Heliconia curtispatha Petersen. Swampy forests of the
Atlantic coast. Nicaragua to Panama. A large plant, 3-4 meters
high; inflorescence pendent, as much as 60 cm. long, 7-8 cm. wide,
the bracts appressed, short and very broad, dark red. A showy
plant, forming large clumps or small colonies. Nicaragua to Panama.

Heliconia elongata Griggs. Reported from the Atlantic coast.
Plants 3 meters high, the leaves large; inflorescence erect, the bracts
widely spaced, broad, red and green. Ranging to Guatemala.

Heliconia imbricata (Kuntze) Baker, Ann. Bot. 7: 191. 1893.
Bihai imbricata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 684. 1891. Atlantic coast. Also
in Panama. Plants 3-4 meters high, with very large leaves; inflores-
cence erect, the bracts imbricate, red, as much as 10 cm. long; fruits
blue. The Bribri name is reported as Po.

Heliconia Lankesteri Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 162.
1927. Wet forest, La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39494-
Regions of Orosi and El Copey, 1,800 meters. Endemic. Plants

184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

1.5-2.5 meters high; inflorescence erect, the bracts separated, red
or dark yellow.

Heliconia latispatha Benth. Forests of the Atlantic slope and
mountains of Guanacaste, ascending to 1,600 meters; region of
San Ramon. Plants 1.5-2.5 meters high, with large leaves; inflores-
cence erect, the bracts separated, red, red and yellow, or yellow and
green, narrow. Central America and northern South America.

Heliconia Mariae Hook. f. Wet or swampy places of the
Atlantic coast. Generally distributed along the Atlantic coast of
Central America. The tallest plant of the genus, as much as 6
meters high, the leaves 2-3 meters long; inflorescence pendent, 40
cm. long and 10 cm. wide, or often much larger, very thick, dark red,
the bracts short, broad, closely imbricate, hairy, numerous; flowers
pink or white; fruits dark blue. The plants are almost as large as
banana plants, which they much resemble. In some parts of the
coast they form dense thickets that are almost or quite impenetrable,
for the heavy and solid trunks often grow close together. In the
Canal Zone this species has been given the name of Beefsteak Heli-
conia because of the resemblance of the inflorescence in shape and
color to a large piece of raw beefsteak.

Heliconia osaensis Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 13. 1933.
Peninsula de Osa, Golfo Dulce, forests of Rio Nuevo near Puerto
Jimenez, Cufodontis 158. Endemic. Plants 1.5 meters high, the
bracts red.

Heliconia platystachys Baker. On shores, Golfito de Osa,
Brenes 12325. Guatemala to Colombia. A huge plant, 4-5 meters
high with very large, green leaves; inflorescence as much as 1.5-2
meters long, heavy, pendent, dark red, the bracts broad, long-
acumin'ate, distantly spaced, the rachis very tortuous; fruits blue.

Heliconia pogonantha Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 15. 1933.
Between La Castilla and Los Negritos, 12 km. from the mouth of
Rio Reventazon, Cufodontis 621. Endemic. Plants as much as 6
meters high, the pendent inflorescence up to 2 meters in length.

Heliconia reticulata (Griggs) Winkler in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. ed.
2. 15a: 536. 1930. Bihai reticulata Griggs, Bull. Torrey Club 31 : 446.
1904. In a quebrada near Buena Vista, Cook & Collins 149. En-
demic. Leaves large, the veins red on the lower leaf surface; inflores-
cence erect, arising near the base of the plant, the bracts appressed,
glabrous, probably red ; flowers red and yellow.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 185

Heliconia tortuosa Griggs. Platanillo. Common in the
central region, 1,100-1,500 meters. Guatemala to Panama. Plants
1.5-3 meters high, with large leaves; inflorescence erect, the bracts
narrow, red, more or less pilose. The broad leaves of this and other
species are employed, like those of the banana, for wrapping small
articles for market and elsewhere.

MUSA L.

Musa paradisiaca L. Pl&tano. Originally from the tropics
of the Old World, the plantain was introduced by the Spaniards,
probably immediately after the conquest, and now it is grown every-
where except in the coldest parts of the country. The plantain is
less rich in sugar than the banana, and larger, and is to be considered
rather a vegetable than a fruit, in the popular sense of the word.
It is certainly one of the best of all tropical vegetables, and it is to be
regretted that it is not available in the markets of the United States
in the same abundance as the banana. As a rule, plantains are not
procurable in the cities of the United States, except sometimes in
the most expensive shops dealing in imported articles, but during
the past year or two they have been obtainable freely in Chicago, in
a single place where Costa Ricans offer them for sale! Among
Indian names cited for the plant are: Corub (Bribri); Crub (Cabe"-
cara) ; Ibing (TeVraba) ; Zanga, Zuli (Guatuso).

Musa sapientium L. Guinea, Banano. This plant, after maize
and beans, is in its numerous varieties perhaps the most important
food plant of Costa Rica. It was introduced by the Spaniards
immediately after the conquest. It is of Asiatic origin, and there is
no true basis for reports that it existed in America before the arrival
of Europeans. With regard to the banana, Pittier says: "The
banana is par excellence the tropical fruit that may be eaten either
raw or prepared in a thousand different ways. Its cultivation for
export began in Costa Rica about 1879, and it is probable that the
Costa Rican variety patriota is nothing more than the Martinican
Gros Michel, and of introduction contemporaneous with the estab-
lishment of the banana industry on the Atlantic coast. The export
of this fruit, begun February 7, 1880, the day that the Norwegian
steamship Earnholm sailed from Limon with 360 stems of bananas
for New York, has had a fantastic growth, and has contributed
greatly to the prosperity and development of Costa Rica. In 1907
the quantity exported amounted to 9,000,000 stems." The bananas
grown for export have been produced on the plains of the Atlantic

186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

coast. The industry has declined greatly in recent years for various
reasons, the principal one being the unfortunate spread of the banana
disease, which has done so much damage to plantations in many
parts of tropical America. Besides the common banana that is
imported in such huge quantities into the United States, and may
be obtained throughout the year in the most obscure settlements
of the country, being, indeed, probably the favorite fruit of the
whole United States, there are grown in Costa Rica numerous
varieties unknown outside the tropics. The guinea morado or red
banana does reach the United States at times, but nothing is known
there of the most popular varieties of Central America that are eaten
only when cooked, and supply a delicious vegetable. The follow-
ing Indian names have been reported from Costa Rica: Chimu
(Bribri); Chemo (Cabe"cara); Chimo (Chirripo); Ving siguah (Te"-
rraba); Kei-bing (Tiribi); Bin-sigua (Terraba).

Musa Cavendishii Lamb. Banano enano, Guineo de jardin.
This species, of Chinese origin, is cultivated sometimes in the fincas
of the Atlantic coast as an ornamental or as a curiosity. It is a low
plant, only 1.5-3 meters high. Because it is rich in tannin, the
fruit, even when fully ripe, has a somewhat bitter flavor.

Musa Ensete Gmel. Banano coyolillo. This species also, of
African origin, is seen sometimes in fincas of the Atlantic coast. The
fruit is noteworthy because it contains a considerable number of
large and extremely hard seeds.

Musa textilis Ne'e. Abaca. A Philippine plant of recent intro-
duction. In appearance much like the plantain. It supplies the
fiber known as Manila hemp (cafiamo de Manila). It grows well in
the Atlantic region, and even about San Jose", having given good
results in the Campo Nacional de Agricultura.

RAVENALA Adans.

Ravenala madagascariensis Sonnerat. Arbol del viajero.
Traveler's tree. Native of Madagascar, a highly ornamental plant,
characterized by its distichous foliage, suggestive of a great fan. The
bases of the leaves hold rain water, whence the common name.
Unlike the banana, the Ravenala has a true trunk, the apparent
trunk of the banana plant being composed of tightly rolled leaf
petioles. The plant is beginning to be planted in Costa Rica, and a
handsome specimen occurs in front of the Ministerio de Relaciones
Exteriores (San Jose").

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 187

ZINGIBERACEAE. Ginger Family
Reference: K. Schumann, Pflanzenreich IV. 46. 1902.

COSTUS L.

Large herbs, the long stems composed of the spirally twisted leaf
sheaths, the leaf blades lanceolate or obovate, thick; flowers arranged
in a dense, cone-like, globose or elongate spike.

Costus bracteatus Rowlee, Bull. Torrey Club 49: 285. pi. 12.
1922. Forests of Siquirres, Stork, Rowlee & Stork 675. The author
of the species states that he found a single clump of the plants.
Endemic. Stems 2 meters high; flower spike terminating a short
scape that arises directly from the rhizome. In other species listed
here the spike terminates the stem bearing the leaves.

Costus formosus Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 305. 1937.
Near El General, 850 meters, Skutch 2775. Plants 3.5 meters high;
leaves oblanceolate or oblong, about 23 cm. long and 7 cm. wide or
larger, glabrous above, puberulent beneath; spike cylindric, 19 cm.
long and 4 cm. thick, the bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, closely
imbricate, red.

Costus hirsutus Presl. Common in the region of the Meseta
Central, ascending the slopes of the volcanoes to 1,500 meters; San
Ramon; Canton de Dota; wet forests of the Atlantic slope. Plants
1-2 meters high, covered in almost all parts with long, soft hairs;
bracts red, tipped with a leafy appendage. Southern Mexico and
Central America.

Costus laxus Peters, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 56. 1890. Type
collected by Oersted, without indication of the exact locality. En-
demic. Plants 2 meters high; leaves glabrous; spike 13 cm. long;
corolla yellow. It is possible that this species is not distinct from C.
cylindricus Jacq., of the Antilles.

Costus Lima Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 46: 388. 1902. Pun-
tarenas, Scherzer. Wet forests of the coasts. Plants 2-6 meters tall,
the leaves finely pubescent; flower spikes 20 cm. long, the bracts
with a leafy appendage, red. Endemic.

Costus Malortieanus Wendl. Hamb. Gartenzeit. 19: 30. 1863;
Bot. Mag. pi. 5895. Forests of Rio Sarapiqui, Wendland. Atlantic
coast. Endemic. Plants "50 cm. high, densely hairy; leaves obovate,
35 cm. long; flower spike 5 cm. long, the bracts not appendaged;

188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

corolla yellow. The plant has been cultivated in hothouses of
Europe and the United States.

Costus nutans Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 46: 407. 1902. Agua-
cate, Hoffmann 727. Also in Panama. Stems slender, 75 cm. high;
leaves more or less hirsute; flower spike 4 cm. long, the bracts not
appendaged.

Costus podocephalus Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23: 250. 1897.
Guapiles, 280 meters, J. D. Smith 4972. Also in forests of Talamanca.
Endemic. I have seen no material of this species.

Costus sanguineus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 122. 1901.
Abundant in wet forest of the Atlantic coast, ascending to La Palma,
at 1,450 meters or less; San Ramon; Guanacaste. Stems 1-1.5
meters high; leaves hort-hirsute; spikes narrow and elongate, as
much as 13 cm. long, red, the bracts not appendaged. Panama to
Guatemala.

Costus Skutchii Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 306. 1937.
El General, 850 meters, Skutch 2690. Leaves distinctly petiolate,
oblong-oblanceolate, 25 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate, gla-
brous or nearly so; spike ellipsoid, obtuse, 9 cm. long, 3.5 cm. thick,
the bracts red, densely imbricate, coriaceous, rounded at the apex;
corolla red-purple.

Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Swartz. Canagria. Wet forests of the
coasts, and in Guanacaste; San Ramon. Stems 1-2 meters high;
leaves glabrous; flower spikes oblong, 7 cm. long, red, the bracts
not appendaged; corolla orange-red. In Costa Rica the name Cana-
gria is given to this and other species of the genus. The acid sap
obtained from all parts by infusion or maceration is employed com-
monly in domestic medicine, especially as a diuretic. Southern
Mexico to West Indies and northern South America.

Costus splendens Donn. Smith & Tuerckh. C. giganteus^
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 687. 1891, non Ridley, 1887. C. maximus Schum.
Pflanzenreich IV. 46: 405. 1902. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast;
region of San Ramon. Guatemala to Panama. Stems as much as 5
meters high and 4 cm. thick; leaves glabrous; flower spikes large,
green and red, the basal bracts appendaged.

Costus villosissimus Jacq. Wet forest of the Atlantic coast,
sometimes growing in swamps or on stream banks. Plants 1-2.5
meters tall, covered everywhere with long, yellow hairs; spikes

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 189

elongate, the bracts appendaged. Central America and northern
South America.

CURCUMA L.

Curcuma longa L. Camotillo, Yuquilla. A native of India,
sometimes cultivated in Costa Rica. In the East Indies the plant
is a source of a condiment and a dye.

DIMEROCOSTUS Kuntze

Dimerocostus uniflorus (Poepp.) Schum. Talamanca, and
probably in other regions. Abundant in Panama and extending to
Peru; growing in shallow water. Plants with the appearance of
Costus, the thick stems 3-4 meters high, the leaves all on the upper
part of the stem, 20-40 cm. long; flower spike 20-25 cm. long;
flowers white, 7 cm. long, very showy, opening one at a time.

HEDYCHIUM Koenig

Hedychium coronarium Koenig. Cultivated for ornament in
gardens, and completely naturalized in boggy places, as at Santa
Maria de Dota. Native of India. Plants a meter high, with leafy
stems; flowers very large, white, fragrant.

LANGUAS Koenig

I/anguas speciosa (Wendl.) Merrill. Perlas de oriente, Collar
de la reina, Lirio de Colon, Grano de oro, Lagrima de San Juan, Lagrima
de Nazareno. Alpinia speciosa Schum. Native of eastern Asia.
Plants 1-2 meters high, forming thick clumps, densely leafy; flowers
large and exceedingly showy, the bracts pink and white, the lip of
the corolla yellow spotted with dark red.

RENEALMIA L. f.

Renealmia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. R. occidentalis Sweet.
Wet forests of the Atlantic coast; San Ramon, 1,075 meters. A
species of wide distribution. Stems 1-2 meters high, the leaves
lanceolate; flower spike terminating a short, bracted scape rising
directly from the rhizome; corolla yellow; capsule scarlet.

Renealmia cernua (Sw.) Macbride. R, strobilifera Poepp. &
Endl. Common in forests of the Atlantic slope, ascending to Dulce
Nombre; region of San Ramon; at 1,300 meters or less. Ranging to
Peru. Stems 1-1.5 meters high, very leafy; flower spike cone-like,
orange, terminating the stem. In the other species listed here the
inflorescences arise from the base of the plant.

190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Renealmia concinna Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 249.
1927. Wet forest, Guapiles, 300 meters, Standley 37355. Endemic.
Plants 1.5 meters high.

Renealmia costaricensis Standl., nom. nov. R. densiflora
Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 249. 1927, non Urban, 1921.
Wet forest, Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, 70 meters, Standley
36944- Also in Panama. Stems 1.5-2.5 meters high.

Renealmia erythrocarpa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
248. 1927. Wet forest, Naranjos Agrios, near Tilaran, Guanacaste,
700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46373. Endemic. Plants 60-120 cm.
high; fruits red.

Renealmia exaltata L. f. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast,
perhaps also of the Pacific. A species of wide distribution. Plants
very large, sometimes as much as 4 meters high; leaves 30-100 cm.
long; corolla pink; capsule 2 cm. thick.

Renealmia mexicana Petersen. Reported for the Atlantic
coast, but it is probable that the specimens belong to one of the
species described by the present writer. Otherwise the species is
known from Guatemala and Mexico.

ZINGIBER Adans. Ginger

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Gengibre. A plant of Asiatic
origin, cultivated commonly in gardens for its rhizomes, which are
the ginger of commerce. This is employed in infusion as a stomachic,
but more commonly as a condiment. It is stated that in Costa
Rica ginger is often found naturalized in localities abandoned by
man many years ago, a proof that its cultivation here is ancient.
It is said that the plant never flowers in Central America.

CANNACEAE. Canna Family

Reference: Fr. Kranzlin, Cannaceae, Pflanzenreich IV. 47. 1912.
The family is composed of a single genus.

CANNA L. Canna

Large, perennial herbs with thick rhizomes and large, broad
leaves; flowers large and showy, arranged in terminal, simple or
branched racemes; fertile stamen 1, the staminodia 1-4, petal-like;
fruit a tuberculate capsule. — Besides the native species, there are
grown in Costa Rican gardens various forms of hybrid origin. They
are known by the local name of Bandera Espanola, or more often
that of Platanillo.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 191

Canna discolor Lindl. Wet places in the tierra caliente. Plants
2-3 meters high; leaves purple beneath; petals 4 cm. long, yellow
tinged with pink. Extending to Guatemala and Trinidad.

Canna edulis Ker. Tierra caliente and in temperate regions,
ascending to La Palma, at 1,450 meters or less. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Plants 2-3 meters high; leaves green; petals
red, 4 cm. long; staminodia 3.

Canna indica L. Platanillo, Piriquitoya (Nicoya). Meseta
Central to the coasts, abundant in moist or swampy places, some-
times growing in shallow water. Widely distributed in tropical
America. Plants 1-1.5 meters high, the leaves green; flowers red,
the petals short. The leaves of this and other species are much used
for wrapping small articles. Pittier states that they are employed in
domestic medicine as a diuretic, and that the roots are used for
preparing emollient poultices. The Brunka name is reported as
Taa-kra.

Canna lutea Mill. Reported for Costa Rica by Kranzlin, with-
out indication of the locality. Plants 1 meter high; flowers yellow;
staminodia 2. Mexico to Brazil.

Canna Warscewiczii Dietr. in Otto & Dietr. Allgem. Garten-
zeit. 19: 290. 1851. Type collected by Warscewicz, without indica-
tion of the locality. Meseta Central to Guanacaste. Ranging south-
ward to Argentina. Plants 1.5-2.5 meters high; flowers orange-red,
the petals 4 cm. long; staminodia 3, as much as 6-7 cm. long.

MARANTACEAE. Arrowroot Family
Reference: K. Schumann, Pflanzenreich IV. 48. 1902.
Usually large but sometimes small herbs, perennial, the leaves

broad, petiolate; flowers large or small, bracted, with a single stamen

and one or more staminodia.

CALATHEA Mey.

Flowers arranged in a dense spike or head. Some plants of this
family are very handsome and showy, and are cultivated in northern
hothouses.

Calathea albicans Brongn. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast,
ascending to Pejivalle (900 meters) ; region of San Ramon. A small
plant, 20-30 cm. high, the leaves more or less striped with light and
dark green; flowers white.

192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Calathea altissima (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Wet forests of
the Atlantic coast. A tall plant, the leaves large, purple on the lower
surface; corollas yellow. Central America to Brazil.

Calathea barbillana Cufodontis, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien
46: 235. 1933. Finca Waldeck, 28 miles from Limon, Rio Barbilla,
Cufodontis 581. Endemic. Plants 2 meters high.

Calathea Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Herba erecta ut videtur
circiter 1 m. alta praeter bracteas omnino glabra, scapo gracillimo
striato prope medium folio longipetiolato onusto; folia basalia dis-
ticha, petiolo gracillimo circiter 60 cm. longo, lamina ovali vel
ovato-ovali membranacea ca. 25 cm. longa et 12 cm. lata abrupte
breviter cuspidato-acuminata, basi aequali acutata, utrinque viridi,
nervis numerosissimis prominentibus; pedunculus petiolis fere
aequilongus gracillimus spica simplici terminatus; spica erecta 7 cm.
longa 3.5 cm. lata valde compressa, bracteis distichis lateraliter
compressis firme membranaceis in sicco pallidis latissimis apice late
rotundatis et breviter apiculatis dense nervosis prope apicem sparse
adpresso-pilosulis. — La Palma de San Ramon, August, 1935, Brenes
20609 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Well marked by the inflorescence
which consists of a single simple spike with distichous, compressed,
thin bracts.

Calathea cleistantha Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 250.
1927. Wet forests near Guapiles, 400 meters, Standley 37114.
Endemic. A low plant, the leaves 25 cm. long; peduncle arising
directly from the rhizome, only 1.5 cm. long, the spike composed
of only 5 bracts.

Calathea Donnell-Smithii Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 48: 75.
1902. Aguacate, Friedrichsthal 1282. Also on the Atlantic coast;
region of San Ramon, 1,100 meters. Plant 50 cm. high or larger.
Endemic.

Calathea hirsuta Standl. Palm swamp, Finca Castilla, Prov.
Limon, Dodge & Nevermann 581 1. Also in Panama. Plants about
a meter high, soft-hirsute throughout, the leaves all basal, very thin,
large, abruptly short-acuminate; scape very slender, the spike short,
with only 4-5 bracts, these thin, 2.5-4 cm. long, narrow, spirally
arranged, green; corolla glabrous.

Calathea insignis Petersen. Platanillo, Bijagua. Abundant
on the Atlantic coast, ascending to Dulce Nombre; also on the
Atlantic slope of Guanacaste; region of San Ramon. Growing in

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 193

open swamps or on river banks, often forming colonies of large extent.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Stems as much as 2 meters
high; leaves very large, whitish on the lower surface; flower spikes
elongate, compressed, yellowish; corolla yellow. Of this showy
plant of the tierra caliente Pittier says: "Its leaves serve as wrapping
material upon all sorts of occasions. The Indians of Talamanca
employ them for artistic wrapping of corpses in preparation for
burial, and they are used generally for wrapping salt, tamales, etc.;
they even serve to protect travelers against sudden showers."
Among Indian names for the plant are: Murusik (Cabe"cara);
Kranka (Brunka); Durgo (TeYraba).

Galathea lasiostachya Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 124. 1901.
Forests of Rio Hondo, Madre de Dios, Pittier 10344- Wet forests
of the Atlantic coast, ascending to Pejivalle (900 meters) ; near San
Ramon. Also in Panama. Plants 1.5-2 meters tall, with large leaves;
flower spikes elongate, compressed, and hairy; bracts tinged with
pale brown.

Calathea lasiostachya var. minor Cufodontis, Ann. Naturhist.
Mus. Wien 46: 234. 1933. Finca Hamburgo, Rio Reventazon,
Cufodontis 631 . A dwarf plant, only 60 cm. high.

Calathea leucostachys Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pL 6205. 1875.
Collected in Costa Rica by Endres, without indication of the
locality. Endemic. A low plant, 50 cm. high, hairy throughout;
bracts yellow.

Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Mey. Platanillo. Abundant in many
parts of the Atlantic coast. A large plant, 2-5 meters high; leaves
1-2 meters long, whitish beneath; flower spikes elongate, little
compressed, bronze-colored; corollas yellow. In open swamps and
along the banks of streams this plant often forms wide stands. It
is one of the most common and characteristic species of the Atlantic
coast through most of Central America. Extending to Peru.

Calathea macrosepala Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 48: 84. 1902.
Platanillo. Aguacate, Hoffmann 765. Wet forests, Atlantic and
Pacific coasts to the Meseta Central; La Palma; Guanacaste; at
1,4-00 meters or less. Guatemala to Panama. Plant a meter high,
the leaves 40 cm. long; flower spikes 4-8 cm. long, yellowish; corollas
yellow.

Calathea marantifolia Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
250. 1927. Wet forest, El Arenal, Guanacaste, 485 meters, Standley

194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

& Vakrio 45310. Endemic. A small plant, 60 cm. high; flower
spikes 3 cm. long, with 5 yellowish green bracts.

Calathea panamensis Rowlee, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 4.
1925. Matambu, Peninsula de Nicoya. Also in Panama. A small
plant, about 35 cm. high.

Calathea Pittieri Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 48: 108. 1902.
Rio Blanco, near Santa Clara, 300 meters, Pittier 13456. Endemic.
Plants a meter high; flower spikes arising directly from the rhizome.

Calathea Valeriana Standl., sp. nov. — Planta nana vix ultra
30 cm. alta; folia omnia basalia, petiolo late alato 18 cm. longo
basi paullo dilatato pilis longis densiuscule piloso; lamina membra-
nacea oblongo-ovalis vel obovato-ovalis 19 cm. longa et 9 cm. lata
vel major apice rotundata basi obtusa paullo angustata utrinque
subdense pilis longis molliter pilosa; scapus dense fulvo-pilosus
crassiusculus 21 cm. longus; spica laxa 7.5 cm. longa, bracteis paucis
membranaceis spiraliter dispositis valde inaequalibus apice obtusis
vel rotundatis ut videtur pallidis ubique dense pilis longis pilosis.—
Forests between La Balsa and Cataratas de San Ramon, 850 meters,
October, 1925, Brenes 4531a (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Distinct
in its low habit and copious pubescence. Named for Professor
Juvenal Valeric Rodriguez, Director of the Museo Nacional of
Costa Rica.

Calathea violacea (Rose.) Lindl. Abundant in wet forests of
the coast, ascending to 1,300 meters. Plants a meter high; flower
spikes about 7 cm. long, dark red; corolla violet. Ranging to Brazil.

Calathea Warscewiczii (Math.) Koern. Gartenflora 7: 87.
1858. Maranta Warscewiczii Math, ex Planch. Fl. Serres 9: 939.
1853-54. Phrygium Warscewiczii Klotzsch, Allgem. Gartenzeit.
23: 89. 1855. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Perhaps endemic.
Plants as much as a meter high; leaves striped with light and dark,
green on the upper surface, purple beneath; spikes whitish.

CTENANTHE Eichl.

Ctenanthe dasycarpa (Donn. Smith) Schum. Pflanzenreich IV.
48: 151. 1902. Calathea dasycarpa Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 123.
1901. Forests along the Rio Hondo, near Madre de Dios, Prov.
Limon, 200 meters, Pittier 10350. Also at Agua Buena, Canas Gordas,
1,100 meters. Endemic. Plants 2 meters high or taller, the leaves
almost a meter long; flowers arranged in large panicles.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 195

ISGHNOSIPHON Koern.

Ischnosiphon elegans Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 182.
1927. Wet forest near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley
& Valeria 54-251 . Endemic in the mountains of Guanacaste. Plants
much branched, 1-1.5 meters high, the leaves oblong-obovate, 6-17
cm. long; flower spikes terete, very slender, 20-25 cm. long, the
narrow bracts tightly overlapping; corolla white.

MARANTA L.

Maranta arundinacea L. Sagu. Wet places of the tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon. Also cultivated in some places.
A plant of wide distribution in tropical America. Plants slender,
branched, tall, the leaves ovate-lanceolate, the flowers white. From
the fleshy rhizomes is prepared the starch called arrowroot, in large
amounts in some parts of the earth. The plant is grown everywhere
along the Atlantic coast of Central America for the use of laundresses.
It also grows commonly in forests and thickets, but the wild plants
have very slender rhizomes that are useless. In other parts of Central
America the plant is called also Yuquilla.

Maranta Friedrichsthaliana Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou
36: 42. 1862. Aguacate, Friedrichsthal 1269. La Balsa de Rio
Grande; San Mateo. Endemic. Flowers arranged in elongate,
spike-like racemes.

MYROSMA L. f.

Myrosma guapilensis Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23: 251. 1897.
Jime'nez, Prov. Limon, J. D. Smith 4970. Also in Panama. Plants
1-2.5 meters high, the leaves about 30 cm. long and 12 cm. wide;
flowers arranged in branched racemes, the bracts 2 cm. long. A
plant of wet forest.

Myrosma Hoffmannii Schum. Pflanzenreich IV. 48: 145. 1902.
Aguacate, Hoffmann 850. Region of San Ramon. Endemic.
Plants acaulescent, 80 cm. high; bracts of the racemes 4 cm. long.

PLEIOSTACHYA Schum.

Tall herbs with rhizomes, the leaves broad, with elongate petioles;
flowers arranged in large, compressed spikes.

Pleiostachya Morlaei (Eggers) Schum. Common in forests
of the Atlantic coast. Also in Panama and Ecuador. Plants 1-2
meters high, the bracts covered with long, yellow hairs; corolla white.

196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleiostachya pruinosa (Regel) Schum. P. Morlaei var. leio-
stachya Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 123. 1901. Wet forests of the
Atlantic coast and Guanacaste, at 600 meters or less. Plants 1-2
meters high, the large leaves purple beneath; flowers white. Cul-
tivated in hothouses of Europe for its handsome foliage. Honduras
to Panama.

STROMANTHE Sond.

Stromanthe Tonckat (Aubl.) Eichl. Wet forests of Guana-
caste; also San Ramon. A branched plant, 1-2 meters high, with
the general appearance of Maranta, the flowers white, bracted;
ovary covered with short, silky hairs; fruit red. Ranging to Brazil.

THALIA L.

Thalia geniculata L. Common in open swamps and shallow
lagoons of the coasts, in some places forming very large and dense
colonies, often in association with Calathea. Widely distributed in
tropical America. Plants slender, 1-3 meters tall; leaves large and
broad, stiff like heavy paper, the petioles elongate; flowers purple,
in panicled racemes. The stiff leaves of this and the tall, swamp-
inhabiting Calatheas rattle loudly when blown by a heavy wind,
or when shaken by the many water birds that are accustomed to
perch upon them.

BURMANNIACEAE. Burmannia Family

Small herbs, annual or perennial and with rhizomes, green or
without chlorophyll, the leaves usually reduced to scales; flowers
regular, with 3 or 6 stamens; fruit a small capsule with 1 or 3 cells
and very numerous, minute seeds.

APTERIA Nutt.

Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart. Grassy places, probably in
savannas, at 200-700 meters. A very delicate plant, 5-20 cm. high;
flowers pedicellate, purple, 8-12 mm. long.

BURMANNIA L.

Burmannia flava Mart. Buenos Aires, 480 meters, Manuel
Valeria 846. A Brazilian species, known in North America only
from this locality. Plants very slender, the leaves small, linear,
forming a rosette; capsule narrowly winged.

Burmannia Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 35. 1913.
La Palma, 1,750 meters, Werckle 687. Collected also at Turrialba by

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 197

Anastasio Alfaro. Endemic. Plants 25 cm. high; leaves linear, as
much as 12 cm. long; flowers bright blue, 13 mm. long. A pretty
plant, noteworthy for its relatively large flowers.

DICTYOSTEGIA Miers

Dictyostegia orobanchoides (Hook.) Miers. Wet forests at
middle elevations. Guatemala to Brazil. A delicate, whitish plant
12-35 cm. high, without leaves; inflorescence bifid, the few pale
flowers 7-10 mm. long.

GYMNOSIPHON Blume

Gymnosiphon tenella (Benth.) Urban. In wet forest, the
locality not indicated. Plants delicate, 8-17 cm. high; flowers
yellowish, 5-8 mm. long. Extending to Brazil.

ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family
By Oakes Ames

References: R. Schlechter, Additamenta ad Orchideologiam Cos-
taricensem, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 1-307. 1923: Kritische
Aufzahlung der bisher aus Zentral-Amerika bekanntgewordenen
Orchidaceen, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 321-520. 1918.

The Orchidaceae constitute a cosmopolitan family which attains
its highest development in the tropics of both hemispheres. About
five hundred genera and not less than ten thousand species have been
recognized. In Central America the greater part of the species are
epiphytes, growing on trees.

ACINETA Lindl.

A small genus of epiphytic species, several of great beauty, with
pendulous or drooping racemes of large flowers. Schlechter, Orchis
11:21. 1917.

Acineta chrysantha (Morr.) Lindl. A. densa Lindl. & Paxton
in Paxton, Flower Gard. 1: 91. 1850-51 (Turrialba, Warscewicz). One
collection is referred to this species: Cachi, 1,200 meters, Lankester
1082. Also in Mexico and Panama.

Acineta erythroxantha Reichenb. f. Schlechter cites one
collection of this species from Costa Rica: Candelaria Mountains,
A. & C. Brade 1060. Also in Mexico.

Acineta gymnostele Schlechter. Schlechter in a paper sub-
sequent to the original description (Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 49.

198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

1923) cites one collection from Costa Rica: Probably near La Palma,
Werckle 147. Original habitat unknown.

Acineta sella-turcica Reichenb. f. Schlechter records this
species as occurring in Costa Rica. Also in Panama.

ACOSTAEA Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 283. 1923. Diminutive plants with
small flowers in slender, upright racemes, suggesting in foliage and
floral characters close relationship with the large genus Pleurothallis.
Endemic, with two species.

Acostaea costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 284. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta; also San Jeronimo,
Werckle 17; La Palma, Werckle 73, and La Palma, A. & C. Erode
1119. Four other collections are referable to this species: Brenes 579
and 1238, Standley 36448 and 38304. Endemic.

Acostaea pleurothalloides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 285. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from
the type collection.

AMPAROA Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 63. 1923. A monotypic genus closely
related to Odontoglossum. Sepals and petals green; lip yellow-green
with a yellow crest. The genus was dedicated to Dona Amparo
de Zeledon.

Amparoa costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 65. 1923. La Palma, Werckle 129. One other collection of this
species is known: Cachi, Lankester 1092.

ARPOPHYLLUM La Llave & Lex.

A small genus of robust epiphytes, with the little, purplish
flowers in dense, upright, cylindrical racemes.

Arpophyllum giganteum Hartw. ex Lindl. A. stenostachyum
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 32. 1923 (San Jeronimo, Werckle
6). Several collections from Costa Rica are referable to this species.
Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

ASPASIA Lindl.

Epiphytes with rather showy flowers on elongated flower shoots
which arise from the base of a flattened, erect pseudobulb. Schlech-
ter, Gartenfl. 71: 59, 70, 98. 1922.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 199

Aspasia epidendroides Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica; Guana-
caste. Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Aspasia papilionacea Reichenb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 6: 100.
1876. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type
collection, and Schlechter places it among the insufficiently known
species.

Aspasia principissa Reichenb. f. Two Costa Rican collections
of this species have been examined: Monte Verde, Stork 1658;
between Rio Cimarrones on Waldeck Farm and lake on Monte Verde
Farm, Dodge 7763. Also in Panama.

BLETIA Ruiz & Pavon

A widespread genus of usually terrestrial herbs, with rather
showy, purplish flowers on a wand-like, lateral shoot.

Bletia Lankesteri (A. & S.) Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 41. 1934. Limodorum Lankesteri A. & S.
Sched. Orch. 10: 78. 1930 (Las Concavas, Lankester 1136). Known
only from the type collection.

Bletia tuberosa (L.) Ames, including B. verecunda R. Br.,
B. purpurea DC., and B. alia Hitchc. ex parte. Rather rare in
Costa Rica; Guanacaste. A widely distributed species, occurring
from Florida and Mexico to Panama and Venezuela, and also in the
West Indies.

BRACHIONIDIUM Lindl.

Two species in Central America.

Brachionidium pusillum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
52. 1930. Province of Heredia, Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro,
2,000 meters, Standley & Valerio 49068. Several other collections,
mostly from the vicinity of San Isidro, are referable to this species.
Endemic.

Brachionidium Valerioi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
53. 1930. Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of San Isidro, 2,000-2,400
meters, Standley & Valerio 50759. Two other collections are referable
to this species: Cerro de Las Caricias, north of San Isidro, 2,000-2,400
meters, Standley & Valerio 52366 and 52419. Endemic.

BRASSAVOLA R. Br.

Fleshy-leaved epiphytes with large, white or yellowish flowers.
Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 10: 65. 1902; Schlechter, Orchis 13: 40, 58, 71. 1919.

200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Brassavola acaulis Lindl. & Paxt. Schlechter cites Costa Rica
as the habitat of this species ; Rolfe gives Guatemala. Only cultivated
specimens have been seen.

Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Three collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been examined: Salinas, Pacific slope, 10
meters, Brenes 268; Osa Peninsula at Golfo Dulce, near Puerto
Jime'nez, Cufodontis (Oesterr.Biol. Costarica Exped. 163); and Guana-
caste Province, La Cruz, Jimenez 6266. Also in Mexico, British
Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, South America, and
West Indies.

Brassavola scaposa Schlechter, Orchis 13: 77. 1919. Near San
Jose. Known only from the book citation.

BRASSIA R. Br.

Epiphytes, usually with the labellum and narrow, elongate,
sometimes caudate sepals and petals conspicuously spotted.

Brassia caudata (L.) Lindl. One collection from Costa Rica is
probably referable to this species: Province of Limon, La Colombi-
ana Farm, 70 meters, Standley 36905. A widely distributed species
from Florida, Mexico(?), Guatemala(?), Panama, and West Indies.

Brassia chlorops Endres & Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1873:
542. 1873. Without locality, Endres. B. parviflora Ames & Schweinf .
Sched. Orch. 8: 74. 1925 (Cascajal, 1,700 meters, Alfaro s. n.). Two
other collections are known: La Palma, Brenes (38)368; Candelaria
Mountains, A. & C. Brade 1181. Endemic.

Brassia Gireoudiana Reichenb. f. & Warsc. Allg. Gartenz.
22: 273. 1854. Without locality, Warscewicz. Oncidium Gireou-
dianum Reichenb. f. in Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 768. 1863. Three other
Costa Rican collections are referred to this species: "La Calera"
de San Mateo, Brenes 260; vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley
& Valeria 43369; and near Quebradillas, about 7 km. north of Santa
Maria de Dota, Standley 42937. Also in Panama.

Brassia longissima Schlechter, Orchideen 496. 1914. Without
locality. A number of collections are referred to this species.
Endemic.

BRENESIA Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 199. 1923. Only one species known.
The genus was named in honor of Professor Alberto M. Brenes, in
well merited recognition of his devotion to this group of plants.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 201

Brenesia costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
200. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,200 meters, Brenes 117.
Known only from the type collection.

BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars

The American species of this enormous Old World genus are
characterized by a much swollen rhachis on which the small flowers
are arranged in two ranks.

Bulbophyllum aristatum (Reichenb. f.) Hemsl. Three Costa
Rican collections are probably referable to this species: Province of
Limon, Hamburg Finca, on the Rio Reventazon below Cairo,
Standley & Valeria 48891; Province of Guanacaste, El Arenal,
Standley & Valeria 45122 and 45129.

Bulbophyllum pachyrachis (A. Rich.) Griseb. B. vinosum
Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 411. 1918 (forests of
Nicoya, Tonduz s. n.}. One collection from Costa Rica belongs to
this species: Vicinity of Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37522.
Also in Guatemala, Panama, and West Indies.

CALANTHE R. Br.

A large Old World genus with only one species in tropical
America.

Calanthe mexicana Reichenb. f. Several collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Mexico,
Guatemala, and West Indies.

CAMARIDIUM Lindl.

This is a highly technical genus, very closely related to Maxillaria.
Epiphytes with usually small, whitish or yellowish flowers.

Camaridium Adolphii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
58. 1923. Ornithidium Tonduzii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 250.
1906, non C. Tonduzii Schltr. (banks of Rio Angel, Poas, 2,600 meters,
Tonduz 10770). One other collection is referable to this species:
Rancho Flores, Tonduz 2083. Endemic.

Camaridium Amparoanum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 56. 1923. San Jeronimo, 1,460 meters, Werckle 122. Known
only from the type collection.

Camaridium Biolleyi Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 498. 1918. Ornithidium Biolleyi Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.

202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

9: 29. 1910 (forests of Te"rraba, 2,600 meters, Pittier 3859}. Several
collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Camaridium bracteatum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 57. 1923. Ornithidium bracteatum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9:
217. 1911 (near La Palma, 1,250 meters, Tonduz 12344). Two
collections are referred (ex char.) to this species: Viento Fresco,
Standley & Torres 47717 and 47816. Endemic.

Camaridium Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 141. 1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade 1089. One
other collection is referred to this species by Schlechter: San Jero-
nimo, Werckle 9. Endemic.

Camaridium Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
237. 1923. Distrito Volis de San Ramon, 1,275 meters, Brenes 233.
Known only from the type collection.

Camaridium costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 250.
1907. Near La Palma, 1,550 meters, Tonduz 12429. C. Tonduzii
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 571. 1910 (near La Palma, 1,550 meters,
Tonduz 12429). Several collections of this species have been exam-
ined. Endemic.

Camaridium dendrobioides Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 415. 1918. San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz
(Herb. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17620). C. Jimenezii Schltr. Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 416. 1918 (La Palma, Werckle 855). C.
simile Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 239. 1923 (San Pedro de
San Ramon, Brenes 64)- Common; in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Camaridium minus Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 417. 1918. La Palma, Werckle (Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Nat.
Costaric. 11563). A large number of collections are referable to this
species. Endemic.

Camaridium nutantiflorum Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 417. 1918. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle (Herb.
0. Jimenez 859). C. vinosum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 240.
1923, non Rolfe, 1922 (Distrito Volis de San Ramon, Brenes 234).
Many collections are referable to this species. Endemic.

Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl. Maxillaria Camaridii
Reichenb. f. Reichenbach cites this species from Costa Rica: Agua
Caliente, Oersted. Also in Guatemala, Panama, Trinidad, and British
Guiana.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 203

CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth.

A genus of small, epiphytic plants with distichous leaves and
slender, upright racemes of small flowers. In C. Sullivanii, however,
there are no leaves, the roots being greenish and functioning as
leaves. Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 11: 245. 1903.

Campylocentrum acutum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 268. 1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075-1,100 meters, Brenes
147. Known only from the type collection.

Campylocentrum Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 268. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 127.
Several other collections have been examined. Also in Guatemala.

Campylocentrum longicalcaratum Ames & Schweinf. Sched.
Orch. 10: 111. 1930. La Estrella, Lankester 1013. Two other
collections are referred to this species: La Palma, Brenes (32)362 and
(139)469. Endemic.

Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe. Rather fre-
quent in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Mexico, British Honduras,
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, South America, and West Indies.

Campylocentrum parvulum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 157. 1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Erode 1294.
Two other collections of this species have been examined: Vicinity
of Pejivalle, Standley & Valeria 47048, and El Silencio, near Tilaran,
Standley & Valeria 44694- Endemic.

Campylocentrum Schiedei Benth. ex Hemsl. Two col-
lections from Costa Rica are referred (ex char.) to this species: El
Silencio, near Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 44770, and Agua Caliente,
La Quinta, Lankester 575. Also in Mexico.

Campylocentrum Sullivanii Fawc. & Rendle. C. Lankesteri
Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 57. 1923 (Reventazon River, Lankester 71).
C. multiflorum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 156. 1923 (Cerro
Turubales, A. & C. Brade 1316). One other Costa Rican collection
has been examined: Pacific Region, Osa Peninsula on the Golfo
Dulce, around Puerto Jime'nez, Finca Santa Maria, Cufodontis 155.
Also in British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and West Indies.

CATASETUM L. C. Rich.

An extraordinary genus of epiphytes in which the flowers may
be unisexual, the male and female flowers being strikingly dissimilar;

204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

indeed, the difference between the sexes is sometimes so great that
one would hardly suspect that they belonged to a single genus.
The male flowers are usually characterized by antenna-like processes
at the base of the column. If these processes are touched, the pollen
masses are forcibly ejected to a considerable distance. Mansfeld,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 257. 1932; 31: 99. 1932.

Catasetum dilectum Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
73. 1866. Cariblanco, Wendland 833. Catasetum suave Ames &
Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 81. 1930 (La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro
162). One other collection is referable to this species: Carillo, Lan-
kester 1181. Endemic.

Catasetum Oerstedii Reichenb. f. C. Brenesii Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 225. 1923 (Pacific Coast near Guacimos, 100-
150 meters, Brenes 294)- Mansfeld cites several other collections
from Costa Rica. Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Catasetum Warscewiczii Lindl. & Paxt. (as Warczwitzii).
According to Mansfeld, there is a specimen of this species in Herb.
Schlechter collected by Warscewicz in Costa Rica. Also in Panama
and South America.

CATTLEYA Lindl.

One of the most showy and best known genera in the orchid
family. The large, rose-purple or rarely white flowers of Cattleya
Skinneri and the yellow flowers of C. Dowiana are favorites of horti-
culturists everywhere.

Cattleya aurantiaca (Batem.) P. N. Don. This is reported
from Costa Rica by Schlechter, but no Costa Rican material has
been seen. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Salvador.

Cattleya Decker! Klotzsch. One collection of this species from
Costa Rica has been seen: Lankester 1113. Also in Panama.

Cattleya Dowiana Batem. Gard. Chron. 1866: 922. 1866.
Guaria de Turrialba. Skinner. C. labiata Lindl. var. Dowiana
Veitch, Man. Orch. PI. 2: 16. 1887. Several collections of this species
are known. Endemic. This is doubtless the most celebrated, at
least locally, of all Costa Rican orchids, because of its superb flowers
and its relative rarity. The best known region for it is the forests
about Turrialba, but it occurs also in other places. Its present
rarity is the result of the fact that it has long been sought by com-
mercial orchid collectors.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 205

Cattleya labiata Lindl. Stated by Reichenbach to occur in
"Turialva." No collection from Costa Rica has been seen. Also
in South America and in cultivation.

Cattleya labiata Lindl. var. Warscewiczii (Reichenb. f.)
Veitch. C. Warscewiczii Reichenb. f . ; Epidendrum labiatum Reichenb.
f. var. Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. Reported from Costa Rica by
Schlechter, no specimen seen. Also in Colombia. This variety is a
common one in cultivation.

Cattleya Skinneri Bateman. Guaria morada. Several Costa
Rican collections of this species have been seen. Also in Guatemala,
Honduras, and Salvador. Of all the showy orchids of Costa Rica
this is the one most often seen in gardens of the Meseta Central. It
grows wild in abundance in some places on the Pacific slope, and the
large clumps, which usually perch high on tall trees, are brought by
the country people to their homes and thrown upon the tile roofs,
where they become attached. In spring the plants bloom freely,
often forming large patches of rich color. The guaria morada is
planted freely on trees in commercial gardens about San Jose", and
large bouquets of the flowers are offered for sale on the streets in
springtime. A form with white flowers is found very rarely, and
large plants of it bring high prices locally.

CENTROPETALUM Lindl.

Small, epiphytic plants with leafy stems, the leaves in two ranks
with small flowers in the axils.

Cen trope talum costaricense Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 110. 1930. Near Finca La Cima, above Los Lotes, north of
El Copey, 2,100-2,400 meters, Standley 42600. Known only from
the type collection.

CHONDRORRHYNCHA Lindl.
In general habit the genus resembles Warscewiczella.

Chondrorrhyncha albicans Rolfe, Kew Bull. 195. 1898. With-
out locality, Hort. Rothschild. One other collection is referable to
this species: Cachi, 1,050-1,500 meters, Lankester 376. Endemic.

Chondrorrhyncha bicolor Rolfe, Kew Bull. 393. 1894. With-
out locality, Pfau s. n. One collection is perhaps referable to this
species: Vicinity of Orosi, Standley 39892. Endemic.

Chondrorrhyncha Endresii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:
14. 1921. Without locality, Endres 166. Three other collections of

206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

this species are known: La Palma, Werckle 119; El Silencio, Brenes
(16)327; and La Palma, Brenes (158)489. Also in Guanacaste.
Endemic.

Chondrorrhyncha estrellensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 54.
1923. Estrella de Cartago, Lankester & Sancho 396. Known only
from the type collection.

Chondrorrhyncha Reichenbachiana Schlechter, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 17: 15. 1921. Cataratas, Endres 557. Known only from the
type collection.

CHYSIS Lindl.

The rather large and showy, fleshy flowers are yellowish or
whitish and have a waxen aspect.

Chysis aurea Lindl. Three collections of this species from
Costa Rica have been examined : San Pedro, Brenes (1 )571 ; Taracori,
Alfaro 111; Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester 1146. Also in Mexico (?),
Panama, and Venezuela.

Chysis costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 297.
1923. Forests of San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz 17631.
Known only from the type collection.

Chysis tricostata Schlechter. A collection of this species from
Costa Rica is cited by Schlechter: San Jeronimo de Grecia, 1,150
meters, A. & C. Brade 1325. Described from cultivated material of
uncertain origin.

COELIA Lindl.

Of this small genus of about four species ranging widely in tropical
America only a single species occurs in Costa Rica.

Coelia macrostachya Lindl. Two collections from Costa Rica
are known: Without locality, Werckle s. n.; Cachi, Lankester 1080.
Also in Mexico.

COELIOPSIS Reichenb. f.

A single species with numerous fleshy flowers in a dense, abbrevi-
ated raceme; flowers snow-white; throat orange, bordered anteriorly
by a circular, purple line.

Coeliopsis hyacinthosma Reichenb. f. A drawing in Herb.
Reichenbach has the data "Costa Rica — Endres." Two other Costa
Rican collections are known: Pozo Azul, Pacific Slope, Lankester 68;
Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester 1238. Also in Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 207

GOMPARETTIA Poepp. & Endl.
The flowers are small, rose-purple with a deep purple labellum.

Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl., including C. rosea Lindl.
A number of collections of this species from Costa Rica have been
examined. Also in Guatemala, South America, and West Indies.

CORYANTHES Hook.

A genus of remarkable species characterized by a cup-like labellum
that is partly filled with a watery liquid supplied by glands at the
base of the column. Schlechter, Orchis 10: 67. 1916.

Coryanthes sp., probably C. picturata Reichenb. f. Two collec-
tions which are not in condition for certain determination are
referred to this species: Reventazon, Lankester 1189; Pejivalle,
Lankester 874-

CORYMBORCHIS Thouars

Leafy terrestrials with inconspicuous, greenish yellow flowers.

Corymborchis flava (Sw.) Kuntze. Terrestrial on Atlantic
slope. Also in Mexico (?), Guatemala, Salvador, Nicaragua, and
West Indies.

CRANICHIS Swartz

The species are terrestrial, with the membranaceous leaves more
or less clustered near the base; the flowers usually white, in cylin-
drical racemes at the summit of an elongated stem. Labellum
uppermost member of the perianth.

Cranichis acuminatissima Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 12. 1930. Province of Heredia, Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of
San Isidro, 2,000-2,400 meters, Standley & Valeria 50409. Two
other collections from the same locality, Standley & Valeria 50428
and 52156, are referable to this species. Endemic.

Granichis ciliata Kunth. C. Curtii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 83. 1923 (Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1261}. C.
irazuensis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 84. 1923 (west slope of
Irazu Volcano, 1,700 meters, A. & C. Brade 1075). Several specimens
of this species from Alajuela, Cartago, and San Jos£ have been seen.
Also in Guatemala (?), Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Cranichis guatemalensis Schlechter. C. Alfredii Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 82. 1923 (Barba Volcano, 2,100 meters,
A. & C. Brade 1262). Several collections of this species from the

208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

provinces of Alajuela and San Jose", 1,500-3,000 meters, have been
seen. Also in Guatemala.

Cranichis Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 5. 1923. Cachi,
Lankester 81. Known only from the type collection.

Cranichis nigrescens Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 482.
1912. Without locality, Tonduz s. n. Known only from the type
collection. Too closely allied to C. guatemalensis Schltr.

Cranichis Pittieri Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 41. 1912.
Near La Division, 2,270 meters, Pittier 10480. Known only from
the type collection. Too closely allied to C. guatemalensis Schltr.

Cranichis reticulata Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 62.
1866. Desengano, Alajuela, Wendland. Known only from the type
collection.

Cranichis saccata Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 6. 1923. Cascajal,
1,650 meters, Lankester K351. Two other specimens from the
province of San Jose', Standley 38873 and Maxon & Harvey 8097, are
referable to this species. Endemic.

Cranichis subcordata Schlechter. C. costaricensis Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 12. 1923 (La Palma, Werckte 134). Four
other collections of this species from Costa Rica have been seen.
Also in Guatemala.

CRYPTARRHENA R. Br.

Low herbs with distichous, more or less membranaceous leaves;
the flowers, in loose racemes, characterized in part by a four-lobed
labellum. Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 313. 1922.

Cryptarrhena guatemalensis Schlechter. C. quadricornu
Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 315. 1922 (low-lying
regions, Atlantic Coast, Endres s. n.). Three other Costa Rican
collections are referred to this species: El Arenal, Guanacaste, Stand-
ley & Valeria 45243 and 45275; vicinity of Pejivalle, Standley &
Valeria 46889. Also in Guatemala and British Guiana.

Cryptarrhena lunata R. Br. Several Costa Rican collections
of this species have been examined; Guanacaste. Also in Mexico
(fide Schlechter) and West Indies.

CRYPTOCENTRUM Benth.

A small genus of epiphytes. Leaves usually clustered, grass-like.
Pitiierella Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 80. 1906.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 209

Cryptocentrum calcaratum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12:
214. 1913. Pittierella calcarata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 81.
1906 (La Palma, 1,700-2,000 meters, Tonduz 9682). Several other
collections have been examined. Endemic.

Cryptocentrum gracilipes Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 246. 1923. Los Angeles de San Ramon, 1,000 meters, Brenes 37.
Known only from the type collection.

Cryptocentrum gracillimum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 68. 1925. Pejivalle, 690 meters, Lankester 866. Known only from
the type collection.

Cryptocentrum latifolium Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19 : 247. 1923. Los Angeles de San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 287.
Known only from the type collection.

Cryptocentrum Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 55. 1925.

La Palma, 1,000 meters, Standley 33028. Known only from the type
collection.

CRYPTOPHORANTHUS Rodrigues

A small genus related to Masdevallia, characterized by the sepals
being adherent at the apex. Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 11: 302. 1903; Kranz-
lin, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34: 220. 1925.

Cryptophoranthus acaulis Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
34: 232. 1925. Mina Iglesias, Rio Barranca, Entires 62. Known only
from the type collection.

Cryptophoranthus Endresianus Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov.
17: 437. 1921. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Cryptophoranthus gracilentus (Reichenb. f.) Rolfe, Gard.
Chron. III. 2: 693. 1887. Masdevallia gracilenta Reichenb. f. Gard.
Chron. n. ser. 4: 98. 1875 (Endres). Endemic.

Cryptophoranthus pectinatus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 277. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n.

CYCNOCHES Lindl.

A small genus of remarkable species, characterized in part by
the extraordinary dissimilarity between the male and female flowers.
The male flowers, borne in an elongated, drooping raceme, are
usually spotted on the sepals and petals and have four or more
elongated processes on the margin of the labellum. The female

210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

flowers are extraordinarily fleshy, usually erect, and have greenish
sepals and petals and a narrowly ovate labellum. Schlechter, Orchis
10:47. 1916.

Cycnoches Amparoanum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 48. 1923. From El Guayabo near Turrialba (cult, in the garden
of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon), Tonduz 49, also Werckle 86. Probably
a variant of C. Egertonianum Batem. Endemic.

Cycnoches aureum Lindl. & Paxt. Cited by Schlechter as
probably occurring in Costa Rica. Also in Panama.

Cycnoches pauciflorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 137. 1923. Santo Domingo, A. & C. Brade 1088. Probably a
variant of C. Egertonianum Batem. Known only from the type
collection.

Cycnoches ventricosum Bateman. 1C. Tonduzii Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 298. 1923 (San Ramon, Tonduz s. n.}. One Costa
Rican collection is probably referable to this species: Sabanillas,
1,350 meters, Lankester 1196. Also in Guatemala.

Cycnoches Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. One collection from
the Province of Guanacaste has been referred to this species: Vicinity
of Tilaran, 500-650 meters, Standley & Valerio 44932. This species
is probably referable to C. ventricosum Batem. Also in Panama.

CYRTOPODIUM R. Br.

Robust, terrestrial or epiphytic species with membranaceous
leaves and heavily spotted, yellow flowers in wide-spreading, many-
flowered panicles, the bracts of the panicle large and petal-like,
spotted with brown.

Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. Schlechter cites one
collection of this species from Costa Rica: Pacific coast, A. & C. Brade
1005. Widely distributed from Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala to
South America and West Indies.

DIACRIUM Benth.

A small genus suggesting in its habit some species of Schomburg-
kia. The stems are frequently inhabited by ants.

Diacrium bivalvatulum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 132. 1923. Puntarenas, A. & C. Brade 1265. Schlechter also
cites Province of Guanacaste, Miravalles, 400 meters, A. & C. Brade
1266. One other collection with old flowers may be referable to this

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 211

species: El Coyolar, Standley 39982. Possibly referable to D. bila-
mellatum Hemsl. Endemic.

DICHAEA Lindl.

An interesting genus of epiphytes, characterized by elongated,
often pendulous stems, closely distichous leaves, and small, axillary
flowers. Kranzlin in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft. 83: 33. 1923.

Dichaea Acostaei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 306.
1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Schlechter refers one other
collection to this species: Santiago de San Ramon, Brenes 146.
Endemic.

Dichaea acroblephara Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
71. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 22. Schlechter refers one other
collection to this species: Carillo, A. & C. Erode 1173. Endemic.

Dichaea Amparoana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
71. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 103. Schlechter refers one other
collection to this species: La Palma, A. & C. Erode 1306. Endemic.

Dichaea brachypoda Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
78. 1866. San Miguel, Wendland s. n. Epithecia brachypoda Schltr.
Orchis 9: 25. 1915. Dichaeopsis brachypoda Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 519. 1923. Reichenbach f. and Schlechter cite this species
as occurring in Costa Rica, but no Costa Rican specimens have
been seen. Also in Colombia and Surinam.

Dichaea Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
154. 1923. La Carpintera, A. & C. Erode 1305. Schlechter refers
two other collections to this species: Borders of the Rio Grande at
Naranjo de Alajuela, Brenes 2; San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes
194- Endemic.

Dichaea Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 264.
1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 66. Known
only from the type collection.

Dichaea ciliolata Rolfe, Kew Bull. 83. 1917 Near Cachi, Lon-
kester 12. A number of collections of this species have been examined ;
Guanacaste. Endemic.

Dichaea costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
73. 1923. La Palma, Werckle 77, also Carillo, Werckle 39, and San
Jeronimo, Werckle s. n. One other collection is referred to this species
(ex char.): Bosque en La Palma, Brenes (40)370. Endemic.

212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Dichaea Dammeriana Kranzlin in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 50,
Heft 80: 41. 1923. Without locality, Endres 66. Several other
collections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined.
Also in Colombia.

Dichaea echinocarpa Lindl. One Costa Rican collection is
referable to this species: Bosque en La Palma, Brenes (152a)483, and
several other collections are probably referable to it. Closely allied
to D. pendula (Aubl.) Cogn., to which species Kranzlin reduces it,
but the reduction seems hardly justifiable. Also in Jamaica.

Dichaea graminoides (Sw.) Lindl. Several Costa Rican
collections have been referred to this species. Also in Mexico,
Guatemala, Nicaragua, South America, and West Indies.

Dichaea hystricina Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican collec-
tions of this species have been examined. Also in West Indies.

Dichaea Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 56. 1923. Cascajal,
Lankester K353. A number of other collections are referable to
this species. Endemic.

Dichaea Morrisii Fawc. & Rendle. Several collections from
Costa Rica are referred to this species. Also in West Indies and
Peru (fide Kranzlin).

Dichaea muricata (Sw.) Lindl. A number of collections from
Costa Rica are referable to this species. Also in South America and
West Indies.

Dichaea ovatipetala Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 266.
1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 196. Known
only from the type collection.

Dichaea oxyglossa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 267.
1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 144- Schlechter
also cites a second collection: San Ramon, Brenes 181. Endemic.

Dichaea panamensis Lindl. A number of Costa Rican collec-
tions are referable to this species. Also in Panama.

Dichaea pendula (Aubl.) Cogn. Three collections from Costa
Rica are referable to this species: La Palma, Standley 33120,
33150, and La Hondura, Standley 37933. Also in South America
and West Indies.

Dichaea poicillantha Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
73. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 32. Known only from the type
collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 213

Dichaea similis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 307.
1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from the type
collection.

Dichaea Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 57. 1925. Vicinity
of Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37440. Known only from the
type collection.

Dichaea suaveolens Kranzlin. One Costa Rican collection is
referred to this species: La Carpintera, 1,590 meters, Lankester 471.
It seems probable that this species should be reduced to D. tricho-
carpa Lindl. Also in Guatemala.

Dichaea trichocarpa (Sw.) Lindl. A number of Costa Rican
collections have been referred to this species. Also in Mexico and
West Indies.

Dichaea Tuerckheimii Schlechter. Several collections (with-
out flowers) are probably referable to this species. Also in British
Honduras and Guatemala.

Dichaea vaginata Reichenb. f. ex Kranzlin in Engl. Pflanzenr.
.IV. 50, Heft 83: 42. 1923. Without locality, Endres 38. A large
number of sterile collections from Costa Rica have been tentatively
referred to this species. Also in Mexico (fide Kranzlin).

Dichaea verrucosa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 83. 1925.
La Fuente, Peralta, 1,140 meters, Lankester 918. Rather frequent
in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Dichaea Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 74.
1923. La Palma, Werckle 79. Schlechter also cites a second collec-
tion from the same locality: A. & C. Brade 1300. Endemic.

ELLEANTHUS Presl

The white or purplish flowers are borne in conspicuously bracteate
racemes.

Elleanthus Albertii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 162.
1923. Moist trunks of trees, Los Angeles de San Ramon, 1,050 meters,
Brenes 54- Also in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Elleanthus Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 44. 1912.
San Ramon to San Jeronimo, about 1,300 meters, Brenes 61 . Endemic.

Elleanthus capitatus (R. Br.) Reichenb. f. Collected in several
regions of Costa Rica at various altitudes. A species of wide dis-
tribution, from Mexico to Peru.

214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Elleanthus caricoides Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 119. 1907.
Humid region, Finca Navarro, Maxon 692. Epiphytic in forest up
to 1,190 meters; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Elleanthus Curtii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 79.
1923. Road toward Carillo, 700 meters, A. & C. Erode 1152. Known
only from the type collection.

Elleanthus glaucophyllus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8:
567. 1910. Forest near La Palma, about 1,500 meters, Erode (Herb.
Inst. Nac. Costor. 16325). E. Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 78. 1923 (La Palma, 1,500 meters Werckle; Herb. Mus. Nac.
Costar. 11593). Fairly common, 350-2,400 meters. Endemic.

Elleanthus hymenophorus Reichenb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: £80.
1862. Guanacaste. Also in Panama and Colombia.

Elleanthus laxus Schlechter. Provinces of Heredia and Car-
tago, up to 2,400 meters. Also in Panama.

Elleanthus linifolius Presl. Several collections from Costa
Rica have been examined ; Guanacaste. Described from a Peruvian
specimen; also in British Honduras, Panama, West Indies, and
British Guiana.

Elleanthus muscicola Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 10. 1923. Without locality, Werckle 143. Turrialba and San
Ramon. Endemic.

Elleanthus poiformis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 164. 1923. Epiphyte, San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters,
Brenes 166. Several collections, mostly from Cartago Province,
have been seen. Also in Guanacaste.

Elleanthus Tonduzii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 567. 1910.
Epiphyte near La Palma, 1,500-1,700 meters, Tonduz 9689. Com-
mon. Also in Nicaragua.

Elleanthus tricallosus Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 51.
1926. Santa Clara de Cartago, Lankester 562. Known only from
the type collection.

Elleanthus trilobatus Ames & Schweinf. One Costa Rican
collection of this species has been examined : San Ramon to Esparta,
1 ,000-1 ,200 meters, Brenes 1 4281 . Also Panama.

Elleanthus Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
11. 1923. San Jeronimo, Pacific slope, 1,400 meters, Werckle 75.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 215

A second collection from La Palma, Brade 1097, has been examined.
Also in Nicaragua.

ENDRESIELLA Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 13. 1921. A monotypic, endemic genus
characterized in part by monophyllous pseudobulbs and a pendulous
raceme of crowded flowers.

Endresiella Zahlbruckneriana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
17: 14. 1921. Road from San Ramon to San Carlos, Endres 512.
Known only from the type collection.

EPIDENDRUM L.

Reference: Oakes Ames, F. Tracy Hubbard, and Charles Schwein-
furth, The genus Epidendrum in the United States and Middle
America, pp. i-xi, 1-233. 1936.

A vast, polymorphic genus with representatives in all parts of
tropical America. Many of the species are characterized by showy
flowers of extreme beauty and are frequently cultivated in gardens.
There are two well differentiated groups, one with pseudobulbs
terminated by one or more leathery leaves, the other with more or
less elongated, slender stems with distichous leaves.

Epidendrum abbreviatum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
107. 1906. Without locality, Pittier & Tonduz s. n. Several collec-
tions of this species have been examined. Also in Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama.

Epidendrum adnatum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 41.
1925. Pejivalle, Lankester 838. Known only from the type collection.

Epidendrum Albertii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
208. 1923. Los Angeles de San Ramon, alt. 1,000 meters, Brenes 1+9.
Known only from the type collection.

Epidendrum Alfaroi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 55.
1930. La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Al/aro 174.. Known only from the
type collection.

Epidendrum anceps Jacq. A variable and wide-spread species
which is apparently not common in Costa Rica.

Epidendrum anoglossoides Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 56. 1930. Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of San Isidro, 2,000-2,400
meters, Standley & Valeria 50731. One other collection certainly
belongs to this species: Cerros de Zurqui, Standley & Valeria 50724,

216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

and one other collection without flowers is probably referable to
it: Viento Fresco, Standley & Torres 4-8005. Endemic.

Epidendrum anoglossum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9:
214. 1911. Woods of El General, 600 meters, Pittier 8524. A
common species. Endemic.

Epidendrum arcuiflorum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 58. 1930. La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro 212. Two other
collections are referable to this species: La Flor, Peralta, Lankester
1090 (collected by Collarino), and Province of Guanacaste, Los
Ayotes, near Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 45604- Endemic.

Epidendrum atropurpureum Willd. A wide-spread and
variable species, found from Mexico to Peru. Frequently cultivated.
Sometimes cultivated in San Jos£ as E. macrochilum Hook.

Epidendrum barbae Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
83. 1866. Barba Volcano, Wendland. Two collections seem referable
to this species: Las Lajas de San Isidro, Pittier s. n., and Las Nubes,
Standley 38906. Endemic.

Epidendrum Barbeyanum Kranzlin, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3:
607. 1895. Without locality Tonduz s. n. E. Amparoanum Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Bern. 19: 34. 1923 (San Jeronimo, Werckle 10}.
Several collections of this species from San Jose" and Alajuela prov-
inces have been seen. Endemic.

Epidendrum bilobatum Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 3. 1924. Cachi,
1,200 meters, Lankester 509. Several collections have been seen;
Guanacaste. Endemic.

Epidendrum bracteosum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 59. 1930. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley &
Valeria 43663. Known only from the type collection.

Epidendrum Brassavolae Reichenb. f. One collection of this
species from Costa Rica has been seen : South of Cartago, Lankester
799. Also found sparingly from Mexico to Panama.

Epidendrum Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
209. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 118.
Several collections of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Epidendrum campylostalix Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 730.
1852. Without locality, Warscewicz. Rather common in Costa
Rica. Also in Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 217

Epidendrum Carolii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
35. 1923. San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters, Werckle 101. Several col-
lections have been seen. Endemic.

Epidendrum centradenia Reichenb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 1163.
1865. Oerstedella centradenia Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 932. 1852
(Isara, Oersted}. E. tenuiflorum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 49.
1906 (Agua Caliente, 1,300 meters, Pittier 38). Frequent in Costa
Rica; Guanacaste. Extending to Panama.

Epidendrum centropetalum Reichenb. f. E. leprosum Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 38. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 38}. A
number of collections from Costa Rica have been examined. Also
in Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama.

Epidendrum chinense (Lindl.) Ames. Fairly common in the
Province of San Jose. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and
Honduras.

Epidendrum ciliare L. A common, widely distributed species,
ranging from Mexico to Brazil, and in the West Indies.

Epidendrum circinatum Ames, Sched. Orch. 7:4. 1924. Peralta,
300 meters, Lankester 477. One other collection from the same locality
has been seen : Lankester 844- Endemic.

Epidendrum cnemidophorum Lindl. E. Pfavii Rolfe, Kew
Bull. 393. 1894 (without locality, Pfau 214). Several collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Guatemala,
Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Epidendrum cochleatum L. E. cochleatum L. var. costaricense
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 118. 1923 (San Jeronimo de Grecia,
1,150 meters, A. & C. Erode 11 41}. A widely distributed species,
occurring from Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia, also in the West
Indies, and represented in Florida by var. triandrum Ames.

Epidendrum concavilabium C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 4: 118. 1937. Colinas de San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 1660.

Epidendrum confertum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 61.
1930. E. prostratum Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 407.
1918, non Cogn. (La Palma, 1,750 meters, Werckle; Herb. 0. Jimenez
683). The following collections, though lacking flowers, are referred
to this species: Standley & Valeria 50804, 50867, 50159; and also (with

218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

flowers) Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of San Isidro, Standley & Valeria
50830. Endemic.

Epidendrum congestum Rolfe, Kew Bull. 29. 1913. Hort.
Glasnevin. E. serruliferum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 44. 1923
(La Palma, Werckle 114)- Rather frequent; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Epidendrum coriifolium Lindl. E. magnibracteatum Ames,
Sched. Orch. 1: 16. 1922, non Kranzl. (La Palma, Tonduz 9688}.
E. palmense Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 33. 1922. E. subviolascens Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 219. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 900
meters, Brenes 174)- Frequent in Costa Rica. Also in Panama,
Ecuador, and Peru. A very variable species.

Epidendrum crassilabium Poepp. & Endl. E. baculibulbum
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 116. 1923 (La Palma, 1,400 meters,
A. & C. Erode). Several collections of this species from Costa Rica
have been examined. Also in South America and West Indies. This
species in the past was called E. variegatum Hook.

Epidendrum crescentilobum Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 37. 1923.
Cascajal, 1,650 meters, Lankester 60. A number of collections have
been examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum criniferum Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1291. 1871.
Without locality, Hort. Veitch (Endres). The following collections
are referred to this species: Paso del Rio Goto, Pittier 11191 (Herb.
Schlechter); El Silencio, Guanacaste, Standley & Valeria 44790; and
Los Ayotes, Guanacaste, Standley & Valeria 45474- Also Peru.

Epidendrum Deamii Schlechter. Common in Costa Rica.
Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama. This species has
previously been known as E. tessellatum Bateman. Very variable.

Epidendrum dentiferum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 42. 1925. Pejivalle, Lankester 843. E. platychilum Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 42. 1923, non Schltr. 1921 (San Jeronimo, Werckle
20). Known only from the type collections.

Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Frequent. A very variable and
widely distributed species, occurring from Florida and Mexico to
Peru and the West Indies.

Epidendrum difforme Jacq. var. firmum (Reichenb. f.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 2: 55.
1934. E. firmum Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 87. 1866

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 219

(Naranjo to Cartago, Wendland 1135}. E. majale Schltr. Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 406. 1918 (San Ramon, 1,500-1,600
meters, Tonduz; Herb. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17620). Frequent.
Endemic.

Epidendrum difforme Jacq. var. Storkii (Ames) Ames, Hub-
bard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 2: 56. 1934. E.
Storkii Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 10. 1924 (mountains south of Cartago,
Stork 460). A number of collections of this variety have been
examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum dolabrilobum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 43. 1925. Las Concavas, Lankester 769. Three other collections
are referable to this species: Las Concavas, Lankester 961 ; La Fuente,
Alfaro 106; and Dulce Nombre, Standley 35899. Endemic.

Epidendrum Endresii Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 19: 432.
1883. El Tablazo, Endres s. n. E. Adolphii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
3: 108. 1906 (El Tablazo, 1,800 meters, Tonduz; Herb. Inst. Phys.-
Geogr. Costar. 7950). Frequent, especially in San Jose" Province.
Also in Panama.

Epidendrum equitantifolium Ames. Piedades near San
Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 1370. Mexico to Panama and south-
east to Martinique.

Epidendrum estrellense Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 39. 1923.
La Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 379. Known only from the type
collection.

Epidendrum exasperatum Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 87. 1866. Naranjo to Cartago, Wendland. E. chondranthum
Kranzl. Vierteljahrschr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 74: 136. 1929 (near
San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz; Herb. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica 17622). Common, but apparently not in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Epidendrum exiguum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 63.
1930. Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley & Valerio 47036.
Known only from the type collection.

Epidendrum exile Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 40. May, 1923. La
Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 430. E. oxyglossum Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 40. November, 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 127).
Several collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum fragrans Swartz. Fairly common in Costa Rica.
Widely distributed, from Guatemala to Peru, and in the West Indies.

220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epidendrum fundi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 50. 1925. Southern
slope of Turrialba Volcano, 2,000-2,400 meters, Standley 35080.
Another collection (Standley 35119) from the same locality is this
species and a collection (Jimenez 2028} in fruit from the Province of
Alajuela is probably referable to it. Endemic.

Epidendrum goniorhachis Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 462. 1918. E. fractiflexum Lehm. & Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb.
26: 468. 1899, non Rodr. (Agua Caliente, Lehmann 1077). Four
collections of this species besides the type have been examined.
Endemic.

Epidendrum guanacastense Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 64. 1930. El Arenal, 485-600 meters, Standley & Valeria 45089.
One other collection is referable to this species: La Tejona, north of
Tilaran, 600-700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46041. Endemic in
Guanacaste.

Epidendrum imatophyllum Lindl. A few Costa Rican
collections of this widely distributed species have been seen. Mexico
to Peru and Trinidad.

Epidendrum incomptum Reichenb. f. One Costa Rican
collection has been seen : La Estrella, Lankester 425. Also in Guate-
mala and Panama.

Epidendrum insulanum Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 404. 1923. Wafer Bay, Cocos Island, Pittier (Herb. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica 16350). One other specimen from the type locality
belongs to this species: Svenson 335. Endemic.

Epidendrum intermixtum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 65. 1930. La Estrella, Lankester 1009. Three other collections
of this species have been examined: La Fuente, Alfaro s. n.; two miles
southwest of Agua Caliente, Stork 1320; Zurqui, No. 267 (collector
not specified). Endemic.

Epidendrum ionophlebium Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 103. 1866. Curridabat, Hoffmann. E. Hoffmannii Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 444. 1920 (Curridabat, Hoffmann 570). Fairly
common in Costa Rica. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador,
Honduras, and Panama.

Epidendrum isomerum Schlechter. One collection of this
species from Costa Rica has been seen: Pittier & Tonduz 9 (U. S. Nat.
Herb.). Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 221

Epidendrum lancilabium Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 38. 1923. La Palma, Werckle 115. Several collections are refer-
able to this species. Endemic.

Epidendrum Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 45. 1923.
Cascajal, Lankester 63. The following collections are referable to
this species: Brenes 1495, 486 and (33)328; and Standley & Valeria
52305 and 52346. Endemic.

Epidendrum laterale Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 20: 280, 319. 1912,
nomen tantum; 28: 160. 1920. Lankester 192. One other collection
of this species has been seen : Las Concavas, Lankester 372. Endemic.

Epidendrum Laucheanum Rolfe. E. dolichostachyum Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 79. 1906 (near La Palma, Pittier; Herb. Inst.
Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 10311). E. cristobalense Ames, Sched. Orch.
4: 38. 1923 (San Cristobal, 1,500-2,400 meters, Lankester & Sancho
381). Rather frequent in Costa Rica. Also in Guatemala, Honduras,
and Colombia.

Epidendrum Lindleyanum (Batem.) Reichenb. f. in Walp.
Ann. 6: 375. 1862. Barkeria Lindleyana Batem. ex Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 28, Misc. 2. 1842 (without locality, Skinner s. n.). Barkeria
Lindleyana Batem. var. Centerae Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1597.
1873 (without locality, Endres s. n.). Variable in color and size of
flower. Several collections from Costa Rica have been examined.
Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Epidendrum lividum Lindl. E. Henrici Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. 3: 108. 1906 (near San Jose", Pittier 2176). Schlechter also
cites Tonduz 8204- Also in Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela.

Epidendrum lockhartioides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 39. 1923. La Palma, Werckle 112. Several collections
of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum microcardium Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 39. 1923. El Tablazo, Werckle 111. One other collection
of this species has been examined: El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C.
Brade 1116. Endemic.

Epidendrum microdendron Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 84. 1866. Barba Volcano, Wendland 1048. Two other Costa
Rican collections are referable to this species: La Palma, Brenes
(7)337; and between Aserri and Tarbaca, Standley 34178. Also in
Panama.

222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epidendrum mirabile Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 67.
1930. San Ignacio de Aserri, 1,150 meters, Alfaro 180. One other
collection of this species is known: El Tablazo, 1,500-1,800 meters,
Lankester 1220. Endemic.

Epidendrum miserrimum Reichenb. f. E. poaeforme Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 43. 1923 (San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters,
Werckle 17}. One other Costa Rican collection is known: San Pedro
de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 113. Also in the West Indies.

Epidendrum muscicola Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 214. 1923 (as "muscicolum"). Los Angeles de San Ramon, 1,050
meters, Brenes 44- E. linifolium Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 7. 1924
(La Palma, Stork 417). Fairly common. Endemic.

Epidendrum nervosiflorum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 47. 1925. La Estrella, 1,650 meters, Lankester 790. Two other
collections known: La Estrella, Lankester 688; and La Estrella,
Standley 39438. Endemic.

Epidendrum neurosum Ames. Three Costa Rican collections
of this species have been examined: La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro
s. n., 85 (Dec. 15, 1925) and 85 (Dec. 26, 1925). Also in Guatemala
and Honduras.

Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq. Apparently not common in
Costa Rica. A widely distributed species, occurring from Florida to
Peru and Bolivia, and in the West Indies.

Epidendrum notabile Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
121. 1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade 1280. Known
only from the type collection.

Epidendrum nutantirhachis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 69. 1930. Three miles northeast of El Copey, 2,100 meters, Stork
1603. One other collection from the same locality, 2,250 meters,
Stork 1657. Endemic.

Epidendrum obesum Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 31. 1923. Las
Lajas de San Isidro, 1,800 meters, Pittier 14053. Frequent. Also
in Nicaragua.

Epidendrum obliquifolium Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harv. Univ. 3: 73. 1935. Hacienda La Esperanza
(La Palma), 1,500 meters, 0. Jimenez 972. Three other collections
of this species have been studied : Santa Clara de Cartago, Lankester
566; Alto de La Estrella, Standley 39572 and 39578. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 223

Epidendrum ochraceum Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica.
Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and Honduras.

Epidendrum octomerioides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
248. 1907. Near Tuis, 650 meters, Tonduz 11378. Several collec-
tions of this species have been examined; Guanacaste. Also in
Honduras.

Epidendrum Oerstedii Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 937. 1852.
San Miguel, Oersted s. n. E. costaricense Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit.
10: 937. 1852 (Cartago, El Viejo, Oersted s. n.}. Rather common in
Costa Rica. Also in Panama.

Epidendrum oncidioides Lindl. var. gravidum (Lindl.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 104.
1935. E. peraltense Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 46. 1923 (Peralta, 450
meters, Lankester & Sancho 378}. Rare in Costa Rica: La Fuente,
Alfaro s. n. and 246. This variety occurs from Mexico to Panama,
but is not common.

Epidendrum oncidioides Lindl. var. Mooreanum (Rolfe)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 106.
1935. E. Mooreanum Rolfe, Kew Bull. 199. 1891 (without locality,
ex Moore of Glasnevin in Herb. Kew.). Encyclia Mooreana Schltr.
Orchideen 210. 1914. Encyclia Tonduziana Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 132. 1923 (Cismo near San Jeronimo de Grecia, 2,100
meters, A. & C. Erode 1274}. Encyclia Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 221. 1923 (San Jos4 de San Ramon, 1,025 meters,
Brenes 253}. A number of collections of this variety have been seen.
Also in Panama.

Epidendrum oncidioides Lindl. var. ramonense (Reichenb. f.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 103.
1935. E. ramonense Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 81. 1866
(San Ramon. Wendland 1009}. Encyclia ramonensis Schltr. Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 473. 1918. Frequent in Costa Rica.
Very variable. Also in Honduras and Panama.

Epidendrum pachyrachis Ames. E. Alfredii Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 115. 1923 (Finca Hundrisser, Atlantic Coast,
A. & C. Erode 1271}. The only Costa Rican collection known is the
type of E. Alfredii. Also in Guatemala.

Epidendrum paleaceum (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Rather common
in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador,
and Nicaragua. Cogniaux reports it from Cuba and Surinam.

224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epidendrum pallens Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 82.
1866. Barba Volcano, Wendland. E. paucifolium Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 3 : 248. 1907 (near Cuero de Tigre, Pittier 10515). Frequent.
Endemic.

Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pavon, including E. flori-
bundum HBK. E. turialvae Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1678. 1871
(Turrialba, Wendland). E. resectum Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 82.
1876 (Costa Rica?, Zahn s. n.). E. piliferum Reichenb. f. Linnaea
41: 83. 1876 (Chiriqui, Warscewicz s. n.). E. reflexum Ames &
Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 49. 1925 (El Arenal, 600 meters, Valeria 61).
Frequent and variable in Costa Rica. A polymorphic species of
wide distribution, occurring from Mexico to Bolivia.

Epidendrum paranthicum Reichenb. f. E. Sancli Ramoni
Kranzl. Vierteljahrschr. Naturforsch. Gesell. Zurich 74: 137. 1929
(Tremendal near San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz 17617).
Frequent. Also in Guatemala.

Epidendrum Parkinsonianum Hook. A few collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been seen. Also in Mexico and
Honduras.

Epidendrum Parkinsonianum Hook. var. falcatum (Lindl.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. E. falcatum Lindl. var. Zeledoniae
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 37. 1923 (Hort. Mme. Amparo
de Zeledon, Tonduz 132). One wild Costa Rican collection of this
variety has been seen: Irazu, 1,800 meters, Lankester s. n. Also in
Mexico and Guatemala.

Epidendrum pentadactylum Reichenb. f. Frequent, especially
in San Jose Province. Also in Nicaragua.

Epidendrum phyllocharis Reichenb. f. Xen. Orch. 3: 11.
1878. Without locality, Endres s. n. Endemic.

Epidendrum physodes Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 289. 1873.
Without locality, Zahn s. n. One other Costa Rican collection is
referred to this species: Near Rio Parismina,.Reventazon, 15 meters,
Lankester 363. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Epidendrum platystigma Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 83. 1866. San Miguel, Wendland 1258. E. ramonianum
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 217. 1923 (San Pedro de San
Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 101). Frequent. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 225

Epidendrum polyanthum Lindl. E. pergameneum Reichenb.
f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 86. 1866 (Desengano, Wendland 1257).
E. quinquelobum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 125. 1923 (Barba
Volcano, 2,200 meters, A. & C. Erode 1124)- A very variable species,
rather common in Costa Rica. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Hon-
duras, Panama, Venezuela, and Brazil.

Epidendrum polyanthum Lindl. var. myodes (Reichenb. f.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 75.
1935. E. myodes Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 86. 1866
(Naranjo, Wendland 1111, also Turrialba, Wendland}. Fairly
frequent. Also in Honduras and Panama.

Epidendrum polychlamys Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
109. 1906. La Palma, Tonduz (Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar.
12492). Several collections are referable to this species. Endemic.

Epidendrum Porpax Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican collec-
tions are referable to this species. Also in Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, and Peru.

Epidendrum prismatocarpum Reichenb. f. E. Brassavolae
"Rchb. f." as misdetermined by Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 117. 1923 (Candelaria Mountains, A. & C. Brade 1199). Also in
Panama.

Epidendrum Pseudepidendrum Reichenb. f. Two collections
of this species from Costa Rica have been examined : Buenos Aires,
Canton de Osa, 480 meters, M. Valeria 843; El General, Prov. San
Jose", A. F. Skutch 2348. Also in Panama.

Epidendrum pseudoramosum Schlechter. Three Costa Rican
collections of this species have been examined: La Palma, Brenes
(21)351 and 509; El Zanjon, Lankester 545; one other collection may
belong here: La Hondura, Standley & Valeria 51804- Endemic.

Epidendrum pseudo-Wallisii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 124. 1923. On the way to Llanuras de San Carlos, Buena
Vista, 2,000 meters, A. & C. Brade 1287, also Cataratas (Los Angeles)
de San Ramon, Brenes.

Epidendrum pumilum Rolfe, Kew Bull. 171. 1893. Hort.
Sander & Co. E. acrochordonium Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 400. 1918 (without locality, Tonduz s. n.). Several collec-
tions of this species have been examined. Endemic.

226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epidendrum purpurascens Focke. E. glumibracteum Rei-
chenb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 19: 11. 1863 (without locality, Warscewicz
s. n., also Schiller s.n.). Several collections of this species from Costa
Rica have been examined. Also in South America. This species
has commonly been known in the past as E. clavatum Lindl.

Epidendrum pygmaeum Hook. Frequent in Costa Rica,
especially in the Province of San Jose. A widely distributed species,
occurring from Florida and Mexico to Brazil and in the West Indies.

Epidendrum radiatum Lindl. This species is reported from
Costa Rica by Cogniaux and Schlechter, but no specimens from there
have been seen. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Epidendrum radicans Pavon ex Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica.
Also found from Mexico to Panama.

Epidendrum ramosissimum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 48. 1925. El Calvario, Ujarras, 1,080 meters, Lankester 581.
One other collection belongs to this species: Las Concavas, Lankester
1089; and two collections (without flowers) probably are referable
to it: La Hondura, Standley 36383, and vicinity of Guapiles, Standley
37453. Endemic.

Epidendrum ramosum Jacq. E. flexicaule Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 403. 1918 (La Palma, 1,500 meters Werckle s. n.).
E. modestiflorum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 213. 1923 (San
Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 128). Common in Costa
Rica. A polymorphic, widely distributed species occurring from
Mexico to Peru and in the West Indies.

Epidendrum ramosum Jacq. var. imbricatum (Lindl.) Ames,
Hubbard & Schweinf. E. biflorum Cogn. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 2: 337.
1902, nee Forst. f., nee Ruiz & Pav., nee Rodr. (without locality,
Tonduz s. n.}. E. Boissierianum Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 459. 1918. E. santaclarense Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 49. 1923
(Cartago, Santa Clara, 1,800-1,950 meters, Lankester & Sancho 443).
Variable and rather frequent in Costa Rica. Also in Guatemala,
Brazil, and West Indies.

Epidendrum repens Cogn. Several collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Mexico, Venezuela,
and West Indies.

Epidendrum rigidiflorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 127. 1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade 1289. Two

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 227

other collections from La Hondura are referable to this species:
Standley 37858 and M. Valeria 816. Endemic.

Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. E. cardiophorum Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 9: 214. 1911 (woods of Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters,
Pittier 9519). This widely distributed species is not common in
Costa Rica. It occurs in Florida, from Mexico to Bolivia, and in the
West Indies.

Epidendrum rugosum Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 74. 1923. With-
out locality, Lankester s. n. A number of collections have been seen.
Endemic.

Epidendrum Sanchoi Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 48. 1923. Near
Cartago, 1,800 meters, Lankester & Sancho 384- A number of collec-
tions of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum Sanchoi Ames var.exasperatumAmes&Schweinf.
Sched. Orch. 10: 72. 1930. Cerro de Las Lajas, north of San Isidro,
2,000-2,400 meters, Standley & Valeria 51488. A number of collec-
tions of this variety from the provinces of Heredia and Alajuela
have been seen. Endemic.

Epidendrum Schlechterianum Ames. E. congestum Rolfe
ex Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 118. 1923, non Rolfe (Turri-
alba, A. & C. Brade 1162). E. congestoides Ames & Schweinf.
Sched. Orch. 10: 61. 1930 (Province of Guanacaste, vicinity of
Tilaran, 500-650 meters, Standley & Valeria 44933). Several collec-
tions of this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also
in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Trinidad, and South
America.

Epidendrum Schumannianum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
9: 215. 1911. Without locality, Werckle s. n. Two other collections
are referable to this species: Carillo, Werckle 61, and Peralta, Lan-
kester 1225. Endemic.

Epidendrum sculptum Reichenb. f. One Costa Rican col-
lection is referable to this species: Hamburg Finca, on the Rio
Reventazon below Cairo, Standley & Valeria 48922. Also in Hon-
duras (?; fruiting specimen), Panama, and northern South America.

Epidendrum Selaginella Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 48.
1906. On moist cliffs, El Recreo, on the road from Carillo, 1,200
meters, Cooper 523. Frequent. Endemic.

228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epidendrum serricardium Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 218. 1923. San Juan de San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 254.
Several collections from La Hondura have been examined. Endemic.

Epidendrum spondiadum Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 731.
1852. Without locality, Warscewicz s. n. Other Costa Rican col-
lections are: Without locality, Pfau (Herb. Reichenbach) ; Las
Concavas, Lankester 1115; and La Fuente, Alfaro s. n., November 21,
November 29, and December 15, 1924. Also in Panama and Jamaica.

Epidendrum Stamfordianum Bateman. Three collections
of this species from Costa Rica have been examined: Orotina, Lan-
kester 555; Las Concavas, Standley 36000; and Estrella Valley,
Alfaro 284- Also from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.

Epidendrum Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 52. 1925. Vicin-
ity of Orosi, Standley 39684- Three other collections are referable
to this species: Vicinity of Orosi, Standley 39698; El Muneco, south
of Navarro, Standley 33779; and San Cristobal Road, Stork 2219.
Endemic.

Epidendrum Stangeanum Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican
collections have been examined. Also in Honduras (?; no flowers)
and Panama. The Costa Rican material was named E. glandulosum
Ames, which becomes a synonym.

Epidendrum stenopetalum Hook. Two collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined: Talamanca, Alfaro
s. n., and vicinity of Tilaran, Standley & Valerio 44214- A widely
distributed species, ranging from Mexico to Ecuador and occurring
in Trinidad and Jamaica (?).

Epidendrum strobiliferum Reichenb. f. A few collections
of this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Florida,
from Guatemala to Peru, and in the West Indies.

Epidendrum subnutans Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 73. 1930. La Palma, 1,200 meters, Brenes 593. La Palma de
San Ramon, Brenes 20635. Also in Panama.

Epidendrum subpatens Schlechter. E. benignum Ames,
Sched. Orch. 2: 25. 1923 (forests of Nicoya, Tonduz 13928). A few
collections from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

Epidendrum teretifolium Swartz. E. teres Reichenb. f. Bon-
plandia 3: 220. 1855, non Thunb. Rather common in Costa Rica.
Distributed from Mexico to Venezuela and in the West Indies.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 229

Epidendrum tetraceros Reichenb. f. One Costa Rican collec-
tion has been seen: Near Quebradillas, about 7 km. north of Santa
Maria de Dota, 1,800 meters, Standley 43063. Also in Panama.

Epidendrum trachythece Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 249.
1907. Woods of El Tablazo, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 7941. Common.
Endemic.

Epidendrum triangulabium Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 75. 1930. La Tejona, north of Tilaran, 600-700 meters, Standley
& Valeria 45970. One other collection has been examined: El
Silencio, near Tilaran, 750 meters, Standley & Valeria 44825. Endemic
in Guanacaste.

Epidendrum trianthum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 296. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n. One other
collection is referable to this species: Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester
1217. Endemic.

Epidendrum urostachyum Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 409. 1918. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, E. Jimenez (Herb.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17651). Known only from the type collection.

Epidendrum vagans Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 76. 1923. South-
ern flanks of Irazu, 1,500-2,100 meters, Lankester 461. Two other
collections are referable to this species: Between Aserri and Tarbaca,
Standley 34095, and La Carpintera, Stork 2053. Endemic.

Epidendrum varicosum Bateman. E. chiriquense Reichenb.
f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 730. 1852 (Costa Rica? and Chiriqui, Warscewicz).
No material from Costa Rica seen. Also in Mexico, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama.

Epidendrum Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. This species, known
only from the type collection which Reichenbach cites as "Costa
Rica, Veragua," probably does not occur in Costa Rica as Veraguas
certainly is in Panama.

Epidendrum Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 48.
1906. Near La Palma, 1,500 meters, Werckle 16419. Several col-
lections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

EPILYNA Schlechter

Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 374. 1918. Small, epiphytic
plants with numerous alternate, coriaceous leaves and small, incon-
spicuous flowers.

230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Epilyna Jimenezii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt.
2: 375. 1918. La Palma, 2,500 meters, C. Werckle (670 in Herb. 0.
Jimenez). Endemic.

ERIOPSIS Lindl.
This genus is represented in Middle America by a single species.

Eriopsis Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 447. 1920.
Carillo, 300 meters, Werckle s. n. Two other collections are referred
to this species: Hort. Dona Ida de Ortufio, San Jose" (plant collected
at Carillo by Brade), Lankester 1224, and San Carlos, Lankester &
Jimenez 506. Endemic.

ERYTHRODES Blume

An interesting group of terrestrial species, several of them charac-
terized by iridescent, dark green leaves striate with whitish or silvery
markings. Flowers usually white, in slender, erect racemes.

Erythrodes calophylla (Reichenb. f.) Ames, Orch. 7: 68. 1922.
Physurus calophyllus Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 64.
1866 (Cuesta de Congo, between Cariblanco and San Brigen, Wend-
land 1217). One other collection is referred to this species: Reven-
tazon, Lankester 1153. Endemic.

Erythrodes clavigera (Reichenb. f.) Ames, Orch. 7: 70. 1922.
Physurus claviger Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 4: 211. 1856. No data
of collector or place, but given as Costa Rica by Schlechter. Prob-
ably also from Mexico on the evidence of a specimen collected by
Sesse" & Mocino.

Erythrodes Killipii Ames. Heredia and Cartago provinces,
1,500-2,400 meters. Also in Panama.

Erythrodes Lehmannii (Schltr.) Ames, Orch. 7: 71. 1922.
Physurus Lehmannii Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 379.
1918 (Lehmann 1757). Probably referable to E. vesicifera. Known
only from the type collection.

Erythrodes nigrescens (Schltr.) Ames, Orch. 7: 74. 1922. Phy-
surus nigrescens Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 380. 1918
(Lehmann s. n.). Known only from the type collection.

Erythrodes tridax (Reichenb. f.) Ames, Orch. 7: 76. 1922.
Physurus tridax Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 64. 1866
(Desengano, Wendland 1255). Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 231

Erythrodes vaginata (Hook.) Ames. Province of Cartago;
Guanacaste. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Erythrodes venustula Ames. One collection from Costa Rica
has been seen: Province of Cartago, vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters,
Standley & Valeria 47011. Also in Guatemala.

Erythrodes vesicifera (Reichenb. f.) Ames, Orch. 7: 78. 1922.
Physurus vesicifer Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 63. 1866
(Barba Volcano, Wendland 1059). Also from the provinces of Ala-
juela and San Jose". Endemic.

EURYSTYLES Wawra

A genus which was originally referred to the Scitamineae. From
a study of the original analyses published by Wawra and from a
review of available evidence it would seem that Schlechter was
justified in transferring the genus to the Orchidaceae.

Eurystyles auricula ta Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
86. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,700 meters, A. & C. Brade 1076. Known
only from the type collection.

Eurystyles Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 9. 1925. El
Muneco, south of Navarro, Province of Cartago, about 1,400 meters,
Standley 33747. Also from La Hondura, 1,300-1,700 meters,
Standley 36349. Endemic.

FREGEA Reichenb. f.

Low, usually epiphytic herbs somewhat resembling Sobralia.
The purplish flowers are extremely fragile and remain in perfection
only a short time.

Fregea amabilis Reichenb. f. A number of collections of this
species from Costa Rica (mostly from Cartago Province) have
been examined. Also in Panama.

Fregea Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 9.
1923. San Jeronimo, 1,350 meters, Werckle 60. Known only from
the type collection.

GALEANDRA Lindl.

A small genus of about 23 species widely distributed in tropical
America, with a single representative in Costa Rica. Flowers pale
green with the convolute lip white above, the throat ornamented
with marginal, radiating, purple stripes.

232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Galeandra Beyrichii Reichenb. f. One Costa Rican collection
is referable to this species: La Castilla, Ujarras, 1,050 meters,
Lankester 1084- Also in Venezuela.

GALEOTTIA A. Rich. & Gal.

A rare and insufficiently known genus, which is closely related to
Zygopetalum.

Galeottia grandiflora A. Rich. Schlechter reports this from
Costa Rica. Also in Mexico.

GOMPHICHIS Lindl.

Epiphytic herbs with flaccid leaves clustered at the base of the
flower scape. Flowers white, in dense, elongated, cylindrical racemes.

Gomphichis costaricensis (Schltr.) Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 37. 1934. Stenoptera costaricensis
Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 375. 1918 (Turrialba, 800
meters, Tonduz s. n.). Three other specimens, Standley 42663,
42728 from the Province of San Jose1, Finca La Cima, above Los
Lotes, north of El Copey, 2,100-2,400 meters, and Stork 2453 from
Poas Lake, are referred to this species. Endemic.

GONGORA Ruiz & Pavon

Epiphytes with obpyriform pseudobulbs terminated by one or
two subcoriaceous, elliptic leaves. Flowers in drooping or pendulous
racemes.

Gongora Amparoana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
50. 1923. In the garden of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, San Jose",
1,100 meters, Tonduz 55. Known only from the type collection.

Gongora armeniaca Reichenb. f. Several collections of this
species from Costa Rica are known. Also in Nicaragua.

Gongora quinquenervis Ruiz & Pavon, including G. maculata
Lindl. Numerous Costa Rican collections of this rather widely
distributed species have been seen. Known from Mexico to South
America and in the West Indies.

Gongora unicolor Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 299.
1923. Without locality, Lankester s. n., also Las Mercedes, Never-
mann. Three other collections are referred to this species: Arenal
de San Carlos, Jimenez & Lankester 2011; La Fuente, 1,200 meters,
Alfaro 164; Reventazon, Lankester 982. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 233

GOODYERA R. Br.

Usually terrestrial with the dark green leaves sometimes varie-
gated with white or yellow, clustered more or less at the base of an
elongated scape which is terminated by a slender, cylindrical, closely
flowered raceme.

Goodyera Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
88. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1080. Known
only from the type collection.

Goodyera erosa (A. & S.) Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 37. 1934. Epipactis erosa A. & S. Sched.
Orch. 10: 9. 1930. Bosque de C. Laguna, 1,180 meters, Brenes
(100)430. One other collection is referable to this species: Bosque
en La Palma, 1,190 meters, Brenes (34)364. Endemic.

Goodyera micrantha Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
274. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

Goodyera modes ta Schlechter, Repert Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 89.
1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Erode 1258. Known only
from the type collection

Goodyera ovatilabia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
274. 1923. Turrialba Volcano, Tonduz s. n. Three other collections
from San Jose* Province belong to this species: Standley 42155, 42303,
and 43733. Endemic.

Goodyera turialbae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 275.
1923. Turrialba Volcano, 2,000 meters, Tonduz s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

GOVENIA Lindl.

A genus of about 20 tall, terrestrial herbs with large, plicate
leaves. Flowers in loose, cylindrical racemes.

Govenia ciliilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 80. 1930.
Cola de Gallo, Stork & Chacon 1939. Known only from the type
collection.

Govenia deliciosa Reichenb. f. In the Reichenbach Herbarium
is a drawing of a specimen collected by Endres in Costa Rica and
determined as this species by Reichenbach. Also in Mexico and
Guatemala (fide Schlechter).

Govenia quadriplicata Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
75. 1866. Irazu, Wendland. One other collection of this species is

234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

cited by Schlechter: El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1909.
Endemic.

Govenia superba (La Llave & Lex.) Lindl. Reported from
Costa Rica by Schlechter. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. One collection of this species
from Costa Rica has been examined: Irazu, La Canada, Lankester
1068. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and West Indies.

HABENARIA Willd.

A large genus of terrestrial plants with flaccid, alternating leaves
and inconspicuous, usually greenish flowers with the lip produced
at base into a conspicuous, slender nectary or spur. Petals often
two-parted with the anterior division filiform.

Habenaria alata Hook. H. platantheroides Schlechter, Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 372. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 1913).
Four Costa Rican collections have been tentatively referred to this
species: San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 107; La Castilla, Lankester
1096; Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester 1145; and Las Concavas,
Lankester 1236. Also from Mexico to Panama and West Indies.

Habenaria Amparoana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 6. 1923. Without locality, Werckle 138. Endemic.

Habenaria aviculoides Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 1.
1930. Vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley 42118. Forests
of the Pacific slope, 1,500-1,800 meters. Endemic.

Habenaria Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 159.
1923. "La Calera" de San Mateo, Brenes 95, about 500 meters.
Endemic.

Habenaria clypeata Lindl. H. lactiflora A. Rich. & Gal. One
specimen from San Jos£ has been referred to this species: Pittier
16722. Reichenbach reported H. lactiflora from Desengano, Alajuela,
Pacific coast near San Jose", 1,200 meters. Also in Mexico and
Honduras.

Habenaria Endresiana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 272. 1923. Without locality, Tonduz s. n. This species is ques-
tionably distinct from H. setifera. Endemic.

Habenaria flexuosa Lindl. One specimen from Carpintera-
Cartago, Gillott (Lankester 504), 1,650 meters. Also in Mexico and
Guatemala.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 235

Habenaria gymnadenioides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 271. 1923. Without locality Tonduz s. n. Endemic.

Habenaria irazuensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 77. 1923. West slope of Mt. Irazu, about 1,400 meters, A. & C.
Brade 1069. Endemic.

Habenaria Jimenezii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2 : 372. 1918. Rio Virilla, 0. Jimenez 631 . Near Cartago, 1,200-
1,650 meters. Endemic.

Habenaria Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 2. 1923. Jocosal,
Lankester 342. Region of Cartago, about 2,400 meters. Also British
Honduras.

Habenaria macroceratitis Willd. Reported from Costa Rica by
Schlechter. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and West Indies.

Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.) Reichenb. f. Cartago, 900-1,400
meters. Also in Guatemala; common in West Indies, Colombia,
and Peru.

Habenaria novemfida Lindl. H. costaricensis Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 17: 138. 1921 (between San Jose1 and San Juan, 1,100
meters, Tonduz 17652). Formerly known as H. diffusa A. Rich. &
Gal. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Salvador.

Habenaria Tepens Nutt. Limon Province, 300-340 meters;
Cartago, about 1,400 meters. Also southern United States, Guate-
mala, Honduras, British Honduras, Panama, West Indies, and
South America.

Habenaria setifera Lindl. Schlechter records this species as
occurring in Costa Rica. Also in Honduras.

Habenaria verecunda Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 6. 1923. Without locality Werckle 144- Known only from the
type collection.

Habenaria Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 7.
1923. Without locality, Werckle 141- Known only from the type
collection.

HEXADESMIA Brongn.

A small genus of epiphytes. Ramonia Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19:294. 1923.

Hexadesmia bifida Reichenb. f. in Saunders, Refug. Bot. 2: sub.
pi. 113. 1878. Hort. Saunders. Known only from the type collection.

236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Hexadesmia brachyphylla Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 89. 1866. Turrialba, Wendland 512. Several collections of
this species are known. Endemic.

Hexadesmia brachyphylla Reichenb. f . var. longior Schlechter,
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 205. 1923. Rio Jesus de San Ramon,
800 meters, Brenes 259. Known only from the type collection.

Hexadesmia crurigera Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica. Also
in Guatemala and Salvador.

Hexadesmia fasciculata Brongn. H. rigidipes Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 206. 1923 (Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075 meters,
Brenes 145). A number of collections of this species from Costa
Rica have been examined. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama.

Hexadesmia Jimenezii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 293. 1923. Without locality, Jimenez s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

Hexadesmia micrantha Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica. Also
in Guatemala, Nicaragua (fide Schlechter), and Panama (fide
Reichenbach).

Hexadesmia Powellii Schlechter. H. Acostaei Schlechter,
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 293. 1923 (vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta
s. n.). Frequent in Costa Rica. Also in Panama.

Hexadesmia pulchella Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 296, in synon. 1923. Ramonia pulchella Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 295. 1923 (vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n.}. Frequent.
Endemic.

Hexadesmia stenopetala Reichenb. f. Reported from Nica-
ragua and Costa Rica by Schlechter.

HEXISEA Lindl.

Stems often branching, with leathery, oblong or linear leaves,
the flowers of several of the species brilliant scarlet, in terminal,
few-flowered clusters. Costaricaea Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19:30. 1923.

Hexisea Amparoana (Schltr.) Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 40. 1934. Costaricaea Amparoana
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 31. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 126). A
few other collections have been seen; in Guanacaste. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 237

Hexisea bidentata Lindl. Three collections of this species from
Costa Rica have been examined: La Palma, Alfaro 259; Maderal de
San Mateo, Brenes 224; and Province of Guanacaste, Canon of Rio
San Jose", Dodge & Thomas 6389. Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Hexisea cuniculata (Schltr.) Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 48. 1925.
Fractiunguis cuniculatus Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 31. 1923
(San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters, Werckle 83}. Fractiunguis cuniculatus
Schltr. var. gracilis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 204. 1923.
Several collections are referable to this species. Endemic.

Hexisea Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 47. 1925. Pacaya,
Lankester 519. Several other collections have been seen. Endemic.

Hexisea sigmoidea Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 39. 1925.
Santa Clara de Cartago, Lankester 570. Two other collections have
been examined: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Standley &
Valeria 49753; Cerro Gallito, M. Valeria 70. Endemic.

HOMALOPETALUM Rolfe

A small genus of extraordinarily interesting species which are
characterized by alternating, one-leaved, diminutive pseudobulbs
terminated by a single large flower.

Homalopetalum costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 47. 1923. La Palma, Werckle 94. Two other collections
are referable to this species: San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 181,
and La Castilla, Lankester 1057.

Homalopetalum pumilio (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter. Bras-
savola pumilio Reichenb. f.; Bletia pumilio Reichenb. f.; Pinelia
pumilio Schltr. Drawings of this species from records of Costa
Rican collections in Herb. Reichenbach have been seen. Also in
Mexico and Guatemala.

HOULLETIA Brongn.

. A genus of about 10 species, chiefly South American. In H.
Lansbergii the flowers are yellowish, heavily spotted with purple.

Houlletia Lansbergii Linden & Reichenb. f. There are Costa
Rican records (Endres) in the Reichenbach herbarium; Schlechter
cites one collection from Costa Rica: San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 104; and one collection from Costa Rica has been examined:
La Fuente, Alfaro 93. The species occurs also in Guatemala, Vene-
zuela, and Brazil.

238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

HUNTLEYA Lindl.

A small genus of epiphytes with large, waxy flowers in which the
petals are stained with brown-purple at the base. Rolfe, Orch. Rev.
8: 269, 302. 1900.

Huntleya Burtii (Endres & Reichenb. f.) Pfitzer in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2, Abt. 6: 205. 1889, without proper
reference; Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 8: 271. 1900. Batemania Burtii Endr. &
Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1099. 1872 (without locality, Endres s. n.).
Zygopetalum Burtii Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 3: 251. 1883. Two Costa Rican collections of this species are
known: Cartago (in cultivation), Lankester s. n., and Carillo, Werckle
27. Also in Colombia (fide Hemsley).

HYBOCHILUS Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 429. 1920. Epiphytes with the paniculate
inflorescences of tiny flowers originating from the bases of com-
planate pseudobulbs.

Hybochilus inconspicuus (Kranzl.) Schlechter, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 16: 430. 1920. Rodriguezia inconspicua Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb.
54: Beibl. 117: 32. 1916 (Candelaria Mountains, Hoffmann s.n.).
Several collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

IONOPSIS HBK.

About eight species, ranging from Florida to Brazil. Flowers
usually rose-purple, in a paniculate inflorescence.

lonopsis costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 62.
1923. Carillo, Werckle 25. Known only from the type collection.

lonopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Schlechter cites this
species as occurring in Costa Rica: Llanuras de San Carlos, 200
meters, A. & C. Brade 1308. Also in Mexico, Honduras, British
Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, and West Indies.

ISOCHILUS R. Br.

Stems leafy, crowded , terminated by small , usually purplish flowers .

Isochilus Amparoanus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 27. 1923. San Jose", Tonduz 32, also Werckle 83. Endemic.

Isochilus crassiflorus A. Rich. & Gal. Numerous Costa Rican
collections are referable to this species; in Guanacaste. Also in
Mexico, Honduras, British Honduras, and Guatemala.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 239

Isochilus latibracteatus A. Rich. & Gal. This species is cited
by Schlechter as having been collected in Costa Rica: El Tablazo,
1,500 meters, A. & C. Brade 1153. Also in Mexico.

Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. A number of Costa Rican
collections have been examined; in Guanacaste. Also in Mexico,
Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, West Indies, and South America.

JACQUINIELLA Schlechter

A genus of small, tufted epiphytes with semiterete or triquetrous
leaves, the stems terminated by minute, inconspicuous, whitish
flowers.

Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schlechter. Four collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined: Dulce Nombre,
Standley 35805; vicinity of Pejivalle, Standley & Valeria 47201;
Naranjos Agrios, Standley & Valeria 46504; and Hamburg Finca on
the Rio Reventazon below Cairo, Standley & Valeria 48742. Also in
Mexico, Guatemala, and West Indies.

KEFERSTEINIA Reichenb. f.
Small epiphytes, in habit and flower suggesting Warscewiczella.

Kefersteinia alba Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 228. 1923.
San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 284- Known only
from the type collection.

Kefersteinia costaricensis Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 413. 1918. Hill toward the Rio Chirripo, 300 meters,
Pittier 1 6058. Possibly one other collection is referable to this species :
Reventazon, Lankester 362.

Kefersteinia lactea Reichenb. f. ex B. D. Jackson in Index
Kewensis 2: 4. 1895. Two collections are referable to this species:
San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 85, and La Tejona, north of Tilaran,
Standley & Valeria 46009. Endemic.

Kefersteinia microcharis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 300. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from
the type collection.

Kefersteinia parvilabris Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 52. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 116. One other collection is
referable to this species: Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley &
Valeria 47026. Endemic.

240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Kefersteinia subquadrata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 300. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from
the type collection.

Kefersteinia Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 53. 1923. La Palma, WerckU 120. Known only from the type
collection.

KEGELIELLA Mansfeld.

A small, insufficiently known genus with one species in Costa
Rica and another in Surinam and Trinidad.

Kegeliella Kupperi Mansfeld, Repert. Sp. Nov. 36: 60. 1934.
Guanacaste, Tilaran, Kupper 851. Known only from the type
collection.

LACAENA Lindl.

Sepals and petals white with purple stripes; racemes loosely
flowered, drooping. One other species in Guatemala.

Lacaena spectabilis (Klotzsch) Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 2: 92.
1854. Nauenia spectabilis Klotzsch, Allgem. Gartenz. 21: 193. 1853.
Until recently known only from the type collection and from speci-
mens in gardens; now known to be also a native of Honduras.

LAELIA Lindl.

A large genus with a single species in Costa Rica. Flower shoot
elongated from the apex of a flattened, 1-leaved pseudobulb. Flower
purplish or white with a dark maroon spot in the throat of the lip.

Laelia rubescens Lindl. Three collections of this species have
been examined: San Jose" (from a garden), Ames 11.110; Orotina,
Pacific side, Alfaro 56; Guanacaste Province, La Cruz, Jimenez 6265.
Also in Yucatan, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

LANKESTERELLA Ames

Sched. Orch. 4: 3. 1923. Small herbs with rosettes of succulent
leaves and an elongated, hirsute flower shoot bearing three to ten
densely glandular flowers.

Lankesterella costaricensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 4. 1923.
La Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 387. Cladobium costaricense Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 87. 1923 (La Carpintera, 1,770 meters,
A. & C. Brade 1187). Two other specimens from the Province of
Cartago, Standley 34421 and 39248, are referable to this species.
Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 241

LEOCHILUS Knowles & Westcott

Small epiphytes with flattened pseudobulbs from the base of
which the flower shoot arises. Flowers small, in few-flowered
racemes. Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50: 291. 1922.

Leochilus gracilis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 152.
1923. San Jeronimo de Grecia, 1,150 meters A. & C. Erode 1321.
A number of collections have been examined. Also in Honduras.

Leochilus retusus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 256.
1923. Maderal de San Mateo, 400 meters, Brenes 229. Known only
from the type collection.

Leochilus scriptus (Scheidw.) Reichenb. f. One Costa Rican
collection is tentatively referred to this species. Also in Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama.

Leochilus tricuspidatus (Reichenb. f.) Kranzlin, Pflanzenr.
IV. 50, Heft 80: 297. 1922. Oncidium tricuspidatum Reichenb. f.
Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 72. 1886 (Cartago, Wendland 606). Several
collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

LEPANTHES Swartz

A large genus of epiphytes with slender stems, usually with finely
hispidulous sheaths, bearing a single leaf at the summit, with one
or more, often many-flowered racemes; sepals usually united and
constituting the most conspicuous part of the flower.

Lepanthes acoridilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 38.
1930. Province of San Jose", near Finca La Cima, above Los Lotes,
north of El Copey, 2,100-2,400 meters, Standley 42717. Known only
from the type collection.

Lepanthes Acostaei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 280.
1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from the type
collection.

Lepanthes barbae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 98.
1923. Barba Volcano, 2,000 meters, A. & C. Brade 1146. Known
only from the type collection.

Lepanthes blephariglossa Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 394. 1918. La Carpintera, C. Brade s. n. Several collec-
tions of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Lepanthes blepharistes Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 92. 1866. Desengano, Wendland. Several collections of this
species have been seen. Endemic.

242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Lepanthes Bradei Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt.
2: 394. 1918. La Carpintera, 1,800 meters, C. Erode s. n. Three
other collections are referred to this species: Pacayas, Lankester s. n.;
between Las Nubes and San Isidro de Coronado, Standley 3 8881 a;
and Cerro de La Carpintera, Standley 34457. Endemic.

Lepanthes Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 177.
1923. Near San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 179, and Palmira,
1,800 meters, Brenes 7. Two other collections are referred to this
species: Agua Caliente, 1,290 meters, Stork 1443, and Las Concavas,
Lankester (Oesterr. Biol. Costarica Exped. 1930, No. 802). Very
close to, if not the same as, L. turialvae. Endemic.

Lepanthes cascajalensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 27. 1923.
Cascajal, Lankester K.350. Several collections of this species from
the Province of Heredia have been examined. Endemic.

Lepanthes chameleon Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 28. 1923. Near
Cartago, Lankester s. n. L. Sanchoi Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 34. 1923
(road to La Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 441)- Several collections
of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Lepanthes ciliisepala Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
99. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1219, and La
Carpintera, 1,800 meters, A. & C. Erode 1218. A few other collec-
tions of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Lepanthes confusa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 40.
1930. Province of Limon, Hamburg Finca, on Rio Reventazon
below Cairo, Standley & Valerio 48709. Also Province of Guana-
caste, Naranjos Agrios, 600-700 meters, Standley & Valerio 46440a.
Endemic.

Lepanthes costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 22. 1923. La Palma, Wercktt 130. Known only from the type
collection.

Lepanthes decipiens Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 41.
1930. Province of San Jose", oak forest near Quebradillas, about
7 km. north of Santa Maria de Dota, about 1,800 meters, Standley
43070. Known only from the type collection.

Lepanthes eciliata Schlechter. Two Costa Rican collections
are tentatively referred to this species: El Salvaje, Alfaro 140, and
3 miles northeast of El Copey, Stork 1640. Also in Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 243

Lepanthes elata Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 90.
1866. Desengano, Wendland 874* A number of collections of this
species have been examined. Endemic.

Lepanthes erinacea Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 225. 1855.
Turrialba, Oersted s. n. Also reported from Nicaragua by Schlechter.

Lepanthes estrellensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 30. 1923. La
Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 385. Known only from the type
collection.

Lepanthes exasperata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 36.
1925. Navarro, Lankester 689. Three collections without flowers
are tentatively referred to this species: Standley 33748, Standley &
Valeria 43998, and M. Valerio 64. Endemic.

Lepanthes eximia Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 21. June, 1923.
La Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 437. L. abnormis Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 21. November, 1923 (San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters,
Werckle 85). A few other collections have been seen. Endemic.

Lepanthes grandiflora Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 44.
1930. La Pastura, Irazu, 2,850 meters, Lankester 1190. Known
only from the type collection.

Lepanthes guanacastensis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 45. 1930. Province of Guanacaste, Naranjos Agrios, 600-700
meters, Standley & Valerio 46440. Known only from the type
collection.

Lepanthes horrida Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 91.
1866. Desengano, Wendland. L. rostrata Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 23.
1923 (Cascajal, 1,650 meters, Lankester 59}. Fairly common in
Heredia and San Jos£ provinces. Endemic.

Lepanthes inaequiloba Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 46.
1930. Province of San Jose", Laguna de La Chonta, northeast of
Santa Maria de Dota, 2,000-2,100 meters Standley 42304- A few
other collections from San Jos£ Province belong to this species.
Endemic.

Lepanthes inornata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
178. 1923. Alto de La Calera de San Mateo, 850 meters, Brenes 216.
The following collections belong to this species: La Estrella, Standley
39184 and 39268 ; 3 miles northeast of El Copey, Stork 1652. Endemic.

Lepanthes Jimenezii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
281. 1923. Without locality, 0. Jimenez s.n. The following collec-

244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

tions are also referable to this species: Brenes 1626, 533, and (11)306.
Endemic.

Lepanthes lancifolia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
281. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

Lepanthes latisepala Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 48.
1930. Without locality, Stork s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

Lepanthes Lindleyana Oerst. & Reichenb. f . Xen. Orch. 1 : 149.
1856. Cartago, Oersted s.n. L. micrantha Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 31.
May, 1923 (Cartago, La Murta, 1,650 meters, Lankester 349). A
common and very variable species. Endemic.

Lepanthes Lindleyana Oerst. & Reichenb. f. var. angustifolia
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harv. Univ. 3: 37.
1934. Oak forest near Quebradillas, north of Santa Maria de Dota,
1,800 meters, Standley 43071. Two other collections are referable
to this variety: Locality of the type, Standley 43083, and Santa
Maria, Stork 1699. Endemic.

Lepanthes Lindleyana Oerst. & Reichenb. f. var. major
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 38.
1934. La Carpintera, 1,500 meters, Lankester 543. L. fimbriata
Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 11. January, 1923 (Alto de Ochomogo, 1,500
meters, Tonduz; Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 10387). L. pubi-
labia Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 282. November, 1923
(vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s.n.). Several other collections are
referable to this variety. Endemic.

Lepanthes microglottis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 101. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Brade 1158. Two
collections are tentatively referred to this species: El Muneco, south
of Navarro, Standley 33917, and La Carpintera, Stork 2062 (collected
by Danielson). Endemic.

Lepanthes minutilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 49. 1930. Province of Heredia, Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of
San Isidro, 2,000-2,400 meters, Standley & Valerio 50388. Several
other collections from the same region have been seen. Endemic.

Lepanthes ramonensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 179. 1923. San Rafael de San Ramon, 1,200 meters, Brenes 207.
Three other collections are referable to this species: La Palma, 1,250

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 245

meters, Brenes (113)443, 1532; Piedades near San Ramon, 1,050
meters, Brenes 1 1 454 • Endemic.

Lepanthes Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 44. 1925. Province
of San Jose", Las Nubes, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley 38800. One
other collection from the same locality belongs to this species:
Standley 38787. Endemic.

Lepanthes subdimidiata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 38.
1925. Pejivalle, 900 meters, Lankester 839. One other specimen is
tentatively referable to this species: San Pedro de Montes de Oca,
1,200 meters, Standley 36118. Endemic.

Lepanthes tipulifera Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 91.
1866. Desengafio, Wendland. Two collections are referred (ex
char.) to this species: Province of Alajuela, Viento Fresco, 1,600-
1,900 meters, Standley & Torres 47743 and 47813.

Lepanthes tridens Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 32. 1923. Road to
La Estrella, 1,700 meters, Lankester & Sancho 432. One other
collection of this species has been seen: Santa Clara de Cartago,
Lankester 499. Endemic.

Lepanthes turialvae Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 225. 1855.
Turrialba, Oersted, also Wendland 540. L. Tonduziana Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 180. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075
meters, Brenes 126). Numerous collections of this species have been
examined; in Guanacaste. Also in Guatemala and Honduras.

Lepanthes Wendlandii Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
91. 1866. Barba Volcano, Wendland. Two collections are referred
to this species: Alto del Salvaje, 2,000 meters, Alfaro 149, and Cas-
cajal, 1,650 meters, Lankester 58. Endemic.

Lepanthes Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 396. 1912.
L. apiculifera Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 177. 1923
(moist woods, San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 72).
Near Pacugao, 2,000 meters, Werckle 16173. Several other collec-
tions are referred to this species.

LIPARIS L. C. Rich.

Terrestrial herbs with succulent leaves either basal or extending
up the stem. Flowers inconspicuous, in slender racemes, usually
greenish with the lip sometimes dull purple.

Liparis elata Lindl. A few collections (from Costa Rica) of
this widely distributed species have been examined.

246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Liparis eustachys Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 91.
1923. Carillo, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade 1260. Also La Palma,
1,450 meters, A. C. Brade 1259. Endemic.

Liparis fratrum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 92.
1923. La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade 1182. Three other
collections of this species have been examined: La Palma, Standley
33025; La Hondura, Standley 36610 and 37619. Endemic.

Liparis vexillifera (La Llave & Lex.) Cogn. Two collections
from Costa Rica have been examined: Zarcero, 1,950 meters, Lan-
kester & Jimenez 488, and San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 170
(determined by Schlechter asL. Lindeniana). A widely distributed
species, from Mexico to Bolivia and in the West Indies.

Liparis Wendlandii Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 98.
1866. San Jose", Wendland 1103. One other collection has been seen:
Near San Jose", Tonduz s. n. Endemic.

LOCKHARTIA Hook.

Slender epiphytes, the leaves numerous, imbricating, extending
to the apex of the stem, bearing prevailingly yellow flowers in the
axils of the upper leaves. Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 83 : 6. 1923.

Lockhartia amoena Endres & Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 666.
1872. Without locality, Endres s. n. A number of collections from
Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

Lockhartia costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 81.
1906. Los Palmares, Pittier (Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 10592}.
One other collection is referred to this species: Without locality,
Endres. Endemic.

Lockhartia dipleura Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 69.
1923. San Jeronimo, 1,350 meters, Werckle 102. Known only from
the type collection.

Lockhartia grandibractea Kranzlin, Pflanzr. IV. 50, Heft
83: 15. 1923. Without locality, Endres s. n. One other collection
is referred to this species: Borders of woods on the Rio Jesus de San
Ramon, Brenes 212. Endemic.

Lockhartia hercodonta Reichenb. f. ex Kranzlin, Pflanzenr.
IV. 50, Heft 83: 8. 1923. Without locality, Endres. A number of
collections of this species have been examined; in Guanacaste.
Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 247

Lockhartia Integra Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 108.
1930. Province of Guanacaste, El Silencio, near Tilaran, 750 meters,
Standley & Valeria 44675. Known only from the type collection.

Lockhartia lamellosa Reichenb. f. Kranzlin cites a collection
from Costa Rica: Santa Maria, Endres 543. This species is perhaps
referable to L. Oerstedii Reichenb. f . Also in Mexico.

Lockhartia micrantha Reichenb. f. L. Lankesteri Ames,
Sched. Orch. 5: 36. 1923 (San Carlos, Lankester 448). Frequent in
Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Also in Nicaragua (fide Kranzlin) and
Panama.

Lockhartia odontochila Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
83: 17. 1923. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Lockhartia Oerstedii Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 767. 1852.
Barba Volcano, Oersted s. n. Frequent in Costa Rica. Also in
Guatemala and Panama.

Lockhartia Pittieri Schlechter. One Costa Rican collection
of this species has been examined : San Carlos, Lankester 681 . Also
in Panama.

LYCASTE Lindl.

A large tropical American genus, with conspicuous, angled pseudo-
bulbs and large, plicate leaves, bearing conspicuous, often large,
showy flowers on lateral peduncles, sometimes as many as six flowers
arising from a single pseudobulb. Flowers waxy, often bicolored,
with the sepals green and the petals and lip yellow, as in L. cruenta,
or the sepals greenish and the petals and lip purplish, as in L. tricolor.
Frequently the leaves are absent during the flowering period.

Lycaste Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 138.
1923. Near Guanacaste, A. & C. Brade 1326. Known only from the
type collection.

Lycaste brevispatha Klotzsch ex Reichenb. f., including L.
Candida Lindl., which was not actually described under that name
until 1863 (Reichenb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 604. 1863). Several collec-
tions from Costa Rica are referable to this species. Also in Panama
and Brazil.

Lycaste cruenta Lindl. One collection of this species from
Costa Rica has been examined: La Palma, 1,250 meters, Brenes 513.
Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Salvador.

248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Lycaste Dowiana Endres & Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser.
2: 194. 1874. Without locality, Endres. Three collections are
referred to this species: Las Concavas, 1,400 meters, Standley 36011;
Naranjo, Stork 1858 and 1870.

Lycaste leucantha Klotzsch. This species was cited by
Reichenbach as collected in Costa Rica by Warscewicz. It was
also collected in Costa Rica by Lankester.

Lycaste tricolor Klotzsch. Three Costa Rican collections of
this species have been examined: San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075
meters, Brenes 600; Pejivalle, Lankester 853; and La Hondura,
Lankester 1002. Also in Guatemala and Panama.

Lycaste xytriophora Reichenb. Reichenbach in the original
description states that he received plants from Mons. Carmiol
collected in Costa Rica.

MALAXIS Swartz

Succulent terrestrials with prevailingly greenish flowers in simple,
many-flowered racemes or in subumbellate racemes, the lip pre-
vailingly the uppermost member of the corolla.

Malaxis Adolphii (Schltr.) Ames, Orch. 7: 158. 1922. Micro-
stylis Adolphi Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 380. 1918 (Alto
de La Cruz, Tonduz s. n.). Known only from the type collection.

Malaxis aurea Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 3. 1923. Las Concavas,
Lankester 346. Also in Honduras.

Malaxis blephariglottis (Schltr.) Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
35: 84. 1922. Microstylis blephariglottis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
12: 202. 1913 (without locality, Brade). One other collection from
Costa Rica is cited by Schlechter: A. & C. Brade 1031; and three
collections have been examined: Brenes (27)322, (127)457, and
Standley & Valeria 51559. Also in Panama.

Malaxis brachyrrhynchos (Reichenb. f.) Ames. M. Lankesteri
Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 7. 1923 (Las Concavas, Lankester 350). Two
other collections from Costa Rica are referred to this species:
Vicinity of La Esmeralda, Pittier 4320, and along San Cristobal
Road, Stork 2539. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Malaxis calycina (Lindl.) Kuntze. Microstylis microtoides
Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 381. 1918 (without locality,
Tonduz s. n.). Schlechter refers one other Costa Rican collection

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 249

to the species: West slope of Irazu Volcano, 1,400 meters, A. & C.
Brade 1068. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Malaxis carpinterae (Schltr.) Ames, Orch. 7: 157. 1922.
Microstylis carpinterae Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:
381. 1918 (forests of La Carpintera, Pittier & Tonduz; Herb. Inst.
Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 1+391*). Known only from the type collection.

Malaxis crispifolia (Reichenb. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2:
673. 1891. Microstylis crispifolia Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 100. 1866 (Desengano, Wendland 820). One other collection
of this species has been examined: Las Nubes, 1,500-1,900 meters,
Standley 38681. Endemic.

Malaxis hastilabia (Reichenb. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:
673. 1891. Microstylis hastilabia Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 101. 1866 (Barba Volcano, 2,400 meters, Wendland}. Malaxis
uncinata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 15. 1930 (La Estrella,
Lankester 1034). Several collections of this species have been seen.
Also in South America.

Malaxis lagotis (Reichenb. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 673.
1891. Microstylis lagotis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
101. 1866 (Barba Volcano, 2,700 meters, Wendland 1050). Known
only from the type collection.

Malaxis macrostachya (La Llave & Lex.) Kuntze. Reichen-
bach cites this species from Costa Rica (Barba Volcano, Wendland).
Two collections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined :
La Palma, Brenes (86)416, and near Quebradillas, about 7 km.
north of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley 43077. Also in Mexico
and Panama.

Malaxis pandurata (Schltr.) Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
35: 84. 1922. Microstylis pandurata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
77. 1906 (near La Palma, 1,450 meters, Tonduz; Herb. Inst. Phys.-
Geogr. Costar. 12508). Two other collections (in fruit) are tentatively
referred to this species: La Hondura, Standley 37842, and vicinity
of Pejivalle, Standley & Valerio 46931 . Endemic.

Malaxis Parthonii Morren. Microstylis Brenesii Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 167. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150
meters, Brenes 73). Several Costa Rican collections are referred
to this species. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras,
and South America.

250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Malaxis Parthonii Morr. var. denticulata (Reichenb. f.)
Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 40.
1934. Microstylis Parthoni Reichenb. f. var. denticulata Reichenb.
f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 100. 1866 (Aserri, Wendland). Micro-
stylis Wercklei Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 382. 1918
(without locality, Werckle s. n.). Malaxis Wercklei Ames, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 85. 1922. One other collection is referred to
v this variety: El Silencio, 550 meters, Brenes (26)321. Also Panama.

Malaxis simillima (Reichenb. f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2:
673. 1891. Microstylis simillima Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 101. 1866 (Desengano, Wendland 975). Three other col-
lections of this species have been examined: Along cart road from
Vara Blanca (between Poas and Barba volcanoes) to La Concordia,
Maxon & Harvey 8461 ; near Orosi, Standley 39759; and Cerro de Las
Caricias, north of San Isidro, Standley & Valerio 52025. Endemic.

Malaxis Tonduzii (Schltr.) Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35:
85. 1922. Microstylis Tonduzii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 106.
1906 (woods of Barba Volcano, Tonduz; Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr.
Costar. 1946). Known only from the type collection.

MASDEVALLIA Ruiz & Pavon

Epiphytic herbs with the short stems densely clustered, uni-
foliate at the summit, with the prevailingly triangular flowers borne
on abbreviated or elongated scapes, the sepals united at the base
into a cup and often prolonged at the apex into slender, tail-like
appendages. Woolward, Monogr. Masdev.; Kranzlin, Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 34. 1925.

Masdevallia anaristella Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 417.
1921. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type
collection. Probably referable to Pleurothallis.

Masdevallia anura Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 433. 1921.
Without locality, Endres 21. Known only from the type collection.

Masdevallia attenuata Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 834. 1871.
Hort. Veitch. One other collection from Costa Rica has been seen:
Valle de Agua Buena (Canas Gordas), Pittier (Herb. Inst. Phys.-
Geogr. Costar. 11144)- Very similar to M. guianensis Lindl. and
referred to it by Kranzlin. Also in Panama.

Masdevallia calura Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser., 20: 230.
1883. Hort. Sander. One collection has been referred to this species:
Cartago, 1,800-2,100 meters, Lankester 374. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA . 251

Masdevallia carpophora Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 427.
1921. Candelaria, Rio Parrita, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Masdevallia cryptocopis Reichenb. f. ex Kranzlin, Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 34: 182. 1925. Without locality, 3,000 meters, Kalbreyer
602. Known only from the type collection.

Masdevallia cupularis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
93. 1866. Desengafio, Wendland. Known only from the type
collection and a horticultural specimen.

Masdevallia demissa Reichenb. f. Card. Chron. III. 2: 9. 1887.
Hort. Shuttleworth & Carder. Known only from the type collection
and a horticultural specimen.

Masdevallia demissa Reichenb. f. var. superflua Kranzlin,
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34: 80. 1925. M. superflua Kranzl. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 17: 414. 1921 (without locality, Endres s.n.). Known only
from the type collection.

Masdevallia diantha Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 384. 1918. Cerro de San Isidro, near San Ramon, 1,300
meters, Brenes (Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 14290), also La
Palma, Werckle (Herb. 0. Jimenez 673 and 843). Common; also
in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Masdevallia ecaudata Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 384. 1918. Vicinity of San Jose", 1,135 meters, Biolley 3127,
also La Palma, Werckle s. n. Rather common. Endemic.

Masdevallia erinacea Reichenb. f. Reported from Costa Rica
by Kranzlin (Endres 64)- Also in Colombia and Ecuador.

Masdevallia erythrochaete Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser.
18: 392. 1882. Hort. Sander. M. Gaskelliana Reichenb. f. Gard.
Chron. n. ser., 20: 294. 1883 (Hort. Sander). M. astuta Reichenb. f.
Gard. Chron. n. ser. 26: 584. 1886 (Carder s.n.). Several collec-
tions have been seen. Endemic.

Masdevallia exigua Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 17.
1930. Bosque de Aguilio en La Palma, 1,190 meters, Brenes (75)405.
Known only from the type collection.

Masdevallia fimbriata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 18.
1930. "52 Miles" (the new forest opened up across the Reventazon
River by the bridge built at the mile-post on the F.C.C.R.), 270-
500 meters, Lankester 1176. Known only from the type collection.

252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Masdevallia flaveola Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 21: 638.
1884. Hubsch (Hort. Sander). Two collections from Cachi (Lankester
1058 and Lankester & Sancho 377) have been referred to this species.

Masdevallia floribunda Lindl. Two collections from Agua
Caliente, 1,800 meters, Lehmann 1076 and (7)1072 are referred to
this species by Kranzlin. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Masdevallia gorgo Reichenb. f. ex Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 34: 136. 1925. Cartago near San Ramon, Endres 134. Known
only from the type collection, if we except a specimen from Navarro,
Lankester 1358, collected in 1935 and referred to M. gorgo.

Masdevallia lata Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 7: 653.
1877. Zahn (Costa Rica fide sheet in Herb. Reichenbach) . Known
only from the type collection.

Masdevallia Laucheana Kranzlin. A collection from Costa
Rica has been referred to this species: Cachi, Lankester 1060.
Country of origin unknown.

Masdevallia Livingstoneana Reichenb. f . One collection from
Costa Rica has been referred to this species: Forests of Boruca, Pittier
4644. Also in Panama.

Masdevallia marginella Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 20:
38. 1883. Hort. Sander. M. costaricensis Rolfe, Gard. Chron. III.
8: 183. 1890 (Hort. Sander). Known only from the type collections.

Masdevallia molossoides Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 416.
1921. Without locality, 1,200 meters, Endres s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

Masdevallia nidifica Reichenb. f. M. cyathogastra Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 383. 1918 (La Palma, 1,500 meters,
Werckle; Herb. Jimenez 842). M. tenuicauda Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 15. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 80). A number of
collections of this species have been examined. Also from Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru.

Masdevallia odontochila Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 29.
1910 (woods, Rancho Flores, 2,043 meters, Pittier 2011). M.
reflexa Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 276. 1923 (woods, Rancho
Flores, 2,000 meters, Pittier 2011). Two collections are referred to
this species: Standley & Torres 47732, and Valeria 10. Endemic.

Masdevallia picturata Reichenb. f. A number of Costa Rican
collections have been examined. Also in Colombia and Venezuela.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 253

Masdevallia pygmaea Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34:
92. 1925. Without locality, Endres 289. Known only from the
type collection.

Masdevallia Reichenbachiana Endres ex Reichenb. f. Gard.
Chron. n. ser. 4: 257. 1875. Without locality, Endres s. n. Several
collections of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Masdevallia Reichenbachiana Endres ex Reichenb. f. var.
funebris (Endres ex Kranzl.) Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34:
83. 1925. M. funebris Endres ex Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:
435. 1921 (without locality, Endres 501}. Known only from the
type collection.

Masdevallia rhopalura Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
14. 1923. La Palma, 2,500 meters, Werckle 76, also Werckle (Herb.
0. Jimenez 677), and San Jeronimo, Werckle 18. Three other col-
lections have been seen: Brenes 47, Standley 36527, and Standley
37934- Endemic.

Masdevallia Rolfeana Kranzlin, Gard. Chron. III. 9: 488.
1891. Hort. Sander. A number of collections of this species have
been examined. Endemic.

Masdevallia Simula Reichenb. f. Found in San Jose Province
and also in Guanacaste. Guatemala and Colombia.

Masdevallia Tonduzii Woolward, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6:
82. 1906. Without locality, Tonduz in Hort. Chambesiensis. Several
collections from the Province of Cartago have been examined.
Endemic.

Masdevallia triaristella Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 6:
226. 1876. Without locality, Endres s. n. Several collections of
this species have been seen. Also in Colombia.

Masdevallia trichaete Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 20:
360. 1883. Hort. Wallace, probably from Costa Rica fide Kranzlin.
Known only from the type collection.

Masdevallia tridactylites Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 19:
784. 1883. Near San Ramon, Endres 260 (fide Kranzlin). Known
only from the type collection.

Masdevallia triseta Reichenb. f. ex Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 34: 201. 1925. Endres s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Masdevallia tubuliflora Ames. One collection of this species
from Costa Rica has been examined: Peralta, Lankester 1122. Also
in Guatemala and British Honduras.

Masdevallia Zahlbruckneri Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:
413. 1921. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

MAXILLARIA Ruiz & Pavon

A large, polymorphic genus, widely distributed in tropical
America, usually pseudobulbous with small or sometimes con-
spicuous flowers.

Maxillaria acervata Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 217. 1855.
Suruguas, Oersted. The following collections from Costa Rica have
been referred to this species: Naranjo, Wendland 397; near San
Ramon, Brenes 180; and without locality, Jimenez s. n. Endemic.

Maxillaria aciantha Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 858. 1852.
Without locality, Warscewicz s. n. The following collections from
Costa Rica have been referred to this species: Cartago and Agua
Caliente, Oersted; without locality, A. & C. Erode 1251; and near
San Ramon, Brenes 180. Also in Mexico (?) and Guatemala. This
species merges with M. Friedrichsthalii Reichenb. f.

Maxillaria Acostaei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
301. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

Maxillaria alba Lindl. One Costa Rican collection is referred to
the species : Naranjo, Estrella Umana 33. Extending to South America.

Maxillaria Albertii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 230.
1923. On Rio Jesus de San Ramon, 800 meters, Brenes 257. Known
only from the type collection.

Maxillaria Alfaroi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 83. 1930.
Carretera Fuentes, Alfaro 284. Known only from the type collection.

Maxillaria anceps Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 84. 1930.
Bosque Aguileo en La Palma, 1,190 meters, Brenes (133)463. Also
in Guatemala.

Maxillaria angustisegmenta Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 86. 1930. Bosque de Aguileo en La Palma, 1,190 meters, Brenes
(132)462. One other collection is referable to this species: Vicinity
of Pejivalle, Standley & Valeria 47197. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 255

Maxillaria angustissima Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 41. 1934. M. acutifolia Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 229. 1923, non Lindl. (Distrito Volis de San
Ramon, 1,250 meters, Brenes 235}. Schlechter refers one other
collection to this species: Los Angeles de San Ramon, Brenes 159.
A third collection is probably referable to the species: La Palma,
Brenes (173)504. Endemic.

Maxillaria appendiculoides C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 4: 119. 1937. Collines de San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,100 meters, Brenes 1427. Also referable to the species is Brenes
1378, from a cultivated plant.

Maxillaria arachnitiflora Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
87. 1930. Navarro, 1,200 meters, Lankester 1212. Known only
from the type collection.

Maxillaria atrata Reichenb. f. var. brachyantha Reichenb.
f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 78. 1866. Below Desengano, 1,800
meters, Wendland. Known only from the type collection.

Maxillaria attenuata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 89.
1930. La Palma, 1,250 meters, Brenes 512. Also at Los Angeles
de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 1405. Endemic.

Maxillaria brachybulbon Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 55. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 23. Four other collections
are referred to this species: San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 134;
vicinity of Guapiles, Standley 37412; and vicinity of Pejivalle,
Standley & Valeria 47050 and 47234.

Maxillaria Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 231.
1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,050-1,250 meters, Brenes 78.
M. lactea Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 233. 1923 (Maderal
de San Mateo, 500 meters, Brenes 143). Frequent; also in Guana-
caste. Venezuela.

Maxillaria Brenesii Schltr. var. longiloba Ames & Schweinf.
Sched. Orch. 10: 90. 1930. Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro,
2,000 meters, Standley & Valerio 49104- Several collections of this
variety have been examined. Endemic.

Maxillaria brevipes Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 302.
1923. Near La Palma, Werckle 110. Known only from the type
collection.

Maxillaria caespitifica Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 73. 1876.
Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type collection.

256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Maxillaria chartacifolia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
92. 1930. Province of Guanacaste, La Tejona, north of Tilaran,
600-700 meters, Standley & Valeria 45989. Two other collections
from the same locality are referable to this species: Standley &
Valeria 46002 and 46018. Endemic.

Maxillaria confusa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 57.
1925. Peralta, Lankester 908. Three other collections have been
examined: La Fuente, Alfaro 175; San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,100
meters, Brenes 1236; Piedades near San Ramon, Brenes 1250.
Endemic.

Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Several Costa
Rican collections of this species have been examined. Also in
Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, and West Indies.

Maxillaria ctenostachys Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 39. 1870.
Without locality, Hort. Veitch. Camaridium ctenostachys Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 238. 1923. Two other collections are
referred to this species: Sabanillas de Acosta, 1,050 meters, Lankester
1228, and "La Calera" de San Mateo, Brenes 96. Endemic.

Maxillaria cucullata Lindl. A number of collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Guatemala,
Nicaragua, and South America.

Maxillaria diuturna Ames & Schweinf. Several Costa Rican
collections are referable to this species; in Guanacaste. Panama.

Maxillaria elatior Reichenb. f. Several collections from Costa
Rica are referred to this species; in Guanacaste. Mexico and
Guatemala.

Maxillaria Endresii Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 25: 680.
1886. Without locality, Endres s. n. Three other collections of
this species have been examined: Estrella Valley, Alfaro 239; vicinity
of Guapiles, Standley 37221 and 37449.

Maxillaria flava Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lead.
Harv. Univ. 3: 41. 1934. Ornithidium ramonense Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 243. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,050-
1,200 meters, Brenes 137, non Maxillaria ramonensis Schltr.). Two
other collections are referable to this species: Brenes (154)485; La
Fuente, Alfaro s. n. Endemic.

Maxillaria foliosa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 60. 1925.
Peralta, La Union, 900 meters, Lankester 478. Several collections
are referable to this species. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 257

Maxillaria Friedrichsthalii Reichenb. f. M. turialbae Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 414. 1918 (Turrialba Valley,
Lehmann 1098}. Frequent in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Guatemala
and Panama.

Maxillaria Houtteana Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican col-
lections of this species have been examined. Also in Guatemala.

Maxillaria inaudita Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
76. 1866. Cartago, near Naranjo, Wendland. Several collections ref-
erable to this species have been examined; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Maxillaria inaudita Reichenb. f . var. minor Ames & Schweinf .
Sched. Orch. 10: 94. 1930. La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro 241.
Known only from the type collection.

Maxillaria Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 11. 1924. Cachi,
Lankester 508. Ornithidium aurantiacum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 241. 1923, non Maxillaria aurantiaca Schltr. (San Pedro
de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 129}. One other collection is
referable to this species: La Estrella, Lankester 429. Endemic.

Maxillaria linearifolia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 95.
1930. El Silencio de San Ramon, 1,000 meters, Brenes (19)314.
Two other collections are referred to this species: Navarrito-Cartago,
Torres 174, and El Mufieco, Stork 1465. Endemic.

Maxillaria maleolens Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
233. 1923. Rio Jesus de San Ramon, 800 meters, Brenes 281. The
only Costa Rican collection known is the type. Also in Honduras
and Panama.

Maxillaria microphyton Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 457.
1910. La Palma, 1,700-2,000 meters, Tonduz 9670. Ornithidium
parvulum Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 292. 1911 (La Palma, 1,700-
2,000 meters, Tonduz 9670). Ornithidium pallidiflavum Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 242. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 135). Frequent. Endemic.

Maxillaria nasuta Reichenb. f. M. brevipedunculata Ames &
Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 91. 1930 (Toro Amarillo, 1,600 meters,
Alfaro 190). One other collection is referred to this species: La
Tejona, north of Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 46058. Also in
Colombia.

Maxillaria oreocharis Schlechter. Several collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Maxillaria parvilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 62.
1925. La Palma, 1,600 meters, Standley 32939. Several other
collections have been examined. Endemic.

Maxillaria piestopus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
302. 1923. San Ramon, Tonduz s. n. One other collection is referred
(ex char.) to this species: Orosi, Lankester 1213. Endemic.

Maxillaria ramonensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:

235. 1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 154.
Three other collections of this species are known: Vicinity of San
Ramon, Acosta; La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes (82)4.12; and El
Silencio, near Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 44673. Endemic.

Maxillaria Reichenheimiana Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1678.
1871. M. pachyacron Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 165. 1911
(La Palma, 1,700-2,000 meters, Tonduz 9681}. Without locality,
Endres s. n. A number of collections have been examined. Endemic.

Maxillaria ringens Reichenb. f. M. Tuerckheimii Schlechter;
M. Amparoana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 54. 1923
(Carillo, Werckle 7). Several Costa Rican specimens have been
examined. Ranging from Mexico to Panama.

Maxillaria rubrilabia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:

236. 1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 151.
Known only from the type collection.

Maxillaria rufescens Lindl. Frequent in Costa Rica, especially
in Guanacaste. Also in Guatemala, South America, and West Indies.

Maxillaria sanguinea Rolfe. A number of collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined; frequent in Guana-
caste. Original habitat Panama.

Maxillaria schistostele Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
303. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from the
type collection.

Maxillaria semiorbicularis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8:
64. 1925. La Hondura, 1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 36247. Known
only from the type collection.

Maxillaria tenuifolia Lindl. Cited by Reichenbach f. as occur-
ring in Costa Rica: Aguacate, Oersted. Also in Mexico, British
Honduras, and Guatemala.

Maxillaria uncata Lindl., including M. Macleei Bateman ex
Lindley. M. stenostele Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 259

414. 1918 (Rio Sucio, Lehmann 1236}. Frequent in Costa Rica;
Guanacaste. British Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, and South
America.

Maxillaria vagans Ames & Schweinf. A number of collections
of this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

Maxillaria vaginalis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 77.
1866. Camaridium Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 58. 1923 (San Cristobal, Werckle 5}. Desengano, Wendland.
Also La Palma, 1,750 meters, Werckle (Herb. 0. Jimenez 686).
Endemic.

Maxillaria valenzuelana (A. Rich.) Nash. Schlechter cites
this species from Costa Rica: Turrialba, A. & C. Erode 1170, and
several collections have been examined which seem referable to it.
Also in the West Indies.

Maxillaria Valerioi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 96.
1930. Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria 46940.
Known only from the type collection.

Maxillaria variabilis Bateman ex Lindley. M. costaricensis
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 232. 1923 (Distrito Volis de San
Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 236). Common in Costa Rica; frequent
in Guanacaste. Ranging from Mexico to Panama and occurring in
British Guiana.

MESOSPINIDIUM Reichenb. f.

A small genus of small-flowered plants related to Brassia and

Oncidium.

Mesospinidium leochilinum (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter, Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 253. 1923. Rodriguezia leochilina Reichenb. f.
Gard. Chron. 970. 1871 (without locality, Hort. Veitch). Four
collections are referred to this species: San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 193; vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta; La Palma, Werckle 121;
and Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 45438. Endemic.

Mesospinidium Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. Solenidium End-
resii Kranzl. Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 317. 1922 (without locality,
Endres). Reported from Costa Rica by Schlechter.

MILTONIA Lindl.

Epiphytes with large, showy flowers, those of M. Endresii being
white with dark purple spots at the base of the sepals, petals, and lip.

260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Miltonia Endresii Nicholson. Several collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

Miltonia Schroederiana (Reichenb. f.) O'Brien. Three col-
lections from Costa Rica are referred to this species: Carillo region,
Lankester 511; La Hondura, Lankester 1151; and San Pedro de San
Ramon, Brenes (16)311. Also in Mexico.

Miltonia stenoglossa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
66. 1923. Garden of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, Tonduz 31. Three
other collections are referable to this species: La Carpintera and
Santa Maria, Lankester 1132; San Cristobal, Lankester s. n.; and
La Carpintera, Stork 2335 (collected by Danielson). Endemic.

MORMODES Lindl.

A small genus closely allied to Catasetum, in part distinguished
from it by the twisted column.

Mormodes atropurpureum Lindl. Three collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined: Pirris, Lankester 1199;
Peralta, Las Lajas, Lankester 573; and vicinity of Santa Maria de
Dota, Standley & Valeria J$705. Also in Panama.

Mormodes buccinator Lindl. Reported from Costa Rica by
Schlechter. Also in Nicaragua and South America.

Mormodes colossus Reichenb. f. Several collections of this
species from Costa Rica are known.

Mormodes fractiflexum Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 141. 1872.
Hort. Veitch, also Entires s. n. Otherwise unknown.

Mormodes Hookeri Lemaire. One collection of this species
from Costa Rica has been examined: San Carlos, Lankester 795.
Also in Panama.

Mormodes lobulatum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 456.
1910. Near Cafias Gordas, Pittier 11147. Known only from the
type collection.

Mormodes stenoglossum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 225. 1923. Near "La Calera" de San Mateo, 500-600 meters,
Brenes 256. One other Costa Rican collection probably referable
to this species has been seen: Pozo Azul de Pirris, Lankester 1200.
Also in Guatemala.

Mormodes Wendlandii Reichenb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 581.
1863. Naranjo, Wendland. Known only from the type collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 261

MORMOLYCE Fenzl

In habit similar to Maxillaria, bearing on an elongated, slender
scape a single yellow flower which is conspicuously striped with
brown.

Mormolyce ringens (Lindl.) Schlechter. Two collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined: Province of
Guanacaste, vicinity of Tilaran, 500-650 meters, Standley & Valeria
44539 and 46574- Also in British Honduras, Guatemala, and
Mexico.

NOTYLIA Lindl.

Epiphytes with unifoliate, flattened pseudobulbs, bearing numer-
ous small flowers in pendulous or erect racemes, the lateral sepals
more or less united.

Notylia bicolor Lindl. One collection from Costa Rica is
referred to this species: La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes (66)396.
Also in Guatemala.

Notylia Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 34. 1923. Rio
Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 373. Known only from the type
collection.

Notylia linearis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 72. 1925.
La Fuente, East Turrialba, 1,150-1,200 meters, Alfaro s. n. Known
only from the type collection.

Notylia paniculata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 102.
1930. Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria 46858.
Known only from the type collection.

Notylia Pittieri Schlechter, Beih. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 418.
1918. Boruca, Pittier 6850. Two other Costa Rican collections
are referred to this species: Toward Corozal, Dodge 7894; Finca
Santa Maria, Osa Peninsula, near Puerto Jime'nez, Cufodontis 155.
Also in Panama.

Notylia ramonensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
250. 1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 950 meters, Brenes 91. Known
only from the type collection.

Notylia trisepala Lindl. & Paxt. N. turialbae Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 145. 1923 (Turrialba, A. & C. Brade 1186).
N.Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 249. 1923 (San Pedro
de San Ramon, Brenes 173). Three other collections from Costa

262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Rica are referred to this species: Monte Verde, Stork 1694; San
Carlos, Jimenez & Lankester 2004; Las Concavas, Lankester 1085.
Also in Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica-
ragua, and Panama.

OCTOMERIA R. Br.

Epiphytes similar to Pleurothallis in habit, distinguished by
having eight pollen masses.

Octomeria costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 111. 1923. Atlantic Coast, Finca Gebr. Hundrisser, A. & C.
Brade 1217. Also probably in Panama.

Octomeria Valerioi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 51.
1930. Province of Guanacaste, El Silencio, near Tilaran, 750
meters, Standley & Valeria 44769. Two other collections from the
same locality are probably referable to this species: Standley &
Valeria 44788 and 44817. Endemic.

ODONTOGLOSSUM HBK.

Epiphytes with compressed pseudobulbs bearing axillary racemes
of showy flowers in which the column is parallel with the base of
the lip.

Odontoglossum cariniferum Reichenb. f. Several collections
from Costa Rica are referred to this species. Also in Panama.

Odontoglossum chiriquense Reichenb. f. Schlechter cites
this species from Costa Rica: La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade
1147. Also in Panama.

Odontoglossum Krameri Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 98. 1868.
Without locality, Hort. Veitch. Two collections are known: Hort.
Dona Amparo de Zeledon, Tonduz 1920; San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 282. There is also a white form represented by one col-
lection: Peralta, 750 meters, Lankester 456. Endemic.

Odontoglossum maculatum La Llave & Lex. Schlechter
cites one collection from Costa Rica: Candelaria Mountains, 1,800
meters, A. & C. Brade 1195.

Odontoglossum Oerstedii Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 214.
1855. Volcan de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Warscewicz. Rather frequent.
Endemic.

Odontoglossum Schlieperianum Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron.
1082. 1865. Without locality or collector. Several collections of
this species have been examined. Probably endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 263

Odontoglossum Williamsianum Reichenb. f. Warner and
Williams record this species as coming from Costa Rica. Probably
a natural hybrid. Also Honduras, and recorded as occurring in
Guatemala.

ONCIDIUM Swartz

Epiphytes with compressed pseudobulbs bearing axillary racemes
or panicles of prevailingly small, yellowish and brown flowers with
the column diverging from the base of the lip. This genus is difficult
to distinguish in some of the species from Odontoglossum and Miltonia.
Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 87. 1922.

Oncidium advena Reichenb. f. This species is recorded from
Costa Rica by Kranzlin : Without locality, Hubsch. Also in Panama
and Venezuela.

Oncidium ampliatum Lindl. Several collections from Costa
Rica have been examined. Also in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama,
West Indies, and South America.

Oncidium angustisepalum Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 203. 1922. Without locality, Endres. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium ascendens Lindl. Rather common in Costa Rica;
Guanacaste. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.

Oncidium asparagoides Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
175. 1922. Without locality, Endres 127. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium bracteatum Warsc. & Reichenb. f. A number of
Costa Rican collections of this species have been examined. Also
in Panama.

Oncidium Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 257.
1923. San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 240. Known only from
the type collection.

Oncidium bryolophotum Reichenb. f. 0. megalous Schlechter,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 30. 1910 (forests of Esmeralda, Biolley 7256).
Rather common in Costa Rica. Also in Panama. It seems possible
that the type was collected in Costa Rica by Endres, but the habitat
as given by Reichenbach is only Central America.

Oncidium cabagrae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 292. 1911.
Cabagra near Buenos Aires, Pittier 6589. Schlechter cites one other

264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

collection of this species: San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 119.
Perhaps also in Panama (Chiriqui).

Oncidium calyptostalix Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
260. 1922. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium carthaginense (Jacq.) Swartz. Three Costa Rican
collections of this species have been examined : San Carlos, Lankester
497; Rio Segundo (Alajuela; cult, in Brade Garden), Jimenez 2038;
and Alajuela, Alfaro 133. A widely distributed species, occurring
from Yucatan to Venezuela and Colombia and in the West Indies.

Oncidium carthaginense (Jacq.) Sw. var. Oerstedii (Reichenb.
f.) Lindl. Fol. Orch. Oncid. 40. 1855. 0. Oerstedii Reichenb. f.
Bonplandia 2: 91. 1854 (Irazu at San Juan, 2,700 meters, Oersted).
Schlechter cites one other Costa Rican collection: San Pedro de
San Ramon, Brenes 14- Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Oncidium Cebolleta (Jacq.) Swartz. Several Costa Rican col-
lections of this species have been examined; Guanacaste. A widely
distributed species, occurring from Mexico to Brazil and in the
West Indies.

Oncidium cheirophorum Reichenb. f. 0. Dielsianum Kranz-
lin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 197. 1922 (without locality, Endres
s. n.). Rather common in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Panama and
South America.

Oncidium chelidonizon, Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
217. 1922. San Ramon along the Rio Grande, Endres s. n. Known
only from the type collection.

Oncidium costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 30.
1910. Forests of TeYraba, 2,600 meters, Pittier 3859. Known only
from the type collection.

Oncidium crista-galli Reichenb. f. Three Costa Rican col-
lections of this species are known: La Carpintera, A. & C. Brade
1109; San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 242; and Arenal, Juvenal
Valeria 140.

Oncidium dichromaticum Reichenb. f. Probably from Costa
Rica according to Kranzlin, but no material has been seen.

Oncidium fulgens Schlechter. 0. varians Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Bern. 19: 151. 1923 (La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 265

1095). Several collections of this species from Costa Rica have
been examined; in Guanacaste. Also in Panama.

Oncidium globuliferum HBK. var. costaricense Reichenb.
f. Gard. Chron. 1678. 1871. Without locality, Endres s. n., also
Zahn s. n. 0. Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 68.
1923 (San Jeronimo, Werckle 46). Several collections have been
examined. Endemic.

Oncidium glossomystax Reichenb. f. There is a drawing of
an Endres specimen from Costa Rica in the Reichenbachian Herb-
arium. Also reported from Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and
South America.

Oncidium guttulatum Reichenb. f . ex Lindl. Cited by Kranz-
lin from Costa Rica, Endres: and by Schlechter: Cultivated in the
garden of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, Tonduz 20, and Cachi, A. & C.
Erode 1130. Probably endemic.

Oncidium Henrici-Gustavi Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 242. 1922. Without locality, Endres 292. Known only from
the type collection.

Oncidium Kramerianum Reichenb. f. Reported from Costa
Rica by Kranzlin: Near Limon, Pfau. Also in Panama, Colombia,
and Ecuador.

Oncidium Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 53. 1923. Irazu
Volcano, slopes in valley of Reventado, Lankester & Sancho 415.
A number of other collections have been examined. Endemic.

Oncidium lintriculus Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
282. 1922. Without locality, Endres 168. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium macranthum Lindl. Schlechter questionably cites
this species as occurring in Costa Rica. Also in South America.

Oncidium macrorhynchum Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 200. 1922. San Juan de Candelaria, Endres s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

Oncidium microphyton Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
204. 1922. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium naranjense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
259. 1923. Cerro del Espiritu Santo, Naranjo de Alajuela, 1,075
meters, Brenes 22. Known only from the type collection.

266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Oncidium obryzatoides Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft. 80:
240. 1922. Without locality, Endres. Several collections are referred
to this species. Endemic.

Oncidium ochmatochilum Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican
collections of this species have been examined. Also in Panama.

Oncidium ornithorhynchum HBK. This species is cited by
Kranzlin as occurring in Costa Rica: Without locality, Endres. Also
in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and Panama.

Oncidium paleatum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
260. 1923. San Rafael de San Ramon, 1,250 meters, Brenes 206.
Known only from the type collection.

Oncidium panduriforme Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8:
77.1925. Cachi, Alfaro s. n. Known only from the type collection.

Oncidium Pittieri Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 31. 1910.
Near La Palma, 1,550 meters, Pittier 10310. 0. cheirophoroides
Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 199. 1922 (without locality,
Endres s. n.}. Several collections are referable to this species.
Endemic.

Oncidium polycladium Reichenb. f. ex Lindl. Fol. Orch.
Oncid. 47. 1855. It is open to question whether the type collection
was from Costa Rica or Panama; probably from Panama. Several
collections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined.
Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichenb. f. Many collections of
this widely distributed species have been reported or examined from
Costa Rica The species occur from Mexico to Bolivia and in the
West Indies.

Oncidium Rechingerianum Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 202. 1922. Without locality, Endres s. n. Several collections
of this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in
Panama.

Oncidium scabripes Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 277.
1922. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

Oncidium sclerophyllum Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 204. 1922. San Ramon, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 267

Oncidium stenobulbon Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
281. 1922. On the Rio Jesus, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium stenotis Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 67. 1876. With-
out locality, Hort. Low. A number of Costa Rican collections have
been examined. Endemic.

Oncidium Storkii Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 106.
1930. Santa Maria de Dota, Stork s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

Oncidium tetraskelidion Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80:
259. 1922. Without locality, Endres 285. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium Titania Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 67.
1923. Without locality, Werckle 63. Six other collections are
referred to this species: Without locality, Endres (determined as
0. glossomystax Reichenb. f. by Reichenbach) ; La Fuente, Alfaro
253; District of Rio Chis near Juan Vinas, A. & C. Erode 1237;
Turrialba, A. & C. Erode 1238; and Llanuras de San Carlos, A.
&C. Erode 1239.

Oncidium Tonduzii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 31. 1910.
Santo Domingo de Golfe Dulce, Tonduz 9891. Known only from
the type collection.

Oncidium turialbae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 32. 1910.
Near Turrialba, 570 meters, Biolley 84-23. Known only from the
type collection.

Oncidium Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. A number of Costa
Rican collections are referable to this species. The species occurs
also in Panama.

Oncidium Wentworthianum Bateman ex Lindl. Kranzlin
records this species from Costa Rica: Carmiol.

ORCHIDOTYPUS Kranzlin

A single representative of this small genus has been found in
Central America. The stems are about 5 cm. tall, leafy to the
summit, with tiny white flowers in axils of the upper leaves.

Orchidotypus muscoides Kranzlin. Several collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Peru.

268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ORNITHIDIUM Salisb.

A large, polymorphic genus. Many of the species are charac-
terized by an elongate, free-hanging rhizome bearing pseudobulbs
at more or less regular intervals.

Ornithidium Alfaroi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 98.
1930. La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro 227. Two other collections
are referable to this species: Oak forest near Quebradillas, about
7 km. north of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley 43054; and vicinity
of El Copey, Standley & Valeria 43996. Endemic.

Ornithidium anceps Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.

75. 1866. Cartago, Wendland. 0. neglectum Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 242. 1923 (Hort. Dahlem, Schlechter; also San Pedro
de San Ramon, Brenes 164}. Frequent; in Guanacaste. Nicaragua
and Panama.

Ornithidium costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8:
456. 1910. Rancho Flores, 2,040 meters, Pittier 2177. Frequent.
Endemic.

Ornithidium fulgens Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.

76. 1866. Naranjo, Wendland. Frequent. Also in Panama.

Ornithidium Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 52. 1923.
San Cristobal, 1,650 meters, Lankester & Sancho 421. A number of
collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Ornithidium paleatum Reichenb. f. Original habitat given
only as Central America.

Ornithidium Pittieri Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 35. 1923. San
Isidro de Heredia, Las Lajas, 1,500 meters, Pittier (Herb. Inst.
Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 14048}. One other collection is referable to
this species: Vara Blanca, Jimenez & Maxon 2071. Endemic.

Ornithidium Schlechterianum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 4: 94. 1937. Camaridium imbricatum Schltr. Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 415. 1918. La Palma, 1,500 meters,
Werckle s. n.; also same locality, 2,500 meters, Werckle (Herb. 0.
Jimenez 671). Several collections are referable to this species.
Endemic.

Ornithidium sigmoideum C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv.
Univ. 4: 121. 1937. Cerro Gallito, 2,000 meters, M. Valeria 72.
Also at La Palma de San Jose", 1,600 meters, Standley 33058, 33065.
Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 269

Ornithidium stenophyllum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 59. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 109. Known only from
the type collection.

Ornithidium strumatum Endres & Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron.
n. ser. 2: 772. 1874. Without locality, Endres. Known only from
the type collection.

Ornithidium Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
60. 1923. San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters, Werckle 61. Several collec-
tions of this species have been examined; in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Ornithidium Wrightii (Schlechter) C. Schweinf. Lankester
571 from Costa Rica is referable to this species. Also in Nicaragua.

ORNITHOCEPHALUS Hook.

A genus comprising about 28 species, characterized by distichous,
equitant leaves and small flowers in which the column suggests the
head of a bird.

Ornithocephalus bicornis Lindl. 0. xiphochilus Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 251. 1907 (vicinity of the Rio Chirripo, 300
meters, Pittier 16509). Zygostates costaricensis Nash, Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 122. 1907 (Finca Navarro, Maxon 680}. Rather frequent
in Costa Rica; in Guanacaste. Guatemala and Panama.

Ornithocephalus inflexus Lindl. One Costa Rican collection
is referred to this species: El Oriente, Turrialba, Lankester 852.
Also in Mexico.

Ornithocephalus Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 24. 1923.
Las Concavas, 1,410 meters, Lankester 368. One other collection is
referable to this species: Near La Palma, Brenes (153)484- Endemic.

Ornithocephalus Tonduzii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 420. 1923. Without locality, Tonduz s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

Ornithocephalus Valerioi Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 103. 1930. Province of Guanacaste, El Silencio, near Tilaran,
750 meters, Standley & Valeria 44672. Known only from the type
collection.

OSMOGLOSSUM Schlechter

A small genus closely related to Odontoglossum and Miltonia.

Osmoglossum anceps Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:

147. 1923. Without locality, A. & C. Erode 1180. Two other col-

270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

lections of this species are known: Palmichal, 1,000 meters, Alfaro
s. n., and Las Concavas, Lankester 1105. Endemic.

Osmoglossum convallarioides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 148. 1923. Forests of Santa Rosa de Copey, 1,800 meters,
Tonduz; also Candelaria Mountains, A. & C. Brade 1292 (type).
Several collections have been examined. Endemic.

Osmoglossum pulchellum (Batem.) Schlechter. Odontoglos-
sum pulchellum Batem. ex Lindley. Reichenbach cites this species
as having been collected in Costa Rica: Cartago, Oersted. Also in
Mexico and Guatemala.

PELEXIA Poiteau ex L. C. Rich.

Related to Spiranthes, but clearly distinguished from it in having
the lateral sepals united to form a conspicuous spur.

Pelexia congesta Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 5. 1930.
Moist forest, Guanacaste, La Tejona, 600-700 meters, Standley
& Valeria 33212. Known only from the type collection.

PERISTERIA Hook.

Peristeria elata Hook. Espiritu 'Santo. This, the celebrated
dove or Holy Ghost orchid, is reported to grow in wet forests of
the Atlantic coast. It occurs also in Panama, Colombia, and Vene-
zuela. A terrestrial plant, it has handsome, white flowers, the
arrangement of whose parts simulates a dove with outspread wings.

PESCATOREA Reichenb. f.

Leaves equitant at the base, much longer than the axillary
peduncles. Flowers large and showy, wax-like in texture, yellow
in P. cerina. Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 8: 44, 68. 1900.

Pescatorea cerina (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Two collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined : La Palma, Brenes
(151)481; Rio Cuarto, Alfaro 131. Also Panama.

Pescatorea costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 139. 1923. Without locality, A. & C. Brade 1196. Known
only from the type collection.

PHRAGMIPEDIUM Rolfe

Low plants with leathery leaves in two ranks; the flowers charac-
terized by a pouch or slipper-like petal technically called the labellum.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 271

Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe. Reported by
Schlechter as occurring in Costa Rica. Described from a Peruvian
specimen, also in Ecuador and Panama.

Phragmipedium longifolium (Reichenb. f.) Rolfe. Reported
by Schlechter as occurring in Costa Rica. Also in Panama and
Colombia.

PHYSOSIPHON Lindl.

Similar in the stems and leaves to Pleurothallis, but distinct in
having the sepals united to form a tubular calyx.

Physosiphon Cooperi Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 2. 1922. Cartago,
1,500 meters, Cooper 481. One other collection of this species has
been examined: Vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800
meters, Standley 42405. Endemic.

Physosiphon minor Rendle, Journ. Bot. 38: 275. 1900. With-
out locality, Tonduz s. n. Known only from the type collection.

Physosiphon minutiflorus Ames & Schweinf. Several col-
lections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined; in
Guanacaste. Panama.

Physosiphon obliquipetalus Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 12. 1925. Santa Clara de Cartago, 1,950 meters, Lankester 680,
also Lankester 762 from the same locality. Endemic.

PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br.

Platy stele Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 565. 1910. Pseudocto-
meria Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34: 219. 1925. Barbosella
Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 259. 1918.

Stems usually elongated and tufted, unifoliate at the summit.
Leaves coriaceous. Flowers solitary to many on short or much
elongated peduncles that emerge from a sheath in the axil of the
leaf. Flowers usually small, greenish or yellowish spotted with
purple, the sepals much larger than the petals, the lower ones
often united.

Pleurothallis abjecta Ames. One collection of this species
from Cartago and three from Guanacaste have been examined.
Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis acicularis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
21. 1930. La Palma, 1,150 meters, Brenes (159)490. Also at Santi-
ago de San Ramon, 1,000 meters, Brenes 1511. Endemic.

272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleurothallis Aguilarii Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 28. 1925. Barba
Volcano, Standley 33157 (collected by Aguilar). Endemic.

Pleurothallis alpina Ames. Numerous collections of this
species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis Amparoana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 23. 1923. San Jeronimo, 1,350 meters, C. Erode 4. Three col-
lections made by Alfaro and one by Lankester are referable to
this species, likewise Brenes 1262 from the region of San Ramon.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis angusta Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 23.
1925. Cultivated at Las Concavas, probably native of Cachi,
Lankester 850. One other collection is referred to this species:
Vicinity of Pejivalle, Standley & Valeria 47031. Endemic.

Pleurothallis aperta (Kranzl.) Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 17. 1924.
Masdevallia aperta Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 430. 1921 (on the
Rio Pascita Grande, Endres 652). P. hamata Rolfe, Orch. Rev.
24: 187. 1916, nomen; ampl. Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 8. 1923 (Lankester
350). A few collections made by Standley at El Muneco, south of
Navarro, belong to this species. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis arietina Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 16. 1923. La

Estrella, Lankester & Sancho s. n. A rather common species. Also
in Panama.

Pleurothallis barbae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
104. 1923. Barba Volcano, 2,000 meters, A. & C. Erode 1127.
A number of collections of this species from the Province of Heredia
have been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis Blaisdellii S. Wats. P. peraltensis Ames, Sched.
Orch. 6: 65. 1923 (Peralta, Lankester 484)- There are two other
collections of this species from Santa Maria de Dota: Stork 1209a
and Standley & Valeria 43320. Also in Guatemala and British
Honduras.

Pleurothallis Bradeorum (Schltr.) Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 39. 1934. Barbosella Bradeorum
Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 111. 1923. El Tablazo,
1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1226; also La Palma, A. & C. Erode
1098. Endemic.

Pleurothallis brevis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
183. 1923. Vicinity of Cartago, 1,450 meters, Brenes 276; also

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 273

Los Angeles de Heredia, Brenes 13, and San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 40- Several collections of this species have been examined.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis brunnescens Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 183. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 27.
Two collections are referred (ex char.) to this species: Vicinity of
Pejivalle, Standley & Valeria 46825 and 46846. Endemic.

Pleurothallis cachensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 17. 1923. Cachi,
1,125-1,200 meters, Lankester 76. One other collection of this species
has been examined: Navarro, Lankester 931. Endemic.

Pleurothallis calyptrostele Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 23. 1923. San Jeronimo, 1,350 meters, Werckle 148. Several
Costa Rican collections belong to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis canae Ames. Several Costa Rican collections
belong to this species; in Guanacaste. Panama.

Pleurothallis cardiothallis Reichenb. f. P. costaricensis
Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 395. 1918, non Rolfe (San
Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz; Herb. Nac. Costa Rica 17647).
P. Schlechterianum Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 24. 1923. A number of
Costa Rican collections are referable to this species; Guanacaste.
Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Pleurothallis carpinterae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 105. 1923. La Carpintera, A. & C. Brade 1214. Several col-
lections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Pleurothallis casualis Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 30. 1925. La
Hondura, 1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 36517. Also at La Palma
de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 1391. Endemic.

Pleurothallis caudatisepala C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 4: 113. 1937. Entre La Balsa y Cataratas de San
Ramon, 800 meters, Brenes 1445. Endemic.

Pleurothallis cedralensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 18. May, 1923.
Cedral, 1,500 meters, Lankester 352; also La Estrella de Cartago,
Lankester & Sancho 399. P. myrtillus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 108. November, 1923 (La Palma, 1,800 meters, A. & C.
Brade 1106, and same locality, S. Werckle; Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr.
Costar. 11592). A rather common species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis cerea Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 19. 1923. Agua
Caliente, Lankester 358. Known only from the type collection.

274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleurothallis ciliilabia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
185. 1923. "La Calera" de San Mateo, 850 meters, Brenes 215.
Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis circumplexa Lindl. Two collections lacking
flowers are tentatively referred to this species: Near Quebradillas,
north of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley 43091 and 43108. Also
in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pleurothallis cobanensis Schlechter. La Palma de San
Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 1389, 1631. Extending to Guatemala.

Pleurothallis Cogniauxiana Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
246. January, 1907. Between La Palma and Carillo, Herb. Inst.
Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 2457. A fairly common species at 1,200-1,900
meters. Endemic.

Pleurothallis compacta (Ames) Ames & Schweinf. Platystele
bulbinella Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 565. 1910 (woods of
Rancho Flores, 2,043 meters, Pittier 2013). Fairly common in
Costa Rica. Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis concaviflora C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 4: 114. 1937. Colinas de San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 1668. Known only from the original collection.

Pleurothallis Convallaria Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 185. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 84.
Two other collections are referred to this species: Brenes (140)470
and Lankester 841 (ex char.). Endemic.

Pleurothallis corniculata (Sw.) Lindl. Several collections of
this species from Guanacaste and the region of San Ramon have
been examined. Also in Guatemala and West Indies.

Pleurothallis costaricensis Rolfe, Kew Bull. 80. 1917. Hort.
Kew, Lankester s. n. P. erhartiiflora Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 187. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,000 meters, Brenes 141).
Fairly common. Endemic.

Pleurothallis crassilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8:
25. 1925. Alto de La Estrella, Lankester 807. Two other collections
are referable to this species: Tobosi, Lankester 535, and Alto de La
Estrella, Standley 39136. Endemic.

Pleurothallis crescentilabia Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 20. 1923.
Without locality, Lankester 359. Several other Costa Rican col-
lections have been examined. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 275

Pleurothallis cruciformis Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 39. 1934. Restrepia Reichenbachiana
Endres ex Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 4: 356. 1876 (Endres),
non P. Reichenbachiana Schltr. Barbosella Reichenbachiana Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 26. 1923. Two other collections of this
species are known: San Jeronimo, Werckle 98, and border of Rio
Grande at Naranjo, Brenes 3. Endemic.

Pleurothallis decipiens Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 26.
1925. Arenal, 600 meters, Valerio 68. A few other collections have
been examined; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Pleurothallis dentipetala Rolfe ex Ames, Sched. Orch. 3:
7. January, 1923. Lankester s. n. P. Cooperi Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 286. November, 1923 (vicinity of Cartago, Cooper).
S. stelidiformis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 195. 1923
(Santiago de San Ramon, Brenes 150). Two other collections
are referable to this species: Lankester 1042 and Brenes (123)453.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis divexa Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 20 1924. P.
dichotoma Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 58. 1923, non Schltr. (Peralta,
360 meters, Lankester 464)- Two other collections are referred to
this species: Lankester 1144 and Standley 33730. Endemic.

Pleurothallis dolichopus Schlechter. P. poasensis Ames,
Sched. Orch. 1: 10. 1922 (Poas Volcano, 2,500 meters, Pittier 3054).
P. peregrina Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 67. 1923 (Jucosal?, Lankester
469). A rather common species. Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis dolichopus var. Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 106. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C.
Brade 1047. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis endotrachys Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 95. 1876.
Endres s. n. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis eumecocaulon Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 187. District Volis de San Ramon, 1,270 meters, Brenes
232. A number of collections from San Jose" Province belong to
this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis excavata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
287. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleurothallis fantastica Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ.
4: 45. pi. 1936. Province of San Jose", vicinity of El General, 850
meters, Skutch 2391 . Endemic.

Pleurothallis flavescens Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 188. 1923. Near San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 185. A few
other collections of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis fractiflexa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
26. 1930. Province of Heredia, Yerba Buena, northeast of San
Isidro, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 49902, also 49910. Endemic.

Pleurothallis fulgens Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 4: 516.
1875. Endres. P. Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 182.
1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon, 950 meters, Brenes 30}. Several
other Costa Rican collections are referable to this species; in Guana-
caste. Panama.

Pleurothallis gacayana Schlechter. P. cingens Ames &
Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 23. 1930 (La Fuente, 1,200 meters,
Alfaro 186). Known in Costa Rica only from the type collection
of P. cingens. Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis gelida Lindl. P. polyliria Endr. & Reichenb. f.
Gard. Chron. 1483. 1871 (Endres). Several Costa Rican collections
of this species have been examined; Guanacaste. Florida and West
Indies.

Pleurothallis geminicaulina Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 59. 1923.
La Union, Turrialba, 1,050 meters, Lankester 454' Several col-
lections have been examined. Endemic.

Pleurothallis geminiflora Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 39. 1934. P. biflora Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 181. 1923, non Focke (near San Ramon, 1,025
meters, Brenes 176). Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis gonioglossa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 188. 1923. Near San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes 178. One
other collection is known: La Palma, Brenes 70. Endemic.

Pleurothallis grandis Rolfe, Kew Bull. 234. 1918. Lankester 3.
Three other collections of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis guanacastensis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 27. 1930. Province of Guanacaste, Quebrada Serena, southeast
of Tilaran, 700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46304- Four other
collections from Guanacaste have been seen. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 277

Pleurothallis hastata Ames. Two collections from Costa Rica
have been tentatively referred to this species: Cerro de La Carpin-
tera, Standley 34252, and La Estrella, Standley 39486. Also in
Mexico and Guatemala.

Pleurothallis hirsuticaulis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 29. 1930. Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
47052. One other collection from the same locality, without flowers,
is referred to this species: Standley & Valeria 47233. Endemic.

Pleurothallis homalantha Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 106. 1923. El Tablazo, 1,900 meters, A. & C. Erode 1160. P.
homalanthoides Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 190. 1923 (San
Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 68). P. nemorum Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 191. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,100 meters, Brenes 76). Rather common. Endemic.

Pleurothallis hondurensis Ames. Four specimens from the
Province of Limon are referred to this species: Standley & Valeria
48697a, 48719, 48745, and Standley 36954. Also in Honduras.

Pleurothallis immersa Linden & Reichenb. f. P. calerae
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 184. 1923 (Alto de La Calera de
San Mateo, 850 meters, Brenes 288). A few collections of this species
have been seen. Also in Colombia and Mexico.

Pleurothallis integrilabia Ames, Hubbard & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 39. 1934. P. dryadum Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 186. 1923, non Schltr. 1922 (San Pedro de San Ramon,
950 meters, Brenes 36). Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis Johannis Schlechter. P. melicoides Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 23. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 44). Several
collections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined.
Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis lancilabris (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 12: 205. 1913. Stelis lancilabris Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch.
Centr. Amer. 94. 1866 (Desengano, Wendland 902). P. Schulzeana
Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 396. 1918 (La Carpintera,
1,800 meters, C. Brade s. n.). Fairly common in Costa Rica. Also
in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis lateritia Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 731. 1872.
Endres. Known only from the type collection.

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleurothallis lentiginosa Lehm. & Kranzl. ex Kranzl. Bot.
Jahrb. 26: 446. 1899. Irazu Volcano, Lehmann 1750. Pseudoctomeria
lentiginosa Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 34: 220. 1925. Several
collections of this species have been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis leucopyramis Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 47. 1876.
Hort. W. Saunders. Reported by Reichenbach f. (Xen. Orch. 3: 14)
as probably from Costa Rica. No specimens seen.

Pleurothallis listerophora Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
107. 1906. Near La Uruca, Pittier 2986 (collected by Biolley).
Several collections from the Vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota made
by Standley and Valerio seem referable to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis longipedicellata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 27. 1925. La Estrella, Lankester 792. One other collection
is referred to this species: Alto de La Estrella, Standley 39081.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis longissima Lindl. P. lyroglossa Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 8: 566. 1910 (woods of Nicoya, Tonduz 13731}. Frequent
in Costa Rica. Also in Mexico, Panama, and Jamaica.

Pleurothallis luctuosa Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 48. 1876 (no
habitat given). Three collections from Costa Rica belong to this
species: Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester 1178; Piedades de San
Ramon, 1,000 meters, Brenes 1506; San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes
69; and Schlechter cites the following collections: La Palma, 1,400
meters, A. & C. Erode 1104 and 1216. Probably endemic.

Pleurothallis marginata Lindl. Three Costa Rican collections
have been seen: La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 1709; Calera de
San Mateo, Brenes 265; and San Mateo de San Ramon, Brenes 540.
Also from Mexico to Panama.

Pleurothallis melanopus Lehm. & Kranzl. ex Kranzl. Bot.
Jahrb. 26 : 443. 1899. Lehmann s. n. Schlechter cites this as question-
ably from Costa Rica.

Pleurothallis micro tatantha Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
276. 1907. Rancho Flores, 2,040 meters, Tonduz 2156. Several
collections are referable to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis minimiflora Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 288. 1923. Near La Palma, Werckle 110. One other collection
of this species has been seen: Pejivalle, Lankester 863. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 279

Pleurothallis minuta Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 30.
1930. La Palma, 1,100 meters, Brenes (13)343. Several additional
collections have been seen from the region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Pleurothallis minutipetala Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 32. 1930. Bosque de C. Laguna, 1,190 meters, Brenes (102)432.
One other collection has been seen: Zarcero, Jimenez & Lankester
2078.

Pleurothallis monstrabilis Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 63. 1923.
Vicinity of La Palma on the road to La Hondura, 1,500-1,700
meters, Maxon & Harvey 8096. Barbosella Brenesii Schlechter,
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 201. 1923 (San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,075 meters, Brenes 165). Rather frequent. Endemic.

Pleurothallis moschata Reichenb. f. Xen. Orch. 3: 42. 1881.
Endres. Provinces of Cartago and Heredia; not common.

Pleurothallis nana Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 29. 1925.
Pejivalle, Lankester 865. Several other collections from Alajuela,
Heredia, and Cartago are referred to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis naraniensis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 96. 1866. Naranjo, Wendland 593. One other collection is
recorded : Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Endemic.

Pleurothallis navarrensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 34. 1925.
El Muneco, south of Navarro, Standley 33888; also Standley 33865.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis nervosa Braid, Kew Bull. 201. 1924. Cachi
District, 1,200-1,500 meters, Lankester s. n. Perhaps referable to P.
homalantha. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis ophiocephala Lindl. Two collections from
Guanacaste are referred to this species: El Silencio, near Tilaran,
Standley & Valeria 44851 ; and La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Standley
& Valeria 45967. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pleurothallis ovatilabia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
33. 1930. Vicinity of Pejivalle, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
4721 3a. Also Honduras and Panama.

Pleurothallis pachyglossa Lindl. Several Costa Rican col-
lections are referable to this species. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pleurothallis palliolata Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 86.
1922. Lankester 192-1920. A number of collections from Heredia
Province belong to this species. Endemic.

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pleurothallis pantasmii Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican
collections are referable to this species; in Guanacaste. Nicaragua.

Pleurothallis papillifera Rolfe, Kew Bull. 77. 1916. Lankester.
Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis peperomioides Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 64. 1923.
Peralta, Lankester 1+65. Three collections without flowers are tenta-
tively referred to this species: El Mufleco, Standley 33889; El Muneco,
Standley & Torres 51764; and La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Standley
& Valerio 46039. Endemic.

Pleurothallis pergrata Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 24. 1923. La
Estrella de Cartago, 1,500 meters, Lankester & Sancho 436. One
other collection, also from La Estrella, has been seen : Lankest er 1032.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis periodica Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 21. 1924.
Peralta, Lankester 463. Several collections of this species have been
examined. Endemic.

Pleurothallis perplexa Reichenb. f. One collection of this
species from Costa Rica has been seen: San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,100 meters, Brenes 110. Original habitat unknown.

Pleurothallis phyllocardia Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr.
Amer. 97. 1866. Desengano, Wendland 973. Two collections from
Cartago are referable to this species: La Estrella, Lankester 402,
and El Muneco, Standley & Valerio 51694- Endemic.

Pleurothallis phyllocardioides Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 193. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, 1,025 meters, Brenes
290. P. Acostaei Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 295. 1923
(vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta). Several collections are referable
to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis platyrachis Rolfe, Journ. Bot. 28: 136. 1890,
in nota. Masdevallia platyrachis Rolfe, Gard. Chron. III. 4: 178.
1888 (Hort. Shuttleworth) . Kraenzlinella platyrachis Rolfe, Orch.
Rev. 23: 326. 1915. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis plumosa Lindl. Four Costa Rican collections
are referable to this species: Turrialba, Collarino 1098 (ex char.);
vicinity of Pejivalle, Standley & Valerio 46844, 47298^ and 47306.
Also in Venezuela and Trinidad.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 281

Pleurothallis pompalis Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 23. 1924. La
Carpintera, 1,650 meters, Lankester 512. Also at Vara Blanca,
Heredia, Romulo Valeria 355. Endemic.

Pleurothallis Powellii Schlechter. One collection from Costa
Rica is probably referable to this species: Vicinity of Orosi, Standley
39906. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis praegrandis Ames. One collection from Costa
Rica appears to be referable to this species: La Palma, 1,600 meters,
Standley 33222. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis propinqua Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 68. 1923.
Vara Blanca, between Poas and Barba volcanoes, Maxon & Harvey
8268. Two other collections from Vara Blanca are referable to this
species: Jimenez & Maxon 2072 and 2073. Endemic.

Pleurothallis prorepens (Reichenb. f.) Ames, Hubbard &
Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 39. 1934. Restrepia
prorepens Reichenb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 7: 810. 1877 (Endres).
Barbosella prorepens Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 263. 1918. Two
other collections of this species are known : San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 123, and vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Endemic.

Pleurothallis pruinosa Lindl. P. pauciflora Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 192. 1923 (near San Ramon, 1,125 meters, Brenes
177). Rather common in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. West Indies
and northern South America.

Pleurothallis Purpusii Schlechter. Three Costa Rican col-
lections are referable to this species: Peralta, Lankester 986; Province
of Limon, Hamburg Finca on Rio Reventazon below Cairo, Standley
& Valerio 48710 and 48897. Also in Mexico and Guatemala.

Pleurothallis quinqueseta Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 35. 1925.
La Hondura, 1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 36283. One other col-
lection from the same locality has been seen: Standley 36368.
Endemic.

Pleurothallis ramonensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 193. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 88.
Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis rectipetala Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8:
32. 1925. Cachi, Lankester 915. Two other collections from the
Province of Cartago belong to this species: Santa Maria, Estrella

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Road, Stork 1489 (collected by Danielson), and El Mufieco, south
of Navarro, Standley 33866.

Pleurothallis rhodoglossa Schlechter. One collection from
Costa Rica is cited by Schlechter as belonging to this species: San
Pedro de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 70. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis Rowleei Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 11. 1922. La
Palma, W. W. & H. E. Rowlee 236. P. cucullata Ames, Sched.
Orch. 3: 5. 1923 (Lankester 192-20-1 in Herb. Kew.). A number
of collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. P. glomerata Ames,'
Sched. Orch. 4: 21. 1923 (Cachi, Lankester 357). Common in Costa
Rica. Reported by Schlechter from Guatemala and Salvador, and
in the West Indies.

Pleurothallis saccata Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 25. 1923. Lan-
kester K.340. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis samacensis Ames. One Costa Rican collection
is tentatively referred to this species. Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis Sanchoi Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 26. 1923. La
Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 394* Two other collections of this
species are known: La Union, Peralta, Lankester 482, and La Tejona,
north of Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 45983. Endemic.

Pleurothallis scandens Ames, Sched. Orch. 5: 18. 1923. La

Estrella, Lankester & Sancho 401. Several other collections have
been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis segoviensis Reichenb. f. P. Wercklei Schlechter,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 213. 1911 (without locality, Werckle s. n.).
P. bifalcis Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 395. 1918
(La Palma, Werckle s. n.). Several collections from Costa Rica have
been examined. Ranging from Guatemala to Panama.

Pleurothallis segregatifolia Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 33. 1925. La Fuente, Peralta, Lankester 914- Two collections
from Guanacaste, La Tejona, north of Tilaran, 600-700 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45954 and 45976, belong to this species. Endemic.

Pleurothallis sigmoidea Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10:
36. 1930. Province of Guanacaste, vicinity of Tilaran, Standley &
Valerio 46653. Several other collections from Guanacaste have
been examined. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 283

Pleurothallis Simmleriana Rendle, Journ. Bot. 38: 274. 1900.
Tonduz ex Hort. Barbey. Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis simplex Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 37.
1930. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley & Valerio
44023. Also from the same locality Standley & Valerio 43652, 43664,
and 44011. Endemic.

Pleurothallis sororia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 294.
1912. Rancho Flores, 2,043 meters, Pittier 2157. Kraenzlinella
sororia Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 23: 326. 1915. Four other collections from
the Province of Cartago have been seen: Lankester 576 and 1103;
Standley 41502; Stork 2140. Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis spectabilis Ames & Schweinf. Three collections
from Costa Rica are referred to this species: La Palma, 1,150 meters,
Brenes 164, and Province of Guanacaste, La Tejona north of Tilaran,
600-700 meters, Standley & Valerio 45875; Piedades de San Ramon,
1,100 meters, Brenes 1458. Endemic.

Pleurothallis Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 37. 1925. El
Muneco, south of Navarro, Standley 33607. Three other collections
are referred to this species: El Muneco, Standley 33796; El Muneco,
on Rio Navarro, Standley & Valerio 51688; and near the Finca del
Volcan de Turrialba, Standley 35339. Endemic.

Pleurothallis stenostachya Reichenb. f. A rather common
species in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Mexico to Panama.

Pleurothallis stenostachya Reichenb. f. var. Lankesteri
(Rolfe) Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 31. 1924. P. Lankesteri Rolfe, Kew
Bull. 210. 1914. Lankester. Several collections of the variety have
been examined. Endemic.

Pleurothallis strumosa Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 41. 1925. La
Carpintera, Lankester 766. Three other collections are referred to
this species: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, 2,000 meters,
Standley & Valerio 49157 and 49171; and Zurqui, 2,000-2,500
meters, Standley & Valerio 48055. Endemic.

Pleurothallis testaefolia (Sw.) Lindl. One Costa Rican col-
lection is referred to this species: Agua Caliente, Lankester 577. Also
in the West Indies.

Pleurothallis Tonduzii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2: 397. 1918. San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz (Herb.

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17646). Several collections of this species
have been seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis trachychlamys Schlechter. Three collections
from Guanacaste have been tentatively referred to this species:
Vicinity of Tilaran, Standley & Valeria 44409; El Arenal, Standley
& Valeria 45137; and Naranjos Agrios, Standley & Valeria 46438.
Also in Panama.

Pleurothallis trachystoma Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 196. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 950 meters, Brenes 40.
Known only from the type collection.

Pleurothallis trachytheca Lehm. & Kranzl. Several Costa
Rican collections are questionably referred to this species. Also
in Colombia.

Pleurothallis tribuloides Lindl. Several collections, mostly
from Guanacaste, have been seen. Also in Mexico, Guatemala,
Panama, and West Indies.

Pleurothallis Tuerckheimii Schlechter. P. megachlamys Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 108. 1923 (El Tablazo, 1,900 meters,
A. & C. Erode 1329}. Several other Costa Rican collections are
referable to this species. Also in Guatemala.

Pleurothallis ujarensis (Reichenb. f.) Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleuro-
thallis 19. 1859. Restrepia ujarensis Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 225.
1855 (Ujaras, Oersted). Rather common; in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Pleurothallis uncinata Fawcett. P. Alexandrae Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 103. 1923 (El Tablazo, 1,900 meters A. & C.
Erode 1159). Fairly common in Costa Rica. Also in Jamaica.

Pleurothallis vaginata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 197. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,200 meters, Brenes 122.
Several other collections have been seen. Extending to Guadeloupe,
British Guiana, and Bolivia.

Pleurothallis velaticaulis Reichenb. f. P. Pittieri Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 247. 1907 (banks of Rio Manewan, 2,100 meters,
Pittier 2067). Several collections, mostly from the Province of San
Jose", have been examined. Also Panama, West Indies, and Vene-
zuela.

Pleurothallis vilipensa Reichenb. f. Schlechter cites this
species as occurring in Costa Rica: Rio Jesus de San Ramon, 850
meters, Brenes 258. Original habitat given as Central America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 285

Pleurothallis villosa Knowles & Westc. Schlechter cites this
species as occurring in Costa Rica: Vicinity of San Ramon, 1,125
meters, Brenes 217. Also Mexico, Trinidad, and British Guiana.

Pleurothallis vinacea Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 69. 1923. Lankester
s. n. A few horticultural specimens seen. Endemic.

Pleurothallis violaceorosea Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 198. 1923. Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 153.
Two other collections are referred to this species: La Palma, Brenes
(162)493, and La Hondura, Standley 37 978.

Pleurothallis vittariifolia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 26. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 117. Several other collections
of this species have been seen; in Guanacaste. Endemic.

POLYCYCNIS Reichenb. f.

A small genus of about six species. The flowers are conspicuously
spotted and in P. barbata the lip is copiously hairy.

Polycycnis barbata (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Two collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined : Cachi, Lankester
354, and La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro 134- Also in Colombia.

Polycycnis gratiosa Endres & Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1451.
1871. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

POLYSTACHYA Hook.

A large, polymorphic genus with representatives in the tropical
regions of the eastern and western hemispheres. Epiphytes with
inconspicuous, usually greenish flowers.

Polystachya costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 233. 1923. Maderal de San Mateo, 450-600 meters, Brenes 94.
Also in Panama.

Polystachya masayensis Reichenb. f. Frequent in Costa
Rica; Guanacaste. Panama.

Polystachya minor Fawcett & Rendle. Frequent in Costa
Rica; Guanacaste. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, West Indies,
and Peru.

PONERA Lindl.

A small genus of about six species. Flowers inconspicuous,
terminal or lateral; sepals and petals with purplish stripes.

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Ponera stria ta Lindl. Two collections from Peralta have been
seen: Lankester 916 and 955. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and
Salvador.

PONTHIEVA R. Br.

A small genus of terrestrial plants characterized in part by
having the petals and labellum borne high on the column.

Ponthieva formosa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 12.
1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 135. Known only from the type
collection. Too close to P. maculata.

Ponthieva graciliscapa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
166. 1923. Moist woods, San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150 meters,
Brenes 100. Known only from the type collection.

Ponthieva maculata Lindl. P. Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 165. 1923 (moist woods, San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,200 meters, Brenes 83). Several collections of this species from
Costa Rica have been seen. Also in Mexico, Colombia, and
Venezuela.

Ponthieva racemosa (Walt.) Mohr. P. costaricensis Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 84. 1923 (El Tablazo, 1,500 meters,
A. & C. Brade 1264). Frequent in Costa Rica. A widespread
species, ranging from Virginia to Venezuela and Ecuador, also in
the West Indies.

PSEUDOCENTRUM Lindl.

In this genus the lateral sepals are united to form a cup-like or
pitcher-like spur. The only species known to occur in Central
America is extraordinarily rare.

Pseudocentrum Hoffmannii Reichenb. f. Linnaea 41: 53. 1876.
Pelexia Hoffmannii Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 102. 1866
(Barba Volcano, Hoffmann). Two other collections of this species,
also from Barba Volcano, are Tonduz s. n. and Pittier & Durand 3052.
Endemic.

PTERICHIS Lindl.

A small genus of eleven species. Sepals light green; lip greenish
to yellow with dark purple markings.

Pterichis costaricensis Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 10.
1930. In grassy swamp, Poas Lake, 2,550 meters, Stork 2344-
Known only from the type collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 287

RESTREPIA HBK.

Similar in vegetative structures to Pleurothallis. Flowers solitary,
characterized by the dorsal sepal and petals being prolonged into
slender tails with thickened tips. Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
15: 263. 1918.

Restrepia angustilabia Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 240. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. Known only from
the type collection.

Restrepia Dayana Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. n. ser. 4: 257.
1875. Endres. One other collection has been referred to this species:
San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 161. Endemic.

Restrepia Lankesteri Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 20.
1930. La Estrella de Cartago, Lankester & Sancho 4^3. One other
collection from the same locality has been examined : Lankester 111+1.

Restrepia pilosissima (Schlechter) Ames & Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 4: 100. 1937. Pleurothallis pilosissima
Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih, 19: 289. 1923. Vicinity of San
Ramon, Acosta. Collected also by Brenes (No. 1320). Endemic.

Restrepia subserrata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
291. 1923. Vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta. One collection is
referred (ex char.) to this species: Province of Alajuela, Viento
Fresco, 1,600-1,900 meters, Standley & Torres 48014- Endemic.

Restrepia xanthophthalma Reichenb. f. R. Tonduzii Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 291. 1923 (La Palma, Tonduz s. n.).
Fairly common in Costa Rica; Guanacaste. Guatemala and Panama.

RODRIGUEZIA Ruiz & Pavon

A small epiphyte with pale yellow flowers borne in few-flowered
racemes that arise from the base of a flattened pseudobulb.

Rodriguezia compacta Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
144. 1923. Atlantic coast, on the Finca Gebriider Hundrisser,
A. & C. Brade 1309. One other collection is referable to this species:
Estrella Valley, Alfaro 155. Endemic.

SARCOGLOTTIS Presl

Large, fleshy terrestrials with large, greenish flowers in con-
spicuous racemes.

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Sarcoglottis picta (Anders.) Klotzsch. Reasonably common,
especially in Guanacaste, 500-900 meters. Also in Panama, British
Guiana, Brazil, and West Indies.

Sarcoglottis Smithii (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter, Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 37, Abt. 3: 422. 1922. Spiranthes Smithii Reichenb. f.
Gard. Chron. 842. 1868 (near Cartago, Smith s. n.}. Gyrostachys
Smithii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 664, 1891. Spiranthes Bradei Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 376. 1918 (San Jose", Brade s. n.).
Sarcoglottis Bradei Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 415. 1920.
Known only from the type collections. Endemic.

Sarcoglottis valida Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 12. 1923. Vicinity
of San Jose", 1,135 meters, Biolley 3521. Several collections from
Cartago and San Jos£ provinces, 1,070-1,650 meters, have been
examined. Endemic.

SCAPHOSEPALUM Pfitzer

Similar to Masdevallia, but the labellum is uppermost and the
united lateral sepals form a hood above it. Kranzlin, Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 34: 204. 1925.

Scaphosepalum anchoriferum (Reichenb. f.) Rolfe, Journ.
Bot. 28: 137. 1890. Masdevallia anchorifera Reichenb. f. Gard.
Chron. n. ser. 21: 577. 1884 (Hubsch s. n.). One other collection
has been tentatively referred to this species: San Cristobal, 1,800
meters, Lankester 4%4- Endemic.

Scaphosepalum Endresianum Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:

435. 1921. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Scaphosepalum naviculare Kranzlin, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17:

436. 1921. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the
type collection.

Scaphosepalum Pittieri Schlechter, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 78.
1906. Valley of Agua Buena (Canas Gordas), 1,100 meters, Pittier
(Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 11143). Known only from the
type collection.

Scaphosepalum Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 24. 1925.
Province of Cartago, Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,500-1,850 meters,
Standley 34477. A number of collections of this species have been
seen. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 289

SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl.

Epiphytes with simple or branched stems. The small flowers
are usually terminal at the summit of a thickened stem or pseudo-
bulb and are usually subtended by conspicuous, sheathing bracts.
Pachystele Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 28. 1923.

Scaphyglottis albida (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter, Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 456. 1918. Ponera albida Reichenb. f. Beitr.
Orch. Centr. Amer. 103. 1866 (Llanos del Carmen, Hoffmann s. n.).
Known only from the type collection.

Scaphyglottis amethystina (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter. S.
brachiata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 432. 1911 (forests of Nicoya,
Tonduz; Herb. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 13729). Several Costa Rican
collections have been examined. Also in Guatemala and Panama.

Scaphyglottis Behrii (Reichenb. f.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex
Hemsley. S. pauciflora Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 47. 1906 (Ujarras
de Buenos Aires, Pittier 10627}. Several collections from Costa
Rica are referable to this species; Guanacaste. British Honduras,
Guatemala, and Panama.

Scaphyglottis bilineata (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter, Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 456. 1918. Ponera bilineata Reichenb. f.
I Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 88. 1866 (San Miguel, Wendland 810).
Known only from the type collection.

Scaphyglottis bilobulata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 113. 1923 (without locality, A. & C. Erode s. n.). Known only
from the type collection.

Scaphyglottis Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 113. 1923. Without locality, A. & C. Brade s. n. Only the type
collection can be definitely assigned to this species, though several
other collections may belong to it.

Scaphyglottis corallorrhiza (Ames) Ames, Hubbard &
Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 40. 1934. Pachystele
corallorrhiza Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 45. 1925 (Las Nubes, 1,500-
1,900 meters, Standley 38909). One other collection is definitely
referable to this species: Cerro Gallito, 2,000 meters, M. Valerio,
and several others without flowers are probably referable to it.

Scaphyglottis cuneata Schlechter. Tetragmestus gracilis Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 400. 1918 (forests of Tuis, 650
meters, Tonduz; Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 11588). Scaphy-

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

glottis gracilis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 28. 1923. One
other Costa Rican collection is referable to this species: Dulce
Nombre, 1,400 meters, Standley 35892, and two collections, without
flowers, from the Province of Limon are probably referable to it:
Vicinity of Guapiles, Standley 37409 and 37422. Also in Guatemala,
Nicaragua, and Panama.

Scaphyglottis Jimenezii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36,
Abt. 2 : 399. 1918. La Palma, 1,700 meters, Werckle ( Herb. 0. Jimenez
682). Pachystele densa Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 29. 1923
(La Palma, Werckle 71). Pachystele Jimenezii Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 30. 1923. Frequent; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Scaphyglottis mesocopis (Endr. & Reichenb. f.) Benth. &
Hook. f. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 220. 1883. Ponera
mesocopis Endr. & Reichenb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 222. 1874 (without
locality, Endres s.n.). Several collections of this species from Costa
Rica have been examined; Guanacaste. Panama.

Scaphyglottis subulata Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 454.
1910. Near Cartago, Biolley 1367. Known only from the type
collection.

Scaphyglottis unguiculata Schlechter. Several collections of
this species from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Guate-
mala, Honduras, and Panama.

Scaphyglottis Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
28. 1923. San Jeronimo, Werckle 105. Several collections from
Costa Rica are referable to this species. Also in Panama.

SCELOCHILUS Klotzsch
A small genus of inconspicuous plants.

Scelochilus aureus Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 144.
1923. El Tablazo, 1,600 meters, A. & C. Erode 1063. Known only
from the type collection.

SCHOMBURGKIA Lindl.

Showy epiphytes with large, hollow stems and with elongated
flower shoots bearing loose racemes or panicles of showy flowers.
The stems are inhabited by ants.

Schomburgkia Lueddemannii Prillieux. One Costa Rican
collection of this species has been examined: Escobal, 370 meters,
Alfaro 40. Abo in Panama and Venezuela.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 291

Schomburgkia tibicinis Bateman. Schlechter reports this
species from Costa Rica, but no specimens from there have been
seen. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

SEPALOSACCUS Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 244. 1923. Low epiphytes with
densely tufted, one-leaved, slender pseudobulbs. The flowers hardly
exceed the pseudobulbs and appear among them.

Sepalosaccus humilis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
245. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 130.
One other collection is known : Bosque Aquileo en La Palma, Brenes
(146)476. Endemic.

SIEVEKINGIA Reichenb. f.

Beitr. Syst. Pflanzenk. 3. 1871. Small, pseudobulbous epiphytes
with lateral flower shoots.

Sievekingia fimbriata Reichenb. f. Flora 69: 449. 1886. With-
out locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type collection.

Sievekingia suavis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Syst. Pflanzenk. 3. 1871.
Without locality, Endres s. n. One other Costa Rican collection is
referable to this species: Aguas Zarcas (San Carlos), Jimenez &
Lankester 2005. Also in Panama.

SIGMATOSTALIX Reichenb. f.

A small genus allied to Oncidium, the small flowers being charac-
terized by the unguiculate lip and elongated column. Kranzlin,
Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 301. 1922.

Sigmatostalix costaricensis Rolfe, Kew Bull. 78. 1916. With-
out locality, Lankester (Hort. Kew.). S. poikilostalix Kranzl.
Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft 80: 310. 1922 (without locality, Endres 88
and 97. Several other collections from Costa Rica are referable
to this species. Also in Panama.

Sigmatostalix hymenantha Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 419. 1918. Carillo, 300 meters, Werckle s. n. A number
of collections have been examined; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Sigmatostalix macrobulbon Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 50, Heft
80: 307. 1922. Without locality, Endres s. n. Several other col-
lections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pavon

Terrestrial or epiphytic plants with strongly ribbed leaves,
several of the species with large and showy, purplish, yellow or
white, membranaceous flowers which remain in perfection only a
very short time.

Sobralia Amparoae Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
8. 1923. In the garden of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, San Jose",
Tonduz 51. Rather common, especially in Guanacaste. Also in
British Honduras.

Sobralia atropubescens Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 2.
1930. Pejivalle, Lankester 928. Known only from the type collection.

Sobralia Bletiae Reichenb. f. This species has been referred
to Costa Rica (Chiriqui) by John Lindley, but the Warscewicz plant
cited probably came from Panama.

Sobralia Bradeorum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
80. 1923. San Jose", 1,130 meters, A. & C. Erode 1070. One other
specimen from San Mateo, 850 meters, Brenes 299, was examined.
Endemic.

Sobralia Corazoi Lankester & Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 34. 1924.
Peralta, 4,000 ft., Lankester 538. Provinces of San Jos£ and Limon.
Endemic.

Sobralia Fenzliana Reichenb. f., cited by Reichenbach (Beitr.
Orch. Centr. Amer. 9. 1866) as coming from Chiriqui, Costa Rica,
based on a Warscewicz collection, was probably actually from
Panama. Also from Nicaragua (fide Schlechter) and Panama.

Sobralia fragrans Lindl. Several fruiting specimens from Costa
Rica are tentatively referred to this species. Also in Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama.

Sobralia labiata Warsc. & Reichenb. f. Cited by Lindley (Fol.
Orch. Sobralia 4. 1854) as occurring in Chiriqui, Costa Rica, but the
Warscewicz specimen probably came from Panama.

Sobralia lepida Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 68.
1866. Desengano, Wendland 972. Two other specimens from
Heredia Province have been seen. Endemic.

Sobralia leucoxantha Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
68. 1866. Desengano, Wendland. Occurs in the provinces of Cartago
and San Jose*, 1,200-1,700 meters. Also in Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 293

Sobralia Lindleyana Reichenb. f. Cited by Reichenbach
(Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 68. 1866) as occurring in Alajuela,
Desengano. Also in Panama.

Sobralia macra Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 161.
1923. Los Angeles de Heredia, 1,500 meters, Brenes 295. In the
provinces of San Jos£ and Turrialba, 1,200-1,800 meters. Endemic.

Sobralia macrantha Lindl. Occurs in the provinces of Cartago
and San Jose". Also in Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, and Nicaragua
(fide Schlechter).

Sobralia macrophylla Reichenb. f. Cited by Lindley and
Schlechter as occurring in Costa Rica. The Schlechter reference
is to Tonduz 21, a specimen from the garden of Mme. Amparo de
Zeledon from a plant said to be of Costa Rican origin. Also in
Panama and Brazil.

Sobralia mucronata Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 54.
1925. San Carlos, Lankester 764- Known only from the type
collection.

Sobralia neglecta Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 161.
1923. Maderal de San Mateo, 450 meters, Brenes 279. Two collec-
tions beside the type have been examined : Brenes 537 from the type
locality, and Cufodontis 199 from Osa Peninsula. Endemic.

Sobralia Pfavii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 272.
1923. Without locality, Pfau. Known only from the type collection.

Sobralia pleiantha Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 79. 1906.
Forests near Boruca, 450 meters, Pittier 3855. Several collections
by Standley from the provinces of San Jos6 and Cartago have been
examined. Endemic.

Sobralia Warscewiczii Reichenb. f. A specimen collected at
Las Concavas, Lankester 1116, belongs to this species, and two
specimens collected by Brenes (Nos. 429 and 572) are tentatively
referred to it. Also in Panama.

SOLENOCENTRUM Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. 9 : 163. 1911. Terrestrial herbs with terminal, elon-
gated, densely flowered racemes. Lip forming an elongated, free spur.

Solenocentrum costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9:
163. 1911. San Isidro de La Arenilla, 1,400 meters, Pittier 16723.
Known only from the type collection.

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

SPIRANTHES L. C. Rich.

A large genus of usually terrestrial plants (rarely epiphytes) with
small flowers in closely or loosely flowered, terminal racemes.

Spiranthes aguacatensis Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 214. 1855.
Mt. Aguacate, Oersted. S. Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10:
481. 1912 (hill of Piedades near San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes;
Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 14284)- Gyrostachys aguacatensis
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 664. 1891. Brachystele Brenesii Schltr. Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 37, Abt. 2: 372. 1920. Also in Guatemala.

Spiranthes costaricensis Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 214. 1855.
Naranjo, Oersted. Gyrostachys costaricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2:
664. 1891. Beloglottis costaricensis Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37,
Abt. 2: 365. 1920. Also in Guatemala.

Spiranthes ecallosa Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 7. 1930.
La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Province of Guanacaste, 600-700 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45978. Known only from the type collection.

Spiranthes elata (Sw.) L. C. Rich. Several collections from
Cartago. A widespread species, ranging from Mexico to Brazil and
Ecuador, also in the West Indies. Sauroglossum nigricans Schlechter,
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 379. 1918, is probably referable to
this species (Pittier s. n.).

Spiranthes minutiflora A. Rich. & Gal. Two Costa Rican
specimens are referable to this species: Turrialba, 2,600 meters,
Pittier (Herb. Inst. Phys.-Geogr. Costar. 13083}; and Province of
San Jose", Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley &
Valerio 43835. Also in Guatemala.

Spiranthes parasitica A. Rich. & Gal. S. Valerioi Ames &
Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 8. 1930 (Province of San Jose", Cerro de
Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley & Valerio 43952). Also
in Texas and Mexico.

Spiranthes Prasophyllum Reichenb. f. Cartago, 500-900
meters, also in Guanacaste. Guatemala and Honduras.

Spiranthes subpandurata Ames & Schweinf. One Costa
Rican collection has been seen: Jimenez & Lankester 2081. Also
in Panama.

Spiranthes Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 482.
1912. Without locality, Werckle s. n. Known only from the type
collection.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 295

STANHOPEA Frost ex Hook.

Epiphytes with monophyllous pseudobulbs producing lateral
flower shoots. Flower large, wax-like, the labellum very fleshy,
usually with two diverging horns, one on either side near the middle,
the large sepals often conspicuously marked with circular spots.

Stanhopea cirrhata Lindl. One collection of this species from
Costa Rica has been seen: Pacific slope, Lankester 128? 'a. Also in
Nicaragua.

Stanhopea costaricensis Reichenb. f. Hamb. Gartenz. 16: 424.
1860. Without locality, Schiller. Several collections are known.
Endemic.

Stanhopea ecornuta Lemaire. Several collections of this
Pacific Coast species have been examined. Also in Nicaragua.

Stanhopea pulla Reichenb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 7: 810. 1877.
Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from the type collection.

Stanhopea Wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. Three Costa Rican
specimens seem to be referable to this species: San Jose", Alfaro
s. n.; Tiribi, 1,000 meters, Alfaro s. n.; and Cartago district, Lankester
1079. Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama.

Stanhopea Warscewicziana Klotzsch, Allgem. Gartenz. 20:
274. 1852. Schlechter cites one collection: Cultivated in the garden
of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, San Jose", Werckle 85. Endemic.

STELIS Swartz

Epiphytic herbs, vegetatively similar to Pleurothallis, with the
terminal flower shoots bearing slender racemes of minute flowers
in which the sepals are united at base and much larger than the
fleshy labellum and petals.

Stelis aemula Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 385.
1918. Forests of San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz (Herb.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17632b). S. sarcodantha Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 392. 1918 (forests of San Ramon, 1,500-1,600
meters, Tonduz (Herb. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17632). A common
species of Cartago and San Jose". Also in Panama.

Stelis carnosiflora Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 8: 15. 1925.
Navarrito, Lankester s. n. Several collections of this species have
been seen, mostly from Cartago and San Jos£ provinces, 1,200-1,700
meters. Endemic.

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Stelis chihobensis Ames. Two collections of this species from
Pejivalle, Costa Rica, have been seen : Lankester 840 and 845. Also
in Guatemala.

Stelis ciliaris Lindl. S. Jimenezii Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 389. 1918 ("Ladertena, Hajuelito," Jimenez 621). One
other Costa Rican collection referable to this species has been seen:
Province of San Jose1, vicinity of La Verbena, 1,200 meters, Standley
32245. Also in Mexico, British Honduras, and Guatemala.

Stelis conmixta Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:
387. 1918. Forests of San Ramon, 1,500-1,600 meters, Tonduz ( Herb.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica 17632a). Two other collections of this species
have been examined : Brenes 58 and 598. Endemic.

Stelis Cooperi Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 276. 1907. Near
Cartago, 1,300 meters, Cooper 562. S. leptophylla Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 174. 1923 (moist forest, San Rafael de San
Ramon, 1,250 meters, Brenes 204). S. elliptica A. & S. Sched. Orch.
8: 16. 1925 (Santa Clara de Cartago, Lankester 565). A rather
common species in Heredia and San Jos£ provinces, up to 2,400
meters. Endemic.

Stelis costaricensis Reichenb. f. Bonplandia 3: 225. 1855.
Cartago, Oersted. S. minutiflora A. & S. Sched. Orch. 8: 18. 1925
(Cartago, Reventado, 1,650 meters, Lankester 522). Several col-
lections of this species have been seen.

Stelis crescentiicola Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 442. 1920.
Two collections from the Province of Limon are referable to this
species: Hamburg Finca, on Rio Reventazon below Cairo, about
55 meters, Standley & Valerio 48896 and 48915. Also in Panama.

Stelis crystallina Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 45.
1935. La Estrella de Cartago, Lankester 1010. Two other col-
lections are referred to this species: Cachi, Lankester 1051, and San
Ramon, Brenes (28)323. Endemic.

Stelis cucullata Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 52. 1923. Hills south
of Cartago, Lankester 475. Rather common in Costa Rica; Guana-
caste. Endemic.

Stelis cuspidata Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 2. 1923. Hort. Kew.,
Lankester s. n. Two other collections are referable to this species:
El Muiieco, south of Navarro, about 1,400 meters, Standley 33720,
and Cerro de Las Lajas, north of San Isidro, 2,000-2,400 meters,
Standley & Valerio 51516.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 297

Stelis despectans Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 453. 1910.
Near La Palma, 1,500 meters, Pittier 594- S. nutantiflora Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 390. 1918 (La Palma, 1,500 meters,
Werckle 840). S. inconspicua Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 19.
1923 (San Jeronimo, Werckle s. n.). S. micragrostis Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 95. 1923 (La Palma, 1,400 meters, A. & C. Brade
1205). Several other collections from Heredia and San Jose provinces
have been seen. Endemic.

Stelis effusa Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 247. 1907. Near
Turrialba, 570 meters, Tonduz 8279. S. distantiflora Ames, Sched.
Orch. 6: 53. 1923 (Hort. Kew., Lankester s. n.). Fairly common in
Cartago and Limon provinces, also in Guanacaste. Endemic.

Stelis Endresii Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1373. 1870. Without
locality, Endres s. n. S. glandulosa Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 3. 1923
(Hort. Kew., Lankester s. n.). S. propinqua Ames, Sched. Orch. 6:
55. 1923 (probably near Cachi, Lankester 468}. S. praesecta Schltr.
Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 175. 1923 (near San Ramon, 1,035
meters, Brenes 189). S. violascens Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 176. 1923 (moist woods, San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,200 meters,
Brenes 108). A fairly common species; Guanacaste. Panama.

Stelis glossula Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 1373. 1870. Hort.
Veitch. Buenos Aires de TeYraba, Lankester 1373.

Stelis gracilis Ames. One collection of this species from Costa
Rica has been examined: Pejivalle, Lankester 864. Also in Guate-
mala and Nicaragua.

Stelis guatemalensis Schlechter. Two collections of this
species from La Estrella have been seen: Lankester 1014 and 1029.
Also in Guatemala.

Stelis hymenantha Schlechter. S. cuspidilabia Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 17. 1923 (San Jeronimo, Werckle 56). S. seleni-
glossa Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 97. 1923 (La Palma, 1,400
meters, A. & C. Brade 1207). A rather common species. Also in
Guatemala.

Stelis Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 4. 1923. La Florida,
150 meters, Lankester 365. Two other collections from La Estrella
belong to this species: Lankester 1017 and 1062. Endemic.

Stelis latipetala Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 53.
1935. Cachi, Lankester 1101. Endemic.

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Stelis leucopogon Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 95.
1866. Desengano, Wendland 858. S. cascajalensis Ames, Sched.
Orch. 4: 11. 1923 (Cascajal, 1,650 meters, Lankester 93). Fairly
plentiful. Also in Guatemala and Panama.

Stelis microchila Schlechter. S. barbata Rolfe, Kew Bull. 141.
1913 (near Cachi, Lankester). S. costaricensis Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 388. 1918, non Reichenb. f. (El Tablazo,
1,900 meters, Erode s. n.). S. cinerea Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
36, Abt. 2: 444. 1918. S. bryophila Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 16. 1923 (San Jeronimo, 1,400 meters, Werckle 82). Several
collections of this species from the provinces of Heredia and San
Jose" have been examined. Also in Guatemala.

Stelis nubis Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 18. 1925. Province of San
Jose", Las Nubes, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley 38643. Several other
collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Stelis ovatilabia Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:
446. 1918, nomen; Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 211. 1918. S. cyclopetala
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 279. 1923. Without locality,
Pittier s. n. One other collection of this species has been seen: 3
miles northeast of El Copey, 2,250 meters, Stork 1609. Endemic.

Stelis pardipes Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 96. 1866.
Desengano, Wendland 899. S. longicuspis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov.
9: 28. 1910 (woods, La Palma, 1,459 meters, Tonduz 12650). S.
Albertii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 170. 1923 (moist woods,
San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 118). Rather
common in the provinces of Heredia and San Jose". Endemic.

Stelis parvula Lindl. S. microstigma Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch.
Centr. Amer. 94. 1866 (Desengano, Wendland 892). S. obscurata
Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 95. 1866 (Desengano, Wend-
land 907). S. microtis Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 95.
1866 (Desengano, Wendland 883). S. Bradei Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 385. 1918 (La Carpintera, Erode s. n.). S.
rhodochila Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 392. 1918 (near
La Palma, Werckle; Herb. 0. Jimenez 845, 839, 857). S. Amparoana
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 16. 1923 (San Jeronimo, 1,400
meters, Werckle 86). S. platycardia Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 18. 1923 (La Palma, Werckle 147). S. Barboe Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 94. 1923 (La Carpintera, 1,400 meters, A. & C.
Erode s. n.). S. Brenesii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 172.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 299

1923 (wet woods, Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075 meters, Brenes 148).
S. brevis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 172. 1923 (wet woods,
San Rafael de San Ramon, 1,250 meters, Brenes 201}. S. ramonensis
Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 176. 1923 (near San Ramon,
1,125 meters, Brenes 184). A common species in the provinces of
San Jose* and Heredia. Also in Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Stelis pendulispica Ames, Bot. Mus. Lean1. Harv. Univ. 2: 85.
1934. El Salvaje, Candelaria, 1,700 meters, Alfaro 141. Also two
other collections under this number (Alfaro 141) from Estrella
Valley, and a third collection from Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester
1175, are referable to this species. Endemic.

Stelis persimilis Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 2: 14.
1933. La Carpintera and San Isidro, Lankester 1050. Four other
collections of this species have been examined. Endemic.

Stelis Powellii Schlechter. Stelis Acostaei Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 275. 1923 (vicinity of San Ramon, Acosta s. n.). S.
bracteata Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 171. 1923 (Santiago de
San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 155). Also in Panama.

Stelis purpurascens A. Rich. & Gal. S. Alfaroi A. & S. Sched.
Orch. 8: 14. 1925 (La Fuente, 1,200 meters, Alfaro s. n., also Alfaro
195 from the same locality). Also in Mexico, Guatemala, and
Salvador.

Stelis Sanchoi Ames, Sched. Orch. 4: 13. 1923. La Estrella,
Lankester & Sancho 438. Known only from the type collection.

Stelis Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 21. 1925. La Estrella,
Standley 39483. A few other collections of this species have been
examined. Endemic.

Stelis Storkii Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 3: 54. 1935.
Santa Maria, Stork 2103. One other collection is cited : San Cristobal
Road, Stork 2226. Endemic.

Stelis thecoglossa Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 93.
1866. Desengafio, Wendland 1259. S. coiloglossa Schltr. Repert.
Sp. Nov. 8: 453. 1910 (valley of Rio Poas, 650 meters, Pittier 2444).
S. Alfredii Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 93. 1923 (Candelaria
Mountains, 1,600 meters, A. & C. Brade 1334). A frequent species
in Costa Rica. Also in Panama.

Stelis Tonduziana Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt.
2: 393. 1918. La Hondura, La Palma, 2,500 meters, 0. Jimenez

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

618. S. mirabilis Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 96. 1923 (La
Palma, A. & C. Erode 1203}. A number of collections from San
Jos£ Province have been seen. Endemic.

Stelis transversalis Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 2:
91. 1934. Peralta, Lankester 1007. Also in Panama.

Stelis triangulabia Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 23. 1925. Los
Angeles de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 48. Known only from
the type collection.

Stelis tricuspis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 276. 1907.
Near La Uruca, Pittier 949. Quite common in Cartago and San
Jos£ provinces. Endemic.

Stelis vestita Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 56. 1923. Zarcero, Lan-
kester & Jimenez 460. Several collections of this species have been
seen. Endemic.

Stelis Wercklei Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 20. 1923.
San Jeronimo, Werckle 15. S. fractiflexa A. & S. Sched. Orch. 8: 17.
1925 (Estrella, Cartago, Lankester 791). A rather common species
in Cartago. Endemic.

STELLILABIUM Schlechter
A small genus of inconspicuous epiphytes with minute flowers.

Stellilabium distantiflorum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 70. 1925. Alto de La Estrella, 1,800 meters, Lankester 582.
Dipterostele minutiflora Schltr. Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 70. 1923, excl.
syn. (La Palma, Werckle). Several other collections are referable
to this species. Endemic.

STENORRHYNCHUS L. C. Rich.

Mostly terrestrial herbs with usually conspicuous, bright yellow
or reddish flowers.

Stenorrhynchus bracteosus Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
8: 6. 1925. Santa Clara de Cartago, 210 meters, Lankester 572.
One other collection of this species has been examined: Province
of San Jose", Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley
& Valeria 43768. Endemic.

Stenorrhynchus navarrensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 13. 1925.
Province of Cartago, El Muiieco, south of Navarro, 1,400 meters,
Standley 33957. A fairly common species in the provinces of Heredia
and Cartago, 1,400-2,400 meters. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 301

Stenorrhynchus orchioides (Sw.) L. C. Rich. Pacific slope,
50-100 meters. Also in Florida, Mexico to South America, and
West Indies.

Stenorrhynchus speciosus (Jacq.) L. C. Rich. Several col-
lections from Cartago, 1,000-1,400 meters, have been examined.
Also in West Indies, Colombia, and Venezuela.

Stenorrhynchus Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 14. 1925.
Province of Cartago, Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,500-1,850 meters,
Standley 344.29. Known only from the type collection.

Stenorrhynchus Tonduzii Schlechter, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
37, Abt. 2: 448. 1920. Spiranthes Tonduzii Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. 9: 26. 1910 (woods near Boruca, Tonduz 4645). Also in Guate-
mala and Honduras.

SYSTELOGLOSSUM Schlechter

Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19: 251. 1923. Grass-like epiphytes with
slender, lateral flower shoots and inconspicuous flowers.

Systeloglossum acuminatum Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch.
10: 105. 1930. La Estrella, Lankester 1091. Two other collections
are known: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, 2,000 meters,
Standley & Valeria 50188 and 50239. Endemic.

Systeloglossum costaricense Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov.
Beih. 19: 252. 1923. Alto de Santiago de San Ramon, 1,075 meters,
Brenes 1 9. Two other collections of this species have been examined :
Estrella Valley, "Pandora," Alfaro 261; El Silencio, near Tilaran,
Standley & Valeria 44671. Endemic.

TELIPOGON HBK.

Epiphytes with leaves clustered near the base; flowers usually
large, with the petals and lip similar and often conspicuously striate.
Kranzlin, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 33: 9. 1919.

Telipogon Biolleyi Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 293. 1911.
Barba Volcano, Biolley 1340. Known only from the type collection.

Telipogon buenavistae Kranzlin, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien 33: 33. 1919. Buenavista, near the spot called "Ojo de Agua,"
3,000 meters, Endres s. n. Only one other collection is referred
to this species: Cerro de Las Vueltas, Standley & Valeria 43632.
Endemic.

302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Telipogon christobalensis Kranzlin, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien 33: 30. 1919. Near San Cristobal, Endres 512. Known only
from the type collection.

Telipogon costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 9: 166.
1911. Forests of El General, 600 meters, Pittier 3527. One other
collection is tentatively referred to this species : South slope, near the
Finca del Volcan de Turrialba, 2,000-2,400 meters, Standley 35329.

Telipogon Endresianus Kranzlin, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien 33: 31. 1919. Without locality, Endres, also Hubsch. One
other collection is referred to this species: Pacayas, Lankester 518.

Telipogon gracilipes Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
263. 1923. Palmira, 1,825 meters, Brenes 8. One other Costa Rican
collection is referred (ex char.) to this species: Cerro de Las Vueltas,
Standley & Valeria 43714- Endemic.

Telipogon Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 23. 1923. Peralta
(Las Lajas), 800 meters, Lankester 361. Two other collections are
referred to this species: Dulce Nombre, Standley 35954, and vicinity
of Finca Las Concavas, Standley 41479. Endemic.

Telipogon minutiflorus Kranzlin, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien 33: 14. 1919. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only from
the type collection.

Telipogon parvulus C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ.
4: 123. 1937. Cerca de La Holanda, M. Valeria 971. Known only
from the original collection.

Telipogon Pfavii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 143. 1921.
Without locality, Pfau 9301. Known only from the type collection.

Telipogon Standleyi Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 53. 1925. Between
Aserri and Tarbaca, 1,600-1,900 meters, Standley 34120. Known
only from the type collection.

Telipogon Storkii Ames & Schweinf. Sched. Orch. 10: 101.
1930. La Chonta, Stork 2101. Known only from the type collection.

TETRAGAMESTUS Reichenb. f.

Epiphytes with superposed or branching stems and clusters of
inconspicuous flowers in the axils of the leaves.

Tetragamestus modestus Reichenb. f. Schlechter reports this
species as questionably from Costa Rica. Also in Puerto Rico,
Grenada, and Brazil.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 303

TRICHOCENTRUM Poepp. & Endl.

Small epiphytes with short, usually one-flowered, lateral flower
shoots.

Trichocentrum Brenesii Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih.
19: 248. 1923. San Pedro de San Ramon, 1,200 meters, Brenes 116.
Schlechter cites two other collections: Without locality, Nevermann
s. n.; San Jeronimo, Werckle 139. Endemic.

Trichocentrum caloceras Endres & Reichenb. f. Card. Chron.
1257, 1871, in textu. Without locality, Endres s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

Trichocentrum capistratum Linden & Reichenb. f. Gard.
Chron. 1257. 1871. Without locality, Wallis s. n. Known only
from the type collection.

Trichocentrum Pfavii Reichenb. f. Several Costa Rican
collections of this species have been examined. Original habitat
probably Panama (Chiriqui).

TRICHOPILIA Lindl.

A group of epiphytes with monophyllous pseudobulbs and lateral
flower shoots. Flowers single or few, showy, with the conspicuous
labellum forming a tube at base and enclosing the slender column.

Trichopilia maculata Reichenb. f. One collection from Costa
Rica is referable to this species: Sabanillas de Acosta, Lankester 1230.
Also in Guatemala and Panama.

Trichopilia marginata Henfrey. Two Costa Rican collections
seem referable to this species: La Hondura, Standley 36337, and
Orosi, Alfaro s. n. Also in Panama.

Trichopilia punctata Rolfe, Gard. Chron. III. 7: 227. 1890.
Without locality, Hort. Sander. Known only from the type collection.

Trichopilia suavis Lindl. & Paxt. in Paxt. Flow. Gard. 1 : 44, 53.
1850-51. A number of collections of this species from Costa Rica
have been examined; Guanacaste. Panama.

Trichopilia turialbae Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer.
69. 1866. Turrialba, Wendland. Several collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been examined. Endemic.

TRIGONIDIUM Lindl.

Epiphytes with slender pseudobulbs and elongated, strap-shaped
leaves, the inflorescences lateral, erect, bearing a single flower of

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

which the sepals form a tube at base and become strongly revolute
above.

Trigonidium Egertonianum Bateman ex Lindl. A number
of collections of this species from Costa Rica have been examined;
Guanacaste. Mexico, British Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Trigonidium Lankesteri Ames, Sched. Orch. 5 : 32. June, 1923.
Las Concavas, Lankester 367. T. Amparoanum Schltr. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Beih. 19: 61. November, 1923 (Carrillo, Werckle 26}.

TRIPHORA Nutt.

Small, terrestrial plants arising from ovoid tubers. The small,
rather inconspicuous flowers are borne in few-flowered racemes.

Triphora nitida Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 139, in textu.
1921. Pogonia nitida Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 373.
1918. Higuito, 300 meters, C. Erode 1909. Moist meadow land.
Endemic.

TRIZEUXIS Lindl.

Small, inconspicuous epiphytes with equitant leaves and loose
panicles of minute flowers.

Trizeuxis falcata Lindl. Several collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been examined. Also in Panama and West
Indies.

TROPIDIA Lindl.

Leafy-stemmed plants with greenish, inconspicuous flowers in
dense, terminal panicles.

Tropidia polystachya (Sw.) Ames. Schlechter reports this
species from Guatemala and Costa Rica; no Central American
material has been seen. Also Florida and Cuba.

VANILLA Swartz

Scandent herbs clambering over rocks, trees, and shrubs, with
elliptical, leathery leaves and yellowish or greenish flowers. The
fruit consists of elongated capsules which are aromatic in V. fragrans
and V. Pompona. V. fragrans is the vanilla of commerce.

Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames. Vainilla. A wide-spread
species common in cultivation, the chief source of commercial
vanilla.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 305

Vanilla Pfaviana Reichenb. f. Card. Chron. n. ser. 20: 230. 1883.
Without locality, Pfau 269. Up to 1925 known only from the type
collection; now known also from Mexico and British Honduras.

Vanilla Pompona Schiede. Pie del Turrubares, 150 meters.
A species of wide distribution and much cultivated as one source
of commercial vanilla. V. Pittieri Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3:
106. 1906, is probably referable to this species (woods, edge of Rio
Ceibo near Buenos Aires, about 200 meters, Pittier 6600).

WARREA Lindl.

A small genus with lanceolate leaves and a loose raceme of
rather showy flowers.

Warrea costaricensis Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 446.
1920. Forests of La Palma, Brade 16327. Known only from the
type collection.

WARSCEWICZELLA Reichenb. f.

About eighteen species of small epiphytes with the leaves
clustered at the base and with a lateral flower shoot bearing a single
showy flower.

Warscewiczella discolor (Lindl.) Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10:
636. 1852. La Dolorosa. Warrea discolor Lindl. Journ. Hort. 4: 265.
1849 (without locality, Warscewicz). Zygopetalum discolor Reichenb.
f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 655. 1863. Numerous collections of this species
from Costa Rica have been seen. Also in Panama and Cuba.

Warscewiczella Wendlandii (Reichenb. f.) Hort. ex Nash
in L. H. Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 3506. 1917. Zygopetalum Wend-
landii Reichenb. f. Beitr. Orch. Centr. Amer. 74. 1866 (Mt. Irazu,
Wendland}. Two collections from East Turrialba have been ex-
amined: Alfaro 173, Aug. 9, 1924, and Sept. 18, 1924. Endemic.

XYLOBIUM Lindl.

Pseudobulbous epiphytes with lateral racemes of medium-sized
flowers.

Xylobium elongatum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Hemsl. Maxillaria
elongata Lindl. & Paxt. Several Costa Rican collections of this
species have been examined. Also in Panama.

Xylobium Powellii Schlechter. Two Costa Rican collections
are referable to this species: Las Concavas, Lankester 1099; Tarbaca,
Central Valley, 1,400 meters, Alfaro 144- Also in Panama.

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Xylobium squalens Lindl. One collection from Costa Rica
is referable to this species: Pejivalle, Lankester 858. Also in Brazil
and Peru.

Xylobium stachyobiorum (Reichenb. f.) Hemsl. Several col-
lections from Costa Rica have been examined. This species seems
very close to and perhaps is inseparable from the South American
M. foveata (Reichenb. f.) Nichols. Also in Nicaragua and Panama.

Xylobium sublobatum Schlechter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 19:
51. 1923. In the garden of Mme. Amparo de Zeledon, San Jose",
1,100 meters, Tonduz 50. This species is very close to X. Powellii.
Known only from the type collection.

CASUARINACEAE. Beefwood Family

CASUARINAL. Beefwood

Casuarina equisetifolia L. Pino, Pino de Australia. Culti-
vated commonly in parks and fincas as an ornamental tree; native
of Asia and Africa. A medium-sized tree, somewhat suggesting
a pine in appearance, the leaves reduced to small scales, the branch-
lets resembling stems of Equisetum; fruit a rounded cone. In some
regions of the earth the bark is employed for dyeing and tanning.

PIPERACEAE. Pepper Family

Reference: William Trelease, The Piperaceae of Costa Rica,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 115-226. 1929.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves alternate, entire; flowers
minute, green, disposed in dense and elongate spikes.

PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pavon

Herbaceous plants with thick, fleshy leaves. Most species of
the genus are epiphytic plants but a few are terrestrial. In Costa
Rica there are more than 140 species, a truly remarkable number,
but for the most part they are well marked and less variable than
the species of Piper.

Peperomia acutilimba C. DC. ex Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 213. 1929. Volcan de Poas, 2,300 meters, Pittier 249.
Also Cerro de Las Lajas, above San Isidro. Endemic.

Peperomia aguacalientis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 222. 1929. Agua Caliente, Prov. Cartago, Pittier 2555. Cartago
to Siquirres. Endemic. The plant has appeared in literature under
the names P. Myrtillus and P. rhombea.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 307

Peperomia aguacatensis C. DC. Linnaea 37: 376. 1872. Agua-
cate, Oersted 21 7. Endemic.

Peperomia aguacatensis var. orosiana Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 194. 1929. Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39779.

Peperomia aguacatensis var. picta Trelease, loc. cit. El
Mufieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley & Valeria 51660.

Peperomia aguacatensis var. urocarpoides Trelease, loc. cit.
Victoria, Zent, Pittier 16084.

Peperomia Alexander! Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba mediocris
stolonifera erecta glabra, caule 2-3 mm. crasso alato; folia alterna
lanceolato-elliptica usque lanceolata acute acuminata, basi acuta,
5.5 cm. longa et 2 cm. lata, 10 cm. longa et 3.5 cm. lata, vel 8 cm.
longa et 4 cm. lata, 5-nervia, nervis interioribus plus minusve con-
fluentibus; petiolus circiter 10 mm. longus amplexicauli-decurrens;
spicae terminales circiter 50 mm. longae et 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo
10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae; baccae subglobosae, stig-
mate obliquo. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,010 meters, Alexander
F. Skutch 2631 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia amphitricha Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 192. 1919. Quebradillas, near Santa Maria de Dota, 1,800
meters, Standley 43089a. Piedra Blanca, near Escasu; San Ramon.
Endemic. The species has been reported for Costa Rica as P.
lanceolato-peltata.

Peperomia amphitricha var. santa-rosana Trelease, loc. cit.
Santa Rosa de Copey, Prov. San Jos4, Tonduz 12225. Region of
El Copey.

Peperomia amphoterophylla Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 225. 1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jos£, Biolley 939. Fre-
quent about the Meseta Central, descending to Alajuela, and
ascending the slopes of the volcanoes; region of San Ramon.
Endemic. Reported for Costa Rica under the name P. galioides
var. longifolia.

Peperomia amphoterophylla var. glutineofructa Trelease,
op. cit. 226. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Standley & Valerio
44007. Canton de Dota; Escasu.

Peperomia analectae Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba ut videtur
parva ramosa glabra, caulibus geniculato-flexuosis vix 1 mm. crassis,
internodiis brevibus; folia alterna elliptica distincte emarginata,

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

basi acuta, circiter 2 cm. longa et 1 cm. lata, trinervia, costa supra
impressa, subtus elevata, in sicco tenuia, petiolo gracili 5 mm. longo;
inflorescentia? — La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 20616 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia antennifera Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modice alta
repens glabra nodis radicans, internodiis modice elongatis 1-2 mm.
crassis; folia rotundo-ovata subabrupte breviacuminata, basi obscure
cordulata, 6-7 cm. longa 3-5 cm. lata, e tertio infimo submultipli-
5-nervia, in sicco firma opaca, subtus pallidiora, petiolo 2-4.5 cm.
longo gracili; spicae 20-30 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae apice pedunculi
4-5 cm. longi geminatae, pedicellis filiformibus 3-4 cm. longis.—
El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,010 meters, A. F. Skutch 2288 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia atirroana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
208. 1929. Atirro, Prov. Cartago, 600 meters, J. D. Smith 4927.
Region of San Ramon. Endemic. Reported under the name P.
paniculata.

Peperomia barbana C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 29, pt. 2:
70.1890. Las Esmeraldas, Volcan de Barba, Tonduz 1331. Known
only from the Volcano of Barba.

Peperomia barbensis (Dahlst.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 191. 1929. P. hispidula var. barbensis Dahlst. Svensk.
Vet. Akad. Handl. 33, pt. 2: 14. 1900. Volcan de Barba, Hoffmann
54- Also El Tablazo and El Copey. Endemic.

Peperomia barbinodis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
220. 1929. Near Juan Vifias, Prov. Cartago, 1,200 meters, Tonduz
10419. Endemic.

Peperomia bistortifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
195. 1929. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Standley & Valerio
44008. Endemic.

Peperomia borucana C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
232. 1891. Boruca, Tonduz 4109. Also in El General. Endemic.

Peperomia brachypus Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
200. 1929. Camino de Hatillo, near San Jose", 1,200 meters, Standley
32159. Also at Cartago. Endemic.

Peperomia brevicaulis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
208. 1929. Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39667. El Muneco.
Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 309

Peperomia breviscapa Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
209. 1929. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, Standley 36888.
Wet forests of the Atlantic coast. Endemic.

Peperomia cacuminicola Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 215. 1929. Finca La Cima, north of El Copey, 2,100-2,400
meters, Standley 42637. Palmira del Naranjo; region of San Ramon,
1,200-1,300 meters. Endemic.

Peperomia calvicaulis C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
231. 1891. Camino de Carillo, near La Laguna, Biolley 3177.
Atlantic Coast, ascending to Orosi and El Muneco. Endemic.

Peperomia calvicaulis var. perexigua Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 214. 1929. Tsaki, Prov. Limon, 200 meters, Tonduz
9543.

Peperomia calvicaulis var. subpenninervis C. DC. Candollea
1 : 381. 1923 ; 3 : 122. 1926. Las Vueltas de Tucurrique, Tonduz 12738.

Peperomia calvicaulis var. hydnostachya Trelease, loc. cit.
Tin's, Prov. Cartago, 650 meters, Tonduz 11530.

Peperomia calvicaulis var. ovata Trelease, loc. cit. El Arenal,
Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley & Valerio 45168. El Muneco;
slopes of Barba. Endemic.

Peperomia calvifolia C. DC. Candollea 1: 290, 381. 1923.
Santiago, San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes 14182. Slopes of the
central volcanoes; El Muneco; San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia calvifolia var. abrupta Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 218. 1929. El Muneco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley 33955.

Peperomia calyculata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
207. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-1,700 meters, Standley
36568. Endemic.

Peperomia candelaber Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
207. 1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jose', 1,600 meters, Standley 33010.
Several other collections have been made at the same locality;
region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia carpinterana C. DC. in Pittier, Primit. 2: 281.
1899. La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, Pittier & Tonduz 6903.
Endemic.

310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia carpinterana var. sparsipila Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 197. 1929. Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,600 meters,
Standley 35690.

Peperomia cartagoana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
222. 1929. P. reflexa var. pallida C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt.
1: 235. 1891. San Jose", Pittier 3198. Frequent about the Meseta
Central; Canton de Dota; Aguacate. Endemic.

Peperomia cataratasensis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba sub-
parva (repens?) glabra arboricola, caule 1-3 mm. crasso; folia alterna
rotundo-ovata acuta, basi rotundata, 1.5-2.5 cm. longa 1-2 cm. lata,
5-nervia, coriacea, subtus saepe laete lutea, nervis salientibus, petiolo
5-15 mm. longo; spicae terminales atque axillares vix 35 mm. longae
et 1 mm. crassae, pedunculo ad 15 mm. longo. — Cataratas (Los
Angeles) de San Ramon, Brenes 20514 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia Cattii Trelease, sp. nov.— Herba subparva stoloni-
fero-adsurgens, petiolis aliquanto ciliatis exceptis glabra, caule
sursum geniculato 2-3 mm. crasso; folia alterna lanceolato-elliptica
vel subrhombica acuminata, basi acuta, circiter 6 cm. longa et 2.5
cm. lata, 5-nervia, subtus granulosa, in sicco subtenuia sed opaca,
petiolo 5 mm. longo amplexicauli ; spicae terminales et ex axillis
supremis 75 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pedunculo filiformi 15 mm.
longo. — Margin of Bonilla Lakes, Prov. Limon, 300-430 meters,
C. W. Dodge, George Catt & W. S. Thomas 6141 (type in Gray Herb.).

Peperomia chambesyana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
193. 1929. P. arifolia var. acutifolia C. DC. ex Trel. Bot. Gaz. 73:
142. 1922. The species was based upon plants cultivated at Cham-
besy, Switzerland, from seeds received from Costa Rica, The species
is unknown in the wild state.

Peperomia chlorostachya Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 203. 1929. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Standley &
Valerio 43513. Collected also near El Copey. Endemic.

Peperomia chrysocarpa C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 29, pt. 2:
70. 1891. San Jose", Tonduz 1384. Central region. Endemic.

Peperomia ciliifera Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 212.
1929. P. hernandifolia var. ciliifera Trel. Bot. Gaz. 73: 145. 1922.
La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Cooper 286. Collected also at La Hon-
dura, and region of San Ramon, at elevations of 1,200-1,300
meters. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 311

Peperomia ciliifera var. filipes Trelease, loc. cit. P. hernandi-
folia var. filipes Trel. Bot. Gaz. 73: 145. pi. 4,f- 18. 1922. La Palma,
Prov. San Jose", Tonduz 12539.

Peperomia circumscissa Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 211. 1929. P. pendula C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 178.
1897, non Willd. Turrialba, Pittier 8433. Collected also at Atirro
and Las Vueltas. Endemic.

Peperomia coliblancoana Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva
adsurgens glabra, caule 2 mm. crasso, internodiis brevibus pallidis;
folia elliptica obtusa vel emarginulata, basi acuta, circiter 12 mm.
longa et 8 mm. lata, coriacea, vix plus quam 1-nervia, petiolo 3-5
mm. longo amplexicauli ; spicae terminales circiter 25 mm. longae
2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae ;
ovarium immersum obovoideum, stigmate interiore. — Finca Coli-
blanco, Volcan de Turrialba, 1,980 meters, C. W. Dodge 4516 in
1929 (type in Gray Herb.).

Peperomia compaginata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 223. 1929. Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,500-1,700 meters,
Standley & Torres 47624. Endemic.

Peperomia compotrix Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
213. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37490. Endemic.

Peperomia Cooperi C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
226. 1891. La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Cooper 141. Common in
the Meseta Central. Endemic. Reported for Costa Rica under
the names P. dendrophila and P. petiolaris.

Peperomia copeyana C. DC. Candollea 1: 312, 383. 1923.
Santa Rosa de Copey, Tonduz 12228. Endemic.

Peperomia costaricensis C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt.
1: 228. 1891. Between La Division and Alto del Palmital, Pittier
3602. Also at Turrialba. Endemic.

Peperomia crispipetiola Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 196. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37455. Endemic.

Peperomia cryptolepida Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 206. 1929. Finca Hamburgo, Rio Reventazon, Standley &
Valerio 48932. Atlantic coast. Endemic.

Peperomia Cufodontii Trelease, Archiv. Bot. 10: 2. 1934. South-
western slope of Volcan de Irazu, above Guayabillos, 2,500 meters,
Cufodontis 509. Endemic. Closely related to P. erythrophlebia.

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia cyclophylla Mart. Garrapatilla. Pacific slope.
Guatemala to Peru. Reported from Costa Rica as P. circinata Link.

Peperomia defracta Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva erecta
simplex vel plus minusve caespitosa glabra, caule vix 2 mm. crasso,
internodiis brevibus; folia alterna lanceolato-oblanceolata et utrinque
acuta vel obovato-subspathulata et apice obtusa, 15-25 mm. longa
5-8 mm. lata, 3-nervia, subtus elevato-venulosa, coriacea, petiolo
5 mm. longo; spicae terminales 25 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae,
pedunculo 10 mm. longo; baccae subglobosae, pseudocupula pro-
funda, stigmate apicali. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,160 meters,
A.F. Skutch 2851 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia delecta Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 206.
1929. Alto de La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39097. Endemic.

Peperomia delicatissima Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 191. 1929. P. emarginella var. glabrior C. DC. in Pittier, Prim.
2: 287. 1899. Rio Naranjo, 200 meters, Tonduz 8002. Atlantic
slope. Endemic.

Peperomia disparifolia Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
repenti-adsurgens, caule 2 mm. crasso breviter villoso; folia inferne
alterna, parium 1-2 superiorum opposita, elliptica utrinque acuta,
circiter 5 cm. longa atque 3 cm. lata, opaca, obscure 3-5-nervia,
sordido-tomentulosa, petiolo 10-15 mm. longo villoso-tomentuloso ;
spicae terminales vix 70 mm. longae et 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo
20 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae. — Colinas de San Pedro
de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, epiphytic, September, 1925, A. M.
Brenes 4436 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia Dodgei Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula ali-
quanto caespitosa sparse papilloso-puberula, caule 1-3 mm. crasso
superne pallido; phyllotaxis dimorpha; folia novellorum et inferiora
caulium vetustiorum ad nodum 2-4 lanceolato-oblonga et vix 15
mm. longa atque 5 mm. lata, folia ramorum floriferorum alterna
late lanceolata 3-8 cm. longa 1.5-2.5 cm. lata, attenuata, basi acuta,
5-nervia, in sicco subtenuia, petiolo 1-3 mm. longo; spicae terminales
et axillares filiformes 30 mm. longae, pedunculo circiter 5 mm.
longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae; ovarium immersum ovoideum,
stigmate subapicali. — Above La Union de Tres Cruces, north-
western slope of Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,460-1,700 meters, C. W.
Dodge & W. S. Thomas 4782 in 1929 (type in Gray Herb. ; duplicate
in Herb. Field. Mus.).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 313

Peperomia Donnell-Smithii C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 291.
1899. La Conception, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 6742.
Endemic.

Peperomia dotana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 215.
1929. Laguna de La Chonta, near Santa Maria de Dota, 2,000
meters, Standley 42280. Canton de Dota, ascending to 3,000 meters.
Endemic.

Peperomia Durandii C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
225. 1891. Volcan de Barba, Pittier 2015. Slopes of the volcanoes,
at 1,400-1,800 meters; El General. Endemic.

Peperomia dyscrita Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 198.
1929. Rio Naranjo, Prov. Cartago, Tonduz 7518. Atlantic slope
at middle elevations; Canton de Dota. Endemic. Reported from
Costa Rica as P. alata R. & P.

Peperomia emiliana C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 292. 1899.
La Emilia, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 6740. Atlantic
coast. Endemic.

Peperomia erythrophlebia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 200. 1929. El Muneco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley
33418. Endemic.

Peperomia esperanzana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
222. 1929. La Esperanza, Volcan de Irazu, Standley 35357. Endemic.

Peperomia exuberantifolia Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba sub-
parva stolonifera caespitosa erecta obscure puberula, caule 1-2 mm.
crasso; folia vulgo ternata rotundo-elliptica et obtusissima, vel
superiora ovata et subacuta, basi subacuta, 10-13 mm. longa 7-10
mm. lata, coriacea, 3- vel obscure 5-nervia, petiolo fere nullo;
spicae terminales et ex axillis supremis 25 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae,
serius graciliores et 60 mm. longae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo; bracteae
rotundo-peltatae. — Cerro Central de Zurqui, Prov. Heredia, 1,600-
1,700 meters, Dodge, Thomas & Valerio 6140 p. p. in 1929 (type
in Gray Herb.).

Peperomia faucium-bovis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majus-
cula diffusa vel scandens, caule 2 mm. crasso, internodiis lon-
giusculis primo crispo-puberulis; folia alterna lanceolato-oblonga
sensim caudata, basi paullo inaequilaterali subobtusa vel acuta,
circiter 10 cm. longa 3-3.5 cm. lata, e medio inferiore pinnatinervia,
nervis 5x2, utrinque puberula, nervis subtus breviter pubescentibus,
petiolo 5-8 mm. longo crispo-puberulo ; spicae solitariae (vel gemi-

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

natae?) ramulos sympodialiter terminales 1-foliatos terminantes,
40 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo. — Changui-
nola Valley, Bocas del Toro, Panama, near the Costa Rican boundary,
V. C. Dunlap 338 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia filicaulis C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 282. 1899.
Puerto Viejo, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7344- Atlantic coast. Endemic.

Peperomia filispica C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 285. 1899.
Alto de Ochomogo, Pittier 10386. Endemic.

Peperomia fimbribractea Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 196. 1929. Dulce Nombre, Prov. Cartago, Standley 35897.
Region of Cartago; Los Ayotes, Guanacaste; 600-1,600 meters.
Endemic.

Peperomia fimbribractea var. sparsipila Trelease, loc. cit.
Cerro de Piedra Blanca, Prov. San Jose", Standley 32469.

Peperomia fissispica Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:

201. 1929. Finca del Volcan de Turrialba, 2,000-2,400 meters,
Standley 35055. Endemic.

Peperomia flagellispica Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modica sub-
repens nigro-puncticulata arboricola, caule gracili 2 mm. crasso radi-
canti prope nodos inferiores plus minusve crispo-piloso ; folia alterna
lanceolata utrinque subaequaliter acuto-angustata, 4-5.5 cm. longa
1.5-2 cm. lata, palmatinervia, nervis interioribus supra basin
confmentibus, sparsissime pilosa, petiolo 5-15 mm. longo plus
minusve ciliato amplexicauli-decurrente ; spicae terminales et axil-
lares gracillimae longissimae, 150 mm. longae 1.5 mm. crassae,
laxiflorae, pedunculo 2-3 cm. longo glabro; bracteae rotundo-pel-
tatae; baccae ovoideae oblique apicatae, stigmate subapicali. —
Farm One, Changuinola Valley, Bocas del Toro, Panama, near
the Costa Rican boundary, V. C. Dunlap 453 (type in U. S. Nat.
Herb.; duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia fraijanesana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:

202. 1929. Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,500-1,700 meters, Standley
& Torres 47596. Endemic.

Peperomia fraijanesana var. subrhombica Trelease, loc. cit.
Fraijanes, Standley & Torres 47602.

Peperomia fraijanesana var. san-isidroana Trelease, loc. cit.
Yerba Buena, above San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,000 meters,
Standley & Valerio 50226.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 315

Peperomia gallitoensis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva erecta
compacte ramosa glabra, caule 1-2 mm. crasso, internodiis brevibus;
folia opposita vel ternata lanceolato-elliptica subobtusa, basi acuta,
circiter 10 mm. longa et 4 mm. lata, in sicco viridia, subopaca, vix
plus quam 1-nervia, petiolo filiformi 3-4 mm. longo; inflorescentia?
—El Gallito de Heredia, Brenes 21744 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia glaberrima C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 289. 1899.
P. glabriramea C. DC. Candollea 1: 370, 390. 1923. Santo Domingo
de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 9943. Also in Buenos Aires; region of San
Ramon; Guanacaste. Endemic.

Peperomia glabricaulis C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 290. 1899.
Forests of Tsuritkub, Talamanca, Tonduz 8689. Endemic.

Peperomia gleicheniaeformis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva
essentialiter glabra stolonifera, caulibus geniculato-flexuosis cito
divaricato-dichotomis vix 1 mm. crassis; folia alterna elliptica atque
10 mm. longa et 5 mm. lata, vel anguste lanceolata, 20 mm. longa,
8 mm. lata, utrinque acuta, 3-nervia, in sicco firma, petiolo 2-3 mm.
longo; spicae terminales 25 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pseudopedi-
cellis conicis, pedunculo gracili 5 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-
peltatae; baccae subglobosae, stigmate obliquo. — El General, Prov.
San Jose", 1,010 meters, A. F. Skutch 2287 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia guayabillosana Trelease in Cufodontis, Archivio
Bot. 10: 2. 1934. Southwestern slopes of Volcan de Irazu, near
Guayabillos, 2,300 meters, Cufodontis 317. Endemic. Related to
P. Pittieri.

Peperomia guanacastana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 220. 1929. El Arenal, Prov. Guanacaste, 485-600 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45065. Endemic; known only from the region
of the type.

Peperomia guapilesana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
210. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37446. Endemic.

Peperomia herediana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
197. 1929. Yerba Buena, Prov. Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley
& Valerio 49260. Slopes of Volcan de Barba. Endemic.

Peperomia Hoffmannii C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 133. 1866.
Elotillo. San Jose", Hoffmann 415. Abundant in the Meseta Central
and on the slopes of the volcanoes; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia hylophila C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 284. 1899.
P. irazuana C. DC. op. cit. 293 (Irazu, Tonduz 4408). La Car-
pintera, Prov. Cartago, Pittier 4406. Slopes of the mountains of
the central region. Endemic.

Peperomia hylophila var. personata Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 203. 1929. Volcan de Poas, 2,300 meters, J. D.
Smith 6744- Also at La Palma de San Jose".

Peperomia imbricata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
224. 1929. El Infiernillo, Juan Vinas, Prov. Cartago, Pittier 3178.
Endemic.

Peperomia incisa Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 205.
1929. Quebrada Serena near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters,
Standley & Valeria 46318. Endemic.

Peperomia incrassata Trelease, sp. nov.— Herba valida rhizo-
matosa majuscula glabra, P. psilocladae affinis, caule 2-3 mm.
crasso; folia alterna elliptica utrinque subaequaliter acutata, 3.5-5.5
cm. longa 1.5-3 cm. lata, 5-nervia, nervis interioribus aliquanto
confluentibus, in sicco opaca fuscescentia, petiolo 5-7 mm. longo;
spicae terminales 70 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo crassius-
culo 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae; baccae subglobosae
oblique apiculatae, stigmate subapicali.- — El Tablazo, Prov. San
Jose", 1,800 meters, Manuel Valerio 1120 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia isidroana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
215. 1929. Yerba Buena, above San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,000
meters, Standley & Valerio 50232. Endemic.

Peperomia jarisiana C. DC. Linnaea 37: 382. 1872. Volcan
de Jaris, Oersted. Palmira del Naranjo, at 1,850 meters. Endemic.

Peperomia jimenezana (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 196. 1929. P. caulibarbis var. jimenesana C. DC. in
Pittier, Prim. 2: 284. 1899. P. glabella var. barbulata C. DC. Can-
dollea 1: 325. 1923; 3: 125. 1926 (Agua Dulce, Pittier 11034).
Jimenez, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 4929. Frequent in
the tierra caliente, ascending the slopes of volcanoes to 1,800 meters.
Endemic. Reported from Costa Rica as P. melanostig'ma Miq.

Peperomia lagartana C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 285. 1899.
Between Boruca and Lagarto, Prov. Puntarenas, Tonduz 4660.
Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 317

Peperomia lancilimba C. DC. Candollea 1: 290, 394. 1923.
Volcan de Barba, Hoffmann 61. Mountains of the Meseta Central.
Endemic.

Peperomia Lankesteri Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba epiphytica
parvula stolonifera glabra, caule aliquanto ramoso 1-2 mm. crasso
in sicco sulcato; folia alterna rotundo-obovata plerumque basi acuta,
10 mm. longa 8 mm. lata, plus minusve conspicue 3-nervia, in sicco
coriacea, petiolo 3-5 mm. longo; spicae terminales et ex axillis superi-
oribus nascentes 10-12 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix
5 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae in sicco coriaceae; baccae
globosae, stigmate obliquo sessili. — Pejivalle, C. H. Lankester 1294
(type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia late-ovata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
191. 1929. Laguna de La Chonta, near Santa Maria de Dota, 2,000
meters, Standley 42310. Collected also near San Jose". Endemic.

Peperomia lignescens C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 137. 1866. Type
collected by Hoffmann, without definite locality. Collected also
at TeYraba and El General. Endemic.

Peperomia lignescens var. carthaginensis (C. DC.) Trelease,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 193. 1929. P. carthaginensis C. DC.
Linnaea 37: 377. 1872. Cartago, Oersted 925. Frequent in the
central region; region of San Ramon.

Peperomia lignescens var. subcuneilimba Trelease, loc. cit.
Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800 meters, Standley 41564.

Peperomia longibacca C. DC. Candollea 1: 369. 1923; 2: 188.
1925. Nicoya, Tonduz 13958. Collected also at Cabagra and Tilaran.
Endemic.

Peperomia longibacca C. DC. Candollea 1: 313. 1923. Santa
Rosa de Copey, Tonduz 12243. Canton de Dota and Meseta Central.
Endemic. Listed by some authors under the name of P. penicillata
var. magnifolia.

Peperomia martagonifolia C. DC. Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve
21: 262. 1920, nomen; Candollea 1: 313. 1923; 2: 188. 1925; Schroeder,
Candollea 3: 128. 1926. Santa Rosa de Copey, Prov. San Jose,
Tonduz 12243. Cabagra; region of Dota; Meseta Central. Endemic.
Reported from Costa Rica under the name P. penicillata var.
magnifolia.

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia martagonifolia var. contempta Trelease, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 218. 1929. San Jose", Pittier 4249. Atlantic
slope, descending to Tucurrique. Endemic.

Peperomia martagonifolia var. Wercklei (C. DC.) Trelease,
op. cit. 219. P. Wercklei C. DC. Candollea 1: 306. 1923. San Cris-
tobal de Candelaria, Werckle 3688.

Peperomia martagonifolia var. Torresana Trelease, loc. cit.
Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600 meters, Standley & Torres 47624.

Peperomia megalanthera Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 206. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose, 1,300-1,700 meters,
Standley 37970. Endemic.

Peperomia mentiens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
217. 1929. Rio Turrialba, Prov. Cartago, 500 meters, J. D. Smith
4926B. Atlantic coast, ascending to Pejivalle (900 meters). Endemic.

Peperomia mentiens var. lata Trelease, loc. cit. Finca
Montecristo, Rio Reventazon, Standley & Valeria 49012.

Peperomia montecristana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 199. 1929. Finca Montecristo, Rio Reventazon, Standley &
Valeria 49017. Endemic.

Peperomia multifida Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
201. 1929. Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters,
Standley 34349. Also at Las Nubes. Endemic.

Peperomia munyecoana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
197. 1929. El Muiieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley
& Torres 51754. Collected also at Pejivalle, 900 meters. Endemic.

Peperomia muscisedens C. DC. Candollea 1: 398. 1923. P.
muscicola C. DC. Candollea 1: 298, 398. 1923, non Ridl. Las
Vueltas, Prov. Cartago, Tonduz 13135. Endemic.

Peperomia naranjoana C. DC. Linnaea 37: 378. 1872. Naranjo,
Oersted 974. Endemic.

Peperomia navarrana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
215. 1929. El Muiieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley 33553. Endemic.

Peperomia nemoralis C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 292. 1899.
Shirores, Talamanca, Tonduz 9268. Collected also at Tsaki. Endemic.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 319

Peperomia nicoyana C. DC. Candollea 1: 341. 399. 1923.
Nicoya, Tonduz 13692. Endemic.

Peperomia niveo-punctulata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 199. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37552.
Endemic.

Peperomia oblongifolia C. DC. Candollea 1: 299. 400. 1923.
Quebrada Honda, Juan Vifias, Prov. Cartago, Pittier 10419. Also
at Alto de Ochomogo. Endemic.

Peperomia Oerstedii C. DC. Linnaea 37: 375. 1872. Volcan
de Irazu, Oersted 977. Canton de Dota. Endemic.

Peperomia olivacea C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 146. 1866. San
Jose", Hoffmann 810. Endemic.

Peperomia olivacea var. perlongispica Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 21. 1929. Quebradillas, near Santa Maria de Dota,
1,800 meters, Standley 43368. Frequent in Dota and the Meseta
Central. Endemic.

Peperomia orientalis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
211. 1929. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, Standley 36948.
A common species of the Atlantic coast. Endemic.

Peperomia osana Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula repens
aliquanto pubescens, aspectu P. scandenti similis, caule 1-2 mm.
crasso; folia alterna deltoideo-ovata acute acutata 1.5-2 cm. diam.
5-nervia, petiolo 1-2 cm. longo; spicae terminales 25 mm. longae
2 mm. crassae, pedunculis aliquanto brevioribus prope medium
bracteatis; baccae anguste oblongae rostellatae, stigmatibus basi
rostri obliquis. — Rio Sandalo, Peninsula de Osa, Prov. Puntarenas,
at sea level, Dodge & Goerger 10079 (type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.),
9958.

Peperomia Otoni Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula late
repens et radicans glabra, caule 2 mm. crasso; folia alterna lanceolato-
ovata sensim longiacuminata, 1 cm. supra basin rotundatam peltata,
6-8 cm. longa 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, circiter 7-nervia, nervis interioribus
inferne aliquanto confluentibus, in sicco tenuia sed subopaca, petiolo
3-^4 cm. longo; spicae sympodialiter geminatae scapum 1-bracteatum
5 vel 10-25 mm. longum terminantes, in statu juvenili 20 mm.
longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo; bracteae minutae
rotundo-peltatae.— Hacienda Santa Maria, Guanacaste, 720-850
meters, C. W. Dodge, Oton Jimenez & W. S. Thomas 7768 in 1930
(type in Gray Herb.).

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia pachyphlebia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
216. 1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,450 meters, Tonduz 12606.
Collected also at Candelaria. Endemic.

Peperomia palmae Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modica (vel
majuscula?) rhizomatosa glabra, caule 3-4 mm. crasso; folia alterna
elliptico-subobovata obtusa et subemarginata, basi acuta, 6 cm.
longa 4-4.5 cm. lata, e medio inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis salienti-
bus circiter 5x2, in sicco coriacea, supra roseo tincta, subtus pal-
lidiora, petiolo 2-3 cm. longo; spicae subterminales solitariae 40 mm.
longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 6 cm. longo medio 1-bracteato. —
Alto de La Palma near San Ramon, 1,325 meters, Brenes 3792
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 20597.

Peperomia palmana C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 29, pt. 2:
71. 1890. P. palmana var. oppositifolia C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa
Rica 9: 180. 1897. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", Pittier 72^. Abun-
dant in the mountains of the central region. Endemic.

Peperomia palmana var, fragrans C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. 30, pt. 1: 233. 1891. Volcan de Turrialba, Lehmann 1105.

Peperomia palmana var. oxystachya (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 221. 1929. P. oxystachya, C. DC. Anal. Inst.
Costa Rica 9: 180. 1897. El Tablazo, Prov. San Jose", Tonduz 8041.
Frequent on the slopes of Volcan Poas.

Peperomia palmana var. pseudo-oxystachya Trelease, loc.
cit. Yerba Buena, Prov. Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria

49222.

Peperomia palmana var. Valerionum Trelease, var. nov.—
Glabrata, foliis var. oxystachyae similis, foliis vulgo 3-4-natis; spicae
ad anthesin breves obtusae 20 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pedunculo
5 mm. longo. — Cerro Central de Zurqui, Prov. Heredia, 1,600-1,700
meters, Dodge, Thomas, Juvenal Valerio & Remo Valerio 6146 in 1929
(type in Gray Herb.).

Peperomia palmensis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modice parva
cito erecta glabra epiphytica, caulibus sursum gracillimis, basin
versus 3 mm. crassis; folia alterna obovata apice rotundata et
emarginata, basi acuta, 2.5-3.5 cm. longa 2-3 cm. lata, salienter
pinnatinervia, nervis majoribus 3x2 prope basin costae, in sicco
opaca coriacea, petiolo circiter 5 mm. longo; spicae axillares et
solitariae vel 2-3 scapum gracilem terminalem vix 2 cm. longum

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 321

terminantes, filiformes, 40-50 mm. longae, pedunculo 1-3 cm. longo
filiform!.- — La Palma de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 5509
(type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia parmata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
212. 1929. Rio Turrialba, Prov. Cartago, 500 meters, J. D. Smith
4926. Slopes of the volcanoes, and Atlantic watershed, 500-1,600
meters; Canton de Dota. Endemic. Reported for Costa Rica
under the names P. variegata and P. maculosa.

Peperomia pellucida (L). HBK. Frequent on the Atlantic
coast, ascending to the slopes of Irazu. A terrestrial annual, common
about settlements, growing sometimes in cultivated ground. A
species of wide distribution in America.

Peperomia peltilimba C. DC. ex Trelease, Bot. Gaz. 13: 145.
1922. San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes 14178. La Hondura de
San Jose"; El Mufieco; Pejivalle. Endemic.

Peperomia peninsularis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
216. 1929. Nicoya, Tonduz 13694. Endemic. Listed for Costa
Rica as P. obtusifolia Dietr.

Peperomia pilulifera Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
199. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37439. Endemic.

Peperomia pirrisana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:

223. 1929. Pozo Azul de Pirns, Lankester 1166. Endemic.

Peperomia Pittieri C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
235. 1891. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", Pittier 722. Frequent on
the slopes of the volcanoes; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia platyphylla C. DC. Candollea 1: 368, 403. 1923.
Juan Vinas, Prov. Cartago, Cook & Doyle 269. Collected also at
La Hondura de San Jose". Endemic.

Peperomia poasana C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:

224. 1891. Volcan de Poas, Pittier 63. Collected also at La Estrella
de Cartago and La Palma de San Jose"; frequent in the region of
San Ramon, at 1,000-1,400 meters.

Peperomia poasana var. herediana Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 208. 1929. Yerba Buena above San Isidro, Prov.
Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valerio 50197. Slopes of Volcan
de Barba. Endemic.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia podocarpa C. DC. in Pittier, Prim. 2: 280. 1899.
El General, Pittier 10595. Endemic.

Peperomia Porschiana Trelease, Archivio Bot. 10: 3. 1934.
Volcan Poas, 2,200-2,400 meters, Cufodontis 737. Related to P.
hylophila. Endemic.

Peperomia pothifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
210. 1929. Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37427. Endemic.

Peperomia pseudo-alpina Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 217. 1929. Colinas de Piedades, San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela,
1,100 meters, Brenes 14180. Frequent in mountains of the central
region. Endemic. Reported for Costa Rica under the name P. mag-
noliifolia var. parvifolia.

Peperomia pseudo-Casaretti C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica
9: 179. 1897. Shirores, Tonduz 9282. Tierra caliente of both coasts,
ascending to 1,400 meters. Endemic. Reported from Costa Rica
as P. scandens R. & P.

Peperomia pseudo-Hoffmannii Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 225. 1929. Garrapatilla. Finca La Colombiana, Prov.
Limon, Standley 36837. Endemic.

Peperomia pseudo-Hoffmannii var. lenticularis Trelease, loc.
cit. Finca La Colombiana, Standley 36837.

Peperomia pseudopedicellata Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 198. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-1,700
meters, Standley 37762. Endemic.

Peperomia pseudo-tetraphylla Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 224. 1929. Finca Las Concavas, Prov. Cartago, 1,200
meters, Standley 41488. Regions of Cartago and Canton de Dota,
ascending to 2,000 meters. Endemic.

Peperomia pseudo-tetraphylla var. Dodgei Trelease, var.
nov. — Herba parva repenti-adsurgens simplex glabra; folia obovata
emarginulata basi acuta 13 mm. longa 6 mm. lata, in sicco coriacea,
subtus subpapillosa. — Finca Coliblanco, southern slope of Volcan
de Turrialba, 1,980 meters, C. W. Dodge 4715 (type in Gray Herb.).

Peperomia pseudo-tetraphylla var. Juvenalis Trelease, loc.
cit. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 44003.

Peperomia psiloclada C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 176.
1897. Elotillo, Hilotillo. P. psiloclada var. magnifolia C. DC.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 323

Candollea 1: 350. 1923 (Santa Rosa del Copey, Tonduz 12222}.
El Tablazo, Pittier 8040. Common in mountains of the central
region, ascending to 2,000 meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia punctatifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 204. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-1,700 meters,
Standley 37968. Mountains of the central region, also at Guapiles.
Endemic.

Peperomia punctatifolia var. munyecoana Trelease, loc. cit.
El Mufieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley 33432.

Peperomia pyrolifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
217. 1929. Limon, Pittier 12691. Endemic.

Peperomia queserana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
210. 1929. La Quesera, Roble de Copey, Prov. San Jose*, 2,700
meters, Tonduz 12184- Slopes of the volcanoes and in El General.
Endemic. Listed from Costa Rica as P. adscendens C. DC.

Peperomia rata Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula glabra,
ramis gracilibus; folia vulgo 3-5-verticillata, inferiora lanceolata,
6 cm. longa 2 cm. lata, superiora sensim minora 2-3 cm. longa 1 cm.
lata, utrinque acuta vel superiora subacuminata et basi subobtusa,
3-nervia vel obscure 5-nervia, in sicco viridia, petiolo 2 mm. vel
foliorum majorum 5 mm. longo; spicae terminales et ex axillis superi-
oribus nascentes filiformes vix 25 mm. longae, pedunculo vix 5 mm.
longo. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 850 meters, A. F. Skutch 2675
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia redondoana Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva
stolonifero-erecta ramosa, caule 1-3 mm. crasso transiente sparse
hirtello f urfuraceo-exf oliante ; folia vulgo 4-5-nata elliptico-obovata
obtusa, basi subacuta, 5-8 mm. longa 3-4 mm. lata, coriacea et non
manifeste nervosa, petiolo 1 mm. longo; spicae terminales 30-50
mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5-10 mm. longo; bracteae
rotundo-peltatae. — Potrero at Rancho Redondo, Prov. San Jose,
2,220-2,600 meters, Dodge & Thomas 5423 in 1929 (type in Gray
Herb.).

Peperomia reflexifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
223. 1929. Garrapatilla. P. reflexa var. angustifolia C. DC. Anal.
Inst. Costa Rica 9: 180. 1897. La Esmeralda, Volcan de Barba,
Biolley & Pittier 7259. Frequent in mountains of the whole central
region. Endemic. . Pittier states that the crushed leaves are applied
as poultices to reduce the inflammation of sores and wounds.

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia rejecta Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 205.
1929. Yerba Buena, above San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,000 meters,
Standley & Valeria 50219. Endemic.

Peperomia reptabunda Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
206. 1929. Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Prov. Cartago, 635 meters,
Tonduz 12971. Endemic.

Peperomia rio-albae Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva dicho-
toma caespitosa, caule 1 mm. crasso nodoso, internodiis brevibus;
folia vulgo 4-5-nata obovata saepe emarginulata, basi acuta, 6-7
mm. longa 4 mm. lata, in sicco coriacea, vix 1-nervia, petiolo 1-2
mm. longo; spicae terminales, juveniles 10 mm. longae 1 mm.
crassae, pedunculo filiformi vix 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-
peltatae dense insertae. — Rio Alba, El Copey, above 1,800 meters,
H. E. Stork 2986 (type in herb. Univ. Illinois).

Peperomia rio-poasensis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modica
glabra, caule 3 mm. crasso, internodiis brevibus; folia alterna ovata
vel rotundo-ovata obtusa, basi breviter cordata, 5-7 cm. longa 3-6
cm. lata, 7-9-nervia, in sicco tenuia translucentia, petiolo gracili
3-7 cm. longo; spicae axillares solitariae vel geminatae et scapum
brevem parvibracteatum terminantes, 50 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae,
pedunculo vix 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae; ovarium
subglobosum. — Carrillo de Poas, near Rio Poas, Brenes 19369 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia rio-poasensis var. subacaulescens Trelease, var.
nov. — Caulis ut videtur non evolutus; petiolus 10 cm. longus; spicae
90 mm. longae, bractea fulcrante 15 mm. longa 10 mm. lata. —
With the type, near Rio Poas, Brenes 17246 (type in Herb. Field
Mus.), 17247.

Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) HBK. P. nummularifolia HBK.
An abundant plant in the mountains and in the tierra caliente.
A species of wide distribution in America.

Peperomia saltivagans Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva repens
glabra, ramis fertilibus brevibus paucifoliatis erectis, caule filiformi ;
folia alterna late ovata obtusa, basi subacuta, 10 mm. longa 6 mm.
lata, opaca et vix plus quam 1-nervia, petiolo 1-2 mm. longo; spicae
terminales, juveniles 10 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm.
longo. — In forest, Finca Castilla, Prov. Limon, 30 meters, Dodge &
Goerger 9281 (type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 325

Peperomia san-joseana C. DC. Linnaea 37: 372. 1872. San
Jose", Oersted 952. Frequent in the Meseta Central and on slopes of
the volcanoes; San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia san-pedroana Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva
stolonifera glabra inter muscos repens, ramis brevibus, caule 1 mm.
crasso; folia alterna sed superne internodiis brevissimis separata,
elliptica circiter 10-12 mm. longa et 8 mm lata utrinque obtusa,
plus minusve conspicue trinervia, petiolo 2-5 mm. longo; spicae
axillares vix 10 mm. longae 1.5 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo.
— Colinas de San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 19126 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Peperomia san-ramonensis C. DC. Candollea 1: 332, 408.
1923. Santiago, San Ramon, Brenes 14183. Endemic.

Peperomia santanana Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
sed delicatissima pauciramosa glabrata, caule in sicco 2 vel basin
versus 5 mm. crasso tenerrimo, ramis 1-2-foliatis; folia alterna
rhombea obtuse subacuminata, basi cuneata, 5.5-6 cm. longa 4-4.5
cm. lata (ramealia vix 2.5 cm. longa et lata atque basi obtusa), in
sicco tenerrima translucentia graciliter 5-nervia venosa, praesertim
apicem versus ciliata, petiolo 2-3 cm. longo (foliorum ramealium
5 mm. tantum longo); spicae terminales filiformes 120 mm. longae
laxiflorae, pedunculo 2-3 cm. longo; baccae ellipsoideae breviter
apiculatae, stigmatibus obliquis. — In potrero, Finca Santana, Prov.
San Jose1, Dodge & Goerger 10476 (type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).

Peperomia sciaphila C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 175.
1897. P. schizostachya Trel. Bot. Gaz. 73: 138. 1922. Rio Virilla,
San Jose\ Tonduz 9630. Meseta Central. Endemic. Reported from
Costa Rica as P. ovato-peltata C. DC.

Peperomia scutellata C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
230. 1891. Alto de La Division, Pittier 3611. La Conception, Lla-
nuras de Santa Clara. Endemic.

Peperomia sepicola Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
225. 1929. San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Tonduz 17790. Endemic.

Peperomia sessilifolioides C. DC. Candollea 1: 409. 1923.
P. sessilifolia C. DC. Candollea 1 : 290. 1923, non HBK. Rio Naranjo,
Pittier 7835. Endemic.

Peperomia silvivaga C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 177.
1897. Forests of Turrialba, 570 meters, Tonduz & Pittier 8435.
Endemic. Reported under the name P. serpens C. DC.

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia Solisii Trelease, sp. nov.— Herba majuscula repens
radicans glabra, caule 2-4 mm. crasso; folia alterna rotundo-obovata
obtusa et subemarginulata, basi acuta, 2.5-3.5 cm. longa 2.5-3 cm.
lata, e medio inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 4x2, in sicco
coriacea, supra opaca venosa, subtus flavescentia, petiolo 5-10 mm.
longo; inflorescentia? — Piedra Blanca, Escasu, 1,900 meters, Jan-
uary, 1935, Fernando Solis 171 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia sphagnicola Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modice
parva stolonifero-erecta simplex glabra, caule 1-2 mm. crasso;
folia alterna elliptica basi acuta, apice emarginulato subacuto, 12-20
mm. longa 8-12 mm. lata, in sicco opaca, supra viridia, subtus
brunnescentia, obscure trinervia, costa supra profunde impressa,
petiolo 5 mm. longo amplexicauli-decurrente ; spicae terminales
50-60 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo ad 15 mm. longo;
baccae griseae subellipsoideae, inferne angustatae, pseudopedicellos
aequilongos rigidos terminantes, stigmate terminali. — In sphagnum,
El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,890 meters, A. F. Skutch 3047 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia stenophylla C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1 :
228. 1891. El General, Pittier 3398. Endemic.

Peperomia stenophylla var. paradendrophila Trelease, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 201. 1929. Tuis, Prov. Cartago, 650 meters,
Tonduz 11531.

Peperomia stenophyllopsis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 201. 1929. Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,500-1,700 meters,
Standley & Torres 47590.

Peperomia stipitifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
220. 1929. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Standley & Valeria
44013. Canton de Dota. Endemic.

Peperomia Storkii Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parvula patens
glabra epiphytica, caule vix 1 mm. crasso; folia alterna elliptica bre-
viter acuminata, basi acuta, 3.5-4 cm. longa 1.5-2 cm. lata, tenuiter
3-nervia atque venulosa, in sicco tenerrima, petiolo 5-10 mm. longo;
spicae terminales et sympodiales, circiter 30 mm. longae 1 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae. — Cerro
de La Carpintera, 1,710 meters, H. E. Stork 1171 (type in herb.
Univ. Illinois).

Peperomia subacaulis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
209. 1929. Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 327

Smith 6748. Collected also at Guapiles. Endemic. Reported from
Costa Rica under the name P. longifolia C. DC.

Peperomia subdita Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
194. 1929. La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, 1,300 meters, Cooper 192.
Region of Cartago. Endemic.

Peperomia subemarginulata (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 223. 1929. P. reflexa var. subemarginulata C. DC.
in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 452. 1869. Cerro de Candelaria, Hoffmann
21. Meseta Central and Canton de Dota. Endemic.

Peperomia substriata C. DC. Candollea 1: 291, 411. 1923.
La Palma, Prov. San Jose", Tonduz 12473. Also Volcan de Irazu.
Endemic.

Peperomia substrigosa Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modica
stolonifero-erecta sparse ramosa, axibus aliquanto strigosis, caule
basin versus 3 mm. crasso; folia ad nodum circiter 3 lanceolata sub-
acuta, basi acuta, 3-4 cm. longa 1 cm. lata, obscure circiter 3-nervia,
petiolo filiformi 5-8 mm. longo; spicae terminales et ex axillis supremis
nascentes filiformes circiter 40 mm. longae, pedunculo fere 30 mm.
longo. — La Palma de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, Brenes 5612 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia tecticola C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 175.
1807. San Jose, Tonduz 7262. Meseta Central. Endemic.

Peperomia tecticola var. muricola Trelease, Bot. Gaz. 73:
143. pi. 3. 1922. San Juan, Tonduz 10146. Meseta Central. Re-
ported as P. lanceolato-peltata.

Peperomia tecticola var. tilirina Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 193. 1929. Rio Tiliri, Prov. San Jose", Tonduz 3208.
Reported as P. puberula Baker.

Peperomia tenelliformis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 203. 1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,600 meters, Standley
33135. Endemic.

Peperomia tenuicaulis C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 177.
1897. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Pittier 9986. Endemic.

Peperomia tenuifolia C. DC. Linnaea 37: 371. 1872. Cerro
de Aguacate, Prov. Alajuela, Oersted 1001. Endemic.

Peperomia tenuinervis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
repenti-adsurgens glabra, caule 1-2 mm. crasso; folia alterna vel

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

suprema congesto-subverticillata elliptico-oblanceolata acute acu-
minata basi cuneata 4-6.5 cm. longa 2-3 cm. lata, graciliter pinnatim
paucinervia, in sicco lutescentia opaca, petiolo 1.5-3 cm. longo
gracili; spicae terminales 60-70 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo
20 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-peltatae. — El General, Prov. San
Jose", 975 meters, A. F. Skutch 2199 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Peperomia tenuipes Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
192. 1929. Cerro de Las Caricias, above San Isidro, Prov. Heredia,
Pittier 14042. Endemic.

Peperomia tilarana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
211. 1929. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria
44217. Endemic.

Peperomia Tonduzii C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 29, pt. 2:
70. 1890. Volcan de Barba, Pittier 566. Also Canton de Dota.
Endemic.

Peperomia translucens Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva
simplex erecta delicata glabra, caule filiformi; folia alterna rotundo-
ovata subabrupte obtuso-acuminata, basi minute cordulata, 15 mm.
diam., in sicco tenerrima delicate 5-nervia cellulose fusco-punctulata,
petiolo 10 mm. longo; spicae terminales vel ex axillis supremis nas-
centes filiformes 20 mm. longae laxiflorae, pedunculo 5-10 mm.
longo; baccae ovoideae rare stipitatae, stylo brevi, stigmate apicali.
—In forest, Finca Castilla, Prov. Limon, 30 meters, Dodge & Goerger
9292 (type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).

Peperomia tremendalensis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 216. 1929. Colinas de Tremendal, San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela,
Tonduz 1 7788. Region of San Ramon and slopes of Barba. Endemic.

Peperomia tsakiana C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 178.
1897. Talamanca, Tonduz 9540. Collected also at Tsaki. Endemic.

Peperomia tsakiana var. victoriana C. DC. ex Trelease,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 213. 1929. Victoria, Zent, Pittier 16085.

Peperomia tuisana C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 176. 1897.
Tuis, Prov. Cartago, Tonduz 8222. Endemic.

Peperomia turialvensis C. DC. Linnaea 37: 380. 1872. Turri-
alba, Oersted 1003; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Peperomia turialvensis var. brachystachya Trelease, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 219. 1929. Finca Las Concavas, Prov. Cartago,
1,200 meters, Standley 41544-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 329

Peperomia Valerioi Trelease, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 458.
1925. El Arenal, Guanacaste, Juvenal Valeria 31. Endemic. This
species, through oversight, is not listed in Trelease's monograph.

Peperomia venabulifolia Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 209. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-1,700 meters,
Standley 37774. Endemic.

Peperomia venabulifolia(P) var. amplectens Trelease, var.
nov. — Caulis vix 10 cm. altus 5 mm. crassus, internodiis brevibus;
folia oblanceolata acute acuminata basin amplectantem versus
cuneata 12-13 cm. longa 3 cm. lata; paniculae axillares, spicae
usque 6 pedunculum gracilem circiter 8 cm. longum terminantes,
125 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pedicellis 10-15 mm. longis. — Los
Angeles de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, epiphytic, Brenes 4508 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia versicolor Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
200. 1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
47270. Endemic.

Peperomia vinasiana C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
231. 1891. Juan Vinas, Prov. Cartago, Pittier 2199. Endemic.

Peperomia vinasiana var. macrocarpa (C. DC.) Trelease,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 195. 1929. P. macrocarpa C. DC.
Candollea 1: 339. 1923. Las Vueltas, Prov. Cartago, Tonduz 13134.

Peperomia virillana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 198.
1929. San Juan, Rio Virilla, Tonduz 945b. Endemic.

Peperomia vueltasana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
198. 1929. Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Prov. Cartago, 700 meters,
Tonduz 13130. Collected also at Orosi. Endemic.

Peperomia zurquiana Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
202. 1929. Cerros de Zurqui, Prov. Heredia, 2,000-2,400 meters,
Standley & Valeria 50758. Slopes of Volcan de Barba. Endemic.

PIPER L.

Shrubs or sometimes small trees, very rarely herbaceous plants,
seldom if ever epiphytic, the leaves large or small, not fleshy. —
For Costa Rica there are listed about 290 species, many of which
are of very restricted distribution. Most of these I believe, are
valid species, with definitely marked characters, but there are
certain groups in which the plants are exceedingly variable, and

330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

in these it seems that too many species have been described. All
the species listed here are endemic, except a few for which wider
distribution is indicated. One of the oriental species of Piper
furnishes pepper of commerce. Although abundant in Costa Rica,
as well as in most parts of Central America, the plants are of little
or no economic importance. They are plentiful almost everywhere
in Costa Rica except at the highest elevations and form an im-
portant part of the forest undergrowth, but they are never con-
spicuous, particularly because their flowers are minute and green.

Piper acuminatissimum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 189. 1920.
San Carlos, Pittier 16321. Collected also in the same region by
Koschny.

Piper adenophlebium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
132. 1929. El Muneco, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley
& Torres 51104.

Piper aduncifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
171. 1929. Carrillo, 300 meters, Pittier 1196. Endemic on the
Atlantic plains. The species has been reported from Costa Rica
under the names P. hirsutum var. subsessilifolium and P. hispidum
var. Olfersianum.

Piper aereum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 144. 1929.
Near Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 29842. Also at El Muneco in
the same region; region of San Ramon, 1,000 meters.

Piper aguacalientis Trelease, sp. nov. — Arbuscula nodosa,
internodiis brevibus modice gracilibus scabro-hispidis aliquanto
granulosis; folia oblique lanceolata acuminata, basi cordulata, 12-14
cm. longa 4.5-6 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
5X2, valde rugosa, supra grosse granuloso-scabra sed non pilosa,
subtus ad nervos breviter hirsuta, petiolo circiter 7 mm. longo
hispido; spicae 80 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae rubrae, pedunculo vix
10 mm. longo scabrido; bracteae crescentico-subpeltatae. — South-
west of Agua Caliente, 1,560 meters, H. E. Stork 1317 (type in herb.
Univ. Illinois). Strongly suggestive of P. rugosifolium, but lacking
the long hairs of the upper leaf surface.

Piper alajuelanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 158.
1929. Nuestro Amo, Alajuela, 800 meters, Oton Jimenez 988.

Piper albuginiferum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 181.
1929. El Muneco, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters, Standley & Torres
51102.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 331

Piper allisum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) P. chrysostachyo
valde similis, internodiis subgracilibus elongatis essentialiter glabris;
folia elliptica subbreviter acuminata, basi paullo inaequilaterali
obtusa, 14-16 cm. longa 7-8 cm. lata, e medio inferiore submulti-
plinervia, nervis 6x2, subtus obscure crispo-puberula, petiolo 25-30
mm. longo glabrescente ; stipulae conspicuae, primo tota longi-
tudine petiolo adnatae; inflorescentia in sicco viso juvenilis. — La
Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 5937 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper altevaginans Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 140.
1929. Near Guapiles, Prov. Limon, 300-500 meters, Standley 37316.

Piper anguillaespicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
175. 1929. Near San Ramon, 900 meters, Brenes 14197.

Piper anisophyllum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 157.
1929. El General, Tonduz 3385. Also in Boruca and Guanacaste.

Piper anisophyllum var. granulatum Trelease, var. nov.—
Ramuli sicut petioli solemniter pallido-granulosi ; petioli circiter
5+2 mm. longi; spicae 45 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae subacutae,
pedunculo 5 mm. longo. — El General, Prov. San Jos^, 1,000 meters,
A. F. Skutch 2740 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper annulatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 139.
1929. Cordoncillo. Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-
1,800 meters, Standley 35500. A shrub of 2.5 meters. The name
Cordoncillo is given commonly to almost all Central American
species of Piper.

Piper aragonense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 146.
1929. Aragon, near Turrialba, 700 meters, Tonduz 9021. Also at
various places on the Atlantic coast. Reported for Costa Rica
under the name P. multiplinervium.

Piper arcessitum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 143.
1929. El Mufieco, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters, Standley & Torres
51357. Also at Juan Vinas.

Piper arcte-acuminatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 136. 1929. Near Guapiles, 300-500 meters, Standley 37115.

Piper arieianum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 166. 1897.
Valle de La Estrella, Talamanca, Tonduz 9387.

Piper artanthopse C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 161. 1866. P. Oer-
stedii C. DC. Linnaea 37: 359. 1872 (type from Costa Rica). Monte
Aguacate, Hoffmann 687. Also San Ramon, Brenes.

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper articulosum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), ramis geni-
culato-flexuosis subtomentulosis, internodiis brevibus; folia lanceo-
lata longiacuminata, basi subaequilaterali acuta, 11-14 cm. longa
3.5-5 cm. lata, e medio inferiors pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2 supra
impressis, subtus salientibus, lamina supra granuloso-scabrida subtus
ad nervos hispida, petiolo 5-10 mm. longo transiente subhispido;
spicae 60 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae apiculatae, pedunculo 10 mm.
longo; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae ciliolatae. — San Ramon to La
Paz, Brenes 6060 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper arundinetorum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
159. 1929. Forest near Laguna de La Escuadra, near El Copey,
2,100 meters, Standley 41967.

Piper aserrianum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat Herb. 26: 151.
1929. Between Aserri and Tarbaca, Prov. San Jose, 1,600-1,900
meters, Standley 34151. Also Fraijanes and Cerro de La Carpintera.

Piper asymmetricum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 172.
1897. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7661. Also in Nicaragua.

Piper auriculiferum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
156. 1929. El Silencio, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 750 meters,
Standley & Valeria 44648.

Piper auritifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 154.
1929. Finca Hamburgo, near El Cairo, Prov. Limon, Standley &
Valeria 48773. A plant very much like P. auritum.

Piper auritum HBK. Hoja de la estrella, Estrella, Hinojillo,
Anisillo, Monca blanca. P. auritum var. amplifolium C. DC. in DC.
Prodr. 16, pt. 1 : 321. 1869 (without locality, Hoffmann 761). Abundant
in moist places of the tierra caliente, ascending to the Meseta Central.
Common through much of Central America and Mexico. Plants
herbaceous, or shrubby and 1-3 meters high, with very large leaves.
All parts have a strong and agreeable odor similar to that of sarsa-
parilla. In Costa Rica the fresh leaves are said to be applied to relieve
headache and probably for the cure of other ailments, especially to
relieve the pain of wounds. Pittier reports for this species the
Cab£cara name of Pir-ku.

Piper baculiferum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 180.
1929. Cordoncillo. El Arenal, Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley &
Valeria 45052. Known only from the mountains of Guanacaste,
A shrub of 2 meters.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 333

Piper barbulatum C. DC. Candollea 1 : 124, 346. 1923. Nicoya,
Tonduz 13697. Reported from Costa Rica as P. Hostmannianum.

Piper biasperatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 173.
1929. Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-1,800 meters,
Standley 35723. A common species of the mountains of the central
region.

Piper biauritum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 161. 1897.
Shirores, Talamanca, Tonduz 9270.

Piper biseriatum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 178. 1920. Carias
Gordas, Pittier 11036.

Piper blepharilepidum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
160. 1929. Quebrada Serena, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters,
Standley & Valerio 46217.

Piper bocasense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis flori-
feris brevibus gracilibus pallido-subvillosis; folia lanceolata acumi-
nata, basi cordulata, 11-12 cm. longa 4-5 cm. lata, e medio inferiore
pinnatinervia, nervis 5+6, rugosa, supra minute granuloso-scabra,
subtus ad nervos molliter pilosa, petiolo vix 5 mm. longo molliter
piloso; spicae 70 mm. longae 2-3 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm.
longo molliter piloso; bracteae minutae rotundo-subpeltatae pallido-
ciliolatae. — Changuinola Valley, Province of Bocas del Toro,
Panama, near the Costa Rican border, V. C. Dunlap 234 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper borucanum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 219.
1891. Boruca, Tonduz 3609. Found also at San Ramon, Buenos
Aires, and Golfo Dulce.

Piper brachistopodum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 182. 1920. Las
Vueltas, Tucurrique, Tonduz 13143.

Piper Brenesii C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 180. 1920. San Ramon,
Brenes 14190.

Piper brevistylum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 158.
1897. Puerto Viejo, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7436.

Piper bryogetum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 175. 1920. P. bryogeton
C. DC. Candollea 1: 85. 1923. Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Pittier 12939.
Also Zent and Rio Hondo, plains of Santa Clara.

Piper bullulaefolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
152. 1929. Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 650 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45363. Known only from the region of Tilaran.

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper cabagranum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 173. 1897.
Cabagra, near Buenos Aires, Pittier 6528.

Piper caeruleifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
145. 1929. Quebrada Serena, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters,
Standley & Valeria 46134-

Piper calcaratum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 188. 1920. Las Vueltas,
Tucurrique, Tonduz 13185.

Piper calvirameum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 200.
1891. Camino de Carrillo, Biolley 3182. Forests of the Atlantic
coast.

Piper candelarium C. DC. Linnaea 37: 357. 1872 (Cerro de
Candelaria, Oersted 828). P. globosum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 357.
1872 (Candelaria, Oersted). P. psilocladum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. 30, pt. 1: 211. 1891 (Carrillo, Biolley 3189). Common on the
coasts, ascending to the mountains of the central region. Listed for
Costa Rica under the names P. phthinotrichon and P. lanceolatum.

Piper candelarium var. angustatum Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 137. 1929 (Rio Diquis, Pittier 10570). P. sepium
var. glabrum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 179. 1920. Also at La Palma de
San Jose".

Piper candelarium var. latifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa
Rica 9: 167. 1897. Puerto Viejo, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7439.
Atlantic coast.

Piper candelarium var. pedroanum Trelease, var. nov.—
Glaber, foliis subtus solemniter nigro-granulosis, superioribus lanceo-
latis, 12 cm. longis, 4.5 cm. latis, inferioribus ovatis, 18 cm. longis,
9.5 cm. latis; spicae 10-12 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae apiculatae
refractae, pedunculo filiformi aequilongo. — Colinas de San Pedro de
San Ramon, Brenes 19119 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper candelarium var. sepium (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 137. 1929. P. sepium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa
Rica 9: 168. 1897. Turrialba, Tonduz 8345. Also at El Coyolar,
Prov. Alajuela.

Piper capacibracteum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
183. 1929. Cordoncillo. Between Aserri and Tarbaca, Prov. San
Jos£, Standley 41397. Also Santa Maria de Dota and Peralta. A
shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 335

Piper captum Trelease, sp. nov. — -Frutex 3-metralis, nervis
folii subtus minute puberulis exceptis glaber, internodiis floriferis
breviusculis crassiusculis; folia elliptico-suboblanceolata acuminata,
basin acutam versus inaequaliter attenuata, 18-20 cm. longa 7-9
cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, obscure
viridia et sublucida, petiolo vix 10 mm. longo; spicae 100 mm.
longae 4 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-
subpeltatae ciliolatae.— El General, Prov. San Jos£, 915 meters,
A. F. Skutch 2158 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper carminis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 179. 1929.
El Carmen, Prov. Limon, Standley & Valeria 48383.

Piper carnosicaule Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 168.
1929. El Mufieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters,
Standley & Valeria 51050.

Piper carpinteranum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 165.
1897. Cordoncillo. Cerro de La Carpintera, Pittier & Tonduz 4348.
Region of Cartago. A shrub 2 meters high.

Piper carilloanum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 209.
1891. Camino de Carrillo, Tonduz 2525.

Piper cartagoanum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 350. 1872. Cartago,
Oersted 829.

Piper catacryptum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 166.
1929. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 3293. A common shrub of the
mountains of Guanacaste.

Piper catalinianum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) subgracilis,
internodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus striatis pallido-punctatis
prope nodos plus minusve breviter pubescentibus; folia elliptica
falcate acuto-acuminata, basi obtusa latere altero paullo breviore
(foliis inferioribus interdum ovatis et basi aequaliter rotundatis),
16-18 cm. longa 6-7 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis
circiter 5x2, in sicco tenuia, subtus ad nervos sparse substrigosa,
petiolo 10-15 mm. longo aliquanto hirtello; spicae 50 mm. longae 2
mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo glabrescente; bracteae rotundo-
subpeltatae ciliatae; stigmata 3 sessilia. — Catalina, Guanacaste, 10
meters, H. E. Stork 2779 (type in herb. Univ. Illinois).

Piper caudatifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
177. 1929. Las Pavas, Prov. San Jose, 800 meters, Pittier 3191.

336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper ceibense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 163. 1897.
Buenos Aires, Rio Ceibo, Pittier 4902. Also headwaters of Rio
Diquis and Golfo Dulce.

Piper celatipetiolum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
156. 1929. Capulin, Prov. Alajuela, 80 meters, Standley 40178.

Piper celtidifolium HBK. Cordoncillo. A common shrub of
the tierra caliente, ascending to the Meseta Central. Ranging from
Nicaragua to the Guianas. Listed for Costa Rica under the names P.
aduncum, P. angustifolium, P. confusum, and P. elongatum. Perhaps
only a form of P. aduncum L., considered by some authors to be
a very variable species of wide distribution. Lehmann cites for the
plant the Guatuso name of Pokori.

Piper cenocladum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 168.
1897. Tsaki, Talamanca, Tonduz 9533. Also Las Vueltas de Tucu-
rrique and Finca Montecristo, Rio Reventazon.

Piper cercidiphyllum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
146. 1929. Cordoncillo. Quebrada Grande, near Tilaran, 650
meters, Standley & Valerio 46110. Also Golfo Dulce. A shrub of
2.5 meters.

Piper changuinolanum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus
ubique scaber, internodiis brevibus subgracilibus in sicco sulcatis
dense minute griseo-hispidis; folia inaequilateraliter vel subfalcate
oblonga acuminata, basi rotundata atque altero latere breviora,
subparva 15 cm. longa 4 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis
circiter 5x2, infimis subapproximatis, paullo rugosa, opaca, subtus
pallidiora granuloso-punctulata ad nervos adpresso-pubescentia,
petiolo brevi vix 5+5 mm. longo basi alato primo adpresso-piloso ;
spicae 80-100 mm. longae 2-3 mm. crassae, pedunculo breviusculo
10 mm. longo adpresso-hispido ; bracteae parvae rotundo-subpeltatae
ciliatae; baccae brevi ter oblongae plerumque cum rhachide elongatae
glabrae; stigmata 3 minuta sessilia.— Changuinola Valley, Province
of Bocas del Toro, Panama, near the Costa Rican border, V. C.
Dunlap 233 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper chirripoense C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 186. 1920. Chirripo,
100 meters, Pittier 16061.

Piper chrysostachyum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
207. 1891. Rio Surubres, San Mateo, Biolley 4073. Also Buenos
Aires and San Juan de San Ramon.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 337

Piper ciliatifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 152.
1929. Cordoncillo. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, 70 meters,
Standley 36770. A shrub of 2-3.5 meters.

Piper cincinnatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 151.
1929. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, 70 meters, Standley 36778.

Piper clavuliger Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 151. 1929.
Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria 47088. Also
El Muneco and La Hondura de San Jose\

Piper clavulispicum Trelease, sp. nov. — Ut videtur frutex,
nodosus, internodiis floriferis modice gracilibus brevibus pilis inter-
textis molliter pilosis; folia congesta elliptica acuminata, basi obtusa
altero latere cordulata, 10-13 cm. longa 4.5-6 cm. lata, e medio
inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 5x2, paullo rugescentia, supra
minute molliter pubescentia, subtus pilis longis subtomentosa,
petiolo vix 5 mm. longo subtomentoso ; spicae 20 mm. longae 2 mm.
crassae apiculatae rectae vel uncatae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo
subtomentoso. — El Rodeo, C. H. Lankester 1318 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Piper coactoris Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 161. 1929.
Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600-1,900 meters, Standley & Torres
47935. Region of Fraijanes and San Isidro de Heredia.

Piper coarctatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 168.
1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley 33578.

Piper coilostachyum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
212. 1891. El General, Tonduz 3382.

Piper colemanense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) glaber,
internodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus; folia ovato-lanceolata sen-
sim longiacuminata, basi paullo inaequilaterali acuta, 9-12 cm.
longa 3-4.5 cm. lata infra medium submultiplinervia, nervis circiter
5x2, in sicco caeruleo-viridia chartacea, petiolo 15-20 mm. longo
concavo; spicae 30-50 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae obtusae, pedunculo
circiter 10 mm. longo; bracteae subcucullatae; baccae subangulate
rotundatae, stigmatibus sessilibus. — -Potreros near Coleman Finca,
above Santo Domingo del Roble, Prov. Heredia, 1,600 meters,
Dodge & Goerger 9580 (type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).

Piper comatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 175.
1929. P. hirsutum var. longepilosum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Rica 9: 160. 1897. Rio Corozal, Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce,
Tonduz 9932. Also at Matina.

Piper compactum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 131.
1929. Cordoncillo. Near Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800 meters,
Standley 41801. A dense shrub, 1.5-4.5 meters high, growing in
hedges.

Piper concepcionis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 159.
1929. La Conception, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 6749.
Also at Guapiles.

Piper conceptum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex vix ultra 3 m.
altus, internodiis floriferis breviusculis subgracilibus crispo-villosis;
folia elliptica vel lanceolato-elliptica acute subacuminata, basi sub-
inaequilateraliter acuta vel subobtusa, 12-17 cm. longa 6-7 cm.
lata, fere ubique pinnatinervia, supra crispo-villosa, subtus minus
dense induta, petiolo 15 mm. longo villoso; spicae 20-30 mm. longae
10 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo piloso; baccae globosae
in stylum attenuatae. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,010 meters,
A. F. Skutch 2290 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper concinnifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
167. 1929. Colinas de Piedades, San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes
14194- Also in Guanacaste. Reported from Costa Rica under the
names P. mombachanum and P. concinnum.

Piper conscendens Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex scandens, inter-
nodiis longis gracilibus fuscescentibus glabratis; folia lanceolata
vel subelliptico-lanceolata graciliter acuminata basi angustata ali-
quanto inaequilaterali-subcordulata, 11-12 cm. longa 3.5-5 cm. lata,
supra minutissime scabrida, e medio inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis
circiter 4x2, in sicco tenuia fusca, petiolo vix 5 mm. longo; spicae
90 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo; bracteae
minutae rotundo-subpeltatae ciliolatae. — Changuinola Valley, Prov-
ince of Bocas del Toro, Panama, near the Costa Rican border, V. C.
Dunlap 338 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper Cookii Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 174. 1929.
Turrialba, 0. F. Cook & C. B. Doyle 376.

Piper copeyanum (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 149. 1929. C. pulchrum var. copeyanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70:
189. 1920. P. pulchrum var. costaricense C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. 29, pt. 2: 70. 1890. Santa Rosa de Copey, Tonduz 12198.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 339

Mountains of the central region, common in many places. A shrub
of 2.5-3.5 meters.

Piper coronatibracteum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 179. 1929. Finca Hamburgo, Prov. Limon, 55 meters, Standley
& Valeria 48844.

Piper corozalanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
134. 1929. Cordoncillo. Rio Corozal, Santo Domingo de Golfo
Dulce, Tonduz 10001. Pacific coast, extending to the mountains of
Guanacaste.

Piper corrugatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 565. 1891. P. tsakia-
num C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 174. 1897 (Tsaki, Tonduz 9532}.
Limon, Kuntze 2022. Collected by Brenes at Los Angeles de San
Ramon.

Piper costaricense C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 328. 1869.
El Aguacate, Hoffmann 678. Volcan de Poas, Rio Ciruelas; Las
Concavas; region of San Ramon, 1,000 meters.

Piper crispans Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex gracilis glaber nodosus
multiramosus vix 2-metralis, internodiis superioribus gracilibus
brevibus; folia lanceolata graciliter acuminata apice ipso truncate,
basi acuta, 9-12 cm. longa 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus
pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 4x2, in sicco papyracea, petiolo gracili
5 mm. longo; spicae circiter 50 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo
gracili 10 mm. longo. — La Palma de San Ramon, 1,050 meters,
Brenes 5236 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper crispatimargine Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex vix 2-metralis,
internodiis superioribus gracilibus cito elongatis glabris; folia plus
minusve subrhombeo-elliptica graciliter acuminata, basi angustata
aliquanto cordulata vel altero latere rotundata atque paullo breviora,
9-11 cm. longa 4-4.5 cm. lata, e medio inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis
5x2, subcrispata, subtus ad nervos adpresso-pubescentia, petiolo
gracili 10-15 mm. longo glabrato; spicae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo
filiformi 5 mm. longo apice refracto. — Palmira del Naranjo, 1,850-
1,900 meters, Brenes 3499 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper curridabatanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
183. 1929. Between San Pedro and Curridabat, Prov. San Jose",
1,200 meters, Standley 33787.

Piper curtispicum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 170. 1897.
Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7523.

340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper curvipilum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 172.
1929. P. hirsutum var. pallescens C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
30, pt. 1 : 204. 1891. Agua Caliente, Tonduz 2530. Llanuras de Santa
Clara and valley of the Reventazon.

Piper cuspidispicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
138. 1929. Cordoncillo. Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,500-1,800
meters, Standley 35642. Also on the slopes of Barba. A shrub of
2.5 meters. Reported under the name P. singular e.

Piper cyanophyllum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
136. 1929. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7576.

Piper cyphophyllum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 167.
1897. P. gibbifolium C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 181. 1920 (Hacienda de
Zent, Tonduz 14649). Without definite locality, Pittier 895. Atlantic
coast.

Piper dasypogon C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 187. 1920. Buenos Aires,
Pittier 10641.

Piper decurrens C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 215. 1866. Cerro de
Candelaria, Hoffmann 853. Also on the slopes of Poas and Barba,
and region of Cartago.

Piper deductum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex humilis, ramis
geniculatis, internodiis brevibus subgracilibus primo sparse adpresso-
villosis; folia lanceolata sensim acuta, basi acuta, 10-15 cm. longa
3-5 cm. lata ubique pinnatinervia, nervis tenuibus circiter 8x2, in
sicco papyracea, utrinque sparse adpresso- vel crispo-villosa, petiolo
5 mm. longo laxe subvilloso; spicae deflexae, eis visis parvis et breviter
pedunculatis. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 975 meters, A. F. Skutch
2971 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper delectans Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber 2-metralis,
internodiis floriferis brevibus subgracilibus; folia elliptica vel late
sublanceolata acute acuminata, basi rotundata vel subacuta altero
latere breviore, 27-32 cm. longa 13-15 cm. lata, fere ubique pinna-
tinervia, nervis gracilibus circiter 10x2, in sicco tenuia, petiolo
circiter 10+5 mm. longo; spicae 50 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae, pedun-
culo 10 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae, centre parvo
fusco.— El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,220 meters, A. F. Skutch 2479
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper detonsum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 141.
1929. Cordoncillo. Near Tilaran, Guanacaste, Standley & Valerio
44314- Mountains of Guanacaste.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 341

Piper diquisanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 185. 1920. Head-
waters of Rio Diquis, Pittier 10567.

Piper disparifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 156.
1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
46993. Also El Mufieco and Peralta.

Piper disparipes Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 162.
1929. El Silencio, Atlantic slope, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 750
meters, Standley & Valeria 44766. Also on the Pacific slope of the
mountains near Tilaran.

Piper disparispicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
170. 1929. Cordoncillo. Escasu, Prov. San Jose1, 1,250 meters,
Standley 32319. A shrub 2.5 meters high.

Piper dissimulans Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 133.
1929. Forests of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 13773.
Turrialba to the Meseta Central. Reported under the names P.
papantlense and P. plantagineum.

Piper domingense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 161. 1897.
Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 10034.

Piper dotanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 165,
1929. Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800 meters, Standley 4139.

Piper dryadum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 321. 1891.
Siquirres, Pittier 3193.

Piper dumeticola C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 164. 1897.
Boruca, Tonduz 4490. Pacific coast to Guanacaste, and Canton
de Dota.

Piper ducis Trelease, sp. nov.— Frutex glaber 1.5 m. altus,
internodiis floriferis breviusculis subgracilibus; folia subovato-
lanceolata sensim longiacuminata, basi fere aequilaterali cordulata,
17-22 cm. longa 6-7 cm. lata, ubique pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
10x2 intermediis interpositis, petiolo circiter 15 mm. longo anguste
caduce alato; spicae 60 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae apiculatae,
pedunculo vix 10 mm. longo; bracteae crescenticae; baccae ellip-
soideae cum rhachide elongatae; stigmata 3 parva sessilia.- — El
General, Prov. San Jos6, 950 meters, A. F. Skutch 2179 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper dumetorum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 172. 1897.
Turrialba, Tonduz 8366.

342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper Dunlapi Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber nodosus,
internodiis floriferis subgracilibus breviusculis granulosis in sicco
fuscis; folia ovata vel lanceolato-ovata plus minusve acute acumi-
nata, basi subinaequaliter acuta usque aequilateraliter rotundata,
modice parva, 13 cm. longa 5-5.5 cm. lata, submultiplinervia, costa
utroque latere infra medium vel in 2 tertiis inferioribus ramulos ca.
5 emittente, ramis infimis basalibus, plus minusve glanduloso-
granulosa, petiolo brevi 10-15 mm. longo basi tantum vel in foliis
majoribus tota longitudine alato; spicae ante anthesin subparvae
23 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae mucronatae, pedunculo gracili brevi
vix 10 mm. longo; bracteae subrotundo-subpeltatae brunneo-
umbonatae, margine lato flavescente ciliolato. — Changuinola Valley,
Province of Bocas del Toro, Panama, near the Costa Rican border,
A. C. Dunlap 231 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper echeverrianum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
172. 1929. Echeverria, Pittier 2547. Tierra caliente of the Pacific
coast; Nicoya. Reported from Costa Rica as P. hirsutum var.
magnifolium.

Piper ejuncidum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 164.
1929. Cerro de Las Caricias, above San Isidro, Prov. Heredia,
2,300 meters, Standley & Valeria 52320. Slopes of Barba and at
Santa Maria de Dota.

Piper elliptico-lanceolatum (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 167. 1929. P. aequale var. elliptico-lanceolatum
C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 171. 1920. Colinas de Piedades, San Ramon,
Brenes 14185. Also Cabagra, Canas Gordas, and Colinas de Chirripo.

Piper emollitum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 181.
1929. El Silencio, Atlantic slope, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 750
meters, Standley & Valerio 44650. Also on the Pacific slope of the
mountains of Tilaran.

Piper epigynum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 346. 1872. Turrialba,
Oersted 858.

Piper escasuense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 144.
1929. Cerro de Piedra Blanca, above Escasu, Prov. San Jose,
Standley 32627.

Piper escuadranum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 150.
1929. Laguna de La Escuadra, near El Copey, Prov. San Jose,
2,000 meters, Standley 41965.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 343

Piper Esquivelanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
161. 1929. Cordoncillo. El Arenal, Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley
& Valeria 45042. The species is dedicated to Don Daniel Esquivel
of Tilaran.

Piper euryphyllum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 178. 1920. P. tri-
seriale C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 187. 1920 (La Palma, Pittier 12663).
La Palma, Tonduz 12666.

Piper evasum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 155. 1929.
El Arenal, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley & Valeria
45280.

Piper exiguispicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 153.
1929. Boca de Zhorquin, Talamanca, Tonduz 8641.

Piper falcigerum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 147.
1929. El Silencio, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, 750 meters, Standley
& Valeria 44747.

Piper figlinum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 142.
1929. Cordoncillo. Near Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-1,800 meters,
Standley & Valeria 43112.

Piper fimbriulatum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
207. 1891. El General, Tonduz 3393.

Piper flavescens (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 184. 1929. P. pseudovelutinum var. flavescens C. DC. Bull. Soc.
Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 203. 1891. Rio Tiliri, near San Jose", Tonduz
3175.

Piper flavirameum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 181. 1920. La Palma,
Pittier 12510.

Piper flavirameum var. obscurum Trelease, var. nov. — A
typo internodiis saepe valde elongatis in sicco fuscis differt; spicae
juveniles 30 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo.—
La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 20629 (type in Herb. Field Mus.);
also No. 15056. Los Angeles de San Ramon, Brenes 14856.

Piper formici-tolerans Trelease, sp. nov. — Arbor gracilis 8-
metralis, foliis supra glabris exceptis dense brunneo-tomentulosa;
folia late elliptica abrupte breviter acuminata, basi aliquanto
inaequaliter cordata, sinu clause, 30-40 cm. longa 18-23 cm. lata,
e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 6+7, petiolo
5-6 cm. longo alato sinum vix aequante; spicae 400 mm. longae

344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

5-6 mm. crassae, pedunculo 3 cm. longo; bracteae rotundo-sub-
peltatae tomentulosae. — El General, Prov. San Jose1, 915 meters,
A. F. Skutch 2156 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). The hollow branches
are inhabited by ants.

Piper fusco-bracteatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
183. 1929. Cerro de Piedra Blanca, Escasu, Prov. San Jose", Standley
32631 . A shrub of 3 meters.

Piper fusco-granulatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 180. 1929. Hacienda de Zent, United Fruit Co. 269.

Piper generalense Trelease, sp. nov. — Fruticulus sylvicola 60
cm. tan turn altus, nervis subtus velutinis exceptis essentialiter
glaber, ramulis fuscescentibus, internodiis brevibus gracilibus
puberulis; folia lanceolato-oblonga utrinque acuta, basi paullo
obliqua, 12-14 cm. longa 3.5-4 cm. lata, fere ubique pinnatinervia,
nervis longioribus 6x2 sed sursum arcuatis, petiolo gracili 5 mm.
longo; spicae 25 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 10 mm.
longo recurvo; bracteae subcrescenticae; baccae transverse sub-
ellipticae truncatae, margine elevato, stigmatibus sessilibus. — El
General, Prov. San Jose", 1,160 meters, A. F. Skutch 2846 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper genuflexum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 172.
1929. Santa Rosa del Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11687.

Piper gibbosum C. DC. Bull Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 212.
1891. Rancho Flores, slopes of Volcan de Barba, Tonduz 2088.

Piper glabrifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 163.
1897. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7553.

Piper Goergeri Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis graci-
libus sed breviusculis primo crispo-velutinis; folia anguste lanceolata
sensim acuta, basi altero latere cordulata, 10-13 cm. longa 2-2.5 cm.
lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 5+6, subtus subad-
presso-pubescentia, petiolo circiter 5 mm. longo alato subadpresso-
pubescente; spicae curvae 50 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo
vix 10 mm. longo subvelutino; bracteae subpeltatae; baccae trique-
trae, stigmatibus sessilibus. — Finca Castilla, Rio Reventazon, 30
meters, C. W. Dodge & V. F. Goerger 9421 (type in herb. Mo. Bot.
Gard.).

Piper gonagricum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 172.
1929. Yerba Buena, above San Isidro de Heredia, 2,000 meters,
Standley & Valeria 49082. El Tablazo and slopes of Barba.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 345

Piper gracilipedunculum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 148. 1929. Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,500-1,700 meters,
Standley & Torres 47519. Common in mountains of the central
region.

Piper granulatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 175.
1929. Buenos Aires, 250 meters, Pittier 3593. Frequent on the
Pacific slope.

Piper griseo-pubens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 176.
1929. Libano, Guanacaste, 300 meters, Standley & Valeria 44879.

Piper griseo-pubens var. revocabile Trelease, loc. cit. Tilaran,
Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria 44943.

Piper guacimonum (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 169. 1929. P. sepium var. guacimonum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70:
179, 1920. Guacimo, Tonduz 14656.

Piper guanacas tense C. DC. Linnaea 37: 356. 1872. Guana-
caste, Oersted 862. A common species of the tierra caliente of the
Pacific slope. Reported by authors under the name P. trinerve.

Piper Hanckeli Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) glaber, internodiis
superioribus brevibus, inferioribus elongatis, plus minusve granulosis;
folia ovata sensim acuminata, basi inaequilaterali rotundata vel
plerumque cordulata, 7-15 cm. longa 5-9 cm. lata, infra medium
submultiplinervia, nervis subtus roseis cito glabrescentibus 5x2, in
sicco firmo-papyracea opaca, subtus pallida, petiolo circiter 10 mm.
longo; spicae juveniles 30 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo
5 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae ciliatae. — Upper slopes
of Cerro San Jos6 de Libano, Guanacaste, 500-960 meters, C. W.
Dodge, R. Hanckel & W. S. Thomas 6384 in 1930 (type in Gray Herb.).

Piper heptaneurum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
168. 1929. Turrialba, 200 meters, Tonduz

Piper heterophlebium Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber
4-metralis, internodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus; folia multiformia
vulgo basi obtusa, ovata usque lanceolata et palmatim 5-nervia,
inferiora rotundo-ovata, basi cordata et prope basin 7-9-plinervia,
acuminata, 8-10 cm. longa 3.5-6 cm. lata, petiolo 10-15 mm. longo;
spicae 100 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae in statu fructifero arcuatae,
pedunculo gracili 15 mm. longo; bracteae subcucullatae puberulae;
baccae globosae, stigmatibus 3 latis sessilibus. — El General, Prov.
San Jose", 880 meters, A. F. Skutch 2293 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper hians Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 2-metralis rigido-villosus,
foliis supra glabrescentibus; folia subobovatooblonga acuminata,
basi inaequilateraliter auriculata sinu lateral!, 28-38 cm. longa
10-15 cm. lata, e 3 quartis inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
5+8, petiolo circiter 7 cm. longo, latere altero 3 cm. breviore; spicae
175 mm. longae 6 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 cm. longo; bracteae
rotundo-subpeltatae pilosae.— El General, Prov. San Jos4, 1,040
meters, A. F. Skutch 2624 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper humoense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) nodosus, inter-
nodiis floriferis breviusculis subgracilibus griseo-hispidis; folia lanceo-
lato-elliptica acute acuminata, basi inaequilaterali cordulata, 11-16
cm. longa 4-6.5 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
5x2, supra minute granuloso-asperata, nervis subtus hirsutis, petiolo
vix 5+2 mm. longo latere longiore laminae occulto; spicae 100 mm.
longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo hispido; bracteae
rotundo-subpeltatae ciliolatae. — Pejivalle Farm, Rio Humo, Prov.
Cartago, 800 meters, Dodge & Thomas 4371 (type in Gray Herb.).

Piper imparipes Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 163.
1929. La Verbena, near San Jose*, 1,200 meters, Standley 32244.

Piper impube Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 142. 1929.
Naranjos Agrios, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valerio 46494-
Known only from the region of Tilaran.

Piper inhorrescens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 177.
1929. Cordoncillo. Las Pavas, Prov. San Jose", 1,870 meters,
Standley 36083. Known only from the vicinity of San Jose".

Piper injucundum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 181.
1929. El Mufieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters,
Standley & Valerio 51351.

Piper injucundum var. praepubinervium Trelease, loc. cit.
El Mufieco, Standley & Valerio 51067. Regions of Cartago and
Pejivalle.

Piper injucundum var. praecalvinervium Trelease, loc. cit.
El Mufieco, Standley & Torres 51101.

Piper insolens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 156.
1929. Santa Maria de Dota, 1,600 meters, Standley & Valerio 43306.

Piper irazuanum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 340. 1872. Volcan de
Irazu, Oersted 866. Mountains of the central region; region of San
Ramon. Reported under the name P. pachystachyon.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 347

Piper irazuanum var. suborbiculatum Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 137. 1929. Finca La Cima, above Los Lotes, Prov.
San Jose", Standley 42681. Mountains of the central region and
Canton de Dota.

Piper irrasum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 151. 1929.
El Muiieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley &
Valeria 50961.

Piper jubatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 140.
1929. Cordoncillo. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, 70 meters,
Standley 36812. Region of Guapiles. A shrub of 2.5-3 meters.

Piper labeculatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 139.
1929. Cordoncillo. El Arenal, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, 500
meters, Standley & Valerio 45053. Mountains of Guanacaste.

Piper laevius (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
174. 1929. P. hirsutum var. laevius C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
30, pt. 1: 204. 1891. Puntarenas, Pittier 496.

Piper lanatibracteum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
182. 1929. P. hirsutum var. carpinterae C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa
Rica 9 : 160. 1897 (Cerro de La Carpintera, Pittier 4349}. El Muneco,
Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, Standley 33419. Regions of Cartago
and San Jose". A shrub 2 meters high.

Piper lanceibracteum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
182. 1929. Rio Reventado near Cartago, 1,500 meters, Standley
& Valerio 49457.

Piper leptocladum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 184.
1897. P. dilatatum var. leptocladum C. DC. Candollea 1: 96. 1923.
Rio Tuis, Pittier 8160.

Piper leptoneuron C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 184. 1920. Santa
Clara, Las Delicias, Pittier 10675. Plains of the Atlantic coast.

Piper leucophlebium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
176. 1929. Cordoncillo. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley
& Valerio 44277. Region of Tilaran. A shrub of 2 meters.

Piper lincolnense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis flori-
feris modice gracilibus et brevibus, prope nodos obscure ferrugineo-
papillosis; folia late elliptica vel ovato-elliptica breviter acuminata,
basi paullo inaequilaterali cordulata, 19-20 cm. longa 9.5-10.5 cm.
lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 6x2, opaca,
tenuia, nervis subtus ferrugineo-hirsutis, petiolo 15-20 mm. longo

348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

alato papilloso-puberulo; spicae 60 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae,
pedunculo subgracili 2 cm. longo paullo puberulo; bracteae concavae;
baccae depressae cum rhachide paullo elongatae, stigmatibus
deciduis ut videtur stylum brevem terminantibus. — Lincoln Creek,
Changuinola Valley, Province of Bocas del Toro, Panama, near
the Costa Rican border, V. C. Dunlap 484 (type in Herb. Field
Mus.).

Piper linearifolium C. DC. Linnaea 37: 355. 1872. Hacienda
Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Oersted 868. A common shrub almost
everywhere except at the highest elevations. Reported under the
names P. lineatum and P. persicariaefolium.

Piper longepetiolatum (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 134. 1929. P. geniculatum var. longepetiolatum C. DC.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 201. 1891. El General, Tonduz 3384.

Piper longevillosum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 155.
1929. El Silencio, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, Standley & Valeria
44695.

Piper longistipulum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 475. 1920. Rio
Naranjo, Pittier 8001.

Piper luridispicum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex, ut videtur nervis
folii subtus puberulis exceptis glaber, internodiis floriferis subgracili-
bus breviusculis; folia elliptica vel subovata acute acuminata, basi
fere aequilaterali acuta vel paullo latiora et latere altero rotundata,
14-18 cm. longa 7-9 cm. lata, e medio vel 2 tertiis inferioribus
pinnatinervia, nervis utroque latere 4-6, in sicco tenuia, petiolo
5-10 mm. longo; spicae 100 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo
gracili 10 mm. longo; bracteae parvae subpeltatae, antheris pallidis
fere occultae. — El Rodeo, C. H. Lankester 1322 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Piper machadoanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 166.
1929. Boca Machado, Rio San Juan, Nicaragua, Pittier 9638. A
common shrub of the plains of the Atlantic coast. Reported under
the name P. dichotomum.

Piper machucanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 174.
1929. San Mateo, Rio Machuca, Biolley 4068. Also at Punta Mala.

Piper magnifolium (C. DC.) Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 131. 1929. P. pseudo-Lindenii var. magnifolium C. DC. Linnaea
37 : 336. 1872. Naranjo, Oersted. Tierra caliente of the Atlantic slope.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 349

Piper magnilimbum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 177. 1920. Cafias
Gordas, Pittier 11032. Reported under the name P. obliquum.

Piper marginatibaccum Trelease, sp. nov. — Fruticulus metra-
lis minute crispopubescens, internodiis floriferis gracilibus brevibus;
folia lanceolata acute attenuata, basi fere aequilaterali acuta, 10-13
cm. longa 3-4 cm. lata, e medio inferiori pinnatinervia, nervis
circiter 6x2 sursum arcuatis, supra glabrescentia, petiolo 5 mm.
longo; spicae 50 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae, pedunculo gracili 10
mm. longo; baccae triquetrae truncatae, margine vulgo elevato;
stigmata 3 minuta sessilia. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,010
meters, A. F. Skutch 2183 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper maternale Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis flori-
feris modice gracilibus et elongatis in sicco purpurascentibus saltern
infra petioles aliquanto striatis et striato-pilosis; folia oblique sub-
ovato-elliptica longiuscule attenuata, basi inaequaliter cordulata,
11-15 cm. longa 6-7 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus submulti-
plinervia, nervis circiter 6+7, in sicco lucida firma coerulescenti-
viridia, nervis subtus adpresso-puberulis, petiolo vix 2+3 mm. longo
dorso hirtello-lineato, auricula inferiore occulto; spicae 25-30 mm.
longae 3 mm. crassae pallidae, pedunculo 7 mm. longo purpureo
glabro; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae, margine lato ciliolato. — Flat
Rock, Almirante, Province of Bocas del Toro, Panama, G. P. Cooper
210 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Probably extending to nearby
Costa Rica. A decoction of the plant is reported to be used to
relieve pain of childbirth.

Piper matinanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 170. 1897.
Matina, Pittier 9759.

Piper melanocladum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 176. 1920. Rio
Ariei, Pittier 9370. Atlantic coast.

Piper micranthera C. DC. Linnaea 37: 354. 1872. La Ba-
rranca, Oersted 877.

Piper mirabile Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 154. 1929.
Santa Clara de Cartago, 1,900 meters, Maxon & Harvey 821+6.
A tree of 6-7 meters. The species is well marked by the unusually
large leaves, and especially by the long, thick spikes, as much as
37 cm. in length.

Piper naranjoanum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 363. 1872. Sarco-
rhachis namnjoana Trel. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 17. 1927.

350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Naranjo, Oersted 878. Plains of the Atlantic coast, ascending to
El Mufieco; Guanacaste. Also in Panama.

Piper nemori-marginis Trelease, sp. nov. — Arbuscula 6-me-
tralis, internodiis superioribus brevibus crassis intertexte brunneo-
subvillosis; folia ovata subabrupte breviacuminata, basi inaequilatera-
liter cordata, sinu basali aperto, 30 cm. longa 19 cm. lata, subtus
tomentulosa et ad nervos molliter subvillosa, e 2 tertiis inferioribus
submultiplinervia, nervis circiter 9x2, petiolo 5-6 cm. longo, latere
altero 5 mm. longiore, dense breviter brunneo-villoso alato; spicae
fere 500 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae, pedunculo crasso 2 cm. longo
glabrato; bracteae pallidae subpeltatae molliter pilosae. — El General,
Prov. San Jose", 825 meters, A. F. Skutch 2920 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb.).

Piper neurostachyum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
213. 1891. Juan Vinas, Pittier 1869. Tierra caliente of the Atlantic
slope.

Piper nicoyanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 174. 1920. Nicoya,
Tonduz 13689. Tierra caliente of the Pacific slope, and on the
Atlantic slope of Guanacaste.

Piper nigricaule Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 158.
1929. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 9959.

Piper nodosum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 185. 1920. Cafias Gordas,
Pittier 11072.

Piper nudifolium C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 205.
1891. Rio Grande de TeYraba, Pittier 3613. Valley of Rio Diquis.

Piper obiter-sericeum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 3-metralis,
internodiis floriferis gracilibus et breviusculis primo sericeis; folia
elliptica acute acuminata, basi obtusa altero latere longiore, 20-22
cm. longa 10-11 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
5+6, supra minute puberula et serius minute granulosa, subtus
primo albido-sericea sed cito glabrescentia, petiolo 10+5-20+10 mm.
longo; spicae 60 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo
glabrato; bracteae triangulari-subpeltatae ciliatae; baccae triquetrae
truncatae, stigmatibus sessilibus. — In hedgerows, El General, Prov.
San Jose", 880 meters, A. F. Skutch 2865 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper oblanceolatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
175. 1929. Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, Standley &
Valeria 45558. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 351

Piper oblanceolatum var. fragilicaule Trelease, loc. cit. El
Arenal, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, Standley & Valeria 45228.

Piper obumbratifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
134. 1929. Near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley &
Valeria 44387.

Piper omega Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 146. 1929.
La Hondura, Prov. San Jose\ 1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 37800.
Also at Peralta and El Muneco.

Piper onus Trelease, sp. nov. — Ut videtur suffrutex nervis folii
subtus minute puberulis exceptis glaber, internodiis floriferis bre-
viusculis crassiusculis; folia elongato-elliptica acuta, basi angustata
obtusa, 20-21 cm. longa 9-10 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia,
nervis 5-6x2, petiolo 15 mm. longo ad laminam decidue alato;
spicae usque 40 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae, apice fragili gracili,
pedunculo 15 mm. longo; bracteae subcucullatae; ovarium rotun-
datum, stylo aequilongo, stigmatibus brevibus. — La Palma de San
Ramon, Brenes 6744 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper opacibracteum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
148. 1929. La Tejona, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters,
Standley & Valeria 45899.

Piper operosum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 141.
1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
47135.

Piper opinatum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nanus 60 cm.
tantum altus, internodiis floriferis gracilibus breviusculis sparse
crispo-villosis; folia oblique sublanceolata falcato-subacuminata, basi
fere aequilaterali acuta, 15-18 cm. longa 5-6.5 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis
inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis sursum arcuatis, nervis primariis
5-6x2, sparse adpresse albido-villosa et ad margines dense ciliata,
petiolo vix 5 mm. longo villoso; spicae 10 mm. longae 3-4 mm.
crassae, pedunculo filiformi 10 mm. longo piloso; bracteae subcu-
cullatae; baccae ovoideae sensim acutatae, stigmatibus 3 sessilibus.
—El General, Prov. San Jos£, 950 meters, A. F. Skutch 2611 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper oppressum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 161.
1929. Matambu, Peninsula de Nicoya, 600 meters, Cook & Doyle 697.

Piper orosianum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 143.
1929. Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39764.

352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper otophorum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 220.
1891. Siquirres, Pittier 3183. Also Rio Naranjo.

Piper pablense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 168.
1929. San Pablo de Tarrazu, Ot6n Jimenez 1091*.

Piper pacacanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 150.
1929. P. nobile var. minus C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
208. 1891. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 3239. Tierra caliente of the
Pacific coast.

Piper pachystylum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 139.
1929. Palmar, Rio Grande de TeYraba, Pittier & Tonduz 6717.
Also at Cabagra.

Piper pallidifolium C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 176. 1920. Rio
Ariei, Pittier 9392.

Piper palmanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 151.
1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jos4, 1,600 meters, Standley 33112.

Piper papillicarpum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 1.5 m. altus
nervis folii subtus obscure puberulis exceptis glaber, internodiis
floriferis gracilibus breviusculis fuscescentibus; folia lanceolata sensim
acuminata, basi paullo inaequilaterali longiattenuata, 15 cm. longa
4-5 cm. lata, fere ubique pinnatinervia, nervis vix arcuatis circiter
7x2, petiolo 10 mm. longo; spicae 30 mm. longae 7 mm. crassae,
pedunculo gracili refracto 5 mm. longo; bracteae subcucullatae ;
baccae globosae, stylo brevi mammiformi, stigmatibus minutis. —
El General, Prov. San Jos£, 975 meters, A. F. Skutch 2716 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper papulaecaule Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) solemniter
nodosus, internodiis brevibus subgracilibus dense minute granulosis;
folia aliquanto quadrate lanceolato-elliptica falcate acuto-acuminata,
basi inaequilaterali cordulata, 11-14 cm. longa 5-6 cm. lata, infra
medium pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, supra minute lepidota, subtus
pallidiora, petiolo circiter 5+2-3 mm. longo; spicae juveniles 35 mm.
longae 2 mm. crassae breviter acutatae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo;
bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae ciliatae. — Hacienda Santa Maria,
Guanacaste, 720-920 meters, Dodge & Thomas 6286 in 1929 (type
in Gray Herb.).

Piper papulatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 163.
1929. Capulin, Rio Grande de Tarcoles, 80 meters, Standley 40181.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 353

Piper paulownifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 173.
1897. P. tiliaefolium var. paulownifolium C. DC. Candollea 1:
154. 1923. La Palma, Pittier 6739. A common tree of the Atlantic
slope, descending to the coast. Also in Panama.

Piper pavasense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 173.
1929. Las Pavas, Prov. San Jose", 900 meters, Pittier 3188.

Piper pejivallense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 171.
1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valerio
46727.

Piper pelliticaule Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 157.
1929. Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600 meters, Standley & Torres
47539. Also Rio Virilla.

Piper peltaphyllum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
220. 1891. Camino de Carrillo, Pittier 2522.

Piper peltaphyllum var. lasvueltasanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz.
70 : 172. 1920. Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Tonduz 13189. Also Rio Tuis.

Piper peltatum L. Estrella, Santa Maria. Pothomorphe peltata
Miq. A herbaceous plant about a meter high, abundant almost
everywhere in the tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical
America. Easy of recognition because of its umbellate spikes and
large, rounded-cordate, peltate leaves.

Piper pendens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 160. 1929.
Yerba Buena, above San Isidro de Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley
& Valerio 49822. A pendent epiphyte.

Piper pendens var. infaustum Trelease, loc. cit. El Muiieco,
Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley 33651. A
terrestrial shrub.

Piper pentagonum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 153.
1929. Finca Montecristo, Rio Reventazon, Prov. Limon, Standley
& Valerio 48559.

Piper pergeniculatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
172. 1929. Canas Gordas, Pittier 11033.

Piper perhispidum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 183. 1920. Rio
Barranca, San Juan de San Ramon, Tonduz 17771.

Piper perlongipes Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 154.
1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valerio
46834- Also at Tuis and Shirores.

354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper perpuberulum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
146. 1929. Talamanca, Pittier & Tonduz 8690. Also at La Verbena,
near San Jose*.

Piper pertractatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 130.
1929. Nuestro Amo, Alajuela, Oton Jimenez. Collected also at
Rodeo de Pacaca, Tilaran, and Rio Febas, San Juan.

Piper pexum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 140. 1929.
Rio Blanco near El Copey, Prov. San Jose", 1,800 meters, Standley
41887.

Piper phanerolepidum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
182. 1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley 33570. Known only from the region of El Muneco.

Piper phaneropus Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber 3-metralis,
ramulis in sicco pallidis, internodiis modice brevibus et gracilibus;
folia lanceolato-elliptica aliquanto falcate acuminata, basi angustata
inaequilateralia, altero latere acuta altero brevi-auriculata, 18-23
cm. longa 7-9 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
6+7, in sicco tenuia, subtus pallidiora, petiolo circiter 8+2 mm.
longo granuloso; spicae 75 mm. longae 3-4 mm. crassae, pedunculo
gracili 10 mm. longo; bracteae subcrescenticae ; baccae teretes con-
vallatae, stigmatibus 3 sessilibus. — Santa Maria de Dota, 1,980
meters, H.E. Stork 1775 (type in herb. Univ. Illinois).

Piper piedadesense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber 2-me-
tralis, internodiis subgracilibus breviusculis; folia elongato-elliptica
subabrupte acuto-acuminata, basi auriculata, sinu clause, auricula
longiore petiolum aequante et occultante, 25-30 cm. longo 12-14
cm. lata, e medio inferiore vel paullo altius pinnatinervia, nervis
circiter 6+8, petiolo 4 cm. longo late alato; spicae subgraciles (5
mm. crassae) et in sicco viso modice elongatae; bracteae rotundo-
peltatae glabratae. — Colinas de Piedades de San Ramon, 1,000
meters, Brenes 5483 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper pileatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 184. 1929.
El Copey, Prov. San Jose", Tonduz 11895. Canton de Dota to the
Pacific coast. Reported under the name P. Burenii.

Piper pileatum var. obliquum Trelease, loc. cit. El Copey,
Tonduz 11675.

Piper pilibaccum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 179. 1920. Matambu,
Peninsula de Nicoya, Cook & Doyle 702.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 355

Piper Pittieri C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 29, pt. 2: 69. 1890.
Between Turrialba and Rio Birris, 2,400 meters, Pittier 376. Slopes
of the central volcanoes, ascending to 3,000 meters. Noted by
Pittier as being the Piper that reaches a higher elevation in Costa
Rica than any other member of the genus.

Piper playa-blancanum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus
glaber, internodiis brevibus graciusculis pallidis; folia lanceolata
sensim gracili-acuminata, basi paullo inaequilaterali rotundata,
12-14 cm. longa 3.5-4 cm. lata, fere ubique pinnatinervia, nervis
6-7x2, in sicco papyracea, petiolo vix 5 mm. longo; spicae 20-30
mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo. — Playa
Blanca, Golfo Dulce, at sea level, Manuel Valeria 319 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.). Also No. 311 from the same locality.

Piper poasanum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 206.
1891. Volcan de Poas, Pittier 2386. Slopes of the volcanoes and
at La Estrella de Cartago.

Piper polytrichum C. DC. Candollea 1: 110, 270. 1923. Caiias
Gordas, Pittier 11070.

Piper ponendum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 1.5-2 m. altus,
internodiis floriferis brevibus modice gracilibus subtomentosis; folia
rhombeo-obovata subabrupte acuminata, basi plus minusve cordu-
lata latere altero paullo breviore, 17-20 cm. longa 7.5-11 cm. lata,
infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis 6+7, supra breviter adpresso-
pubescentia, subtus ad nervos subtomentulosa, petiolo 5-10+5 mm.
longo molliter hirsute; spicae in sicco viso breves mucronatae
breviter pedunculatae. — Roadside south of Heredia, 1,100 meters,
Brenes 13244 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper prismaticum C. DC. Linnaea37: 342. 1872. P.turrial-
vanum C. DC. loc. cit. (Turrialba, Oersted 901}. Turrialba, Oersted
886. In forest at middle elevations on the Atlantic slope; region of
San Ramon.

Piper prismaticum var. magnifolium (C. DC.) Trelease,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 135. 1929. P. turrialvanum var. magni-
folium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 160. 1897. Rio Naranjo,
Tonduz 7642. Tierra caliente of the Atlantic slope.

Piper prismaticum var. tilaranum Trelease, loc. cit. La
Tejona, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria
45767.

356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper prismaticum var. villosulum Trelease, loc. cit. Finca
Montecristo near El Cairo, Prov. Limon, Standley & Valeria 48570.

Piper pseudo-aduncum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
166. 1897. Puerto Viejo, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 691 4.

Piper pseudo-albuginiferum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 165. 1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,500
meters, Standley & Valeria 50948.

Piper pseudobumbratum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
171. 1897. El Muelle, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7438.

Piper pseudodilatatum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
165. 1897. Punta Mala, Tonduz 6797.

Piper pseudo-fimbriulatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 153. 1929. El General, 600 meters, Pittier 3601. Also between
Boruca and TeVraba.

Piper pseudofuligineum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 355. 1872.
Cerro de Candelaria, Oersted 887. Region of San Ramon.

Piper pseudo-glabrifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 150. 1929. Santa Maria de Dota, Tonduz 7853. Reported
under the name P. glabrifolium.

Piper pseudo-lanceaefolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 170. 1929. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,450 meters, Tonduz
12665. Mountains of the central region. Reported for Costa Rica
under the name P. lanceaefolium.

Piper pseudopropinquum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 341. 1872.
Turrialba, Oersted 820. Mountains of the central region.

Piper pseudopsis C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 164. 1897.
San Jose", Tonduz 1088. A common shrub of the central region.
Listed for Costa Rica under the name P. Bredemeyeri.

Piper pubinerve C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 172. 1920. El General,
Pittier 10607.

Piper pullibracteatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
182. 1929. Cordoncillo. La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39236.
Also Cerro de La Carpintera. A shrub 2.5 meters high.

Piper punctiunculatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 180. 1929. Cordoncillo. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45712. Region of Tilaran. A shrub of 2.5 meters.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 357

Piper pustulicaule Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus 3-me-
tralis nervis folii subtus microscopice puberulis exceptis glaber,
internodiis brevibus modice crassis in sicco dense pustulatis; folia
elliptica acuminata, basi inaequilaterali acuta, 15-16 cm. longa
5.5-6.5 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, petiolo
10 mm. longo; spicae 95 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm.
longo; bracteae parvae pallidae zonatae subpeltatae; baccae sub-
triquetrae truncatae; stigmata sessilia. — El General, Prov. San Jose",
1,190 meters, A. F. Skutch 2938 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper quebradense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex ubique sub-
transiente laxe villosus, internodiis floriferis breviusculis crassius-
culis subsparse verruculosis; folia obovata breviacuminata, basi
inaequaliter auriculata, sinu laterali clause, auricula longiore rotun-
data petiolum occultante et subaequante, infra medium pinnati-
nervia, nervis circiter 6+8 sicut venis majoribus supra impressis,
subtus salientibus, petiolo circiter 4 cm. longo anguste alato; spicae
150 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae, pedunculo 2 cm. longo; bracteae
fimbriatae. — Quebrada Honda, Piedades Sur, San Ramon, Brenes
5843 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper rectamentum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
180. 1929. El Arenal, Atlantic slope, Guanacaste, 500 meters,
Standley & Valeria 54237.

Piper recuperatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
132. 1929. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 9927. Listed
for Costa Rica under the name P. medium.

Piper reptabundum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 169. 1920. Shirores,
Talamanca, Tonduz 9277.

Piper reticulatum L. P. smilacifolium HBK.; P. discophorum
C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 201. 1891 (Surubres, San
Mateo, Biolley 4047). A common shrub almost everywhere in the
tierra caliente. Guatemala to Peru and Brazil.

Piper reventazonis Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 172.
1929. Juan Vinas, 1,000 meters, Cook & Doyle 306.

Piper rhodostachyum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
158. 1929. Rio Reventazon, Lankester 1163,

Piper riparense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 173. 1897.
Rio Hacum, Buenos Aires, Tonduz 4893.

358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper ripense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 169. 1897.
Puerto Viejo, Biolley 7444-

Piper ripicola C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 171. 1897.
Rio Goto, Golfo Dulce, Pittier 9988.

Piper rotundibaccum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
164. 1929. Cordoncillo. Quebradillas, near Santa Maria de Dota,
1,800 meters, Standley 42902. Regions of Santa Maria and San
Jose". A shrub of 1-1.5 meters.

Piper rubripes Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), ramis gracilibus
viridibus ad nodos paullo granulosis, primo rubescentibus, inter-
nodiis subgracilibus et aliquanto elongatis; folia lanceolata, superiora
ovata, falcate acuminata, basi inaequilaterali subcordulata, 15 cm.
longa 5-7 cm. lata, e tertio infimo pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 4x2,
glabra, supra aliquanto glanduloso-granulosa sed vix asperata, petiolo
10 mm. longo obscure granuloso rubescente; spicae 100 mm. longae
3 mm. crassae interdum cuspidatae, pedunculo 15 mm. longo sub-
papilloso rubro; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae ciliolatae. — Upper
slopes of Cerro San Jos6 de Libano, Guanacaste, 500-960 meters,
Dodge, Hanckel & Thomas 6382 in 1930 (type in Gray Herb.;
duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.). Also in the region of San Ramon.

Piper rubrospadix Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis
floriferis modice gracilibus et brevibus sed cito elongatis glabris
rubris; folia anguste elliptica breviter acuminata, basi subinaequi-
laterali subacuta vel altero latere rotundata, 15-16 cm. longa 6-6.5
cm. lata, infra medium vel tertium supremum pinnatinervia, nervis
5-6x2, subtus incurvo-pilosa, petiolo 10 mm. longo vaginante dorso
piloso; spicae 35-40 mm. longae 4-5 mm. crassae aliquanto cuspidatae
rubrae, pedunculo circiter 8 mm. longo rubro; bracteae crescentico-
subpeltatae. — Bonilla Lakes, Prov. Limon, 300-430 meters, Dodge,
Catt & Thomas 5718 in 1929 (type in Gray Herb.; duplicate in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Piper rufescens C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 218.
1891. P. nemorense C. DC. op. cit. 222 (Juan Vifias, Tonduz 1849).
Juan Vinas, Tonduz 1850. Middle or high elevations of the Atlantic
slope. Reported under the name P. marequitense.

Piper rugosifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 185.
1929. Cordoncillo. Finca Las Concavas, Prov. Cartago, Standley
41533. Mountains of the central region. Reported under the
name P. hirsutum var. pallescens. A shrub 2 meters high.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 359

Piper sagittifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 171.
1897. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7588. Also valley of Aguas Buenas.
Nicaragua.

Piper salinasanum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
214. 1891. Bahia de Salinas, Pittier 2775. Pacific coast.

Piper salutatrix Trelease, sp. nov.- — Frutex 2-metralis, inter-
nodiis floriferis brevibus graciusculis transiente niveo-sericeis; folia
subrhombea falcato-acuminata, basi rotundata vel obscure cordulata
latere altero breviore, 12-15 cm. longa 5-6.5 cm. lata, infra medium
pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 5+6, supra minute pubescentia, nervis
primo albo-sericeis, subtus primo albo-sericea serius subglabrescentia,
petiolo circiter 8+2 mm. longo molliter piloso; spicae 60 mm. longae
2 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo albo-sericeo. — El General,
Prov. San Jose", 880 meters, A. F. Skutch 2504 (type in U. S. Nat.
Herb.).

Piper san-cristobalanum Trelease, sp. nov. — Arbor montana
glabrata 5-metralis et ultra, ramulis crassiusculis subelongatis; folia
late ovata subobtusa, basi subtruncate breviter cordata, 23-26 cm.
longa 15-20 cm. lata, infra medium multiplinervia, nervis circiter
6x2, subtus crispo-puberula, venoso-areolata, in sicco firma, prae-
sertim subtus brunnescentia et lucida, petiolo 8 cm. longo alato;
spicae juveniles 10 mm. longae 6 mm. crassae uncatae, pedunculo
gracili 3 cm. longo ; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae umbonatae, margine
angustato ciliato. — San Cristobal Road, 2,400 meters, H. E. Stork
2205 (type in herb. Univ. Illinois).

Piper sandaloense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex humilis glaber
glanduloso-punctulatus, internodiis modice brevibus et gracilibus;
folia late elliptica breviter acuminata, basi paullo inaequilaterali
altero latere decurrentia, 15-20 cm. longa 7-10 cmv lata, infra medium
pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, petiolo 2-5 cm. longo alato; spicae fere
40 mm. longae et 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo vix 5 mm. longo. — Rio
Sandalo, Peninsula de Osa, at sea level, Dodge & Goerger 10076
(type in herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).

Piper san-joseanum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 351. 1872. Cerro de
Aguacate, Oersted 893. A common species of the Pacific slope,
ascending to the Meseta Central; region of San Ramon. Reported
under the name P. marginatum.

Piper san-joseanum var. minus Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 133. 1929. Nicoya, Tonduz 13695.

360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper san-marcosanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
158. 1897. San Marcos, Prov. San Jos4, Tonduz 7557. Also on the
slopes of Volcan Poas.

Piper scalpens Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 176. 1929.
San Jos4, Tonduz 10154- Reported as P. hirsutum var. parvifolium.

Piper scintillans Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 179.
1929. Cordoncillo. Finca Hamburgo, Rio Reventazon, Prov.
Limon, Standley & Valeria 48828. Atlantic coast. A shrub 2 meters
high.

Piper scleromyelum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 167.
1897. Tsuritkub, Talamanca, Tonduz 8675.

Piper seductum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 135.
1929. Madre de Dios, 50 meters, Pittier 10308.

Piper sepicola C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 202.
1891. Turrialba, Tonduz 4114-

Piper sesquimetrale Trelease, sp. nov. — Suffrutex essentialiter
glaber 1.2 m. altus, internodiis floriferis brevibus crassiusculis; folia
late ovata subacuta basi rotundata, 12-18 cm. longa 10-13 cm. lata,
multiplinervia, paribus nervorum basalium 4, pare altero prope
medium folii nascente, in sicco celluloso-papillosa, petiolo 10-20 mm.
longo vaginante; spicae 50 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae, pedunculo
5 mm. longo; bracteae inconspicuae subcucullatae ; baccae rotundatae
vel triquetrae, stigmatibus sessilibus. — El General, Prov. San Jos£,
850 meters, A. F. Skutch 2314 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper signatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 152.
1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley & Valeria 50958. Known only from the type region.

Piper silencioi Trelease, sp. nov. — Suffrutex glaber vix 2-me-
tralis, internodiis floriferis gracilibus brevibus; folia subovato-lanceo-
lata subacuta, basi paullo inaequilaterali acuta vel subacuta, 12-16
cm. longa 5-6 cm. lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter
4x2, petiolo 5-10 mm. longo concavo; spicae 40 mm. longae 4 mm.
crassae breviter apiculatae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo. — El Silencio,
Guanacaste, 750 meters, Standley & Valeria 44644 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb.), 44656; also in the same general region, No. 45053.

Piper silvanorum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 169.
1929. Las Nubes, Prov. San Jos£, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley
38500. Also on the slopes of Volcan de Barba.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 361

Piper silvicola C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 159. 1897.
Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7611.

Piper silvivagum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 162. 1897.
Mouth of Rio Zhorquin, Tonduz 8595. Also at Shirores and Tuis.

Piper simulans Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex aspectu P. candelario
similis aliquanto nodosus glaber, internodiis floriferis modicis fusces-
centibus; folia lanceolata sensim attenuata, basi paullo inaequi-
laterali acuta, 9-13 cm. longa 3-4.5 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus
vel inferius pinnatinervia, nervis validioribus circiter 5x2 sed con-
fluentibus, aliis obscurioribus e parte suprema costae nascentibus,
subtus glanduloso-granulosa, petiolo 5-7+3 mm. longo exalato;
spicae 20 mm. longae 5 mm. crassae obscure mucronatae, pedunculo
1 cm. longo subrecurvo; baccae ovoideae apice contractae, stigmati-
bus 3 magnis. — Changuinola Valley, Province of Bocas del Toro,
Panama, near the Costa Rican boundary, V. C. Dunlap 459 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper sinuatifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 147.
1929. Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley
& Valeria 45537.

Piper sinugaudens C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 188. 1920. Buena
Vista, Cook & Doyle 150.

Piper siquirresense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) nodosus,
internodiis floriferis subgracilibus breviusculis, serius elongatis,
primo breviter crispo-puberulis; folia elliptica subacute acuminata,
basi paullo inaequilaterali angustata et vulgo saltern latere longiore
subobtusa, 14-18 cm. longa 6.5-8 cm. lata, infra medium pinnati-
nervia, nervis circiter 5x2, in sicco tenuia, subtus sparse incurvo-
pubescentia, petiolo circiter 10+1 mm. longo breviter pubescente;
spicae 60 mm. longae et ultra 4-5 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm.
longo serius incrassato; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae fimbriatae. —
Siquirres, 300 meters, H. E. Stork 2251 (type in herb. Univ. Illinois).

Piper spicilongum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 177.
1929. Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 9962. Also at
Surubres, San Mateo.

Piper squalidum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex (?), internodiis
floriferis breviusculis subgracilibus subtomentulosis; folia elliptica
sensim acutata, basi subauriculata, sinu basali, auriculis valde
inaequalibus, longiore medium petioli vaginantis subtomentulosi

362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

aequante, 20 cm. longa 9 cm. lata (interdum multo majora?), infra
medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 5+4, subtus praesertim ad
nervos crispo-pubescentia, petiolo circiter 3 cm. longo subtomentu-
loso; inflorescentia? — Cataratas de San Ramon, Brenes 13416 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper squali-pelliculum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
178. 1929. P. salinasanum var. subscabrifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst.
Costa Rica 9: 164. 1897. Rio Virilla, San Jose", Tonduz 10126.
Region of San Jose" and at La Palma de San Jose".

Piper stenocladophorum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
168. 1929. Turrialba, Tonduz 8316.

Piper stenocladum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 162.
1897. Boruca, Tonduz 6747 ex parte.

Piper striatum C. DC. Linnaea 37: 345. 1872. P. littorale
C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 165. 1897 (Talamanca, Tonduz
8736}. Collected at various localities in the coasts; region of San
Ramon. Also in Nicaragua.

Piper subasperatum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 3-metralis,
internodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus griseo-hispidis; folia oblique
lanceolata vel elliptica falcato-acuminata, basi oblique acuta vel
subacuta, 10-14 cm. longa 3.5-5.5 cm. lata, infra medium pinnati-
nervia, nervis tenuibus circiter 4+5, supra granuloso-scabrida,
subtus ad nervos substrigosa, petiolo circiter 5 mm. longo hispido;
spicae circiter 125 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm.
longo glabrescente; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae pilosae. — El Ge-
neral, Prov. San Jose", 915 meters, A. F. Skutch 2157 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb.).

Piper subaspericaule C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 162.
1897. P. trichocladum C. DC. op. cit. 167. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz
7625. Both species were based upon the same collection by Tonduz.

Piper subdivaricatum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
163. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jos£, 1,500 meters, Standley
36489.

Piper subdurum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus ramosus
glaber 5-metralis, internodiis subgracilibus brevissimis; folia ovata
sensim longiattenuata, basi acuta, circiter 10 cm. longa atque 4 cm.
lata, e tertio inn* mo pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 3x2 supra impressis,
subtus salientibus, in sicco plicata, tenuia sed firme papyracea et

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 363

lucida, petiolo 5 mm. longo; spicae 70 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae,
pedunculo 5 mm. longo; baccae rotundatae, stigmatibus sessilibus.
—El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,560 meters, A. F. Skutch 2993 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Piper suberythrocarpum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
160. 1897. Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7550. Also in Nicaragua.

Piper subfuscum C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 217. 1866. P. tablazo-
sense C. DC. Bot. Jahrb. 10: 288. 1888 (El Tablazo, Lehmann 1752).
Alto de La Cruz, Cerro de Candelaria, Hoffmann 544- Region of
San Ramon, at 1,200 meters. A shrub of 1.5-2 meters.

Piper subhirsutum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 179.
1929. Cordoncillo. Finca La Colombiana, Prov. Limon, Standley
36642. Also at Limon. A shrub of 2 meters.

Piper subhirsutum var. tomentosicaule Trelease, loc. cit.
At the same locality as the type of the species, Standley 36821.

Piper sublaevifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 147.
1929. P. laevifolium C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 169. 1897,
non Blume. Boca de Zhorquin, Talamanca, Tonduz 8586.

Piper sublineatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 565. 1891. P. Biol-
leyi C. DC. Bull. Bot. Soc. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 210. 1891 (Camino de
Carrillo, Tonduz 2529). Angostura, Kuntze. A common species
of the tierra caliente of both coasts, ascending to El Mufieco.

Piper submolle Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 178.
1929. El Carmen, Prov. Limon, Standley & Valerio 48363.

Piper submultiplinerve C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 184. 1920.
Valle de Los Arcangeles, Volcan de Irazu, Pittier 13626. Also at
San Pablo de Tarrazu.

Piper subquadratum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
174. 1929. Rio Ariei, Talamanca, Tonduz 9387 ex parte. Also at
Tsaki, Puerto Viejo, and La Palma.

Piper subquinquenerve Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) nodosus,
internodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus; folia lanceolata acuminata
basi acuta 8-10.5 cm. longa 2.5-3 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus
subpinnatim 7-nervia, nervis 4 inferioribus prope basin nascentibus
longe adscendentibus, in sicco tenuia opaca, nervis subtus aurantiacis,
petiolo 5-12 mm. longo exalato; spicae juveniles 35 mm. longae 2 mm.
crassae, pedunculo gracili fere 2 mm. longo; bracteae minutae rotun-

364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

do-subpeltatae. — Changuinola Valley, Province of Bocas del Toro,
Panama, near the Costa Rican border, V. C. Dunlap 452 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper subsericeum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 141.
1929. Finca Montecristo near El Cairo, Prov. Limon, Standley &
Valeria 48636.

Piper subsessilifolium C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
216. 1891. P. subsessilifolium var. palmanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz.
70: 183. 1920 (La Palma, Tonduz 12662). Rio Navarrito, Pittier
2436. At middle elevations in the central region; region of San
Ramon.

Piper subvariabile Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 145.
1929. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley & Valeria 44970.
Region of Tilaran.

Piper subzhorquinense C. DC. ex Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 26: 142. 1929. Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier 11029.

Piper sulcinervosum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
159. 1929. Cordoncillo. Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago,
1,500-1,800 meters, Standley 35569. Region of Cartago. A shrub
2 meters high.

Piper surubresanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
148. 1929. Cordoncillo. Rio Surubres, San Mateo, Biolley 17353.
Also in Guanacaste. A shrub 1.5 meters high.

Piper tabanicidum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
162. 1929. Cordoncillo. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley
& Valerio 45676. Region of Tilaran. It is reported that the fruits
are employed for curing the sores in cattle and horses caused by grubs.

Piper Tacamahaca Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 144.
1929. La Ventolera, slopes of Poas, 1,700 meters, Standley 34578a.
Slopes of Volcan Poas and Cerro de La Carpintera.

Piper tacaresense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) glaber nodosus,
internodiis floriferis crassiusculis subelongatis in sicco pallidis; folia
elliptica acuminata basi oblique cordulata 16-17 cm. longa 7-8 cm.
lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, petiolo vix 5 mm.
longo latere longiore laminae occulto; spicae rectae vel plus minusve
curvae 75 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5-10 mm. longo.—
Tacares, 800 meters, Manuel Valerio 302 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 365

Piper talamancanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
173. 1929. Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Tonduz 9274- Also
Rio Zhorquin and Siquirres. Reported from Costa Rica under the
name P. hirsutum var. pallens.

Piper tarrazuense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 142.
1929. San Pablo de Tarrazu, Otdn Jimenez 1095.

Piper tentatum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), internodiis flori-
feris breviusculis subgracilibus hispidis; folia elliptica vel lanceolato-
elliptica acuminata, basi subinaequilaterali acuta, 18-20 cm. longa
6.5-7 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis 5-6x2,
supra granuloso-scabrida, subtus ad nervos hispida, petiolo circiter
5 mm. longo hispido; spicae juveniles vix 40 mm. longae 3 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo scabrido. — San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 15032 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper tenuipes C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 174. 1920. San Ramon,
Brenes 14-193. A common species of the Pacific coast; Guanacaste.
Reported under the name P. medium.

Piper tenuispicum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 170. 1920. Hoja de
calentura. Trejos, Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Tonduz 13187. Also
at Juan Vinas.

Piper terminalispicum Standl., nom. nov. Sarcorhachis anomala
Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 118. 1929. La Hondura, Prov.
San Jose", Standley 37909. A species distinguished by its terminal
spikes. A small vine.

Piper terrabanum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 217.
1891. TSrraba, Tonduz 3604- Also at Boruca, Rodeo de Pacaca,
and Palmar; region of San Ramon.

Piper terronesense Trelease, sp. nov.— Frutex(?) nodosus glaber
copiose sed minute glanduloso-granulosus, internodiis floriferis sub-
gracilibus subbrevibus sed serius elongatis; folia late ovata et basi
rotundata sed in petiolum abrupte angustata, vel elliptica et sensim
basi acutata, acuta vel breviter acuminata, 12-17 cm. longa 7-12 cm.
lata, infra medium multiplinervia, nervis 4-5x2, petiolo 2-5 cm.
longo concavo, petiolis longioribus infra medium alatis; spicae 30-40
mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo; bracteae cres-
centicae; stigmata 3 brevia subconfluentia. — Mouth of Rio Terrenes,
Prov. Puntarenas, C. W. Dodge 7749 in 1930 (type in Gray Herb.).

366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper tilaranum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 131. 1929.
Cordoncillo. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria
46596. Region of Tilaran. A shrub of 2.5-3.5 meters.

Piper tinctum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 153. 1929.
Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria 45460.
Region of Tilaran.

Piper Tonduzii C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 170. 1897.
P. nanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 180. 1920 (Guacimo, Tonduz
14659). Shirores, Talamanca, Pittier 9280. Tierra caliente of the
Atlantic slope.

Piper Tonduzii var. semiherbaceum Trelease, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 143. 1929. Quebrada Serena, near Tilaran, Guana-
caste, 700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46261. Region of Tilaran.

Piper torresanum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 177.
1929. Rio Torres, San Francisco de Guadalupe, 1,170 meters,
Tonduz & Pittier 8971. Listed under the name P. hirsutum var.
pallescens.

Piper tortuosipilum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 148.
1929. El Mufieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley & Valeria 51026. Region of Cartago and La Hondura de
San Jose\ A shrub 1 meter high.

Piper tractifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 166.
1929. Cerro de Las Caricias above San Isidro de Heredia, 2,200
meters, Standley & Valeria 52052. Slopes of Volcan de Barba.

Piper tractifolium var. pubescens Trelease, loc. cit. La
Palma de San Jos£, Pittier 736.

Piper trichophlebium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
177. 1929. P. hirsutum var. Tonduzii C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
30, pt. 1: 203. 1891. Aserri, Tonduz 1270. Mountains of the Meseta
Central.

Piper trimetrale C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 159. 1897.
Rio Tuis, Tonduz 8169.

Piper triquetrofructum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?), inter-
nodiis floriferis brevibus gracilibus, juvenilibus aliquanto brevi-
pubescentibus; folia late lanceolata falcate acuto-acuminata, basi
rotundata latere altero paullo breviore, 20 cm. longa 7 cm. lata,
infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 5x2, supra minute

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 367

granulosa, subtus ad nervos sparse sericea, aliquanto rugescentia,
petiolo 10 mm. vel 8+2 mm. longo subpersistente molliter pubes-
cente; spicae 70 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 10 mm.
longo; bracteae triangulari-subpeltatae; baccae trigonae truncatae,
stigmatibus 3 sessilibus. — Rio Pejivalle gorge, Prov. Cartago, 600-
650 meters, Dodge & Thomas 4431 in 1929 (type in Gray Herb.).

Piper tsuritkubense Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 174.
1929. Tsuritkub, Talamanca, Tonduz 8616. Plains of the Atlantic
coast. Reported from Costa Rica under the name P. hirsutum
var. magnifolium.

Piper tuberculatum Jacq. Cordoncillo. Common almost every-
where on the Pacific slope, and reaching Cartago. A species of
wide distribution in Central and South America. In some parts
of Central America this shrub is planted to form hedges, for which
it serves well, since it branches densely when trimmed. Trelease
refers the Costa Rican plant to var. minus C. DC.

Piper tuisanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 163. 1897.
Rio Tuis, Pittier 8073.

Piper umbellatum L. Estrella, Santa Maria, Cordoncillo. Potho-
morphe umbellata Miq. Common almost everywhere in the tierra
caliente, ascending to the Meseta Central. A species of wide distri-
bution in tropical America. Plants herbaceous or sometime shrubby,
easy to recognize by the umbellate spikes and large, rounded, cordate
leaves, which are not peltate like those of P. peltatum, otherwise
very similar. Reported from Costa Rica under the names P.
Dombeyanum and P. subpeltatum.

Piper umbricola C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 215.
1891. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 3238. Also at Buenos Aires, Te>-
raba, and San Ramon.

Piper unauriculatum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus sar-
mentosus, internodiis gracilibus breviusculis glabris purpurascenti-
bus; folia oblonga vel oblongo-subobovata protracto-acuminata, basi
subacuta, latere altero minute auriculato, 15 cm. longa 4.5-6 cm.
lata, e medio inferiore vel inferius pinnatinervia, nervis 4-5x2,
subtus puberula, in sicco firmo-papyracea, petiolo 5 mm. longo
dense puberulo; spicae 50 mm. longae 2 mm. crassae, pedunculo
10 mm. longo subpuberulo. — El General, Prov. San Jose", 880
meters, A. F. Skutch 2967 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper unguiculiferum Trelease, Confer. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
149. 1929. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters, Standley & Valeria
47003.

Piper urophyllum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 170. 1897.
P. sarapiquinum C. DC. op. cit. 166 (Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7437}.
Rio Tuis, Tonduz 8159. Atlantic coast, ascending to Cartago.

Piper urostachyum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 57; 5:
pi. 72. 1882. P. lanuginosum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9:
159. 1897 (Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7519). Atlantic coast. Also in
Nicaragua.

Piper uvitanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 182. 1920. La Uvita,
Limon, Pittier 12690.

Piper valetudinarii Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 178.
1929. Near San Jose", Tonduz 7235.

Piper vallicolum C. DC. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 222.
1891. Rio Jaris, Pacaca, Pittier 3298. Tierra caliente of the Pacific
slope, and Atlantic slope of Guanacaste.

Piper ventoleranum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 184.
1929. La Ventolera, southern slope of Volcan de Poas, 1,700 meters,
Standley 34712.

Piper venulosum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 132.
1929. Cordoncillo. Near San Ramon, Brenes 141 92. Collected also at
Tilaran, Pena Blanca, and Buenos Aires. A shrub 2.5-3.5 meters high.

Piper veraguense C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 294. 1869.
Based upon specimens collected by Warscewicz in Costa Rica or
Panama; not collected in recent years; perhaps the same species
as P. peltaphyllum C. DC.

Piper verbenanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 165. 1897.
P. salinasanum var. verbenanum C. DC. Candollea 1: 97. 1923. La
Verbena, near San Jose", Tonduz 8867. Vicinity of San Jos£ and on
La Carpintera. Reported under the name P. mollicomum.

Piper verruculaepetiolum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex, nervis
folii subtus puberulis exceptis glaber, ramis aliquanto geniculatis,
internodiis floriferis subgracilibus breviusculis triquetris pallido-
granulosis; folia subelliptica subacuminata, basi valde obliqua
inaequaliter cordulata, 16-21 cm. longa 8-10 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis
inferioribus pinnatinervia, nervis circiter 6+7, in sicco tenuiter
papyracea, petiolo circiter 7+3 mm. longo dense granuloso basi

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 369

tan turn alato; spicae 70 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae mucronatae,
pedunculo 8 mm. longo minute granuloso; bracteae triangulari-
subpeltatae glabrae; baccae subcylindraceae truncatae, stigmatibus 3
minutis sessilibus. — Farm Six, Changuinola Valley, Province of Bocas
del Toro, Panama, V. C, Dunlap 494 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper verruculigerum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
165. 1929. Cordoncillo. Quebrada Serena, near Tilaran, Guanacaste,
700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46239. Region of Tilaran. A shrub
2 meters high.

Piper verruculosum C. DC. Journ. Bot. 4: 215. 1866. P. nitdi-
caule C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 162. 1897 (El Tablazo, Tonduz
7922). Cerro de Candelaria, Hoffmann 8. Region of San Ramon.

Piper vicinum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 157. 1929.
Zhorquin, 700 meters, Tonduz 6635.

Piper villistipulum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 162.
1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters, Stand-
ley 33438. Region of El Muneco.

Piper villosisquamulum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
158. 1929. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-1,700 meters, Stand-
ley 37799. A shrub 2 meters high.

Piper virgultorum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 173. 1920. Tsuritkub,
Talamanca, Tonduz 8650. Atlantic coast.

Piper viridifolium Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 139.
1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley & Valerio 51034-

Piper viridispicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
138. 1929. Finca Montecristo, near El Cairo, Prov. Limon, Standley
& Valerio 48536.

Piper virillanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 158. 1897.
Rio Virilla, San Jose", Tonduz 9831. Region of San Ramon, 600

meters.

Piper vitabile Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex ubique molliter breviter
pubescens, internodiis floriferis brevibus crassiusculis, folia sublanceo-
lata acuminata, basi oblique cordulata, 9-10 cm. longa 3.5-4.5 cm.
lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis 4-5x2, petiolo 5 mm. longo;
spicae (deformatae?) aliquanto curvae, juveniles 30 mm. longae 2
mm. crassae, pedunculo 5-10 mm. longo. — Buenos Aires, 480
meters, Manuel Valerio 894 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piper xanthoneurum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
132. 1929. Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-1,800
meters, Standley 35505. Also at Turrialba.

Piper xanthostachyum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 169.
1897. Rio Tuis, Tonduz 6747. Also in El General.

Piper xiroresanum C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 169.
1897. Shirores, Talamanca, Tonduz 9271.

Piper zaca tense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 161. 1897.
Boca Zacate, Pittier 6828.

Piper zentanum C. DC. Bot. Gaz. 70: 170. 1920. Hacienda
de Zent, Prov. Limon, Tonduz 14649.

Piper zhorquinense C. DC. Anal. Inst. Costa Rica 9: 159.
1897. P. submarginense C. DC. in Donn. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat.
6: 39. 1903, nomen. Rio Zhorquin, Tonduz 8523. Plains of the
Atlantic coast.

Piper zingiberinum Trelease, sp. nov. — Cana de muela. Frutex
nodosus glaber Zingiberide olens circiter 2-metralis, internodiis
floriferis brevibus gracilibus; folia lanceolata vel ovata sensim acuta,
basi subacuta altero latere aliquanto breviore, 7-9 cm. longa 3-4 cm.
lata, infra medium pinnatinervia, nervis gracilibus 3x2 subtus
prominentibus, in sicco crassa anguste revoluta et saepe conduplicata,
petiolo circiter 5+2 mm. longo; spicae 30-40 mm. longae 1 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo; bracteae rotundo-subpeltatae. —
Santa Clara hills, 1,500 meters, H.E. Stork 2594 (type in herb. Univ.
Illinois). The plant is reported to be used as a remedy for toothache.

Piper zonulatispicum Trelease, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
164. 1929. El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,500 meters,
Standley & Valerio 51116. Region of Rio Navarro.

CHLORANTHACEAE

The family is represented in Central America by a single genus.

HEDYOSMUM Swartz

Aromatic trees or shrubs with very brittle branches; leaves op-
posite, usually dentate, the petioles united to form a sheath, this
provided with small stipules on the margins; staminate flowers
spicate; fruit a small drupe.

Hedyosmum Artocarpus Solms. Vara blanca. Common in
forests of the central volcanoes, also in the mountains of Canton

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 371

de Dota; 1,200-2,800 meters. Extending to southern Mexico. A
shrub or small tree 3-10 meters high; pistillate flowers arranged in
a dense head. The wood is soft, the bark whitish. Pittier reports
that the fruits are edible and have an agreeable flavor.

Hedyosmum Brenesii Standl., sp. nov.— Frutex 1-2-metralis
monoicus glaber, ramis gracilibus subteretibus brunnescentibus;
folia vix ultra 3 mm. longe petiolata tenuiter coriacea, lamina lineari-
lanceolata 7-12 cm. longa 1-1.7 cm. lata versus apicem longe angus-
tissime attenuata basi acuta vel subobtusa arete et subgrosse ad-
presso-serrata, dentibus subincurvis, supra in sicco fusca nervis
obscuris, subtus paullo pallidiore brunnescente, costa gracili elevata,
nervis obscuris; cymulae laxe paniculatae, femineae pauciflorae,
bracteis latis ovatis vel ovalibus obtusis, spicis masculis dense multi-
floris cylindraceis ad 1 cm. longis dense multifloris. — In forest,
La Palma de San Ramon, 1,150 meters, Brenes 4620 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.); also, from the same locality, Brenes 4027 and 3731.
From all Central American species of the genus this is distinguished
at once by the very long and narrow leaves.

Hedyosum calloso-serratum Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1856: 40. 1857. Volcan de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted. Common
in forests of the central region, and descending on the Atlantic slope
to Guapiles; region of San Ramon. Also in Nicaragua. A shrub
or tree of 3-8 meters; pistillate flowers spicate or paniculate. The
fruits are white and exceedingly juicy.

LACISTEMACEAE

LACISTEMA Swartz
From Central America a single species is known.

Lacistema aggregatum (Berg.) Rusby. Forests and thickets
of the Pacific coast, and almost certainly also of the Atlantic. Widely
distributed in tropical America. A shrub or small tree, the leaves
alternate, short-petiolate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 7-15 cm. long,
acuminate, entire; flowers very small, bracteate and bracteolate,
in small, dense, axillary, sessile and fasciculate spikes; fruit a some-
what fleshy, 3-valvate capsule containing usually a single seed.

SALICACEAE. Willow Family

SALIX L. Willow

From Central America there are known only three other species
of this genus, the others being Guatemalan.

372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Salix chilensis Molina. Sauce. S. Humboldtiana Willd. Com-
mon in the central region, especially about Cartago and San Jose,
doubtless in many other regions. Mexico to Patagonia. A tree
of 8-15 meters, planted in many places and also naturalized but
probably not truly native of the region, although it may have been
here for a number of centuries. It is claimed that all the Costa Rican
trees are pistillate, but I do not know whether this is actually the
case or not. The flexible branches are employed commonly for
making baskets and other articles.

MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family

MYRICA L. Bayberry

Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, without stipules, short-
petiolate, oblanceolate or obovate, dentate or entire, covered,
especially beneath, with small, yellowish glands; flowers minute, of
2 sexes, arranged in short, axillary spikes; fruit a small drupe, covered
with whitish wax. — Another species grows near the Atlantic coast
in northern Central America.

Myrica mexicana Willd. Arraydn. M. xalapensis HBK.
Common in the regions of Cartago and San Ramon, and probably
elsewhere, in thickets and open forest. Ranging to Mexico. A
shrub of 2-5 meters. By boiling the fruits in water, it is possible
to obtain a greenish wax that is employed in some regions for making
candles which burn with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In some
regions of Central America the plant is called Arbol de cera.

Myrica phanerodonta Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 164.
1927. Summit of Volcan de Poas, 2,645 meters, Tonduz 10785.
Known only from the slopes of Poas and Barba, 2,200-2,645 meters.
Endemic. A shrub of 2.5-3.5 meters.

Myrica pubescens Willd. Encinillo. Common in forests of
the central region and Canton de Dota, 1,000-1,800 meters. Also
in Colombia. A shrub or tree of 2-9 meters, the leaves larger than
those of the other two species.

JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family

It is probable that there are in some parts of Costa Rica cultivated
trees of Juglans (nogal), a genus represented by native species in
Mexico and South America but not in Central America. The trees
are cultivated occasionally in some parts of Central America. The
English walnuts (nogales) imported into Costa Rica are the fruit
of Juglans regia L. of Europe.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 373

ALFAROA Standl.

Alfaroa costaricensis Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 78.
1927. Gaulin. Forests of El Muneco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago,
1,400 meters, Standley 33620. Common in forests of the region
south of Cartago, found also in La Estrella, Alto de La Estrella,
and Juan Vinas; region of San Ramon; Turrialba, Dita Keith 371.
Endemic. A tree of 5-12 meters or more; leaves mostly opposite,
without stipules, with numerous narrow leaflets; flowers small,
green, arranged in terminal spikes; fruit a small nut, similar to that
of the genus Carya. The young leaves are handsomely colored
with pink and dull red. An endemic genus, dedicated to Professor
Anastasio Alfaro, formerly Director of the Museo Nacional, and
tireless student of the Costa Rican fauna and flora.

\

ENGELHARDTIA Lesch.

Another species is native in Chiapas, Mexico. Otherwise the
genus is Asiatic.

Engelhardtia pterocarpa (Oerst.) Standl. Trop. Woods 12: 15.
1927. Gavilan, Campana(f). Oreomunnea pterocarpa Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 33. 1856. Engelhardtia Oreomunnea C. DC.
Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. Bot. 18: 36. 1862. Between Naranjo and Tucu-
rrique, Oersted. Valley of the Rio Reventazon, at 700-1,500 meters.
Endemic. A tree of 40-50 meters, the trunk 50-70 cm. in diameter;
leaves alternate, pinnate, with 4-8 lanceolate leaflets; bracts of the
pistillate spikes 4-lobate, in fruit very large and coriaceous; fruit a
globose nut 1 cm. long. An interesting tree because of the fact
that it is the only Central American representative of an Asiatic
genus. The genus Oreomunnea was dedicated by Oersted to Don
Francisco Maripa Oreamuno, who aided him in his botanical ex-
ploration of Costa Rica a century ago. Although botanists are not
altogether in accord as to the genera to be recognized in this family,
the present writer is of the opinion that it is impossible to maintain
Oreomunnea as a distinct genus. Its wood is of good quality and is
employed locally for house construction, interior finish, and other
purposes.

BETULACEAE. Birch Family
ALNUS Hill. Alder

Alnus acuminata HBK. Jaul. Common almost everywhere
in the temperate region, at least before so much of the land was
placed under cultivation, ascending the slopes of the volcanoes,

374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

often forming small pure stands. Guatemala to Peru. A handsome
tree, 3-10 meters high; leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, dentate,
alternate; flowers minute, the staminate in elongate aments; fruit
a short, hard, bracteate spike, resembling a cone. The name Aliso
is given in Spain to species of Alnus. Their bark is rich in tannin.

FAGACEAE. Beech Family

In Central America there occurs a single genus of this important
group. To the family belongs also the beech (Fagus; hay a) of Europe
and North America.

CAST ANEA Hill. Chestnut

The species of the genus are native in Europe, Asia, and eastern
North America.

Castanea sativa Mill. Castano. Planted and fruiting at
Desamparados, in the finca of Ricardo Batalla, Estrella Umana 1.
Native of southern Europe, well known for its edible seeds.

/
QUERCUSL. Oak

Reference: Trelease, The American oaks, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci.
20. 1925.

One of the most important genera of trees,, with 370 species
in North America, the great majority of them in Mexico. They
are easy of recognition because of their unique fruit, an acorn
(bellota). The wood is strong, hard, and heavy, and is one of the
most used woods of the earth for furniture and construction of all
kinds. The Costa Rican oaks constitute the principal element of
almost all the forests of the temperate region (apparently there is
only 1 in* Guanacaste!), forming in many regions of the Meseta
Central and Canton de Dota extensive and almost pure stands.
They ascend the slopes of the volcanoes to the limit of arborescent
vegetation. Usually several species are found together, but, as a
matter of fact, there is still very little known about the distribution
of the Costa Rican species. The trees are so tall and usually so
covered with epiphytes that walking or riding underneath them
it is impossible to tell whether the trees one passes are alike or
different. Let no one familiar with the oak forests of temperate
Europe and North America suppose that the Costa Rican forests
are at all similar in appearance, for they are not. The latter are
composed of medium-sized or large trees, densely crowded together,
and usually heavily laden with epiphytes, the ground underneath

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 375

being so heavily shaded that but few herbaceous plants grow in it.
A visitor from the North might ride for days through such a forest
without ever suspecting that oak trees grew there. Indian names
reported for species of Quercus are: Sakira-kani (Guatuso); Kos
(Cabe"cara, Bribri); Kos-kra (Brunka).

Quercus borucasana Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 161.
pi. 315. 1925. Roble. Q. granulata Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh.
186. 1854. Volcan de Irazu, Oersted 5, 3491. Common in forests
of the central region, 1,500-2,400 meters or more. Endemic. A tall
tree, 9-25 meters high or taller, abundant in many places; leaves
almost sessile, entire, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or acuminate.

Quercus Brenesii Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 186.
pi. 377. 1925. Roble, Encino, Roble negro. Between San Ramon
and San Mateo, Brenes 14520. Also Santa Maria de Dota, 1,500-
1,800 meters; frequent in the region of San Ramon at 1,000-1,200
meters. Endemic. A tree of 6-25 meters; leaves almost sessile,
oblanceolate, narrow-acuminate, coarsely serrate.

Quercus citrifolia Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 187. 1854.
Encino. Volcan de Irazu, Oersted 6, 7, 3461. Cartago; abundant
in Canton de Dota. Endemic. A tall tree; leaves oblong, entire,
acute or acuminate, almost glabrous when fully developed.

Quercus corrugata Hook. Roble, Encino. Boruca; slopes of
Volcan de Poas; abundant in Canton de Dota; at 1,500-1,800 meters.
Also in Guatemala. A tall or medium-sized tree; leaves long-
petiolate, oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate,
almost glabrous. Trelease has published also var. ipalensis (Mem.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 45. 1925; Volcan de Ipala, Pittier 1869}, and
there is a var. microcarpa Wenzig (Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: 192.
1884; Polakowsky in 1875 in the region of Dota).

Quercus costaricensis Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 184.
1854. Roble. Volcan de Irazu, Oersted 3465. Common in forests
of the central region and Canton de Dota, ascending to 3,000 meters.
Endemic. A tall tree; leaves small, oval or almost rounded, rounded
or very obtuse at the apex and base, somewhat tomentose beneath,
the veins impressed on the upper surface. There is also a forma
Kuntzei Trelease (Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 146. 1925; Volcan de
Irazu, Kuntze 2282}, common in the central region, and distinguished
by having almost glabrous leaves, their veins not impressed on the
upper surface.

376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Quercus Endresi Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 145.
pi. 280. 1925. Without indication of the exact, locality, Endres.
Endemic. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire,
somewhat tomentose beneath or almost glabrous.

Quercus eugeniaefolia Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 185.
1854. Roble,Encino. Without exact locality, Warscewicz. Common
throughout the central region and in the Canton de Dota, 1,400-
2,100 meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic. A tree of 10-30
meters; leaves very narrow, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowly
acuminate, almost sessile, entire, glabrous. One of the most abundant
of the local species. There is also a forma petiolata Trelease (Mem.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 161. 1925; without definite locality, Hoffmann863).

Quercus irazuensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 641. 1891. Roble.
Volcan de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Kuntze 2344- Also in the mountains
of Dota, 2,700-3,000 meters. Endemic. A tall tree; leaves entire,
more or less tomentose beneath when young, glabrous at maturity,
oblong, acute, the veins very conspicuous.

Quercus matagalpana Trelease. Forests of the central region,
1,500-2,400 meters. Also in Nicaragua. A tall tree; leaves almost
sessile, oblanceolate-oblong, acute, conspicuously undulate or some-
what serrate, sparsely hairy beneath when young.

Quercus oleoides Cham. & Schlecht. Q. retusa Liebm. Dansk.
Vid. Selsk. Forh. 187. 1854 (Volcan de Barba, Oersted 4)- Repre-
sented in Costa Rica by forma australis Trelease (Mem. Nat. Acad.
Sci. 20: 114. 1925; Volcan de Barba, Pittier 2607}. Volcan de Barba
and Santa Maria de Dota; collected also between Guachipelin and
Liberia, Guanacaste. Extending to Mexico. A tree, the leaves
oblong, obtuse, entire, almost glabrous.

Quercus oocarpa Liebm. Roble, Encino. Common m the
central region, 1,200-1,900 meters. Panama to Guatemala. A tall
tree; leaves large, almost sessile, oblanceolate or obovate, acuminate,
tomentose or pilose beneath, coarsely dentate.

Quercus Pilgeriana Seemen, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 655. 1904.
Roble, Encino. Rio Ciruelas, Pittier 2197. Also Cuesta de Tarrazu
and Santa Maria de Dota. Endemic. Leaves entire, narrowly
lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, long-petiolate.

Quercus rapurahuensis Pittier ex Seemen, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 4: 654. 1904. El Copey, Tonduz 11795. Endemic; known only

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 377

from the region of the type. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, large, acute,
entire or somewhat undulate, more or less tomentose beneath, long-
petiolate.

Trelease reports for Costa Rica Quercus sapotaefolia Liebm., but
in error, the species being a Guatemalan one.

Quercus Seemanni Liebm. Roble, Encino. Common in the
central region, 1,500-2,400 meters. Also in Panama. A tall tree;
leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, with evident but short petioles,
entire, acuminate, glabrous. The species is closely related to
Q. eugeniaefolia and probably not distinct.

Quercus Tonduzii Seemen, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 656.
1904. Roble negro. Forests of El Achiote, Volcan de Pods, Tonduz
10788. Regions of Poas and San Ramon. Endemic. Leaves short-
petiolate, oblong, entire, acute or acuminate, glabrous or nearly so.

Quercus Wesmaeli Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 172.
pi. 344. 1925. Potrero del Alto, Volcan de Poas, 2,460 meters, Pittier
773. Also in Guanacaste (?) and El Copey, ascending to Cerro de
Las Vueltas where it is an abundant species. Endemic. A large
tree; leaves almost sessile, small, oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse,
entire, almost glabrous.

ULMACEAE. Elm Family

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate, entire
or dentate; flowers small, green, perfect or unisexual, apetalous.

CELTIS L.

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Common in thickets of the
coasts; ascending to the region of San Ramon, at 1,000 meters.
Widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub or small tree,
armed with short, hooked spines; leaves 3-nerved, dentate; fruit a
small, yellow or reddish drupe. The branches often are elongate
and clambering or somewhat scandent.

CHAETOPTELEA Liebm.

The genus consists of a single species which is referred by some
authors to synonymy under Ulmus.

Chaetoptelea mexicana Liebm. Tina, Ira (?). Region of
Cartago and Canton de Dota. Panama to Mexico. A large tree,
15-40 meters high, unarmed, with grayish bark; leaves lance-oblong
or oblong-ovate, serrate, acuminate; staminate flowers in short

378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

aments, the pistillate in racemes; fruit a small samara, 5 mm. long.
The wood is hard, heavy, strong, resistant, and dark or pale brown.
In Panama the tree is known by the name Cenizo.

LOZANELLA Greenm.

Lozanella enantiophylla (Donn. Smith) Killip & Morton,
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 339. 1931. Trema enantiophylla Donn.
Smith, Bot. Gaz. 22: 259. 1902. La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Cooper
325. Forests of the central region, 1,400-2,400 meters. Mexico to
Peru. A shrub or tree of 3-5 meters; leaves opposite, lanceolate or
ovate, serrate; fruit a small drupe.

TREMA Lour.

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume. Juco, Capulin, Vara blanca.
Sponia canescens HBK. Common on the Pacific slope, ascending
to San Jos£ and Santa Maria de Dota; Cocos Island; probably also
along the Atlantic coast. Widely distributed in tropical America,
growing usually in thickets and abandoned land. A shrub or tree
2-10 meters high ; leaves alternate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, finely
serrate; drupes red, only 2 mm. long. The wood is pale brown and
soft. The bark contains a strong fiber.

MORACEAE. Mulberry Family

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, usually with milky latex; leaves
mostly alternate, entire, dentate or lobate, stipulate; flowers minute,
green, of 2 sexes, variously arranged; ovary 1-2-celled, the ovules
solitary.

ARTOCARPUS Forst.

Artocarpus communis Forst. Arbol de pan. Breadfruit.
Native of the East Indies and Pacific Islands, planted commonly
in the tierra caliente and sometimes in places of greater elevation.
In Costa Rica there are two varieties, one with sterile fruits and
farinaceous pulp which is eaten as breadfruit; the other, less common,
has fruit containing many large seeds, somewhat like chestnuts in
appearance and of similar taste when cooked. The latex that exudes
from cuts in the trunk, mixed with coconut oil, affords a kind of
pitch employed for caulking small boats. When boiled with water,
the latex gives a kind of rubber of inferior quality, which is some-
times used in treating wounds. Because of its symmetrical form
and dense foliage, composed of handsome leaves, the breadfruit is
one of the best shade trees for tropical regions.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 379

Artocarpus integrifolia L. f. Jackfruit. Cultivated in San
Jose" in the garden of Dona Amparo Zeledon, and probably else-
where. Native of the East Indies. A tree with much smaller,
entire, oblong to oval leaves.

BROSIMUM Swartz

Trees, the leaves short-petiolate, usually entire, with small
stipules; flowers monoecious, the receptacles with numerous densely
crowded flowers, the pistillate solitary in the center of the recep-
tacle; fruit a large or small drupe containing a hard stone.

Brosimum costaricanum Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Afh. V.
2: 334. 1851. Ojoche. Naranjo, Oersted. Common in forests of
the coasts, ascending to Canton de Dota and the region of Cartago,
at 1,500 meters or less. Ranging to Honduras, where it is known
by the name Masica. A tall or medium-sized tree, the leaves oblong
to elliptic, cuspidate-acuminate, with about 10 pairs of nerves.
Pittier states that the branches of this (and probably the other)
species are cut and used as forage for stock, and that the roasted or
boiled seeds are eaten. In the Yucatan region Brosimum Alicastrum
is an important source of forage for oxen during the dry season.

Brosimum heteroclitum Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 121.
1901. Jime'nez, Llanuras de Santa Clara, J. D. Smith 5117. Ende-
mic. A scandent shrub, the leaves elliptic-oblong, finely serrate,
10-16 cm. long, acuminate, almost glabrous. A little known species,
scarcely of this genus.

Brosimum ramonense Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor, ramulis tortu-
osis subteretibus, internodiis brevibus, novellis dense pilis fulvis
hirsutis; folia majuscula brevissime petiolata coriacea, petiolo vix
ultra 3 mm. longo saepe fere nullo; lamina lanceolato-oblonga 14-19
cm. longa 5-7 cm. lata abrupte acuminata, acumine angusto atten-
uate ad 2 cm. longo, basi plus minusve obliqua obtusa vel anguste
rotundata, integra, supra in sicco fuscescens glabra vel glabrata,
venulis prominulis minute reticulatis, subtus brunnescens ad nervos
venasque patenti-pilosa, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere ca. 15 valde prominentibus arcuato-adscendentibus
prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis, venis elevatis arete reticulatis;
fructus globosus basi et apice late rotundatus 2.5 cm. diam. breviter
pilosus vel glabratus, basi bracteis paucis imbricatis latissimis ad
4 mm. longis fulcratus. — La Palma de San Ramon, September,
1928, Brenes 6327 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The type consists of

380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

a leafy branch with a single detached fruit. There is some doubt
as to the generic position of the tree but it is probably referable
to Brosimum, and in this genus is well distinct from all other Central
American species.

Brosimum terrabanum Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18:
69. /. 76. 1914. Ojoche. Pefias Blancas del General, 600 meters,
Pittier 12029. Abundant in forests of the coasts. Panama to
Guatemala. A very tall tree, the leaves entire, with about 15
pairs of nerves. This tree has the same uses as B. costaricanum,
and the two species are much alike in all their characters. For
this species and its close relatives there have been reported the
following indigenous names: Bi (Bribri) Kaba-kra (Brunka); Fe-guo
(TeYraba).

Brosimum utile (HBK.) Pittier. Mastate. Forests of the
Atlantic tierra caliente. Extending to Venezuela. A tree of 20-25
meters, the trunk 40-50 cm. in diameter, the. bark grayish; leaves
oblong-elliptic, 10-30 cm. long, cuspidate, the stipules 2 cm. long;
fruit 2-2.5 cm. broad, yellow. This is the celebrated cow tree or
Palo de vaca found in Venezuela by Humboldt. The milky latex
that runs from incisions made in the trunk looks like cow's milk and
it is possible to drink it in the same manner. Pittier reports that he
has drunk it in Costa Rica without disagreeable results. The bark
was employed formerly by the Indians for making clothing, sails,
blankets, and other articles. At a small dwelling on Cerro de Las
Vueltas where we once passed a night, I obtained a piece of bark
cloth used there as a curtain. I was told that it was made from a
tree called Mastate, and it is probable, therefore, that even at the
present time the manufacture of such bark cloth continues among
the remote Indians.

CASTILLA Cervantes. Mexican rubber tree
Reference : Pittier, A preliminary treatment of the genus Castillo,,

Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 247-279. 1910.

Trees, the leaves large, alternate, short-petiolate, entire or finely

dentate, distichous; stipules large, caducous; flowers monoecious,

inserted on the surface of a flat or concave, broad receptacle; fruit

of numerous drupes.

Castilla costaricana Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. 2: 319.
1851. Rule, Ule. Turrialba, Oersted, Common in forests of the
Atlantic coast, ascending to 1,000 meters. Probably also in Panama

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 381

and Nicaragua. A large tree, the leaves more or less cordate at the
base; primary staminate inflorescences almost sessile, the peduncles
less than 1 cm. long. From this species and C. nicoyensis is obtained
the greater part of the rubber exported from Costa Rica. In past
years there were made extensive plantations of this species, chiefly
in the plains of San Carlos, but with the depreciated price of rubber
these have not proved as successful as had been expected. Pittier
states that tapping of the trees may begin when they are six years
old and may be continued every six months for a long time, if
necessary precautions are observed in the process. A normal and
profitable production is estimated at 400-500 grams of rubber per
tree. Among Indian names reported for this and other species are:
Tsini, Tsini (Bribri, Cabe"cara); Seru (Terraba); Quirri (Guatuso).

Castilla fallax 0. F. Cook, Science n. ser. 18: 438. 1903. Rule
macho, Rule bianco. Valle del Rio Diquis and Golfo de Osa, at 600
meters or less. Also in Panama. A tree of medium size; leaves
obtuse at the base. This species does not produce marketable
rubber, merely a resin that has but little rubber content. Its Brunka
name is reported as Gsi-kra.

Castilla nicoyensis 0. F. Cook, Science n. ser. 18: 438. 1903.
Rule, Ule. Nicoya Peninsula, and in other parts of the Pacific
coast. Perhaps also in Panama. A tree of 10-20 meters, the leaves
cordate at the base; primary staminate inflorescences on peduncles
more than 1 cm. long. Native names are Gsi-kra (Brunka); Seru,
Soro (TeYraba).

CECROPIA L.

Trees with few branches, the trunk whitish and hollow; leaves
large, long-petiolate, peltate and palmate-lobate; flowers very small,
arranged in very dense, fasciculate aments. — The guarumos con-
stitute a highly characteristic element of the forests of tropical
America, and there are probably no other trees except palms that
are so important in giving to the tropical forest its distinctive aspect,
as compared with a forest of temperate regions. They grow most
abundantly in cut-over lands of the tierra caliente but are found
also in virgin forest in elevated regions. They always harbor small
and savage ants, presenting an interesting case of symbiosis. From
the bark of these trees the Costa Rican Indians obtain a strong fiber
that they use for cordage. Indian names are: Cur (Bribri); Icu
(Guatuso); Prun, Bulbul (Rama); Kokra, Kokuakra (Brunka);
Serung-uo (Terraba).

382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cecropia asperrima Pittier. Guarumo. Pacific coast. Ranging
to Guatemala. Pistillate spikes 3-5 cm. long, their peduncle 4-8
cm. long.

Cecropia insignis Liebm. Guarumo. Plains of the Atlantic
coast. Also in Nicaragua. Fruiting spikes 12-15 cm. long.

Cecropia mexicana Hemsl. Guarumo. Common almost every-
where in the tierra caliente. Panama to Mexico. Flower spikes
cm. long.

Cecropia Pittieri Robinson, Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 1: 389. 1912.
Cocos Island, Pittier. Endemic.

Cecropia polyphlebia Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 27: 442. 1899.
La Palma, 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12642; region of San Ram6n.
Flower spikes 4.5-5.5 cm. long.

CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Fustic

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Mora, Brasil. Common
in the Pacific tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America.
A tree as much as 20 meters high, the branches often provided with
long thorns; leaves petiolate, ovate, acuminate, entire or serrate,
sometimes lobate, almost glabrous; flowers dioecious, the staminate
in elongate aments, the pistillate in globose heads; fruit a fleshy
syncarp 1 cm. or more in diameter. The wood is bright yellow,
hard, fine-grained, and durable. It was formerly an article of
export, for use as a dyewood. The bark is employed in some parts
of the tree's range for tanning.

COUSSAPOA Aubl.

Trees or shrubs, usually epiphytic, at least when young, often
also more or less scandent; leaves petiolate, entire, coriaceous, the
large stipules caducous; flowers dioecious, in globose heads, the
heads few or numerous.

Coussapoa Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli crassi nodosi
ferruginei, internodiis brevibus glabris; folia petiolata subparva
coriacea, petiolo circiter 2 cm. longo gracili glabro; lamina suborbi-
cularis vel obovato-orbicularis 7.5-11 cm. longa 5.5-9 cm. lata apice
late rotundata et breviter obtuso-apiculata, basi late rotundata vel
rotundata, in sicco brunnescens, glabra, supra sublucida nervis non
elevatis, subtus paullo pallidior e basi vel paullo supra basin palmatim
5-nervia, nervis elevatis, nervis 2 exterioribus latere exteriore nervos

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 383

3-4 emittentibus, nervo medio prope vel supra medium utroque
latere nervos 2 emittente, venulis obscuris; inflorescentia 8 cm. longa
et ultra laxe ramosa glabra, ramis gracilibus patentibus, capitulis
numerosis usque 12 mm. longe pedunculatis globosis 5-6 mm. diam.
densissime multifloris. — Cataratas de San Ramon, April, 1935,
Brenes 20542 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Altogether unlike all
other Central American species in the palmately nerved leaves, a
character found, however, in certain South American species of
Coussapoa.

Coussapoa Donnell-Smithii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 414. 1928. Montana (Guanacaste). Turrialba, Prov.
Cartago, 480 meters, J. D. Smith 4826. Common in the Atlantic
plains and in the mountains of Guanacaste. Endemic. A shrub
or tree as much as 20 meters high, the leaves white and tomentose
on the lower surface, truncate or subcordate at the base; pistillate
peduncles branched. In Guanacaste it was stated that the seeds
are poisonous to chickens.

Coussapoa nymphaeifolia Standl. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37:
50. 1924. Buena Vista, road to San Carlos, 0. F. Cook & C. B.
Doyle 157. Also in Panama. Leaves deeply cordate at the base,
pubescent beneath; pistillate heads sessile, axillary, 1-2 cm. thick.

Coussapoa panamensis Pittier. Atlantic coast. Also in
Panama. Leaf blades rounded or truncate at the base, tomentose
beneath; pistillate peduncles simple, the flower heads 2-2.5 cm. in
diameter.

Coussapoa parviceps Standl. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 51.
1924. Valle de Agua Buena, Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier
11166. Also at Orosi. Endemic. A tree 10 meters high; leaves
glabrous; pistillate heads numerous, paniculate, only 3-4 mm. thick.

Urostigma intramarginale Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt.
V. 2: 328. 1851. Ficus intramarginalis Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot.
3: 297. 1867. The type was collected at Turrialba by Oersted. A
part of the original collection is in the Herbarium of Field Museum.
It consists of leaves of Coussapoa and receptacles of some species of
Ficus. If we consider the specific name, it is evident that it refers
to the leaves, the result being that Urostigma intramarginale is
actually a species of Coussapoa. Without inflorescences it is impossi-
ble to determine to which Costa Rican species the name pertains,
and it is therefore necessary to place it, probably permanently,
among the doubtful species of Coussapoa.

384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BBTANY, VOL. XVIII

DORSTENIA L.

Perennial herbs with rhizomes; leaves petiolate, membranaceous;
flowers minute, green, monoecious, inserted on the upper surface
of a large, plane or concave, more or less fleshy receptacle.

Dorstenia choconiana Wats. Wet forests of the Atlantic coast,
and in Guanacaste; Golfo de Osa; region of San Ramon. Ranging
to Guatemala. Stems elongate; leaves lobate, or lance-oblong and
almost entire. The typical form of the species has lobate leaves;
var. integrifolia Donn. Smith, which is found in Costa Rica, has
almost entire leaves.

Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Contrayerba. Common in forests
and thickets of the coast, ascending to San Jose*. Widely dispersed
in tropical America. Plants acaulescent; leaves more or less lobate;
receptacles quadrangular. With the typical form is sometimes
found var. Houstoni (L.) Bureau, with entire or merely angulate
leaves. In some parts of Central America the dried rhizomes
are employed for flavoring cigarettes. An infusion of the root is
employed in Costa Rica as a febrifuge, and it has also other appli-
cations in domestic medicine.

Dorstenia Drakena L. Guanacaste, and probably in other
regions. A species of wide distribution in tropical America. Plants
acaulescent, the leaves undulate or somewhat lobate; receptacles
rounded or oval, entire.

FICUS L. Fig

Reference: Standley, The Mexican and Central American species
oiFicus, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 1-35. 1917.

A vast genus, with representatives almost everywhere in the
tropics of the world. In Central America there are about 35
species. They are easy of recognition by their fruits, which
are hollow, usually globose receptacles with a minute aperture
at the apex, the minute flowers inserted over the inner surface.
Evidently flowers so well protected can not be fertilized by casual
insects such as fertilize most flowers and one is, therefore, not
surprised to find that the receptacles are inhabited by minute and
localized insects that aid in fertilization. It is asserted that a
different species of insect is found in each species of Ficus, which is
interesting if true, and might enable the entomologist to aid the
botanist in determining specific limits in this difficult group of plants!

Usually the wild figs germinate upon branches of trees, developing
as epiphytes and producing innumerable aerial roots that finally

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 385

establish contact with the soil. Meanwhile the woody body of the
plant develops rapidly, embracing the branches of the host tree,
and developing numerous branches, the final result being the death
of the tree upon which the fig plant began existence. The wood is
soft and weak and without important uses. The trees, because of
their dense crowns of handsome leaves, are excellent shade trees.
In Salvador the wild figs are mentioned popularly as the "national
tree." The fruits are edible, but since in most species they are
small and dry, they seldom are eaten by people although greedily
sought by birds, especially parrots and toucans, and other animals.
The milky sap contains an inferior kind of rubber. From the bark
of these trees the ancient Mexicans — perhaps also the Central
Americans — prepared a kind of paper that they used for their
manuscripts. Among Indian names reported for the species are:
Detsi (Bribri); Kon (Guatuso); Klis (Rama).

Ficus Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor 6-8-metralis, ramulis
crassis subteretibus brunnescentibus dense foliatis, novellis sparse
adpresso-pilosis; stipulae 1 cm. longae ovato-acuminatae extus ad-
presso-pilosae; folia parva longe petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo 2-3.5
cm. longo gracili glabrato; lamina ovali-oblonga ad elliptica 7-9.5
cm. longa 3.5-5 cm. lata abrupte breviter acuminata, basi rotundata
vel obtusa, glabra vel subtus secus costam sparse barbata, supra
in sicco fuscescens, costa nervisque vix elevatis, subtus fere concolor,
costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 8 angulo
semirecto vel paullo latiore adscendentibus remotis fere rectis prope
marginem inaequaliter arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula sessilia gemi-
nata globosa ca. 5 mm. diam. basi et apice late rotundata glabra
vel glabrata, ostiolo non prominente, involucre bilobo adpresso,
lobis late rotundatis ad 3 mm. longis. — In pasture, La Palma de
San Ramon, 1,250-1,300 meters, December, 1926, Brenes 5193 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.). Also Brenes 3607, without data. Noteworthy
for the very small and sessile receptacles.

Ficus Carica L. Higo. Cultivated in some regions, as in
Guanacaste, but the common cultivated fig is seldom seen in Central
America. It thrives well in the drier parts of Mexico. Native of
the Mediterranean region. Dry figs are imported in quantity for
sale in Costa Rican markets.

Ficus Colubrinae Standl. Common on the Atlantic plains;
Golfo Dulce. Panama to British Honduras. A small or medium-
sized tree; fruits reddish, very small.

386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Ficus costaricana (Liebm.) Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 298.
1867. Higueron, Higuerdn Colorado. Urostigma costaricanum Liebm.
Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 322. 1851. Pitahaya, Oersted.
Meseta Central and Pacific slope. Panama to Guatemala. A tree
6-15 meters high, common in many regions.

Ficus cotinifolia HBK. Higueron. Meseta Central to the
Pacific coast. Ranging to Mexico. A large or medium-sized tree.

Ficus crassiuscula Warb. ex Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
20: 12. 1917. Chilamate. La Fortuna, Volcan de Irazu, Pittier
16150. Forests of the slopes of the volcanoes, extending to the
coasts. Also in Panama. A large or medium-sized tree; fruits
large, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter. It is probable that under this name
there have been confused two distinct species, the tree of the vol-
canoes being true P. crassiuscula. This species ascends to a much
greater elevation than any other local representative of the genus.

Ficus elastica Roxb. An ornamental tree, cultivated commonly
in parks, native of the East Indies. The species differs from all
native ones in its large and handsome leaves and in the oblong
shape of its receptacles.

Ficus eugeniifolia (Liebm.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.
3: 144. 1883. Urostigma eugeniifolium Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk.
Skrivt. V. 2: 329. 1851. Ujaras, Oersted. Collected also on the
Pacific coast. Salvador.

Ficus glabrata HBK. Higueron, Chilamate. Common on the
Pacific coast and probably on the Atlantic; region of San Ramon.
Guatemala to Brazil. A very large tree, as much as 40 meters
high; fruits 1.5-4 cm. in diameter or larger, sweet and juicier than
in most other native species. The fruits are rather good to eat.

Ficus Hemsleyana Standl. Higueron, Higo. Common in
the Meseta Central and probably in other regions. Panama to
Guatemala.

Ficus involuta (Liebm.) Miq. Palo de agua(l). Pacific coast.
Panama to Mexico. A tall or medium-sized tree with a broad
crown.

Ficus isophlebia Standl. Higueron. Nicoya. Also in Panama.

Ficus Jimenezii Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 14. 1917.
Higueron. San Jose", Oton Jimenez 17536. Meseta Central to the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 387

Pacific coast; sometimes planted in parks. Endemic. A large tree,
common in the Meseta Central.

Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Miq. Higueron. Meseta Central;
Osa; Guanacaste. Ranging to Mexico. A large tree.

Ficus nitida Thunb. Laurel de la India. Native of the East
Indies, planted in many places as a shade tree. The large and
beautiful fig trees in the park at Limon are of this species. Under
favorable conditions this tree often assumes the banyan form,
developing aerial roots that become fixed in the soil and form new
trunks to support the wide crown of foliage.

Ficus Oerstediana Miq. Alajuela, Puerto Jime'nez, and probably
in other localities. A medium-sized tree; fruits only 5-6 mm. in
diameter, the smallest produced by any native Central American
species. Guatemala to Colombia.

Ficus ovalis (Liebm.) Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 298.
1867. Urostigma ovale Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 324.
1851. Guanacaste, Oersted. Ranging to British Honduras.

Ficus padifolia HBK. Capulamate, Higuito. Urostigma sapidum
Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 327. 1851 (Cartago, Oersted).
F. sapida Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 298. 1867. Meseta Central,
and probably in other regions; region of San Ramon. One of the
most common species of Mexico and Central America. A corpulent
tree, sometimes with aerial roots.

Ficus pumila L. Hiedra. Cultivated sometimes in gardens, as
at San Jose". Native of China and Japan. Easily recognized by its
habit, the plant being a slender vine that adheres tightly by aerial
roots to walls or to trunks of trees.

Ficus radula Willd. Higueron, Higueron bianco. Common on
the coasts. Mexico to Brazil. A large or medium-sized tree with
large, sweet fruits.

Ficus Tonduzii Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 8. 1917.
Higueron, Chilamate. La Gloria de Juan Viiias, 800 meters, Pittier
3665. Common on the coasts; San Ramon, at 1,200 meters. Hon-
duras to Colombia. A big tree, distinctive in its large and broad
leaves, their thick nerves prominent on the lower surface.

Ficus Torresiana Standl., sp. nov. — Subgenus Urostigma.
Ramuli crassi dense pilis albidis patenti-pilosi ; folia permagna
longiuscule petiolata; lamina ovata vel elliptico-ovata 25-40 cm.

388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

longa et 16-28 cm. lata vel ultra, acuta vel breviter acuminata,
basi late rotundata vel breviter cordata, basi 7-nervia, supra glabra,
subtus breviter molliter pilosa, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 9-14
divergentibus; cetera ignota. — El Mufieco, south of Navarro, Prov.
Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley 33535 (type in herb. Field Mus.).
El Mufieco, Standley & Torres 51107; La Hondura, Prov. San Jose",
1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 37833; near Cachi, 1,000 meters, Brade
16349; Turrialba, Oersted 14291. Among all Costa Rican species
this may be recognized easily by its extremely large leaves, copiously
pubescent beneath. I have not seen the fruits, but the leaves alone
are so different from those of all other Central American species that
I do not hesitate to describe the plant as new. The tree has been
referred previously to F. intramarginalis, but this name, as explained
upon a preceding page, relates to a species of Coussapoa. Endemic.
The species is dedicated to a highly esteemed friend, Professor Rube"n
Torres Rojas of Cartago, who accompanied me upon the excursion
during which I first saw this interesting tree. Specimens were taken
from the same tree two years later when I visited El Mufieco in
company with Professor Juvenal Valerio.

Ficus Tuerckheimii Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 13.
1917. Higuerdn. La Fortuna, Volcan de Irazu, 1,575 meters, Pittier
16149. Also Rio Turrialba. Ranging to Guatemala.

Ficus velutina HBK. Higueron, Chilamate. Meseta Central
to the Pacific coast; Cerro de La Carpintera, 1,600 meters. British
Honduras to Venezuela. A large tree, easy of recognition because
of the large, densely hairy leaves.

Ficus Werckleana Rossberg, Repert. Sp. Nov. 42: 60. 1937.
Carrillo, 300 meters, Werckle 17436. Also Santo Domingo de Golfo
Dulce (Tonduz 9887), and collected by Koschny, without locality.
Endemic. A large tree with rounded crown, related to F. crassiuscula,
but differing in having the leaves rounded at the base and shortly
obtuse-acuminulate at the apex, the lateral nerves 20-25 on each
side, and in having more shortly pedunculate receptacles; leaves
as much as 25 cm. long and 15 cm. wide.

HELICOSTYLIS Tre"cul

Another species of the genus is found in Panama. The other
members of the group are South American.

Helicostylis montana Pittier. Rio Baru. Also in Panama.
A tree of 25-30 meters with smooth, grayish bark; leaves short-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 389

petiolate, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 8-14 cm. long, glabrous above,
somewhat pubescent beneath; flowers dioecious, in globose heads;
pistillate receptacle with numerous fleshy drupes at maturity.

Helicostylis urophylla Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor 4-5-metralis,
ramulis gracilibus flexuosis subdense foliatis dense pilis fulvis patenti-
pilosis; stipulae deciduae brunneae ca. 8 mm. longae ovato-
acuminatae extus dorso dense adpresso-pilosae; folia breviter petio-
lata crasse membranacea, petiolo 5-8 mm. longo dense pilosulo;
lamina anguste oblonga vel lanceolato-oblonga 12-19 cm. longa
3-4.5 cm. lata apice abrupte caudato-acuminata, acumine lineari
2.5-3 cm. longo integro, basi paullo obliqua obtusa, subintegra vel
praesertim apicem versus remote adpresso-serrulata, supra in sicco
viridis tantum ad costam pilosula aliter glabra vel glabrata, nervis
vix elevatis, subtus fere concolor praesertim ad costam nervosque
breviter patenti-pilosa tactu mollis, costa gracili elevata, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 15 angulo lato adscendentibus paullo
curvis juxta marginem arcuato-conjunctis, venis prominulis laxe
reticulatis; receptacula mascula in axillis geminata ad 6 mm. longe
graciliter pedunculata globosa 5-6 mm. diam. dense multiflora,
bracteis basalibus brevibus floribus vix aequalibus ovatis acutis
imbricatis extus dense sericeis; receptacula feminea breviter pedun-
culata ovoidea ut videtur 1-flora, bracteis numerosis arete imbricatis
ovatis acutis dense minute sericeis.— In forest, La Palma de San
Ramon, 1,200 meters, May, 1927, Brenes 5536 (type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Los Angeles de San Ramon, Brenes 13578. It is possible
that perfect material will show that this plant is better referable to
the genus Olmedia but, for the present at least, it seems preferable
to place it in Helicostylis.

MORUS L. Mulberry

Moms insignis Bureau. Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose", and
region of El Copey, 1,500-1,800 meters. Also in Colombia and
Peru. A tree of 6-10 meters; leaves elliptic or ovate, large, serrate;
flowers monoecious, in slender aments 5-10 cm. long or longer. This
mulberry (morero) of the high mountains of Costa Rica is note-
worthy for the exaggerated size of its fruits, probably the longest
that are known in the whole genus. Notwithstanding their great
size, they are much inferior to cultivated forms because the drupes
are relatively few and widely separated.

It is probable that there is cultivated M. multicaulis Perr., which
has been introduced into various parts of Central America as food

390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

for silkworms, as the result of attempts of too enthusiastic
foreigners to obtain financial profit by trying to convince Central
Americans of the practicability of establishing a silk industry in
their countries.

OGCODEIA Bureau

A single species occurs in Central America, the other members
of the genus being South American.

Ogcodeia Naga (Pittier) Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
420. 1932. Naga. Naucleopsis Naga Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13: 440. pi. 83-85, f. 66, 67. 1912. La Colombiana, Prov.
Limon, 100 meters, Pittier 13444- Forests of the plains of Santa
Clara; common in the region south of Rio Pirris. Also in Nicaragua.
A tree 8-10 meters high; leaves distichous, short-petiolate, elliptic-
oblong, 25-45 cm. long, acuminate, glabrous, with large stipules;
pistillate receptacles axillary, sessile, 4 cm. broad, the outer bracts
elongate, ovate-lanceolate, the flowers very numerous. The milky
sap that exudes when the trunk is tapped has the appearance of
cow's milk, and is reported to have a similar flavor.

OLMEDIA Ruiz & Pavon

Trees or shrubs, the leaves short-petiolate, entire or dentate,
narrow; flowers dioecious, the staminate in small heads, the pistillate
solitary, bracteate; fruit a small drupe. — Another Central American
species occurs in Panama.

Olmedia falcifolia Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 435.
/. 63. 1912. Rio Hacum, near Terraba, 150 meters, Tonduz 12101.
Valley of Rio Diquis. Endemic. A small tree; leaves almost sessile,
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, somewhat sinuate-serrate, rough to the
touch.

Olmedia tovarensis Klotzsch & Karst. Suerre, plains of Santa
Clara, 300 meters. Colombia and Venezuela. Leaves entire,
glabrous. It is not certain that the Costa Rican specimens have
been correctly determined.

PEREBEA Aubl.
Three other Central American species occur in Panama.

Perebea costaricana Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor 4.5-5-metralis
omnino glabra; folia magna pergamentacea oblonga ca. 28 cm.
longa et 9 cm. lata brevipetiolata abrupte breviter caudato-acumi-
nata, basi inaequilatera et rotundata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere
ca. 12 angulo fere recto divergentibus; receptacula femina sub-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 391

sessilia in statu florifero 1 cm. lata multiflora, bracteis rotundato-
ovatis obtusis scaberulo-puberulis vel glabratis; styli rami brevissimi
crassi minute puberuli. — Wet forest near Guapiles, Prov. Limon,
300-500 meters, March, 1924, Standley 37027 (type in U. S. Nat.
Herb.). A tree of 4.5-6 meters, the leaves large, oblong, about
28 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, abruptly caudate-acuminate, unequal
at the base, glabrous; pistillate receptacles sessile, 1 cm. broad,
many-flowered, the bracts ovate, obtuse; fruit with few globose, red
drupes 1.5 cm. long.

POULSENIA Eggers
The genus consists of a single species.

Poulseniaarmata(Miq.)Standl. Mastate. Inophloeum armatum
Pittier. Region of Turrialba (Oersted), and doubtless in other parts
of the tierra caliente. British Honduras to Ecuador. A medium-
sized tree with smooth bark, the branches and leaves provided with
small prickles; leaves large, rounded-ovate, rounded and apiculate
at the apex, glabrous, with large stipules; pistillate receptacles axil-
lary, 3-7-flowered. 'The inner bark is composed of numerous layers
of strong and interlaced fibers. It is employed by the Indians for
making a kind of bark cloth used for hammocks, blankets, women's
clothing, and even canoe sails. The preparation of cloth from bark
of Moraceae is an art practiced in many parts of the earth.

POUROUMA Aubl.

Pourouma aspera Tre"cul. Guarumo, Guarumo de montana.
Common in forests of the tierra caliente, at least on the Pacific side.
Central and South America. A tree somewhat resembling the
Cecropias but usually taller; leaves deeply lobate, not peltate,
whitish beneath; flowers dioecious, paniculate; fruits ovoid, pubes-
cent, 1.5 cm. long, with scant pulp. The fruits are eaten by birds
and, it is reported, by the Indians of some regions of Central America.
In Nicaragua the tree is called Guarumo macho.

PSEUDOLMEDIA Tr&ul
Two other species are known from Central America.

Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria Donn. Smith. Ojoche (Guana-
caste). Guanacaste and Province of Alajuela. Ranging to Veracruz.
A tree of 6-15 meters; leaves short-petiolate, lance-oblong, 10-18 cm.
long, acuminate, entire, glabrous; flowers dioecious, the staminate
in small heads, the pistillate subtended by numerous imbricate,
sericeous bracts; fruit a small drupe. The tree is common in the

392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

lowlands of Guanacaste, where during the dry season the branches
are cut to serve as forage for oxen. It is stated that the seeds are
edible, and that they are utilized for making a kind of tortilla, but
it may be that there is here some confusion with the genus Brosimum.

TROPHIS L.

Unarmed trees with dentate or entire leaves; flowers dioecious,
minute, green, in elongate aments; fruit a small drupe with scant
flesh and a large stone.

Trophis macrostachya Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 40: 10. 1905.
Las Vueltas, Tonduz 8124- Common on the plains of the Atlantic
coast; region of San Ramon. Also in Panama. A tall tree, the
leaves short-petiolate, oblong, 15-22 cm. long, more or less serrate;
pistillate flowers pedicellate.

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban. T. americana L. Guanacaste,
and probably in other parts of the Pacific coast if not also along the
Atlantic. A species of wide distribution. A small or medium-sized
tree; leaves 8-15 cm. long, entire or somewhat serrate; pistillate
flowers sessile; fruits red, 1 cm. long. In Panama this tree is known
by the name Ramon. In Yucatan the branches and leaves are used
as forage for cattle.

URTICACEAE. Nettle Family

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes provided with stinging
hairs; leaves simple, alternate or opposite; flowers monoecious or
dioecious, apetalous, small, green or whitish; fruit an achene, the
perianth sometimes persistent and becoming succulent.

BOEHMERIA Jacq.

Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves, without sting-
ing hairs; leaves dentate. — Five species are known from Central
America.

Boehmeria aspera Wedd. Wet forests of the central region and
of the Atlantic slope. Also in Colombia. An herb about a meter
high.

Boehmeria caudata Swartz. B. flagelliformis Liebm. Dansk. Vid.
Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 310. 1851 (Aguacate, Oersted). Also at Las
Vueltas. A species of wide distribution in tropical America.

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz. Marshy places of the
Atlantic coast. A species of wide distribution in America. Plants
herbaceous.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 393

Boehmeria ulmifolia Wedd. Forests of the central region,
at 900-1,500 meters. Mexico to Panama. A shrub of 1-3 meters.

FLEURYA Gaud.

Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud. Ortiga. Banana plantations and
abandoned land of the Atlantic coast. A species of wide distribution.
An herb, covered with stinging hairs; leaves alternate, ovate.

MYRIOCARPA Benth.

Trees or shrubs, without stinging hairs; leaves alternate, dentate
or almost entire; flowers whitish, in very long, ament-like, pendent
spikes. — Five species are known in Central America.

Myriocarpa inaequilateralis Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt.
V. 2: 306. 1851. Aguacate, Oersted. Endemic(?). Arborescent, the
leaves oblong.

Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V.
2: 306. 1851. Aguacate, Oersted. Common in forests of the tierra
caliente, ascending the mountains to 1,000 meters or higher; region
of San Ramon. Panama to Mexico. A shrub or tree 3-6 meters
high, the leaves ovate, finely dentate; achenes ciliate.

Myriocarpa yzabalensis (Donn. Smith) Killip. Ortiga. Com-
mon in forests of the Pacific slope. Guatemala to Panama. A
shrub or tree of 2-6 meters, the leaves broad; achenes not ciliate.

PARIETARIA L.

In Central America there is a single species.

Parietaria debilis Forst. Rio Birris, in open, moist places. A
species of wide distribution in temperate rather than tropical regions.
A weak, fragile herb; leaves alternate, ovate, entire, 1-2 cm. long;
flowers green, polygamous, in small cymes.

PHENAX Wedd.

Shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, petiolate, dentate; flowers
monoecious, in dense, axillary glomerules, the bracts brown and
scarious.

Phenax angustifolius (HBK.) Wedd. Boehmeria angustifolia
HBK. Tierra caliente, ascending the mountains to 1,000 meters or
more. Ranging to Colombia. A shrub 1-2.5 meters high; leaves
narrowly lanceolate.

394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. Common in moist places of the
central region, 500-1,800 meters; region of San Ramon. A species
of wide distribution. An herb or shrub of 1-2.5 meters; leaves ovate,
coarsely crenate.

Phenax mexicanus Wedd. Central region and Pacific slope.
Mexico to Panama. A shrub or tree of 2-6 meters; leaves ovate,
finely crenate.

Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. Common in the central region,
descending to the forests of the tierra caliente. Mexico to Ecuador.
An herb or shrub 1-3 meters high; leaves ovate, finely crenate.

PILEA Lindl.

Low herbs, without stinging hairs, usually succulent; leaves
mostly opposite, occasionally verticillate, entire or dentate, those
of a pair often very unequal; flowers small. — A genus with more
than 30 species in Central America, principally in the mountains.

Pilea acuminata Liebm. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", and
doubtless in other regions. Mexico; Colombia.

Pilea angustifolia Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 295. 1925.
Juan Vinas, Rio Reventazon, 1,000 meters, 0. F. Cook & C. B.
Doyle 181. Region of San Ramon, at 1,300 meters. Endemic.

Pilea auriculata Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 299.
1861. Adicea auriculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 622. 1891. Cartago,
Oersted. Common in forests of the central region, at 1,200-3,000
meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

Pilea centradenioides Seem. Golfo Dulce. Also in Colombia
and Panama (?).

Pilea Cornmanae Killip. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,300-
1,700 meters. Also in Chiriqui, Panama.

Pilea costaricensis Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 20: 294. 1896. La
Estrella de Cartago, 1,300 meters, Cooper 5952. Forests of the
central region, at 1,200-1,700 meters. Endemic.

Pilea dauciodora Wedd. Forests of the central region. Guate-
mala to South America.

Pilea diversissima Killip, sp. nov. — Dioica, glaberrima; stipulae
triangulares, deciduae; folia valde inaequalia et dimorpha, cuiusque
jugi majore lineari-lanceolato vel oblongo-lanceolato, attenuato-
acuminato, serrato vel serrulato, trinervio vel subtriplinervio,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 395

petiolato, minore anguste spathulato vel anguste ovato; flores
feminei in cymis brevibus, achaeniis ovatis.

Slender herb, repent on the branches of trees, glabrous through-
out, much branched, the branches angular, densely covered with
minute, linear and punctiform cystoliths; stipules triangular, 0.5 mm.
long, soon deciduous; leaves membranous, dark green, densely
covered above with punctiform and very short, linear cystoliths, at
the margin the cystoliths larger and linear and fusiform, the under
surface bearing inconspicuous, punctiform cystoliths and sparingly
black-punctate, the leaves of a node strongly unequal and dissimilar,
the larger linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 0.3-
1.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, cuneate at the base, sometimes
subfalcate, serrate or serrulate nearly to the base, with the teeth
strongly ascending, trinerved or subtriplinerved (nerves reaching to
the apex of the blade), petiolate, the petioles 2-10 mm. long,, the
smaller leaves narrowly spatulate or rarely narrowly ovate, 5-7 mm.
long, 1-2 mm. wide, obtuse, sessile or tapering to a very short petiole,
subentire or crenate-serrulate above the middle; plants dioecious;
pistillate flowers in compact, sessile or subsessile cymes up to 5 mm.
long, the perianth segments about 0.5 mm. long, the achenes ovate,
about 0.8 mm. long. — Type in the Herbarium of Field Museum,
No. 853,546, collected in humid forest at Los Angeles de San Ramon,
Costa Rica, altitude 1,030 meters, July 11, 1926, by A. M. Brenes
(No. 4851). Represented also by the following numbers of the
same collector, from this general region: 3786, 4010, 13198, 13511,
all in Field Museum. Two additional collections Brenes 15665 and
Standley & Valeria 45409, both from the vicinity of Tilaran, belong
to this species. What is probably a robust form of this is represented
in the U. S. National Herbarium by Standley & Valeria 49014, from
the vicinity of El Cairo, and Dunlap 471, from La Palma. In these
the larger leaves are 8-15 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide and the
smaller ones up to 10 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. The relationship of
P. diversissima is with the Guatemalan P. pansamalana Bonn. Smith.

Pilea Donnell-Smithiana Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
292. 1925. La Palma, Prov. San Jose*, 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12655.
Also at La Hondura de San Jose". Chiriqui, Panama.

Pilea gracilipes Killip. Common in forests of the central
mountains, at 1,200-2,500 meters. Also in Chiriqui, Panama.

Pilea herniarioides (Swartz) Lindl. P. deltoidea Liebm. Dansk.
Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 298. 1851 (Aguacate, Oersted). Meseta
Central and Pacific slope. Ranging to Mexico and West Indies.

396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Pilea hyalina Fenzl. P.Lundii Liebm. Common in the Meseta
Central and Pacific slope. Mexico to South America.

Pilea irrorata Donn. Smith. Slopes of the central volcanoes.
Ranging to Chiapas.

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. P. serpyllacea Liebm. Common
in the tierra caliente of the Atlantic slope, ascending to the Meseta
Central. A small, fleshy plant, sometimes on walls or in patios of
houses; leaves entire, 2-9 mm. long. Widely distributed.

Pilea nummulariifolia (Swartz) Wedd. Established in Parque
Vargas, Limon, Quiros 464- Introduced, probably from the West
Indies.

Pilea pallida Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 295. 1925.
Salto de Sibubi, Rio Sixaola, Rowlee 376. Endemic.

Pilea pansamalana Donn. Smith. Common in mountains of
Guanacaste; La Hondura; region of San Ramon. Also in Guate-
mala. Sometimes epiphytic.

Pilea parietaria (L.) Blume. Common in the central region,
in moist forest, sometimes growing upon walls. Ranging to Mexico
and West Indies.

Pilea Pittieri Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 298. 1925.
Rio de La Paz, Valle del Sarapiqui, 1,300 meters, Pittier 14149.
Forests of the central region. Endemic.

Pilea ptericlada Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 121. 1901. Forests
of Atirro, Prov. Cartago, 800 meters, J. D. Smith 6779. Tierra
caliente of the Pacific coast; region of San Ramon, at 1,000 meters.

Pilea pubescens Liebm. Meseta Central to the coasts; region
of San Ramon. Mexico to South America.

Pilea purulensis Donn. Smith. Atlantic coast and mountains
of Guanacaste. Also in Panama.

Pilea quichensis Donn. Smith. Mountains of Guanacaste,
600 meters. Also in Guatemala.

Pilea Standleyi Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 298. 1925.
Las Nubes, Prov. San Jos£, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley 38697.

Pilea Tuerckheimii Donn. Smith. Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose",
and region of El Muneco, 1,300-1,900 meters. Also in Guatemala.

POUZOLZIA Gaud.

Shrubs, the leaves usually alternate; flowers monoecious, in
axillary glomerules.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 397

Pouzolzia guatemalana (Blume) Wedd. Atlantic coast.
Panama to Guatemala. Leaves entire, white and tomentose on the
lower surface.

Pouzolzia obliqua Wedd. Common in forests of the coasts.
Guatemala to Peru. A shrub a meter high, the leaves entire, green,
oblique at the base.

Pouzolzia occidentalis Wedd. Forests of Rio Changuinola,
and doubtless in other parts of the Atlantic coast. A species of wide
distribution. A shrub, the leaves entire, green, not oblique at the base.

Pouzolzia phenacoides Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
299. 1925. Cerro de Piedra Blanca, above Escasu, Prov. San Jose",
Standley 32484- Also on the slopes of Poas, 1,700 meters. Endemic.
A shrub 1-1.5 meters high; leaves dentate.

URERA Gaud.

Shrubs or small trees, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate,
petiolate; flowers mostly dioecious, green or whitish, in axillary
panicles; achene enclosed in the fleshy, accrescent perianth.

Urera alceifolia Gaud. Mata Cartago. Atlantic coast and
Canton de Dota; region of San Ramon. Mexico to Panama. A
shrub 2-5 meters high; leaves crenate-dentate ; fruits red or orange.
The plant is handsome when covered with its bright-colored fruits.

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Ortiga. Meseta Central to the
Pacific coast. A species of wide distribution. A shrub or tree of
2-7 meters; leaves broad, very coarsely dentate; all parts of the
plant armed with stout, spine-like, whitish hairs; fruits white. This
shrub is one of the most dangerous plants of Central America, well
known almost everywhere in the region. When one is struck by the
coarse hairs the effect is almost like that of an electric shock, and
there often follows the most intense pain that may last, in decreasing
degree, for several or many hours, with attendant inflammation of
the skin. The plant is often used for hedges, which few larger
animals care to penetrate. In many parts of Central America the
plant is known by the name Chichicaste, a word of Nahuatl origin.

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb. Ortiga, Ortiga blanca, Taba-
quillo, Crespon. Urtica verrucosa Liebm. Dansk. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2:
295. 1851 (Irazu, 2,400 meters, Oersted). Common in many places,
Meseta Central to the coasts, in forest or thickets. A species of
wide distribution. A shrub or tree 3-9 meters high, the leaves

THE LIBRARY OF THE

MOV 5 -1937
39*WKflGn» fltfii§»#$ OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

large and broad, crenate-dentate; fruits red or orange. A handsome
shrub when covered with the fruits. The hairs are much more
slender than those of U. baccifera.

Urera elata (Swartz) Griseb. Ortiga. Urtica corallina Liebm.
Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 2: 295. 1851 (Aguacate, Oersted).
Urera corallina Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 90. 1869. Forests
of the central region and the Pacific slope. Guatemala to Panama;
Jamaica. A shrub 3-5 meters tall or larger; leaves large, crenate,
the hairs few and slender.

Urera laciniata Wedd. Ortiga. Atlantic coast, and in Guana-
caste. Ranging to Peru. A shrub of 1-4 meters; leaves deeply
lobate; hairs thick and stinging very painfully. The species seems
to be rather rare in Costa Rica but I have seen it in a few localities.
The leaves are sometimes purple on the lower surface.

URTICA L. Nettle

Herbs with opposite, dentate leaves, furnished with slender,
stinging hairs; flowers small, green, in spikes, panicles, or axillary
glomerules, monoecious or dioecious.

Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh. Chilacaste. Forests and mead-
ows of the volcanoes. A species of wide distribution in America.

Urtica copeyana Killip, sp. nov. — Caulis erectus simplex pilis
albis brevibus reflexis pubescens et sparse setis gracilibus rectis
armatus; stipulae deciduae; petioli 1.5-5.5 cm. longi minute pubes-
centes et sparse setosi; lamina ovata vel late ovato-lanceolata 6-11
cm. longa 4-8 cm. lata supra setis paucis laxis armata, subtus gla-
brescens, acuminata, basi cordata et 3-5-nervia, nervis conspicuis
stramineis, glabra, margine grosse serrata, serraturis denticulatis
5 mm. latis; spicae graciles 3.5-5 cm. longae 2.5-3 mm. crassae,
quoque nodo 3-5, simplices, rare basi ramosae, dense pubescentes,
androgynae vel unisexuales; flores masculi non visi; flores feminei
in glomerulos subcontiguos dispositi, perianthii segmentis exterioribus
0.7 mm. longis, interioribus orbicularibus 1 mm. longis latisque extus
pilosulis; achaenium late ovatum. — Type in the U. S. National
Herbarium, No. 799,382, collected along the shores of Rio Pedregoso
at El Copey, alt. 1,800 meters, February, 1898, A. Tonduz 11929.

Urtica nicaraguensis Liebm. Ortiga. Forests of the central
mountains. Also in Nicaragua. The plant stings painfully.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA