Flora of Costa Rica ..

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FLORA OF COSTA RICA

BY

PAUL C. STANDLEY

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

THE LIBRARY OF THE

DEC 2 4 1938

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XVIII, PART IV

NOVKMBKR 30, 1!»:!H

PUBLICATION lj;i

V

INDEX

Achras, 904
Aciotis, 784
Acisanthera, 785
Acnistus, 1036
Adelobotrys, 785
Aegiphila, 993
Allamanda, 930
Allomarkgrafia, 931
Alonsoa, 1100
Amphilophium, 1113
Anagallis, 902
Anechites, 932
Anemopaegma, 1114
Angelonia, 1100
Aniseia, 960
Antirrhinum, 1101
Apium, 858
Apocynaceae, 930
Araliaceae, 851
Arctostaphylos, 869
Ardisia, 884
Arrabidaea, 1115
Arracacia, 859
Arthrostemma, 786
Asclepiadaceae, 949
Asclepias, 949
Athenaea, 1036
Avicennia, 998
Axinaea, 787

Bacopa, 1101
Beaumontia, 932
Bellucia, 787
Beureria, 978
Bignonia, 1116
Bignoniaceae, 1113
Blakea, 788
Blepharodon, 950
Boraginaceae, 978
Borago, 979
Browallia, 1037
Brunfelsia, 1038
Buchnera, 1102
Buddleia, 920
Bumelia, 905

Calceolaria, 1102
Calocarpum, 906
Calonyction, 960
Callicarpa, 999
Callichlamys, 1117
Calyptrella, 790
Capraria, 1103
Capsicum, 1038
Castilleja, 1104
Catharanthus, 932
Cavendishia, 870
Centaurium, 923

Centradenia, 791
Centronia, 791
Cestrum, 1045
Chaetolepis, 792
Chelonanthus, 924
Chimaphila, 868
Chrysophyllum, 907
Citharexylum, 999
Clavija, 900
Clerodendron, 1002
Clethra, 867
Clethraceae, 867
Clidemia, 793
Clytostoma, 1117
Cobaea, 974
Coleus, 1015
Congea, 1003
Conomorpha, 895
Conopholis, 1133
Conostegia, 800
Convolvulaceae, 960
Cordia, 979
Coriandrum, 859
Cornaceae, 865
Cornus, 865
Cornutia, 1004
Coutoubea, 924
Crescentia, 1118
Cufodontia, 933
Cunila, 1016
Curtia, 925
Cuscuta, 961
Cydista, 1118
Cynanchum, 951
Cynoctonum, 921
Cyphomandra, 1053

Datura, 1054
Daucus, 859
Dermatocalyx, 1105
Dichondra, 962
Didymopanax, 851
Digitalis, 1105
Diospyros, 912
Dipholis, 909
Disterigma, 874
Duranta, 1005

Ebenaceae, 912
Echites, 933
Ehretia, 984
Enallagma, 1119
Enicostema, 925
Ericaceae, 869
Eryngium, 860
Escobedia, 1106
Evolvulus, 962
Exolobus, 952

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

BY

PAUL C. STANDLEY

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

THE LI3RARY OF THE

DEC 24 1938

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XVIII, PART IV

NOVEMBER 30, 1938

PUBLICATION 429

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

D

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

PAUL C. STANDLEY

GESNERIAGEAE1

By C. V. Morton

Herbs or shrubs, often epiphytic; stems often unbranched, fleshy,
usually pubescent; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, those of a
pair often unequal, petiolate, the blades usually membranous, entire
or toothed, pinnately veined; flowers hermaphrodite, axillary or
rarely terminal, solitary, fasciculate, umbellate, or racemose, often
bracteate; calyx lobes often colored, free or connate, 5, usually
valvate, often unequal, sometimes toothed or incised; corolla vari-
ously colored, gamopetalous, often spurred at base, the tube cylindric,
ventricose or upwardly ampliate, often hairy, the limb usually bila-
biate, the lobes rounded, sometimes toothed or fimbriate; stamens 4,
didynamous, a rudimentary fifth sometimes present, the filaments
adnate to the corolla at the base, often connate, often contorted, the
anthers quadrate to oblong, often connate, the cells discrete or con-
fluent, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary superior or partly or wholly
inferior, 1-celled, the 2 parietal placentae 2-lobed, the ovules anatro-
pous, very numerous, borne on the inner surface of the lobes or on
both the inner and outer surfaces; style simple, elongate; stigma
' bilobed or stomatomorphic; disk hypogynous or perigynous, annular
) or of distinct glands; fruit capsular or baccate, the pericarp usually
coriaceous; seeds minute, very numerous, usually fusiform, spirally
striate.

Very little work has been done on this family in the last seventy

j years. The genera are here adopted in the conventional sense, as

delimited by Hanstein, but it seems likely that monographic studies

J will show the necessity for a realignment of the genera, particularly

in the tribe Columneoideae. The large genera Columnea, Alloplectus,

< and Drymonia are almost indefinable as at present constituted. A

& few additional genera are found in Central America.

[The Gesneriaceae constitute one of the most characteristic and in

L0

,/i many respects most interesting groups of Costa Rican plants, and
J include also many of the most beautiful and showy ones. While they
^ are found at all elevations and in almost every locality, they attain

rt 'Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

1137

1138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

most profuse development at upper elevations, chiefly in the more
humid forests. While many of the plants are terrestrial, the majority,
at least as regards number of individuals, are epiphytic in habit.

Especially beautiful are the Columneas, whose usually large and
brilliant red blossoms furnish a large part of the bright color seen on
the upper mountain slopes, where they often are associated with
Ericaceae and other conspicuous epiphytes. Very handsome, too,
are some of the epiphytic species of Drymonia and Alloplectus. Most
curious in their flowers are the Campaneas, whose oddly colored
blossoms dangle from the branches on cordlike peduncles. Most
gorgeous of terrestrial Gesneriaceae is Solenophora calycosa, whose
red-orange corollas are as large as teacups. — Paul C. Standley.]

Ovary superior.

Leaves alternate; inflorescence a terminal, lax raceme; corolla blue.

Klugia.

Leaves opposite or radical; inflorescence axillary, the flowers
solitary, fasciculate, or umbellate, rarely short-racemose;
corolla not blue.

Calyx lobes connate over two thirds their length Tussacia.

Calyx lobes free or nearly so.

Plant acaulescent; sepals strongly parallel-nerved . Napeanthus.
Plants caulescent; sepals not parallel-nerved.
Anther cells separated by the enlarged connective. Creep-
ing, herbaceous vine with glabrous, fleshy leaves.

Codonanthe.
Anther cells contiguous or confluent.

Anther cells confluent at the apex; disk annular or rarely

semiannular Besleria.

Anther cells discrete; disk of distinct glands or reduced

to a solitary, posterior gland.

Plants low, terrestrial, stoloniferous herbs; placentae
ovuliferous on both surfaces. Corolla lilac, not
contracted in the throat, the limb widely spreading;

calyx lobes spatulate Episcia.

Plants shrubs or rarely herbs, not stoloniferous;

placentae ovuliferous on the inner surface only.

Corolla erect in the calyx, not spurred at the base,

sometimes a little gibbous, not contracted in

the throat; limb often strongly bilabiate, or if

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1139

not, the leaves of a pair usually unequal, the

smaller stipule-like Columnea.

Corolla oblique or horizontal in the calyx (except in
Alloplectus multiflorus), spurred at the base;
limb regular or slightly bilabiate; leaves of a
pair not strongly unequal (except in Alloplectus
metamorphophyllus) .

Anthers oblong, sagittate at the base, only par-
tially dehiscent.

Corolla ampliate in the throat, usually much
exceeding the calyx, the limb broad;
flowers often solitary, ebracteate . Drymonia.
Corolla usually contracted in the throat, often
not much longer than the calyx, the limb
narrow; flowers often fasciculate, bracteate.

Alloplectus.

Anthers ovate or quadrate, dehiscent throughout.

Flowers solitary; corolla tube strongly ventri-

cose, the limb minute (3 mm. wide), oblique.

Delicate, herbaceous vine Hypocyrta.

Flowers usually fasciculate or umbellate; corolla
tube less strongly ventricose, the limb
terminal, broader.

Calyx lobes linear; anthers ovate.

Centrosolenia.

Calyx lobes broad; anthers quadrate or
broader than long Alloplectus.

Ovary wholly or partly inferior.

Leaves alternate Gesneria.

Leaves opposite.

Corolla rotate. Disk none Pkinaea.

Corolla tubular or campanulate.

Disk none; calyx tube cylindric in fruit. Inflorescence
terminal, open-paniculate Monopyle.

Disk present; calyx tube turbinate or hemispheric in fruit.
Disk annular.

Inflorescence terminal, racemose, the pedicels and bracts
alternate . . Koellikeria.

1140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Inflorescence axillary or terminal, the pedicels and bracts
(if present) opposite.

Corolla open-campanulate Gloxinia.

Corolla tubular.

Anthers connate, at least when young . . . Achimenes.

Anthers free Heppiella.

Disk of 1 to 5 distinct glands or the 2 posterior ones partially

connate.

Disk glands 2, posterior, connate, pubescent; calyx tube
extended long beyond the ovary. Corolla scarlet,
7-9 cm. long Solenophora.

Disk glands 5, glabrous; calyx tube not extended beyond
the ovary.

Corolla scarlet, tubular Kohleria.

Corolla yellowish green, open-campanulate. Campanea.

ACHIMENES P. Br.

Perennial, terrestrial herbs, increasing by scaly offsets, the stems
unbranched; leaves opposite, subequal or very unequal, the blades
toothed, membranous; inflorescence axillary, the flowers solitary or
several on a common peduncle; calyx tube turbinate, the lobes free,
elongate, entire; corolla salverform, the tube not ventricose, the
limb actinomorphic or subbilabiate; filaments inserted near the base
of the corolla tube; anthers oblong or quadrate, the cells not confluent
at the apex; ovary entirely inferior; disk annular, entire, glabrous.—
Two or three additional species occur in Central America.

Stigma stomatomorphic; lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous on the
inner surface only; disk high, interrupted dorsally; corolla white,
spotted with red; stems glabrous A. Candida.

Stigma bilobed; lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous on both sur-
faces; disk low, entire; corolla red or purple; stems pilosulous or
pilose.

Flowers erect in the calyx, not spurred at the base; leaf blades
cuneate at the base, the veins 3-5 pairs.

Corolla purple, 5.5-6.5 cm. long; calyx lobes 11-14 mm. long,
. ciliate, otherwise glabrous A. longiflora.

Corolla red, 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx lobes 4.5 mm. long, pilosulous,
not ciliate A. pulchella.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1141

Flowers oblique or horizontal in the calyx, short-spurred at base;

leaf blades rounded or subcordate at base, the veins 8-12 pairs.

Corolla scarlet, spotted, stipitate-glandular in the throat;

peduncles often 2-3-flowered A. pedunculata.

Corolla purple, not spotted, glabrous within the throat; pe-
duncles 1-flowered A. grandiflora.

Achimenes Candida Lindl. El General. Guatemala. An herb
45-50 cm. high, the stems glabrate; leaves opposite, usually very
unequal, the short petioles pilosulous on the upper side only, the
blades elliptic, up to 8 cm. long and 3.3 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate
at the base, serrate (the teeth 10-15 on each side), sparsely scabrous-
puberulous beneath; common peduncle 4-7 mm. long, 2-3-flowered,
the pedicels slender (less than 0.5 mm. in diameter) ; calyx about 5.5
mm. long, the tube 2.5 mm. long, articulate-pilose, the lobes puberu-
lous on both sides; corolla white, spotted in the throat, 15-17 mm.
long, erect in the calyx, not spurred, nearly glabrous, the limb 12-13
mm. wide; filaments glabrous.

Achimenes grandiflora (Schiede) DC. Central mountains,
1,200-1,600 meters; region of San Ramon. Northward to Veracruz.
An herb 30-60 cm. high; leaves opposite, long-petiolate, the blades
ovate, up to 15 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate, oblique and sub-
cordate at the base, coarsely serrate (the teeth 15-25 on each side),
scabrous-puberulous beneath ; common peduncle absent, the pedicels
solitary, 5-7.5 cm. long, bulbilliferous; calyx 8-10 mm. long, the tube
4 mm. long, hirtous-puberulous, the lobes scabrous-puberulous on
both sides, not ciliate; corolla purple, not spotted, horizontal in the
calyx, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, spurred at the base, the tube pilosulous, the
limb slightly or strongly bilabiate, 2.5-3 cm. wide; filaments glabrous.

Achimenes longiflora DC. Centralamer. Gesner. 17. pi. 9, f.
1, 2. 1858 (Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted). A. pauciflora Oerst. Atlan-
tic coast; central mountains; region of San Ramon. Mexico to Pana-
ma. Herb, 10-30 cm. high; leaves opposite or ternate, short-petiolate
(6 mm.), the blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-8.5 cm. long, 1.3-3 cm.
wide, acute, cuneate at the base, serrate (the teeth few), appressed-
pubescent; common peduncle absent, the pedicel solitary, 4-7 mm.
long; calyx 13-17 mm. long, the tube 2-3 mm. long, densely pilose,
the lobes linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, long-ciliate; corolla
purple, 5.5-6.5 cm. long, erect in the calyx, not spurred, the tube
very slender, glabrous, the limb broad (4-5 cm.), subactinomorphic;
filaments glabrous. Several minor named forms occur in Costa Rica.

1142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Achimenes pedunculata Benth. Central mountains, at 1,000-
1,200 meters; region of San Ramon. Guatemala. An herb 40-85
cm. high, the stems short-puberulous upwardly; leaves opposite,
long-petiolate, the blades broadly elliptic, up to 15 cm. long and
8 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate, oblique and rounded at the base,
coarsely toothed (the teeth 30 or more on each side), minutely
puberulous beneath; common peduncle obsolete or up to 7 cm. long,
bibracteate at the apex, 1-3-flowered, the pedicels elongate, bulb-
illiferous at middle; calyx 6.5 mm. long, the tube 3 mm. long, scab-
rous-puberulous, the lobes not ciliate, scabrous-puberulous; corolla
scarlet, red-spotted in the throat, 30 mm. long, short-spurred, not
ventricose, short-puberulous, the limb regular, stipitate-glandular
in the throat; filaments pilosulous.

Achimenes pulchella (L'He>.) Hitchc. A. coccinea Pers.
Reported from Costa Rica by Hemsley . Widely distributed in Mexico,
Central America, and the West Indies. An herb 10-30 cm. high;
leaves opposite or ternate, short-petiolate, the blades ovate to elliptic,
up to 5 cm. long and 1.6 cm. wide, acute or obtusish, acute at the
base, coarsely dentate (the teeth 3 to 5 on each side), pilosulous;
common peduncle none, the pedicel solitary, up to 2.5 cm. long,
slender, ebracteate, not bulbilliferous; calyx about 6.5 mm. long, the
tube 2 mm. long, densely pilosulous, the lobes pilosulous on both sides;
corolla red or pink, not spotted, 15-20 mm. long, erect, not spurred,
the tube puberulous, the limb 12-15 mm. wide; filaments glabrous.

ALLOPLECTUS Mart.

Shrubs or vines, usually epiphytic; leaves opposite, equal or
rarely unequal, often rather long-petiolate, the blades entire or
toothed; flowers fasciculate or rarely solitary or in short, axillary
racemes, bracteate, the bracts often large and colored; calyx usually
colored, the lobes free, broad, often toothed or incised; corolla yellow
or red, erect or horizontal in the calyx, usually not much exceeding
the calyx, the tube usually ventricose, pilose, contracted in the
throat, the limb narrow, nearly regular, the lobes rounded, usually
entire; filaments connate at the base, usually adnate to the corolla,
the anthers commonly free, oblong to quadrate or broader than long,
the cells distinct, sometimes sagittate at the base, sometimes only
partially dehiscent; disk gland solitary, large; fruit baccate. — Several
other species are found in Central America.

Leaves dimorphic, the smaller ones being stipule-like phyllodes.

A, metamorphophyllus.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1143

Leaves not dimorphic, sometimes unequal.

Corolla erect in the calyx, not spurred or saccate at the base;

calyx lobes equal, erect, red, pectinate- toothed. A. multiflorus.

Corolla oblique or horizontal in the calyx, spurred or saccate at

the base; calyx oblique or the lobes unequal.
Anthers quadrate or broader than long, not sagittate at the base.
Calyx lobes entire, linear or linear-lanceolate. A. congestiflorus.
Calyx lobes conspicuously toothed, ovate to lanceolate.
Corolla contracted in the throat; anthers quadrate; pedicels
about 1 cm. long A. ichthyoderma.

Corolla enlarged in the throat; anthers broader than long;
pedicels 3-5 cm. long A. tetragonus.

Anthers oblong, sagittate at the base.

Corolla and calyx glabrous A. stenophyllus.

Corolla and calyx pubescent.

Leaves peltate A. peltatus.

Leaves not peltate.

Calyx lobes entire; flowers short-racemose.

A. tucurriquensis.
Calyx lobes toothed; flowers fasciculate.

Calyx lobes minutely dentate at the apex.

A. coriaceus.
Calyx lobes subulate- toothed.

Corolla not contracted in the throat; calyx lobes

ovate A. macrophyllus.

Corolla contracted in the throat; calyx lobes lanceo-
late A. parviflorus.

Alloplectus congestiflorus (Donn. Smith) Morton, comb. nov.
Besleria congestiflora Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 379. 1916. La
Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12658. Region of
San Ramon. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, 25-60 cm. high,
the stems tomentose, sparingly branched; leaves equal, petiolate,
the petiole up to 3 cm. long, the blade oblanceolate, up to 10.5
cm. long and 3.5 cm. broad, acuminate, attenuate at the base, ser-
rulate, densely tomentose on both sides; flowers aggregate in the
leaf axils, the pedicels 3-5 mm. long, the bracts linear-lanceolate;
calyx lobes red, linear or linear-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, equal,
acuminate, entire, pilose on both sides; corolla white, marked with

1144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

rose on the limb, tubular, about 12 mm. long, pilose, the throat con-
tracted, the limb spreading, narrow, subregular; anthers quadrate,
persistently connate, the cells orbicular, not confluent; disk gland
solitary.

Alloplectus coriaceus (Oerst.) Hanst. Linnaea 34: 363. 1865-
66. Erythranthus coriaceus Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 47. pi. 3.
1858. A. ventricosus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 154. 1898 (Atirro,
Prov. Cartago, 600 meters, J. D. Smith 6727). Turrialba, Oersted.
Atirro; Tucurrique; Guanacaste. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub
up to 2.4 meters high, the stems unbranched, minutely strigillose;
leaves subequal, short-petiolate (1-3 cm.), the blades oblanceo-
late, up to 25 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, short-acuminate, attenuate
at the base, subcoriaceous, entire, glabrous, reddish; inflorescence
congested, the bracts red, numerous, persistent, orbicular-oval,
about 1.5 cm. long, sparsely strigillose; calyx oblique, red, the
lobes unequal, obovate-oval, about 1 cm. long, dentate at the apex,
red-strigillose; corolla red, gibbous at the base, oblique in the
calyx, 1.6-2.8 cm. long, reddish-tomentose, the tube strongly ven-
tricose upwardly, contracted in the throat, the limb oblique,
about 3 mm. wide, subregular, the lobes minute, erect; anthers
oblong, 3 mm. long.

Columnea costaricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 471. 1891 (Port
Limon, Kuntze). Species dubious, doubtless belonging to Alloplectus.

Alloplectus ichthyoderma Hanst. Linnaea 34: 372. 1865-66.
A. ruacophilus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 54: 238. 1912 (forests of
Volcan de Barba, Prov. Heredia, 2,500-2,700 meters, Tonduz 1997).
Costa Rica, without locality, Wendland 833. Central mountains,
1,800-2,700 meters. Panama. A terrestrial shrub, 0.6-1.5 meters
high, the stems unbranched, hirsute, the epidermis peeling off in
scales; leaves subequal, long-petiolate, 2.5-8.5 cm. long, the blades
elliptic, up to 20 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate,
cuneate at the base, denticulate, membranous, green and pilose above,
pale and minutely strigillose beneath; flowers fasciculate, numerous,
the bracts ovate, red, entire, about 1 cm. long, the pedicels 1.5-2 cm.
long, appressed-pilose; calyx oblique, the lobes red, or green with red
margins, ovate to lanceolate, up to 1.8 cm. long, obtuse to acuminate,
subequal, serrate, white-pilose, especially near the midrib and base;
corolla yellow, tubular, 15-23 mm. long, gibbous at the base, hori-
zontal in the calyx, the tube white-tomentose externally, strongly
ventricose upwardly, contracted in the throat, the limb oblique,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1145

about 8 mm. wide, subregular, the lobes subequal, erect, 2-3 mm.
long; filaments glabrous; anthers quadrate, connate; ovary tomen-
tose; style glabrous; stigma stomatomorphic.

Alloplectus ichthyoderma var. hirsutulus Morton, var. nov.—
A var. typica foliis subtus hirsutulis nee strigillosis differt. — Atirro,
Prov. Cartago, alt. 600 meters, Donnell Smith 6715 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb., No. 1,336,496).

Alloplectus ichthyoderma var. pallidus Morton, var. nov.—
A var. typica calycibus flavis vel pallide viridibus nee rubris differt.—
Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose", 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley 38793 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,228,403). Same locality, Standley 38363,
38372. Cerro Gallito, M. Valeria 1004.

Alloplectus ichthyoderma forma rubescens Morton, f . nov.—
A f. typica foliis subtus rubescentibus nee pallide viridibus differt.—
Santa Clara de Cartago, 1,950 meters, Maxon & Harvey 8195 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,181,839).

Alloplectus macrophyllus (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2: 484. 1882. Caloplectus macrophyllus Oerst. Centralamer.
Gesner. 45. 1858. Naranjo, Oersted. Llanuras de Santa Clara, Donn.
Smith 6725, 6733; Pittier 13393. Tsaki, Tonduz 9557. Guatemala.
A shrub 1.8 meters high, the stems subtomentose at the apex; leaves
subequal, petiolate, the petioles subtomentose, 0.5-6 cm. long, the
blades elliptic, up to 33 cm. long and 14 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
rounded and oblique at the base, obscurely serrulate or entire,
sparsely strigose above, minutely puberulous beneath; flowers fasci-
culate, few, the pedicels up to 1 cm. long, the bracts subulate, shorter
than the pedicels; calyx lobes red or green, ovate, up to 15 mm. long,
thin-membranous, densely strigillose, conspicuously subulate- toothed;
corolla pale yellow with maroon stripes along the lower side, about
3 cm. long, spurred at the base posteriorly, horizontal in the calyx,
densely but minutely puberulous, the tube regularly ampliate up-
wardly, not contracted in the throat, the limb slightly bilabiate, about
2 cm. wide; anthers oblong, sagittate.

Alloplectus metamorphophyllus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz.
52: 52. 1911. La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,500-1,600 meters,
Tonduz 10884. La Hondura; Tucurrique. Endemic. An epiphytic,
climbing shrub with unbranched, subtomentose stems; leaves
strongly dimorphic, the larger long-petiolate (up to 13 cm.

1146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

long), the blade broadly elliptic, up to 20 cm. long and 11 cm. wide,
short-acuminate, cuneate at the base, sharply serrulate, sericeous-
pilose on both sides; smaller leaves stipuliform, linear-lanceolate,
about 2-4 cm. long, sessile, entire; inflorescence of congested, many-
flowered, axillary corymbs, the pedicels very short; calyx lobes erect,
red, oblanceolate, 11-16 mm. long, pilosulous, deeply pectinate-
incised; corolla erect in the calyx, shorter than the calyx, not gibbous
at the base, sparsely strigillose, the tube a little ampliate upwardly,
contracted in the throat, the limb narrow, regular; anthers connate,
oblong, the cells distinct; disk gland solitary.

Alloplectus multiflorus (Oerst.) Hanst. Linnaea 34: 361. 1865-
66. Calanthus multiflorus Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 47. pi. 4- 1858.
Naranjo, Oersted. Central mountains, 1,300-1,700 meters; Atlantic
coast. Endemic. A vine, the stems branched, minutely strigillose;
leaves subequal, short-petiolate (2-3 mm.), the blades elliptic-lanceo-
late, up to 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate at the base,
entire, membranous, glabrous above, strigillose beneath; flowers
solitary, axillary, the pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrate; calyx lobes
red, equal, not oblique, ovate, up to 15 mm. long, deeply subulate-
toothed, sparingly strigose; corolla yellow with red stripes, dark
purple within, tubular, about 2.5 cm. long, erect in the calyx, the
tube slender, strongly ventricose, glabrous, contracted in the throat,
the throat sparsely pilosulous, the limb subbilabiate; anthers narrowly
oblong.

Alloplectus parviflorus (Hanst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2: 484. 1882. Polythysania parviflora Hanst. ex Oerst. Central-
amer. Gesner. 50. 1858. Naranjo, 1,200-1, 500 meters, Oersted Known
definitely only from the type. Stems villous at the apex; leaves un-
equal, very short-petiolate, the blades obovate, the larger 7.5-10 cm.
long, the smaller one-half shorter, acuminate, attenuate at the base,
serrate, pubescent; flowers solitary, short-pedicellate, the pedicels
hirsute; calyx lobes lanceolate, unequal, pubescent, laciniate-toothed;
corolla saccate at the base, horizontal in the calyx, the tube inflated
above, contracted in the throat, the lobes short; anthers oblong,
sagittate. Description adapted from the original.

Alloplectus peltatus Oliver, Bot. Mag. 103: pi. 6383. 1877.
Known only from material collected by Endres and cultivated at
Kew. A shrub, the stems glabrous; leaves strongly unequal, the
larger petiolate (2.5-5 cm.), the blade peltate, oval-oblong, 15-22.5
cm. long, 4.2-6.2 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, at first ciliolate, soon

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1147

glabrous; flowers fasciculate, few, the pedicels 1.2-1.7 cm. long, the
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the pedicels;
calyx oblique, red-purple, the lobes lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, unequal,
the posterior shorter; corolla pale yellow, the limb slightly bilabiate,
the lobes fimbriate; stamens included, the filaments glabrous, the
anthers sagittate, oblong. The above description is adapted from
the original.

Alloplectus stenophyllus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 153.
1898. Forests of Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters,
J. D. Smith 6724- Atlantic coast at low elevations; region of San
Ramon. Endemic. A small shrub, the stems glabrous; leaves
unequal, often strongly so, petiolate (1-1.5 cm.), the larger blades
narrowly elliptic to linear, up to 25 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide,
acuminate, obtuse at the base, subcoriaceous, often shining, entire,
glabrous; flowers solitary or paired, the pedicels about 5 mm. long,
glabrous, the bracts minute, subulate; calyx oblique, the lobes
lanceolate, unequal, the longer about 16 mm. long, the posterior
reflexed, about 10 mm. long, all entire, glabrous; corolla white or
pale yellow, rosy in the throat, about 2.5 cm. long, spurred at the
base, horizontal in the calyx, glabrous, the tube ventricose, contracted
in the throat, the limb subbilabiate, about 1 cm. wide; anthers oblong,
sagittate at the base; ovary glabrous.

Alloplectus tetragonus (Oerst.) Hanst. Linnaea 34: 368. 1865-
66. Glossoloma tetragonum Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 41. pi. 7.
1858. Turrialba, 900 meters, Oersted. Central mountains, 1,400-
2,000 meters. Endemic. A terrestrial or epiphytic shrub, 1-1.5
meters high, the stems unbranched, yellowish-subtomentose, the
epidermis not peeling off in scales; leaves subequal, long-petiolate
(3-9 cm.), the blades elliptic, up to 25 cm. long and 11 cm. wide,
acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate or serrulate, membranous,
green and pilosulous above, pale and minutely strigillose beneath;
flowers fasciculate, 2-several, the pedicels 3-5 cm. long; calyx oblique,
the lobes red, or green with red margins, ovate, about 2 cm. long,
subequal, subulate- toothed, hirsute; corolla red, tubular, 4-5 cm.
long, gibbous at the base, oblique in the calyx, yellowish-hirsute,
the tube ampliate upwardly, not contracted in the throat, the
limb oblique, about 1 cm. wide, the lobes subequal ; anthers broader
than long.

Alloplectus tucurriquensis Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 54: 238.
1912. Forests near Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Prov. Cartago, 700

1148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

meters, Tonduz ISO 42. Known only from the type. An epiphytic
shrub, the stems unbranched, puberulous at the apex; leaf blades
broadly elliptic, up to 28 cm. long and 13 cm. wide, acuminate,
attenuate at the base and long-decurrent into the short, stout
petiole, serrulate, membranous, green, substrigose above, puberulous
beneath; flowers in short, dense, axillary, bracteate racemes, the
common peduncle 5-7 mm. long, the pedicels 13-18 mm. long, the
bracts scarlet, 26-33 mm. long, entire; calyx green or reddish, slightly
oblique, the lobes 20-28 mm. long, oblong, entire, minutely puberu-
lous; corolla spurred at the base, about 3.5 cm. long, horizontal in
the calyx, densely puberulous, ventricose upwardly, narrowed in
the throat, the limb about 1 cm. wide, nearly regular; anthers
narrowly oblong, 5 mm. long; ovary cinereous-strigillose.

BESLERIA [Plum.] L.

Shrubs with terete or quadrangular, usually unbranched stems;
leaves opposite, equal, petiolate, usually elliptic, membranous to
coriaceous; flowers ebracteate, commonly borne in sessile or pedun-
culate, axillary umbels, rarely solitary; calyx 5-parted nearly to
the base, colored, the lobes imbricate; corolla erect or horizontal
in the calyx, cylindric or spurred at the base, often pilose, the tube
usually ventricose, usually contracted in the throat, the limb narrow
or broad, regular or irregular, the lobes entire; filaments not connate,
usually glabrous, the anthers quadrate, connate when young, the
cells confluent at the apex; placentae ovuliferous on the inner surface
only; disk annular or semiannular, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes
much thickened posteriorly; fruit a fleshy berry. — Several other
species occur in Central America.

Corolla not spurred at the base, erect or oblique in the calyx; disk
glabrous, not thickened posteriorly.

Common peduncle obsolete, the flowers aggregate in the leaf axils

or solitary.
Calyx lobes sharply toothed; corolla pubescent. Ovary pilose.

Stems and leaves strigose; primary leaf veins 12 or 13 pairs;
calyx lobes ovate B. barbensis.

Stems and leaves hirsute; primary leaf veins 7-10 pairs; calyx

lobes lanceolate, acuminate.

Leaves tuberculate above, the tubercles surmounted by a
long hair; corolla strongly bilabiate, much exceeding
the calyx, pilose B. princeps.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1149

Leaves not tuberculate above; corolla nearly regular,
scarcely longer than the calyx, copiously red-villous.

B. columneoides.
Calyx lobes entire or sometimes a little erose at the apex ; corolla

glabrous or inconspicuously puberulous.
Stems and leaf veins beneath hirsute.

Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 11-13 mm.

long, pilose; ovary pilose B. trichostegia.

Calyx lobes oblong to suborbicular, rounded; corolla 18 mm.

long, glabrous; ovary glabrous B. hirsuta.

Stemsand leaves tomentose, puberulous, strigillose, or glabrate.
Calyx lobes 10-12 mm. long; stems thick, densely tomentose.

Corolla and ovary glabrous B. robusta.

Calyx lobes 3-7 mm. long; stems appressed-pubescent or

strigose.
Anther cells not confluent; corolla densely long-pilose.

B. pycnosuzygia.
Anther cells confluent; corolla glabrous or sparsely pilosu-

lous or puberulous.

Corolla tube 5-6 mm. wide, obviously gibbous at the
base; calyx lobes suborbicular, broader than long,
strongly imbricate; leaf blades obtuse or rounded

at the base B. Standleyi.

Corolla tube not over 3 mm. wide, not gibbous at the
base; calyx lobes oblong, scarcely imbricate; leaf
blades cuneate at the base.

Stems thick (commonly 5-11 mm. in diameter); leaf
blades subcoriaceous, 6-10 cm. wide.

B. notabilis.

Stems slender (usually 2-3 mm. in diameter); leaf
blades 5.5 cm. wide or less.

Corolla and ovary glabrous B. solanoides.

Corolla and ovary hairy. .B. solanoides var. tenera.
Common peduncle present, usually elongate, the pedicels umbellate
or subcorymbose, rarely solitary (in B. formosa). Pubescence
appressed.

Corolla with a hairy ring within at the insertion of the filaments;
calyx lobes 7.5-14 mm. long, ovate to lanceolate, acute or
acuminate. Corolla glabrous externally; ovary glabrous.

1150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Leaf blades, peduncles, and pedicels entirely glabrous; corolla
yellow; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, membranous.

B. macropoda.

Leaf blades, peduncles, and pedicels at least slightly strigillose;
corolla orange or red; calyx lobes ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, thicker B. laxiflora.

Corolla lacking a hairy ring within; calyx lobes 5-6 mm. long,
suborbicular, obtuse or rounded.

Corolla and ovary puberulous; calyx lobes white. . .B. triflora.
Corolla and ovary glabrous; calyx lobes green. . . .B. formosa.

Corolla spurred at the base, horizontal in the calyx; disk pubescent,
strongly thickened posteriorly. Flowers in a pedunculate umbel.

Calyx lobes slightly toothed; ovary sericeous; stems and leaf veins
beneath lanate-tomentulose B. Wendlandiana.

Calyx lobes entire; ovary glabrous; stems and leaf veins beneath

strigillose.

Corolla yellow, bilabiate, purple-spotted in the throat, 2.3-3 cm.
long, pilosulous externally; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate,
12-14 mm. long, pilosulous; primary leaf veins about 8 pairs.

B. acropoda.

Corolla scarlet, the limb regular, not spotted, 1.5 cm. long,
glabrous; calyx lobes suborbicular, 7 mm. long, glabrous;
leaf veins 16 or 17 pairs.

Leaf blades entire; corolla spur not uncinate. . . .B. imbricans.

Besleria acropoda Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 54: 240. 1912.
Known only from the type, Tsaki, Prov. Limon, 200 meters, Tonduz
9554. A shrub; stems terete, sparsely strigillose; petioles strigillose,
1-2 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic, the larger 11 cm. long and 5.5 cm.
wide, abruptly acuminate, attenuate and decurrent at the base,
membranous, deeply serrate, glabrous above, strigillose on the veins
beneath, the primary veins about 8 pairs; common peduncles axillary
but sub terminal by reduction of the main axis, 1.8-2.3 cm. long,
glabrous, the pedicels umbellate, few, about 1 cm. long, glabrous;
calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, unequal (the larger 14 mm. long),
free, entire, membranous, oblique, sparsely pilosulous on both sides;
corolla yellow, 23-30 mm. long, horizontal in the calyx, spurred at
the base (3 mm. or more), the tube ampliate upwardly, a little

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1151

ventricose, sparsely pilosulous externally, the limb bilabiate, 15 mm.
wide, the lobes spotted with purple; ovary glabrous; disk enlarged
posteriorly, pubescent.

Besleria barbensis Hanst. Linnaea 34: 319. 1865-66. In forest,
Volcan de Barba, Hoffmann 45. Central mountains at middle
elevations. Endemic. An herb. 1-1.2 meters high; stems angled,
sparingly strigose; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades broadly
elliptic, the largest 15 cm. long and 8.5 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
obtuse or cuneate at the base, oblique, membranous, irregularly
serrate, substrigose on the veins beneath, the primary veins 12-13
pairs; common peduncle absent, the pedicels solitary, axillary, 1.5-2
cm. long, sparingly pilosulous; calyx lobes ovate, 12-15 mm. long,
free, sharply serrate, sparsely pilosulous externally, puberulous
within; corolla orange, erect, not spurred or saccate at the base,
the tube about 15 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, sparsely pilose externally,
glabrous within, the limb bilabiate, the lobes spreading, the largest
9 mm. long and broad; androecium glabrous; ovary pilose at the
apex; disk annular, thick, glabrous.

Besleria columneoides Hanst. Linnaea 34: 322. 1865-66. San
Miguel, Wendland 762. Endemic. Stems densely hirsute; petioles
2.5 cm. long, hirsute; leaf blades elliptic, up to 22.5 cm. long and
8.5 cm. wide, cuneate at the base, hirsute beneath, especially on
the veins, the primary veins 8-9 pairs; pedicels 0.8-1.4 cm. long;
calyx yellow, 10 mm. long, the lobes free, lanceolate, acuminate,
externally long-pilose, glabrous within, bearing 2-4 subulate teeth;
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, 4 mm. wide, copiously red-
villous, the lobes glabrous externally, long-ciliate; ovary villous at
the apex; disk subentire.

Besleria formosa Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex 1.5-2.5 m. altus,
caulibus angulatis strigosis, mox glabris; petioli 1-2 cm. longi; lamina
foliorum lanceolata, usque ad 8 cm. longa et 2.7 cm. lata, acuminata,
basi attenuata, supra viridis, glabra vel sparse strigosa, subtus
pallida, glabra, venis strigosis exceptis, venis primariis ca. 5-jugis;
pedunculus communis brevis, usque ad 7 mm. longus, pedicello
solitario, 2.5-4 cm. longo, strigoso; calycis lobi coriacei obtusi, pallide
virides, glabri vel sparse strigillosi; corolla aurantiaco-rubra, crassa,
18-19 mm. longa, ecalcarata, basi paullo gibbosa, tubo utrinque
glabro, limbo patente angusto, lobis obtusis; androeceum glabrum,
antheris connatis; ovarium glabrum; stylus puberulus; discus uno
latere interruptus. — Yerba Buena, Prov. Heredia, alt. 2,000 meters,

1152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Standley & Valeria 49926 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,306,250).
Same locality, Standley & Valeria 49839. Cerros de Zurqui, Prov.
Heredia, Standley & Valeria 50527, 50695. Cerro de Las Caricias,
Prov. Heredia, Standley & Valeria 52112. Cerro Gallito, M. Valeria
1216.

Besleria hirsuta (Oerst.) Hanst. Gasteranthopsis hirsuta Oerst.
Siquirres, Prov. Limon, Donn. Smith 6714- Mexico. A shrub; stems
hirsute; petioles up to 6.5 cm. long, hirsute; leaf blades oblong, up
to 23 cm. long and 9.5 cm. wide, attenuate at the base, obsoletely
serrulate, hirsute on the veins beneath, the primary veins 11-13
pairs; pedicels hirsute, about 1 cm. long; calyx about 5 mm. long,
the lobes free, oblong or suborbicular, rounded, membranous, short-
pilosulous; corolla about 18 mm. long, glabrous on both sides:
ovary glabrous; disk annular.

Besleria imbricans Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 155. 1898.
Known only from the type, Shirores, Prov. Limon, sea level, Tonduz
9192. Stems minutely puberulous, soon glabrous; petioles up to
4 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic, up to 23 cm. long and 11 cm. wide,
cuneate and oblique at the base, membranous, entire, strigillose on
the veins beneath, the primary veins 16-17 pairs; common peduncle
glabrous, about 8.5 cm. long, the pedicels short, few; calyx lobes
orange, suborbicular, about 7 mm. long, imbricate, membranous,
glabrous, entire, not ciliate, unequal; corolla scarlet, horizontal in the
calyx, 15 mm. long, spurred at the base (1.5 mm.), the tube glabrous,
"ventricose upwardly, the throat contracted, the limb small, terminal;
androecium glabrous; ovary glabrous; disk pubescent, enlarged
posteriorly.

Besleria imbricans var. uncinata Morton, var. nov. — A var.
typica foliis minoribus serratis, corollae calcare longiore paullo un-
cinato differt. — Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Prov. Cartago, alt. 900-
1,000 meters, Tonduz 13038 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,336,615).

Besleria laxiflora Benth. Besleria chiapensis Brandeg. Low
elevations, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts. Mexico to Brazil and Colom-
bia. A shrub or suffrutescent herb; stems densely strigose when
young; petioles up to 5 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic or narrowly
oblong, up to 21 cm. long and 8.5 cm. wide, usually smaller, serrulate,
cuneate at the base, sparsely strigillose on the midrib and veins
beneath, the primary veins 5-10 pairs; peduncles up to 4.5 cm. long,
commonly equaling or exceeding the umbellate or subcymose pedi-
cels; calyx exceedingly variable, 7.5-14 mm. long, orange or red,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1153

one-third to one-half the length of the corolla, the lobes ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, nearly free, attenuate into a mucro;
corolla red or orange, erect, not saccate or spurred at the base, up to
22 mm. long, slightly ventricose, glabrous without, bearing a hairy
ring within at the insertion of the stamens, glandular within the
throat; ovary glabrous; disk annular.

Besleria macropoda Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 155. 1898.
Damp woods, El Recreo, Pittier 572. Low elevations, Atlantic
coast. Endemic. An herb; young stems closely strigillose, the older
ones glabrous; petioles 5-15 mm. long; leaf blades oblong to elliptic,
10-14 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, cuneate at the base, denticulate,
glabrous, the primary veins about 11 pairs; peduncle 6-13 cm. long,
the pedicels 5-9, about 2 cm. long; calyx lobes subulate-lanceolate,
10-12 mm. long, glabrous, free; corolla yellow, slightly ventricose,
15-18 mm. long, glabrous without, with a hairy ring within at the
insertion of the filaments, glandular-pilose within the throat; ovary
glabrous; disk annular.

Besleria notabilis Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex 1 m. altus, caulibus
1 cm. diam., angulatis, appresso-pubescentibus; petioli 3 cm. longi,
crassi, pubescentes; lamina foliorum elliptica, usque ad 22 cm. longa
et 10 cm. lata, breviter acuminata, basi cuneata, subcoriacea, integra,
subtus puberula, venis marginibusque subtomentosis, venis primariis
6-8-jugis; calycis lobi oblongi, 3 mm. longi, 1.5 mm. lati, obtusi
liberi ciliolati, extus parce puberuli intus glabri; corolla flavescenti-
aurea, 9-10 mm. longa, erecta ecalcarata, tubo 2 mm. lato, utrinque
glabro, limbo terminal! angusto, lobis parvis obtusis aequalibus;
androeceum glabrum; ovarium apice minute puberulum; stylus
glaber; discus annularis glaber; bacca alba, calyce purpureo suffulta.
—La Palma, Prov. San Jose", alt. 1,500 meters, Werckle (Herb. Nac.
Cost. 11603; type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 588,468). La Hondura,
Prov. San Jose", M. Valeria 749. La Palma, M. Valeria 11*12; Tonduz
7456. Cerro de La Palma near San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes
3750. Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, Standley & Valeria 49121. A speci-
men from Cricamola Valley, Prov. Bocas del Toro, Panama (Cooper
197) is possibly to be referred to this species.

Besleria princeps Hanst. Linnaea 34: 317. 1865-66. Chirrite.
Costa Rica, without special locality, Wendland. Central mountains,
600-1,600 meters elevation; Pejivalle; region of San Ramon. En-
demic. Stems densely short-hirsute; petioles hirsute, 1-3.5 cm.
long; leaf blades elliptic, up to 13 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, acute or

1154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

short-acuminate, rounded or obtuse at the base, entire, membranous,
tuberculate above, the tubercles surmounted by a long hair, soft-
hirsute beneath, the primary veins 7-10 pairs; common peduncle
absent, the pedicels solitary, axillary, 2.5-4 cm. long, pilose; calyx
lobes lanceolate, 15-17 mm. long, long-acuminate, erect, nearly free,
irregularly sharp-serrate, densely sericeous-villous externally, gla-
brous within; corolla bright orange, erect, not spurred or gibbous at
the base, the tube posteriorly about 15 mm. long, anteriorly about
20 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide at the middle, externally pilose, bearing
a dense, hairy ring within near the base, the throat oblique and
densely pubescent within, the limb bilabiate, widely spreading, 20-
35 mm. wide, the posterior lobes about 1 cm. long and wide, the
lateral lobes about 15 mm. long and 20 mm. wide, the anterior about
12 mm. long and 14 mm. wide, narrowed at the base; filaments and
anthers densely pilosulous; ovary and style densely villous; disk
annular, low, glabrous.

Besleria pycnosuzygia Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 52: 53. 1911.
Forests at La Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12545.
Known only from La Palma. An epiphytic shrub, the stems un-
branched, strigillose at the apex; leaves subequal, petiolate, the
petiole up to 2 cm. long, the blades oblanceolate, up to 14 cm. long
and 5 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base, sub-
coriaceous, entire, green above, pale beneath, glabrous above,
minutely and sparsely strigillose beneath; flowers fasciculate, the
pedicels up to 1 cm. long, strigose, the bracts small, oblong; calyx
lobes oblong, 7 mm. long, erect, obtuse, entire, puberulous externally,
pilose within near the middle; corolla scarlet, 21-24 mm. long, erect
in the calyx, gibbous at the base, long-pilose externally, glandular-
pilose within toward the base, the tube curved, scarcely ampliate
or ventricose, slightly contracted in the throat, the limb narrow,
about 5 mm. wide, regular, the lobes minute; anthers transversely
oblong, 1 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, connate in pairs, the cells not
confluent; ovary villous; disk annular, thick, glabrous, slightly
interrupted dorsally. Because of the non-confluent anther cells the
proper generic position of this species is doubtful.

Besleria robusta Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 156. 1898. Forests
of Tsaki, Talamanca, Tonduz 9556. Low elevations in the Province
of Limon. Panama. A shrub; stems 8-10 mm. thick, densely
tomentose; petioles 2.5-5.5 cm. long, thick; leaf blades obovate,
up to 32 cm. long and 17.5 cm. wide, subcoriaceous, entire, cuneate

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1155

at the base, subtomentose on the veins beneath and on the margins,
the primary veins 11-12 pairs; pedicels densely sericeous, 6-10 mm.
long, elongating in fruit; calyx 10-12 mm. long, the lobes free, oblong-
ovate, acute, coriaceous, entire, densely sericeous without, glabrous
within; corolla orange, 9-14 mm. long, ventricose, glabrous except
for the glandular throat within; ovary glabrous; disk annular.

Besleria solanoides HBK. B. acutifolia Benth. Parabesleria
costaricensis Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 53. 1858 (Turrialba, 900
meters, Oersted). B. costaricensis Hanst. Linnaea 34: 330. 1865-66.
Central mountains at middle elevations; Guanacaste. Honduras to
Peru. A shrub 1.5-3 meters high; stems strigose upwardly, almost
glabrous below; petioles 5 cm. long or less; leaf blades elliptic, up to
15 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, cuneate at the base, inconspicuously
denticulate, strigillose on the veins beneath, otherwise glabrous or al-
most, the primary veins 6-8 pairs; pedicels few, up to 2 cm. long; calyx
lobes oblong, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, free, membranous, not concave,
faintly nerved, nearly glabrous, ciliolate; corolla orange, 13-15 mm.
long, erect, not spurred or saccate at the base, ventricose upwardly,
glabrous externally, lacking a hairy ring within; androecium glabrous;
ovary and style glabrous; disk entire, glabrous; berry orange.

Besleria solanoides var. tenera Morton, var. nov. — A var.
typica corolla paullo puberula, ovario piloso differt. — Cerro de La
Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, alt. 1,500-1,850 meters, Standley 35554
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,227,167). Estrella, Prov. Cartago,
Cooper 5879.

Besleria Standleyi Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex 1 m. altus, caulibus
crassis, 4 mm. diam., sericeis; petioli 1.5-2.5 cm. longi, sericei;
lamina foliorum late elliptica, usque ad 18 cm. longa et 10 cm.
lata, obtusa, basi obtusa vel cuneata, denticulata, supra viridis
glabra, subtus pallida, minute sericea, venis primariis ca. 10-jugis;
pedunculus communis obsoletus, pedicellis numerosis, in axillis
foliorum dense aggregatis, ca. 10 mm. longis, apice incrassatis,
brunneo-sericeis; calycis lobi suborbiculares, 4.5 mm. longi, rotundati
venosi suberosi ciliolati, extus sericei; corolla aurantiaca, 13 mm.
longa, erecta vel obliqua, ecalcarata, basi saccata, paullo ventricosa,
tubo 5-6 mm. lato, fere glabro, annulo piloso carente, limbo terminali
angusto, lobis parvis rotundatis aequalibus; androeceum glabrum;
ovarium pilosulum; stylus crassus; discus annularis integer, glaber.—
La Palma, Prov. San Jose', alt. 1,600 meters, Standley 33005 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,226,074).

1156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Besleria trichostegia Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 380. 1916.
Tsaki, Prov. Limon, 200 meters, Tonduz 9558. Endemic. Stems
slender, sparingly hirsute; petioles hirsute, up to 2 cm. long; leaf blades
oblanceolate, up to 17 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide, narrowed at the
base, entire, ciliate, hirsute beneath, especially on the veins, the
primary veins 7-10 pairs; pedicels few, 8-13 mm. long, hirsute, very
slender; calyx 5-6 mm. long, the lobes free, linear-lanceolate, about
7 mm. wide at the base, entire, long-pilose; corolla red, 11-13
mm. long, pilose without, glabrous within at the insertion of the
filaments, sparsely pilose within the throat; ovary pilose; disk
semiannular.

Besleria triflora (Oerst.) Hanst. Linnaea 34: 329. 1865-66. Para-
besleria triflora Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 53. pi. 6. 1858. B. triflora
var. subcorymbosa Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61 : 380. 1916 (La Palma,
Prov. San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 7453). Mountains of Naranjo,
1,200-1,500 meters, Oersted. Central mountains, 1,300-2,400 meters;
region of San Ramon. A shrub; stems sparingly strigose; petioles
1.5-3 cm. long, strigose; leaf blades elliptic, up to 15 cm. long and
7 cm. wide, usually much smaller, entire, membranous, cuneate at
the base, nearly glabrous at maturity, the primary veins 5-7 pairs;
peduncles variable in length, commonly shorter than the petioles;
pedicels umbellate, subcorymbose, usually longer than the peduncle;
calyx white at maturity, 5-6 mm. long, the lobes free, suborbicular,
ciliolate, strigillose externally, the margins subscarious; corolla
orange-red, about 15 mm. long, puberulous without, the limb about
7 mm. broad, scarcely wider than the corolla tube; ovary hairy;
disk annular; berry white.

Besleria Wendlandiana Hanst. Linnaea 34 : 318. 1865-66. Costa
Rica, without definite locality, Wendland 568. Central mountains,
900-2,400 meters elevation; Pejivalle; region of San Ramon. Chiri-
qui region, Panama. Stems densely lanate-tomentulose; petioles
tomentulose, up to 2 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic, up to 20 cm. long
and 9 cm. wide, cuneate at the base, serrate, lanate-puberulous on
the veins beneath, the primary veins about 13 pairs; common
peduncle elongate, up to 9 cm. long, the pedicels numerous, about
1 cm. long; calyx green, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long
in anthesis, up to 16 mm. long in fruit, callose-serrulate, sparsely
pilosulous; corolla yellow, 18-23 mm. long, horizontal, spurred at
the base, the tube cylindric, not ventricose, externally pilosulous,
the limb terminal, 10 mm. wide; ovary sericeous- ^;«*V -allosulous,
thicker posteriorly.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1157

CAM PANE A Dene.

Suffrutescent herbs, shrubs, or short-climbing vines; leaves
opposite, equal, petiolate, crenate-serrate; common peduncles
elongate, axillary, pendent, one-several-flowered; calyx large, the
tube costate, the lobes spreading, entire, pubescent; corolla large,
open-campanulate, erect in the calyx, not spurred, the tube not
ventricose, hairy externally, not contracted in the throat, yellowish
green, the limb broad, subregular, the lobes spreading, purple-spotted
within; filaments pilosulous; anthers connate, the cells divergent,
oblong, not confluent; ovary over half inferior; style thick, exserted;
stigma stomatomorphic; disk glands 5, free, large, glabrous; fruit
capsular, opening by 2 valves. — One additional species is found in
Central America.

Leaf blades soft-tomentose on both sides C. Humboldtii.

Leaf blades pilosulous on both sides or glabrous above. .C. Oerstedii.

Campanea Humboldtii (Klotzsch) Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner.
34. 1858. Rhytidophyllum Humboldtii Klotzsch in Otto & Dietr.
Allgem. Gartenz. 20: 18. 1852. Veragua, Panama. Warscewicz.
Central mountains, 1,100-2,100 meters; region of San Ramon.
Shrubs or shrubby vines to 2 meters or more; stems and peti-
oles softly brown-tomentose; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, oblique,
up to 19 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate, brown-tomentose
on both sides, at least when young; peduncles 10-16 cm. long, 1^4-
flowered, the flowers nodding; calyx lobes ovate, 15 mm. long or
more, 5-nerved, pubescent on both sides; corolla 4-5 cm. long, 1.7-2
cm. wide, densely brown-tomentose externally, the limb 3-4 cm. wide.

Campanea Oerstedii (Klotzsch) Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 34.
pi. 1, 2. 1858. Rhytidophyllum Oerstedii Kl. in Otto & Dietr. Allgem.
Gartenz. 20: 17. 1852. Between Candelaria and Cartago, 1,800-2,100
meters, Oersted. Common in the central mountains, 1,300-1,800
meters; Zarcero. Endemic. Similar to the preceding but always
herbaceous, frequently epiphytic and pendent, not over 1 meter long,
the stems often more coarsely hirsute, the leaf blades scabrous-
pilosulous above, pilosulous beneath chiefly on the veins and veinlets,
often reddish beneath; calyx lobes narrower, commonly oblong-
lanceolate, usually 3-nerved. This species has often been confused
with Campanea grandiflora (HBK.) Dene, of Colombia.

Campanea Oerstedii var. laevis Morton, var. nov. — A var.
typica foliis supra semper glaberrimis differt. — La Palma, Prov. San

1158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Jose", 1,450-1,550 meters, May 6-8, 1906, Maxon 448 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb., No. 1,336,367).

CENTROSOLENIA Benth.

Epiphytic, scandent shrubs; flowers in sessile or short-peduncu-
late, axillary umbels, the bracts linear or subulate, the pedicels short,
numerous; calyx lobes oblique, oblong-linear to subulate, acuminate,
free, entire, or serrulate near the apex, hirsute, unequal, the posterior
one shorter, saccate at the base; corolla horizontal in the calyx,
spurred at the base, the tube ampliate upwardly or abruptly ventri-
cose, not contracted in the throat, the limb spreading, subbilabiate;
filaments inserted high in the corolla tube, contorted, glabrous;
anthers connate, quadrate, the cells discrete or divergent, glabrous
or bearded, dehiscent only part of their length; ovary villous; disk
glands 1 or 2; lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous on the inner
surface only. — One or two additional species, represented by incom-
plete material, occur in Costa Rica.

Anthers bearded at the apex; leaf blades attenuate and decurrent
into the petioles C. decurrens.

Anthers glabrous; leaf blades rounded at the base, not decurrent,
very long-petiolate C. longipetiolata.

Centrosolenia decurrens Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex scandens,
caulibus elongatis vel raro abbreviatis, novellis rubro-hirsutis; folia
petiolata, petiolo brevi vel usque ad 11 cm. longo, sursum alato;
lamina foliorum oblanceolata, usque ad 29 cm. longa et 10.5 cm. lata,
acuminata, basi attenuata et longe in petiolum decurrens, chartacea,
denticulata, supra strigosa, subtus pallida strigosa, in venis rubro-
hirsuta, venis primariis ca. 8-jugis; flores umbellati, pedunculo
communi subnullo, bracteis subulatis, ca. 1 cm. longis, pedicellis
numerosis 1-1.5 cm. (raro 3.5 cm.) longis, rubro-hirsutulis; calycis
lobi virides, subulati, 12-17 mm. longi, 1 mm. lati, integri, rubro-
hirsutuli, paullo inaequales, posticus minor, basi saccatus; corolla
ochroleuca, rubro-tincta, ca. 4 cm. longa, basi calcarata (2.5 mm.),
in calyce horizontalis, tubo extus rubro-pilosulo, supra basin angus-
tato, in medio deflexo et abrupte ventricoso, turn angustato, faucem
versus paullo ampliato, limbo patente, subbilabiato, lobis subintegris;
filamenta gracilia, glabra, contorta, alte in corollae tubo affixa;
antherae connatae, quadratae, loculis oblongis, ca. 1.2 mm. longis,
divergentibus, apice perspicue barbatis; ovarium rubro-villosum;
stylus pilosulus; disci glandula postica oblonga glabra; placentae
lamellae intus solum ovuliferae. — Finca Montecristo, on Rio Reven-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1159

tazon, below El Cairo, Prov. Limon, alt. 25 meters, Feb. 18-19, 1926,
Standley & Valeria 48589 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,305,619).
Same locality, Standley & Valeria 48416. La Conception, Llanuras
de Santa Clara, Prov. Limon, Donnell Smith 6732. Vicinity of
Guapiles, Prov. Limon, alt. 300-500 meters, Standley 37022, 37238,
37501, 37553. The barbate anthers ally this with Centrosolenia
glabra Benth. The Costa Rican record for Centrosolenia congesta
(Oerst.) Morton, comb. nov. (Trichodrymonia congesta Oerst. Dansk.
Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. V. 5: 112. 1861), a species of Mexico, is based on
specimens of C. decurrens.

Centrosolenia longipetiolata (Bonn. Smith) Morton, comb,
nov. Episcia longipetiolata Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 152. 1898.
Known only from the type, Carillo, alt. 300 meters, Pittier 2493.
Leaves long-petiolate (about 25 cm.), the blades broadly elliptic,
22-25 cm. long, 12-16 cm. wide, short-cuspidate, rounded at the
base, membranous, inconspicuously denticulate, glabrous on both
sides, the primary veins 14-15 pairs; inflorescence congested, the
common peduncle short, bracteate, the bracts subulate, 18-25 mm.
long, pilosulous, the pedicels about 6 mm. long, numerous; calyx
lobes narrowly linear, about 15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, entire, pilosu-
lous, unequal, the posterior shorter; corolla tubular, about 3 cm.
long, spurred at the base, horizontal in the calyx, the tube not ven-
tricose, about 2 mm. wide, slightly enlarged in the throat, the limb
about 1 cm. wide, the lobes fimbriate; anthers subquadrate, 1 mm.
long, not bearded.

CODONANTHE (Mart.) Hanst.

Codonanthe crassifolia (Focke) Morton, comb. nov. Hypo-
cyrta crassifolia Focke, Tijdschr. Nat. Wetens. 5: 199. 1852. C.
macradenia Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 154. 1898 (Boruca, 460
meters, Tonduz 6769). C. confusa Sandw.; C. cakarata auct., non
Hanst. Low elevations, Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Panama to
northern South America. Epiphytic, herbaceous vines with glabrous,
shining stems; leaves of a pair equal, short-petiolate (4-5 mm.),
the blades ovate or oval, up to 3.5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, fleshy,
entire, obtuse at both ends, glabrous throughout; flowers solitary,
axillary, short-pedicellate; calyx lobes 5, free, subulate, 7-9 mm.
long, entire, puberulous on both sides, oblique and slightly unequal;
corolla white or yellowish, about 2 cm. long, horizontal in the calyx,
spurred at the base, puberulous externally, the tube strongly ampliate
upwardly, not contracted in the throat, the limb spreading, oblique,

1160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

slightly irregular; anthers orbicular, the cells discrete, separated by
the enlarged connective; disk gland posterior, large.

COLUMNEA L.

Erect or scandent shrubs; leaves opposite, those of a pair equal or
strongly unequal, usually short-petiolate; flowers axillary, solitary or
fasciculate, short- or long-pedicellate, usually ebracteate; calyx 5-
parted, the lobes nearly free, usually colored, acute or acuminate,
often toothed or incised; corolla yellow or red, erect in the calyx, not
spurred at the base, often gibbous at the base, the tube hairy, am-
pliate upwardly, usually not ventricose, the limb regular or often
strongly bilabiate; filaments connate, usually not adnate to the
corolla except at the very base, the anthers persistently connate,
oblong, dehiscent throughout; disk gland posterior, solitary; fruit
baccate. — A large, polymorphic genus, reaching its best development
in Costa Rica.

Corolla limb regular or slightly bilabiate.

Leaves of a pair equal; calyx lobes entire (Stygnanthe) .

C. calotricha.

Leaves of a pair strongly unequal; calyx lobes often pectinate-
toothed.

Corolla yellow; flowers fasciculate, subsessile or short-pedicel-
late; erect shrubs (Collandra).

Leaf blades glabrous above or nearly so, marked with scarlet
spots on the lower surface.

Calyx lobes entire or nearly so C. consanguinea-

Calyx lobes pectinate-toothed C. florida.

Leaf blades pilose above, lacking scarlet spots.

Calyx equaling or exceeding the corolla; corolla sericeous.

C. purpurata.

Calyx one-half as long as the corolla or less; corolla pilose.

C. aureonitens.

Corolla scarlet; flowers solitary or paired, long-pedicellate;
epiphytic, pendent shrubs.

Leaves glabrous above; calyx lobes pectinate-fimbriate (Sten-

anthus).

Leaf blades serrate; stems villous at the apex. .C. serrata.
Leaf blades subentire; stems appressed-pubescent.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1161

Pedicels exceeding the leaves; teeth of calyx lobes not or
scarcely longer than the width of the lobe.

C. grata.

Pedicels half as long as the leaves or less; teeth of the
calyx lobes much longer than the width of the lobe.

C. sanguinolenta.

Leaves hirsute above; calyx lobes entire, serrate, or with a few
subulate teeth (Ortholoma).

Calyx lobes subserrate C. acuminata.

Calyx lobes entire or with a few subulate teeth.

Leaves lanceolate, purple beneath , . . .C. ochroleuca.

Leaves oblanceolate, green beneath . . C. Warszewicziana.
Corolla limb strongly bilabiate, the lower lobe linear, reflexed.
Leaves of a pair strongly unequal, purple-spotted beneath; flowers
fasciculate, short-pediceled, conspicuously bracteate (Crypto-

columnea) C. praetexta.

Leaves of a pair equal or nearly so, not purple-spotted beneath;

flowers usually solitary, pedicellate (Eucolumnea).
Corolla densely sericeous externally, the tube not much exceeding

the calyx; filaments puberulous.

Leaf blades linear; calyx lobes 12-14 mm. long. . . .C. linearis.
Leaf blades not linear; calyx lobes 2-3 cm. long (except in C.

mrecunda).
Corolla 4 cm. long or less.

Calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. wide at the base.

C. querceti.
Calyx lobes linear-subulate, -not over 2 mm. wide.

C. verecunda.
Corolla 6-8 cm. long.

Leaf blades strigillose beneath; epidermis of the stem

peeling off in scales C. lepidocaula.

Leaf blades appressed-pilose beneath; epidermis not

peeling off in scales C. nicaraguensis.

Corolla pilose externally, the tube much exceeding the calyx;

filaments glabrate (except in C. magnified).
Calyx lobes toothed.
Stems and leaves strigose.

Calyx lobes deeply pinnatifid C. flaccida.

1162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Calyx lobes slightly toothed at the base. .C. Oerstediana.
Stems and leaves not strigose.

Stems and leaves tomentose C. tomentulosa.

Stems and leaves pilose or hirtous.

Pedicels shorter than the calyx C. hirta.

Pedicels longer than the calyx C. magnified.

Calyx lobes entire.
Calyx lobes broadest above the base.
Stem hairs spreading.
Leaf blades suborbicular, 1 cm. long or less.

C. macrophylla.

Leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 2-5 cm. long. . . .C. localis.
Stem hairs subappressed; leaf blades 1.5-2.5 cm. long.

C. microcalyx.
Calyx lobes broadest at the base.

Stems hirsute; leaf blades hirsute on both sides.

Pedicels 5 mm. long or less C. hirta.

Pedicels 2-2.5 cm. long C. gloriosa.

Stems strigose; leaf blades strigose beneath, glabrous

above.

Calyx lobes ovate C. Oerstediana.

Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate.

Calyx lobes densely white-sericeous C. oxyphylla.

Calyx lobes strigose near the base C. glabra.

Columnea acuminata Benth. Ortholoma acuminatum Hanst.
Colombia. Reported from Costa Rica by Oersted. Near C. War-
scewicziana, but the calyx lobes serrate, not entire or subulate-
toothed.

Columnea aureonitens Hook. Atlantic coastal region. Colom-
bia. Leaves strongly unequal, the larger ones oblanceolate, up to 21
cm. long, serrate, densely red-pilose on both sides, not red-spotted;
flowers fasciculate, pedicellate, the bracts deciduous; calyx lobes
green, 13 mm. long, pectinate-toothed, brown-hirsute; corolla yellow,
about 3.5 cm. long, pilose, the limb regular, about 7 mm. wide, the
lobes suborbicular, erect. The Costa Rican plant may be specifically
distinct from the Colombian type.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1163

Columnea calotricha Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 40: 9. 1905.
Atirro, Donn. Smith 6728. Guatemala. An erect herb, the stems
unbranched, red-hirsute; leaves subequal, petiolate (11-14 mm.), the
blades oblong-elliptic, obtuse, cuneate at the base, remotely crenu-
late, pilose on both sides, red beneath; pedicels 6-8 mm. long; calyx
lobes spatulate-oblong, 13-15 mm. long, obtuse, pilose, entire;
corolla reddish, tubular, 3 cm. long, long-hirsute, the tube not ventri-
cose, the limb small, about 6 mm. wide, nearly regular, the lobes
small, erect, subequal.

Columnea consanguinea Hanst. Linnaea 34: 383. 1865-66.
Turrialba, Wendland 509. Central mountains, 1,200-1,700 meters;
region of San Ramon. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub with un-
branched stems, 1.2 meters high; leaves unequal, the larger ones
narrowly oblanceolate, up to 25 cm. long, entire, above glabrous, not
red-spotted, beneath appressed-pilose, red-spotted, the smaller
ones linear-lanceolate, about 2.5 cm. long; flowers fasciculate, the
bracts persistent, entire, strigose; calyx lobes green, lanceolate, about
2 cm. long, entire, strigose; corolla yellow, tubular, about as long
as the calyx, densely sericeous, the limb narrow, regular, the lobes
erect.

Columnea flaccida Seem. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, at low
elevations. Panama. An epiphytic, branched shrub, with slender,
strigose stems; leaves subequal, very short-petiolate, the blades
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 3.5 cm. long, subentire,
subcoriaceous, sparingly strigose on both sides; pedicels shorter than
the calyx; calyx lobes red, linear-lanceolate, about 13 mm. long,
deeply pinnatifid, red-hirsute; corolla red, 5-6 cm. long, gibbous at
the base, pilose externally, the tube 4 cm. long, lateral lobes free for
about 9 mm., the lower lobe ovate, about 1 cm. long; filaments
glabrous.

Columnea florida Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 310.
1937. Vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 915 meters, Skutch
2436. Pacific drainage, 500-1,100 meters. Panama. An epiphytic
shrub with thick, hirsute stems; leaves opposite, strongly unequal,
the larger ones short-petiolate, oblanceolate, up to 35.5 cm. long and
10.5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, entire, glabrous above and bearing 2
red spots, appressed-pilose beneath, red-spotted, the smaller leaves
narrowly elliptic, about 3 cm. long, subsessile; flowers fasciculate, the
pedicels up to 1 cm. long, bracteate, the bracts small, deciduous;
calyx lobes ovate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, densely brown-hirsute, pectinate-

1164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

dentate; corolla yellow, about 2.5 cm. long, cylindric, densely brown-
hirsute, the limb subregular, about 5 mm. wide, the lobes suborbicular,
2.5 mm. long. This species has been misidentified as C. sanguined
Hanst.

Columnea glabra Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 62. 1858.
Mountains between Candelaria and Cartago, 1,800-2,100 meters,
Oersted. Central mountains, 900-2,000 meters. Endemic. An
epiphytic shrub with branched, strigose stems; leaves subequal, very
short-petiolate, the blades oblanceolate, up to 3.5 cm. long, rounded
at the apex, attenuate at the base, entire, glabrous above, thin-
strigose beneath or glabrate; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx
lobes green, linear-lanceolate, about 15 mm. long, obtuse, entire,
subappressed-pubescent near the base; corolla scarlet, about 7 cm.
long, the tube about 4 cm. long, pilose externally, not contracted
in the throat, the lateral lobes deltoid, acute, free for about 9 mm.,
the lower lobe linear-oblong, acute, about 15 mm. long; filaments
glabrous.

Columnea gloriosa Sprague, Bot. Mag. 137: pi. 8378. 1911.
Known only from the type, cultivated from Costa Rica. Epiphytic,
the stems hirsute; leaves subequal, the blades ovate or ovate-oblong,
2-3.5 cm. long, obtuse, rounded at the base, hirsute above, the nerves
impressed, hirsute beneath on the elevated nerves; pedicel 2-2.5 cm.
long; calyx lobes broadly ovate, 1.5 cm. long, entire, villous; corolla
scarlet, 6.5-8 cm. long, sparsely villous.

Columnea grata Morton, nom. nov. Columnea heterophylla
Hanst. Linnaea 34: 390. 1865-66, non Roxb. Stenanthus heterophyllus
Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 48. pi. 5. 1858. Naranjo, Oersted.
Pacific and Atlantic coasts, at low elevations. Endemic. A pendent,
epiphytic shrub with branched, appressed-pubescent stems; leaves
strongly unequal, the larger ones oblanceolate, 10 cm. long, suben-
tire, glabrous above, strigose beneath, usually red-spotted, the smaller
ones stipule-like, not over 1 cm. long; flowers solitary, the pedicels
pendent, longer than the leaves, bracteate at the base; calyx lobes
lanceolate, about 3 cm. long, green, hirsute, pectinate-toothed, the
teeth usually shorter than the width of the lobes; corolla scarlet, 4-5
cm. long, pilose, the limb 15-17 mm. wide, subregular.

Columnea hirta Klotzsch & Hanst. Linnaea 34: 403. 1865-66.
C. hirsuta Kl. ex Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 61. 1858, non Swartz.
Veragua, Panama, Warscewicz. Central mountains. A pendent,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1165

branched shrub; stems red-villous; leaves equal, short-petiolate (4-5
mm.), oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, obtuse, densely pilose on both sides,
entire; pedicels 7 mm. long or less; calyx lobes green, linear-lanceo-
late, about 15 mm. long, with 1 or 2 short teeth on either side, long-
pilose; corolla scarlet, about 7 cm. long, pilose, the tube slender,
about 4 cm. long, becoming 8 mm. wide in the throat, the galea
oblong, 3 cm. long, entire, concave, the lateral lobes oblong, free
for about 1 cm., the lower lobe lanceolate, reflexed, about 1.8 cm.
long; filaments nearly glabrous.

Columnea lepidocaula Hanst. Linnaea 34: 411. 1865-66.
Costa Rica, without locality, Valentini. Central mountains, at
middle elevations. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, with coarse
stems, the epidermis of which peels off in scales; leaves subequal,
short-petiolate, oblanceolate, 5-9 cm. long, acute, narrowed at the
base, entire, glabrous above, sparsely strigose beneath; pedicels
shorter than the calyx; calyx lobes green, oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5
cm. long, acute, entire, strigose; corolla 6.5-7.5 cm. long, scar-
let, the throat yellow, densely white-sericeous externally, the tube
shorter than the limb, little longer than the calyx; filaments densely
puberulous.

Columnea linearis Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 59. 1858. At
1,800-2,100 meters, Oersted. Central mountains, at middle eleva-
tions; Atlantic coast. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, the stems
branched, substrigose; leaves subequal, subsessile, the blades linear,
4-8 cm. long, acuminate, entire, glabrous above, strigillose beneath;
pedicels shorter than calyx; calyx lobes red, ovate-lanceolate, 12-14
mm. long, acuminate, entire, strigillose; corolla scarlet, about 4 cm.
long, white-sericeous externally; filaments puberulous.

Columnea localis Morton, nom. nov. Columnea microcalyx var.
macrophylla Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 118. 1901, non C. macro-
phylla Kuntze. Known only from Tucurrique (type, Tonduz 12932).
An epiphytic shrub, the stems slender, branched, white-pilose; leaves
green, subequal, short-petiolate (1.5 mm.), the blades oblong-elliptic,
2-5 cm. long, 1.1-1.7 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, rounded at the base,
membranous, entire, soft-pilose on both surfaces; pedicels solitary,
about 14 mm. long, pilose; calyx lobes green, oblanceolate, about
12 mm. long, acute, narrowed at the base, entire, pilose on both
surfaces; corolla scarlet, 7 cm. long, gibbous at the base, thin-pilose
externally, the tube short (2 cm.), the galea broad, the lateral lobes ad-
nate for most of their length, the lower lobe linear, about 2.2 cm. long.

1166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Columnea magnifica Klotzsch & Hanst. ex Oerst. Centralamer.
Gesner. 60. 1858. ?C. Wendlandiana Hanst. Linnaea 34: 402.
1865-66 (without definite locality, Wendland). ?C. oblanceolata
Sprague, Kew Bull. 449. 1908 (without special locality, Hubsch).
Cerro de Aguacate, Hoffmann. Central mountains, 1,400-2,500
meters. Panama. Stems hirsute, unbranched; leaves subequal,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, not over 9 cm. long, pilose on both sides,
eventually glabrate above, subentire, not red-spotted; flowers
solitary, the pedicels about 1.5 cm. long, erect; calyx lobes green,
lanceolate, about 15 mm. long, pilose, remotely serrulate; corolla
scarlet, up to 7 cm. long, pilose, not narrowed in the throat, strongly
bilabiate, the galea entire; filaments densely puberulous.

Columnea microcalyx Hanst. Linnaea 34: 408. 1865-66. Costa
Rica, without definite locality, Wendland 910. Central mountains,
at middle elevations; region of San Ramon. Endemic. A pendent,
epiphytic shrub, the stems branched, substrigose; leaves subequal,
short-petiolate, the blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm.
long, acute, rounded at the base, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrate or
thin-strigose on both sides; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx
lobes oblanceolate to obovate, about 12 mm. long, obtuse, narrowed
toward the base, entire, pilose, usually reddish within; corolla scarlet,
6-7 cm. long, pilose externally, the tube shorter than the limb;
filaments glabrous.

Columnea microphylla Klotzsch & Hanst. ex Oerst. Central-
amer. Gesner. 63. 1858. Without definite locality, Warsceuricz.
Central mountains, at middle elevations. Endemic. A small,
pendent shrub, the stems slender, red-hirtous; leaves subequal,
short-petiolate, the blades oval or suborbicular, 1 cm. long or less,
obtuse, entire, pilose on both sides; pedicels shorter than the calyx;
calyx lobes oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex,
about 1 cm. long, entire, long-pilose; corolla scarlet and yellow, about
6 cm. long, pilose externally, the tube shorter than the limb; filaments
glabrous.

Columnea nervosa (Klotzsch) Hanst. (Pentadenia nervosa Klotzsch
ex Oerst.) was reported from Costa Rica, but the locality is in Panama.

Columnea nicaraguensis Oerst. Atlantic coast, at low eleva-
tions. Nicaragua. Changuinola Valley, Panama. An epiphytic shrub,
the stems closely strigose, the epidermis not peeling in scales; leaves
subequal, petiolate (5 mm.), the blades oblong or lanceolate, 7-11 cm.
long, acute, rounded at the base, entire, strigillose above, appressed-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1167

pilose beneath; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx lobes lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, acuminate, entire, long-pilose
at the base, strigose upwardly; corolla red, 6-8 cm. long, densely
sericeous externally, the tube not much longer than the calyx; fila-
ments puberulous.

Columnea ochroleuca (Klotzsch) Hanst. (Ortholoma ochroleiLcum
Klotzsch ex Oerst.) was reported from Costa Rica, but the locality
is in Panama.

Columnea Oerstediana Klotzsch ex Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner.
61. pi. 8. 1858. ?C. tennis Klotzsch ex Oerst. op. cit. 61 (Veragua,
Panama, Warscewicz). Naran jo, 1,200-1, 500 meters, Oersted. Central
mountains, at middle elevations. A pendent, epiphytic shrub, the
stems branched, strigose; leaves subequal, short-petiolate, the blades
ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, coriaceous, obtuse, rounded at the base,
entire, or slightly toothed at the base, glabrous above, thin-strigose
beneath; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx lobes green, ovate,
about 15 mm. long, acute, entire, sparingly pilose, the tube longer
than the limb ; filaments glabrous.

Columnea oxyphylla Hanst. Linnaea 34: 405. 1865-66. Costa
Rica, without definite locality, Wendland 778. Low elevations on the
Atlantic coast. Endemic. A shrub (0.9-1.5 meters), pendent from
trees; stems strigose; leaves subequal, short-petiolate (2 mm.), the
blades lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, subcoriaceous, long-
acuminate, entire, glabrous above, thin-strigose beneath; flowers
solitary, the pedicel about 15 mm. long, white-sericeous; calyx lobes
green, linear-lanceolate, about 20 mm. long, long-acuminate, entire,
densely white-sericeous; corolla scarlet, about 7 cm. long, erect in the
calyx, pilose, the tube about 3 cm. long, not contracted in the throat,
the galea about 4 cm. long, obtuse, entire, the lateral lobes oblong,
obtuse, free for about 12 mm., the lower lobe reflexed, 2.5 cm. long;
filaments glabrous.

Columnea pendula (Klotzsch) Hanst. (Ortholoma pendulum
Klotzsch ex Oerst.) was reported from Costa Rica, but the locality
is in Panama.

Columnea praetexta Hanst. Linnaea 34: 394. 1865-66. Costa
Rica, without special locality, Warscewicz 5. Known only from
the type. Leaves strongly unequal, the larger ones oblanceolate,
20-25 cm. long, villous on both sides, purple-spotted beneath, the
smaller ones 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers fasciculate, the pedicels very

1168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

short, the bracts large, orbicular, crenulate; calyx lobes lanceolate,
subentire, villous, about 2.5 cm. long; corolla orange, the tube tomen-
tose, clavate, the throat narrowed, the limb bilabiate.

Columnea purpurata Hanst. Linnaea 34: 386. 1865-66.
Costa Rica, without definite locality, Wendland 548. Common at
elevations from sea level to 1,500 meters; region of San Ramon;
Guanacaste. Endemic. A soft-woody shrub with unbranched stem ;
leaves clustered at the apex, strongly unequal, the larger ones oblan-
ceolate, up to 30 cm. long, serrate, pilose on both sides, not red-
spotted, the smaller leaves not over 3 cm. long, long-acuminate;
flowers fasciculate, subsessile, bracteate, the bracts scarlet, about
3 cm. long, spinulose-toothed, long-pilose; calyx lobes scarlet, lanceo-
late, about 3 cm. long, spinulose-toothed, long-pilose; corolla yellow,
tubular, 3 cm. long, sericeous, the limb narrow, regular, the lobes
erect, 4 mm. long.

Columnea querceti Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 59. 1858.
C. erythrocalyx Klotzsch ex Oerst. loc. cit. (without locality, War-
scewicz). At 1,800-2,100 meters, Oersted. In central mountains, at
middle elevations. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, the stems coarse,
the epidermis peeling off in scales; leaves subequal, the blades oblan-
ceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute, attenuate at the
base, entire, glabrous above, strigillose beneath; pedicels much
shorter than the calyx; calyx lobes red, oblong-lanceolate, about 2 cm.
long, acute, entire, pilose at the base; corolla scarlet, about 4 cm.
long, densely sericeous externally, the tube shorter than the calyx;
filaments puberulous.

Columnea sanguinolenta (Klotzsch) Hanst. Linnaea 34: 389.
1865-66. Stenanthus sanguinolentus Klotzsch ex Oerst. Centralamer.
Gesner. 49. 1858. S. squarrosus Klotzsch ex Oerst. loc. cit. (Veragua,
Panama, Warscewicz). Low elevations, Atlantic and Pacific coastal
regions. Panama. An epiphytic shrub, the stems unbranched,
appressed-pubescent; leaves strongly unequal, the larger ones oblan-
ceolate, up to 12 cm. long, subentire, glabrous above, appressed-
pilose beneath, often red-spotted beneath, the smaller ones stipuli-
form, less than 1 cm. long; pedicels erect, solitary, axillary, usually
less than half as long as the leaves, bracteate at the base; calyx lobes,
2.5-3 cm. long, green or red, hirsute, deeply pectinate-fimbriate, the
teeth longer than the width of the lobe; corolla scarlet, about 4 cm.
long, pilose, the limb sub-regular, about 12 mm. wide.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1169

Columnea serrata (Klotzsch) Hanst. Stenanthus serratus
Klotzsch. Veragua, Panama, Warscewicz. Doubtfully reported from
Costa Rica by Hanstein. Near C. sanguinolenta, but the stems hir-
sute at the apex and the leaf blades serrate, not red-spotted.

Columnea tomentulosa Morton, nom. nov. Columnea tomen-
tosa Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 64. 1858, non Roxb. Low eleva-
tions on the Atlantic coast. Nicaragua. A scandent, branched shrub ;
stems tomentose; leaves short-petiolate (2 mm.), subequal, the blades
oval, 2.5 cm. long or less, obtuse, soft-tomentose on both sides, entire;
flowers solitary, the pedicel 1 cm. long or less, white- tomentose; calyx
lobes linear, 7-10 mm. long, acuminate, deeply subulate-toothed (the
teeth 2-3 to a side), pilose externally, glabrous within; corolla scarlet,
4-4.5 cm. long, gibbous at the base, erect in the calyx, the tube
slender, pilose, not contracted in the throat (this 6 mm. wide), the
galea oblong, 15 mm. long, obtuse, entire, the lateral lobes triangular,
free for about 3.5 mm., the lower linear, reflexed, 8.5 mm. long;
filaments glabrous, nearly equaling the galea; style pilosulous; stigma
bilobed.

Columnea verecunda Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex epiphyticus,
0.3-0.8 m. altus, caulibus crassis, ca. 6 mm. diam., parce ramosis,
hirsutis, inferne squamulis epidermidis retroversis instructis; petioli
brevissimi, 3-4 mm. longi, hirsuti; lamina foliorum oblongo-oblanceo-
lata, usque ad 11 cm. longa et 2.5 cm. lata, acuta, basi rotundata,
non decurrens, subcoriacea, integra, supra glabrescens, subtus rubra,
strigosa, venis primariis ca. 6-jugis; flores fasciculati, axillares, pauci,
pedunculo communi nullo, pedicellis 5-6 mm. longis, bracteis minutis,
linearibus; calycis lobi liberi, lineari-subulati, 13-15 mm. longi, 2 mm.
basi lati, integri, rubri, externe sericei, intus glabri, aequales, erecti;
corolla flava vel pallide rubra, 3-4 cm. longa, in calyce erecta, basi
parum gibbosa, tubo externe albo-sericeo, sursum gradatim ampliato,
12-15 mm. longo, quam limbo multo breviore, limbo valde bilabiate,
galea integra porrecta, lobis lateralibus cum galea alte connatis, lobo
inferiore reflexo, lineari, ca. 15 mm. longo; filamenta basi in tubum
postice fissum connata, sursum per paria connata, partibus liberis
filiformibus, pilosulis, rectis; ovarium villosum; stylus pilosulus;
stigma stomatomorphum; disci glandula emarginata, crassa. — Vara
Blanca de Sarapiqui, Prov. Alajuela, alt. 1,615 meters, Jan., 1938,
Skutch 3466 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,643,546). Zarcero,
Prov. Alajuela, alt. 1,350 meters, A. Smith H67. Region of San
Ram6n, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes 3708, 4497, 5336, 13584; Soils 497;
Tonduz 17825.

1170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Columnea Warszewicziana (Klotzsch) Hanst. Ortholoma War-
szewiczianum Klotzsch ex Oerst. Ortholoma vestitum Klotzsch ex
Oerst. Central mountains, 1,400-2,400 meters; region of San
Ramon. Panama. A pendent, epiphytic shrub, the stems branched,
0.6-1.2 meters long, reddish-villous at the apex; leaves strongly
unequal, the larger ones oblanceolate, up to 12 cm. long, subserrate,
hirsute on both sides, not red-spotted, the smaller ones stipule-like;
pedicels up to 4 cm. long, pendent, red-villous; calyx lobes about
1 cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, villous, entire or with a few subu-
late teeth; corolla scarlet, 4-5 cm. long, strongly ventricose, pilose,
the limb subregular, about 13 mm. wide.

DIASTEMA Benth.

Low, delicate herbs, the stems unbranched, hirsute; leaves green,
opposite, subequal, thin-membranous, coarsely toothed; inflorescence
axillary or terminal, racemose, bracteate, the bracts opposite; calyx
tube turbinate, the lobes free, elongate, entire, green; corolla white,
tubular, erect in the calyx, not spurred, not ventricose, not markedly
ampliate upwardly, the limb terminal, regular or subbilabiate;
anther cells discrete, orbicular; ovary half inferior; style slender,
elongate; stigma subbilobed; disk glands 5, linear.— One or two
additional species are found in Central America.

Calyx tube and lobes glabrate or sparingly strigose.

Leaf blades dentate or crenate-dentate D. exiguum.

Leaf blades serrate or biserrate D. cristatum.

Calyx tube and lobes spreading-pilose D. micranthum.

Diastema cristatum Hanst. Linnaea 34: 438. 1865-66. ?Dias-
temella bracteosa Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 26. 1858 (Cerro de
Aguacate, 360 meters, Oersted). Diastema bracteosum Hanst. loc.
cit. Cerro de Aguacate, Hoffmann 692. Atlantic coast; El General;
region of San Ramon. From 400-1,100 meters elevation. Endemic.
Leaf blades ovate or oblong, pilose above, setulose-pilosulous beneath
on the veins and veinlets; inflorescence usually terminal, the common
peduncle elongate, glabrate; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm.
long, 1-1.5 mm. wide at the base, ciliate, glabrate or strigose; corolla
15-20 mm. long, sparsely pilose toward the apex, the tube slender,
about 4 mm. wide; disk glands long and slender, often equaling the
ovary, often clavate.

Diastema exiguum Morton. Pejivalle, 900 meters. Panama.
Similar to the preceding, but the leaf blades dentate or crenate-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1171

dentate, glabrate, the calyx lobes larger (5-7 mm. long), and the disk
glands not clavate.

Diastema micranthum Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 377. 1916.
JeYico, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 400 meters, Pittier 7602. La Palma
de San Jose"; La Hondura. Endemic. Stems and petioles densely
pilose; leaf blades pilose on both sides, dentate or dentate-serrate,
never biserrate; peduncle and rachis pilose, often reduced, the
flowers sometimes appearing as if aggregate in the leaf axils; calyx
tube densely spreading-pilose, the lobes sparingly pilose, broadly
lanceolate, spreading, often recurved at the apex; corolla 10-18
mm. long; disk glands broadly linear, shorter than the ovary,
not clavate. This is perhaps the species mentioned from Costa
Rica by Fritsch as D. pictum Regel.

DRYMONIA Mart.

Shrubs or vines; leaves opposite, equal, usually long-petiolate;
flowers usually solitary, rarely fasciculate; calyx lobes large, broad,
5-parted, free or rarely partially connate, often colored, often toothed
or fimbriate; corolla infundibuliform, horizontal in the calyx, spurred
at the base, the tube not ventricose, ampliate upwardly, not con-
tracted in the throat, the limb broad, spreading, slightly bilabiate,
the lobes often toothed or fimbriate; filaments short-connate at the
base, the anthers narrowly oblong, large, usually free, sagittate at
the base, only partially dehiscent; disk gland solitary, posterior.

Calyx lobes obtuse or rounded.

Ovary red-villous; stems and leaves hirsute. Corolla red, long-
pilose; leaves green beneath D. cdloplectoides.

Ovary glabrous; stems and leaves strigillose or glabrous.

Corolla white, minutely puberulous; leaves purple beneath,
minutely strigillose, crenulate.

Filaments contorted D. marmorata.

Filaments straight D. turrialvae.

Corolla pink, glabrous; leaves green beneath, glabrous, entire.

D. conchocalyx.
Calyx lobes acute or acuminate.

Plants epiphytic vines. Calyx lobes usually serrulate.
Leaves and calyces puberulous. Corolla yellowish white.

D. mollis.
Leaves and calyces strigillose.

1172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Leaf blades broadly ovate D. ovata.

Leaf blades oblong D. spectabilis.

Plants erect, terrestrial shrubs (epiphytic in D. parviflora).
Calyx lobes sharply toothed or pectinate.

Corolla yellow, 2.8 cm. long or less D. parviflora.

Corolla white, veined with red, about 4 cm. long . . D. fimbriata.
Calyx lobes entire.

Corolla pure white, the lobes long-fimbriate; calyx densely

puberulous D. lanceolata.

Corolla not pure white, the lobes erose or dentate; calyx gla-
brous or slightly strigillose.
Pedicels longer than the calyx; corolla 4.5-6 cm. long, the

limb about 4 cm. wide D. rubra.

Pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, the
limb 2 cm. wide or less D. Warszewicziana.

Drymonia alloplectoides Hanst. Linnaea 34: 358. 1865-66.
Costa Rica, without definite locality, Warscewicz 34. Low elevations
on the Atlantic coast. Nicaragua. A subscandent, epiphytic shrub,
0.6-1.2 meters high, the stems brown-hirsute; leaves subequal, short-
petiolate (0.5-1.5 cm.), the blades ovate to oblong, up to 10 cm. long
and 5 cm. wide, acute, rounded at the base, serrulate or serrate,
hirsute on both sides; flowers solitary, the pedicel up to 1.8 cm. long,
densely hirsute; calyx lobes red, connate at the base, strongly un-
equal, the 2 anterior ones broadly elliptic, 2.5-2.8 cm. long, the 2
lateral ones about 2.3 cm. long, the posterior one suborbicular, about
0.9 cm. long, all obtuse, serrulate, hirsute on both sides, the midrib
prominent, elevated; corolla red, 5-5.5 cm. long, saccate at the
posterior base, horizontal in the calyx, densely pilose, the tube
gradually ampliate, becoming 2 cm. wide, not contracted in the
throat, the limb slightly bilabiate, 3 cm. wide, glabrous within, not
spotted, the anterior lobe fimbriate; filaments flattened, connate,
partially adnate to the corolla, the anthers oblong, 7 mm. long; ovary
red-villous; gland posterior, glabrous; style pilosulous.

Drymonia conchocalyx Hanst. Linnaea 34: 360. 1865-66.
Between Desengano and Cariblanco, Wendland 954. Central moun-
tains, 1,400-1,700 meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic. An
epiphytic shrub to 1.8 meters high, the stems glabrous; leaves
slightly unequal, short-petiolate (up to 2.5 cm.), the blades elliptic
to oblong, up to 22 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, cuspidate, rounded and

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1173

oblique at the base, entire, green, wholly glabrous; flowers solitary
or in pairs, not bracteate, the pedicels red, 3-5 cm. long, glabrous;
calyx red, oblique, irregular, the 2 anterior lobes oblong, about 3 cm.
long, 1 cm. wide, obtuse, connate anteriorly for 1.5 cm., the lateral
lobes ovate, obtuse, about 3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, connate to the
anterior lobes for 1 cm., the posterior lobe 2 cm. long, acuminate,
incurved, all the lobes entire, glabrous; corolla tube whitish, spotted
with lavender inside, the lobes pink, drying purple, about 7 cm. long,
saccate at the base, horizontal in the calyx, glabrous, the tube
slightly ampliate, not contracted in the throat, the limb about 4 cm.
wide, the lobes all fimbriate; filaments flattened, glabrous, contorted,
adnate toward the base to the corolla, connate in pairs; anthers
oblong, 6.5 mm. long; ovary strigillose; style glabrous.

Drymonia fimbriata Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 311.
1937. Near El General, Prov. San Jose", 880 meters, Skutch 2839.
Known only from El General. A shrub 1.5 meters high, the stems
quadrangular, strigillose; petioles up to 4.7 cm. long; leaf blades
broadly ovate, 22 cm. long, 11 cm. wide, short-acuminate, oblique
and decurrent at the base, denticulate, nearly glabrous above, sparsely
strigillose beneath; flowers aggregate in the leaf axils, the pedicels
strigillose, about 13 mm. long, bracteate at the base, the bracts lance-
olate, 5 mm. long, entire, puberulous; calyx lobes green, oblong, free,
subequal, oblique, about 15 mm. long, puberulous on both sides,
pectinate-fimbriate, the teeth filiform, up to 10 mm. long, puberulous;
corolla white with red stripes, about 4 cm. long, horizontal in the
calyx, spurred at the base (4.5 mm.), the tube pilosulous, curved,
ampliate upwardly, not contracted in the throat, the limb glabrous,
oblique, bilabiate, the upper and lower lips lacerate-dentate, the
lateral lobes entire; filaments glabrous; anthers oblong, connate;
ovary puberulous.

Drymonia lanceolata (Hanst.) Morton, comb. nov. Episcia
lanceolate, Hanst. Linnaea 34: 346. 1865-66. Cariblanco, Wendland
902. Central mountains, at middle elevations. Panama. Ter-
restrial herbs, 1-1.2 meters high, the stems unbranched, minutely
strigillose at the apex; petioles up to 6 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic
or broadly elliptic, up to 20 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
cuneate at the base, membranous, crenulate, sparsely strigose above,
soon glabrous, puberulous beneath, the primary veins about 6 pairs;
flowers axillary, solitary, the pedicels 2.4-5 cm. long, longer than the
calyx; calyx lobes pale green, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, 2.2-4 cm.

1174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

long, long-acuminate, entire, densely puberulous externally, unequal,
the posterior smaller, saccate at the base; corolla white, 3.6-4.5 cm.
long, oblique in the calyx, short-spurred at the base, the tube curved,
puberulous externally, broad, not or scarcely contracted in the
throat, the limb broad, the lobes unequal, long-fimbriate; anthers
oblong, sagittate, about 5 mm. long; ovary strigillose.

Drymonia marmorata Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 110: pi 6763. 1884.
Locality given doubtfully as Guiana, but probably Costa Rica.
La Palma; Llanuras de Santa Clara; El General. A terrestrial herb
with unbranched, strigillose stems; leaves long-petiolate (up to 12
cm.), the blades oblong to orbicular, up to 30 cm. long and 20 cm.
broad, cuspidate, rounded or cordate at the base, crenulate, green
and glabrous above, purple and minutely strigillose beneath; flowers
in short, congested, bracteate racemes, the bracts purple, oblong,
about 3 cm. long, sparingly strigillose, the pedicels up to 4 cm. long,
glabrous; calyx lobes red-purple, ovate, about 2 cm. long, obtuse,
entire, sparingly strigillose; corolla white, about 6 cm. long, saccate
at the base, horizontal in the calyx, finely puberulous, the tube
ampliate upwardly, not contracted in the throat, the limb bilabiate,
the anterior lobe the largest, fimbriate; filaments glabrous, contorted;
anthers oblong, sagittate; ovary glabrous.

Drymonia mollis Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 37. 1858.
Ujarras, Oersted. Central mountains; Atlantic coast; region of San
Ramon. Endemic. An epiphytic vine, the stems densely puberulous
toward the apex; leaf blades oblong, up to 12.5 cm. long and 5 cm.
wide, acute, rounded or cuneate at the base, serrulate, puberulous on
both sides; pedicels solitary, 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx lobes ovate, 2.5-3
cm. long, serrulate, puberulous on both sides; corolla yellowish white,
scarcely longer than the calyx, horizontal in the calyx, spurred at the
base, the tube villosulous, enlarged to the throat, the limb bilabiate,
the lobes fimbriate.

Drymonia ovata Hanst. Linnaea 34: 355. 1865-66. Rio
Virilla, Hoffmann 545. Description adapted from the original.
Stems reddish, hirto-pubescent, scandent; leaf blades broadly ovate,
7.5-10 cm. long, 3.7-6.7 cm. wide, subentire or denticulate, scabrid-
pubescent; pedicel about equaling the petiole; calyx lobes broadly
ovate, 2.5-3 cm. long, acute, lightly crenate-serrate, densely pubes-
cent, unequal; corolla yellowish rose, about 3 cm. long, short- tomen-
tulose, the limb 1.8 cm. wide, the lobes fimbriate-denticulate; anthers
very long, sagittate.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1175

Drymonia parviflora Hanst. Linnaea 34: 352. 1865-66. Can-
delaria, Hoffmann 798. Description adapted from the original.
Epiphytic, the stems thick, tetragonal, branched, pubescent; leaves
about 30 cm. long, 7.5-10 cm. wide, the blades elongate-elliptic,
acuminate, narrowed at the base and long-decurrent into the petiole,
sinuate-denticulate; flowers fasciculate, numerous in the leaf axils,
the pedicels hirto-pubescent, shorter than the flowers; calyx lobes
oblong-lanceolate, 12-14 mm. long, membranous, mucronate-acumi-
nate, cristate-dentate, the teeth 5-6 on each side; corolla yellow,
2-2.8 cm. long, horizontal in the calyx, the tube curved, puberulous,
ampliate in the throat, the limb spreading, 1.6-2 cm. wide, the lobes
denticulate-fimbriate; ovary pilose.

Drymonia rubra Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex terrestris, 1.2-1.8 m.
altus, caulibus glabris; folia paullo inaequalia, petiolata (usque ad
3.5 cm.); lamina foliorum elliptica, usque ad 13 cm. longa et 6 cm.
lata, acuminata, basi cuneata, membranacea, integra, utrinque
glabra; flores axillares, solitarii, longe pedicellati, pedicello glabro,
usque ad 7 cm. longo, quam calyce longiore; calyx obliquus, viridis,
3.5-4 cm. longus, lobis ovatis subaequalibus, longe et acriter acumina-
tis, integris, utrinque glabris; corolla rubra, 4.5-6 cm. longa, in calyce
obliqua, basi saccata, tubo sursum ampliato, non ventricoso, externe
minute strigilloso, in fauce non contracto, limbo patente, ca. 4 cm.
lato, subbilabiato, lobis crenato-dentatis; antherae oblongae, 5.5
mm. longae; ovarium strigillosum. — Yerba Buena, Prov. Heredia,
alt. 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 49933 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.,
No. 1,306,254). Same locality, Standley & Valeria 49188, 49245,
49670, 49733. Cerro de Las Caricias, Prov. Heredia, alt. 2,000-2,400
meters, Standley & Vakrio 51959, 51995, 52033. La Palma, Prov.
San Jose", Pittier 682B; Standley 33109. La Carpintera, Prov. Car-
tago, Standley 35511, 35630. Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, alt.
1,600-1,900 meters, Standley & Torres 47872. Fraijanes, Prov.
Alajuela, Standley & Torres 47674- Los Angeles de San Ramon, Brenes
3946. La Palma de San Ramon, Brenes 3737. San Rafael de San
Ramon, Brenes 22018. Santo Domingo de Vara Blanca, M. Valerio
1547. Zarcero, A. Smith A240, A684.

Drymonia spectabilis (HBK.) Mart. Llanuras de Santa Clara.
Changuinola Valley, Panama. Reported from Mexico to Colombia.
An epiphytic vine, the stems puberulous toward the apex; leaf blades
oblong, up to 10 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, cuneate
at the base, serrulate, sparingly strigillose on both sides; pedicels

1176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

solitary, 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, up to 4 cm.
long, entire or serrulate, acuminate, sparingly strigillose; corolla not
much longer than the calyx, horizontal in the calyx, spurred at the
base, minutely puberulous, ampliate toward the throat, the limb
bilabiate, the anterior lobe erose-fimbriate. The identification of
the Costa Rican plants with D. spectabilis of Colombia is doubtful.

Drymonia turrialvae Hanst. Linnaea 34 : 359. 1865-66. Volcan
de Turrialba, Wendland 517. Central mountains; Atlantic coast.
Panama. Similar to D. marmorata, but the filaments not contorted ;
leaves and calyces more densely strigillose. Perhaps not specifically
different.

Drymonia Warszewicziana Hanst. Linnaea 34: 352. 1865-66.
Costa Rica, without special locality, Warscewicz 17. Low elevations,
Atlantic and Pacific coasts; Guanacaste. Terrestrial shrubs, 1-2
meters high, the stems sparingly red-pilosulous at the apex; petioles
1-3.5 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic or ovate-oblong, 7.5-14 cm. long,
3-5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, cuneate at the base, subentire, gla-
brate above, very sparsely strigillose beneath; pedicels axillary,
solitary or paired, 10-16 mm. long, shorter than the calyx; calyx
lobes green, oblique, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.8 cm.
long, 6-10 mm. wide, long-acuminate, subentire, strigillose, unequal,
the posterior shorter, saccate at the base; corolla red, pinkish, or
brown and yellow, infundibuliform, 2.5-3 cm. long, horizontal in
the calyx, saccate at the base, the tube curved, ampliate toward
the throat, nearly glabrous, the limb spreading, crenulate, 16-20
mm. wide; anthers oblong; ovary densely short- tomentose; style
glabrous.

EPISCIA Mart.

Episcia lilacina Hanst. Linnaea 34: 342. 1865-66. Rio Sarapi-
qui, near San Miguel, in forest, Wendland 782. E. acaulis Bonn.
Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 378. 1916 (banks of Rio de Las Vueltas, Tucu-
rrique, Prov. Cartago, 635 meters, Tonduz 13167). ?E. Fendleriana
Kuntze. Low elevations, Atlantic and Pacific coasts. A prostrate,
stoloniferous, subacaulescent herb, the stolons and short stems
hirsute; leaves crowded, petiolate (0.8-1.5 cm.), the blades broadly
elliptic, up to 5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, obtuse, rounded at the base,
crenate, bullate on the upper surface, hirsute, beneath pilose, purple;
flowers solitary, axillary, the pedicels 12-16 mm. long, pilose; calyx
lobes purple, oblong-spatulate, about 8 mm. long, obtuse, entire,
slightly unequal, pilose on both sides; corolla about 4.5 cm. long,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1177

spurred at the base, horizontal in the calyx, sparsely pilosulous,
the tube not ventricose, gradually enlarged to the throat, the limb
about 3 cm. wide, bilabiate, the lobes orbicular, entire; filaments
slender, glabrous; anthers oblong, 2 mm. long; disk gland emarginate;
lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous on both surfaces. One or two
additional species are found in Central America. The genus is here
adopted as limited by Sprague (Kew Bull. 1912: 85-90).

GESNERIA L.

Gesneria tenera (Oerst.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 473. 1891.
Chorisanthera tenera Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 35. 1858. Described
from Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted. A wholly dubious species. No
specimens of Gesneria from Costa Rica have been seen.

GLOXINIA L'He"r.

Gloxinia perennis (L.) Fritsch. Cultivated for ornament.
Native probably of Brazil. An herb with large, long-petiolate,
cordate-based, glabrate leaves; flowers in an elongate, terminal,
leafy-bracteate raceme; calyx lobes glabrous, large and broad; corolla
pale bluish, open-campanulate, densely pilose, horizontal in the calyx,
the limb regular; disk annular.

HEPPIELLA Regel

Heppiella ulmifolia (HBK.) Hanst. Reported doubtfully from
Costa Rica by Fritsch (Bot. Jahrb. 50: 400. 1913). South America.
Plants with the habit of Kohleria but with an annular disk; leaf
blades bullate above, coarsely reticulate beneath; flowers clustered
in the leaf axils; calyx tube short, the lobes narrow, free; corolla
red, tubular, not ventricose, the limb narrow, regular; stamens
not connate or connivent, the anthers oblong, the cells distinct;
ovary half inferior.

HYPOCYRTA Mart.

Hypocyrta nummularia Hanst. Linnaea 34: 381. 1865-66.
Costa Rica, without special locality, Wendland 1272. Central
mountains at middle elevations; region of San Ramon. Guatemala.
Creeping, epiphytic herbs, the stems reddish, red-hirsute; leaves
clustered at the apices of short, lateral branches, the petiole up to
2 cm. long, the blades obovate, up to 4 cm. long and 2 cm. wide,
rounded, attenuate and decurrent at the base, thin-membranous,
entire, sparsely pilosulous on both sides; flowers solitary, axillary,
the pedicels slender, about 2 cm. long, pilosulous; calyx lobes green,
linear-lanceolate, about 8 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad at the base,

1178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

entire, membranous, pilosulous, equal, erect; corolla red, about
2 cm. long, erect in the calyx, not spurred at the base, puberulous
externally, the tube about 2 mm. wide at the base, near the apex
abruptly and conspicuously ventricose, becoming 1 cm. wide,
strongly contracted in the throat, the limb oblique, yellow, about 3
mm. wide, the lobes small, erect; anthers connate, quadrate, the cells
discrete, parallel; disk gland posterior.

KLUGIA Schlecht.

Klugia azurea Schlecht. Valley of Desengano. Mexico. An
erect herb, 30 cm. high or more, the stems slender, little branched,
puberulous; leaves alternate, short-petiolate (1-2 cm.), the blades
ovate, up to 15 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, sharply acuminate, rounded
and oblique at the base, membranous, entire, sparingly pilosulous
above, glabrate beneath; inflorescence a terminal raceme, the com-
mon peduncle short, the pedicels and bracts alternate, the bracts
linear, the pedicels slender, 6-8 mm. long; calyx purple, tubular,
about 1 cm. long, erect, the lobes connate most of their length,
saccate at the base, glabrous; corolla blue, tubular, about 3 cm. long,
erect in the calyx, not spurred or gibbous at the base, glabrous, the
tube cylindric, not ventricose, the limb spreading, bilabiate, the lobes
denticulate; anthers reniform, the cells divaricate, confluent at the
apex; disk annular; placentae ovuliferous on both sides.

KOELLIKERIA Regel

Koellikeria argyrostigma (Hook.) Regel. Central mountains;
Puntarenas; region of San Ramon. Panama to South America. A
delicate herb, propagating by scaly offsets, the stems unbranched,
pilose; leaves opposite, petiolate, clustered near the apex of the
stem, obovate or broadly elliptic, up to 6.5 cm. long, obtuse or
rounded, broadly cuneate at the base, membranous, crenate, pilose
on both sides; inflorescence a terminal, elongate raceme, the pedicels
and minute bracts alternate, the bracts spatulate, about 2 mm.
long; calyx about 2.5 mm. long, the tube turbinate, the lobes free,
lanceolate, pilosulous without, glabrous within; corolla white, purple
in the throat, about 5 mm. long, erect in the calyx, not spurred,
the limb bilabiate; filaments glabrous; anthers quadrate, the cells
oblong, distinct; ovary half inferior, the free part pilose; style
glabrous; stigma bilobed; disk annular, entire, glabrous.

KOHLERIA Regel

Herbs or shrubs, the stems and leaves usually hirsute; leaves
opposite or ternate, usually subequal, thick, serrate or crenate;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1179

flowers solitary, fasciculate, or umbellate, sometimes falsely racemose;
calyx lobes thick, erect, equal, pubescent on both surfaces; corolla
scarlet, erect in the calyx, tubular, usually ventricose at the middle,
conspicuously red-hirsute, the limb narrow, subregular; filaments
inserted in the base of the corolla, not contorted; anthers free or con-
nate, the cells not confluent, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary over
two-thirds inferior, the lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous on both
surfaces; style pilosulous, thick; stigma bilobed or stomatomorphic;
disk of 5 glands, or these united into an entire, very thin annulus.

Stigma stomatomorphic; disk glands united into an entire or sub-
entire ring; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate.
Flowers umbellate on a common peduncle; filaments pilose at
the base (Moussonia).

Pubescence of stems, petioles, peduncles, and pedicels appressed.

K. strigosa.

Pubescence hirsute or hirsutulous K . elegans.

Stigma bilobed; disk glands 5, free or the 2 posterior ones partially

connate; calyx lobes deltoid-ovate or deltoid.
Flowers umbellate, a common peduncle present; filaments pilosu-
lous; 2 posterior disk glands connate (Brachyloma).

K. maculata,

Flowers solitary or fasciculate in the axils of leaves or bracts, a
common peduncle absent; filaments glabrous; all disk glands
free.
Corolla limb narrower than the tube, the lobes minute, equal,

erect (Cryptoloma) K. tubiflora.

Corolla limb broader than the tube, the lobes spreading or partly

reflexed, somewhat unequal (Eukohleria).
Pubescence whitish lanate-tomentose; calyx lobes deltoid,
shorter than the calyx tube, the margins plane.

K. longifolia var. petiolaris.

Pubescence reddish, hirsute; calyx lobes triangular-ovate,
longer than the calyx tube, the margins thickened,
recurved K . spicata.

Kohleria elegans (Dene.) Loes. Moussonia costaricensis
Klotzsch ex Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 33. 1858 (Veragua, Pan-
ama, Warscewicz). Naranjo; Escasu. Mexico and Guatemala.
A branched shrub, the stems, peduncles, and pedicels hirto-tomen-
tose, the hairs spreading; leaf blades pilosulous beneath; flowers

1180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

umbellate on a short or elongate common peduncle; calyx lobes
linear-subulate; corolla tube ampliate upwardly, not ventricose, not
contracted in the throat, the limb subregular, patent, the lobes crenu-
late; filaments pilose at the base; stigma stomatomorphic; disk glands
connate into a ring.

Kohleria longifolia (Lindl.) Hanst. var. petiolaris (Benth.)
Morton, comb. nov. Gesneria petiolaris Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 131.
1844. Cocos Island. Originally described from "Island off the
coast of Veragua," perhaps Coiba(?). An herb with unbranched,
closely tomentose stems; leaves ternate, long-petiolate, elliptic,
obtuse or merely acutish, densely and closely tomentose beneath;
inflorescence elongate, the pedicels fasciculate in the axils of reduced
floral leaves, whitish-tomentose; calyx tube and lobes appressed-
whitish-tomentose, the lobes deltoid, about 2 mm. long; corolla erect,
slightly ventricose, contracted in the throat, the limb spreading, a
little irregular, glandular-pilose within; filaments glabrous; stigma
bilobed; disk glands 5, free. Differs from the typical form of Guate-
mala in its smaller, obtuse or acutish, rather than acuminate leaf
blades, these more densely and closely tomentose beneath.

Kohleria maculata Morton, sp. nov. — Herba alta, caulibus non
ramosis, sulcatis, longe hirsutis, pilis iridescentibus flaccidis multi-
septatis eglanduliferis; folia opposita aequalia, breviter petiolata,
petiolo crasso, usque ad 13 mm. longo, dense longeque hirsuto;
laminae foliorum ellipticae, 9 cm. longae, 4 cm. latae, acuminatae,
basi rotundatae, regulariter usque ad basin crenatae, crassae, supra
hirsutae, subtus molliter pilosae, venis primariis 7-jugis; inflorescentia
axillaris umbellata, usque ad 7 cm. longa, pedunculo communi usque
ad 2.5 cm. longo, 1.5 mm. diam., dense hirsuto, apice bibracteato,
bracteis lineari-lanceolatis, sessilibus, usque ad 15 mm. longis, pedi-
cellis 4-6, usque ad 3 cm. longis, dense rubro-hirsutis; calycis tubus
late turbinatus, 4 mm. longus, rubro-hirsutus, lobis triangulari-
ovatis, 6.5 mm. longis, 3.5 mm. latis, acutis integris erectis aequalibus,
utrinque hirsutis; corolla coccinea tubulosa, 3 cm. longa, in calyce
erecta, externe dense rubro-hirsuta, tubo basi 5.5 mm. lato, medio
ventricoso et 9 mm. lato, fauce contracta, 6 mm. lata, limbo angusto,

1 cm. lato, lobis aequalibus brevibus rotundatis patulis integris, ca.

2 mm. longis, intus maculatis glabris, in fauce glandulosis; filamenta
basi corollae tubi affixa, recta, glanduloso-pilosula; antherae liberae
quadratae, ca. 2 mm. longae et latae, loculis oblongis; ovarium (pars
libera) conicum, longe hirsutum; stylus pilosulus; stigma bifidum;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1181

disci glandulae 5, ca. 1 mm. altae, 2 posticae connatae; placentae
lamellae utrinque ovuliferae. — San Jose", Sept. 4, 1936, Estrella Morana
40 (type in Herb. Field Mus., No. 873,011).

Kohleria spicata (HBK.) Oerst. K. Schiedeana (DC.) Hanst.
K. Wageneri Regel. K. tetragona Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 27.
1858 (Aguacaliente, Oersted). Brachyloma strictum Oerst. op. cit.
29 (Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted). Cryptoloma strictum Hanst. Lin-
naea 29: 538. 1857-58. Isoloma strictum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2 : 479. 1882. I. tetragonum Hemsl. op. cit. 480. Tropical Atlan-
tic region; in central mountains, ranging up to 1,500 meters.
Mexico to South America. An herb with erect, unbranched, reddish-
hirsute stems up to 1.5 meters high; leaves opposite or ternate,
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or cuneate at the base, crenate-
serrate, thick but flexible, hirsutulous above, tomentose-hirsute
beneath, often with red veins; flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf
axils, the inflorescence often racemose by reduction of the floral
leaves to bracts, the pedicels up to 2.5 cm. long, hirsute; calyx tube
hirsute, the lobes green, triangular-ovate, hirsute on both sides, the
margins thickened and recurved; corolla scarlet, up to 2 cm. long,
erect in the calyx, red-hirsute externally, the tube ventricose, a little
deflexed, the throat contracted, the limb spreading, slightly bilabiate,
the lower lobes reflexed, the upper erect, not spotted within; filaments
glabrous; anthers about 2 mm. long; style pilosulous; stigma bilobed;
disk of 5 distinct glands.

Kohleria strigosa Morton, sp. nov. — Frutex ramosus, usque
ad 1 m. altus, caulibus teretibus, dense strigosis; folia opposita,
subaequalia, petiolo usque ad 2 cm. longo, strigilloso-puberulo;
laminae foliorum oblique ovatae, usque ad 12 cm. longae et 5 cm.
latae, acuminatae, basi rotundatae, crassae, serrulatae, supra virides
pilosulae, subtus puberulae, venis primariis 7-8-jugis; inflorescentia
cymosa axillaris, 10-12 cm. longa, ca. 7-flora, pedunculo communi
elongate, 6-8 cm. longo, strigoso, pedicellis usque ad 15 mm. longis;
calycis tubus subcylindricus, ca. 3.5 mm. longus, 2.5 mm. latus, basi
attenuatus, externe dense strigilloso-puberulus, lobis erectis, lineari-
lanceolatis, ca. 4 mm. longis, 1.5 mm. basi latis, integris subaequali-
bus, utrinque puberulis; corolla coccinea tubulosa, 20-25 mm. longa,
in calyce erecta, basi paullo ampliata, externe rubro-pilosa, tubo
ca. 3.5 mm. supra basin lato, non ventricoso, sursum paullo ampliato,
fauce non contracta, 8-9 mm. lata, limbo ca. 15 mm. lato, lobis
patulis aequalibus rotundatis apiculatis, intus glabris et eglanduli-

1182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

feris; filamenta basi corollae tubi affixa, basi pilosa; antherae liberae
subquadratae, ca. 1.3 mm. longae, 1 mm. latae, loculis oblongis;
ovarium (pars libera) conicum hirsutum; stylus pilosulus eglandu-
losus; stigma stomatomorphum ; disci glandulae omnino in annulum
integrum tenerum conjunctae; placentae lamellae utrinque ovuliferae.
— Tapesco de Zarcero, Alajuela, 2,000 meters, Austin Smith H428
(type in Herb. Field Mus., No. 919,559).

Kohleria tubiflora (Cav.) Hanst. Cryptoloma Hookerianum
Hanst. ; Gesneria picta Hook.; ?C.rhynchocarpa Benth. Brachyloma
pilosum Oerst. Centralamer. Gesner. 29. 1858 (Cerro de Aguacate,
Oersted). Cryptoloma pilosum Hanst. Linnaea 29: 538. 1857-58.
?C. cordifolium Hanst. Linnaea 29: 538. 1857-58 (without definite
locality, Hoffmann). Isoloma cordifolium Hemsl. Biol. Centr.
Amer. Bot. 2: 478. 1882. I. pilosum Hemsl. op. cit. 479. Poas;
Aguacate; region of San Ramon. Panama. An herb with un-
branched, hirsute stems up to 1 meter high; leaves opposite,
short-petiolate, the blades obliquely elliptic, coarsely crenate-
serrate, pilosulous on both sides; flowers axillary, solitary or rarely
in 2's or 3's, the floral leaves usually not reduced, the pedicels up to
1.5 cm. long, densely hirsute; calyx tube hemispheric, hirsute, the
lobes equal, erect, triangular-ovate, hirsute on both sides, the margins
not recurved; corolla scarlet, yellowish in the throat, 2-2.5 cm. long,
erect in the calyx, red-hirsute, the tube ventricose upwardly, not
deflexed, gradually contracted to the throat, the limb very narrow,
the lobes small, equal, erect, about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous and
eglandular within; filaments glabrous; anthers 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, the cells oblong; style pilosulous; stigma bilobed; disk glands 5,
the 2 posterior ones approximate, free.

MONOPYLE Moritz

Perennial herbs with sparingly branched, reddish stems; leaves of
a pair connected by a stipular line, very unequal, the smaller often
stipuliform, serrate, thin-membranous; inflorescence paniculate,
terminal, several-many-flowered, the flowers pedicellate; calyx lobes
5, entire, equal; corolla white and purple, open-campanulate, not
spurred at the base, minutely strigillose-pilosulous externally, the
limb broad, with spreading, subequal lobes; stamens 4, with a rudi-
mentary fifth, the filaments inserted on the base of the corolla tube,
incurved upwardly, the anthers connate, 2-celled, the cells a little
divergent; ovary almost wholly inferior, the lamellae of the placentae
ovuliferous on both sides; style short and thick, glabrous; stigma

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1183

stomatomorphic, pilose; disk none; fruit capsular, linear-oblong,

opening by 2 longitudinal slits. — The two species below described

are the only ones known from North America.

Calyx lobes oblong, red-purple, recurved at the tip; inflorescence

(especially calyx tube) with numerous dark, reddish brown,

uncinate, glandular hairs; petioles over 1 cm. long, bearing long,

brown, flaccid, multiseptate hairs; lower leaf surface glabrous;

corolla oblique in the calyx M. Maxonii.

Calyx lobes linear-oblong, green, not recurved; inflorescence with
hyaline, eglandular, uncinate hairs; petioles commonly not over
5 mm. long, closely puberulous, lacking long, brown hairs; lower
leaf surface minutely strigillose; corolla erect in the calyx.

M. puberula.

Monopyle Maxonii Morton, sp. nov. — Herba perennis 30-100
cm. alta, caulibus non vel parum ramosis, subflexuosis rubescentibus,
parce pilosis, pilis longis brunneis multiseptatis, demum deciduis;
folia opposita valde inaequalia, majora longe petiolata, petiolo 1-3.5
cm. longo, parce brunneo-piloso; laminae foliorum majorum oblongae,
usque ad 19 cm. longae et 6.5 cm. latae, acuminatae, basi obliquae
et obtusae, tenuiter membranaceae, serratae, vix ciliatae, supra
virides, parce pilosulae, subtus saepe rubescentes, venis sparse pilo-
sulae, mesophyllo glabro, venis primariis 7-12-jugis; folia minora
breviter petiolata, reducta, saepe 1-2 cm. longa; inflorescentia
terminalis, laxe paniculata, 10-21 cm. longa, pedunculo communi
5-9 cm. longo, rubro, minute glanduloso-pilosulo, pilis basi hyalinis,
sursum glandulosis cylindricis gracilibus atrorubris apice uncinatis;
bracteae saepe parvae, late lineares, raro foliosae et usque ad 3.5 cm.
longae; inflorescentiae rami primarii 1-4-jugi, 3-35 mm. longi, apice
bibracteolati, simplices vel pluries furcati, pedicellis 2-4, terminalibus
subumbellatis, inaequalibus, 8-30 mm. longis; calycis tubus cylindri-
cus, ad anthesin ca. 5 mm. longus et 2.2 mm. latus, basi attenuata
gibbosus et curvatus, ubique pilis minutis rubris glanduliformibus
uncinatis vestitus; calycis lobi rubropurpurei, oblongi, ca. 5 mm.
longi, 2.5 mm. lati, integri eciliati, externe puberuli, intus glabri,
apice recurvati; corolla basi alba, sursum violacea, apice brunneo-
purpurea, (1.5) 2-3 cm. longa, late campanulata, in calyce obliqua,
basi ecalcarata, non gibbosa, externe parce appresso-pilosula, tubo
basi ca. 4 mm. lato, abrupte ampliato, in fauce usque ad 2 cm. lato,
limbo 2-3 cm. lato, lobis patentibus rotundatis subaequalibus, ca.
8 mm. longis, integris eciliatis, intus glabris et eglanduliferis; fila-
menta basi corollae affixa, glabra, antheris connatis, loculis discretis,

1184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

subdivergentibus, rimis brevibus longitudinalibus dehiscentibus;
ovarium fere omnino inferum, pars libera conica brevis pilosula;
stylus crassus glaber; stigma stomatomorphum longe pilosum; discus
nullus; fructus capsularis, rimis 2 longtitudinalibus dehiscens,
elongato-cylindricus, 16-19 mm. longus, 2.5 mm. latus; calycis lobi
persistentes, indurati; placentae lamellae utrinque ovuliferae. — La
Palma, Prov. San Jose", 1,500-1,700 meters, July 17-18, 1923, Maxon
& Harvey 7947 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,181,611). Same
locality, Tonduz 7457 (Herb. Nac. C. R. 12491, 12441}; Pittier 10179;
M. Valeria 1426 p.p. Desamparados, Pittier 1158. Yerba Buena,
Prov. Heredia, Standley & Valeria 49701, 49759. Los Angeles de
San Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes 4916, 6106. It is likely that this
is the plant described as M. macrocarpa var. costaricana Hemsl.
(Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 472. 1882; at 1,200 meters, Endres 82),
but the brief description of Hemsley ("foliis minoribus concoloribus,
calycis lobis brevioribus latioribus") does not adequately charac-
terize it. The typical Monopyle macrocarpa Benth., a native of
Amazonian Peru, is evidently a quite different plant with linear calyx
lobes, eglandular inflorescence, and leaves soft-pubescent beneath.
The present species has been identified as M. paniculata Benth.,
which, as represented by a specimen of the type collection in the
New York Botanical Garden, differs in its biserrate leaves, strigillose
on the mesophyll beneath, in its eglandular inflorescence, and in its
linear calyx lobes, not recurved at the apex.

Monopyle puberula Morton, sp. nov. — Herba perennis, 60-80
cm. alta, caulibus rubescentibus, ramosis, parce pilosulis, pilis
brevibus, albis, uncinatis; folia opposita, valde inaequalia, majora
breviter petiolata, petiolo saepe ca. 5 mm. longo, dense puberulo,
pilis minutis, albis, uncinatis, numquam longis, brunneis, multi-
septatis; laminae foliorum majorum oblongae, usque ad 13.5 cm.
longae et 5.5 cm. latae, acuminatae, basi obtusae et obliquae, usque
ad basin regulariter serratae, tenuiter membranaceae, supra virides,
subtus saepe rubescentes, supra pilosulae, subtus in venis puberulae,
in mesophyllo minute strigillosae; folia minora saepe stipuliformia,
subsessilia; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, interdum foliosa,
5-15 cm. longa, pedunculo communi 2-4.5 cm. longo, minute pilosulo,
eglandulifero, bracteis saepe parvis, raro foliosis; rami primarii
inflorescentiae 1-3-jugi, ca. 6 mm. longi, numquam furcati, apice
bibracteolati, pedicellis 2 vel 3, subumbellatis inaequalibus, 6-15 mm.
longis; calycis tubus cylindricus, ad anthesin 4.5 mm. longus, 2 mm.
latus, basi attenuatus, vix curvatus vel gibbosus, externe dense

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1185

pilosulus, pilis hyalinis eglandulosis uncinatis; calycis lobi lineari-
oblongi, 6.5 mm. longi, 2 mm. lati, integri virides acuminati eciliati,
externe breviter pilosuli, intus glabri, apice non recurvati; corolla
basi alba, sursum violacea, late campanulata, 2-2.8 cm. longa, in
calyce erecta, externe appresso-pilosula, tubo basi angusto, abrupte
ampliato, in fauce usque ad 2 cm. lato, limbo ca. 2.8 cm. lato, lobis
magnis subaequalibus rotundatis patentibus integris eciliatis, intus
glabris eglanduliferis; filamenta basi corollae affixa, glabra, antheris
connatis, ca. 1 mm. longis et 1.5 mm. latis, loculis suborbicularibus,
rimis longitudinalibus dehiscentibus; ovarium fere omnino inferum,
pars libera brevis conica pilosula; stylus crassus glaber; stigma
stomatomorphum, pilosum; discus nullus. — La Palma, Prov. San
Jose", 1,500-1,700 meters, July 17-18, 1923, Maxon & Harvey 7990
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,181,652). Same locality, M. Valeria
1426 p.p. La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", Standley 36161, 37591,
37765; M. Valeria 699. Cerro de Las Caricias, Prov. Heredia,
Standley & Valeria 51898. Carillo, Pittier 1203. La Balsa de San
Ramon, Prov. Alajuela, Brenes 4419. El Muneco, Prov. Cartago,
Stork 2683. El Silencio, J. Valeria 136. Without locality, Stork 2836.
— Chicoy, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, Tuerckheim 7929. Quebrada
Seca, Alta Verapaz, Johnson 268.

NAPEANTHUS Gardn.

Napeanthus apodemus Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 20: 6. 1895.
Shaded banks of Rio Jimenez, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 200 meters,
J. D. Smith 5109. Low elevations, provinces of Limon and Guana-
caste. Low, acaulescent herbs; leaves rosulate, sessile, the blades
oblong-spatulate, up to 10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, rounded or
obtuse, narrowed toward the base, membranous, entire, glabrous;
inflorescence racemose-paniculate, the common peduncle up to 4 cm.
long, slender, terete, glabrate, the branching dichotomous, the bracts
opposite, linear; pedicels 8-16 mm. long; calyx lobes lanceolate,
about 5 mm. long, acuminate, entire, erect, equal, nerved, puberulous,
nearly free; corolla white, about as long as the calyx, rotate, the tube
very short; stamens 4, the fifth one rudimentary, the filaments not
connate, glabrous, about 1.5 mm. long, the anthers ovate, about 1.5
mm. long, glabrous, the cells discrete, diverging; disk none; fruit
capsular, 2-valved. No other species occur in Central America.

PHINAEA Benth.

Phinaea lacerata Morton. Region of San Ramon. Panama.
A delicate herb 9-20 cm. high, reproducing by scaly offsets, the

1186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

stems red, unbranched, substrigose; leaves clustered near the apex
of the stem, opposite, petiolate, the blades elliptic, up to 8 cm. long
and 4 cm. wide, coarsely biserrate or incised, strigillose beneath;
common peduncle none, the pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform,
puberulous; calyx about 3.5 mm. long, the tube very short, the lobes
lanceolate, free, acuminate, entire, pilosulous on both sides; corolla
white, unspotted, rotate, 11-15 mm. wide, actinomorphic or nearly
so, the tube 2 mm. long, the lobes rounded; filaments slender, gla-
brous, the anterior curved; anthers much shorter than the filaments,
the cells distinct, dehiscent by a short slit; disk none; ovary half
inferior, the free part glabrous, globose; style glabrous, curved.

SOLENOPHORA Benth.

Solenophora calycosa Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 152. 1898.
Slopes of Volcan de Barba, 2,300 meters, Pittier 283. Common in
the central mountains, 1,800-2,500 meters. Endemic. A shrub, up
to 4.5 meters high, branched at the base; leaves opposite, long-
petiolate, the blades ovate, up to 22 cm. long and 12 cm. wide,
rounded and oblique at the base, doubly serrate, membranous, pilosu-
lous above, scabrous beneath on the veins; inflorescence axillary,
one-several-flowered, the common peduncle short, bibracteolate at
the apex; calyx cylindric, 3 cm. long or more, the tube extended far
beyond the ovary, hirtous-pilose on both sides, the lobes deltoid,
not over 5 mm. long, glandular-serrate; corolla tubular, 7-9 cm.
long, scarlet-orange outside, yellow within, red-spotted on the lobes,
erect in the calyx, not spurred, pilose externally, glabrous within;
anther cells slightly divaricate, not confluent, oblong, about 3.5 mm.
long; ovary entirely inferior, the lamellae of the placentae ovuliferous
on both surfaces; style pilosulous; stigma stomatomorphic; disk
glands thick, 2, posterior, connate, hirsutulous, about 3.5 mm.
long. This is probably the plant reported from Desengano as S. in-
signis (Mart. & Gal.) Hanst. by Hemsley.

Solenophora sp. A specimen collected at La Hondura by C.
Werckle* (Herb. Nac. Cost. 11570} was reported by Donnell Smith
as S. coccinea Benth. It doubtless represents an undescribed species,
differing from S. calycosa in its smaller corollas, smaller, nearly
glabrous calyces, and in having the leaf blades entirely glabrous
beneath. The material is inadequate for a proper diagnosis.

TUSSACIA Reichenb.

Tussacia Friedrichsthaliana Hanst. Puntarenas. Changui-
nola Valley, Panama. Guatemala. An erect, terrestrial herb, 30-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1187

40 cm. high, the stems puberulent; leaves of a pair equal, short-
petiolate, the blades elliptic or broadly elliptic, up to 30 cm. long and
13 cm. wide, acuminate, decurrent into the petiole at the base, mem-
branous, dentate, pilosulous above, puberulent beneath, especially
on the veins; flowers umbellate, the common peduncles solitary,
axillary, up to 3 cm. long, puberulous, the pedicels numerous, erect,
puberulous, about 2 cm. long; calyx open-campanulate, pentagonal,
yellow, about 15 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, the lobes united for most
of their length, puberulous; corolla yellow, tubular, about 2.5 cm.
long, erect in the calyx, not spurred or gibbous at the base, the tube
cylindric, glabrous, not ventricose, the limb spreading, subbilabiate;
anthers free, the cells parallel, discrete, dehiscent throughout; disk
gland posterior, bilobed.

LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family
Herbs, growing in water or on wet soil, rarely epiphytic; leaves
various, often submersed and finely dissected, often bearing small
bladders, sometimes aerial and entire; scapes 1-many-flowered,
naked or bracteate; flowers perfect, very irregular; calyx 2-5-lobate,
often almost to the base; corolla bilabiate, the tube saccate or
calcarate; stamens 2, adnate to the base of the corolla tube, the
filaments compressed, twisted, the anthers 1-celled; ovary 1-celled,
with a free, central placenta, the ovules usually numerous; fruit
capsular, bivalvate or irregularly dehiscent. — One other genus,
Pinguicula, is represented elsewhere in Central America.

UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort

With the characters of the family, the scapes being bracteate and
1-many-flowered, the calyx bilobate. In Pinguicula the scape is
ebracteate, always 1-flowered, and the calyx is 5-lobate. — Numerous
other species are known from northern Central America, and one or
two others may be expected in Costa Rica.

Utricularia Endresii Reichenb. f. Gard. Chron. 582. 1874.
Type collected by Endres, at an elevation of 600 meters (Endres
material seen, in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in mountains of the
central region, at 600-2,400 meters; growing among mosses on tree
trunks. Endemic. Plants large for the genus, sometimes 35 cm.
high or even taller; basal leaves long-petiolate, lanceolate to lance-
elliptic or oblanceolate, the blades mostly 5-7 cm. long, subobtuse to
attenuate, long-attenuate to the petiole; scapes slender, mostly 2-5-
flowered, bearing a few inconspicuous, subulate bracts; flowers long-
pedicellate, the bract at the base 3-parted; calyx lobes ovate, 2-3 cm.

1188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

long; corolla as much as 4.5 cm. long, bright purple. The bracts are
purplish green. The roots bear small, white, translucent tubers.
The plant often is taken to be an orchid, because of its epiphytic
habit and its large and showy, very handsome, orchid-like flowers.

Utricularia mixta Barnhart. Ochomogo, 1,500 meters. Cuba;
Panama to northern South America. Plants floating on quiet water,
mostly immersed, with elongate branches; leaves much dissected
into threadlike segments, bearing numerous small bladders; scapes
erect, usually 10-20 cm. tall, with 20 or fewer pedicellate flowers;
bracts entire, not peltate, small; calyx 4-5 mm. long; corolla yellow,
15-20 mm. broad.

Utricularia obtusa Swartz. Collected in the regions of Cartago
and San Ramon. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants
floating on quiet water and more or less submersed, the branches
short or elongate; leaves dissected into capillary segments, bearing
few minute bladders; scapes 1-6-flowered, very slender, usually less
than 10 cm. tall; bracts entire, attached by the base; pedicels long
and slender; calyx scarcely 2 mm. long; corolla yellow, 8-12 mm. long.

Utricularia pusilla Vahl. Collected in the region of Turrialba
and in Guanacaste, and doubtless widely distributed in the tierra
caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants growing
in wet soil, with short, rootlike branches at the base, but these soon
disappearing; scapes filiform, wiry, mostly 2-10 cm. high; bracts
minute, peltate, entire, present at the base of each pedicel and 1 also
between each 2 pedicels; flowers slender-pedicellate; calyx scarcely
2 mm. long; corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. long.

Utricularia verapazensis Morong. Frequent in mountains of
the central region, descending to the upper part of the Atlantic tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon; at 900-2,400 meters, growing among
mosses on tree trunks. Guatemala. Plants similar in appearance
and structure to U. Endresii, but smaller in all parts; basal leaves
linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, the blades mostly 1 cm. long or
less, sometimes larger, long-petiolate, obtuse or acute; scapes usually
5-12 cm. high, mostly 1-3-flowered; calyx about 1 cm. long; corolla
about 1 cm. long, pale greenish purple.

ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family1

By E. C. Leonard

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves simple, opposite, exstipulate;
flowers irregular to nearly regular, perfect; calyx persistent, inferior,
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1189

the segments 5 or occasionally fewer; corolla gamopetalous, the limb
5-lobed or 2-lipped (rarely 1-lipped); stamens 4, didynamous, or 2
only; staminodes often present in 2-stamened flowers; anther sacs
2 or 1, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary 2-celled, the ovules 2-10 in
each cavity; style filiform, simple; stigmas 1 or 2; fruit a capsule
(drupaceous in Mendoncia), 2-celled, 2-valved; seeds usually flat,
borne on retinacula (papilliform in a few genera, but usually hook-
shaped), the testa smooth or roughened, often mucilaginous when
moistened.

Corollas 1-lipped Acanthus.

Corollas 2-lipped or regular.
Fruit drupaceous; vines Mendoncia.

Fruit capsular; herbs, shrubs, small trees, or sometimes vines

(Thunbergia).
Seeds borne on papilliform retinacula.

Peduncles with imbricate, coriaceous bracts Elytraria.

Peduncles, if present, without imbricate, coriaceous bracts.

Capsules strongly beaked, 2-4-seeded; seeds relatively
large; plants often scandent Thunbergia.

Capsules not beaked, many-seeded; seeds minute; diffuse,
villous herbs Nelsonia.

Seeds borne on hooklike retinacula.

Calyx spathaceous, 2-lobed Spathacanthus.

Calyx deeply 3-5-parted.

Calyx segments 3 Louteridium.

Calyx segments 4 or 5.
A. Stamens 4.

Anthers 1-celled Aphelandra.

Anthers 2-celled or the anterior pair 1-celled.

Anterior stamens with 1-celled anthers.

Chamaeranthemum.
Anterior stamens with 2-celled anthers.

Calyx segments very dissimilar, the posterior and
anterior ones much larger than the lateral,
the anterior ones more or less united.

Corolla 2-lipped, 5 mm. long, white or violet.

Lepidagathis.

1190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Corolla subregular, 5 cm. long or more, yellow
(bluish purple when dry) Barleria.

Calyx segments similar or nearly so.
Shrubs or small trees.
Anther lobes calcarate at the base. .Bravaisia.

Anther lobes rounded at the base.

Trichanthera.
Herbs (sometimes becoming suffrutescent).

Corollas 2-lipped; flowers solitary or fascicled,
axillary Hygrophila.

Corollas regular or nearly so; inflorescence

various.

Flowers in dense spikes; bracts closely im-
bricate Blechum.

Flowers borne in loose, terminal or axillary
cymes or panicles (rarely in terminal
heads) ; bracts small, not imbricate.

Anther sacs mucronate or aristulate at
the base Dyschoriste.

Anther sacs muticous at the base . Ruellia.
A. Stamens 2.

B. Anthers 1-celled.
Stamens included.

Calyx segments 4 Hansteinia.

Calyx segments 5 Buceragenia.

Stamens exserted.

Corollas blue, the lower lip elongate, ligulate.

Habracanthus.

Corollas red or yellow, the lower lip scarcely
distinct from the tube.

Corolla tube gradually enlarged from base to
mouth Razisea.

Corolla tube abruptly enlarged above the ovary.

Glockeria.
B. Anthers 2-celled.

Calyx segments widely dissimilar Barleria.

Calyx segments similar or nearly so.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1191

Outer bracts large, conspicuously 4-ranked; flowers
borne in dense spikes Tetramerium.

Outer bracts usually small, if large, not conspicu-
ously 4-ranked; flowers variously arranged.

C. Staminodes present.

Leaf blades mottled; cultivated plants.

Graptophyllum.
Leaf blades green; wild plants.

Bracts imbricate, reticulate-nerved.

Eranthemum.

Bracts not imbricate, green.
Corolla limb 2-lipped Odontonema.

Corolla limb equally or subequally 5-
lobed.

Pollen marked with straight, longitu-
dinal grooves ("Spangenpollen").

P sender anthemum.

Pollen marked with replum-shaped
grooves ("Rahmenpollen").

Chamaeranthemum.
C. Staminodes none.

Stems conspicuously 6-angled; calyx sub-
tended by 2 partially united bracts;
placenta separating from the mature
capsules Dicliptera.

Stems terete or subquadrangular; bracts dis-
tinct; placenta remaining attached to the
capsule walls at maturity.

Anther cells parallel, equal, both inserted
at the same height upon the filament.

Carlowrightia.

Anther cells unequal, inserted at different
heights.

Inflorescence headlike, the bracts white-
hirsute, linear-subulate.

Chaetochlamys.

Inflorescence racemose, paniculate, or
spicate, rarely headlike but the

1192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

bracts then broad and obtuse and
not hirsute.

Anther cells muticous at the base, or
the lower cell occasionally acute
or subcalcarate Jacobinia.

Anther cells mucronate or calcarate
at the base.

Corolla short, the tube ampliate at
the throat Justicia.

Corolla elongate, not or scarcely
ampliate.

Pollen grains marked by longi-
tudinal grooves ("Spangen-
pollen") Streblacanthus.

Pollen marked by knobs, pores, or
plates.

Pollen bearing small knobs
("Knotchenpollen").

Beloperone.

Pollen marked by pores and
angular plates ("Facettier-
ter pollen") . Poikilacanthus.

ACANTHUS [Tourn.] L.

Mostly large, herbaceous perennials with broad, pinnatifid leaves;
flowers borne in spikes, sessile, solitary in the axils of the bracts;
corollas white, rose, or purplish, 1-lipped, the lip 3-lobed; anthers
1-celled, ciliate. — A genus of about 20 species, found in the temperate
and subtropical regions of the Old World, mostly in southern
Europe.

Acanthus mollis L. Cultivated in gardens for ornament.
Native of the Old World. Leaves petioled, mostly radical, the blades
cordate, up to 60 cm. long and 30 cm. wide, sinuately pinnatifid and
toothed, sparingly pilose; flowers borne in large, terminal spikes;
bracts ovate, about 3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, puberu-
lent, each margin with 3 or 4 slender, spreading, spine-tipped teeth
up to 5 mm. long; bractlets linear, 15-17 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
spine-tipped, puberulent; corolla rose-white, the lip 4 cm. long;
filaments 15-18 mm. long, indurate, sigmoid, glabrous.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1193

»

APHELANDRA R. Br.

Shrubs or large herbs; leaf blades usually large, oblong or elliptic,
usually entire; flowers red, yellow, or white, borne in large, terminal,
bracted spikes; calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, subequal or
the posterior one larger; corolla tube straight or incurved, sometimes
ampliate upwardly, the limb usually bilabiate, the upper lip erect,
entire or 2-lobed, the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-lobed; stamens 4;
anthers 1-celled; ovules 2 in each cell.

Bracts toothed.

Bracts with a number of small, round, sessile, submarginal glands.
Bracts 15 mm. long or less, their teeth 1 mm. long or more.

A. Deppeana.

Bracts 25 mm. long or more, their teeth about 0.25 mm. long.

A. Storkii.
Bracts without glands.

Bracts hirsute or villous, the hairs up to 1 mm. long.
Herbs.
Bracts 5-7 mm. wide, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of teeth.

A. Seibertii.
Bracts 1.5 mm. wide, bearing a single pair of teeth.

A. Tonduzii.

Shrubs A. tridentata.

Bracts puberulent.

Leaf blades oblong to elliptic A. aurantiaca.

Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate A. repanda.

Bracts entire.

Bracts essentially glabrous.

Bracts obtuse A. micans.

Bracts acuminate A. dolichantha.

Bracts manifestly pubescent or puberulent.
Bracts glandular-pilose, the surface without glands.

A. gigantiflora.

Bracts puberulent, with a number of small, round, sessile, sub-
marginal glands.

Bracts acute or obtusish A. tetragona.

Bracts, at least the upper, obtuse or rounded. A. Sinclairiana.

Aphelandra aurantiaca (Scheidw.) Lindl. Pavoncillo. A. acuti-
folia Nees. Wet forests. Southern Mexico to northern South

1194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

America. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, up to 1 meter high; leaves
oblong to elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, 2.5-12 cm. wide, acute or acuminate,
narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous or nearly so; spikes solitary,
terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, green or red, puberulent, up to
3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, acuminate, pectinate- toothed; bractlets
and calyx segments lanceolate, puberulent and ciliolate; corolla red-
orange or scarlet, puberulent, about 6 cm. long, the upper lip erect,
acute, entire, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes about one-half
as long as the middle one; capsule 1.5 cm. long, puberulent.

Aphelandra Deppeana Schlecht. & Cham. A. cristata HBK.;
A. pectinata Willd.; A. Haenkeana Nees. Woods or open places.
Southern Mexico to northern South America and West Indies.
Shrubs 1-4 meters high; stems pubescent; leaf blades ovate-elliptic
to lance-oblong, 5-20 cm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed
at the base and decurrent on the petioles, entire or undulate, scabrous
above, sparingly or densely and softly pubescent beneath; spikes
terminal, one or several; bracts lance-ovate, 8-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm.
wide, acuminate, pilosulous, the upper portion bearing one to several
slender teeth 1 mm. long or more, with a number of small, round,
sessile, submarginal glands; flowers pale to dark red or crimson,
pubescent, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower lip spreading, sub-
entire or, if 3-lobed, the lateral lobes very small; capsules 15 mm. long,
obtuse, glabrous, 4-seeded.

Aphelandra dolichantha Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 27: 438.
1899. Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith
6689. Wet forests of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. Suffrutes-
cent, up to 1.2 meters high, the tips of the stems pubescent; leaf
blades elliptic, up to 22 cm. long and 12 cm. wide, short-acuminate
(the tip blunt), narrowed at the base and decurrent on the petioles,
entire, sparingly pubescent, the hairs confined chiefly to the costa
and lateral veins beneath; spikes terminal or lateral, solitary or several
in a cluster, up to 12 cm. long, 1.5 cm. in diameter, the bracts closely
imbricate but spreading with age, the rachis stout, winged, sparingly
pubescent; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. wide,
acuminate, nerved, glabrous or the margins puberulous; bractlets
subulate, about 6 mm. long; calyx segments subulate, 2-3 mm. long;
corolla white, the tube 5-6 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter at the base,
about 3 mm. at the throat, glandular-pubescent without, the upper
lip oblong, 13 mm. long, 2-lobed at the tip, the lower lip 3-lobed,
the middle lobe oblong-elliptic, 18-20 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1195

lateral lobes linear, 15-17 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; capsules slender-
clavate, about 15 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, minutely punctate; seeds
flat, light brown.

Aphelandra gigantiflora Lindau. A. Padillana Standl. Moist
woods, often on banks of streams. Guatemala, Costa Rica, and
Salvador. Shrubs, up to 2.5 meters high, the stems glabrous or
puberulent; leaf blades oblong-ovate, 15-25 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide,
more or less abruptly acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base
and decurrent on the petiole, thin, bright green above, paler and
with a few scattered, short hairs beneath; spikes stout, terminal and
axillary, 12-30 cm. long, the rachis densely glandular-pilose, the upper
bracts closely imbricate, the lower loosely so, spreading, the lower-
most sterile, all broadly ovate, 2-3 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at
the apex or the upper acutish, entire, green or purplish, densely
glandular-pilose; bractlets linear-subulate, equaling the calyx,
glandular-pilose; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, 15 mm. long,
long-attenuate, delicately striate-nerved, finely glandular-pilose;
corolla bright red, 6.5-7.5 cm. long, finely glandular-pilose, the tube
4-5 cm. long, 7-9 mm. in diameter at the throat, the posterior lip
oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, 10 mm. wide at the base, obtuse or rounded,
the lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment obovate, 2.5-4 cm. long,
15-17 mm. wide, the lateral segments oblong, 15 mm. long, 5 mm.
wide, acute, sometimes unequally 2-lobed at the apex; capsules 2 cm.
long, oblong-elliptic, acutish, finely puberulent.

Aphelandra micans Moritz. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama,
and Venezuela. Shrubs, up to 2 meters high, the stems strigose;
leaf blades oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic, up to 35 cm. long and 15
cm. wide, acuminate to obtuse, narrowed at the base, thin, entire,
sparingly appressed-pilosulous; petioles up to 4 cm. long; spikes
terminal, solitary or several in a cluster, rigid, up to 25 cm. long, 1-2
cm. in diameter, the rachis glabrous; bracts closely imbricate, about
12 mm. long and 10 mm. wide, firm, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, or
minutely ciliolate toward the tip, rather strongly nerved, bearing
dorsally a pair of oval, glandular-alveolate spots about 3 mm. long
and 1.5 mm. wide; bractlets linear, 12 mm. long and 2 mm. wide,
carinate, striate, the keel tomentose; calyx segments oblong, 17-18
mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, coriaceous, glabrous, striate; corolla orange-
yellow, about 5 cm. long, the posterior lip erect, about 15 mm. long,
arching and acuminate at the tip, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading,
the middle lobe ovate, 2 cm. long and about 9 mm. wide, acuminate,

1196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the lateral lobes about 5 mm. long, rounded, their upper edge adnate
to the upper lip; capsule about 2 cm. long, glabrous, minutely punc-
tate; seeds flat, brown, about 5 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, glabrous.

Aphelandra repanda Nees. A. aurantiaca var. stenophylla
Standl. Wet forests. Central America to Peru. Suffrutescent,
about 1 meter high; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, 20-25 cm. long,
2.5-3 cm. wide, gradually narrowed at both ends, glabrous, shining,
coarsely sinuate-repand; petioles 1-3 cm. long; spikes terminal,
sessile; bracts oblong, 2.5 cm. long, acuminate, puberulent, pectinate-
dentate; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, orange-scarlet, the upper lip erect,
entire, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes subequal, the middle one oval,
the lateral ones oblong-lanceolate.

Aphelandra Seibertii Leonard. Found at La Colombiana,
Prov. Limon, and in Talamanca. The type was collected in the
vicinity of El Valle de Anton, Panama, Seibert 460. Herbs, up to 20
cm. high, ascending, rooting at the lower nodes, pilose, the hairs up
to 1 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 2-9 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm.
wide, obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire or undulate, both surfaces
thinly pilose, the costa and lateral veins densely so; petioles 1-1.5 cm.
long, densely pilose; flowers borne in 1 or several terminal spikes 4-8
cm. long, the peduncles 3-5 cm. long, densely yellowish-pilose, the
rachis pilose, the bracts obovate or oblanceolate, 13-15 mm. long,
5-7 mm. wide, purplish at the tip, closely imbricate, appressed
(spreading at maturity), hirsute, the hairs up to 1 mm. long, with
2 or 3 narrow, erect-spreading teeth on each side above the middle;
bractlets lanceolate, 8 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, acuminate, carinate,
conduplicate, subhyaline, delicately nerved, sparingly ciliolate; calyx
segments subhyaline, striate-nerved, the posterior segment lanceolate,
6.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the anterior pair lanceolate, 6.6 mm. long
and 1 mm. wide, the middle pair subulate, 5.5 mm. long and 0.5 mm.
wide, all sparingly ciliolate with minute, capitate hairs; corolla 2 cm.
long, yellow, the lobes tipped with lavender, finely and sparingly
pubescent, the tube slender, 3 mm. in diameter at the mouth, the
limb about 13 mm. broad, the lobes rounded or emarginate; stamens
slightly exserted; capsule about 1 cm. long, cylindric, glabrous except
the pilose tip, 4-seeded; seeds obovoid, acute at the base, light
brown, 3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad; with scattered, minute, short,
thick hairs.

Aphelandra Sinclairiana Nees. Low, damp woods. Costa
Rica and Panama. Shrubs or small trees, up to 5 meters high; stems

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1197

hirsute; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, up to 35 cm. long and 10 cm.
wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base, sparingly hirsute or the costa
and lateral veins densely so; petiole 1-2 cm. long; spikes terminal,
solitary or several in a cluster, up to 20 cm. long, the rachis hirsutu-
lous; bracts orange-red, oval, about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, silky-
puberulent, bearing several well defined glands on either side, the
upper bracts rounded or obtuse, closely imbricate, the lower acute
and spreading; bractlets lance-ovate, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute,
sometimes bearing one or more minute teeth on either side, puberu-
lent, striate; calyx segments lanceolate, 9-10 mm. long, acute (tipped
by a slender awn 0.5 mm. long), a few hairs near the tip, striate;
corolla rose-red or purplish red, finely pubescent, about 6 cm. long,
the tube 3 mm. in diameter at the base, 6-7 mm. at the mouth, the
upper lip erect, 15 mm. long and 8 mm. wide, 2-lobed, the lobes lance-
ovate, acute, about 6 mm. long, the lower lip spreading, the middle
lobe 21 mm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, acuminate, carinate, the lateral
lobes attached by one edge to the upper lip, the free portion triangular-
ovate, 2.5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, obtuse; capsules 2 cm. long,
clavate, puberulent, obtuse at the apex, 6 mm. broad near the tip,
3 mm. broad at the base; seeds flat, about 3.5 mm. in diameter,
minutely hispidulous.

Aphelandra Storkii Leonard, sp. nov. — Suffrutex, caulibus
pilosis vel glabris; lamina foliorum ovata, apice breviter acuminata,
basi angustata, in petiolum decurrens, pilosa, undulata; spica termi-
nalis, rhache dense pilosa; bracteae imbricatae, ovato-oblongae,
acutae, supra puberulentae, subtus pilosae, medio glandulas parvas
rotundas sessiles submarginales gerentes, medio minute denticulatae;
bracteolae lineari-lanceolatae, pilosae, striatae; calycis segmenta
anguste lanceolata, minute pilosa, striata; corolla pilosa, bilabiata,
labio superiore acuto, apice bidentato, inferiore trilobo, lobo mediali
acuto, lateralibus minoribus obtusis.

Suffrutescent; stems terete, more or less pilose toward the tip,
glabrous below; leaf blades ovate, 15-20 cm. long, 10-11 cm. wide,
short-acuminate, abruptly narrowed at the base and decurrent on
the petiole, undulate, sparingly pilose above, densely so beneath, the
veins prominent, coarsely reticulate toward the margin; petioles
about 10 cm. long, winged; spikes terminal, 11 cm. long or more,
about 2 cm. in diameter, the bracts closely imbricate, the rachis
densely spreading-pilose; bracts oblong-ovate, 25-28 mm. long, 10-12
mm. wide, acute, red(?), veiny, puberulent above, pilose beneath,
bearing at the middle on the margins one to several minute, ascending

1198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

teeth about 0.25 mm. long, with a number of small, round, sessile,
submarginal glands near the middle; lateral bractlets linear-lanceo-
late, 12 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide near the base, narrowed to a slender
point, pilose, striate; calyx segments subequal, 13-14 mm. long,
narrowly lanceolate, the posterior segment 3.5 mm. wide, the anterior
pair 2.5 mm. wide, and the lateral pair 2 mm. wide, all gradually
narrowed to a slender point, minutely pilose, striate; corollas red(?),
pilose, the upper lip erect, acute, 2-toothed at the apex, the lower lip
3-lobed, probably spreading, its middle lobe acute, much larger than
the obtuse lateral ones (mature corolla not seen). — Livingston, Rio
Reventazon, July to August, 1920, Rowlee & Stork 690 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb., No. 1,081,476). Related to A. Deppeana, but easily
separated by its much larger bracts with very small teeth. In A.
Deppeana the bracts are rarely as much as 15 mm. long, whereas in
this new species they are at least 25 mm. long.

Aphelandra tetragona (Vahl) Nees. Wet forests. Costa Rica
to northern South America, also Martinique. A shrub, the tips of
the branches densely hirtellous; leaf blades elliptic to ovate or broadly
lanceolate, 8-40 cm. long, 3-11 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at
the base and decurrent on the petiole, thin, entire or undulate, both
surfaces usually rather sparingly hirtellous; spikes terminal, solitary
or several in a cluster, 2-20 cm. long, subquadrangular in cross
section; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide,
acute to obtusish at the apex, puberulent, sometimes ciliolate, with
a number of small, round, sessile, submarginal glands, the rachis
tomentose or occasionally subglabrous; lateral bracts lanceolate,
8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; calyx segments lanceolate to ovate, 7-8 mm.
long, the posterior segment about twice as wide as the others, all
acute, striate, chartaceous, ciliolate toward the apex; corolla scarlet,
puberulent, 4-7 cm. long, the upper lip erect, about 2 cm. long,
divided from the middle into 2 curved, acuminate lobes, the lower lip
ringent in fully expanded flowers, the middle lobe lanceolate, about
22 mm. long, 7 mm. wide, acute, the lateral lobes about 5 mm. long,
rounded or occasionally notched at the apex, connate to the upper
lip for about two-thirds their length; capsules about 17 mm. long and
6 mm. in diameter near the tip, narrowed to 3 mm. at the base,
glabrous, minutely dotted; seeds flat, reddish brown, about 5 mm.
long and 4 mm. wide, minutely roughened.

Aphelandra Tonduzii Leonard, sp. nov. — Herba, caulibus
erectis vel adscendentibus, hirsutis vel strigosis; folia petiolata,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1199

laminis ovatis, ellipticis vel late lanceolatis, apice acutis, obtusis vel
rotundatis, basi angustatis, integris, pilosis; spicae axillares, graciles,
laxae, pedunculatae, pilosae; bracteae lanceolatae, venosae, hirsutae,
utroque latere minute unidentatae; bracteolae subulatae, subhya-
linae, striatae, apicem versus glanduloso-pubescentes; corolla pallide
rosea, intus pilosa, lobis obovatis, rotundatis; stamina inclusa;
capsulae obtusae, glabrae; semina obovata, plana, brunnea, sparse
pubescentia.

Herbs; stems up to 22 cm. high, simple, erect or ascending,
hirsute or occasionally strigose; leaf blades ovate to elliptic, or
broadly lanceolate, up to 18 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, acute to
obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, both
surfaces pilose, the hairs about 1 mm. long; petioles up to 2 cm. long,
pilose; flowers borne in slender, lax, peduncled, axillary spikes up to
15 cm. long, the rachis pilose; peduncles up to 16 cm. long, pubescent
or occasionally strigose; bracts lanceolate, about 7 mm. long and 1.5
mm. wide, tapering to a slender point, veiny, hirsute (the hairs up to
1 mm. long), usually with a pair of minute, slender, marginal teeth;
bractlets subulate, about 5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide at the base,
striate-nerved, subhyaline, finely pubescent toward the tip, some of
the longer hairs gland- tipped ; calyx segments 4.5 mm. long, the
posterior one lanceolate, 1 mm. wide, the other 4 subulate, 0.5 mm.
wide, all striate-nerved, subhyaline and pubescent toward the tip
with some of the longer hairs glandular; corolla 1.5 cm. long, pale
pink, pubescent within above the insertion of the stamens, the tube
slender, glabrous, 2 mm. broad at the base and the mouth, constricted
below the middle to 1.5 mm., the limb 12 mm. broad, the lobes
obovate, rounded, the 2 upper ones about 3 mm. long and 2 mm.
wide, the middle lobe of the lower lip 5 mm. long and 3.5 mm. wide,
the lateral ones slightly smaller, all sparingly and minutely pubescent
without; stamens included; capsules 10 mm. long and 3 mm. wide,
blunt at the apex, glabrous; seeds obovate, flat, brown, about 2.5 mm.
long, sparingly pubescent with small, short, thick hairs. — Forests
of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 900-1,000 meters, January, 1899, Tonduz
13162 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 938,550). El Silencio de San
Ramon, 950 meters, Brenes 3693. Edge of forest in the vicinity of
El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,070 meters, Skutch 3004- Moist forests
of Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-1,850 meters,
Standley 34205, 34495. Deep woods of La Carpintera, Stork 1082.
Dissimilar to all other species of Aphelandra hitherto described from
Central America, because of its slender spikes and extremely narrow,

1200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pubescent bracts. Its closest relative is, probably, A. Seibertii
Leonard.

Aphelandra tridentata Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 513.
1882. Costa Rica, without definite locality, Endres 236. Specimens
examined from San Ramon and the vicinity of Tilaran, Guanacaste.
Found in wet or damp forests. Shrubs, up to 2 meters high; young
stems densely villous; leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, up to 30 cm.
long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base, decurrent on
the petiole, sparingly hirsutulous or the costa and lateral nerves
densely so; spikes solitary and terminal, up to 10 cm. long and 3 cm.
in diameter; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide
(the uppermost often much smaller), acuminate, villous, often with
1 to several subulate teeth on each side; bractlets linear, 10-13 mm.
long, about 2 mm. wide at the base, densely and softly hirsute; calyx
segments as long as the bractlets, 2-3 mm. wide at the base, gradually
narrowed to a slender tip, striate-nerved, appressed-pilose; corolla 5-6
cm. long, bright red, villous, the upper lip oblong, entire, about 15
mm. long and 7 mm. wide, the lower lip elliptic, slightly longer than
the upper, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth deltoid, about 0.5 mm.
long; stamens scarcely exserted; capsules oblong, 16 mm. long, about
6 mm. broad, blunt at the apex, glabrous, minutely punctate, shining;
seeds dark brown, flat, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, minutely
pilosulous.

BARLERIA L.

Shrubs or herbs; leaves often with axillary spines, the blades
entire; flowers often yellow; corolla with a tube about as long as the
spreading limb, sometimes longer, the lobes 5, rounded; stamens 4,
didynamous, 2 perfect and 2 imperfect (staminodes), the anther sacs
blunt at the base; capsules oblong or club-shaped; seeds compressed,
ovate or orbicular. — Several species other than the one described
here grow in South America and the West Indies.

Barleria micans Nees. Barleriopsis glandulosa Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 134. 1855 (Cartago, Oersted). Found in
forests and thickets from Mexico to Colombia. Herbaceous or
suffruticose, up to 1.5 meters high; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceo-
late, up to 25 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, long-acuminate, attenuate at
the base and decurrent on the petiole, sparingly strigose or hirtellous;
flowers borne in dense, sessile, terminal spikes 3-8 cm. long and about
3 cm. in diameter; bracts lance-ovate to broadly ovate, 1-1.5 cm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide, acute or obtuse, strigose and hirsute-ciliate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1201

minutely toothed, bluish when dry; lateral bractlets linear, 1.5-2 cm.
long; calyx segments very unequal, the anterior segment oblong,
1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.4 cm. wide, bidentate at the apex, the posterior
segment slightly longer and narrowed, acuminate at the apex, both
bordered by spine-tipped teeth up to 4 mm. long, the lateral segments
narrowly lanceolate and about one-half as long as others; corolla
5-5.5 cm. long, turning bluish purple when dry, the tube slender, the
lobes oblanceolate, subequal, spreading; capsules 4-seeded.

BELOPERONE Nees

Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually elliptic or ovate, entire; flowers
fasciculate in the axils of the bracts, or cymose, or sometimes borne
in spikes or in terminal thyrsi, the bracts small or large; calyx 5-parted,
the segments narrow; corolla purple or white, the tube slender,
elongate, scarcely ampliate above, the limb deeply 2-lipped, the
upper lip narrow, erect, entire or minutely 2-lobed, the lower 3-
lobed; stamens 2, the anther cells unequal, usually superposed, at
least the lower one mucronate or calcarate at the base; staminodes
none; capsules clavate, 4-seeded. — A genus limited to tropical
America.

Flowers white; capsules glabrous B. urophylla.

Flowers purple; capsules puberulent.

Spikes short, dense; bracts lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, obtuse.

B. Brenesii.
Spikes slender, lax; bracts subulate, about 4 mm. long. .

B. variegata.

Beloperone Brenesii Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae erectae, cauli-
bus quadrangularibus, angulis pilosis; lamina foliorum ovata, apice
breviter acuminata, basi angustata, pilosa; petioli pilosi; bracteae
lanceolatae, obtusae, pilosae, ciliatae; bracteolae anguste lanceo-
latae, asymmetricae, ciliatae, pilosae; calycis segmenta lineari-
subulata, pilosa; corolla roseo-purpurea, pubescens, bilabiata, labio
superiore acuto, subapiculato, inferiore trilobate, lobis oblongis;
antherae loculi superpositi, basi calcarati; capsulae minute pubes-
centes, pilis retrorsis.

Erect herbs, up to 40 cm. high or more; stems quadrangular, the
angles densely brownish-pilose, the hairs up to 1 mm. long, or the
basal portions sub terete and glabrescent; leaf blades ovate, up to
5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, short-acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed
at the base, both surfaces pilose; petioles up to 2 cm. long, pilose;

1202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

flowers borne in dense, terminal spikes or narrow thyrsi up to 10 cm.
(usually 3-4 cm.) long; rachises and peduncles (1-2 cm. long) pilose;
bracts lanceolate, about 1 cm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, obtuse, pilose
and ciliate (sometimes sparingly so), the hairs up to 2 mm. long;
bractlets narrowly lanceolate, asymmetric, 9 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, ciliate and pilose; calyx segments linear-subulate, 5 mm. long,
0.75 mm. wide, sparingly pilose; corollas 2.5 cm. long, pubescent,
rose-purple, the tube slender, 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base, 3-4
mm. at the mouth, the lips about 7 mm. long, the upper one acute or
subapiculate, the lobes of the lower lip oblong, about 3 mm. long
and 1.5 mm. wide; anther lobes superposed, both calcarate at the
base, the spur of the lower one 0.75 mm. long, that of the upper one
about half as long; capsules clavate, 1 cm. long, puberal ent, the hairs
retrorse. — Los Angeles de San Ramon, 1,050 meters, November 20,
1923, Brenes 3948 (type in Herb. Field Mus., No. 851,797). Catara-
tas de San Ramon, Brenes 20518. Los Angeles to Piedades de San
Ramon, Brenes 4767. Without definite locality, Brenes 13420.
Santo Domingo de Vara Blanca, Manuel Valeria 1549, 1553. Well
marked by the densely pilose angles of the stems and by the relatively
broad, short, crowded spikes or thyrsi.

Beloperone urophylla Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 316. 1900.
Forests of Boruca, 450 meters, Tonduz 4077. Forests of Costa Rica
and Panama. Suffrutescent; stems terete, glabrous or finely pubes-
cent in 2 lines; leaf blades ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 17 cm. long
and 7 cm. wide, acuminate and subfalcate at the apex, the tip blunt,
narrowed at the base, glabrous or the veins beneath sparingly pubes-
cent, the cystoliths numerous and conspicuous; petioles 8-12 mm.
long, pubescent above with curved hairs; flowers borne in 1 to several
terminal or subterminal, dense spikes up to 8 cm. long and about 4
mm. in diameter, imbedded in furrows of the rachis, the peduncles
up to 3 cm. long, pubescent in 2 lines, the rachis glabrous or puberu-
lent; bracts and bractlets linear-subulate, up to 5 mm. long, sparingly
and minutely pubescent; calyx segments subulate, 4 mm. long,
minutely and sparingly pubescent; corolla 3-3.5 cm. long, finely
pubescent, white, the tube slender, 2 mm. in diameter, narrowed
above the ovary, thence enlarged to 4 mm. at the mouth, the lips
about 12 mm. long, the upper one minutely bidentate at the apex,
the lobes of the lower lip about 7 mm. long, rounded; anther lobes
superposed, the connective about 1 mm. long; capsules 13-15 mm.
long, clavate, glabrous; seeds flat, brown, glabrous, about 3 mm. in
diameter.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1203

Beloperone variegata Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 315. 1900.
Streblacanthus chirripensis Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 404.
1904 (near Hacienda de Chirripo, 200 meters, shaded places, Pittier
16046). Forests of Cerro del Volcan, near Boruca, 1,200 meters,
Tonduz 6735. Forests. Endemic. An herb up to 20 cm. high;
stems ascending, rooting at the lower nodes, terete, densely brownish-
pubescent, the hairs retrorsely curved; leaves few, the blades ovate
to oblong, up to 13 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at
both ends, glabrous above, the costa and veins pubescent beneath,
the cystoliths numerous and conspicuous; petioles 3-15 mm. long,
pubescent; flowers borne in terminal or subterminal, slender, simple
or forked spikes up to 12 cm. long, the rachis and peduncles (up to
10 cm. long) densely and softly pubescent, the internodes 10-15 mm.
long at the base of spike, successively shorter toward the tip; bracts
narrow-subulate, about 4 mm. long, pubescent; bractlets similar but
smaller; calyx segments 5-6 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, pubes-
cent; corolla 12 mm. long, light purple, pubescent, the tube slender,
1 mm. in diameter at the base, 2 mm. at the mouth, the upper lip
5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, minutely bidentate at the apex, the lower
lip 5 mm. long, the middle lobe about 2.5 mm. in diameter, the lateral
lobes 2.5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide; anther lobes superposed, the
lower calcarate; capsule clavate, 10-11 mm. long, puberulent; seeds
flat, glabrous, 2.5 mm. in diameter.

The description of Ecbolium Chamaeranthemum Kuntze (Rev.
Gen. 2: 487. 1891; type from Limon, Kuntze) suggests this in many
respects. Should the two species prove identical, the name variegata
would be replaced by Chamaeranthemum. I do not feel that this
transfer is justifiable at present, since I have been unable thus far
to examine any of Kuntze's type material.

BLECHUM P. Br.

Perennial herbs; leaves petioled, repand-dentate, crenate or
entire; flowers borne in dense, terminal spikes, the bracts imbricate;
calyx 5-parted, the segments slightly unequal, linear-subulate;
corollas whitish, the tube slender, the limb almost equally 5-lobed;
stamens 4, didynamous, the anther sacs parallel ; ovules few in each
cavity; capsules broadly oblong, with a short, narrowed base.—
Other species occur in Central America.

Corolla 12-13 mm. long; bracts grayish-puberulent.B. pyramidatum.
Corolla 20-25 mm. long; bracts sparingly puberulent and pilose.

B. costaricense.

1204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Blechum costaricense Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854:
168. 1855. Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted. Wooded regions of the
Provincia de San Jose1. Herbaceous, or suffrutescent at base, stems
pilose or the lower portions glabrescent; leaf blades ovate to oblong,
up to 12 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, acuminate, the tip blunt, narrowed
at the base and decurrent on the petiole, entire or shallowly sinuate-
dentate, both surfaces pilose with stiff hairs up to 1.5 mm. long, or
the costa and lateral veins of the lower surface minutely strigose,
the cystoliths prominent; petioles slender, up to 3 cm. long; spikes
ovoid, up to about 3 cm. long, 2 cm. in diameter, the rachis finely
pubescent; bracts ovate, 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, acuminate at
the apex, rounded at the base, entire, sinuate, or the lower ones
shallowly dentate, sparingly pilose within, puberulent without, the
hairs appressed and confined chiefly to the costa and veins, the
margins ciliate with spreading, white hairs up to 2 mm. long; bract-
lets lanceolate, 11 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtuse, conspicuously
white-ciliate; calyx 5 mm. long, the segments 0.5 mm. wide at the
base, ciliate, with a tuft of longer hairs at the tip; corolla pale
lavender, 20-25 mm. long, finely pubescent, the lower portion of
the tube slender, narrowly campanulate above, about 5 mm. broad
at the throat, the limb 2 cm. broad when fully expanded, the lobes
suborbicular, rounded or shallowly emarginate; capsules ovoid, about
6 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, puberulent, 4-seeded.

Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. Sornia. Banks, fields,
damp woods, thickets, and sometimes a weed in cultivated land.
General in tropics of America and the Old World. Stems erect or
ascending, 20-70 cm. high, the branches slender, more or less-
puberulent; leaf blades ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, acute
or obtuse, obtuse or narrowed at the base, glabrous or sparingly
pilose, thin; spikes 4-sided, 3-6 cm. long; bracts ovate, pinnately
veined, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, acutish at the apex, rounded
at the base, gray-puberulent and pilosulous, ciliate; corolla 12-13 mm.
long, pubescent; capsule broadly oblong, about 6 mm. long, puberu-
lent. Much used in the vicinity of Tilaran as a remedy for amebic
and other dysentery (Standley).

BRAVAISIA DC.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves petioled, entire; inflorescence a
terminal, subcorymbose panicle, each flower subtended by a pair
of bracts; calyx segments 5, subcoriaceous; corolla white or purplish,
the tube rather abruptly expanded above the ovary, the lobes 5,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1205

subequal, rounded, spreading; stamens 4, the anther cells contiguous,
spurred at the base; ovules 2-4 in each cell.— Several species of this
genus are found in Central America.

Bravaisia integerrima (Spreng.) Standl. Palo de agua, Mangle
bianco. Onychacanthus speciosus Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1854: 131. 1855 (near Puntarenas, Oersted). Found in wet, wooded
regions. Ranging from the Mexican states Tamaulipas and Guerrero
to Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. A dense tree, up to
18 meters high, the branches subquadrangular, glabrous or the young
tips finely pubescent; petioles 3-5 cm. long, connate at the base;
leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 8-28 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide, acuminate
or acute, narrowed at the base, subcoriaceous, glabrous, or the
costa and lateral veins pilosulous below; panicle leafy, subcorymbose,
about 12 cm. long and 10-30 cm. in diameter; bractlets subtending
the flowers ovate, 2-3 mm. long, subcarinate, puberulent and cilio-
late; calyx 4-5 mm. long, the segments ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
wide, obtuse or rounded, puberulent and ciliolate; flowers white
(occasionally yellow), with a purple spot at the throat, glabrous,
the tube about 8 mm. broad at the throat, the limb nearly regular,
about 2 cm. broad, the lobes emarginate; capsules oblong, 10-12 mm.
long, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 4-seeded.

BUCERAGENIA Greenm.

Herbs; leaves petiolate, usually ovate or oblong-elliptic; flowers
borne in a leafy panicle, the branches lax, the flowers single or several
in a cluster; bracts and bractlets minute; calyx segments 5, linear,
subequal ; corolla tubular, the limb 2-lipped, the posterior lip incurved,
emarginate or 2-lobed, the anterior lip erect or scarcely spreading,
3-lobed; stamens 2, inserted at the middle of the corolla tube, in-
cluded; anthers 1-celled, oblong, obtuse; staminodes 2; capsule
.oblong, narrowed below to a slender stipe; seeds 4, flattened, sub-
orbicular, roughened. — The name is of Greek origin and refers to
the Spanish name Cuernavaca, the Mexican locality of the type
species. Several species occur in Mexico.

Buceragenia glandulosa Leonard, sp. nov.— Herba vel suf-
frutex, caulibus glabris vel sparse bifariam pilosulis; folia petiolata
vel suprema sessilia vel subsessilia, laminis ovatis ad oblongis, apice
acuminatis, basi cuneatis vel rotundatis vel supremis subcordatis,
in petiolum decurrentibus; spicae terminales et axillares, floribus
solitariis vel fasciculatis; rachis glanduloso-pilosula; bracteae et
bracteolae anguste triangulares, glabrae; calycis segmenta lanceolata,

1206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

subglabra; corolla minuta, tubo ovoideo, lobis orbicularibus; capsulae
clavatae, glabrae; semina plana, marginibus asperis.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent, up to 2 meters high; stems glabrous
or sparingly pilosulous in 2 lines, with numerous subpunctiform
cystoliths; leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile or subsessile, the
blades ovate to oblong, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate
(the tip blunt), acute to obtuse or rounded at the base (the upper-
most subcordate) and decurrent on the petiole, thin, glabrous, the
costa red-purple, the cystoliths numerous, slender; petioles up to
6 cm. long; flowers solitary or fascicled, borne in terminal and axillary
spikes, these forming a large, terminal panicle, the internodes about
2 cm. long at the base of the spike, thence successively shorter toward
the tip, the uppermost fascicles confluent, the rachis glandular-
pilosulous; pedicels up to 1 mm. long; bracts narrowly triangular,
about 2 mm. long, glabrous; bractlets similar but smaller; calyx
segments lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide at the base, acumi-
nate, essentially glabrous; corollas 2 mm. long, glabrous, the tube
ovoid, the lobes orbicular, about 0.25 mm. in diameter; capsules
about 14 mm. long, glabrous, the stipe slender; seeds flat, the margins
roughened. — Tres Rios, near San Jose", 1,400 meters, January 17,
1916, Holway 440 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 862,612). Wet
forest of Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-1,850 meters,
Standley 35503. Wet forests of El Mufieco, south of Navarro, Prov.
Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley 33686. Although this plant easily
may be mistaken for P sender anihemum cuspidatum (Nees) Radlk.,
it can be recognized by its fascicled flowers, minute corollas, and
glandular-pilosulous rachis.

CARLOWRIGHTIA Gray

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves entire; flowers borne
in loose spikes or racemes, these often forming large, terminal
panicles; calyx segments 5; corolla tube slender, scarcely dilated,
the limb almost equally 4-cleft; stamens 2; anther cells equal, inserted
at the same height; staminodes none; capsule stipitate, 4-seeded.—
A genus of about 20 species, chiefly of Mexico.

Carlowrightia costaricana Leonard, sp. nov.— Suffrutex, cauli-
bus teretibus puberulentis; lamina foliorum elliptico-ovata, obtusa
(supremae mucronatae), basi obtusa vel rotundata, supra puberu-
lenta vel subglabra; petioli tenues puberulenti; inflorescentia pani-
culata, spicis numerosis laxis curvatis, rhachibus minute puberulentis;
bracteae et bracteolae subulatae, puberulentae; calycis segmenta

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1207

triangularia, griseo-puberulenta; corolla pubescens; capsulae glabrae;
semina albida, minute rugosa.

Erect, suffrutescent, about 60 cm. high; stems terete, puberulent;
leaf blades elliptic-ovate, up to 4.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acute
(the uppermost mucronate), rounded or obtuse at the base, puberu-
lent or subglabrous above; petioles slender, up to 1 cm. long, puberu-
lent; flowers borne in numerous lax, curved spikes forming a terminal
panicle up to 20 cm. long, the rachises minutely puberulent or sub-
glabrous, the lower internodes about 8 mm. long, the others succes-
sively shorter toward the tip of the spikes; bracts and bractlets
subulate, up to 3 mm. long, puberulent; calyx segments triangular,
1.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide at the base, minutely grayish-puberulent;
corolla about 7 mm. long, pubescent, purplish (?), the limb about
9 mm. broad; capsules up to 11 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, pointed,
glabrous; seeds whitish, minutely roughened. — Dry forests in the
vicinity of Libano, Prov. Guanacaste, 260-360 meters, January 15,
1926, Standley & Valeria 44890 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No.
1,253,830). In general appearance this species is closest to C. glabrata
Fernald, of central Mexico, but differs in the nature of its pubescence
and in its smaller leaf blades and larger capsules. The rachises of
C. glabrata are pilose, instead of minutely puberulent.

CHAETOCHLAMYS Lindau

Flowers usually borne in congested, terminal and axillary spikes
or heads; bracts and bractlets narrow; calyx segments 5, narrow;
corolla tube but slightly enlarged at the throat, the limb 2-lipped,
the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 2; anther lobes
affixed at different heights, the lower calcarate; staminodes none;
stigma capitate; capsules 4-seeded. — Several species are found in
South America.

Chaetochlamys panamensis Lindau. Forests and thickets of
Costa Rica and Panama. Herbs, up to 1 meter high, erect or decum-
bent; stems terete, pubescent in 2 lines (the hairs retrorsely curved)
or glabrous below; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, up to 10 cm. long
and 3 cm. wide, firm, acuminate at both ends, glabrous or sparingly
hirtellous beneath, the cystoliths prominent; petioles up to 10 mm.
long, minutely strigose or glabrous; flowers borne in terminal and
axillary heads; bracts linear, about 12 mm. long and 1 mm. wide,
pilose, the hairs white, up to 1.5 mm. long; bractlets similar but
narrower; calyx segments lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,
the costa and margins pilose; corolla pubescent, rose-purple, the

1208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

tube 15 mm. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the upper lip 8 mm. long and
4 mm. wide, the lobes rounded, 2 mm. in diameter, the lower lip
11 mm. long, the lateral lobes 6 mm. long and 7 mm. wide, the
middle one 8 mm. long and 10 mm. wide; capsules 10-12 mm. long,
about 4 mm. in diameter, narrowed and solid at the base, glabrous.

CHAMAERANTHEMUM Nees

Herbaceous or suffrutescent; inflorescence terminal, paniculate
or spicate, the flowers and bracts small; calyx segments narrow,
equal; corolla hypocrateriform or infundibular, the tube slender,
the lobes of the limb subequal; stamens 4, included, the anthers
of the posterior stamens 1-celled or sterile; capsules 4-seeded, reduced
below to a slender, sterile stipe; seeds discoid. — Two other species
are found in Central America. Several grow in northern South
America.

Leaf blades hirsute C. Durandii.

Leaf blades glabrous C. Tonduzii.

Chamaeranthemum Durandii Leonard, sp. nov. — Suffrutex,
caulibus subquadrangularibus, hirsutis; lamina foliorum oblonga,
acuminata, basi angustata, hirsuta; petioli breves, hirsuti; spicae
terminales, laxae, rhache hirsuta; bracteae et bracteolae subulatae,
puberulentae; calycis segmenta subulata, glanduloso-puberulenta;
corolla puberulenta, lobis rotundatis; stamina postica sterilia.

Suffrutescent herbs 20 cm. high or more; stems subquadrangular,
hirsute, the hairs 0.5 mm. long, arranged in 2 lines, or more or less
scattered; leaf blades oblong, acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed
at the base, hirsute, the hairs up to 1 mm. long; petioles about 3 cm.
long, hirsute; flowers borne in lax, terminal spikes about 5 cm. long,
the rachis hirsute; bracts and bractlets subulate, up to 1 mm. long,
sparingly puberulent; calyx segments subulate, 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm.
wide at the base, glandular-puberulent; corollas 4.5 mm. long
(immature), finely pubescent, the lobes about 2 mm. long and 1.5
mm. wide, rounded; posterior stamens sterile. — Thickets along Rio
Ceibo, Buenos Aires, 200 meters, January, 1892, Tonduz 6702 in
part (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 59,938) . Distinct from C. Tonduzii
in its hirsute foliage and inflorescence.

Chamaeranthemum Tonduzii Lindau in Pitt. Prim. 2: 303.
1900. Forests of Te>raba, Pittier 3984. Herbs; stems erect, up to
50 cm. high, simple or sparingly branched, pilosulous in 2 lines at
the tips, otherwise glabrous, terete; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1209

3-9 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the tip blunt, rounded or
narrowed at the base, both surfaces glabrous and bearing numerous
cystoliths; petioles 1-3 mm. long; inflorescence a sparingly branched
panicle of lax spikes 2-9 cm. long, the flowers secund, the rachis
sparingly puberulent; bracts and bractlets subulate (or the lower-
most bracts linear-lanceolate), 2-8 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly
puberulent; calyx segments subulate, about 3 mm. long, glandular-
puberulent; corolla about 10 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the
limb about 1 cm. broad, the lobes rounded; anthers of the posterior
pair of stamens 1-celled or sterile, those of the anterior pair 2-celled;
capsules about 15 mm. long, the upper portion 2-3 mm. broad, finely
pubescent.

DICLIPTERA Juss.

Herbs; leaves entire, usually ovate, petioled; inflorescence spicate,
cymose, or paniculate, the flowers 1-several, subtended by an involucre
of 2-4 conspicuous bracts, the cymes often contracted; calyx 5-parted,
hyaline; corolla narrow, slightly ampliate, the limb 2-lipped; stamens
2, the anther sacs often unequal, the longer ones sometimes calcarate
at the base; staminodes none; capsules ovate or suborbicular, the
placenta separating elastically from the walls; seeds 2 or 4. — A large
genus, found in tropical and subtropical regions in many parts of
the world.

Cymes sessile or subsessile (the lowermost sometimes short-pedun-

cled).

Bracts subtending the flowers small, the larger bract of the pair
subtending the middle flower of each cyme up to 9 mm. long

and 4.5 mm. wide D. imbricata.

Bracts subtending the flowers larger, the larger bract of the pair
subtending the middle flower of each cyme 10 mm. long and
5 mm. wide or more.
Flower bracts unguiculate, spine- tipped; corolla 14 mm. long

or less, rose-purple D. unguiculata.

Flower bracts not conspicuously spine- tipped or unguiculate;

corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long, brick-red D. pallida.

Cymes peduncled.

Inflorescence strongly glandular-pubescent D. Skutchii.

Inflorescence eglandular (the corolla more or less glandular in

D. iopus).

Corolla 14 mm. long; bracts subtending the flowers elliptic or
obovate D. podocephala.

1210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Corolla 3 cm. long or more; bracts subtending the flowers oblong.
Flowers bracts rounded and apiculate; pedicels essentially

glabrous D. trifurca.

Flower bracts acute to obtusish; pedicels subtomentose.

D. iopus.

Dicliptera imbricata Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae, caulibus
ramosis, hexagonis, angulis puberulentis, pilis curvatis; lamina
foliorum oblongo-ovata, acuminata, basi angustata, glabra vel in
venis puberulenta, pilis curvatis; petioli graciles, puberulenti; in-
florescentiae spiciformes, terminales et axillares, compactae, cymis
subsessilibus, verticillatis, bracteis viridibus lanceolatis suffultis;
bracteae floriferae inaequales, obovatae, trinerviae, basin versus
albidae, majores acutiusculae, minores rotundatae; bracteolae
lineares, uninerviae, acuminatae, ciliatae, albidae; corolla purpurea;
capsulae apice tenuiter pubescentes.

Herbs up to 1 meter high; stems branched, the tips hexagonal,
puberulent on the angles with curved hairs, the basal portions
sub terete and subglabrous; leaf blades oblong-ovate, up to 9 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed at the
base, rather thin, glabrous, or the costa and veins puberulent with
curved hairs; petioles slender, up to 5 cm. long, finely pubescent with
curved hairs; flowers crowded in terminal, spikelike racemes up to
3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter, each node producing several
short-peduncled, fanlike cymes of 3-5 flowers each, or the lowermost
cymes in the axils of the leaves, each cyme subtended by a pair of
lanceolate, green bracts about 12 mm. long and 1-3 mm. wide,
extending conspicuously beyond the calyces, the bracts subtending
the flowers unequal, obovate, whitish toward the base, the larger
of the pair subtending the middle flower about 9 mm. long and 4.5
mm. wide, acutish, strongly 3-nerved, the smaller one 7 mm. long
and 3 mm. wide, rounded, those subtending the outer flowers similar
but successively smaller, all strongly puberulent and ciliate, the hairs
0.5 mm. long; bractlets linear, the outer pair 7 mm. long and 1 mm.
wide, the inner 5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, all acuminate, 1-nerved,
ciliate, whitish; calyx 3.5 mm. long, subhyaline, the segments subu-
late, 0.5 mm. wide at the base, ciliolate; corollas 15 mm. long(?),
purple; capsules about 5 mm. long, finely pubescent toward the tip.
—San Pedro de San Ramon, January 31, 1936, Brenes 21440 (type
in Herb. Field. Mus., No. 866,336). Calera de San Ramon, Brenes
6533. Low forests in the vicinity of Capulin, Rio Grande de Tarcoles,
Prov. Alajuela, Standley 40107. Moist forests of La Tejona, north

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1211

of Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600-700 meters, Standley & Valeria 45868.
Santiago de San Ramon, Brenes 1 7006. This differs markedly from
other species of Dicliptera found in Costa Rica in its close, terminal,
spikelike inflorescences, small, strongly ciliate bracts, and elongate,
leafy bracts subtending the cymes.

Dicliptera iopus Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 305. 1900. Forests
of Rancho Flores, 2,045 meters, Tonduz 2136. Wet forests of Costa
Rica and Panama, and probably elsewhere in Central America.
An erect, branched herb, up to 60 cm. high, the branches subhexa-
gonal, pilosulous with small, curved hairs, or glabrous, the hairs
chiefly on the angles; leaf blades oblong-ovate, up to 13 cm. long and
9 cm. wide but usually smaller, acuminate, the tip blunt, narrowed
at the base, glabrous or pilosulous, the hairs about 0.5 mm. long,
mainly on the costa and lateral veins; petioles slender, up to 2, rarely
4 cm. long, subtomentose; flowers borne in peduncled cymes usually
of 3 flowers each, the peduncles about 3 cm. long although occasion-
ally as much as 9 cm., pilosulous, the pedicel of the middle flower
of each cyme 8-10 mm. long, those of the lateral flowers much
shorter, all subtomentose; bracts subtending the cymes resembling
small leaves; bracts subtending the flowers linear-oblong, acute to
obtusish, pubescent toward the tip, unequal, the larger about 15 mm.
long and 4 mm. wide, the others 10 mm. long and 3 mm. wide;
bractlets 4, oblanceolate, acute, pubescent toward the tip, the larger
pair 10 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide, the smaller 8 mm. long and 1.5
mm. wide; calyx 8 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the segments
linear, gradually narrowed to a slender tip; corolla rose-purple,
about 3 cm. long, inflated at the middle, pilose (some of the hairs
glandular), the mouth 4-6 mm. in diameter, the posterior lip sub-
entire, about 9 mm. long and 4.5 mm. wide, the lower one 3-lobed,
the lobes about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide.

Dicliptera pallida Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae erectae, ramosae,
caulibus hexagonis, subtomentosis; lamina foliorum ovata, breviter
acuminata, basi acuta, hirsuta; petioli subtomentosi; cymae breviter
pedunculatae, axillares, bracteis foliosis suffultae; bracteae floriferae
inaequales acuminatae, hirtellae, basin versus albidae, majores
oblanceolatae ad ellipticae, minores lineares; bracteolae anguste
lanceolatae, basin versus albidae; calycis segmenta alba, ciliolata;
corolla ferruginea, pubescens, labio superiore emarginato, inferiore
minute trilobo; capsulae pubescentes.

An herb, up to about 1 meter high, erect, branched; stems hexa-
gonal, subtomentose or the lower portions glabrescent, the hairs

1212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

minute and retrorsely curved; leaf blades ovate, up to 10 cm. long
and 5 cm. wide, short-acuminate, acute at the base, both surfaces
hirsute, the hairs up to 1 mm. long; petioles up to 3 cm. long, sub-
tomentose; flowers borne in short-peduncled, axillary cymes, the
peduncles up to 1 cm. long, white- tomentose, the flowers of the upper
cymes sessile, those of the lower ones short-pediceled, the pedicel
of the middle flower longer than those of the lateral ones, all white-
tomentose; bracts subtending the cymes leaflike, 2-3 cm. long, those
subtending the flowers (usually 1 fertile flower flanked by 1 or more
abortive ones) unequal, the larger of the pair subtending the middle
flower of each cyme oblanceolate or elliptic, 1.7 cm. long, 6 mm. wide,
the smaller one linear, 11 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, both acuminate,
narrowed to a slender point, whitish toward the base, hirtellous,
the hairs spreading, up to 1 mm. long, the bracts of the lateral
flowers of each cyme similar but successively smaller; bractlets un-
equal, the outer pair narrowly lanceolate, 12 mm. long and 1.25 mm.
wide, ciliate, the inner pair similar but smaller; calyx segments white,
lanceolate, 3 mm. long, 0.75-1.25 mm. wide, minutely ciliolate;
corollas brick-red, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pubescent, the tube slender,
2 mm. in diameter at the base, 4 mm. at the mouth, the lips about
8 mm. long, the upper emarginate, the lower minutely 3-lobed;
stamens barely exserted; capsules 4-5 mm. long, pubescent. — Wet
thicket in the vicinity of Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900 meters,
February 7-8, 1926, Standley & Valeria 46792 (type in U. S. Nat.
Herb., No. 1,251,470). Valle de Los Arcangeles, central Costa Rica,
1,700 meters, Pittier 12305. Thickets of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique,
635 meters, Tonduz 12935 (Donnell Smith 7570). Shady river bank,
vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 880 meters, Skutch 2297.
The name pallida refers to the whitish bractlets and basal portions
of the bracts.

Dicliptera podocephala Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 48: 299. 1909.
Damp meadows and river banks. Type from Atirro, Prov. Cartago,
Donnell Smith 6685. Suffrutescent, up to 1.5 meters high, diffuse,
the branches hexagonal, sparingly pubescent; leaf blades ovate-
lanceolate, up to 12.5 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide, acuminate, blunt
and sometimes curved, narrowed at the base, thin, glabrous or the
veins with a few minute hairs; petioles up to 2.5 cm. long; flowers
borne in peduncled capitula, the peduncles up to 9.5 cm. long, solitary
or several in each axil, sparingly and minutely appressed-pubescent,
the hairs mostly in 2 lines; bracts subtending the capitula narrowly
lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, glabrous, sometimes ciliolate, often

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1213

semicircularly curved ; fertile flowers usually 5 or 7 in each capitulum
(sometimes accompanied by abortive ones), the bracts subtending the
flowers elliptic to obovate, one of each pair slightly larger than the
other, the middle pair the largest, the others diminishing in size out-
wardly, the largest 11-14 mm. long, 8-9 mm. wide, all rounded or
obtuse and minutely apiculate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
pergamentaceous, sparingly puberulent and ciliolate; bractlets 4,
linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long, puberulent; calyx segments resembling
the bractlets but slightly smaller; corolla 14 mm. long, pubescent;
capsule ovoid, 5 mm. long, pubescent; seeds puberulent, 2.5 mm. in
diameter.

Dicliptera Skutchii Leonard, sp. nov. — Herba diffusa ramosa,
caulibus hexagonis, angulis puberulentis, pilis albis curvatis; lamina
foliorum ovata ad elliptica, acuminata, basi angustata, membranacea,
glabra vel in venis parce puberulenta; petioli graciles, subglabri;
pedunculi terminales et axillares, apice triflori; inflorescentiae brac-
teae foliosae; bracteae floriferae inaequales, lineari-oblongae, glandu-
loso-hirtellae, longiores apice acutiusculae, breviores obtusiusculae;
bracteolae lanceolatae, acutae, glanduloso-hirtellae; calycis segmenta
anguste triangularia, puberulenta; corolla purpurea, tenuiter pubes-
cens, labio superiore acuto, apice emarginato, inferiore trilobo, lobis
suborbicularibus; ovarium glabrum.

A sprawling herb, up to 1 meter high or more; stems branched,
puberulent, the hairs white, curved, distributed in 6 lines; leaf blades
ovate to elliptic, up to 16 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate,
narrowed at the base, thin, glabrous, or the costa and veins bearing a
few minute hairs; petioles slender, up to 6.5 cm. long, essentially
glabrous; flowers in 3's, at the tips of axillary and terminal peduncles,
these up to 8 cm. long, puberulent with white, curved hairs; pedicels
1-2 mm. long, hirsutulous, the hairs straight or curved; bracts sub-
tending the pedicels leaflike, about as long as the peduncles; bracts
subtending the flower clusters leaflike, usually exceeding the calyx;
bracts subtending the flowers unequal, linear-oblong, one 15 mm.
long and 3.5 mm. wide, acutish, the other 10 mm. long and 3 mm.
wide, obtusish, both glandular-hirtellous; bractlets lanceolate, the
outer pair 9 mm. long and 2.25 mm. wide, the inner pair 5 mm. long
and 1.5 mm. wide, all 4 acute and glandular-hirtellous; calyx about
9 mm. long, essentially glabrous without, the segments narrowly
triangular, 5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide at the base, puberulent
within, the hairs appressed upwardly; corollas purple, up to 5 cm.
long, sparingly and finely pubescent, the lower half of the tube

1214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

slender, 2 mm. in diameter at the base, the upper half enlarged to
about 10 mm., then reduced to 6-7 mm. at the mouth, the lips about
1 cm. long, one acute, minutely notched at the tip, the other 3-lobed,
the lobes suborbicular, about 0.75 mm. in diameter; ovary glabrous;
mature capsules not seen. — -Woods in the vicinity of El General,
Prov. San Jose", 1,190 meters, December, 1936, Skutch 3090 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,643,133). From its closest relative, D. iopus,
the present species can be separated by its glandular-hirsutulous
bracts and the coarser pubescence of its stems.

Dicliptera trifurca Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 172.
1855. Between Cartago and Candelaria, 1,800-2,100 meters, Oersted.
Found chiefly in wet forests in the provinces of Cartago and San
Jose". Endemic. Branching herbs, up to 2 meters high; stems 6-
angled, glabrous or the angles minutely strigose; leaf blades oblong-
ovate or elliptic, up to 19 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate, acute
at the base, thin, glabrous or the costa and veins sparingly and
minutely strigose, both surfaces with minute cystoliths; petioles
slender, minutely and sparingly strigose; flowers in 3's, borne in
axillary, peduncled cymes; peduncles up to 16 cm. long, glabrous or
with a few minute hairs; pedicels up to 5 mm. long, glabrous or with
a few small hairs on the angles; bracts subtending the cymes leaflike,
equaling or exceeding the calyx, deciduous; bracts subtending the
flowers oblong, unequal, one about 9 mm. long, the other about 6 mm.
long, both 2.5 mm. wide, rounded and apiculate at the apex, essen-
tially glabrous; bractlets oblong-lanceolate, 6.5 mm. long, 2 mm.
wide, acute, 1-nerved, minutely puberulent toward the tip; calyx 7
mm. long, the segments 4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide at the base,
gradually narrowed to a slender point, finely pubescent; corolla about
3 cm. long, pubescent, bright rose-purple, the tube about 12 mm. long,
slightly swollen below the mouth, about 5 mm. in diameter at its
widest part, the lips subequal, the upper one entire, the lower 3-
lobed, the lobes suborbicular, about 0.75 mm. in diameter; capsules
17 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, pointed at the apex, stipitate at the
base, retrorsely pubescent; seeds flat, suborbicular, about 4.5 mm.
in diameter, with a few papilliform hairs on the margins.

Dicliptera unguiculata Nees. Sornia, Olotillo. Common in moist
thickets, Mexico to northern South America. Erect or ascending
herbs, up to about 1 meter high; stems branched, terete and glabrous
below, hexagonal and pubescent toward the tips, the hairs spreading
or retrorsely curved, 0.5 mm. long; leaves soon deciduous; leaf blades

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1215

ovate, up to 8.5 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, acuminate, the tip blunt,
narrowed at the base, thin, both surfaces of the younger leaves
densely pilosulous but sparingly so at maturity; petioles up to 4 cm.
long, pilosulous or subglabrous; flowers crowded in sessile, axillary
umbels or in crowded, terminal and axillary, spikelike racemes up
to 8 cm. long and about 2 cm. in diameter; bracts spatulate, unequal,
the upper suborbicular to ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the
lower about half the length of the upper, both aristate (the awn 2-3
mm. long), hirsutulous, more or less densely ciliate with hairs up to
1 mm. long, 3-nerved; bractlets linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 1-
nerved, ciliolate; calyx 3 mm. long, the segments narrowly lanceolate,
minutely ciliolate, 1-nerved; corolla 12-14 mm. long, rose-purple,
pubescent, the tube slender, the lips subequal, about 7 mm. long,
the upper one with 3 minute lobes, the lower emarginate; capsules
clavate, 4 mm. long, retrorsely hirsutulous; seeds brownish, flat,
suborbicular, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, with minute, retrorsely barbed
hairs. Standley states that this plant is a common remedy for in-
testinal disorders. According to Raul Goto Fernandez, it has been
employed successfully in Costa Rica in treating amebic dysentery;
see Revista de Agr. 10: 167. 1938.

DYSCHORISTE Nees

Herbs or woody plants; leaf blades usually ovate to lanceolate,
entire, petioled; flowers solitary or clustered in the leaf axils, some-
times terminal; calyx segments 5, very slender; corolla blue, purple,
or sometimes white, slightly 2-lipped. — Widely distributed in tropical
and subtropical regions of the world. Several species occur in Central
America.

Dyschoriste Valeriana Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae robustae,
perennes, caulibus erectis vel adscendentibus, simplicibus vel parce
ramosis, quadrangularibus, glabris vel parce pilosulis; lamina foliorum
ovata ad oblongo-ovata, rotundata vel obtusa, vel interdum acutius-
cula, basi angustata et in petiolum decurrens, membranacea, ciliolata,
glabra vel subglabra, novellae minute et sparse pubescentes; petioli
glabri vel subglabri; cymae axillares; bracteae foliosae; calycis
segmenta subulata, subcarinata, ciliata; corolla pallide purpurea,
limbo subbilabiato, lobis ovalibus, rotundatis; capsulae lanceolatae,
glabrae.

A robust perennial; stems simple or sparingly branched, erect
or ascending, sometimes rooting at the basal nodes, up to 50 cm.
high or more, quadrangular, glabrous or sparingly pilosulous; leaf

1216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, rounded,
obtuse, or sometimes acutish, narrowed at the base and decurrent
on the petiole, entire or undulate, thin, ciliolate, the young leaves
minutely and sparingly pubescent, the older ones glabrous or the
costa and veins with a few small, white hairs, the cystoliths slender;
petioles slender, 5-15 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent;
flowers borne in cymose clusters at the nodes and subtended by
leaflike bracts 10-15 mm. long and 5-10 mm. wide; calyx 10-11 mm.
long, the tube 4 mm. long, glabrous, the segments subulate, 0.75
mm. wide at the base, subcarinate, ciliate; corollas pale purple, 8-10
mm. long, the lobes sparingly puberulent, the tube 2 mm. in diameter
at the base, 1 mm. above the ovary, 2.5 mm. at the throat, the limb
subbilabiate, the lobes oval, about 3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide,
rounded at the apex, the filaments of the shorter stamens 1 mm.
long, those of the longer ones 2.25 mm. long, all glabrous, the anthers
slightly less than 1.5 mm. long, minutely calcarate at the base;
capsules lanceolate, 8 mm. long, glabrous, 4-seeded. — Vicinity of
Tilaran, Guanacaste, alt. 500-650 meters, January 10-31, 1926,
Standley & J. Valeria 46613 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,254,741),
44522, 44965. Easily recognized by its relatively large, nearly
glabrous leaves and small flowers.

ELYTRARIA Michx.

Caulescent or acaulescent herbs; leaves basal or crowded at the
ends of the branches; flowers borne in peduncled spikes, both peduncle
and spike bearing coriaceous bracts; calyx segments narrow, thin,
entire, or the posterior segment bidentate at the apex; corolla small,
blue or white. — The genus is composed of about a dozen species,
mostly native to tropical or subtropical America.

Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers. E. tridentata Vahl. Old
fields, grassy banks, bushy slopes, and other waste places. Probably
rather common in Costa Rica. Ranging from Arizona and Texas
to northern and western South America. Introduced into the
Philippine Islands. Usually caulescent, up to 30 cm. high, the leaves
crowded at the tips of slender, glabrous or sparingly pilosulous stems;
leaf blades oblong to obovate, up to 18 cm. long and 6 cm. wide,
blunt or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base to a slender,
winged petiole; scapes numerous, axillary, up to 24 cm. long, simple
or branched, covered by closely appressed, sheathing, ovate or subu-
late bracts; spikes up to 6 cm. long, the bracts elliptic, 3-6 mm. long,
ending in an awn and bearing near the tip a pair of triangular or

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1217

rhombic, scarious teeth; bractlets 3 mm. long; corolla blue, 5-8 mm.
long; capsule oblong, glabrous. Extremely variable in habit of
growth. Surprisingly enough, the scarious teeth of the flower
bracts, one of the main characters on which this species is based,
are sometimes much reduced or even entirely lacking. In Salvador,
a decoction of the plant is said to be used to alleviate dysentery.

ERANTHEMUM L.

Shrubs or suffrutescent plants; flowers borne in spikes or panicles,
the bracts reticulate- veined, imbricate; calyx 5-parted the lobes
often scarious; corolla tube slender, incurved, the limb oblique, the
lobes spreading and subequal; stamens 2, included; staminodes 2;
capsules ovate or oblong, stipitate; seeds 4. — A genus consisting of
about 20 species, which are native to eastern India and the Malay
Archipelago.

Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R. Br. Native to eastern
India, but found occasionally both as a cultivated plant and as an
escape in tropical regions of America. A shrub, up to 2 meters high;
stems quadrangular, glabrous or puberulent; leaf blades oblong-ovate
to elliptic, usually 9-12 cm. long (or the lowermost as much as 20 cm.
long), 4-5 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or abruptly narrowed at
the base and decurrent on the petiole, entire, glabrous beneath,
except the costa and lateral nerves, these prominent and minutely
puberulent, both surfaces bearing numerous inconspicuous cysto-
liths; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers borne in numerous axillary
spikes up to 6 cm. long or more, the bracts closely imbricate, elliptic,
1-1.5 cm. long, whitish, strongly veined; corolla about 2 cm. long,
blue, 5-lobed, the tube slender, the limb about 1.5 cm. broad.

GLOCKERIA Nees

Herbaceous or shrubby plants; flowers usually borne in terminal
and axillary, thyrsiform panicles; bracts small, subulate; calyx
segments 5, narrow, equal; corollas red or yellow, tubular, narrow,
usually constricted just above the ovary, thence abruptly and some-
what obliquely enlarged and oblong, often slightly constricted at the
mouth, the upper lip narrow, erect, entire, the lower scarcely distinct
from the tube, minutely 3-lobed; stamens 2, attached at the top of
the tube, exserted, the anthers 1-celled, obtuse; capsules clavate,
glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds compressed, roughened. — Several species
other than the four described here occur in Mexico and South
America.

1218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Leaf blades rounded or subcordate at the base.

Corolla 2.5 cm. long; leaf blades densely pilose G. ventricosa.

Corolla 1.2 cm. long; leaf blades glabrous or sparingly pilose.

G. sessilifolia.
Leaf blades narrowed and decurrent on the petiole at the base.

Inflorescence open, its branches relatively few, strict, erect or
ascending G. stricta.

Inflorescence compact, its branches very numerous, spreading.

G. blepharorhachis.

Glockeria blepharorhachis (Lindau) Leonard, comb. nov.
Kolobochilus blepharorhachis Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 309. 1900.
Type from Costa Rica or Panama, Warscewicz. Wet forests. En-
demic. Herbaceous or sufiruticose, up to 1.5 meters high; stems
terete, glabrous below, the upper portions subtomentose with brown-
ish hairs about 1 mm. long; leaf blades ovate, elliptic, or oblong, up
to 22 cm. long and 9.5 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base,
entire or crenate, the younger ones pilose, the older ones glabrous
except as to costa and veins; petioles up to 5 cm. long, pilose; flowers
numerous, borne in a compact, elongate thyrse up to 30 cm. long or
more and 3-6 cm. in diameter, the branches slender and fascicled,
spreading, the rachis densely pilose or subtomentose (hairs brownish,
about 1 mm. long), the peduncles pubescent with hairs 0.5 mm. long;
pedicels slender, up to 4 mm. long, minutely pubescent; bracts lanceo-
late, the lowermost leaflike, the others diminishing successively
toward the tip; bractlets similar but smaller; calyx 8-10 mm. long,
puberulent, the minute hairs intermixed with longer (0.5 mm.),
glandular ones, the segments narrowly linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide;
corollas red to orange-yellow, 15 mm. long, glabrous without, pilosu-
lous within, the lower portion of the tube about 2 mm. in diameter,
enlarged to 6 mm. above the ovary, the mouth scarcely contracted,
the upper lip erect, 5-7 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, entire, the lower lip
scarcely distinct from the tube, the lobes 1-2 mm. long; stamens
barely exserted; capsules 15 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; seeds flat, 2 mm.
in diameter, roughened.

Glockeria sessilifolia Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854:
141. 1855. Volcan de Barba, 1,800 meters, Oersted. Found on the
wooded, southern slopes of Poas and Barba. Herbaceous or suf-
frutescent, up to 2 meters high; stems branching, glabrous below,
the tips quadrangular, glabrous or puberulous in 2 lines; leaf blades
ovate, up to 6 cm. long or more and 5.5 cm. wide, obtuse or short-
acuminate, the tip blunt, rounded or subcordate at the base, gla-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1219

brous or sparingly pilose; petioles up to 4 mm. long; flowers borne in a
lax, terminal panicle up to 15 cm. long and 12 cm. in diameter, some-
times with smaller additional axillary panicles, the branches opposite,
spreading, slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; pedicels about
1 mm. long; bracts narrowly triangular, up to 1.5 mm. long; calyx
segments linear-subulate, 4 mm. long, sparingly glandular-pubescent,
the hairs about 0.5 mm. long; corolla 1.2 cm. long, glabrous, red and
yellow, the narrow basal portion of the tube 2.5 mm. long and 1 mm.
in diameter, the upper portion enlarged to 3-4 mm., thence gradually
narrowed to 2.5 mm. at the mouth, the upper lip spatulate, acute,
1 mm. wide at the base, 0.5 mm. wide near the tip, the lower lip short,
recurved, about 3 mm. long and broad, the lobes 0.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, rounded; stamens barely exserted; capsule 12-13 mm. long;
seeds flat, hispidulous.

Glockeria stricta Leonard, sp. nov. — Herba erecta, caulibus
superne pubescentibus, pilis flavescentibus, retrorsis, inferne glabris;
lamina foliorum oblongo-elliptica, breviter acuminata, basi angustata,
membranacea, glabra, costa et venis strigosis exceptis; petioli graciles,
canalibus appresso-pubescentibus; inflorescentiae racemosae, racemis
terminalibus et axillaribus, simplicibus vel ramosis, vel saepe pani-
culatae; rhachis puberulenta, pilis curvatis, interdum glanduliferis et
patulis; bracteae anguste triangulares vel lanceolatae, puberulentae;
calycis segmenta anguste linearia vel subulata, puberulenta, interdum
pilis patulis glanduliferis instructa; corolla rubra et lutea, labio
superiore ovato, obtusiusculo, inferiore trilobo; capsulae glabrae vel
apice parce pubescentes, stipitatae; semina plana, muricata.

An erect herb, up to 1.5 meters high; stems glabrous below,
puberulent above with yellowish, retrorsely curved hairs, these
scattered or arranged in 2 lines; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, up to 12
cm. long and 5 cm. wide, short-acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed
at the base, thin, glabrous except the costa, veins, and margins, these
minutely strigose; petioles slender, up to 3 cm. long, glabrous below,
the channels appressed-pubescent; flowers borne in terminal and
axillary racemes, these erect or ascending, simple or often branched
and forming a large, terminal panicle, the flowers approximate or
distant, the internodes up to 1.5 cm. long, the rachis puberulent, or
the minute hairs sometimes intermixed with long (0.5-1 mm.),
glandular, spreading ones, the pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long, puberu-
lent; bracts narrowly triangular or lanceolate, 2-3.5 mm. long, about
1 mm. wide, puberulent; calyx segments narrowly linear or subulate,
5-7 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 mm. wide, puberulent, often with additional

1220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

scattered, spreading, glandular hairs up to 1 mm. long; corolla red
and yellow, 1.5 cm. long, the narrow basal portion of the tube 3 mm.
long and 1.5 mm. in diameter, thence abruptly and somewhat
obliquely enlarged to 5 mm., then gradually narrowed to 4 mm. at
the mouth, the upper portion of the tube sparingly pubescent, the
upper lip ovate, 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide at the base, obtusish, the
lobes of the lower lip 0.5 mm. long and 0.75 mm. wide; capsules 13
mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous or sparingly pubescent toward the
tip, 4-seeded, stipitate; seeds flat, muricate. — Moist forest, vicinity
of Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 1,500-1,800 meters, Decem-
ber 26, 1925-January 3, 1926, Standley & Valeria 43311 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,253,199), 43225, 43301. Moist forests of
Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,500-1,850 meters, Standley
34212. San Antonio, Brenes 3766. Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, north
slope of Central Cordillera, between Pods and Barba volcanoes,
Skutch 3577. Wet forests of Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600-
1,900 meters, Standley & Torres 47769, 47848, 47858. Well marked
by its strict inflorescence and glandular-pilose rachis and calyx.

Glockeria ventricosa Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 27: 439. 1899.
Alto del Roble, Volcan de Barba, 2,600 meters, Pittier 3519. Slopes
of Alto del Roble, Volcan de Turrialba, Cerro Gallito, and Vara
Blanca de Sarapiqui. Endemic. Shrubby, the branches terete, sub-
tomentose, the hairs about 1 mm. long; leaf blades ovate to oblong-
ovate, up to 17 cm. long and 9.5 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or
subcordate at the base, both surfaces densely pilose; petioles up to
8 cm. long, pilose; flowers numerous, borne in a compact, elongate
thyrse up to 50 cm. long, the rachis and branches puberulent; pedicels
slender, up to 2.5 cm. long, puberulent, some of the hairs glandular;
bracts oblong to lanceolate, acutish to acuminate, up to 13 mm. long
and 4 mm. wide, subglabrous; calyx 7 mm. long, becoming 13 mm.
long at fruiting stage, glandular-pubescent, the segments linear;
corolla 2.5 cm. long, orange, sparingly pilose, the tube about 4 mm.
in diameter at the base, contracted to 3 mm. above the ovary, thence
abruptly enlarged to 5 mm., incurved, scarcely constricted at the
mouth, the posterior lip elliptic, 8-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide,
entire, the lobes of the lower lip 1.5 mm. long; stamens exserted;
capsules 15-17 mm. long.

GRAPTOPHYLLUM Nees

Shrubs; leaf blades usually entire, colored; flowers clustered
either in a terminal thyrse or in the axils of the leaves; calyx segments

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1221

5; corollas reddish purple, ringent, the tube inflated above, the upper
lip with 2 short, recurved lobes, the lower lip 3-parted; stamens 2.—
The genus consists of 5 or more species, all oriental. The name is
from the Greek, referring to the variegated foliage.

Graptophyllum picturn (L.) Griff. Cultivated in gardens of
tropical America. Shrubs, up to 3 meters high; stems glabrous;
leaf blades ovate to elliptic, up to 20 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, acu-
minate, narrowed at the base, glabrous, mottled with yellow along
the midrib; flowers borne in terminal racemes, the rachis glabrous
or sparingly puberulent; corollas up to 8 cm. long, purplish red,
glabrous without, glandular-puberulent within, the mouth about
1.5 cm. broad; stamens 2, exserted; staminodes 2.

HABRACANTHUS Nees

Herbaceous or shrubby plants; leaves usually thin, ovate to
lanceolate; flowers borne in terminal panicles; bracts and bractlets
minute; calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments equal; corolla tubular,
ringent, the lips elongate, ligulate, the upper one entire, the lower
one minutely 3-lobed at the apex; stamens 2, attached at the top
of the tube, exserted; anthers 1-celled, attached to the filament below
the middle; capsules 4-seeded, the basal half slender, solid. — Repre-
sented in Central America and Mexico by a single species. Other
species have been described from South America.

Habracanthus silvaticus Nees. Wet forests and clearings of
the central cordillera. Originally described from Chiapas, Mexico.
Herbs or slender shrubs, up to 2 meters high, the branches terete,
glabrous, or puberulent in 2 lines with retrorsely curved hairs; leaf
blades oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 5-18 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide,
acuminate, the tip rounded or obtuse (sometimes slightly falcate),
narrowed at the base, thin, entire or undulate, glabrous or the costa
and lateral veins pubescent with minute, curved hairs, both surfaces
usually bearing minute cystoliths; petioles up to 7 cm. long (usually
shorter), glabrous beneath, the channeled upper portion puberulent
with curved hairs; flowers borne in loose, terminal thyrses usually
5-8 cm. long and 4-5 cm. broad, the lower portion of the thyrse 2-3
times dichotomously branched, the entire inflorescence essentially
glabrous; bracts subulate, the lowermost 3-6 mm. long, about 1 mm.
wide at the base, sometimes bearing several minute hairs, the others
similar but successively smaller toward the tip of the flower cluster;
peduncles 2-3 cm. long; branches of the thyrse widely spreading;
pedicels 5 mm. long or less; rachis and calyx whitish or lavender,

1222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the calyx lobes subulate, 3-4 mm. long; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, pale
purple or lavender, the tube slender, 1 mm. in diameter at the base,
1.5 mm. at the mouth, the lips 1 cm. long, delicately nerved, the upper
oblong, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the tip, the lower elliptic, 5 mm.
wide, the lobes about 0.5 mm. long, the middle of these 1 mm.
wide, the lateral about 0.5 mm. wide; filaments about as long as the
lips of the corolla; capsules 1.5 cm. long, 2.5 mm. in diameter; seeds
flat, brownish, about 2 mm. in diameter, minutely roughened and
puberulent.

HANSTEINIA Oerst.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants; flowers borne in lax, terminal,
dichotomously branched panicles and in axillary spikes; calyx
segments 4, the superior ones narrowly linear, the others lanceolate,
subequal; corolla tubular, the limb short, the upper lip narrow,
entire, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 2, short, included; anthers 1-celled;
capsule 4-seeded.

Hansteinia gracilis Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 143.
1855. Dense, damp woods on Mt. Jaris, Oersted. The following
description is adapted from the original. Suffrutescent, 60 cm. high;
stems erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, sub tetragonal,
pubescent; leaf blades elliptic-ovate, up to 20 cm. long and 8 cm.
wide, acuminate, the tip blunt, narrowed at the base and decurrent
on the petiole, subrepand-crenate, glabrous except on the costa and
veins, these minutely strigose; flowers fascicled at the tips of the
branches of a terminal panicle (up to 15 cm. long), the rachises
glandular, ferruginous-pubescent; calyx segments red, 6-8 mm. long,
or reaching 1.5 cm. at the fruiting stage, glandular- villous; corolla
15-17 mm. long, red, tomentose; capsule 8-10 mm. long, puberulent.

HYGROPHILA R. Br.

Herbs; leaves entire, often with cystoliths; flowers sessile, fascicled
or solitary, borne in the axils of the leaves; calyx 5-parted, the
segments narrow, nearly similar; corolla tube subcylindric, the limb
strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the lobes
sinistrorsely contorted; stamens 4, didynamous; anthers 2-celled,
their lobes unappendaged. — Many species occur in tropical regions
of both hemispheres.

Hygrophila guianensis Nees. H. conferta Nees. Marshy
places, usually along streams. Mexico to northern South America
and West Indies. A branched herb, up to 50 cm. high, sparingly
hirtellous or glabrate, the stem obtusely quadrangular; leaf blades

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1223

lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate at both ends,
entire; flowers fascicled; calyx segments lanceolate, about 5 mm.
long, white-margined, pilose; corolla white or purplish, puberulent,
the tube 5 mm. long, the lips about 2.5 mm. long; capsules narrowly
oblong, 1.2-1.4 cm. long, glabrous, 16-18-seeded.

JACOBINIA Moric.

Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually oblong to ovate, entire (rarely
crenate), petioled; flowers sessile or short-pedicellate in the axils
of the bracts, solitary, cymose, spicate, or paniculate; calyx 5-parted,
the segments narrow; corolla usually red or yellow, the tube usually
slender and elongate, straight or curved, the limb 2-lipped, the upper
lip narrow, erect, entire or minutely 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed;
stamens 2, the anther cells more or less unequally attached, muticous
to acute or subcalcarate at the base; staminodes none; capsules
clavate, 4-seeded. — A rather large genus of shrubs or subshrubs,
distributed throughout tropical America. Often cultivated in gardens
or, in temperate regions, in greenhouses.

Flowers borne in a large, dense, terminal thyrse J. umbrosa.

Flowers borne in terminal or axillary cymes, panicles, or spikes.
Leaves crenate; branches of the inflorescence puberulent.

J. crenata.

Leaves entire; branches of the inflorescence glabrous or subgla-
brous.

Corollas 5-6 cm. long J. macrantha.

Corollas 3-3.5 cm. long J. tinctoria.

Jacobinia crenata Leonard, sp. nov. — Frutex, caulibus teretibus,
glabris; lamina foliorum ovato-oblonga ad oblonga, acuminata, basi
angustata, membranacea, glabra; petioli glabri; spicae breves, laxae,
paniculatae, rhachibus puberulentis; bracteae oblongo-ovatae, apice
rotundatae, sparse glanduloso-pubescentes, vel infimae foliosae et
glabrae; calycis segmenta linearia, sparse puberulenta, minute cilio-
lata, interdum pilis raris longioribus glanduliferis instructa; corolla
rubra et flava, tenuiter pubescens, labiis angustis; antherae loculi
inaequaliter affixi, inferior basi subcalcaratus; capsulae clavatae,
glabrae vel apice pilos paucos glanduliferos gerentes.

A shrub, up to 2 meters high; stems terete, glabrous; leaf blades
ovate-oblong to oblong, up to 24 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, acuminate
(the tip blunt), narrowed at the base, thin, crenate, glabrous, with
numerous minute cystoliths; petioles up to 8 cm. long, glabrous;

1224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

flowers borne in lax spikes up to 8 cm. long, these forming large,
terminal panicles up to 30 cm. long, the branches of the panicles
and the rachises puberulent; bracts oblong-ovate, 5 mm. long and
3 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, sparingly glandular-pubescent, or
the lowermost larger, leaflike, and glabrous, all but the uppermost
soon deciduous; bractlets similar but smaller; calyx segments linear,
about 7 mm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, sparingly puberulent,
minutely ciliolate, sometimes with scattered, glandular hairs up to
0.25 mm. long; corollas 4.5-6 cm. long, finely pubescent, red and
yellow, the tube slender, 1-3.5 mm. in diameter at the base, narrowed
above the ovary, 4-6 mm. at the mouth, the lips narrow, 6 mm. wide
or less, up to 2 cm. long, gradually narrowed from base to tip, the
lobes about 0.5 mm. long, rounded; anther lobes unequally attached,
about 3 mm. long, the lower subcalcarate; capsules 1.5 cm. long,
clavate, glabrous or with a few glandular hairs near the tip.— La
Conception, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 250 meters, February, 1896,
Donnell Smith 6691 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 355,229). Buena
Vista, road to San Carlos Valley, 600 meters, Cook & Doyle 148.
Wet forests in the vicinity of Guapiles, Prov. Limon, 300-500 meters,
Standley 37286, 37354. Wet forest, Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago, 900
meters, Standley & Valeria 46991, 47107. Cataratas de San Ramon,
Brenes 4422, 13412. Forests between Rio Chirripo and Rio Zent,
2,500 meters, Pittier 16052. Rio de Las Vueltas, 635 meters, Tonduz
12887. Rio Hondo, 50 meters, Pittier 16642. Zarcero, A. Smith
A222, H39. Easily distinguished among Costa Rican species by
its large, crenate leaves, its large, terminal panicles of short spikes,
and its rounded bracts.

Jacobinia macrantha (Benth.) Hemsl. Pata de gallo, Saca-
tinta, Azul. Justicia macrantha Benth. Cyrtanthera macrantha
Nees. Cyrtantherella macrantha Oerst. Moist forests of Central
America. Slender shrubs, up to 4 meters high, often resting on
other plants; stems subtetragonal, pilose at the nodes or glabrous,
rarely densely pilose; leaf blades ovate to oblong, up to 20 cm. long
and 6 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed at the base,
thin, glabrous; petioles up to 2 cm. long, glabrous or pilose above;
flowers borne in axillary cymes; peduncles (up to 4 cm. long) and
pedicels glabrous; bracts and bractlets subulate, up to 2 mm. long,
glabrous; calyx 6-7 mm. long, the segments lance-subulate, ciliolate;
corollas pale yellowish or orange-red, up to 6.5 cm. long, glabrous,
the tube slender, 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base, 5 mm. at the mouth,
the lips about 2.5 cm. long, the posterior lip acute and bidentate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1225

provided with 2 medial wings enclosing a portion of the style, the
anterior lip spreading, about 1 cm. wide, the lobes about 2 mm. long,
rounded; stamens exserted from the mouth of corolla, the anthers
curved, converging at the tip and diverging at the base. The
flowers are said to resemble the open mouth of a serpent.

Jacobinia tinctoria (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.
2: 522. 1882. Azul, Sacatinta, Azul de mata. Sericographis tinctoria
Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 150. 1855. Cartago, Oersted.
Dry thickets of Central America. Glabrous shrubs, up to 2 meters
high; stems terete; leaf blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, up to
8 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed
at the base; petioles up to 1 cm. long; flowers secund, borne in lax,
curved, glabrous, axillary spikes up to 5 cm. long; bracts and bractlets
triangular-subulate, up to 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide at the base;
calyx segments triangular-subulate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, about 1 mm.
wide at the base, ciliolate; corolla 3-3.5 cm. long, red, the tube slender,
1.5 mm. in diameter at the base, 4 mm. at the mouth, the lips oblong,
1.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the upper acute, minutely bidentate, the
lobes of the lower lip about 1 mm. long, rounded, the middle one
2 mm. wide, the lateral ones 1.5 mm. wide; anther lobes 3 mm. long,
unequally and obliquely attached, the upper acute, the lower sub-
calcarate at the base. The leaves, treated with hot water, give a
blue solution used by laundresses to give a blue tint to white clothes.
This color changes to red with acids like litmus (Standley). Pittier
reports the Brunka name as Tebi-ka.

Jacobinia umbrosa (Benth.) Blake. Pav6n amarillo, Pavdn,
Pavoncillo. Synonyms of J. umbrosa are Justicia aurea Schlecht.
and Jacobinia aurea Hemsl., non Hiern. Damp woods, southern
Mexico and Central America. Often cultivated in gardens. A shrub
or small tree, up to 5 meters high or more; branches puberulent or
glabrous; leaf blades lance-oblong to broadly ovate, 10-45 cm. long,
up to 12 cm. wide or more, acute or acuminate, abruptly decurrent
at the base, glabrous or puberulent; petioles 5-8 cm. long; inflo-
rescence a many-flowered thyrse 7-30 cm. long, the rachises pu-
berulent; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide,
1-nerved, puberulent; calyx segments 5, lanceolate, 7 mm. long, 1.5
mm. wide, puberulent, 3-nerved; corolla 4.5-5 cm. long, yellow or
reddish yellow, puberulent or pilosulous, the lips 2.5 cm. long, the
upper one narrow, erect, entire, the lower 3-lobed, the lobes 2 mm.
long, rounded; anthers 3 mm. long, the cells slightly unequal, ab-

1226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ruptly acute at the base, the tip minute; capsules 16-17 mm. long,
clavate, puberulent.

JUSTICIA L.

Herbs or shrubs; leaves petiolate, usually ovate, entire; flowers
spicate, paniculate, or solitary; bracts small, or occasionally large
and imbricate; calyx segments narrow, nearly equal; corollas usually
purple, pink, or white, sometimes with dark purple markings, the
tube usually short, the throat ampliate, the upper lip 2-lobed, the
lower 3-lobed; stamens 2; anther cells 2, unequally attached, acute or
calcarate; staminodes none; ovules 2 in each cavity; capsules oblong
to obovate. — A large, cosmopolitan genus.

Leaves of a pair unequal J. trichotoma.

Leaves of a pair equal.

Calyx segments 4; leaf blades metallic blue beneath. . J. metallica.
Calyx segments 5.

Calyx segments unequal, the posterior one much smaller than
the others.

Corolla 2.5 cm. long or more J. Oerstedii.

Corolla 1 cm. long or less.
Bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate.
Leaves firm ; stem densely yellowish-pilose . . . J. Skutchii.
Leaves thin; stems finely pubescent in 2 lines.

J. angustibracteata.
Bracts elliptic or ovate.

Stems pilose in 2 lines J. Pittieri.

Stems not pilose in 2 lines, the hairs more or less evenly

distributed.
Hairs of the stem spreading, up to 1 mm. long.

J. candelariae.

Hairs of the stem curved, minute J. Valerii.

Calyx segments equal (the posterior one slightly smaller than
the others in J. pectoralis).

Bracts and bractlets narrowly spatulate J. costaricana.

Bracts and bractlets various, not narrowly spatulate.

Corollas 25-30 mm. long J. carthaginensis.

Corollas 20 mm. long or less.

Bracts subulate, minute, 3 mm. long or less.

Corollas 8-15 mm. long J. pectoralis.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1227

Corollas about 6 mm. long J. comata.

Bracts lanceolate to ovate, mostly more than 4 mm. long.
Leaf blades pilose, the hairs up to 3 mm. long.

J. Tonduzii.
Leaf blades glabrous or minutely and sparingly pilose

beneath.
Leaf blades rather small, 7 cm. long or less.

J. parvibracteata.
Leaf blades large, 20 cm. long or more.

Bracts ovate, ciliate J. refractifolia.

Bracts lanceolate, eciliate J. refulgens.

Justicia angustibracteata Leonard, nom. nov. Rhytiglossa
microphylla Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 159. 1855, non
Justicia microphylla Lam. 1791. Mountains of Candelaria, 1,800-
2,100 meters, Oersted. Wet forests of the upper mountain slopes.
Endemic. Herbs, up to 60 cm. high; stems slender, branched,
ascending, subquadrangular, finely pubescent in 2 lines; leaf blades
oblong-ovate to lanceolate, up to 11 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, obtuse
to acuminate, the tip blunt, narrowed at the base, thin, sparingly
hirtellous above, more densely so beneath; petioles up to 1 cm. long,
hirtellous; flowers borne in terminal, peduncled, solitary or paired
spikes (one much smaller than the other) up to 8 cm. long and 1 cm.
in diameter, the rachis and peduncle densely hirtellous; bracts oblong
to oblanceolate, up to 1 cm. long and 2 mm. wide, acute to obtusish
at the apex, hirtellous and ciliate; bractlets up to 1 cm. long and 0.5
mm. wide, hirtellous and ciliate; calyx 6-7 mm. long, the segments 5,
subulate, ciliate, the posterior segment much smaller than the others;
corollas 1 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide at the base, 2.5 mm. at the
mouth, puberulent, white(?); capsules clavate, 8 mm. long, sparingly
puberulent.

Justicia candelariae (Oerst.) Leonard, Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Publ. 461: 231. 1936. Rhytiglossa candelariae Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1854: 158. 1855. Dianthera candelariae Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 517. 1882. Mountains of Candelaria, 1,800-
2,100 meters, Oersted. Wet, wooded mountain slopes (usually above
600 meters). Herbs, up to 45 cm. high; stems branching, decumbent,
terete, hirsute, the hairs about 1 mm. long; leaf blades ovate to oblong,
up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, but usually much smaller, obtuse to
acute, with blunt tip, narrowed at the base, hirsute, paler beneath;

1228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

petioles up to 1 cm. long, pilose; flowers borne in terminal, solitary or
paired, bracted spikes (one spike much smaller than the other) up to
4 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter, the rachis pilose, the bracts im-
bricate, elliptic, up to 1 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, rounded and
mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sub-
membranaceous, nitid, subreticulate, hirsute and ciliate; bractlets
lanceolate, about 8 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, in other respects
similar to the bracts; lateral and anterior calyx segments linear, 6
mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, the posterior one subulate, 4 mm. long,
all ciliate; corollas 8 mm. long, white or tinged with violet, puberulent
toward the tip, 2 mm. in diameter at the base, 2.5 mm. at the mouth,
the upper lip 4 mm. long, the lower 5 mm.; capsules 8 mm. long,
clavate, puberulent. In the publication of the original transfer the
author was erroneously given as Hemsley.

JUvSticia carthaginensis Jacq. Thickets in both moist and
dry situations. Found throughout the West Indies and tropical
continental America. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, up to 1.5 meters
high; stems erect, branched, pilosulous in 2 lines or glabrous; leaf
blades ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed or
rounded at the base and decurrent on the petiole, glabrous or pilosu-
lous; petioles 0.5-2 cm. long; flowers borne in dense, terminal, bracted
spikes 3-7 cm. long; bracts oblong, 15 mm. long or less, about 5 mm.
wide, acute or obtuse, the bractlets similar but narrower, all pilosu-
lous, some of the hairs glandular; calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate,
10-11 mm. long, white-margined, ciliolate toward the tip; corollas
purple, 2.5-3 cm. long, sparingly glandular-pubescent, the tube about
1.5 cm. long, the upper lip straight, about as long as the tube, notched
at the apex, the lower lip spreading, slightly longer than the upper,
3-lobed, the lobes elliptic, about 1 cm. long, rounded; capsules 1.5-2
cm. long, finely puberulent.

Justicia cornata (L.) Lam. Damp thickets and woods, usually
on banks of streams. West Indies and tropical continental America.
An herb, up to 20 cm. high; stems weak, ascending or nearly erect,
usually branched, often rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous or spar-
ingly pilosulous; leaves sessile or petioled, the blades lanceolate to
oblong-ovate or oblong, 3-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute, rounded
or narrowed at the base; petioles, when present, up to 2 cm. long;
flowers borne in axillary and terminal, peduncled panicles up to 22
cm. long, the branches nearly filiform, 2-7 cm. long, often forming
verticillasters, more or less glandular-pubescent; bracts and bractlets

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1229

subulate, 3 mm. long or less; calyx segments 5, subulate, 1.5-2 mm.
long; corollas white or purplish, about 6 mm. long, the tube relatively
broad, 2 mm. long, the upper lip erect, 3 mm. long, emarginate, the
lower lip 4-5 mm. long, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded, 1 mm. long;
capsules 4-5 mm. long, stipitate, puberulent, sometimes glabrous
when mature.

Justicia costaricana Leonard, sp. nov. — Suffrutescens, caulibus
parce ramosis, subteretibus, glabris vel apice bifariam pubescentibus;
lamina foliorum oblongo-ovata, acuminata, basi angustata, glabra,
perspicue cystolithigera; petioli glabri; spicae axillares, solitariae
vel geminae, simplices vel interdum basi ramosae, rhachibus et
pedunculis glanduloso-puberulentis; bracteae spathulatae, unguicu-
latae, parce glanduloso-puberulentae; bracteolae anguste lineari-
spathulatae, glanduloso-puberulentae, saepe patentes; calycis seg-
menta lanceolato-subulata, puberulenta; corolla virescenti-flava,
fauce atrorubra, tubo basi ventrali bisaccato; antherae loculi oblique
et inaequaliter affixi, inferior breviter calcaratus.

Suffrutescent, up to 1.3 meters high; stems sparingly branched,
sub terete, glabrous or the tips pubescent in 2 lines; leaf blades oblong-
ovate, up to 13 cm. long, and 4.5 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt),
narrowed at the base, glabrous, the cystoliths numerous and con-
spicuous; petioles up to 2 cm. long, glabrous; flowers borne in axillary
spikes up to 3 cm. long, or occasionally longer, these solitary, paired,
simple or sometimes branched at the base, the rachises and peduncles
(5-10 mm. long) glandular-puberulent (sometimes in 2 lines) ; bracts
spatulate, 1 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, unguiculate, sparingly glandular-
puberulent; bractlets linear-spatulate, 1 cm. long, 0.5 mm. wide,
glandular-puberulent; bracts and bractlets usually spreading; calyx
segments 5, lance-subulate, 5.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide at the base,
puberulent; corollas 10 mm. long, greenish white, tinged with dark
red in the throat, the tube short, 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base,
enlarged to 3 mm. and narrowed again above the ovary, about 4 mm.
at the mouth, the ventral basal portion of the tube with 2 saccate
projections, the lips 4.5 mm. long, the upper one about 5 mm. wide
at the base, bidentate at the apex, the lobes of the lower lip rounded,
the middle one 3 mm. wide, the lateral 2 mm. wide; anthers ob-
liquely and unequally attached, the upper apiculate at the base, the
lower short-spurred (0.5 mm. long). — Moist forests of El Muneco,
Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400-1,500 meters, March 6-7, 1926,
Standley & Torres 51257 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,306,691),
50960, 50976, 51237; Standley 33429, 33453. Cataratas de San

1230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Ramon, Brenes 13488. Wet forests of La Hondura, Prov. San Jose",
1,300-1,700 meters, Standley 36539, 37735, 37956. La Brisa de
Zarcero, A. Smith H396. Easily recognized by its spreading, spatu-
late bracts and greenish white, red-throated, saccate corollas.

Justicia metallica Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 311. 1900.
Forests of El General, 600 meters, Pittier 3497. Found in the forests
of El General, Terraba, and Canas Gordas. Also in the Changuinola
Valley, Panama. Herbs, up to 40 cm. high; stems ascending, rooting
at the lower nodes, subquadrangular, pilosulous in 2 lines, purplish;
leaf blades ovate, up to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, more or less
acuminate (the tip blunt), rounded at the base and slightly decurrent
on the petiole, glabrous or the costa and veins hirsute with curved
hairs, the lower surface of a shining, metallic purple; petioles up to
7 mm. long, hirsutulous above; flowers secund in terminal or axillary,
glandular-pilosulous panicles composed of lax spikes; bracts and
bractlets minute; calyx segments 4 and 4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide;
corollas purple(?), finely pubescent, the tube slender, 8 mm. long,
the upper lip 4.5 mm. long, minutely 2-dentate at the apex, the lower
lip 4 mm. long, the lobes small, obtuse; capsules 8 mm. long, glabrous,
slender-stipitate.

Justicia Oerstedii Leonard, nom. nov. Chiloglossa glabra Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 161. 1855. Dianthera glabra Hemsl.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 518. 1882. Justicia glabra Lindau in
Pittier, Prim. 2: 312. 1900, non Koen. ex Roxb., 1820. Candelaria,
1,500 meters, Oersted. Found in damp thickets and forests, usually
above 500 meters; also in the Chiriqui region of Panama. Slender,
suffrutescent plants, rarely over 2 meters high, erect or suberect, the
branches terete, retrorsely hirsutulous in 2 lines; leaf blades oblong
to lanceolate, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide (occasionally larger),
obtuse to acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous; petioles up to
1.5 cm. long but usually much shorter; flowers borne in lax, terminal
panicles, the branches glandular-puberulent; bracts and bractlets
minute, subulate; calyx up to 6 mm. long, the segments linear,
puberulent, the posterior one much smaller than the others; corolla
bright red, up to 3 cm. long, finely and sparingly pubescent, the tube
narrow, 1 mm. in diameter at the base, gradually enlarged to 5 mm.
at the mouth, the upper lip oblong, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, minutely
bidentate at the apex, the lower lip slightly longer than the upper,
the middle lobe 2.5 mm. wide, the lateral one 1.5 mm. wide, all
3 mm. long and rounded at the apex; stamens barely reaching the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1231

tip of the lips, the connective about 1 mm. broad; anther cells
attached one slightly above the other, the lower one rounded,
acutish at the base; ovary glabrous.

Justicia parvibracteata Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae erectae vel
adscendentes, caulibus teretibus, bifariam retrorso-pubescentibus;
lamina foliorum oblongo-lanceolata, acuminata, basi angustata,
glabra; petioli glabri; inflorescentia spicata vel paniculata, rhachibus
et pedunculis patente pubescentibus, interdum glanduliferis, floribus
2-4 in axillis bractearum; bracteae oblongae, obtusae, basi angus-
tatae, chartaceae, glabrae, venosae; bracteolae lanceolatae, glabrae
vel parce pubescentes; calycis segmenta lanceolata, minute pubes-
centia; corolla alba et purpurea, parce pubescens, tubo subcylindrico,
labiis subaequalibus, superiore oblongo-ovato, acuto et minute
bidentato, inferiore trilobo, lobis rotundatis; antherae loculi subae-
qualiter affixi, inferior basi acutiusculus.

Erect or ascending herbs up to 1 meter high; stems terete,
retrorsely pubescent in 2 lines; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, up to
7 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed
at the base, glabrous, with cystoliths; petioles up to 5 mm. long,
glabrous; inflorescence spicate or subpaniculate, up to 10 cm. long,
the rachises and peduncles (up to 3 cm. long) spreading-pubescent,
the hairs about 0.5 mm. long, some of them gland-tipped, the inter-
nodes about 5 mm. long; flowers 2-4 in the axils of the bracts; pedicels
1 mm. long; bracts oblong, 4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide or slightly wider,
obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, firm, glabrous, the veins
prominent; bractlets lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide,
glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the hairs barely 0.5 mm. long, some
of them gland-tipped; calyx about 3 mm. long, minutely pubescent,
the segments 5, lanceolate, about 0.5 mm. wide, subequal; corollas
7 mm. long, subcylindric, 1.5 mm. in diameter, barely expanded at
the mouth, white and purple, sparingly pubescent, the lips subequal,
2.5 mm. long, the upper lip oblong-ovate, 1.5 mm. wide, acute and
minutely bidentate at the apex, the lower lip 3 mm. wide, with
3 rounded lobes 1.25 mm. in diameter; anther cells subequally at-
tached, the lowermost slightly larger than the upper and acutish
at the base; capsules clavate, 7 mm. long, puberulent, the hairs of
the stipe retrorse. — Wet forests in the vicinity of Pejivalle, Prov.
Cartago, 900 meters, February, 1926, Standky & Valeria 47001 (type
in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,254,955), 46926. Closely related to
J. Pittieri, but with comparatively narrow bracts, strictly glabrous

1232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

leaf blades, and with glandular, spreading hairs, evenly distributed
on the rachis and peduncle.

Justicia pectoralis Jacq. Waste and cultivated regions in
continental tropical America and West Indies. An herb, up to 60 cm.
high; stems erect, decumbent, or ascending, sparingly branched,
often rooting at the lower nodes, short-pilose in 2 lines below,
puberulent and more or less glandular above; leaf blades lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute or obtuse at
the base, glabrous; petioles 2-12 mm. long; inflorescence a terminal,
few-several-branched panicle, the branches slender, alternate, 2-12
cm. long, more or less glandular, the flowers subdistant; bracts and
bractlets subulate, up to 3 mm. long; calyx segments 5, subulate,
about 2 mm. long, the posterior segment slightly shorter than the
others; corollas pink, puberulent, 8-15 mm. long, the tube 5 mm. long,
the upper lip straight, about 4 mm. long, minutely 2-lobed at the
tip, the lower lip slightly longer, 7 mm. broad, the lobes rounded,
1.5-2 mm. long, purple, white-striped toward the throat.

Justicia Pittieri Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 312. 1900. Known
only from the type, collected at Tskuinak, upper Zhorquin, Tala-
manca, Pittier 864.2. An ascending herb, rooting at the lower nodes;
stems terete, pilose in 2 lines; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, 7-10 cm.
long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the tip itself blunt, narrowed at
the base, glabrous or sparingly pilose beneath, the cystoliths numer-
ous and conspicuous; petioles 5-8 mm. long, pubescent above, the
hairs usually curved; spikes simple, terminal, about 5 cm. long, the
rachis and peduncle (2 cm. long) pubescent in 2 lines; flowers fascicled
in the axils of the bracts, 4-8 at each node, the internodes of the
spikes about 5 mm. long; bracts ovate or the lowermost oblong,
about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed
and stipitate at the base, ciliate, pilosulous, some of the hairs gland-
ular; bractlets lanceolate, 2.5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, puberulent;
calyx 3-4 mm. long, the anterior segment minute and setulose, the
other 4 narrowly lanceolate, 0.5 mm. wide at the base, sparingly and
minutely pubescent; corollas sparingly pubescent, purple(?), the tube
5 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. in diameter, the lips 3 mm. long,
the upper one 1.5 mm. wide, minutely bidentate at the apex, the
3 lobes of the lower lip about 1 mm. in diameter, obtuse.

Justicia refractifolia (Kuntze) Leonard, comb. nov. Ecbolium
refractifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 487. 1891. Justicia pseudopolysta-
chya Cuf. Archivio Bot. 10: 49. 1934 (Finca Waldeck, Rio Madre de

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1233

Dios and Rio Barbilla, 20-40 meters, Cufodontis 349 and 652). Costa
Rica, at 300 meters, Kuntze. Near sea level, in wet forests of Costa
Rica and Panama. Herbs, up to 1 meter high; stems simple, sub-
terete, strigose (the hairs about 0.5 mm. long), or the upper portions
hirsute with somewhat longer, spreading hairs; leaf blades oblong-
lanceolate, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, acute to acuminate
(the tip itself usually blunt), narrowed at the base, not at all decur-
rent, glabrous above, more or less pilose beneath; petioles about 5 mm.
long, strigillose; spikes axillary, solitary or paired (one much smaller
than the other), up to about 10 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter;
bracts ovate, up to 10 mm. long and 6 mm. wide, acute at the apex,
obtusish at the base, glabrous above, sparingly puberulent beneath,
ciliate, drying dark brown, the veins prominent, the sterile basal
bracts similar but narrower; bractlets lanceolate-falcate, 8 mm. long
and about 2 mm. wide, in other respects similar to the bracts; calyx
segments 5, subulate, up to 7 mm. long, ciliolate; corollas 10-12 mm.
long, purple, finely pubescent; lower anther cells spurred; capsules
clavate, 8 mm. long, puberulent, 4-seeded; seeds muricate.

Justicia refulgens Leonard, sp. nov. — Frutex, caulibus sub-
quadrangularibus, glabris vel apice pilosis; lamina foliorum oblonga,
acuminata, basi angustata, chartacea, laete viridis, nitens, subtus
pallidior, glabra, costa et venis subtus tenuiter et sparse pilosis
exceptis; petioli pubescentes; spicae axillares, trifurcatae, peduncu-
latae, pedunculis glabris vel appresso-pilosis, rhachibus et pedunculis
secundariis brunneo-tomentosis; spicae bracteae lineares, floriferae
lanceolatae, appresso-pubescentes vel subtomentosae; calycis seg-
menta linearia, acuminata, tomentosa; corolla tenuiter pubescens,
alba, labiis lilacino-tinctis; antherae loculi inaequaliter affixi, inferior
minute calcaratus; capsulae clavatae, glabrae; semina plana, brunnea,
papillosa.

Shrubs, up to 1 meter high; stems subquadrangular, glabrous or
the tips appressed-pilose; leaf blades oblong, up to 25 cm. long and
6 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base, rather firm, bright
shining green, darker above than beneath, glabrous except the costa
and veins beneath, these finely and sparingly pilose; petioles up to
4 cm. long, pubescent; flowers borne in trifurcate, axillary, peduncled
spikes up to 6 cm. long, the peduncles up to 4 cm. long, subquad-
rangular, glabrous or appressed-pilose, the rachises and secondary
peduncles (1-1.5 cm. long) brownish-tomentose, the lower internodes
about 1 cm. long, the others successively shorter toward the tip;
bracts subtending the spikes linear, about 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm.

1234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

wide, those subtending the flowers lanceolate, 6 mm. long, 1.5-2.5
mm. wide at the base, appressed-pubescent or subtomentose; bract-
lets similar but narrower; calyx segments 5, linear, 8 mm. long, 1.5
mm. wide, acuminate, tomentose; corollas about 18 mm. long, 6 mm.
in diameter at the mouth, finely pubescent, white, the lips tinted
lavender, 8 mm. long; anther lobes unequally attached, the lower
with a minute spur about 0.25 mm. long at the base; capsules clavate,
2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, glabrous; seeds flat, brown, 4 mm. long,
3.5 mm. wide, papillose. — Between Rio Ladrillo and Los Siguas
Camp, southern slope of Cerro de La Horqueta, Chiriqui, Panama,
1,200-1,700 meters, March 18, 1911, Pittier 3272 (type in U. S. Nat.
Herb., No. 677,663). Rain forests of Bajo Chorro, Boquete District,
Chiriqui, Panama, Davidson 77. Well marked by its firm, large,
shining, green leaves and its trifurcate, tomentose spikes. Because
of the similarity of the Chiriqui Province of Panama to the adjacent
region of Costa Rica, it is reasonable to expect an extension of the
range of this species to Costa Rica.

Justicia Skutchii Leonard, sp. nov. — Frutex gracilis, caulibus
dense flavescenti-pilosis; lamina foliorum oblongo-ovata, acuta, brevi-
ter acuminata, vel interdum obtusa, basi rotundata vel subcordata,
chartacea, dense flavescenti-pilosa, costa et venis perspicuis; petioli
dense pilosi; spicae terminales et axillares, paniculatae, floribus
fasciculatis, sessilibus, rhachibus et pedunculis dense flavescenti-
pubescentibus, pilis nonnullis glanduliferis; bracteae anguste ob-
longae, apice obtusae, basi angustatae, supra glabrae, subtus parce
pubescentes, venosae; bracteolae lineares, parce hirsutulae; calycis
segmentum anticum setulosum, cetera anguste lanceolata, omnia
minute pubescentia; corolla tenuiter pubescens, alba et purpurea,
labio superiore anguste ovato, acuto, inferiore trilobo, lobis rotun-
datis; antherae loculi subaequaliter affixi, connectivo lato; capsulae
clavatae, pubescentes, 4-spermae; semina papillosa.

Slender shrubs, up to 1 meter high; stems densely yellowish-
pilose, the hairs up to 2 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-ovate, up to
10 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, acute, short-acuminate, or occasionally
obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, firm, both
surfaces densely yellowish-pilose, the costa and veins prominent
beneath, the cystoliths conspicuous; petioles about 2 mm. long,
densely yellowish-pilose; spikes terminal and axillary, up to 12 cm.
long, forming a large, terminal panicle; flowers borne in fascicles of
3-8 (or the uppermost solitary), sessile in the axils of the bracts, the
internodes about 5 mm. long, the rachises and peduncles (up to 3 cm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1235

long) densely yellowish-pubescent, the hairs about 0.25 mm. long,
some of them glandular; bracts narrowly oblong, 6 mm. long and 2
mm. wide, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, sparingly hirsute
beneath with yellowish hairs 0.5 mm. long, glabrous above, the costa
and veins prominent; bractlets linear, about 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm.
wide, sparingly hirsutulous; anterior calyx segment setulose, about
2.5 mm. long, the other 4 narrowly lanceolate, 4.5 mm. long, 0.75
mm. wide at the base, minutely pubescent; corollas 8 mm. long, white
and purple, finely and rather sparingly pubescent, the tube 1.5 mm.
in diameter at the base, 2.5 mm. at the mouth, the lips 4 mm. long,
the upper one narrowly ovate, acute, 2 mm. wide near the base, the
lower 4 mm. wide, its lobes rounded, barely 0.5 mm. long, 1.2-2 mm.
wide; anther lobes subequally attached, the connective broad; cap-
sules 8 mm. long, clavate, finely pubescent, 4-seeded, the seeds
papillose. — On rocks beside a forest stream, vicinity of El General,
Prov. San Jose*, 915 meters, December, 1936, Skutch 3012 (type in
U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,643,087). Possibly related to J. Tonduzii,
but readily distinguishable by its larger size, dense and yellowish
pubescence, larger and more densely flowered spikes, and thicker
leaf blades.

Justicia Tonduzii Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 313. 1900. Type
from the forests of Rio Naranjo, Tonduz 7976. Found also in the
forests of Victoria Farm, Plains of Zent, Pittier 16073, and at La
Colombiana, Prov. Limon, Standley 36928. Endemic. An erect
herb, up to 30 cm. high; stems terete, the pubescence a mixture of
small, curved hairs, arranged in 2 lines, and long, spreading ones
(up to 3 mm. long) evenly distributed; leaf blades ovate, up to 9 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, short-acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed or
obtuse at the base, both surfaces pilose, the hairs up to 3 mm. long,
or subglabrous at maturity; petioles about 5 mm. long, the pubescence
a mixture of long, spreading hairs and short, curved ones; spikes
terminal or axillary, slender, up to 7 cm. long, the flowers borne in
fascicles of 3 or 4 in the axils of the bracts, the internodes up to 6 mm.
long, the rachis and peduncle (up to 3 cm. long) pubescent with a
mixture of short, curved and long, spreading hairs, some of them
glandular; bracts ovate, stipitate, up to 5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide,
the margins and costa with long, spreading hairs; bractlets narrowly
oblong, up to 2 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, pilose; calyx 2.5 mm.
long, the segments 5, subulate, pubescent, some hairs glandular;
corolla 7-8 mm. long, purplish, sparingly and finely pubescent, the
lips about 4 mm. long, the upper one minutely 2-lobed at the tip,

1236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the lobes of the lower lip rounded; anther lobes subequally attached,
the lower smaller than the upper; capsules clavate, about 5 mm. long,
pubescent.

Justicia trichotoma (Kuntze) Leonard, comb. nov. Ecbolium
trichotomum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 488. 1891. J. asymetrica Lindau
in Pittier, Prim. 2: 310. 1900 (Chilamate, bank of Rio Sarapiqui, Biol-
ley 7383). Limon, Kuntze. At low altitudes in wet forests and
thickets. Honduras and Panama. Herbs or small shrubs, up to 1
meter high; branches subquadrangular, pubescent, the hairs small,
curved, the lower portions of the stems becoming subterete and
glabrous; leaf blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, one blade of each
pair conspicuously smaller than the other, the larger blades up to
10 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, the smaller up to 5 cm. long and 2 cm.
wide, all long-acuminate (the tip itself blunt), narrowed at the base,
the costa and veins pubescent, the hairs minute, curved, the inter-
costal spaces glabrous or sparingly pilose; petioles up to 2 cm. long,
slender, puberulent; flowers borne in small, few-flowered, axillary
cymes, the peduncles up to 4 cm. long, puberulent, the flowers sessile
on the branches; bracts small, linear; calyx segments 7-8 mm. long,
less than 1 mm. wide; corollas pale purple, pubescent, the tube sub-
cylindric, 10 mm. long and about 1.5 mm. in diameter, the upper lip

5 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, minutely bifid at the apex, the lower lip

6 mm. long, its 3 lobes 5 mm. long, the middle one 2.5 mm. wide,
the lateral ones 1.5 mm. wide, all obtuse; capsules 14 mm. long, about
2.5 mm. wide, puberulent, 4-seeded, stipitate; seeds 1.5 mm. in
diameter, verruculose.

Justicia Valerii Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae decumbentes, cauli-
bus gracilibus, subteretibus, tenuiter retrorse pubescentibus; lamina
foliorum ovata ad oblonga, acuta vel acuminata, basi angustata,
supra glabra, subtus minute puberulenta vel subglabra, perspicue
cystolithigera; petioli appresso-pubescentes; spicae terminales, soli-
tariae vel gemmae, pedunculis et rhachibus pubescentibus, pilis
parvis, recurvatis, albidis, bracteis inferioribus lanceolatis, acutis vel
acutiusculis, ceteris ellipticis, obtusis, vel rotundatis et obtuse apicu-
latis, basi abrupte angustatis, pallide viridibus, viridi-reticulatis,
imbricatis, subglabris, ciliatis; bracteolae oblanceolatae, acutae,
ciliatae; calycis segmenta tenuiter pubescentia, posticum minutum,
setaceum, cetera lineari-subulata; corolla tenuiter pubescens, alba
vel purpurascens, intus purpureo-maculata, labio superiore angusto,
erecto, apice minute bidentato, inferiore patente, trilobo, lobis

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1237

rotundatis; antherae loculi subaequaliter affixi, connective lato;
capsulae clavatae, puberulentae.

Decumbent herbs, up to 30 cm. high; stems slender, subterete,
puberulent or finely retrorse-pubescent; leaf blades ovate to oblong,
up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, but usually smaller, acute to acumi-
nate (the tip blunt), narrowed at the base, glabrous and dark gray-
green, or with a blue-green, metallic tint above, paler and minutely
pubescent or subglabrous beneath, the cystoliths conspicuous; peti-
oles up to 1 cm. long, minutely appressed-pubescent; flowers borne
in terminal, solitary or paired, bracted spikes up to 5 cm. long and
1 cm. in diameter; peduncles (up to 3.5 cm. long) and rachises finely
pubescent, the hairs white and recurved, the lower pair of bracts
lanceolate, up to 1 cm. long and 3 mm. wide, acute or obtusish, the
others elliptic, 6-7 mm. long and about 4 mm. wide, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, bluntly apiculate, rather abruptly narrowed at
the base, all pale green with dark green, coarse reticulation, imbricate,
subglabrous, ciliate; bractlets oblanceolate, 6 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
acute, ciliate; calyx sparingly and finely pubescent, the posterior
segment setaceous, 3 mm. long, the other 4 linear-subulate, 5 mm.
long and 0.5 mm. wide; corollas finely pubescent, white or purplish
white with purple dots within, 9 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter at the
base, somewhat constricted above the ovary, 2.5 mm. wide at the
mouth, the lips about 4 mm. long, the upper one narrow, erect,
minutely bidentate at the apex, the lower one spreading, 4.6 mm.
wide across the 3 rounded lobes; anther lobes subequally attached,
the connective broad; capsules clavate, 7 mm. long, 2 mm. broad,
puberulent. — Moist forest of Quebrada Serena, southeast of Tilaran,
Guanacaste, 700 meters, January 27, 1926, Standley & Valeria 46147
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 1,254,478), 46154, 46178, 46212.
Wooded stream bank at Dulce Nombre, Prov. Cartago, 1,400 meters,
Standley 35945. Wet forests of El Muneco, south of Navarro, Prov.
Cartago, 1,400 meters, Standley 33454. Moist forests of El Silencio,
Guanacaste, near Tilaran, 750 meters, Standley & Valeria 44731.
El Silencio de San Ramon, Brenes 17100. El Rosario de Orosi, 1,120
meters, Pittier 16614. Wet forest in the vicinity of Fraijanes, 1,500-
1,700 meters, Standley & Torres 47522. La Palma de San Ramon,
Brenes 15061. La Pifia de Zarcero, A. Smith H305. Wet forest of
Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600-700 meters, Standley
& Valeria 45543. Moist forest of Naranjos Agrios, Guanacaste,
600-700 meters, Standley & Valeria 46456. Piedades Norte de San
Ramon, Brenes 6717. In a clearing at Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui,

1238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

north slope of Central Cordillera, Skutch 3448. Zarcero, A. Smith
H52. Without definite locality, Brenes 3698. Closely related to J.
candelariae (Oerst.) Leonard, but easily separated from that by the
pubescence of the stems. In J. candelariae the hairs are rather
coarse and spreading, but in this new species they are fine and
retrorsely curved.

LEPIDAGATHIS Willd.

Herbs or low shrubs; leaves entire; flowers borne in dense spikes;
calyx unequally 5-parted; corolla tube slender, subcylindric, the limb
2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft or emarginate, the lower 3-lobed;
stamens 4, didynamous, the filaments short, the anther cells blunt;
style entire; capsules oblong, pointed, 4-seeded (sometimes fewer);
seeds flat, nearly orbicular. — There are about 60 species, mostly of
the Old World tropics.

Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (Vahl) Griseb. Wet, shaded banks
in woods, thickets, and fields. Central America to northern South
America and West Indies. An herb; stems up to 50 cm. long, usually
branched, erect, decumbent, or ascending, sometimes rooting at the
lower nodes, short-pilose; leaf blades thin, ovate to elliptic, 3-8 cm.
long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, repand
or entire; petioles up to 2 cm. long; spikes usually terminal, 3-8 cm.
long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, many-flowered; bracts lanceolate to
oblong, about 6 mm. long, venose, ciliate; calyx segments unequal,
4-6 mm. long, the anterior pair lanceolate, connate at the base, the
lateral pair linear, the posterior segment obovate; corollas white or
violet, about as long as the calyx; stamens free at the base; anther
sacs parallel, slightly unequal; capsules sessile, glabrous, about
4 mm. long.

LOUTERIDIUM S. Wats.

Shrubs; leaves petiolate, crenate or entire; flowers borne in narrow,
nearly naked, terminal panicles or racemes; bracts small; calyx
segments 3; corolla large, red or yellowish, the tube abruptly ex-
panded above the ovary, broad and hood-shaped above, the lobes 5,
short, subequal; stamens 2 or 4, exserted, the anther cells parallel;
capsules sessile, the locules 6-8-seeded. — Several species are found
in Mexico and Central America.

Louteridium costaricense Radlk. & Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz.
37: 422. 1904. Known only from the type, collected in the forests
of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Tonduz 8123. Glabrous shrubs; leaf
blades oblong-elliptic, 28-31 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, narrowed

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1239

at the base and decurrent on the petiole, membranous, entire;
petioles up to 6 cm. long; flowers borne in a narrow panicle, the
peduncle about 15 cm. long; bracts and bractlets ovate-lanceolate,
6-9 mm. long; pedicels 2-3.5 cm. long; calyx segments oblong, 2-4
cm. long, acute, reticulate-veined; corolla yellow; stamens 2.

MENDONCIA Veil.

Twining, herbaceous or suffrutescent vines; leaf blades usually
ovate, elliptic, or oblong, petioled; flowers pediceled, one to several
in the axils of the leaves, each flower subtended by a pair of con-
spicuous bracts; corolla usually red or white, 5-lobed, the tube narrow;
stamens 4, paired; anther lobes diverging, bearded; calyx usually
reduced to a minute ring; fruit drupaceous, usually dry and com-
pressed at the tip. — The genus was named for Cardinal Mendonca,
Patriarch of Lisbon. Although numerous in tropical South America,
only five species are known at present in Central America.

Corolla 1.5 cm. long M. Brenesii.

Corolla 3 cm. long or more.

Stems strigose or glabrous; bracts less than twice as long as wide.
Stems narrowly winged; bracts oblong, retuse at the apex.

M. retusa.
Stems quadrangular but not winged; bracts obovate, rounded

or obtuse at the apex M . costaricana.

Stems pilose; bracts more than twice as long as wide.
Bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex . . . M. Lindavii.
Bracts oblong-elliptic, rounded at the apex M. Tonduzii.

Mendoncia Brenesii Standl. & Leonard, sp. nov. — Frutex
volubilis, caulibus teretibus, glabris vel sparse et minute strigosis;
lamina foliorum ovata, abrupte acuminata, mucronata, basi rotun-
data vel angustata, chartacea, glabra vel novella minute et sparse
strigosa; petioli glabri; flores fasciculati; bracteae ovatae, obtusae,
sparse et minute strigosae; corolla alba, parva, glabra, lobis obcor-
datis; stamina inclusa.

Scandent, the stems subterete, grooved, glabrous or sparingly
and minutely strigose; leaf blades ovate, up to 11 cm. long and
6 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate and tipped by a mucro about 2 mm.
long, rounded or narrowed at the base, firm, glabrous or the upper-
most minutely and sparingly strigose; petioles up to 3 cm. long,
glabrous; flowers several, radiating from short, flattened, rounded,
axillary spurs; pedicels about 1 cm. long, sparingly and minutely

1240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

strigose; bracts ovate, 10-14 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, obtuse,
sparingly and minutely strigose; corollas 1.5 cm. long, white, glabrous,
the tube about 8 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, slightly expanded
at the base, the lobes obcordate, about 7 mm. in diameter; stamens
included, the filaments 1.5 mm. long; fruit not seen. — La Palma de
San Ramon, August 26, 192S,Brenes 6269 (type in Herb. Field Mus.,
No. 855,431), 4406, 5631. This is quite unlike any other Mendoncia
found in Central America. It has axillary umbels of small, white
flowers.

Mendoncia costaricana Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1854: 113. 1855. Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted; collected by Oersted
also at Quebrada Honda, 540 meters, and south of Cartago.
Found occasionally in wet forests. Also seen in Panama. Large,
herbaceous vines; stems obscurely quadrangular, slightly grooved,
strigose; leaf blades ovate-elliptic 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide,
acuminate and sometimes falcate at the apex, tipped by a mucro
1-2 mm. long, rounded or narrowed at the base and slightly decurrent
on the petiole, thin, hirtellous and barely scabrous above (the hairs
arising from star-shaped bases), softly pubescent beneath; petioles
15-19 mm. long, strigose; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils of the upper
leaves; peduncles 1-1.5 cm. long, strigose; bracts obovate, 12-15
mm. long, 10-11 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded and apiculate at the
apex, subcordate at the base, strigose; corollas white, the throat
with dark purple spots, glabrous, 3 cm. long, the tube 8 mm. broad
at the throat, the lobes orbicular, 4-5 mm. wide, emarginate; ovary
glabrous.

Mendoncia Lindavii Rusby. Occasional in wet forests of the
lower mountain slopes (up to 900 meters). Its range extends from
British Honduras and Guatemala as far south as Bolivia. A large,
densely ferruginous-pilose vine; leaf blades ovate to broadly oval,
5-10 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide, acuminate and sometimes mucronate
at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; petioles up to 1.5 cm.
long; flowers single or in pairs; pedicels 2-3 cm. long; bracts oblong-
lanceolate, subfalcate, 3-4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, acuminate and
usually mucronate at the apex, partly connate; corollas red, pink,
or white, 4-5 cm. long, tubular, glabrous, the lobes rounded, 4-5 mm.
long, entire; fruit ovoid, compressed, keeled, about 2 cm. long and
1 cm. wide, brown-puberulent.

Mendoncia retusa Turrill. Common in moist forests. Also
in other parts of Central America. Stem conspicuously quadrangular,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1241

narrowly winged, glabrous or sparingly pilose toward the tip; leaf
blades elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate
and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
entire, glabrous, or the costa and lateral veins sparingly pilose;
flowers solitary, the pedicels 2-3 cm. long; bracts oblong, 1-2.5 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. wide, rounded at both ends, retuse and apiculate at
the apex, glabrous; corolla white with a purple throat, glabrous,
4-5 cm. long, the lobes broadly obovate, spreading, 5-10 mm.
long; fruit black, minutely puberulent or glabrescent, ovoid, about
1.5 cm. long.

Mendoncia Tonduzii Turrill, Kew Bull. 413. 1919. Tucurrique,
Tonduz 12946. Rarely found except at the type locality. Endemic.
A suffrutescent vine; stems quadrangular, hirsute; leaf blades elliptic,
up to 13 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base,
pilose and subscabrous above (the hairs arising from star-shaped
bases), rather densely and softly pilose with yellowish, curved hairs
below; petioles 2-3 cm. long, hirsute; flowers solitary or in pairs
in the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels 2-3 cm. long, densely
yellowish-hirsute; bracts oblong-elliptic, up to 3.5 cm. long and
1.5 cm. wide, rounded at both ends, apiculate at the apex, the costa
prominent, densely and softly yellowish-hirsute without, glabrous
within; corolla about 5 cm. long, white, glabrous, about 8 mm.
broad at the oblique throat, the lobes ovate, spreading, about 8 mm.
long and 5-6 mm. wide; fruit oblong, slightly compressed, 2 cm. long,
12-14 mm. wide, doubly keeled when dry, puberulent.

NELSONIA R. Br.

A monotypic genus, ranging from Mexico to northern South
America and the West Indies; also in the Old World tropics.

Nelsonia brunelloides (Lam.) Kuntze. Common in dry
thickets or forests. A diffuse, softly villous herb; leaves entire;
flowers borne in terminal and axillary, bracted spikes; calyx 4-lobed,
the posterior segment 2-toothed or 2-cleft; corolla blue or purple,
the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower
3-lobed ; stamens 2, the filaments short, the anther sacs mucronulate
at the base; ovules several in each cavity; stigma 2-lobed; capsules
oblong, beaked; seeds pubescent with peculiar, anchor-shaped hairs.

ODONTONEMA Nees

Herbs or shrubs; leaves usually large, entire; flowers borne in
narrow, terminal panicles; calyx 5-parted, the segments small and

1242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

narrow; corollas white, red, or yellow, the tube slender, the throat
only slightly enlarged, the limb 2-lipped, nearly regular; stamens 2,
the anther sacs blunt at the base; staminodes 2; capsules oblong,
stipitate; seeds 4 or fewer. — A genus of 30 or more species, confined
chiefly to tropical America.

Rachis tomentose or subtomentose 0. callistachyum.

Rachis glabrous or sparingly puberulent.

Inflorescence gradually diminished to a flagellate, flowerless tip.

0. flagellum.

Inflorescence flowering to the tip 0. strictum.

Odontonema callistachyum (Schlecht. & Cham.) Kuntze.
Thickets, southern Mexico and Central America. Suffrutescent,
2-4.5 meters high; leaves lance-oblong to elliptic-ovate, 10-30 cm.
long, acuminate, the uppermost sessile, the lower petiolate; inflores-
cence an interrupted, racemiform or paniculate thyrse, the flowers
borne in fascicles, these subtended by triangular, cuspidate bracts
about 4 mm. long, the rachis and pedicels tomentose or subtomentose;
calyx segments subulate, about 2 mm. long, ciliolate; corolla pink
or red, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad at the throat, the lips
4-5 mm. long, the upper 2-lobed (the lobes about 3 mm. long),
the lower 3-lobed nearly to the base, all the lobes rounded and
ciliolate near the tip; staminodes 0.5-1 mm. long; capsules 2 cm. long,
narrow and solid from middle to base, glabrous.

Odontonema flagellum (Oerst.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 494.
1891. Thyrsacanthus flagellum Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1854: 146. 1855. Turrialba, Oersted. Forests. Endemic. Suffrutes-
cent, up to 2 meters high; stems glabrous; leaf blades oblong-elliptic
to lanceolate, up to 30 cm. long and 11 cm. wide, acuminate, ending
in a blunt and sometimes curved tip, narrowed at the base to a short,
winged petiole, glabrous or minutely and inconspicuously puberulent
beneath; inflorescence a slender raceme, simple, or branched at the
base, and ending in a slender, flagellate, sterile tip; flowers 6 or more
(sometimes fewer toward the tip), crowded in opposite clusters
usually about 1 cm. distant on the rachis and subtended by triangular
bracts 3.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide at the base; bractlets similar
but smaller; pedicels red, slender, up to 7 mm. long, these and the
rachis and bracts minutely and sparingly hirsutulous; calyx 3-4.5
mm. long, red, essentially glabrous, minutely ciliolate, the segments
narrowly triangular, 2-3 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 mm. wide at the base;
corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, bright red, glabrous, the lower portion of the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1243

tube slender, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, to about 5 mm. above the
base, thence rather abruptly enlarged to 4-5 mm., the lobes rounded
or obtuse, minutely ciliolate; staminodes truncate, about 0.75 mm.
long; capsules 2 cm. long, glabrous, long-stipitate.

Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze. Forests of Central
America. Suffrutescent, 1-2 meters high, glabrous; leaves up to
35 cm. long and 12 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base to a
short petiole; inflorescence a simple or branched raceme up to 30 cm.
long or more, the rachis minutely puberulent; flowers borne in pseudo-
whorls, the pedicels short, subtended by a keeled, acuminate outer
bract (1 mm. wide at the base) and several minute, subulate inner
bracts; calyx 3 mm. long, the segments subulate, purplish red;
corolla rich scarlet, tubular, or slightly funnelform, the lips about
6 mm. long, the upper one 2-lobed at the tip, the lower 3-lobed nearly
to the base, the lobes ovate, obtuse, minutely ciliolate; fertile stamens
reaching the notch in the upper lip; staminodes about 0.5 mm. long,
subulate; style shorter than the corolla tube.

POIKILACANTHUS Lindau

Herbs or shrubs; flowers borne in small, terminal or axillary,
bracted spikes or heads; calyx 5-parted; corolla slender, 2-lipped;
stamens 2, the anthers unequally attached, the lobes rounded or
ending in a short spur; staminodes none; pollen elliptic, marked
with hexagonal plates ("facettierter Pollen"). — Several species are
found in South America.

Poikilacanthus macranthus Lindau. Wet forests of Costa
Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Shrubs up to 2 meters high;
stems terete, glabrate or the tips yellowish-subtomentose; leaf
blades oblong-ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate,
the tip blunt, narrowed at the base, subglabrous above, the nerves
and margins of the lower surface pilosulous, the hairs curved,
appressed or ascending; petioles 7-15 mm. long, subtomentose;
flowers borne in short, terminal, sessile heads, each head with 5-6
flowers; bracts oblong, up to 9 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, hirsutulous;
bractlets similar but smaller; calyx segments lanceolate, about 5 mm.
long and 1.5-2 mm. wide, ciliate; corolla light pink or lavender,
sparingly pubescent (the hairs about 0.5 mm. long, some of them
gland-tipped), the tube 3.5 cm. long, 3 mm. in diameter at the base,
gradually enlarged to 6 mm. at the mouth, the upper lip 3 cm. long,
10 mm. wide at the base, bilobed at the tip, the lobes 1 mm. long,
the lower lip 24 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at the base, 11 mm. at the

1244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

middle, the middle lobe 1.5-2 mm. long, obtusish, the lateral lobes
1.5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, acutish; stamens reaching to the tips of
the lips; anther lobes obtuse, unequally attached; style about 7 cm.
long; capsules about 1.5 cm. long, pilosulous, the basal half about
4 mm. broad, solid, the upper half ovate, 4-seeded; seeds flat, black
to light brown, minutely roughened. Distinct from Beloperonides
macrantha Oerst., erroneously treated as a synonym by Lindau in
Pittier, Prim. 2: 307. 1900.

PSEUDERANTHEMUM Radlk.

Herbs or small shrubs; leaves usually ovate; flowers borne in
terminal or axillary, bracteate spikes, the bracts and bractlets small ;
calyx segments 4 or 5, subulate; corolla white, blue, or pink, the
tube slender, the limb spreading, the 5 lobes subequal; stamens 2,
included; staminodes 2, minute; anther cells 2, muticous or acute
at the base; capsules long-stipitate; seeds 2 or 4. — A genus frequently
found in tropical regions throughout the world. Several species
other than those here described have been found in Central America.

Calyx puberulent, some of the hairs gland-tipped.

Flowers crowded in opposite fascicles or in whorls, and borne in a
narrow, terminal raceme; leaf blades, or some of them, more
than 9.5 cm. long P. Pittieri.

Flowers mostly alternate and solitary, borne in a much branched
panicle of slender, lax spikes; leaf blades 9.5 cm. long or less.

P. Standleyi.
Calyx essentially glabrous, eglandular.

Leaf blades thin, green, the petioles long and conspicuously winged ;
flowers sessile or subsessile; native species P. cuspidatum.

Leaf blades firm, often purple, the petioles short and not conspicu-
ously winged; pedicels up to 6 mm. long; cultivated species.

P. atropurpureum.

Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum (Bull) Bailey. Eran-
themum atropurpureum Bull. Widely planted in tropical regions of
America. A shrub, up to 2 meters high; stem glabrous; leaf blades
ovate, up to 12 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, or occasionally larger, short-
acuminate or obtuse and apiculate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
purple, entire, glabrous, both surfaces bearing numerous minute,
subpunctiform cystoliths; petioles short; flowers numerous, crowded
in subsessile fascicles forming narrow, terminal, simple or sparingly
branched racemes, the rachis and pedicels (up to 6 mm. long) usually

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1245

glabrous; bracts oblong, about 5 mm. long, ciliolate; calyx segments
narrowly triangular, ciliolate; corollas 15-20 mm. long, glabrous,
purple, or white with purple throat, the limb 15-20 mm. broad, the
segments ovate, rounded.

Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum (Nees) Radlk. Eranthemum
cuspidatum Nees. River banks and borders of woods. Southern
Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Herbs,
30-50 cm. high or more; stems glabrous or sparingly hirtellous, the
hairs scattered or confined to 2 lines; leaf blades ovate to elliptic,
variable in size, up to 17 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, acuminate (the
tip blunt), rounded or narrowed at the base and decurrent on the
petiole, thin, green, sparingly hirtellous; petioles up to 13 cm. long,
winged, about 1 cm. broad at the base of the blade; flowers sessile or
subsessile, solitary or several in a cluster, borne in lax, terminal
spikes, these sometimes forming a sparingly branched panicle, the
rachis sparingly and minutely hirtellous, the lowermost pair of bracts
or those subtending the branches of a paniculate inflorescence sub-
orbicular, up to 3 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, mucronate at the apex,
the bracts subtending the flowers narrowly triangular, glabrous, or
ciliate toward the base; bractlets about 1 mm. long; calyx 4-5 mm.
long, glabrous, ciliolate, the segments 5, subulate; corolla about 3
cm. long, violet or purple, glabrous, the tube very slender, scarcely
enlarged to the throat, the limb about 1 cm. broad, the segments
ovate or elliptic, 8 mm. long; capsules 12-14 mm. long, clavate,
glabrous, 4-seeded, pointed at the apex, the lower half slender and
solid; seeds flat, roughened.

Pseuderanthemum Pittieri Leonard, sp. nov. — Herba vel
suffrutex, caulibus glabris vel apice minute pubescentibus; lamina
foliorum elliptica, breviter acuminata, basi angustata, glabra vel
subtus in costa et venis lateralibus sparse puberulenta; petioli puberu-
lenti; racemi laxi, angusti, pedunculo longo, pilosulo, floribus soli-
tariis vel laxe fasciculatis, pedicellis et rhachibus glanduloso-puberu-
lentis; bracteae subulatae, minute pubescentes; calycis segmenta
subulata, plus minusve glanduloso-pubescentia; corolla minute et
sparse pubescens, tubo gracili, lobis ovatis.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent; stems glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent toward the tip, with minute, subpunctiform cystoliths; leaf
blades elliptic, up to 14 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
narrowed at the base, glabrous, or the costa and lateral veins beneath
sparingly puberulent, with slender, inconspicuous cystoliths above;

1246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

petioles up to 2 cm. long, puberulent; flowers opposite, usually several
in a fascicle, borne in loose, narrow, terminal racemes, the peduncles
up to 12 cm. long, with several pairs of small, sterile bracts, pilosulous,
the pedicels up to 1.5 mm. long, these and the rachises glandular-
puberulent; flower bracts up to 3 mm. long, subulate, minutely
pubescent; bractlets similar but shorter; calyx segments subulate,
2-3.5 mm. long, minutely puberulent with glandular and eglandular
hairs; corollas 2 cm. long, minutely and sparingly pubescent, the
tube of fully expanded flowers about 12 mm. long, 1 mm. in diameter
at the base, 3 mm. at the mouth, the limb about 2 cm. broad, the
lobes ovate; capsules not seen. — Along Rio Hondo, 50 meters,
February 15, 1903, Pittier 16641 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No.
1,080,220). Related to P. adenocalyx Lindau, of Guatemala, but
readily separated from that species by the shape and size of its leaf
blades and its much larger flowers. In P. adenocalyx the leaf blades
are oblong-lanceolate and are not more than 7 cm. long and 2 cm.
wide, and the corolla tube is very slender (0.5 mm. wide at the base
and 1 mm. at the mouth). The lobes are likewise much smaller in
that. From the herbarium material it is impossible to determine the
height of the present plant or the color of the flowers.

Pseuderanthemum Standleyi Leonard, sp. nov. — Herbae,
caulibus bifariam pilosulis; folia petiolata; lamina ovata ad lanceo-
lata, acuta vel acuminata, basi angustata vel rotundata, in petiolum
decurrens, membranacea, supra sparse hispidula, subtus in costa et
venis hirtella; racemi spiciformes laxi, graciles, in paniculam termi-
nalem aggregati, floribus solitariis, saepe alternis, rhachibus sparse
glanduloso-puberulentis; bracteae et bracteolae subulatae, carinatae,
glabrae vel ciliatae, interdum pilos paucos glanduliferos gerentes;
pedicelli glanduloso-puberulenti; calycis segmenta subulata, plus
minusve glanduloso-puberulenta; corolla roseo-purpurea, tenuiter
et sparse pubescens, tubo gracillimo, lobis ellipticis; capsulae clavatae,
glabrae; semina plana, pallide brunnea, rugulosa.

Herbs, up to 1 meter high; stems pilosulous in 2 lines; leaf
blades ovate to lanceolate, up to 9.5 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, acute
to acuminate (blunt at the tip), narrowed or rounded at the base
and decurrent on the petiole, thin, sparingly hispidulous above, the
costa and veins hirtellous beneath; petioles up to 3 cm. long; flowers
solitary, mostly alternate, borne in a panicle of slender, lax, spike-
like racemes, the rachises rather sparingly glandular-puberulent;
bracts and bractlets subulate, about 2 mm. long, carinate, glabrous
or ciliolate (sometimes with a few minute, glandular hairs) ; pedicels

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1247

up to 3 mm. long, glandular-puberulent; calyx 5-6 mm. long, puberu-
lent, some of the hairs gland-tipped, the segments linear-subulate;
corollas bright rose-purple, 1.5 cm. long, sparingly and minutely
pubescent, the tube very slender, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, the upper
part oblique, enlarged to 1 mm. in diameter, the limb about 1 cm.
broad, the lobes elliptic, about 3 mm. wide; staminodes slightly
longer than the filaments of the fertile stamens; capsules 10-15 mm.
long, clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded; seeds flat, light brown, oblique,
4 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, roughened. — Moist thickets along Rio
Reventado, north of Cartago, 1,460-1,650 meters, February 26,
1926, Standley & Valerio 49481 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No.
1,306,060). Vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose",
1,500-1,800 meters, Standley 41714, 41725, 42538. Oak forest near
Quebradillas, 7 km. north of Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose",
1,800 meters, Standley 42912. Unlike any other Central American
species because of its relatively small, thin leaves, usually much
branched panicles, peduncled, alternate, solitary flowers, and slender,
linear, finely puberulent calyx segments.

RAZISEA Oerst.

Shrubs with large, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled leaves bearing
minute cystoliths; flowers borne in a peduncled, terminal thyrse;
bracts small; calyx segments 5, subequal, narrow; corollas red, the
tube narrowly infundibuliform, subcurved, gradually enlarged from
base to throat, the upper lip narrow, acute, minutely bidentate, the
lower lip broad, blunt, with 3 small, suborbicular lobes at the tip;
stamens 2, long-exserted ; anthers oblong, 1-celled; capsules slender,
stipitate, 4-seeded, the seeds roughened. — A single species, apparently
limited to Costa Rica and Panama.

Razisea spicata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 142.
1855. Coral. Kolobochilus leiorhachis Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2:
308. 1900 ("Costa Rica et Veragua," Warscewicz). Cerro de
Aguacate, 450 meters, Oersted. Wet mountain forests of Costa Rica
and Panama. A shrub, up to 3 meters high; stems quadrangular,
pilose or subtomentose, becoming glabrous; leaf blades ovate to
oblong-ovate or elliptic, up to 35 cm. long and 20 cm. wide, acuminate,
often caudate, narrowed at the base, glabrous, or the veins minutely
pubescent beneath; petioles up to 3 cm. long, glabrous; inflorescence
a spiciform, pedunculate, terminal thyrse up to 30 cm. long, the
rachis minutely pubescent, becoming glabrous, the flowers borne in
opposite fascicles, these usually from 3-20 mm. distant; pedicels

1248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

slender, up to 10 mm. long, glabrous; bracts triangular, about 5 mm.
long and 2 mm. wide at the base, glabrous; bractlets similar but
smaller; calyx glabrous, the segments linear, 7-8 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide at the base; corolla about 4 cm. long, bright red, glabrous, the
tube subcylindric, gradually enlarged from 2 mm. at the base to
5-7 mm. at the mouth, the upper lip lance-ovate, 8 mm. long, 3-4
mm. wide toward the base, ending at the apex in a slender, minutely
bidentate tip, the lower lip short, subtruncate, 9-12 mm. broad,
divided at the tip into 3 rounded lobes about 1 mm. in diameter;
filaments about 4 cm. long, the anthers 5 mm. long; ovary glabrous;
capsules about 17 mm. long, glabrous; seeds roughened.

RUELLIA L.

Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves petioled, entire or rarely
dentate; flowers usually large and showy, solitary or clustered in the
axils, or borne in terminal, cymose panicles; calyx usually 5-parted,
the segments often narrow; corollas red, yellow, white, or purple
(usually mauve), funnelform or salverform, sometimes saccate, the
lower portion of the tube usually narrow, the limb with 5 obtuse,
spreading lobes; stamens 4, didynamous, the anther sacs blunt at
the base; stigma lobes unequal; capsules oblong, cylindric, or clavate;
seeds flat, usually pubescent, mucilaginous when moistened. — A
large, cosmopolitan genus, found in both tropical and temperate
regions.

Flowers sessile (or some of them short-peduncled), borne in the axils
of the leaves or in a terminal head.

Corolla white or yellow; flowers borne on a terminal, conical rachis.

R. tetrastichantha.
Corolla mauve or purplish; flowers axillary.

Leaf blades large, at least some of them 10 cm. long or more,

acuminate.
Corolla 4-5 cm. long, the limb 3 cm. broad; leaves dull.

R. achimeniflora.

Corolla 3 cm. long or less, the limb 1-2 cm. broad; leaves
lustrous.

Capsules puberulent; corolla 2.5 cm. long R. metallica.

Capsules glabrous; corolla 3 cm. long R. barbillana.

Leaf blades small, 5 cm. long or less, obtuse or acutish.

R. geminiflora.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1249

Flowers or flower clusters peduncled.

Ovary and capsule glabrous (the calluses at the tip sometimes

more or less pubescent).
Calyx with glandular hairs.

Corollas large, 5-6 cm. long R. malacosperma.

Corollas small, 3 cm. long or less.

Capsules cylindric R- paniculata.

Capsules clavate, flattened R- inundata.

Calyx with eglandular hairs, or subglabrous.

Flowers secund at the ends of long, horizontal or slightly
ascending peduncles; corollas 3-4 cm. long.

R. stemonacanthoides.

Flowers not secund; corollas 2.5 cm. long or less.

Peduncles 10-22 cm. long; leaf blades up to 21 cm. long.

R. Pittieri.

Peduncles up to 9 cm. long; leaf blades up to 10 cm. long.

R. Tonduzii.

Ovary and capsule puberulent.

Flowers fascicled at the ends of the long, sharply angled pedun-
cles; corollas 2 cm. long . . R- Biolleyi.
Flowers solitary at the end of the peduncle or borne in dichoto-

mously branched cymes; corollas 3 cm. long or more.
Leaf blades obtuse or rounded at the apex, grayish-puberulent.

R. nudiflora var. puberula.

Leaf blades acuminate, not gray-puberulent.

Corollas usually lavender, 4 cm. long or more.

R. jussieuvides.

Corollas white, 2.5 cm. long or less. . R- Cooperi.

Ruellia achimeniflora (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.
2- 503 1882. Arrhostoxylum achimeniflorum Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1854: 131. 1855. Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted Wet
thickets, chiefly in the vicinity of Cartago and San Jose\
Herbs, up to 60 cm. high; stems simple or sparingly branched, quad-
rangular, sharply angled or narrowly winged, minutely pilosulous,
the hairs confined chiefly to the angles and nodes; leaf blades oblonj
ovate, 4-14 cm. long, 1-7 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt), acute
or obtuse at the base and decurrent on the petiole, pilosulous (often
sparingly so), the hairs confined chiefly to the costa and lateral veins,

1250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

these prominent, both surfaces with numerous delicate cystoliths;
flowers solitary or in 3's, subsessile or borne on short, axillary pedun-
cles crowded at the tips of the branches; bracts oblong-lanceolate,
2-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bractlets linear-spatulate, 1 cm. long,
1-2 mm. wide; calyx 9 mm. long, the segments lanceolate, slightly |
unequal, 6-7 mm. long, 1 mm. wide at the base, ciliolate, the midrib
prominent; corollas 4-5 cm. long, rose-purple, finely pubescent or
subtomentose, the tube very slender, curved, 5 mm. broad at the
mouth, the limb 3 cm. broad, the lobes obcordate; capsules 1.5-1.6
cm. long, 5 mm. broad, clavate, acutish at the tip, narrowed to a
solid base 6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad, puberulent, 12-seeded;
seeds brown, about 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous.

Ruellia barbillana Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 10: 47. 1934.
The type was collected near Finca Waldeck on the bank of Rio
Barbilla, Cufodontis. The following description is adapted from the
original. Plants up to 40 cm. high; stem quadrangular, bearing
numerous punctiform cystoliths, the angles retrorsely hirsute; leaf
blades ovate-lanceolate, up to 10 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, long-
attenuate at the base, abruptly acuminate at the apex, subrepand or
undulate, glabrous or the costa and nerves appressed-hirsute below,
both surfaces bearing cystoliths; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers
sessile, borne in glomerulate cymes in the axils of the upper leaves;
bracts and bractlets small ; calyx 5 mm. long, the segments subulate,
glabrous, with cystoliths; corollas lilac, glabrous, about 3 cm. long,
2 mm. in diameter at the base, 6 mm. at the mouth, the limb spread-
ing, the lobes ovate, rounded, about 8 mm. long and 6 mm. wide;
stamens included; capsules glabrous, 6-seeded.

Ruellia Biolleyi Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 301. 1900. Junction
of Rio Puerto Viejo and Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7396. Wet forests of
Costa Rica and Panama. Stem usually erect, quadrangular (the
angles sharp or narrowly winged), sparingly pilosulous; leaf blades
oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic, 10-17 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, nar-
rowed at each end (the tip blunt), membranous, glabrous except the
costa and veins below, these pubescent; petioles up to 3 cm. long;
flowers borne in fascicles terminating sharp-angled, axillary peduncles
up to 20 cm. long; bracts and bractlets small, lanceolate; calyx 4-6
mm. long, the segments linear-subulate, minutely but rather sparingly
glandular-pilosulous (occasionally eglandular); corollas blue(?),
about 2 cm. long, sparingly puberulent, the lower portion of the tube
1 mm. in diameter, the throat about 6 mm. broad, the lobes rounded,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1251

about 4 mm. wide; capsule 12 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, pointed at the
tip, narrowed to a solid basal portion 6 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad,
glandular-puberulent, 4-seeded; seeds flat, ovate.

Ruellia campestris (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.
2: 504. 1882. Gymnacanthus campestris Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1854: 126. 1855. Type collected at Hacienda Santa Rosa,
Guanacaste, Oersted. Probably a small-leaved form of R. geminiflora
HBK.

Ruellia Cooperi Leonard, sp. nov. — Herba vel suffrutex, caulibus
quadrangularibus, glabris vel ad nodos parce puberulentis, angulis
anguste alatis; lamina foliorum oblonga, breviter acuminata, basi
angustata, supra glabra, subtus in costa et venis lateralibus pilis
minutis brunnescentibus curvatis instructa; petioli pubescentes;
paniculae laxae, axillares, dichotomo-ramosae, longe pedunculatae,
pedunculis gracilibus, glabris, acute angulatis, floribus solitariis vel
geminis, pedicellis glabris vel pilos paucos patentes glanduliferos
gerentibus; calycis segmenta subulata, glabra vel sparse glanduloso-
puberulenta; corolla infundibuliformis, minute et sparse pubescens,
lobis rotundatis; stamina inclusa; capsulae clavatae, minute et parce
retrorse pubescentes.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent; stems quadrangular (the angles
winged), glabrous, or the tips and nodes sparingly pubescent, the
cystoliths numerous, minute, subpunctiform; leaf blades oblong, up
to 16 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, short-acuminate (the tip blunt),
narrowed at the base, glabrous above, the costa and lateral nerves
minutely brownish-pubescent beneath, the hairs incurved; petioles
up to 3.5 cm. long, minutely pubescent; flowers borne in peduncled,
dichotomously branched, axillary panicles, the peduncles up to 30
cm. long, slender, sharply angled, glabrous, the rachises (sometimes
2 pairs at each node) slender, sharply angled, glabrous, often hori-
zontally spreading, some of the internodes curved; flowers solitary
or in pairs, borne at the nodes of the inflorescence or terminating its
branches; pedicels up to 4 mm. long, glabrous or with a few minute,
spreading, glandular hairs; calyx 6-7 mm. long, the segments 4-5 mm.
long, subulate, 0.75 mm. wide at the base, glabrous or with a few
minute, glandular hairs; corollas 2.5 cm. long, white, minutely and
sparingly pubescent, the tube slender below, 1.5 mm. in diameter for
about 12 mm. of its length, thence obliquely expanded and obconic,
6-7 mm. broad at the mouth, the limb 8-12 mm. broad, subregular,
the lobes rounded, about 5 mm. in diameter; stamens included;
capsules about 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, clavate, the solid stipe

1252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

about 1 cm. long, the entire capsule minutely and rather sparingly
retrorse-pubescent. — Daytonia Farm, region of Almirante, Province
of Bocas del Toro, Panama, January to March, 1928, Cooper 185 .
(type in Herb. Field Mus., No. 579,478). Distinguishable from R.
Pittieri by its pubescent capsules, more slender inflorescence, and
nearly glabrous corollas. Although known only from Panama, its
range probably extends into Costa Rica.

Ruellia geminiflora HBK. Fields and waste places. Central
America, West Indies, and northern South America. An herb, up
to 50 cm. high, the stems erect or ascending, pilosulous; leaf blades
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, short-petioled, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm.
wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire,
hirtellous; flowers axillary; calyx 10 mm. long or less, pilosulous, the
segments linear-lanceolate; corollas mauve, pubescent, usually 2.5-3
cm. long, the lobes suborbicular, 5-10 mm. wide; capsules 8 mm. long,

4 mm. wide, puberulent, 4-seeded.

Ruellia inundata HBK. Dry forests and thickets. Mexico,
Central America, and Colombia. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, up
to 2 meters high; stems simple or branched, the tips glandular-
pilose, the lower portions becoming whitish and glabrate; leaf blades
lance-oblong to ovate, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate,
acute or rounded at the base, denticulate, repand-crenulate or sub-
entire, hispidulous or occasionally grayish-pubescent beneath;
petioles up to 9 cm. long, pilose; inflorescence axillary, the branches
erect or ascending, dichotomous, glandular-pubescent, sometimes a
dense, cylindric panicle; bractlets oblong, 3-8 mm. long, 1-3 mm.
wide; calyx 8-15 mm. long, glandular-pilose, the segments linear;
corollas purplish, pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, the lobes rounded, about

5 mm. wide; capsule 8-9 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, flattened, pointed
at the apex, narrowed to a slender, solid base, glabrous, 2-4-seeded;
seeds flat, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide.

Ruellia jussieuoides (Nees) Schlecht. Collected in a riverside
thicket in the vicinity of El General and at Rodeo de Pacaca. Found
also on the Rio Xucpec, Guatemala. Herbs or slender shrubs;
stems erect or ascending (sometimes supported by other plants),
up to 2.5 meters high, quadrangular, with curved hairs; leaf blades
narrowly lanceolate, 6-15 cm., long, 1-3 cm. wide, slenderly acuminate
(the tip obtuse), gradually narrowed from about the middle to the
base, entire or undulate, both surfaces pilosulous, the hairs thickest

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1253

on the costa and nerves (these conspicuous), the cystoliths promi-
nent; petioles 1-2 cm. long, pubescent; flowers 1-3, subsessile, borne
on peduncles up to 7 cm. long, these solitary or in pairs, sparingly
pubescent; bracts subtending the flowers narrowly lanceolate, usually
about 2.5 cm. long and 3-5 mm. wide; calyx 6-14 mm. long, sparingly
pilosulous, the segments narrowly linear, 1 mm. wide at the base,
with conspicuous cystoliths; corollas lavender or occasionally white,
4-5 cm. long, minutely pubescent, the tube slender and usually
curved, about 2 mm. in diameter at the base, 5 mm. at the mouth,
the limb 2-5 cm. broad, the lobes elliptic, 1.5-2 cm. wide; capsules
13 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, pointed, abruptly narrowed to a
slender, solid base 4.5 mm. long and 1.5-2 mm. broad, obscurely
puberulent, 12-seeded; seeds flat, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. in diameter.

Ruellia malacosperma Greenm. Cultivated in the Meseta
Central; also at La Hondura. Mexico to Nicaragua. Herbaceous;
stem up to 60 cm. high, glabrous or sparingly pilose; leaf blades
lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, up to 12 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide,
gradually narrowed from about the middle to an acute or obtuse tip,
narrowed at the base, undulate, glabrous, or the costa and margins
pilose; petioles 0.5-3 cm. long, glabrous or pilose; inflorescence
axillary, once or twice dichotomous, the peduncles slender, 3-6 cm.
long, glabrous; calyx 1.2-2 cm. long, more or less glandular-puberu-
lent or sometimes glabrate, the segments linear-subulate; corollas
mauve, finely pubescent, up to 6 cm. long, the slender portion of the
tube 1-1.5 cm. long, the upper portion funnelform or campanulate,
slightly oblique, the limb 3-4.5 cm. broad, the lobes rounded;
capsules 2-3 cm. long, cylindric, glabrous (the apical calluses puberu-
lent), usually 20-seeded.

Ruellia metallica Leonard, sp. nov.— Suffrutex, caulibus quad-
rangularibus, glabris vel angulis pilosulis; lamina foliorum oblongo-
elliptica, acuminata, basi angustata, in petiolum decurrens, paullo
undulata, supra glabra, subtus in costa et venis depresso-pilosula,
subtus metallico-purpurea; petioli pilosi, pilis curvatis; flores in
fasciculis terminalibus et axillaribus sessiles, bracteis supremis
linearibus, saepe longissimis, inferioribus foliosis; bracteolae tri-
angulares, glabrae vel parce puberulentae; calycis segmenta subulata,
glabra vel parce puberulenta; corolla purpurascens, infundibuliformis,
lobis suborbicularibus; stamina inclusa; capsulae clavatae, minute
puberulentae; semina rubescenti-brunnea, plana, orbicularia, glabra
vel margine puberulenta.

1254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Suffrutescent, 50 cm. high or more; stems quadrangular, glabrous,
or pilosulous on the angles; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 5-15 cm. long,
1-6 cm. wide, acuminate, often curved toward the tip, narrowed
at the base and decurrent on the petiole, entire or shallowly undulate,
glabrous except the costa and veins beneath, these pilosulous with
curved, appressed hairs, the lower surface often a metallic purple;
petioles 5-15 cm. long, pilosulous with curved, appressed hairs;
flowers borne in terminal and axillary fascicles; uppermost bracts
linear, 2-6 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, the lower intergrading into
leaves; bractlets triangular, 2-2.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide at the
base; calyx 7-8 mm. long, glabrous or bearing a few minute hairs,
the tube 1 mm. long, the segments subulate, 0.5 mm. wide at the
base; corollas purplish, 2.5 cm. long, sparingly and minutely pubes-
cent, the lower half of the tube 1.5 mm. in diameter, the upper portion
obconic, 5 mm. broad at the mouth, the limb 1-2 cm. broad, the lobes
suborbicular, 5-8 mm. in diameter; stamens included, one filament
of each pair 3 mm. long, the other 5 mm., all glabrous; anthers 1.5 mm.
long, 0.5 mm. wide; ovary minutely puberulent; style 15 mm. long,
glabrous or bearing a few minute hairs near the base; stigma lobes
very unequal, one about 1 mm. long, the other vestigial; capsules
7-10 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, pointed at the apex, narrowed to a
slender, solid base 5 mm. long and 1.25 mm. broad, minutely puberu-
lent; retinacula 1.5 mm. long, bidentate or irregularly toothed at the
apex; seeds reddish brown, orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter,
glabrous, or puberulent on the margins, mucilaginous when mois-
tened.— Zent Farm, Prov. Limon, at sea level, May 2, 1903, Cook &
Doyle 456 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb., No. 474,307). Cuesta de La
Vieja, Biolley 64 (in part). Banana plantation at Limon, Cook &
Doyle 441- Forests of Hacienda Victoria, Plains of Zent, Pittier
16029. Wet thicket, Finca Montecristo, Rio Reventazon below El
Cairo, Prov. Limon, 25 meters, Standley & Valerio 48445. Moist
forest, La Tejona, north of Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600-700 meters,
Standley & Valerio 45880. Playa Blanca, Golfo Dulce, Manuel
Valerio 474. — NICARAGUA: Mosquito coast, Schramm. Sangsangta
District, Schramm 28, 58. — PANAMA: Changuinola Valley, Province
of Bocas del Toro, Dunlap 380, 437, 461. Cacao plantation in
western Panama, Stork 34^2- Readily distinguished from other
Central American species by its sessile, fascicled flowers, the metallic
luster of the lower surface of the leaf blades, and the long, narrow
bracts of the inflorescence. In general appearance it must bear a

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1255

close resemblance to R. barbillana, but that species has glabrous
capsules and slightly larger flowers (3 cm. long).

Ruellia nudiflora var. puberula Leonard. Collected in Guana-
caste, at 25-70 meters. Oaxaca, Guatemala, and Salvador. Herbs,
10-20 cm. high; stems ascending, branched, puberulent, the minute
hairs mixed with longer, spreading ones, the younger stems rather
densely pilose; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 2-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm.
wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base
and decurrent on the petiole, firm, undulate-crisped, gray-puberulent
with minute, curved hairs, these interspersed with longer, spreading
ones; petioles 1-3 cm. long; inflorescence of axillary, dichotomous
cymes, with a flower in the forks; peduncles 1-8 cm. long, glandular-
puberulent; bracts leaflike, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, or occa-
sionally much larger; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, or the one in the
lowest fork becoming stout and 15-20 mm. long; calyx 15-30 mm.
long, grayish-puberulent and ciliate, the segments linear, keeled,
1 mm. wide at the base; corolla 3-4 cm. long, the lower portion of
the tube 10-12 mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter, the upper part
abruptly enlarged and broadly funnelform or narrowly campanulate,
the throat 15 mm. broad, the limb 3-3.5 cm. broad, the lobes rounded,
undulate, often emarginate; capsule 15-18 mm. long, 4 mm. broad,
puberulent.

Ruellia paniculata L. Waste places. Mexico to Colombia and
Venezuela, and West Indies. Herbaceous or suffrutescent; stems up
to 1 meter long, erect, ascending, or sometimes decumbent and root-
ing at the nodes, the pubescence a mixture of minute, grayish hairs
and longer, glandular ones; petioles slender, 1-4 cm. long; leaf blades
ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-17 cm. long, 1.5-6.6 cm. wide, obtuse or
acute, abruptly narrowed at the base, glandular-pubescent, grayish-
puberulent or glabrate; inflorescence axillary, the branches divaricate
or ascending, dichotomous; bracts leaflike, glandular-pubescent,
those subtending the flowers 2-10 mm. long and 1-4 mm. wide; calyx
1-1.5 cm. long, glandular-pubescent, the segments linear-subulate,
unequal ; corollas blue, finely pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, the lobes oval,
6-7 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; capsules cylindric, 10-13 mm. long, 2 mm.
in diameter, erect, pointed, glabrous, 8-seeded; seeds flat, 2 mm. long
and 1.5mm. wide.

Ruellia Pittieri Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 655. 1897. Cerro
del Volcan, near Boruca, 1,200 meters, Pittier 6743. Forests of
Cerro del Volcan and Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce. Suffrutescent,

1256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the stems about 1 meter high, quadrangular, glabrous or puberulent;
leaf blades ovate to oblong-elliptic, 6-21 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide,
acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, entire or crenate-dentate,
glabrous except the costa and veins of the lower surface, these
puberulent, the cystoliths numerous; flowers borne in diffuse, axillary
panicles, the peduncles up to 22 cm. long, quadrangular, narrowly
winged, sparingly puberulent or glabrous, the cystoliths numerous;
bracts up to 4 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, leaflike, rounded at the
apex; bractlets triangular or subulate, about 1 mm. long; calyx about
4 mm. long, the segments subulate, sparingly puberulent; corollas
2 cm. long, puberulent, the tube slender, the lower portion 2 mm. in
diameter, oblique above and 6 mm. in diameter at the throat, the
lobes equal, obtuse, 8 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; style 15 mm. long,
pubescent; capsules 13 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, acute at the apex,
glabrous, 4-seeded, the sterile basal portion about 7 mm. long.

Ruellia stemonacanthoides (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2: 507. 1882. Arrhostoxylum stemonacanthoides Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1854: 130. 1855. Cerro de Aguacate, 480
meters, Oersted. Forests, usually in wet situations. Campeche and
British Honduras to Costa Rica. Suffrutescent, up to 3 meters tall;
stems puberulent or glabrate; leaf blades oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, 6-16 cm. long, 1.5-8 cm. wide, acuminate (the tip blunt,
often minutely cuspidate), rounded or narrowed at the base, firm,
entire, glabrous, the veins and costa of the lower surface puberulent;
petioles 1-9 cm. long; inflorescence axillary, peduncled, dichotomous,
sometimes a terminal panicle, the peduncles up to 17 cm. long, quad-
rangular, horizontal or slightly ascending, curved, the flowers more or
less secund; bracts leaflike; calyx up to 1 cm. long, puberulent or
glabrate, the segments linear-subulate; corollas purple, salverform,
3-4 cm. long, the lobes oval, about 9 mm. long and 8 mm. wide,
shallowly emarginate; capsules 16 mm. long, glabrous, 12-seeded;
seeds flat, 2.5 mm. in diameter.

Ruellia tetrastichantha Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 300. 1900.
Corteza de venado. Banks of Rio Corozal, near Santo Domingo de Osa,
Tonduz 9984. Wet forests of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
Suffrutescent, 1-1.5 meters high; stems ascending, subquadrangular,
minutely puberulent; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 6-14 cm. long, 3-12
cm. wide, shorfc-acuminate (the tip blunt), narrowed at the base and
decurrent on the petiole, entire or undulate, glabrous except the costa
and veins beneath, these puberulent, the lower surface with small,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1257

reddish, glandular dots, the cystoliths minute; petioles 1.5-2.5 cm.
long, puberulent; flowers several, borne in terminal or lateral heads
subtended by several leaflike bracts 2-5 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. wide;
peduncles 5-10 mm. long, the rachis conical, 5-12 mm. long, exposing
(after the bracts, flowers, and fruits fall) vertical rows of conspicuous,
corky scars; bractlets broadly triangular, obtuse, puberulent; pedicels
2-3 mm. long; calyx 4 mm. long, puberulent, with glandular dots,
the segments narrowly triangular; corolla white, yellow, or occasion-
ally red, 7-8 cm. long, puberulent, the lower portion of the tube
slender, 3-5 mm. in diameter, the upper half obconic or subcylindric,
1-2 cm. broad at the mouth, the limb 2-3 cm. broad, the lobes oval
or suborbicular, 10-15 mm. broad; stamens included; ovary puberu-
lent and gland-dotted; style 6 cm. long, puberulent; capsules 15 mm.
long, 5 mm. broad, pointed at the apex, narrowed to a solid base 2.5-3
mm. long and 3 mm. broad, puberulent, 8-10-seeded; seeds brown,
flat, orbicular, 5 mm. in diameter.

Ruellia Tonduzii Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2: 302. 1900. Punta
Mala, Pacific coast, Tonduz 6778. Found on the Pacific coast at
Punta Mala and Puerto Jimenez; also on low hills above Rio Paquita
and flood plains of Rio Sandalo. Endemic. Stems obscurely quad-
rangular, puberulent or glabrate, with cystoliths; leaf blades oblong,
5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate or obtuse, acute at the base
and decurrent on the petiole, entire or shallowly crenate, both sur-
faces glabrous except the costa and veins beneath, these puberulent
with curved hairs, the cystoliths slender and prominent; petioles
slender, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; flowers few, borne in peduncled, dichoto-
mous, axillary cymes; peduncles up to 9 cm. long, quadrangular,
glabrous; bracts oblong, 5-18 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; bractlets
linear-subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; calyx 4-5 mm. long, puberulent or
glabrate, the segments subulate; corollas lilac, 2-2.5 cm. long,
obscurely pubescent, the lower half of the tube slender, 1 mm. in
diameter, the upper half narrowly campanulate, 7 mm. broad at the
mouth, the lobes ovate, about 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; style
about 17 mm. long, sparingly puberulent; capsules 11-12 mm. long,
3 mm. broad, pointed at the apex, abruptly narrowed to a slender,
solid base 5-6 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, glabrous; seeds flat, len-
ticular, 1.5 mm. in diameter.

SPATHACANTHUS Baill.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves usually large, oblong or elliptic,
petiolate; flowers large, few, borne on small, terminal or lateral

1258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

branches; bracts small; calyx spathaceous, valvate; corolla usually
large, the tube salveriform, curved, the limb 2-lipped, the lobes sub-
equal, rounded; stamens 4, didynamous; anther lobes parallel; ovules

2 in each locule; capsules large, glabrous.

Spathacanthus Hoffmann! Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 370.
1895. Near Aguacate, Hoffmann 842. Forests on the slopes of the
central cordillera. Trees, up to 6 meters high; branches glabrous;
leaf blades oblong, up to 28 cm. long and 11 cm. wide, acuminate,
narrowed at the base and decurrent on the petiole, glabrous, both
surfaces bearing numerous small cystoliths; petioles about 5 cm. long;
flowers borne in short racemes, the rachis 1-4 cm. long; bracts and
bractlets narrowly triangular, 1-3 mm. long, acute; spathe segments

3 cm. long, connate below, the lobes ovate, short-acuminate, 13 mm.
wide; corolla 6-7 cm. long, white, glabrous, the tube 5 mm. in diame-
ter at the base, 2 cm. at the mouth, the limb 4 cm. broad, the lobes
rounded; stamens included; style about equaling the corolla; cap-
sules 6-6.5 cm. long, glabrate, woody, 4-seeded; seeds flat, ovate,
about 10 mm. long, minutely roughened.

STREBLACANTHUS Kuntze

•

Herbs (sometimes shrubby); leaves petioled; flowers borne in
lax, terminal and axillary spikes; bracts narrow; calyx segments 4,
narrow, equal; corolla tube expanded at the base, gradually narrowed
to a slender throat, the limb 2-lipped, spreading, the upper lip 2-lobed,
the lower 3-lobed; stamens 2, attached to the throat of the corolla,
the filaments short, the anther cells unequal, widely separated, one
usually fertile and calcarate at the base, the other often abortive;
staminodes none; style filiform; capsules slender, sterile and solid
from middle to base, the upper portion flat, ovate, 2-4-seeded,
the seeds lenticular. — Two species not occurring in Costa Rica
have been described, one from Panama the other from Bolivia.

Limb of the corolla 15-20 mm. broad S. macrophyllus.

Limb of the corolla 10 mm. broad or less.

Superior anther lobe fertile S. longiflorus.

Superior anther lobe sterile S. monospermus.

Streblacanthus longiflorus Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 10:48.
1934. Description adapted from the original. Type collected 12 km.
from the mouth of Rio Reventazon, Atlantic coast, Cufodontis 336.
A shrub, up to 2 meters high; stems sub terete, subquadrangular
toward the tip, pilose in 2 lines; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, up to

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1259

20 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, acuminate, unequally narrowed at the
base, glabrous, or the younger ones sparingly setulose, the cystoliths
inconspicuous; petioles 4-7 cm. long; flowers borne in a terminal,
glandular- villous spike about 6 cm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate,
25 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, obtuse; bractlets subulate, 1 cm. long;
calyx segments subulate; corollas pale lilac, the tube 25 mm. long,
3 mm. in diameter at the base, gradually narrowed to 1 mm. at the
mouth, the lobes of the limb about equal, ovate, rounded, about
5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, the upper obsoletely bifid(?); filaments
2 mm. long, the superior anther lobe subglobose, fertile, the inferior
lobe distant, smaller and apparently sterile; ovary villous, 2-ovuled.

Streblacanthus macrophyllus Lindau in Pittier, Prim. 2:
306. 1900. Forests along Rio Zhorquin, Pittier 8547. Forests of
southern Costa Rica. Endemic. Stems glabrous, or pubescent in
2 lines toward the tip; leaf blades oblong-ovate or elliptic, up to 25 cm.
long and 10 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous,
or especially in the upper leaves the costa and margins more or less
hirsute; spikes 1 or 2, about as long as the leaves, softly pilose, the
hairs brownish, glandular; bracts oblong, up to 15 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
wide, rounded at the tip; bractlets 6 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acute;
calyx segments 4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, linear, minutely glandular-
pubescent; corollas purplish white, pubescent, the tube 20 mm.
long and 4 mm. in diameter at the inflated base, 1.5 mm. at the
mouth, the upper lip 8 mm. long, 2-lobed, the lobes 6 mm. long,
3.5 mm. wide, acute, the lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe 9 mm.
long and 6 mm. wide, the lateral ones 8 mm. long and 5 mm. wide,
all rounded; anthers exserted, 1-celled, obtuse; styles 22 mm. long.

Streblacanthus monospermus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 498.
1891. South of San Jose", Kuntze. Wet forests of southern Costa
Rica. An herb, up to 1 meter high; stem simple, erect, terete, fleshy,
pubescent in 2 lines with small, curved hairs; leaf blades oblong-
ovate to oblong-elliptic, up to 18 cm. long and 7.5 cm. wide, acumi-
nate (the tip blunt), narrowed at the base, glabrous; petioles up to
5 cm. long, glabrous; spikes terminal or borne in the upper axils,
up to 25 cm. long, soft-pilose, the hairs glandular, about 1 mm.
long; bracts lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acute to
obtuse at the tip, glandular-pilose; bractlets similar but smaller;
calyx segments lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, glandular-pilose; corolla
white, rather sparingly pilose, the tube 2-3 cm. long, about 3 mm.
in diameter at the base, 1 mm. at the mouth, the limb 7-8 mm.

1260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

broad; capsules 2-2.5 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, glandular-pilose,
4-seeded, long-stipitate, the upper seed-bearing portion flattened and
ovate; seeds brown, about 5 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the edges
roughened.

TETRAMERIUM Nees

Fruticose or suffruticose; stems usually branched, the pubescence
often disposed in 2 opposite, lateral lines; leaves sessile or petiolate,
ovate to linear, entire, glabrous or pubescent; flowers borne in termi-
nal or axillary, 4-angled spikes, the bracts conspicuous, usually
closely imbricate, opposite, ciliate, mucronate; calyx 4-5-parted,
the segments ciliate; corollas tubular-infundibuliform, the tube
straight or slightly curved, the upper lip entire or emarginate, the
lower 3-lobed, the lobes nearly equal; stamens 2, included; anther
sacs slightly converging toward the apex, one a little longer than the
other; capsules obovate, apiculate, contracted below into a solid
base, usually hispid and 4-seeded, sometimes 2-seeded; seeds flattened,
tuberculate or muriculate. — A genus of about 23 species, extending
from southern United States to northern South America. Many
of the species frequent dry situations at rather low altitudes.

Bracts rotund-ovate to ovate, 7-nerved T. nervosum.

Bracts elliptic, 3-5-nerved T. hispidum.

Tetramerium hispidum Nees. Dry, open places throughout
tropical America. Herbs, up to 30 cm. high; stems terete, brittle,
pilosulous or glabrate; leaf blades ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.2 cm.
wide, obtuse, rounded at the base, pilosulous; petioles up to 8 mm.
long, slender, pilose; flowers borne in terminal spikes up to 9 cm.
long and about 8 mm. in diameter, the rachis glabrous or sparingly
pilose; bracts elliptic, about 7 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, acute,
ending in a mucro 0.5 mm. long, ciliate, 3-5-nerved, closely imbri-
cate; bractlets narrowly lance-aristate, 2.5 mm. long, pilose at the
tip; calyx segments similar to the bractlets but slightly longer;
corolla 1 cm. long, white, glabrous, the tube slender, the lips 5 mm.
long, the upper one entire, the lower 3-lobed, the lobes elliptic, 3 mm.
long; capsules 4.5 mm. long, pubescent or glabrate; seeds papillose.

Tetramerium nervosum Nees. Wet forests, Central America
to northern South America. Found at 600 meters in Costa Rica,
in the vicinity of Los Ayotes (Guanacaste) and Orotina. Herbs;
stems sometimes glabrous, but usually evenly pubescent or the hairs
arranged in 2 lines; leaf blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 4 cm.
long and 3 cm. wide, acuminate or acute, subcordate to obtuse at

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1261

the base, thin, sparingly pubescent on both surfaces; petioles up to
2 cm. long, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; flowers borne in terminal
spikes up to 4 cm. long; bracts rotund-ovate to ovate, 6-10 mm.
long, 5-7 mm. wide, short-acuminate to cuspidate at the apex,
rounded and abruptly contracted below the middle into a sub-
petiolate base, 7-nerved, hispid-ciliate, the hairs up to 2 mm. long;
bractlets linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; calyx lobes 4, linear-
lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, hispid-ciliate; corolla 10 mm. long, essenti-
ally glabrous, purplish white, the lips about 5.5 mm. long, the upper
one subemarginate; capsules 5 mm. long, 1.8 mm. broad, hirsute
near the apex, 4-seeded.

THUNBERGIA Retz.

Herbaceous or woody vines (occasionally shrubs) with large,
2-bracted flowers, these solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in termi-
nal racemes; calyx short, annular, usually with many teeth; corolla
tube oblique, the limb 5-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary 4-
ovuled; capsules coriaceous, globose, abruptly beaked. — An Old
World genus, widely introduced into tropical America. Other spe-
cies than the four here described are likely to occur in gardens of
Costa Rica.

Petioles winged; corollas orange or yellow, with a dark purple eye.

Petioles not winged. T' alata"

Vines; flowers pure white T. fragrans.

Erect or scandent shrubs; flowers usually blue or violet.
Leaf blades thin, small, usually 2-4 cm. long; erect shrubs.

T. erecta.
Leaf blades firm, usually 7-13 cm. long; scandent shrubs.

T. Vogeliana.

Thunbergia alata Bojer. Ojo de poeta. Roadsides and waste
places. Tropical America generally. Naturalized from eastern
Africa. A trailing, pubescent vine up to 1 meter long; leaf blades
ovate to triangular-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, remotely few-toothed to
entire, acute, cordate or hastate at the base; petioles winged; flowers
axillary, the slender peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, about 1.5 cm. long, acute to acuminate; calyx shorter
than the bracts; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, yellow or occasionally white,
usually with a purple eye; capsules depressed-globose, pubescent,
0.5-1 cm. in diameter, the stout beak about 1 cm. long. In culti-
vated plants a number of color forms may appear, varying from white
to yellow or bright orange, with or without the purple eye.

1262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anders. Cultivated or found
as an escape in tropical America. Originally from Cape Coast,
Africa. Erect shrubs, up to 3 meters high; stems quadrangular,
narrowly winged, glabrous, or the nodes pubescent; petioles 5-10 mm.
long; leaf blades oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 7 cm. long
and 3.5 cm. wide, but usually much smaller (2-4 cm. long), thin,
glabrous, entire or sinuately toothed; flowers solitary, axillary;
peduncles up to 2 cm. long, glabrous; bracts oblong, oblique, 1-2 cm.
long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtusish, glabrous or minutely pubescent at the
tip, faintly striate; calyx teeth 8-12, small (1-4 mm. long); corollas
4-8 cm. long, deep violet with a white or yellowish throat, or the
entire corolla pure white.

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Roadsides, thickets, and waste
places; cultivated in tropical America generally. Native of India. A
slender vine, up to 2 meters long; stem grooved, minutely strigose or
glabrate; petioles slender, up to 4 cm. long; leaf blades ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate, acute, or
occasionally obtuse, at the base subtruncate, cordate, or hastate,
entire or remotely few-toothed toward the base, thin, minutely
strigose or glabrate; flowers axillary; peduncles up to 7 cm. long;
bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide,
acute or acuminate, pubescent; flowers pure white, the lobes sub-
truncate at the apex, about as long as the tube; capsules depressed-
globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, puberulent, tipped by a stout,
subulate beak 1-1.5 cm. long.

Thunbergia Vogeliana Benth. Occasionally cultivated in
tropical America. The type was collected on Fernando Po, Africa.
A scandent shrub, up to 2 meters high; branches glabrous, or finely
pubescent at the nodes; petioles about 5 mm. long; leaf blades oblong,
up to 13 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base,
firm, subscabrous or glabrous, serrulate or entire; flowers solitary;
peduncles up to 2.5 cm. long, densely brownish-pubescent at the
base; bracts white, ovate, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, obtuse,
thick; calyx teeth (about 12) 8 mm. long; corollas about 4 cm. long,
the limb dark blue, the throat yellow within and white without.

TRIGHANTHERA HBK.

Shrubs or trees; leaves petioled, ovate to oblong, entire or un-
dulate, the cystoliths numerous; inflorescence a terminal panicle or
corymb, usually dense and many-flowered; bracts small, triangular;
calyx segments 5, obtuse; corollas regular, 5-lobed, tomentose,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1263

campanulate; stamens 4, exserted, didynamous, the anthers bearded,
the basal lobes rounded; capsules 4-seeded. — A single species occurs
in Central America, an additional one in Colombia.

Trichanthera gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees. Palo de agua.
A common tree in moist forests. Costa Rica to Venezuela, Colombia,
and Peru. Shrubs or trees, up to 5 meters high; branchlets quad-
rangular, the angles rounded, the tips brown-tomentose; leaf blades
ovate to oblong, up to 26 cm. long and 14 cm. wide, acuminate,
narrowed at the base, entire or undulate, glabrous except the costa
and veins, these prominent, more or less pubescent; petioles up to 5
cm. long; panicles 5-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, brown-tomentose,
the flowers secund; bracts 3 mm. long; calyx 10-12 mm. long, brown-
tomentose, the lobes erect, oblong, 7-10 mm. long, 5 mm. wide;
corollas 3-4 cm. long, red and glabrous proximally, yellowish and
silky-tomentose distally, red and glabrous within, the tube 1-1.5
cm. long, 6 mm. broad below, campanulate above, the limb 2-3 cm.
broad, the lobes oblong to oblong-ovate, 10 mm. long; styles 4-5 cm.
long, glabrous; capsules oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, 0.5 cm. broad, obtuse
at the apex, silky with closely appressed hairs, 1-4-seeded; seeds
lenticular, glabrous, 3-4 mm. in diameter.

PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family
Reference: Pilger, Pflanzenreich IV. 269. 1937.

In Central America this family is represented by a single genus
which contains the vast majority of the plants of the family.

PLANTAGO L. Plantain

Low, annual or perennial herbs, acaulescent in the Central
American species, the leaves often forming a basal rosette, entire or
dentate, usually with longitudinal nerves; flowers small, greenish,
in solitary heads or spikes at the ends of the naked scapes; calyx 4-
parted, the segments equal or 2 of them larger; corolla salverform,
the 4 lobes spreading or reflexed ; stamens 4 or 2, inserted in the tube
or throat of the corolla, the anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent; style simple, filiform; ovary sessile, superior, usually 2-
celled; fruit capsular, circumscissile at or below the middle, the seeds
1 or more in each cell. — Probably no other species occur in Central
America.

Plantago hirtella HBK. Llanten. P. Galeottiana Dene.
Common in pastures and on open banks of the central region, mostly

1264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

at 1,000-2,000 meters. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia. Perennial;
leaves oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, acute or
obtuse, attenuate to the base, 5-7-nerved, entire or nearly so, sparsely
or densely villous with whitish hairs; scapes 12-30 cm. long, villous,
the spikes dense, mostly 4-10 cm. long; corolla lobes erect in fruit.
Pilger recognizes several varieties and forms, none of which appear
to be of great importance. He refers some Costa Rican collections
to f . minor Pilger.

Plantago lanceolata L. Well established in pastures on the
upper slopes of the volcanoes of Turrialba and Irazu. Native of
the Old World, but generally naturalized in temperate regions of
America. Perennial or biennial, pilose; leaves narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, gradually attenuate to the
petiole, 3-5-nerved; scapes slender, striate, often 30 cm. long or even
more; spikes very dense, at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, 1-10 cm.
long; capsule with only 2 seeds. In the United States both this and
the following species are often troublesome weeds.

Plantago major L. Llanten. Naturalized in grassy places
about San Jose". Native of the Old World; naturalized generally in
temperate regions of America. Perennial, glabrous or inconspicuously
pubescent; leaves petiolate, often lying flat upon the ground or
nearly so, ovate or broadly ovate, entire or coarsely dentate, 3-11-
nerved; scapes mostly less than 30 cm. high, the spikes linear-cylin-
dric, dense, 5-20 cm. long; capsule with 5-16 seeds.

RUBIACEAE. Coffee Family
Reference: Standley, N. Amer. Fl. 32: 3-300. 1918-1934.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes scandent, often armed with
spines; leaves opposite or verticillate, stipulate, simple and entire,
pinnatifid in one genus; inflorescence various, the flowers perfect
or rarely unisexual, usually regular and symmetric; calyx tube
(hypanthium) adnate to the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, the lobes
in bud valvate, imbricate, or contorted; stamens usually as many as
the corolla lobes and alternate with them, the anthers 2-celled; ovary
1-10-celled, the ovules 1-many in each cell; fruit capsular, baccate,
drupaceous, or of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci. — One of the largest
families of tropical America, well represented in Costa Rica. A
considerable number of additional genera are known from other
parts of Central America, and a few of them may well be represented
in Costa Rica.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1265

Key to the tribes and genera
Ovules more than 1 in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit fleshy.

Corolla lobes valvate VI. Mussaendeae.

Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted VII. Gardenieae.

Fruit dry.

Flowers arranged in compact, globose heads; shrubs or trees,
armed with recurved spines V. Naucleeae.

Flowers not in compact, globose heads.

Seeds winged or appendaged, vertically imbricate.

IV. Cinchoneae.
Seeds exalate or, if winged, horizontal.

Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted. . . .III. Rondeletieae.
Corolla lobes valvate.

Seeds horizontal, usually very numerous; stipules entire
or biparted; large shrubs or trees with usually large
leaves I. Condamineae.

Seeds imbricate, vertical, usually few; stipules often
setose-laciniate; herbs or small shrubs with small
leaves II. Oldenlandieae.

Ovules solitary.

Seed pendulous, the radicle superior; shrubs or trees.

Flowers in compact, globose heads V. Naucleeae.

Flowers never in compact, globose heads.
Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla.

VIII. Guettardeae.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla tube.

IX. Chiococceae.
Seed ascending, the radicle inferior; plants often herbaceous.

Corolla lobes contorted ; shrubs or trees X. Ixoreae.

Corolla lobes valvate.

Ovules basal, attached at the base of the cell; mostly shrubs

or trees.

Ovary 1-celled, or 2-celled but with a very thin septum, the
fruit 1-seeded XIII. Coussareae.

Ovary 2-celled, or the cells rarely more numerous, the
septum thick.

1266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Stamens usually inserted in the base of the corolla tube;
flowers often dioecious XII. Anthospermeae.

Stamens usually inserted in the throat of the corolla;
flowers perfect XL Psychotrieae.

Ovules lateral, attached to the septum.

Stipules neither foliaceous nor setiferous; trees or large
shrubs; flowers confluent to form a dense head.

XIV. Morindeae.

Stipules either foliaceous (the leaves then appearing verti-
cillate and estipulate) or setiferous; herbs or low shrubs;
flowers never confluent into a true head.

Stipules setiferous XV. Spermacoceae.

Stipules foliaceous, resembling the leaves. .XVI. Galieae.

I. CONDAMINEAE

Calyx lobes dissimilar, one of them expanded into a large, colored,

bractlike limb Pogonopus.

Calyx lobes all similar, none of them expanded.
Anthers dehiscent by longitudinal slits, dorsifixed; inflorescence

axillary Chimarrhis.

Anthers dehiscent by terminal pores, basifixed; inflorescence
terminal Rustia.

II. OLDENLANDIEAE

Seeds angulate; plants herbaceous Oldenlandia.

Seeds crateriform or concavo-convex; small shrubs. . . Arcytophyllum.

III. RONDELETIEAE

Corolla lobes contorted.
Corolla tube very short, shorter than the lobes.

Corolla glabrous within, 4-parted; filaments not appendaged.

Deppea.

Corolla villous within, 5-parted; filaments appendaged at the
base Elaeagia.

Corolla tube elongate, several times as long as the lobes.

Lindenia.
Corolla lobes imbricate.

Calyx lobes dissimilar, one of them expanded into a large, petiolate,
colored limb . . . Warszewiczia.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1267

Calyx lobes all similar, none of them expanded into a petiolate limb.

Seeds very large, horizontal Sickingia.

Seeds small or minute.

Corolla salverform or funnelform Rondeletia.

Corolla cylindric-campanulate.

Corolla barbate in the throat Holtonia.

Corolla glabrous within. Oregandra.

IV. ClNCHONEAE

Corolla lobes valvate.

Plants scandent, herbaceous Manettia.

Plants erect, woody.

Flowers 4-parted; capsule subglobose Bouvardia.

Flowers 5-parted ; capsule oblong to clavate. .

Capsule splitting from below upward Cinchona.

Capsule splitting from the apex downward.

Capsule loculicidal Macrocnemum.

Capsule septicidal Ladenbergia.

Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted.
Calyx lobes dissimilar, one of them expanded into a large, white,

petiolate limb Calycophyllum.

Calyx lobes all similar, none of them expanded into a petiolate

limb.
Corolla lobes contorted.

Calyx tubular, deciduous; seeds not barbate Cosmibuena.

Calyx parted to the base, or none; seeds barbate Hillia.

Calyx lobes imbricate.

Anthers sessile or nearly so; plants epiphytic; corolla red.

Ravnia.
Anthers borne on long filaments; plants terrestrial; flowers

not red.
Corolla symmetric, the tube very slender, the limb 4-5-

lobate Exostema.

Corolla asymmetric, the tube enlarged, the limb 6-8-lobate.

Coutarea.
V. NAUCLEEAE
A single genus in Costa Rica Uncaria.

1268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

VI. MUSSAENDEAE

Inflorescences terminal.
Inflorescence a spikelike panicle; leaves membranaceous; ovary

2-4-celled Gonzalagunia.

Inflorescence a thyrsoid panicle; leaves coriaceous; ovary 4-6-

celled . Isertia.

Inflorescences axillary.

Leaves finely lineolate between the veins; inflorescence not capitate.
Calyx subtruncate, very shallowly and irregularly lobate.

Nothophlebia.

Calyx spathaceous or conspicuously and regularly lobate.
Calyx spathaceous or lobate, the lobes not foliaceous; leaves

often pinnatifid Pentagonia.

Calyx deeply lobate, the lobes subfoliaceous; leaves entire.

Sommera.
Leaves not lineolate; inflorescence usually capitate or cymose-

capitate.
Plants herbaceous, usually prostrate or nearly so, not scandent;

ovary 2-celled Coccocypselum.

Plants woody or suffrutescent, sometimes scandent.

Ovary 3-5-celled; plants scandent Sabicea.

Ovary 2-celled; plants erect Xerococcus,

VII. GARDENIEAE
Corolla lobes imbricate.

Ovary 4-5-celled Hamelia.

Ovary 2-celled Hoffmannia.

Corolla lobes contorted.

Seeds minute, the testa foveolate Bertiera.

Seeds large, the testa smooth or fibrous.

Corolla somewhat irregular, curved in bud Posoqueria.

Corolla regular, the buds not curved.
Flowers perfect.

Flowers terminal or terminal and axillary.

Flowers in cymes Tocoyena.

Flowers solitary or fasciculate Randia.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1269

Flowers axillary.
Corolla tube villous in both throat and base; stigma

attenuate Genipa.

Corolla tube villous in the throat or the base, but not in
both; stigma not attenuate. •

Ovary 2-celled; native plants Randia.

Ovary 1-celled; cultivated plants Gardenia.

Flowers dioecious.
Stipules forming a conic cap, deciduous above a circular

slit Duroia.

Stipules free or united only near the base, not dehiscent

by a circular slit.
Staminate flowers lateral; plants usually armed with

spines Randia.

Staminate flowers terminal; plants unarmed . . Alibertia.

VIII. GUETTARDEAE

Fruit separating into 2 cocci at maturity; calyx lobes 4-5, persistent;

corolla lobes not imbricate Machaonia.

Fruit drupaceous, not separating into cocci at maturity.
Corolla lobes valvate or but slightly imbricate.
Corolla lobes corniculate-appendaged near the apex; basal lobes

of the anthers acute or attenuate Chomelia.

Corolla lobes not appendaged; basal lobes of the anthers obtuse.

Anisomeris.
Corolla lobes strongly imbricate, 1 or 2 of them exterior.

Guettarda.
IX. CHIOCOCCEAE
A single genus in Costa Rica .Chiococca.

X. IXOREAE

Bractlets connate, calyx-like; calyx usually truncate Coffea.

Bractlets distinct, not calyx-like; calyx lobate Ixora.

XI. PSYCHOTRIEAE

Inflorescence an involucrate, usually solitary head; heads sometimes
branched in Cephaelis.

Plants creeping herbs Geophila.

Plants erect shrubs Cephaelis.

1270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Inflorescence not involucrate or rarely so, not a single involucrate

head.
Carpels of the fruit laterally compressed, the fruit didymous;

plants low herbs Declieuxia.

Carpels of the fruit not laterally compressed; plants mostly trees
or shrubs.

Seeds with an inrolled ventral surface; stipules pectinate-lobate
or with setiform, dorsal appendages Rudgea.

Seeds not with an inrolled ventral surface; stipules entire or
bilobate.

Corolla tube straight, not gibbous at the base; branches of
the inflorescence usually green Psychotria.

Corolla tube elongate, more or less curved, gibbous at the
base; branches of the inflorescence usually pale or red or
yellow Palicourea.

XII. ANTHOSPERMEAE
A single genus in Costa Rica Gomozia.

XIII. COUSSAREAE

Seeds vertical; ovules connate, borne upon a common basal column.

Coussarea.

Seeds horizontal; ovules separate in a 1-celled ovary, collateral, basal.

Faramea.

XIV. MORINDEAE
A single genus in Central America Morinda.

XV. SPERMACOCEAE
Fruit not separating into cocci, the whole fruit circumscissile.

Mitracarpus.
Fruit separating into cocci, these not circumscissile.

Cocci indehiscent.

Cocci 3-4 Richardia.

Cocci 2.

Calyx lobate, the lobes elongate-subulate; cocci separating

from a persistent axis Crusea.

Calyx 2-10-dentate; fruit without a persistent axis. .Diodia.
Cocci, at least one of them, dehiscent.

Cocci opening only at the base; flowers axillary. . . . Hemidiodia.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1271

Cocci opening at the apex.

Cells of the fruit alike, both opening Borreria.

Cells of the fruit dissimilar, one opening, the other remaining
closed Spermacoce.

XVI. GALIEAE

Calyx lobes developed, lanceolate; introduced plants. . . .Sherardia.
Calyx lobes obsolete; native plants.

Flowers surrounded by a calyx-like involucre Relbunium.

Flowers not involucrate.

Leaves opposite Didymaea.

Leaves verticillate Galium,

ALIBERTIAA. Rich.

Shrubs or trees; leaves usually coriaceous; stipules acute, connate
at the base; flowers small, terminal, sessile, dioecious, white, the
staminate fasciculate, the pistillate usually solitary; hypanthium
hemispheric or globose, the calyx short or tubular, truncate or den-
tate; corolla coriaceous, salverform, the lobes contorted; ovary 2-8-
celled, the ovules few or numerous in each cell; fruit baccate, usually
rather large, the large seeds compressed. — No other species are found
in North America.

Alibertia edulis (L. Rich.) A. Rich. Trompillo, Madrono.
Forests and thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente; probably also on the
Atlantic coast. Mexico to West Indies and the Amazon Basin.
Usually a shrub or 4 meters or less, almost glabrous; stipules lance-
triangular or deltoid, 8-15 mm. long, acute or acuminate; leaves
short-petiolate, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, 6-20 cm. long, usually
short-acuminate, acute to rounded at the base, commonly barbate
beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous; corolla 2.5 cm.
long, minutely sericeous outside, the lobes acute or acuminate;
calyx denticulate; fruit globose, yellowish, 2.5 cm. in diameter.
Boys often use the fruits, with a stick thrust through them, as tops,
hence the name trompillo. The leaves of seedling plants, often found
abundantly in the forest, are narrower than those of adult plants,
and handsomely colored with pink or purple. The fruits are reported
edible, but they can not be very palatable.

ANISOMERIS Presl

Shrubs or small trees, often with spinose branchlets; stipules
acuminate, deciduous; flowers small, white or yellowish, generally in

1272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

axillary, pedunculate cymes, rarely solitary; calyx 4-lobate, the lobes
usually elongate, equal or unequal, persistent; corolla salverform or
funnelform, with a slender tube, the limb 4-lobate, the lobes un-
appendaged, valvate or slightly imbricate; stamens 4, the anthers
dorsifixed, sessile; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit small,
drupaceous, with a single 2-celled stone. — A few other species are
known from Central America.

Anisomeris microloba (Donn. Smith) Standl. Field Mus. Bot.
4: 293. 1929. Chomelia microloba Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 114.
1901. Forests of Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Tonduz 7048
(987 If). Known only from the original collection. An unarmed
shrub; stipules 3-4 mm. long, deltoid, cuspidate; leaves short-petio-
late, elliptic-oval to ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, obtusely short-
acuminate, rounded or very obtuse at the base, short-barbate beneath
in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous; cymes axillary, few-
many-flowered, pedunculate, the flowers sessile or subsessile; calyx
lobes minute, obtuse; corolla strigillose outside, the tube 8-10 mm.
long, the lobes ovate, obtuse.

Anisomeris sylvicola Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 32: 225. 1934. Cho-
melia sylvicola Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. 18: 182. 1928. Wet
forest, Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,000
meters, Standley & Valerio 49196. Known only from the original
collection. A glabrous shrub; stipules ovate-oval, 3 mm. long,
obtuse; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades elliptic-oblong, 6.5-8 cm.
long, 2-3 cm. wide, attenuate to an obtuse apex, acute and decurrent
at the base, subcoriaceous, domatiate beneath in the axils of the
nerves; inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, rather few-
flowered, on a peduncle 2 cm. long, the slender pedicels 10-12 mm.
long; fruit obovoid, 18 mm. long, 7 mm. thick, acute at the base,
2-celled; calyx persistent, cupular, 2 mm. long, undulate. It is
fairly certain that this plant does not belong to the genus Anisomeris,
although its relationship is apparently with Guettarda, Chomelia, etc.
Until flowering material is available, the plant's true affinities must
remain uncertain.

ARCYTOPHYLLUM Schum.

Small shrubs, erect or prostrate; leaves crowded and often
densely imbricate, very small, thick-coriaceous; stipules entire, bifid,
or setose; flowers small, solitary and axillary or in small cymes;
hypanthium globose or turbinate; calyx 4-lobate, the lobes erect,
remote; corolla funnelform or salverform, with a short or elongate

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1273

tube, the lobes valvate; ovary 2-celled, the ovules few; fruit capsular,
turbinate or globose, small; seeds concavo-convex, punctate. — No
other species are known in Central America. The genus probably
should be united with Houstonia, since the only differences between
the two groups seem to be habital, and even those are inconstant.

Arcytophyllum lavarum Schum. Mallostoma lavarum Bonn.
Smith. Dense, low thickets of the higher mountain slopes, especially
on the central volcanoes, at 2,400-3,150 meters. Adjacent Panama.
A very densely branched shrub, usually less than a meter high,
glabrous except on the corolla; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong,
4-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rounded or very obtuse at the apex,
contracted into a short petiole, paler beneath; flowers in dense, small,
terminal cymes, short-pedicellate; calyx lobes broadly ovate, obtuse
or acute, with 1 or more setae between each pair; corolla 4-5 mm. long,
the lobes ovate, obtuse, white- villous within; capsule subglobose,
1.5-2 mm. long. One of the characteristic plants of the wet, moss-
covered thickets about the lake on Pods, and in other similar localities.

Arcytophyllum muticum (Wedd.) Standl. Paramos of Cerro
de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters; probably also on Cerro de La Muerte.
Colombia. A small, prostrate shrub; leaves sessile, lance-oblong,
obtuse, muticous, coriaceous, glabrous; flowers terminal, solitary;
calyx lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla white. In North America
this species (unknown from the region when the Rubiaceae of the
North American Flora was published) is known only from sterile
specimens collected by Juvenal Valeric and the writer. It is a
characteristic species of the Colombian paramos.

BERTIERA Aubl.

Slender shrubs or small trees; leaves petiolate or sessile, mem-
branaceous; stipules connate into a bifid sheath; flowers small,
white, cymose, the cymes arranged in terminal, pedunculate panicles;
calyx 5-dentate or truncate, persistent; corolla funnelform, usually
sericeous, the limb 5-lobate, the lobes short, ovate, acute, contorted ;
ovary 2-celled, the ovules numerous; fruit baccate, globose, fleshy;
seeds numerous, very small, angulate, foveolate. — One other Central
American species has been described from Panama.

Bertiera angustifolia Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 103. 1845.
Cocos Island, Barclay. Also in Panama. A shrub of 3 meters, the
branches pilose-strigose; stipules 10-18 mm. long; leaves sessile or
nearly so, oblong-lanceolate, 10-12 cm. long, acute or attenuate,

1274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

rounded or obtuse at the base, almost glabrous above, sericeous
beneath, especially on the nerves; panicles 6-11 cm. long, the
flowers secund, sessile, the linear bracts 6-16 mm. long; fruit globose,
3-3.5 mm. in diameter.

Bertiera guianensis Aubl. In forest or thickets of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Southern Mexico to Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
A shrub of 2-4 meters; stipules 5-10 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate,
8-17 cm. long, acute or acutish at the base; panicles narrow, elongate,
the bracts linear, 6 mm. long or less; corolla 5-7 mm. long; fruit
blue, 10-costate when dried, 3.5-4 mm. in diameter.

BORRERIA Meyer

Low, annual or perennial herbs, rarely suffrutescent; stipules
united with the petioles into a setiferous sheath; flowers small,
usually sessile in the leaf axils or in terminal heads; sepals 2 or 4,
equal or unequal, often with interposed teeth; corolla very small,
funnelform, the limb 4-lobate; stamens usually attached in the
throat of the corolla; fruit a coriaceous or membranaceous capsule,
2-celled, the cells septicidal; seeds 1 in each cell. — A few other species
are known from Central America. The plants usually are inconspicu-
ous weeds of waste or cultivated ground.

Borreria densiflora DC. B. spinosa Cham. & Schlecht. Waste
ground of the tierra caliente, apparently not common. Widely
distributed in tropical America. Plants stout, erect, less than a
meter high, from a taproot, glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear or
lance-linear, rough-margined, stiff; flower heads large, subtended
by 4-8 large leaves; hypanthium densely pubescent above, the 2
lobes linear; corolla white, slightly exceeding the calyx lobes.

Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. A common weed of waste and
cultivated ground, often growing in pastures, usually at 1,300 meters
or less; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Widely dispersed in
tropical America. An annual or perennial, erect or decumbent,
usually less than 60 cm. high, the branches glabrous, or puberulent
on the angles; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute
or acuminate, abruptly decurrent into a slender petiole, more or
less pilose, at least on the nerves, or glabrate; flower heads sessile,
terminal and axillary, 8-15 mm. in diameter, the terminal ones
subtended by large leaves; hypanthium puberulent at the apex;
sepals minute, broadly triangular; corolla white, 2-2.5 mm. long;
capsule 2 mm. long; seeds transverse-sulcate. One of the most com-
mon rubiaceous plants of tropical America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1275

Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) Schum. Mielcillo (Tonduz). Fre-
quent in waste ground or pastures of the tierra caliente, ascending
to about 1,000 meters; region of San Ramon. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Annual or perennial, prostrate or ascending,
conspicuously yellowish when dried, the stout branches 4-angulate,
often narrowly winged above, glabrous, or pubescent on the angles;
leaves thick, elliptic to oblong, almost sessile, 3.5-7 cm. long, acute
or acuminate, acute at the base, more or less scaberulous or puberu-
lent, at least on the nerves; hypanthium glabrous or pilose; flowers
densely glomerate in the leaf axils; hypanthium glabrous or pilose;
sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, 2 mm. long.

Borreria ocimoides (Burm.) DC. Chiquizacillo. Common in
waste or cultivated ground, Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300
meters or less; often growing in sand along stream beds; Cocos
Island. Generally distributed in tropical America. A slender
annual, usually much branched, 60 cm. high or less, erect or prostrate,
the stems glabrous, or puberulent on the angles; leaves elliptic to
linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, attenuate at the base to a
short petiole, or sessile, glabrous, or somewhat scabrous near the
margins; flowers densely glomerate in the leaf axils, the heads 5 mm.
in diameter; hypanthium glabrous or puberulent; sepals subulate,
about equaling the hypanthium ; corolla white, shorter than the calyx ;
capsule 1 mm. in diameter. The flower heads are much smaller than
in the other species listed here.

Borreria suaveolens Mey. B. tenella Cham. & Schlecht. Fre-
quent in pastures and savannas of the Pacific slope, usually at 1,000
meters or less; Nicoya; also in the region of Cartago. Widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. Plants perennial, erect, stout, usually
60 cm. high or less, commonly much branched, densely pubescent
or glabrate; leaves linear or lance-linear, the margins often revolute,
2-8 cm. long; flower heads 8-12 mm. in diameter, chiefly terminal
and subtended by numerous leaves; sepals 4, linear-subulate, longer
than the hypanthium, ciliate; corolla white, 2.5-5 mm. long; capsule
oblong, pubescent at the apex; seeds not sulcate. This species, as
interpreted by Schumann and the present writer, is a highly variable
one, and it and its relatives are in need of careful revision. The
Costa Rican material is uniform in its characters, and careful study
may show it to represent a species distinct from the South American
B. suaveolens. There probably are numerous names, now considered
synonyms, available for it.

1276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Borreria verticillata (L.) Mey. I have seen only a single
Costa Rican specimen apparently referable here, although its condi-
tion makes the record uncertain: Between Guachipelin and Volcan
de La Vieja, Guanacaste, Brenes 15539. Widely distributed in
tropical America. Very much like B. suaveolens in general appear-
ance, but the sepals only 2; plants usually glabrous or glabrate, the
flower heads substantially smaller than in that species.

BOUVARDIA Salisb.

Herbs or shrubs, more or less pubescent; leaves opposite or
verticillate; stipules connate with the petioles to form a sheath,
this entire, laciniate, or aristate; flowers usually large and rather
showy, white, yellow, or red, cymose or cymose-corymbose; calyx
4-lobate, the lobes short or elongate, persistent; corolla tubular or
salverform, the 4 lobes short or elongate, valvate; ovary 2-celled,
many-ovulate; capsule didymous-globose, loculicidally bi valvate;
seeds imbricate, peltate, compressed, winged. — At least one other
species has been collected in Central America. About 30 species
are found in Mexico, some of them such handsome plants that they
have been introduced into cultivation in Europe and elsewhere.

Bouvardia glabra Polak. Linnaea 41 : 565. 1877. Jazmin, Jaz-
min de la Virgen. B. glabra var. gracilis Polak. op. cit. 566 (thickets
and hedges, San Jose", Polakowsky 172). In thickets, San Jose", Pola-
kowsky (photos, of types of species and variety in Herb. Field Mus.).
Common in cultivation in gardens of the Meseta Central; collected
by the writer at Escazu. Mountains of Guatemala. A shrub of
1.5-3 meters; leaves opposite, short-petiolate, ovate or lance-ovate,
3-7 cm. long, acute to long-acuminate, obtuse or short-acuminate
at the base, glabrous, paler beneath; cymes terminal or axillary,
mostly 3-5-flowered, the pedicels 2-12 mm. long; hypanthium gla-
brous; calyx lobes lanceolate or oblanceolate, foliaceous, 4-12 mm.
long; corolla white, glabrous, the slender tube 1.5-3.5 cm. long, the
lobes oblong or elliptic, 6-11 mm. long; capsule globose, 6 mm. in
diameter. It is rather doubtful whether this plant is really native
in Costa Rica, for there are no recent collections from plants that
were certainly wild. It is quite possible that it did grow in forest
areas that have been cleared for cultivation, and that it is now
extinct in Costa Rica in a wild state. It is quite possible that the
plant was brought to Costa Rica from Guatemala long ago and
planted in gardens. The shrub is a rather handsome one, its flowers
fragrant.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1277

CALYCOPHYLLUM DC.

Large trees; stipules caducous; flowers small, 4-8-parted, in
terminal cymes, the bracts and bractlets large, membranaceous,
enclosing the buds; calyx almost obsolete or of short segments, one
of the segments in some of the flowers expanded into a large, colored
limb; corolla short-funnelform, lobed to the middle or more deeply,
the lobes imbricate, the throat villous; stamens long-exserted ; capsule
elongate, costate, 2-celled, septicidally bivalvate; seeds small, winged.
— A single species occurs in Central America.

Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC. SurrA, Salamo,
Madrono. Forests of the Pacific coast, especially in Guanacaste,
at low elevations. Southern Mexico to Cuba and Colombia. A
tree 20 meters or less, the branchlets reddish brown; stipules tri-
angular or lanceolate, 1 cm. long or less; leaves slender-petiolate,
oval to ovate or elliptic, 5-13 cm. long, abruptly acuminate or
cuspidate-acuminate, acute or obtuse and abruptly decurrent at the
base, glabrous above, paler beneath and usually sparsely hirsute
on the costa; hypanthium 2.5-3 mm. long, hirtellous or glabrate;
expanded blade of the calyx creamy white, subreniform to ovate-
rhombic, 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex; corolla white, the
tube 3 mm. long, the lobes slightly longer; capsule 6-10 mm. long.
When in flower, the tree is a conspicuous and handsome one, because
of the great abundance of white calyx lobes, which give it the appear-
ance of being covered with white flowers. The bracts retain their
original coloring for a long time, but finally turn brown. The wood
is pale brown, hard, heavy, strong, highly elastic, fine-textured,
usually straight-grained, easy to work, finishes very smoothly.
Under the name lancewood it is imported into the United States
from Cuba, for archery bows. In Costa Rica and elsewhere in Central
America it is utilized for tool handles and many other purposes. In
some regions of the Pacific coast fine-toothed combs are made from it.

CEPHAELIS Swartz

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; stipules free or connate, usually
persistent; flowers capitate, the head subtended by an involucre
of usually sessile, free or connate, often colored bracts, terminal
or axillary; calyx short or elongate, 4-7-dentate, persistent; corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube straight, usually elongate, the
throat villous or naked, the 4-5 lobes valvate in bud; ovary 2-celled;
fruit drupaceous, containing 2 hard, smooth or costate nutlets, these

1278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

usually longitudinally sulcate on the inner face. — Other species are
known from Central America.

Cephaelis axillaris Swartz. Frequent in forests of the central
region, especially south of Cartago ; regions of Dota and San Ramon ;
mostly at 1,000-1,500 meters. Honduras to Colombia and West
Indies. A glabrous shrub, 1-1.5 meters high, sparsely branched;
stipules bilobate, the lobes obtuse or acute; leaves petiolate, obovate-
oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, acute or attenuate at the base;
flower heads axillary, sessile, about 1 cm. in diameter or somewhat
larger, the small bracts green or purplish; corolla white; fruits blue.
Easily recognized among local species by the numerous small,
sessile heads.

Cephaelis chlorochlamys Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex, ramulis
gracilibus teretibus viridibus, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis;
stipulae persistentes virides in vaginam subinflatam 6 mm. longam
connatae, vagina in lobos erectos lineari-attenuatos usque 9 mm.
longos desinente; folia inter minora graciliter petiolata membranacea,
petiolo usque 2 cm. longo glabro; lamina elliptico-oblonga vel lanceo-
lato-oblonga 5-11 cm. longa atque 2-3.5 cm. lata vel major longissime
anguste attenuato-acuminata, basi acuta atque subabrupte decurrens,
supra viridis glabra, costa gracillima prominente, subtus pallidior,
glabra vel tantum ad costam obscure pilosula, costa elevata, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 20 angulo recto abeuntibus subarcuatis,
alio vix graciliore inter paria interposito, venulis prominulis laxe
reticulatis; capitula terminalia longipedunculata dense multiflora
ca. 1.8 cm. longa atque fere aequilata, pedunculo erecto 2.5 cm. longo
glabro, bracteis viridibus liberis lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis
extus glabris intus sparse pilosulis, acute attenuatis adpressis, interi-
oribus contracto-petiolatis; fructus 5 mm. longus glaber leviter
bisulcatus atque costatus, calyce persistente 1 mm. longo acute
profunde 5-dentato.— La Hondura de San Jose", 1,300 meters, August,
1933, Manuel Valeria 704 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The single
specimen is not in perfect condition for study, and the description
may need revision in some details when better material is available.

Cephaelis discolor Polak. Linnaea 41: 572. 1877. Evea guapi-
lensis Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 104. 1925 (wet forest near
Guapiles, Prov. Limon, 500 meters, Standley 37025}. C. guapilensis
Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 295. 1929. In forest, Angostura, Polakow-
sky 384 (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Known only from the
localities mentioned. Endemic. Plants simple, suffrutescent, a

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1279

meter high or less, the stems glabrous; stipules 1 cm. long or more,
the lobes linear from a triangular base; leaves slender-petiolate, the
blades elliptic-oblong, 14-21 cm. long, 6.5-9.5 cm. wide, abruptly
short-acuminate at each end, glabrous above, paler beneath, sparsely
hirtellous on the nerves; flower heads terminal, solitary, subsessile,
2 3 cm. in diameter, the bracts purplish green, rounded and apiculate
at the apex, covered on both surfaces with slender, multicellular
hairs; fruit villous. In combining the two species listed I have had
to depend upon photographs of the types and a fragment of C. dis-
color, from the Berlin herbarium. While there is a faint possibility
that two species are involved, I believe the reduction of C. guapilensis
is correct, especially since both types were collected in the same region.
Polakowsky describes the plant as "glaberrima," but erroneously,
as shown by the type fragment.

Cephaelis elata Swartz. Cephaelis costaricensis Schlecht.
Linnaea 28: 546. 1856 (type from Costa Rica, the locality not indi-
cated). Cephaelis Phoenicia Bonn. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 5: 39.
1899, nomen. Uragoga phoenicia Schum. ex Bonn. Smith, loc. cit.
in syn. Frequent in forests of the central region, at 1,550 meters or
less, also in the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Atlantic slope
of Guanacaste. Mexico to West Indies and Colombia. A glabrous
shrub 1.5-3.5 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-lanceolate
to elliptic-oblong, 10-25 cm. long, acuminate, acute to attenuate at
the base; flower heads terminal, long-pedunculate, the 2 outer bracts
2.5-4 cm. long, broadly rounded at the apex, dark red, rarely green;
corolla white. The plant is a showy and handsome one. Cephaelis
elata f. lutea Standl., f. nov. (a forma typica rubrobracteata non
nisi bracteis luteis differt) is distinguished by having yellow rather
than bright red bracts. It was collected at San Isidro de El General,
750 meters, H. E. Stork 3084 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Cephaelis glomerulata Bonn. Smith. Tortuguero, Prov.
Limon, Lankester 1184- Extending to Guatemala. A glabrous shrub ;
stipules small, truncate and with minute lobes; leaves short-petiolate,
lance-oblong, long-acuminate, acute at the base, lustrous; flower
heads terminal, sessile or nearly so, about 2 cm. in diameter, the
numerous closely imbricate bracts very broadly rounded at the apex,
pearly white, edged with violet-purple.

Cephaelis latistipula Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 281.
1928. Moist forest, Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39695. Collected
also at El Muneco, 1,500 meters. Endemic. Plants simple, suffrutes-

1280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

cent, 1 meter high or less, glabrous; stipules distinct, 14-22 mm. long
and nearly or quite as wide, conspicuously nerved, short-bilobate at
the apex; leaves slender-petiolate, oval-elliptic to broadly elliptic,
14-21 cm. long, 7-9 cm. wide, rounded or very obtuse at the apex and
abruptly short-acuminate, narrowed to the acute base; flower heads
axillary, dark red, very dense, sessile or nearly so, about 1 cm. long
and 2 cm. broad, the outer bracts broadly oblong, obtuse; corolla
5 mm. long.

Cephaelis Pittieri Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119: 45. 1916.
Canas Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier 11162 (photo, of type in Herb.
Field Mus.). Collected also at San Isidro del General, 750 meters,
in deep forest. A shrub or small tree, the branches glabrous; stipules
united into a tube 2-2.5 mm. long, this bearing narrow setae 5-6 mm.
long; leaves slender-petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 14-20 cm. long,
3-4.5 cm. wide, narrowly long-acuminate, attenuate at the base,
thin, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs beneath on the nerves;
flower heads terminal, short-pedunculate, somewhat 3-lobate,
densely many-flowered, about 2 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide, the
bracts red, the outer ones ovate, acuminate, sparsely pilose.

Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl. Forests of the tierra
caliente, at 900 meters or less, common in many localities. Mexico
to Bolivia and Brazil. A slender shrub of 1-3 meters, sparsely
branched, hirsute or at least pilose on almost all parts; leaves thin,
lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, large, long-acuminate, acute to attenuate
at the base; flower heads large, terminal, pedunculate, the bright red,
acute or short-acuminate bracts much exceeding the flowers; corolla
yellow; fruit blue. The shrub is an exceptionally showy and rather
handsome one. It has a wide range in tropical America, and in
most herbaria is represented by more specimens than perhaps any
other tropical American member of the family.

Cephaelis Tonduzii Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119: 45.
1916. Tuis, 650 meters, Tonduz 11461 (photo of type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Stems simple, suflrutescent, 15-30 cm. high, glabrous;
stipule tube short, with linear lobes; leaves long-petiolate, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 14-20 cm. long, 6-7.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate,
narrowed to the base, glabrous; flower heads terminal, subglobose,
2.2-3 cm. broad, the peduncle 2-3 cm. long, the bracts red, broadly
ovate, short-acuminate, sparsely short-pilose. This is probably
synonymous with C. discolor.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1281

CHIMARRHIS Jacq.

Trees; stipules caducous; leaves short-petiolate; flowers small, in
axillary, long-pedunculate, corymbose cymes; hypanthium campanu-
late, the 5 calyx lobes very short, persistent; corolla short-funnelform,
the tube villous in the throat, the 5 lobes valvate; stamens exserted;
ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit capsular, small, bisulcate, septi-
cidally bivalvate from the apex; seeds angulate-globose. — Two other
Central American species are found in Panama.

Chimarrhis parviflora Standl. Trop. Woods 11: 26. 1927.
Manwood. Yema de huevo (Panama). Changuinola Valley, Atlantic
coast, Cooper & Slater 120. Collected at various localities in the low-
lands of Panama, and doubtless extending into Costa Rica. A tree
of 18 meters, the trunk 25 cm. in diameter, with low buttresses;
branches minutely puberulent or sericeous; stipules linear-lanceolate,
1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaves oblong-obovate, 8-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm.
wide, acute or abruptly acute, acute to abruptly attenuate at the
base, glabrous above, densely sericeous beneath when young but in
age glabrate; cymes 2-7 cm. broad, very dense and many-flowered,
pedunculate, the branches densely puberulent; calyx and hypanthium
together 1 mm. long; corolla 2 mm. long, glabrous outside.

GHIOCOCCA P. Br.

Shrubs or small trees, often scandent or sarmentose, usually
glabrous; leaves petiolate, membranaceous to coriaceous; stipules
broad, usually cuspidate, persistent; flowers small, whitish, pedi-
cellate, in axillary, simple or paniculate, often secund racemes;
hypanthium compressed, the calyx 5-lobate, persistent; corolla
funnelform, glabrous in the throat, the 5 lobes spreading or reflexed,
valvate; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit small, drupaceous,
white at maturity, usually orbicular and strongly compressed.—
No other species are known from Central America.

Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. C. racemosa L. Frequent in
thickets and forest, Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300 meters or
less. Generally distributed in tropical America. A shrub, the
branches usually recurved or trailing, often scandent; stipules 1-2
mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, very variable in form, usually
ovate or oval-ovate, sometimes lanceolate, mostly 3-6 cm. long,
acute or short-acuminate, rounded and short-decurrent at the base,
glabrous; racemes few-many-flowered, the flowers short-pedicellate;
corolla white or yellowish, 6-8 mm. long, the short lobes triangular;

1282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

stamens included; fruit white, juicy, strongly compressed, 4-8 mm.
in diameter. Called Lagrimas de Maria and Lagrimas de San Pedro
in other parts of Central America.

Chiococca phaenostemon Schlecht. Chiraquilla. Frequent in
forests of the central region; El General; regions of San Ramon and
Dota; at 750-2,000 meters. Mexico to Panama. A shrub or tree,
sometimes 14 meters high, glabrous or nearly so, reported to be
sometimes a large vine; leaves slender-petiolate, 5-12 cm. long,
coriaceous; corolla white or yellowish, 5-8 mm. long; filaments and
anthers conspicuously exserted. The trunk is sometimes 60 cm. in
diameter at the base; bark thin, light to medium brown, nearly
smooth; flowers fragrant.

CHOMELIA Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with stout, axillary spines,
the leaves petiolate; stipules acuminate, deciduous; flowers small,
white, in pedunculate, axillary cymes; calyx 4-lobate, the lobes
narrow, equal or unequal, persistent; corolla salverform, with a
slender, elongate tube, the 4 lobes elongate, valvate or with sub-
imbricate margins; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit small,
drupaceous, the stone oblong, 2-celled, osseous. — A single species is
known from North America.

Chomelia spinosa Jacq. Malacahuite. Guettarda costaricensis
Schum. ex Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 7. 1895, nomen. Frequent
in thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente. Southern Mexico to northern
Brazil. A shrub or tree, sometimes 9 meters high, the branches
reddish brown; stipules 4-8 mm. long; leaves often crowded on short,
lateral branches, ovate-orbicular to oval or elliptic, 4-8 cm. long,
abruptly short-acuminate, rounded to acute at the base, sparsely
pilose above, pilose beneath, especially on the nerves, with appressed
or spreading hairs; cymes few-flowered, slender-pedunculate, the
flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx and hypanthium 2-3 mm. long,
the calyx lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, half as long as the
hypanthium or shorter; corolla yellowish white, sericeous outside,
the tube 12-22 mm. long, the lobes 4-6 mm. long, each with a slender,
hornlike appendage at or just below the apex; fruit black and juicy at
maturity, 9-12 mm. long, sparsely strigillose. It is stated that the
fruits are edible, and are employed for preparing refrescos. It is
reported also that squirrels and pisotes eat the fruits and grow fat
upon them at the principal fruiting season, in November. The fruits
are said to be used as a remedy for fevers. The flowers are fragrant.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1283

CINCHONA L.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or variously pubescent; stipules large,
distinct, caducous; leaves large or small, petiolate; inflorescence
terminal, paniculate, with opposite branches, usually many-flowered,
the flowers 5-parted; calyx campanulate, dentate or lobate; corolla
salverform, pubescent outside, the spreading lobes valvate in bud,
more or less villous within on the margins; stamens semi-exserted or
included, the anthers linear; capsule ovoid or oblong to subcylindric,
bisulcate, dehiscent from the base to the apex; seeds numerous,
broadly winged. — A single species is native in North America, the
others inhabiting the South American Andes. The genus contains
some of the most important drug plants of the earth, source of quinine,
the universal remedy for malaria.

Cinchona pubescens Vahl. Forests of the region of San Ramon,
at about 1,100 meters; Tiquires, 1,700 meters. Extending to Bolivia.
A medium-sized tree, the branchlets pubescent; stipules ovate,
obtuse or acute, sericeous or almost glabrous; leaves slender-petiolate,
large, the blades broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded to acute at the
apex, cordate to acute at the base and often decurrent, usually gla-
brate above, beneath densely short-pilose or tomentose to glabrate;
panicles large, often leafy, many-flowered, the flowers subsessile;
hypanthium densely sericeous; calyx teeth short and broad, acute;
corolla red or pink, sericeous, 10-12 mm. long, the lobes half as long
as the tube; capsule lanceolate or oblong, glabrate, usually 1.5-2.5
cm. long. One of the forms of this species, cultivated in the East
Indies, is probably the principal source of quinine. No information
is available as to Costa Rican vernacular names, if any, or regarding
any local knowledge of the tree's properties. In North America the
species is known only from Costa Rica, and there, apparently, it has
been collected only in recent years.

COCCOCYPSELUM Swartz

Prostrate, annual or perennial herbs, usually pubescent; leaves
petiolate, small; stipules small, solitary; flowers small, purplish or
blue, capitate, the heads axillary, solitary, sessile or pedunculate,
few-many-flowered; calyx 4-lobate, the lobes narrow, persistent;
corolla funnelform, the throat glabrous, the limb 4-lobate, the lobes
oblong, valvate; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit baccate, ovoid,
juicy, blue; seeds small, subangulate, granulate. — A few other species
have been found in Central America.

1284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

i

Coccocypselum guianense (Aubl.) Schum. Occasional in
forests of the central region, chiefly at 1,400-1,800 meters. Southern
Mexico to West Indies and Brazil. Stems densely pilose with long,
spreading, soft hairs; leaves oval to ovate or rounded-ovate, 2.5-7 cm.
long, rounded to subacute at the apex, truncate to obtuse at the
base, densely pilose on the upper surface with long and short, mostly
ap pressed hairs, often purplish beneath, densely soft-pilose; heads
pedunculate, mostly 2-4-flowered; calyx lobes 3-4 mm. long; corolla
blue, 7-10 mm. long; fruit pilose, prussian blue, 6-11 mm. in
diameter.

Coccocypselum hirsutum Bartl. Frequent in forests of the
central region, chiefly at 750-1,800 meters; region of San Ramon;
Buenos Aires. Mexico to Bolivia. Branches densely hirsute or
hispid; leaves oval to oblong-ovate, rounded to subacute at the apex,
rounded at the base, hirsute or hispid above with long, spreading
hairs, hirsute beneath; heads 3-5-flowered, pedunculate; calyx lobes
2.5-5 mm. long; corolla hirsute, 12-14 mm. long; fruit violet-blue,
6-10 mm. in diameter.

Coccocypselum hispidulum Standl. Tontanea hispidula
Standl. In forest, Pejivalle, 900 meters; doubtless also in other
localities. Panama. Branches slender, pilose with stiff, whitish,
appressed or ascending hairs; leaves broadly ovate or oblong-ovate,
2-3.5 cm. long, acutish to rounded at the apex, rounded and short-
decurrent at the base, hispid above, sparsely or densely hispid
beneath; flower heads mostly sessile, sometimes very shortly pedun-
culate, few-flowered; calyx lobes 2-4 -mm. long; corolla bluish white,
7-9 mm. long; fruit prussian blue, 8-15 mm. long.

Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. C. canes-
cens Willd.; Tontanea canescens Standl. Occasional in forests of the
central region; region of San Ramon; mostly at 1,000-1,400 meters.
Southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Branches densely pilose-
sericeous when young; leaves oblong to ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute
or obtuse, obtuse to subcordate at the base, densely pilose above
with short, mostly appressed, yellowish hairs, densely pilose beneath
with longer, appressed or somewhat spreading hairs; heads densely
many-flowered, the peduncles 1-6 cm. long; calyx lobes oblong or
ovate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla purple-blue, 5 mm. long; fruit bright
blue, densely pilose, 5-7 mm. in diameter. This species is frequent
in the more open oak forests about Santa Maria de Dota. The
brightly colored berries are handsome and rather showy.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1285

Coccocypselum pleuropodum (Bonn. Smith) Standl. El
Muneco; region of San Ramon; 1,000-1,400 meters, in forest. Ex-
tending to southern Mexico and Cuba. Stems slender, hirsute with
long, spreading hairs; leaves reniform or orbicular, 1-3.5 cm. long,
broadly rounded at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, hirsute
or hispid above with spreading hairs, often purplish beneath, sparsely
or densely long-hirsute; heads pedunculate, mostly 2-4-flowered;
calyx lobes 2-4 mm. long; corolla about 12 mm. long, bright blue;
fruit densely hirsute.

COFFEAL. Coffee

Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous throughout; stipules
triangular, persistent; leaves short-petiolate; flowers sessile in the
leaf axils, 4-7-parted; calyx very short; corolla salverform or funnel-
form, the lobes dextrorsely contorted in bud; anthers subsessile,
dorsifixed; fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 2-seeded; seeds semi-oval, flat
and deeply furrowed on the inner face. — No species of the genus
are native in America.

Coffea arabica L. Cafe. Native of Abyssinia, but now culti-
vated generally in most tropical regions of suitable climate. It
is said to have been introduced into Costa Rica by Governor Acosta
about 1808, and soon became of great importance in local agriculture,
being now the most important agricultural product of the country,
at least for export. In Costa Rica coffee is grown principally in the
central region, but also in the mountains of Guanacaste and in other
remote areas, chiefly at elevations of 800-1,400 meters. It is planted
upon a small scale also at lower elevations, and thrives if there is
not too abundant moisture. The coffee of Costa Rica is of superior
quality, and holds an enviable reputation in the markets of the
world. Wild coffee plants are sometimes found in the forest in remote
regions, to which the seeds have been carried probably by birds.

Coffea liberica Hiern. Cafe de Liberia. Liberian coffee, native
of West Africa, is planted occasionally for experimental purposes,
or as a curiosity. It is grown extensively for market in some parts
of the earth. In this species the corolla has 6 or 7 lobes; the some-
what smaller corolla of C. arabica has only 5 lobes. The fruits of
C. liberica are larger than those of C. arabica.

COSMIBUENA Ruiz & Pavon

Glabrous shrubs or small trees, usually epiphytic; leaves petiolate,
rather thick and somewhat fleshy; stipules deciduous; flowers large,

1286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

terminal, solitary or cymose, pedicellate; hypanthium oblong or
turbinate, the calyx tubular or campanulate, entire or 5-6-dentate,
deciduous; corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube elongate, the
limb 5-6-lobate, the lobes spreading, contorted; anthers included;
ovary 2-celled, the ovules numerous; capsule narrowly oblong or
cylindric, coriaceous, 2-celled, septicidally bivalvate from the apex;
seeds numerous, oblong, produced at each end into a bifid wing.—
Two other species are known from Central America, in Nicaragua
and Panama.

Cosmibuena ovalis Standl. Region of El General. Panama.
An epiphytic shrub or small tree, or sometimes terrestrial and 9
meters high, glabrous throughout; stipules obovate-oval, 1.5-2 cm.
long, rounded at the apex; leaves on stout petioles, the blades oval
to broadly obovate, 6-14 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex,
acute or attenuate at the base; cymes 3-5-flowered, the stout pedicels
1-2 cm. long; calyx 11 mm. long, shallowly 5-dentate, the teeth
deltoid, acute; corolla white or tinged outside with pink, the tube
6-7 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. thick, the oblong lobes 2.5-3 cm. long,
rounded at the apex; capsule oblong, 4.5 cm. long, 10-12 mm. thick.
A specimen of Hoffmann 717 from Costa Rica, without specific
locality, was indicated in the Berlin herbarium as a new species,
still unpublished, by Schumann.

COUSSAREA Aubl.

Shrubs or trees, usually glabrous; stipules commonly ovate-
triangular, muticous, apiculate, or truncate, never subulate-aristate
nor connate into a long, intrapetiolar sheath; leaves mostly opposite,
short-petiolate or subsessile, commonly more or less coriaceous;
inflorescence terminal; calyx cupular and truncate, sometimes 4-
dentate or rarely 4-lobate; corolla funnelform or salverform, the throat
naked, the 4 lobes valvate in bud; anthers subsessile in the corolla
tube; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit baccate, by abortion
commonly 1-seeded, longer than broad, the seed vertical. — Two or
three other species occur in Central America.

Coussarea Austin- Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex vel arbus-
cula 4-5-metralis, trunco usque 10 cm. diam., ramulis sulcatis
striatisque, novellis dense minute puberulis, internodiis brevibus vel
elongatis; stipulae persistentes 6-7 mm. longae e basi rotundato-
ovata abrupte breviter acuminatae, apice brevissime bilobae; folia
mediocria breviter petiolata crasse membranacea, petiolo crassiusculo
8-15 mm. longo puberulo; lamina lanceolato-oblonga usque late

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1287

elliptica vel oblongo-obovata 6.5-14 cm. longa 3-6.5 cm. lata acuta
vel subobtusa, saepe breviter abrupte acuminata, basi acuta usque
subrotundata, supra in sicco fusca, ad costam dense minute puberula,
subtus pallidior, ad nervos venasque dense minute pilosula, costa
gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 11 obliquis angulo
lato adscendentibus arcuatis, venulis prominulis laxe reticulatis;
inflorescentia corymbiformis vel thyrsoidea laxe vel dense pauci- vel
multiflora, vulgo 4-6 cm, longa atque aequilata vel latior, 3-4.5 cm.
longe pedunculata, ramis primariis subfastigiatis erectis vel adscen-
dentibus minute puberulis, floribus sessilibus vel subsessilibus; hypan-
thium ca. 1.5 mm. longum crassum minutissime puberulum, calyce
aequilongo breviter inaequaliter dentato, dentibus late triangularibus
obtusis vel acutiusculis; corolla alba extus sat dense minutissime
pulverulenta, tubo 9 mm. longo superne paullo dilatato, lobis
paten tibus linearibus attenuatis aequilongis vel paullo longioribus;
fructus late obovoideus ca. 1 cm. longus. — Zarcero, 1,590 meters,
July, 1937, Austin Smith 4226 (type in Herb. Field Mus.); also
A230, H226. Forests of La Palma de San Ramon, 1,275 meters,
August, 1925, Brenes 4400; in 1925 and 1928, Brenes 4411, 5949.
San Antonio de San Ramon, July, 1927, Brenes 5641- Tapesco de
Zarcero, 2,000 meters, Austin Smith H427. Probably a good many
other collections from the central mountains, determined in herbaria
as C. paniculata (Vahl) Standl., are referable to this species. C. pani-
culata is native in Trinidad, and apparently is not found in Central
America.

Coussarea impetiolaris Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 37: 418. 1904.
La Colombiana, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 200 meters, Pittier 7582
(13408). Panama to British Honduras. A small tree; stipules 4 mm.
long, rounded, mucronulate; leaves subsessile, obovate-elliptic or
obovate-oblong, 13-16 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate,
cuneate to the base, the base itself narrowly rounded or obtuse,
glabrous; inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, short-pedunculate, rather
dense, minutely puberulent or pilosulous, the flowers congested; calyx
and hypanthium puberulent or pilosulous, the calyx undulate, about
2 mm. long; corolla white, pilosulous or tomentulose, about 2.5 cm.
long or sometimes shorter, the tube almost twice as long as the lobes;
fruit about 2 cm. long.

Coussarea latifolia Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 281.
1928. Forests of Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters, Tonduz 9574.
Known only from the original collection. A tree, glabrous through-

1288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

out; stipules semiorbicular, 5 mm. long, broadly rounded at the
apex; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; blades broadly elliptic or ovate-
elliptic, 17-25 cm. long, 9-16 cm. wide, rounded and apiculate at
the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, the lateral nerves about 9 on
each side; inflorescence cymose-racemose, 6 cm. long, pedunculate,
the cymules 2-3-flowered, the pedicels 1-4 mm. long; calyx tubular-
campanulate, 5-7 mm. long, truncate; corolla yellowish white, the
tube (in bud) 1 cm. long, the lobes 13-15 mm. long. Easily recog-
nized among Costa Rican species by the very large leaves and calyx.

Coussarea talamancana Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli crassiusculi
virides sparse minute puberuli, internodiis brevibus; stipulae deci-
duae, perfectae non visae; folia magna coriaceo-membranacea,
breviter petiolata, petiolo 7-10 mm. longo crassiusculo glabro vel
inconspicue puberulo; lamina late obovato-elliptica 15-20 cm. longa
9-10 cm. lata, apice acuta et sensim lineari-caudata, acumine ipso
fere lineari usque 2.5 cm. longo, basi acuta, glabra, supra fusco-
viridis, costa nervisque prominulis, subtus pallidior, costa pallida
elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 11 prominentibus angulo
fere recto divergentibus arcuatis, venulis prominulis laxe reticulatis;
inflorescentia parva sessilis thyrsoideo-paniculata (bene evoluta non
visa) dense multiflora, ramis minutissime puberulis, floribus breviter
pedicellatis; hypanthium pallidum sparse minute puberulum, calyce
truncate fere 2 mm. longo; corolla in alabastro 7-8 mm. longa extus
minute puberula apicem versus angustata, lobis tubo paullo longiori-
bus. — Talamanca Valley, June, 1927, G. P. Cooper T4 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.). Easily recognizable among Central American species
by the very long and narrow acuminations of the leaves.

COUTAREA Aubl.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves petiolate, membranaceous; stipules
short, acute; flowers large, terminal or axillary, solitary or cymose,
pedicellate; hypanthium obovoid-turbinate; calyx 5-8-lobate, decidu-
ous; corolla funnelform-campanulate, more or less oblique, the tube
often curved and gibbous-ventricose, the throat glabrous, the limb
5-8-lobate, the lobes short, plicate-imbricate or contorted; anthers
exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule oval or obovoid,
more or less obcompressed, coriaceous or ligneous, loculicidally
bivalvate; seeds imbricate, broadly winged. — One other species is
known from northern Central America.

Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) Schum. Thickets of the Pacific
tierra caliente. Southern Mexico to Argentina. A shrub or small

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1289

tree, 5 meters high or less, the branches conspicuously lenticellate,
usually glabrous; stipules 2-4 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, ovate
to elliptic or oval, 5-12 cm. long, acute or cuspidate-acuminate,
rounded to acute at the base, glabrous or nearly so, or sometimes
rather densely short-pilose beneath; flowers mostly in 3-flowered,
terminal and axillary cymes; calyx lobes 6, lance-subulate, 5-12 mm.
long; corolla white or yellowish, often tinged with purple, 6-7.5 cm.
long, the short lobes acute or obtuse; capsule 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 2 cm.
wide, dark brown. Called Quina in Salvador, where the bitter bark
is employed as a substitute for quinine in the treatment of fevers.

CRUSEA Cham. & Schlecht.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually low, the stems more or less
tetragonous; leaves small, ovate or lanceolate, conspicuously nerved;
stipules connate with the petioles to form a ciliate sheath; flowers
small or medium-sized, usually pink, in dense heads surrounded by
4 foliaceous bracts; hypanthium compressed; calyx lobes 4, elongate-
subulate, alternating with minute teeth, persistent; corolla funnel-
form, the slender tube glabrous in the throat, the lobes 4, spreading,
valvate; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit
capsular, didymous, 2-coccous, the cocci indehiscent, separating
from the persistent axis. — Most species of the genus are Mexican,
but one or two others occur in northern Central America.

Crusea brachyphylla Cham. & Schlecht. In potrero, Laguna
de La Chonta, northeast of Santa Maria de Dota, 2,000 meters,
Standley 42231. Ranging to Mexico. Plants annual, erect, 30 cm.
high or less, the stems hispidulous, densely leafy; leaves oblong to
oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute, usually abundantly
hispidulous on both surfaces; corolla tube very slender, about 8 mm.
long, minutely scaberulous or almost glabrous. The plant was
plentiful in the Costa Rican locality, where it is perhaps introduced.

Crusea coccinea DC. Brushy slope, above Los Lotes, north of
El Copey, 2,100-2,400 meters, Standley 42572. Panama to Mexico.
An ascending herb, the stems sometimes a meter long, glabrous;
leaves petiolate, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, long-acuminate,
acuminate at the base, almost glabrous above, scabrous beneath on
the nerves; corolla pale red, about 3 cm. long.

Crusea parviflora Hook. & Arn. Dry forest or thickets, tierra
caliente of Guanacaste. Extending to Mexico. Plants erect and
often much branched, less than a meter high, the branches pale,

1290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pilose with short, soft, white hairs; leaves lanceolate, mostly 2-4 cm.
long, acute to long-acuminate, rather densely hispidulous on both
surfaces; flower heads about 1 cm. in diameter, very dense and many-
flowered; corolla white, scarcely over 3 mm. long.

DECLIEUXIA HBK.

Perennial herbs or low shrubs, usually fuscous when dried;
stipules subulate-linear or obsolete, often decurrent; leaves opposite
or verticillate, usually small and sessile, commonly coriaceous;
flowers small, cymose, 4-parted; sepals free or nearly so and often
remote; corolla funnelform, the lobes valvate; fruit didymous,
indehiscent, 2-celled, the cells 1-seeded, laterally compressed. — A
single species is known from North America.

Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd.) Kuntze, var. mexicana (DC.)
Standl. D. mexicana DC. In grassy places, often in savannas,
Pacific tierra caliente. Panama to Mexico, the typical form of the
species occurring in northern South America. Plants herbaceous,
usually with several simple or branched stems, 30 cm. high or less,
glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves subsessile, narrowly lance-
oblong or linear-oblong, mostly 2-3 cm. long, acute or subobtuse,
narrowed to the subacute base; cymes small and few-flowered,
pedunculate, with small, persistent, linear bracts; corolla white,
5-6 mm. long; fruit lustrous. The plant of Central America and
Mexico differs so little, if at all, from that of Colombia and Venezuela
that it scarcely deserves varietal designation.

DEPPEA Schlecht. & Cham.

Shrubs, more or less pubescent; leaves opposite, membranaceous;
stipules small, deciduous; flowers small, bright yellow, in axillary
or terminal cymes or umbels, pedicellate; hypanthium turbinate or
hemispheric, the calyx 4-lobate, the lobes persistent; corolla rotate
or short-funnelform, the throat glabrous, the 4 lobes spreading,
contorted; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, the ovules numerous;
capsule small, turbinate or obovoid, costate, loculicidal from the
apex, the valves cleft; seeds numerous, subglobose, minute, granu-
late.— At least one other species is found in northern Central America.

Deppea grandiflora Schlecht. D. costaricensis Polak. Linnaea
41: 566. 1877 (Desengano, Polakowsky 148; photo, of type in Herb.
Field Mus.). In forest, regions of Dota and Desengano, chiefly at
1,500-1,800 meters. Panama to southern Mexico. A slender shrub,
1.5-3 meters high, the branches densely puberulent when young;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1291

stipules minute, deltoid; leaves slender-petiolate, oblanceolate to
oblong-elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-6.5 cm. wide, acuminate or attenu-
ate at each end, thin, glabrous or sparsely puberulent above, puberu-
lent or villosulous beneath, especially on the nerves; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, usually many-flowered, long-pedunculate, the
pedicels 1-6 mm. long; calyx lobes deltoid, acute, minute; corolla
glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, the lobes obtuse; capsule 3-5 mm. long,
glabrous, 8-costate, obtuse or acute at the base.

DIDYMAEA Hook. f.

Slender, fragile, flaccid herbs, the branches tetragonous; leaves
small, opposite, petiolate; stipules geminate, subulate, persistent,
finally recurved; flowers minute, axillary, pedicellate, the pedicels
not articulate with the calyx, in fruit elongate, spreading or recurved;
calyx entire; corolla glabrous, campanulate or rotate, 4-lobate, the
lobes triangular, valvate; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate; fruit
didymous, lustrous, the lobes globose, fleshy, one of them often
abortive. — The genus consists of two species, the other Mexican.

Didymaea alsinoides (Schlecht. & Cham.) Standl., comb nov.
Nertera alsinoides Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 413. 1831. D.
mexicana Hook. f. Growing in forest, 1,500-2,400 meters; collected
on the slopes of Barba and in the region of Dota. Ranging to Mexico.
Plants procumbent or often scandent, the stems a meter long or less,
glabrous or hispidulous; leaves mostly 1.5-3 cm. long, lanceolate or
lance-oblong, sometimes ovate, acute to long-acuminate, glabrous or
hispidulous above, usually glabrous beneath except on the nerves,
there hispidulous; fruits very lustrous, dull, dark blue, the lobes about
6 mm. long. From Costa Rica I have seen only three collections that
seem referable to the presumably typical form of the species. There
is some question even about these, and I have a suspicion that when a
larger amount of material has been assembled from Costa Rica and
Panama, it may be possible to separate varietally or perhaps even
specifically all the southern collections of Didymaea.

It is rather strange that the name Nertera alsinoides should have
been overlooked so long, but it is not listed in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana. In the Index Kewensis it is reduced to synonymy
under Nertera depressa. The species was referred with doubt to Ner-
tera by Schlechtendal and Chamisso. While I have seen no authentic
material of Nertera alsinoides, the rather brief description seems to
apply without any doubt to Didymaea, and I do not hesitate to make
the transfer.

1292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Didymaea alsinoides var. australis Standl., var. nov. — A
forma typica specie! ut videtur non nisi foliis brevioribus atque
latioribus differt; lamina late ovata usque rotundato-ovata, interdum
suborbicularis, plerumque 1-1.8 cm. longa, 8-12 mm. lata, apice
acuta vel abrupte acutata, basi late rotundata vel subtruncata atque
subito breviter decurrens, supra breviter hispidula vel glabrata, sub-
tus glabra vel ad nervos hispidula; fructus glaber. — La Carpintera,
1,700 meters, November, 1908, Alfred & A. C. Brade 2143 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.). El Copey, 2,250 meters, Stork 1540. Oak forest
near Quebradillas, north of Santa Maria de Dota, 1,800 meters,
Standley 43027. Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600-1,900 meters,
Standley & Torres 47862. Hacienda Montecristo, 1,520 meters, Solis
462. El Gallito de Heredia, Brenes 21706. — PANAMA: Cerro Punta,
Prov. Chiriqui, 1,500-2,000 meters, Seibert 255. Bajo Chorro, Prov.
Chiriqui, 1,800 meters, M. E. Davidson 395. Inspection of the numer-
ous collections of Didymaea from Costa Rica and Panama shows that
most of them can be associated at a glance, and distinguished from
the normal Mexican form by their relatively much broader and
shorter leaf blades. It may be that this plant is a distinct species,
but I find no satisfactory characters to justify specific rank, and the
few specimens that approach the Mexican form seem to indicate
that the form here described deserves no more than varietal status.

Didymaea alsinoides var. mollis Standl., var. nov. — Caules
elongati dense pilosulo-tomentulosi; folia breviter petiolata, lamina
oblongo-ovata vulgo 2-3 cm. longa, acuta vel subacuminata, basi
late rotundata vel truncata, utrinque dense molliter pallido-pilosula;
fructus dense pilis brevibus incurvis pilosulus. — Cerro de Las Vueltas,
wet forest, an ascending or subscandent herb, the fruit dark blue,
common, Standley & Valerio 43949 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). This
form is a very distinct one, because of the dense, short, soft pubes-
cence that covers all parts, including the fruit (the fruit is glabrous
in all other specimens of the genus examined). With more material
this may well prove to be a distinct species.

DIODIA L.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes low shrubs; stipules united
with the petioles to form a setiferous sheath; leaves opposite, usually
small and narrow; flowers small or minute, axillary and glomerate or
spicate or cymose; sepals 2 or 4, equal or unequal; corolla funnelform,
4-lobate, the lobes valvate; fruit of 2 carpels, these indehiscent, mem-
branaceous or ligneous, usually separating from the persistent column.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1293

—A few other species are found in Central America, and some of
them are to be expected in Costa Rica.

Diodia brasiliensis Spreng. var. angulata (Benth.) Standl.
Triodon angulatum Benth. Region of San Ramon, 1,000-1,200
meters, in pastures or forest, usually along or near streams. Extend-
ing to Mexico; typical form of the species in Brazil and southward. A
slender shrub, 1 meter high or less, often densely branched, glabrous
or sparsely puberulent; leaves oblong to elliptic, 5-20 mm. long,
often appearing verticillate, obtuse or acute, short-petiolate; flowers
very small, white, densely clustered in the axils of the upper leaves:
calyx 4-dentate; corolla 2 mm. long.

Diodia teres Walt. Nicoya. Widely distributed in tropical
and temperate America; in Central America usually growing in
grassland. An erect annual, simple or branched, usually 30 cm.
high or less, hirsute or pilose; leaves linear or lance-linear, 1.5-4.5 cm.
long, thick-margined; flowers axillary, solitary or geminate, sessile
or nearly so; corolla 3-4 mm. long, white or pink; fruit 3 mm. long,
usually hispidulous.

DUROIA L. f.

Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile or petiolate;
stipules oblong, deciduous; flowers often large, white or yellowish,
dioecious, in terminal fascicles or cymes, the pistillate flowers rarely
solitary; hypanthium oblong to hemispheric, the calyx cupular or
tubular, persistent, truncate or 6-9-lobate; corolla salverform,
sericeous outside, the throat pilose or naked, the limb 6-9-lobate, the
lobes oblong, contorted; anthers included; ovary 2-4-celled, many-
ovulate; fruit baccate, globose to oblong, 1-4-celled; seeds large,
horizontal, compressed, embedded in pulp. — No other species are
known from North America.

Duroia costaricensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 208.
1919. Sierpe, Pacific coast, Pittier 6803. Known only from the
original collection. Branches hirsute; leaves opposite, short-petio-
late, oblong-obovate, 10-17 cm. long, 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, obtuse and
cuspidate-acuminate, cuneately narrowed to the base, abundantly
hirsute; staminate flowers fasciculate-cymose, short-pedicellate;
calyx and hypanthium densely hirsute, the calyx 4-4.5 mm. long,
the 6-7 lobes linear-subulate, equaling the tube; corolla in bud
14 mm. long, densely sericeous outside, the lobes longer than
the tube.

1294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ELAEAGIA Wedd.

Trees or shrubs, usually pubescent; stipules free, or connate at
the base; leaves petiolate, usually large; flowers small, in terminal
racemes or panicles; hypanthium small, hemispheric, sulcate; calyx
5-lobate, persistent; corolla short-funnelform, the throat villous, the
limb 5-lobate, the lobes oblong, recurved, contorted in bud; ovary
2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule small, 2-celled, loculicidally bivalvate,
the valves finally bifid; seeds minute, elongate. — No other species
are known from Central America.

Elaeagia auriculata Hemsl. Diag. PI. Nov. 32. 1879. At 1,350
meters, without definite locality, Endres 95. Mountains south of
Cartago; region of San Ramon; at 1,100-1,500 meters. Honduras.
A shrub or tree of 3-8 meters, with few branches, the branchlets
tetragonous, densely tomentulose; stipules very large, at least 5 cm.
long; leaves sessile or nearly so, ovate-elliptic to rounded-elliptic-
obovate, as much as 40 cm. long and 23 cm. wide but often smaller,
acute or abruptly short-acuminate, narrowed to the auricled base,
densely and softly short-pilose, especially beneath; flowers white,
in large, broad, sessile panicles; calyx and hypanthium puberulent,
together scarcely more than 2 mm. long; corolla 3-4 mm. long,
glabrous outside, lobed almost to the base; capsule subglobose, 3 mm.
in diameter.

Elaeagia Karstenii Standl. Tapanti, 1,300 meters, M. Valeria
1665. Venezuela and Colombia. A tree, the branchlets hirtellous
or glabrate; stipules caducous, about 3 cm. long, obtuse or rounded
at the apex; leaves short-petiolate, the blades broadly elliptic or
obovate-elliptic, 13-25 cm. long, short-acuminate, acute at the base,
puberulent, pilosulous, or glabrate; inflorescence broadly paniculate;
calyx glabrous, 1.2 mm. long, shallowly 5-lobate; corolla 3-3.5 mm.
long; capsule globose, 2 mm. long. The single Costa Rican specimen
is an incomplete one, almost surely referable to this genus. It repre-
sents a species evidently different from E. auriculata, but probably
it is not properly referable to E. Karstenii.

EXOSTEMA Rich.

Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent, the branches usually
terete; stipules entire or bifid, persistent or deciduous; leaves petiolate
or subsessile, membranaceous or coriaceous; flowers small or large,
axillary and solitary or in terminal panicles or corymbs; hypanthium
cylindric or obovoid; calyx usually 5-lobate; corolla tube often
greatly elongate, the lobes oblong to elongate-linear, imbricate;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1295

anthers commonly exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule
usually oblong-cylindric, septicidally bivalvate, the valves entire or
biparted; seeds imbricate, compressed, winged. — One other species is
found in northern Central America.

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. E. longicuspe
Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 48. 1852 (Puntarenas, Oersted).
Thickets of the Pacific coast. Extending to Mexico, West Indies,
and southern Florida. A shrub or small tree, the branchlets glabrous;
stipules 2.5-5 mm. long, the lobes cuspidate; leaves slender-petiolate,
mostly ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5-11 cm. long, abruptly acuminate
or long-acuminate, obtuse or acute at the base, membranaceous,
barbate beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous;
flowers axillary, solitary, white, pedicellate; calyx lobes 1 mm. long
or shorter; corolla glabrous, the tube 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, the
5 lobes linear, about equaling the tube; anthers linear, 2 cm. long;
capsule oval or ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm. long.

FARAMEA Aubl.

Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous throughout; stipules
persistent, short-triangular and long-aristate, or often united to form
a narrow sheath; leaves petiolate or subsessile, most often coriaceous;
inflorescence usually terminal, sometimes axillary, few- or many-
flowered; calyx truncate or dentate; corolla salverform, the 4 lobes
valvate, the throat naked; ovary 1-celled; fruit baccate or almost dry,
by abortion 1-seeded, the seed horizontal, deeply excavate on the
lower side. — Several other species occur in Central America.

Faramea eurycarpa Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 44: 113. 1907.
Forests near Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 700 meters, Tonduz 12880.
Collected also at La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", and at Pejivalle,
700-1,700 meters. Endemic. A glabrous shrub of 2.5-3.5 meters;
stipules united into a tube, but this caducous; leaves short-petiolate,
oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, mostly 11-15 cm. long and 4-5 cm.
wide, narrowly caudate-acuminate, acute or subobtuse at the base,
yellowish when dried; panicles small, many-flowered, pedunculate,
the flowers pedicellate; calyx 2 mm. long, lobate; corolla blue or
violet, 10-11 mm. long, the lobes shorter than the tube; fruit 12 mm.
broad, blue.

Faramea hondurae Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 169.
1928. Wet forest, La Hondura, Prov. San Jose', 1,400 meters,
Standley 37890. Endemic, and known only from the type locality.

1296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

A glabrous shrub of 3-4.5 meters; stipules sheathing, caducous, only
3-4 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, narrowly oblong or lance-oblong,
12-19 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, with a long,
linear acumination, acute at the base; inflorescence cymose-panicu-
late, branched and many-flowered, the pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx
1-1.5 mm. long, shallowly lobate; corolla white, only 5 mm. long,
the lobes shorter than the tube.

Faramea occidentalis (L.) Rich. Forests of the Pacific tierra
caliente; Guanacaste. Southern Mexico to West Indies and northern
South America. A glabrous shrub or small tree with smooth, gray
bark; stipules distinct, long-cuspidate, coriaceous, finally deciduous;
leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, oblong to oval or oblong-obovate,
6-18 cm. long, usually abruptly short-acuminate, acute at the base;
inflorescences terminal and axillary, laxly cymose-paniculate,- often
few-flowered but also with numerous flowers; calyx truncate; corolla
white, the tube about 15 mm. long, the lobes 12 mm. long; fruit
black at maturity, broader than high, about 1 cm. in diameter. The
flowers are fragrant.

Faramea quercetorum Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
168. 1928. Oak forest near Quebradillas, north of Santa Maria de
Dota, 1,800 meters, Standley 1*2999. Collected by Brenes between
Guachipelin and Volcan de La Vieja, and by Endres, without locality.
Endemic. A shrub or small tree of 2.5-4.5 meters, glabrous through-
out; stipules persistent, short-connate, the subulate lobes 4-5 mm.
long, the tube 2 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, 7-9 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate, acute or obtuse
at the base; flowers in terminal umbels, these sessile or pedunculate,
mostly 5-flowered, the slender pedicels 8-18 mm. long; calyx truncate,
1 mm. long; corolla violet, the tube 13 mm. long, the lobes 8-10 mm.
long; fruit 8 mm. broad. Easily recognized by the simply umbellate,
few-flowered inflorescence.

Faramea suerrensis Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 44: 112. 1907.
F. trinervia var. suerrensis Donn. Smith, op. cit. 31: 115. 1901.
Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith 6589.
Collected also in El General and San Ramon. Endemic. A shrub
of 3-4 meters, glabrous; stipules short-connate, the lobes rounded
and mucronate, deciduous; leaves short-petiolate, narrowly oblanceo-
late-oblong, up to 21 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, gradually attenuate
into a long, narrow acumination, acute to attenuate at the base,
very conspicuously 3-nerved; inflorescence cymose-corymbose, dense

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1297

and many-flowered, long-pedunculate, the flowers short-pedicellate;
calyx 1 mm. long, dentate; corolla deep blue, 6 mm. long. Pittier
3912 in herb. Berlin, from El General, was indicated by Schumann
as a new species, but is apparently referable here.

Faramea talamancarum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 332. 1929.
Talamanca Valley, Panama, M. A. Carleton 135. Common in wet
forests of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste;
at 1,200 meters or less. Panama. A slender, glabrous shrub, usually
2 meters high or less; stipules united into a narrow sheath 8-9 mm.
long, persistent; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-elliptic to narrowly
oblong, mostly 11-16 cm. long, thin, cuspidate-acuminate, acute at
the base; inflorescence cymose-corymbose, many-flowered, usually
long-pedunculate, the slender pedicels mostly 8-10 mm. long; calyx
truncate, 0.6 mm. long; corolla blue, the slender tube 10-12 mm.
long, the lobes 5-7 mm. long. Like other blue-flowered Farameas,
this must be a handsome shrub. Here probably belong F. salicifolia
Presl, f. subumbellata and f. paniculata Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 282.
1891), described from Costa Rica. F. talamancarum is closely related
to that South American species, and may, indeed, prove to be
synonymous with it.

Faramea trinervia Schum. & Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 115.
1901. In forest, Boca Zhorquin, Talamanca, Tonduz 8571. Forests
of Tsaki, Tonduz 9583. Endemic. Glabrous; stipules 6-8 mm. long,
semiconnate, the lobes rounded and aristate; leaves subsessile, nar-
rowly oblong, 20-25 cm. long, 6-9.5 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate,
subcordate at the base, very conspicuously 3-nerved; inflorescence
cymose-corymbose, rather dense and many-flowered, pedunculate,
the pedicels 5-11 mm. long; calyx denticulate; corolla unknown.
Easy of recognition on account of the sessile leaves, subcordate
at the base.

GALIUM L.

Reference: Greenman, Proc. Amer. Acad. 33: 455. 1898.

Annual or perennial herbs with slender, 4-angulate stems; leaves
in verticels of 4 or more; flowers minute, 3-4-parted, in axillary and
terminal, few-flowered cymes, ebracteate, the hypanthium articulate
with the pedicel; calyx obsolete; corolla rotate, the lobes valvate;
anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, with 2 short styles, the cells 1-ovu-
late; fruit didymous, dry or fleshy. — A few other species probably
occur in northern Central America.

1298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Galium Aschenbornii Schauer. Las Concavas, south of
Cartago, Lankester 262. Extending to Mexico. Perennial, the stems
reclining, 50 cm. long or less, glabrous or minutely hispidulous;
leaves in 4's, linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 1.5 cm. long or less,
acute or cuspidate, glabrous but hispidulous on the margins; corolla
lobes cuspidate; fruit glabrous, orange-colored.

Galium mexicanum HBK. Cartago, 1,650 meters, Cooper
5797. Panama to Mexico. Perennial, the stems much branched,
aculeolate-hispid on the angles; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear, 2 cm.
long or less, the margins revolute, cuspidate, uncinate-hispidulous
on the margins and on the nerves beneath; corolla white or purplish,
pubescent outside; fruit covered with short, uncinate, whitish hairs.

Galium obovatum HBK. Occasional in forests of the central
region; region of Dota; at 1,450-3,300 meters. Guatemala to
Bolivia. Plants slender and much branched, ascending or sometimes
scandent, the stems pilose with weak, whitish, spreading hairs, some-
times glabrate; leaves in 4's, ovate to elliptic or obovate, mostly
5-15 mm. long, obtuse to acuminate, acute at the base, densely
pilose on both surfaces or rarely glabrate, 3-nerved ; corolla yellowish
or whitish, the lobes caudate-acuminate; fruit densely uncinate-
hispid. The Costa Rican material is variable in shape and size of
the leaves, and it is quite possible that it represents more than a
single species.

GARDENIA Ellis

Shrubs or small trees, usually unarmed; stipules acute or acumi-
nate, triangular; leaves commonly opposite; flowers large, axillary
and solitary or rarely terminal and corymbose; calyx tubular,
spathaceous, or parted; corolla salverform or funnelform, with an
elongate tube, usually glabrous in the throat, the lobes 5-9; ovary
commonly 1-celled; fruit usually baccate, the seeds numerous,
horizontal. — All the species are natives of the Old World.

Gardenia augusta (L.) Merrill. Jazmindelcabo. G.jasminoides
Ellis; G. florida L. Planted commonly for ornament. Native of
southern China. A densely branched shrub, the branchlets scabrous-
puberulent; stipules 1 cm. long; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous,
obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute, narrowed to the base,
almost glabrous; flowers white, large and showy, usually double in
cultivated plants, very fragrant; calyx lobes foliaceous, 2-2.5 cm.
long. The gardenia, well known in the north as a hothouse plant,
is one of the favorite garden shrubs of Central America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1299

GENIPA L.

Tall trees, glabrous or pubescent; stipules deciduous; leaves
rather large, opposite, petiolate, subcoriaceous; flowers large, 5-6-
parted, in terminal, few-flowered cymes; calyx tubular, truncate or
shallowly lobate; corolla salverform or subrotate, coriaceous, the
lobes contorted, the tube short, villous in the upper half; stamens
exserted, the anthers linear; fruit baccate, large, ovoid or globose,
2-celled; seeds large, horizontal or oblique, compressed.— One or two
other species are known from Central America.

Genipa americana L. Guaitil. Frequent in forests of the tierra
caliente. Southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil. A tree of 14 meters
or less, the crown spreading, the branchlets glabrous, densely leafy;
stipules triangular, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate,
oblong to obovate, 15-30 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, nar-
rowed to the acute base, glabrous; inflorescence short-pedunculate,
the pedicels 4-10 mm. long; calyx 5-8 mm. long, truncate or undulate,
glabrous; corolla yellowish white, 2-4.5 cm. long, the lobes longer
than the tube; fruit 6-7 cm. in diameter; seeds 6-12 mm. long. The
wood is strong, resistant, and flexible, in its properties being some-
what like the wood of hickory (Carya) of the United States. It is
used for many purposes. The pulp of the fruit is edible, but dark and
repulsive in appearance, and not particularly palatable. Its dark
juice leaves an indelible stain upon every object that it touches. By
some of the American aborigines it was used for painting their bodies,
giving a dark blue or almost black color.

Genipa americana var. Caruto (HBK.) Schum. The only
Costa Rican specimen I have seen is from Guanacaste, but the tree is
doubtless more widely distributed in the country. The variety has
a narrower distribution than typical G. americana, and is by far the
commoner form found in continental North America. Differs from
typical G. americana in the abundant, dense pubescence of the
branches and lower leaf surface. The TeYraba name is reported
as Brir.

Genipa codonocalyx Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 446.
1914. Jagua. Near Boca Matapalo, Pacific coast, Pittier 12085.
Known only from the original collection. A tree, the branchlets
glabrous or sparsely short-pilose; stipules triangular-ovate, acumi-
nate, 10-12 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-oblanceolate or
narrowly oblong, 12-17 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, abruptly short-
acuminate, attenuate to the acute base, glabrous and lustrous above,

1300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

paler beneath, short-pilose on the nerves; cymes subsessile, lax, the
pedicels 3-7 mm. long; calyx and hypanthium glabrous, the calyx
only 3-3.5 mm. long, truncate; corolla yellowish white, 2.5 cm. long,
the lobes sericeous, longer than the tube. The wood is said to be
very hard.

Genipa venosa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 168. 1928.
Dense, wet forest, El Arenal, Guanacaste, 485 meters, Standley &
Valeria 45269. Known only from the original collection. A tree of
9-15 meters; petioles 3.5-4 cm. long; leaf blades obovate-oblong,
29-35 cm. long, 12-14 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex and
linear-cuspidate, gradually attenuate to the obtuse base, glabrous or
glabrate above, brown-tomentose beneath along the nerves or gla-
brate, the veins prominent and closely reticulate; inflorescence few-
flowered, the branches thick; fruits green, subglobose or oval, as
much as 10 cm. long or even larger, smooth, rounded at the apex. I
have not seen specimens of this tree recently, and have a suspicion
that it may belong to some other genus than Genipa.

GEOPHILA Don

Creeping herbs; leaves long-petiolate, membranaceous, ovate-
cordate or rounded-cordate; flowers small, in terminal, pedunculate,
few-flowered heads, the heads subtended by 2 free bracts; calyx
dentate or lobate; corolla tubular-funnelform, pilose in the throat;
ovary 2-celled; fruit fleshy, drupaceous, the 2 nutlets plano-convex,
dorsally compressed, usually costate. — One other species has been
found in Central America.

Geophila herbacea (Jacq.) Schum. Frequent in shaded places
of the tierra caliente, often a weed in banana plantations. Generally
distributed in tropical America. Plants slender, almost glabrous,
rooting at the nodes; leaves long-petiolate, the blades rounded-ovate
or subreniform, deeply cordate at the base, 3-4 cm. long; heads long-
pedunculate, usually 3-5-flowered; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate;
corolla white or purplish, often 1 cm. long; fruit red or almost black,
the nutlets somewhat spirally twisted.

GOMOZIA Mutis

Creeping, perennial herbs; stipules connate with the petioles to
form a sheath, bidentate or entire and triangular; leaves small,
opposite; flowers minute, axillary, sessile; calyx truncate or dentate,
persistent; corolla tubular or funnelform, glabrous in the throat, the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1301

4 lobes valvate; anthers exserted; fruit drupaceous, containing two
1-seeded nutlets. — A single species grows in North America.

Gomozia granadensis L. Nertera depressa Banks & Soland.
Abundant in moist forest of the mountains, mostly at 1,600-3,000
meters; region of San Ramon. Widely distributed in the higher
mountains from Mexico to Chile. Plants small and slender, almost
glabrous, forming dense, close mats on banks or logs, the stems much
branched; leaves petiolate, the blades rather thick, mostly 1 cm. long
or less, ovate to deltoid-ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse, puncticulate
above; corolla white or greenish yellow; fruits bright red, juicy, 3-4
mm. long. The plant is a pretty one when in fruit because of the
abundance of small but brightly colored berries. In general appear-
ance it suggests the partridge berry (Mitchella repens, Rubiaceae) of
the United States. It is unfortunate that the long established generic
name Nertera must be relegated to synonymy, but the genus is such
a small and unimportant one that there is little reason for placing
Nertera on the list of nomina conservanda.

GONZALAGUNIA Ruiz & Pavon

Shrubs or small trees, usually abundantly pubescent, the branches
slender, terete; leaves opposite, petiolate or subsessile; flowers small,
sessile or pedicellate, in slender, elongate, terminal spikes or thyrsi-
form panicles; hypanthium globose or campanulate; calyx usually
4-lobate, the lobes equal or unequal, persistent; corolla funnelform
or salverform, the tube short or elongate, the lobes short, spreading,
valvate or imbricate; anthers included; ovary 2- or 4-celled, the
ovules numerous; fruit baccate, depressed-globose, the 2 or 4 lobes
chartaceous or osseous, many-seeded; seeds minute, foveolate. — One
or two other species probably occur in Central America.

Gonzalagunia bracteosa (Donn. Smith) Robinson, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 45: 405. 1910. Gonzalea bracteosa Donn. Smith, Bot.
Gaz. 33: 252. 1902. Duggena bracteosa Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 18: 125. 1916. Forests near Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara,
300 meters, J. D. Smith 6583. Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente.
Endemic. A shrub of 3 meters, the branchlets pilose-sericeous;
stipules 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves petiolate, lanceolate to narrowly
elliptic-oblong, 9-21 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acute to attenuate,
acute at the base, sparsely appressed-pilose above or glabrate,
sparsely appressed-pilose beneath; flower cymules sessile, subtended
by foliaceous bracts 5-12 mm. long; flowers 4 mm. long; calyx lobes

1302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

short, triangular; corolla strigose; fruit black, 4 mm. in diameter,
2-celled.

Gonzalagunia Brenesii Standl., sp. nov.— Ramuli teretes fusco-
brunnei, breviter strigosi vel fere glabri, internodiis elongatis; stipulae
ca. 8 mm. longae e basi triangulari subulato-attenuatae extus dorso
marginibusque sericeae; folia magna breviter petiolata subcoriacea,
petiolo crasso vix ad 5 mm. longo; lamina anguste oblongo-lanceolata
12-19 cm. longa 3.5-5.5 cm. lata longissime sensim attenuata, basi
anguste obtusa, supra glabra lucidissima, ad costam prominentem
puberula, nervis impressis, subtus fere ubique breviter sericea, costa
gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 14 prominentibus
angulo latiusculo adscendentibus, venulis prominentibus laxe reticu-
latis; inflorescentia spiciformis pedunculata 21-25 cm. longa, cymulis
sessilibus paucifloris remotis, bracteis minutis, floribus sessilibus vel
breviter pedicellatis; ovarium vix 1 mm. longum dense minute
sericeum 4-loculare; calyx vix 1 mm. longus brevissime dentatus
glabratus, dentibus late obtusis; corolla extus dense adpresso-
pilosula, tubo gracili 7 mm. longo. — Coastal forests of Golfito de Osa,
April, 1930, Brenes 12323 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Conspicuous
because of the very lustrous upper surface of the leaves, glabrous or
nearly so, and the numerous pairs of lateral nerves.

Gonzalagunia ovatifolia (Donn. Smith) Robinson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 45: 405. 1910. Gonzalea ovatifolia Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz.
27: 336. 1899. Duggena ovatifolia Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 126. 1916. Atirro, Prov. Cartago, 600 meters, J. D. Smith 6509.
Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Panama. A slender shrub
of 2-3 meters, the branchlets densely pilose-sericeous; stipules 6-8
mm. long; leaves subsessile, oval-ovate or broadly oblong-ovate,
8-12 cm. long, 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, acuminate to long-attenuate, rounded
at the base, almost glabrous above, sericeous-strigose beneath;
cymules few-flowered, sessile, the bracts 5 mm. long or less; calyx
lobes 1-2 mm. long, oblong or elliptic, obtuse; corolla white, strigose,
3-3.5 mm. long; fruit white, 4-coccous, strigose.

Gonzalagunia panamensis (Cav.) Schum. Frequent in forests
and thickets of the central region, descending to the Pacific tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon; at 1,500 meters or less. Southern
Mexico to West Indies and northern South America. A slender
shrub or small tree, the branches densely strigose at first; stipules
3-8 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, 7-14 cm.
long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate or long-attenuate, obtuse or acute

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1303

at the base, densely or sparsely strigillose above or glabrate, sparsely
or densely pilose beneath or glabrate; inflorescence 10-24 cm. long,
the cymules few-flowered, dense or remote, sessile or nearly so, the
bracts 2-3 mm. long; calyx lobes deltoid, obtuse or acute; corolla
white, 10-17 mm. long, the tube glabrous or sparsely pilose, the
lobes 2-2.5 mm. long; fruit 4-coccous, 3-4 mm. in diameter, white.

Gonzalagunia rosea Standl. In forest, regions of San Ramon
and Zarcero, San Pedro Coronado, and doubtless elsewhere, 1,400-
2,100 meters. Adjacent Panama. A slender shrub or small tree,
1-4.5 meters high, the young branches densely pilose; stipules 6-7
mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, lance-oblong, 9-14 cm. long, 2.5-5
cm. wide, narrowly attenuate-acuminate, acute or subobtuse at the
base, short-pilose above with mostly spreading hairs, densely soft-
pilose beneath; inflorescence up to 30 cm. long, the cymules pedun-
culate, the bracts minute; calyx lobes broadly ovate, acute or
subobtuse; corolla pink, white-strigose, the tube 6-8 mm. long, lobes
2 mm. long; fruit glabrate, 4-coccous, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter. Similar
to G. panamensis, but distinguished by the mostly spreading pubes-
cence of the leaves and by the pedunculate cymules.

GUETTARDA L.

Trees or shrubs; stipules deciduous; leaves opposite or ternate,
petiolate or subsessile, membranaceous to rigid-coriaceous; flowers
small or large, in axillary, bifurcate or congested cymes, usually
secund; hypanthium ovoid or globose, the calyx tubular or cupular,
truncate or very obscurely dentate, deciduous; corolla funnelform
or salverform, the tube elongate, the throat naked, the 4-9 lobes
obtuse, imbricate; anthers included; ovary 2-9-celled, the cells
tubular, elongate, 1-ovulate; fruit drupaceous, globose to oblong,
sometimes acutely angulate, the flesh very thin, the stone ligneous
or osseous. — A few other species have been found in Central America.

Guettarda Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli crassiusculi
teretes fusci pallide lenticellati, novellis pilis brevibus patentibus
dense hirtellis; stipulae deciduae ca. 8 mm. longae brunneae oblongo-
ovatae acutae extus sericeae; folia breviter petiolata membranacea,
petiolo usque 6 mm. longo dense adpresso-hirtello ; lamina late ovata
vel late ovato-elliptica 4-6.5 cm. longa 3-4.5 cm. lata, apice obtusa
vel subrotundata atque apiculata, basi subrotundata breviter cordata,
supra viridis sparse hispidula, nervis vix elevatis, subtus pilis ple-
rumque patentibus nitidis intertextis piloso-tomentosa; cymae axil-
lares dense multiflorae 2.5-3 cm. longe pedunculatae, usque 2 cm.

1304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

latae, breviter ramosae, floribus sessilibus, pedunculo dense hispidulo,
bracteolis calyce longioribus oblongo-ovatis brunneis longiciliatis;
hypanthium subglobosum 1 mm. longum dense strigillosum; calyx
truncatus ca. 1.2 mm. longus sparse strigillosus vel glabratus; corolla
extus dense minute sericea, tubo gracili 9 mm. longo, lobis ca. 2 mm.
longis. — Isla de Caballo, Golfo de Nicoya, June, 1932, Brenes 15694.
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). The available material is fragmentary,
but adequate to show that it represents a species different from all
others known from Central America. It is probably related to
G. macrosperma, but differs in the abundant, spreading pubescence
of the lower leaf surface, and in the much smaller flowers.

Guettarda conferta Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 106. 1845. Mathi-
ola conferta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 288. 1891. Cocos Island, Barclay.
Known only from the original collection. Plant with dense, ferru-
ginous hairs on the branchlets, petioles, peduncles, and nerves of the
leaves; stipules broadly obovate, 12 mm. long, hirsute outside at the
base, otherwise glabrous, about equaling the petioles; blades ovate,
10-15 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base, hirsute on both sides;
cymes subsessile, the branches recurved, 2.5 cm. long or less, the
flowers 8 mm. long; calyx shallowly 3-4-dentate; corolla sericeous-
hirtous, the 4 lobes short, obtuse, crispate; fruit ovoid-tetragonous,
4 mm. long, hirsute, 4-celled. I know the species only from the
description, and have seen no Cocos Island material of the genus.

Guettarda crispiflora Vahl. Mosquito (mosqueta?) de montana
(Tonduz). Frequent in forests of the central region; mountains of
San Ramon and Zarcero; at 1,150-1,500 meters. Lesser Antilles and
Trinidad. A shrub or tree, sometimes 8 meters high, the trunk to
15 cm. in diameter, the bark gray; stipules ovate, 1-2 cm. long, acute
or acuminate, setose-pilose at the base and along the costa; leaves
petiolate, ovate to broadly oval, 9-12 cm. long, 4.5-7 cm. wide,
rounded or obtuse at the apex and abruptly acuminate, broadly
rounded at the base; cymes short-pedunculate, bifurcate, the branches
1-3 cm. long, the bractlets minute; calyx and hypanthium densely
fulvous-sericeous; corolla white or tinged with pink, the tube 12-15
mm. long, densely retrorse-pilose, the lobes 3 mm. long, lacerate-
undulate; fresh fruit as much as 2 cm. long, violet-blackish, the dried
fruit acutely tetragonous, 5-7 mm. long.

Guettarda macrosperma Bonn. Smith. In thickets or dry
forest, Meseta Central to the Pacific coast; Guanacaste; Changuinola
Valley. Panama to Guatemala. A shrub or small tree, sometimes

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1305

7 meters high, with a trunk 10 cm. in diameter; stipules ovate-deltoid,
about 4 mm. long, filiform-acuminate; leaves slender-petiolate,
membranaceous, oval to oblong, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, acute
to acuminate, rounded to subacute at the base, hispidulous above
when young but soon glabrate, minutely and usually sparsely
appressed-pilose beneath; cymes few-flowered, at first dense, in fruit
more open, pedunculate, the bractlets subulate, shorter than the
calyx; calyx and hypanthium tomentulose, the calyx 2-2.5 mm. long;
corolla white, sericeous outside, the tube 12 mm. long; fruit terete,
subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. or more in diameter, often dark red, 3^4-celled.

Guettarda poasana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 182.
1928. Wet forest, Viento Fresco, slopes of Volcan de Pods, Prov.
Alajuela, 1,800 meters, Standley & Torres 47807. Collected also at
Rio Poas, and at Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose", at 1,800-2,100 meters.
Endemic. Closely related to G. crispiflora, but differing in its gla-
brous stipules and glabrous or nearly glabrous hypanthium and
calyx; corolla pink, the tube 15-20 mm. long.

HAMELIA Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or pubescent; stipules deciduous;
leaves opposite or verticillate, petiolate, usually membranaceous;
flowers yellow or red, small or large, usually in terminal, scorpioid
cymes, sessile or pedicellate; calyx 5-lobate, the lobes short or elon-
gate, persistent; corolla tubular or funnelform, the tube 5-costate, the
throat glabrous, the lobes short, imbricate; anthers included or semi-
exserted; ovary 5-celled, many-ovulate; fruit small, baccate, ovoid
to cylindric, 5-celled; seeds numerous, minute, angulate, foveolate.
— A few other species are native in Central America.

Hamelia axillaris Swartz. Occasional in forests of the tierra
caliente. British Honduras to West Indies, Brazil, and Peru. A
slender shrub or small tree, the branches glabrous or minutely puberu-
lent when young; leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic,
5-12 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, acute at the base, glabrous above,
glabrous beneath or minutely puberulent on the nerves; inflorescence
few-many-flowered, lax, pedunculate, the flowers sessile or subsessile,
secund; calyx and hypanthium 3 mm. long, minutely puberulent or
glabrate, the calyx lobes oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla
yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, the limb dilated, 3-4
mm. broad; fruit globose-ellipsoid, 5-6 mm. long.

Hamelia costaricensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 207.
1919. Surubres, near San Mateo, Biolley 2656. Collected also at

1306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Taus and Carrillos de Poas; ascending to 1,600 meters. Endemic.
Branchlets densely puberulent; leaves opposite, slender-petiolate,
oval-ovate to oval-elliptic or obovate-oblong, 8-19 cm. long, 4-10
cm. wide, acute or acuminate, rounded or obtuse and short-decurrent
at the base, minutely puberulent beneath on the nerves or almost
glabrous; inflorescence pedunculate, branched, many-flowered, the
flowers secund, sessile; calyx and hypanthium densely puberulent,
the calyx lobes subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla densely fulvous-
puberulent, becoming glabrate, the tube 22 mm. long, ampliate
above, 6-7 mm. wide in the throat, the lobes rounded, 5 mm. long,
spreading.

Hamelia magnifolia Wernham, Journ. Bot. 49: 210. 1911.
Zorrillo Colorado. Rio Corozal, near Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce,
Tonduz 10091. Collected also at Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters.
Panama. A shrub or small tree, 6 meters high or less, the trunk 8 cm.
or less in diameter, the branchlets glabrous or minutely puberulent
when young; leaves opposite, slender-petiolate, oblanceolate or
obovate, 10-28 cm. long, 3-11 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or long-
acuminate, acute to long-attenuate at the base, glabrous or minutely
puberulent beneath on the nerves; cymes many-flowered, short-
pedunculate, the branches short, the flowers sessile, subsecund;
calyx and hypanthium 3 mm. long, puberulent or glabrate, the calyx
lobes minute, broadly deltoid; corolla yellow, subcylindric, 15 mm.
long, glabrous or obscurely puberulent, the lobes 1 mm. long; fruit
oblong-ellipsoid, 5-8 mm. long.

Hamelia nodosa Mart. & Gal. H. viridifolia Wernham, Journ.
Bot. 49: 213. 1911 (without locality, Tonduz 13867}. Frequent in
thickets and forest of the tierra caliente, at least on the Pacific slope;
region of San Ramon; Guanacaste; at 1,100 meters or less. Panama
to southern Mexico. A shrub or small tree, 6 meters high or less, the
branches glabrous or when young sparsely puberulent: leaves mostly
in whorls of 4, short-petiolate, the blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic
or ovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate,
rounded to attenuate at the base, glabrous above, beneath villosulous
or puberulent on the nerves or glabrate; inflorescence many-flowered,
the flowers sessile or nearly so, secund; calyx and hypanthium 3-4
mm. long, sparsely puberulent, the calyx lobes minute, deltoid;
corolla red, tubular, 18-22 mm. long, minutely puberulent, the lobes
1 mm. long; fruit oblong-cylindric, 8-10 mm. long. This may be no
more than a form or variety of H. patens.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1307

Hamelia patens Jacq. Zorrillo, Azulillo, Zorrillo real, Coralillo,
Pissi, Palo camaron, Anileto. Frequent in forests and thickets of
the central region, descending to the Pacific coast, at 1,700 meters
or less; Guanacaste. Generally distributed in tropical America. A
shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 meters high, the branchlets villous
or puberulent; leaves mostly ternate, slender-petiolate, lance-oblong
to elliptic or ovate, 6-20 cm. long, 2-9 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
rounded to acuminate at the base, puberulent or villosulous above,
sometimes glabrate, beneath usually abundantly villosulous or
puberulent; inflorescence many-flowered, the branches often much
elongate in fruit, the flowers secund, sessile or short-pedicellate;
calyx and hypanthium 2.5-3 mm. long, puberulent or villous, the
calyx lobes minute, deltoid; corolla orange-red, tubular, 15-20 mm.
long, sparsely or densely puberulent or villosulous, the lobes minute;
fruit red to almost black, juicy, 6-10 mm. long. As Indian names
Pittier reports Tsus-kra (Brunka) and Pilii-tso (Guatuso).

Hamelia Rovirosae Wernham. In thickets, Atlantic tierra
caliente. Panama to southern Mexico. A shrub or small tree,
sometimes 5 meters high, the branchlets sparsely or densely villous;
leaves ternate, short-petiolate, elliptic-oblong to oval-elliptic, 5-15
cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, acute or acuminate
at the base, glabrous or sparsely villous above, sparsely or densely
villous beneath along the nerves; inflorescence few-many-flowered,
short-pedunculate, lax, the branches short or elongate, the flowers
sessile or subsessile, usually secund; calyx and hypanthium sparsely
or densely villous, the calyx lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2-5 mm.
long, reflexed; corolla dull red or orange-red, villous, 18-24 mm. long,
gradually ampliate above, 6 mm. wide in the throat, the lobes 1.5-2
mm. long; fruit ovoid, 8 mm. long, red or purple, sparsely or densely
villous.

Hamelia Rowleei Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 7. 1925.
Livingston, on the Rio Reventazon, Rowlee & Stork 75. Changuinola
Valley. Panama. A shrub, the branchlets pilose with long, spread-
ing hairs; leaves opposite, slender-petiolate, elliptic-obovate or
elliptic, 15-19 cm. long, 6-9 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate,
cuneate-attenuate at the base or abruptly contracted and decurrent,
villosulous above along the costa, sparsely pilose or glabrous else-
where, copiously pilose beneath with long, stiff, spreading hairs;
inflorescence with few or numerous branches, many-flowered, the
flowers secund, sessile or nearly so; hypanthium oblong-turbinate,
densely villous, the calyx lobes deltoid-subulate, 1.5 mm. long;

1308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

corolla puberulent or short-pilose, the tube 28 mm. long, slightly
dilated above, the lobes acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, spreading.

Hamelia Storkii Standl. Changuinola Valley. Panama. A
shrub or small tree, as much as 4.5 meters high, with a trunk 5 cm.
in diameter, the branches glabrous; leaves opposite, slender-petiolate,
elliptic to oblanceolate-elliptic, 12-22 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide,
acuminate, acute at the base, sparsely barbellate beneath in the
axils of the nerves, elsewhere glabrous, or sometimes sparsely short-
pilose beneath; inflorescence with few or numerous branches, these
often 10 cm. long, the flowers secund, sessile or nearly so; hypanthium
glabrous; calyx lobes triangular-oblong, 1.5 mm. long; corolla yellow,
2.5-3 cm. long, tubular, slightly dilated above, 4 mm. broad in the
throat, the lobes ovate, 3-4 mm. long; fruit oblong, 10-12 mm. long.

Hamelia xerocarpa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 284. 1891. "Baguar,"
600 meters, Kuntze. Nicaragua. A tall shrub, the branches fulvous-
villous; leaves opposite, the petioles 2.5 cm. long, villous, the blades
elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong, 13.5-15.5 cm. long, 6-6.5 cm. wide,
acuminate, acute at the base, glabrous above or nearly so, fulvous-
villous beneath; flowers sessile, secund; calyx and hypanthium densely
fulvous- villous, the calyx lobes lance-subulate, 1-1.5 mm. long;
corolla subfunnelform, 1.5 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide in the throat,
densely villous, the lobes broad, acuminate, 3-4 mm. long; fruit
cylindric, 1.5 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, villous.

HEMIDIODIA Schum.

Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at the base; stipules
united with the petioles into a setiferous sheath; leaves opposite,
conspicuously nerved; flowers sessile and densely clustered in the
leaf axils; sepals 4, equal, connate at the base; corolla small, white,
funnelform, the 4 lobes valvate; stamens exserted; fruit of 2 carpels,
these 1-seeded, separating from the central septum, opening near the
base. — The genus consists of a single species.

Hemidiodia ocimifolia (Willd.) Schum. Frequent in thickets
or waste ground of the tierra caliente, ascending to La Hondura, at
1,200 meters; Guanacaste; region of San Ramon. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Stems often much elongate, decumbent or
ascending, sparsely puberulent or glabrate; leaves petiolate, lanceo-
late or lance-oblong, 3-5 cm. long or larger, acuminate, puberulent
or glabrate, scabrous on the margins; sepals ovate, acute, 0.5 mm.
long; corolla glabrous, 3-4 mm. long; fruit 3-4 mm. long, puberulent
or glabrous.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1309

HILLIA Jacq.

Shrubs, usually epiphytic, glabrous; leaves opposite, petiolate,
fleshy, coriaceous when dried; stipules membranaceous, caducous;
flowers large, white, terminal, solitary, subsessile; hypanthium obo-
void or cylindric; calyx none or of 2-4 foliaceous, caducous lobes;
corolla salverform, the tube elongate, the throat ampliate, naked,
the limb 3-7-lobate, the lobes spreading, contorted; anthers included;
ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule elongate-oblong or cylindric,
septicidally bivalvate; seeds imbricate, produced at the base into
an appendage and at the apex into a tuft of hairs. — At least one
other species occurs in Central America.

Hillia chiapensis Standl. Jazmin del vokan. Forests of the
Pacific tierra caliente; region of Zarcero; Guanacaste; collected by
Werckle" at some unspecified locality with an elevation of 1,600
meters. Southern Mexico. A densely branched, epiphytic shrub;
stipules oblong to obovate, 3-4 mm. long, rounded at the apex;
petioles 2-5 mm. long; leaf blades elliptic or oval to oblong-elliptic,
9-14 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, obtuse or acutish
at the base, the lateral nerves inconspicuous; corolla tube 15 mm.
long, the lobes 7 mm. long; capsule about 2 cm. long, the valves
after dehiscence 3-4 mm. wide.

Hillia loranthoides Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 165.
1928. Jazmin del monte, Montana. Moist forest, Quebrada Serena,
southeast of Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters, Standley & Valeria
46152. Region of San Ramon, at about 1,100 meters. Endemic.
A large, epiphytic shrub; stipules elliptic-oblong, 18 mm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, obtuse; petioles stout, 8 mm. long or less; leaf blades
elliptic to oblong-ovate, 5-7 cm. long, very thick, acutely narrowed
to the obtuse apex, obtuse or acute at the base, the lateral nerves
obscure, about 4 on each side, ascending at a narrow angle; corolla
tube about 5 cm. long, the broad lobes 2 cm. long; capsule cylindric,
3 cm. long, 7 mm. thick. Like other species of the genus, this is a
very handsome plant when in flower.

Hillia Maxonii Standl. Mountains of the central region and in
Dota and San Ramon, at 1,250-2,400 meters. Nicaragua. An
epiphytic shrub, the branches sometimes 5 meters long and pendent;
stipules broadly obovate, 12 mm. long, rounded at the apex; petioles
3-4 mm. long; leaf blades oval to oval-obovate, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1-2
cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex, somewhat narrowed to the
obtuse or acute base, coriaceous, the costa and lateral nerves obscure;

1310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

calyx lobes oblong-linear, 8 mm. long, green, rounded at the apex;
corolla tube 5 cm. long, the lobes almost 2 cm. long; capsule cylindric,
3 cm. long.

Hillia palmana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 164. 1928.
Between La Palma and La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,500-1,700
meters, Maxon & Harvey 801+5. Known only from the original
collection. Stipules oblong or spatulate-oblong, 13-20 mm. long,
rounded at the apex; petioles 3 mm. long or less; leaf blades narrowly
spatulate-oblong or oblong-cuneate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 5-11 mm.
wide, broadly rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the long-
attenuate base, the venation obsolete; corolla tube 3.5 cm. long, the
lobes suborbicular, 1 cm. long.

Hillia Valerii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 164. 1928.
Azaharcillo. Between La Palma and La Hondura, Prov. San Jose*,
1,500-1,700 meters, Maxon & Harvey 8092. Frequent in forests of
the central region; region of San Ramon; at 1,200-1,700 meters.
Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, sometimes 2 meters long; stipules
spatulate-obovate, 3-4 cm. long, broadly rounded at the apex;
petioles stout, 5-10 mm. long; leaf blades obovate-oblong or narrowly
obovate, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex,
long-attenuate to the base, coriaceous, the lateral nerves about 6 on
each side; calyx lobes ovate-oval, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long; corolla tube
8 cm. long, the oval lobes 3 cm. long; capsule columnar, terete, 6-7.5
cm. long, 8 mm. in diameter. Specimens of this species have been
referred to H. tetrandra Swartz, a species of the West Indies and
of other regions of Central America, but apparently unknown in
Costa Rica.

HOFFMANNIA Swartz

Shrubs or herbs, glabrous or pubescent, the branches terete or
tetragonous; leaves opposite or verticillate, usually membranaceous;
stipules deciduous or persistent; flowers small, white, yellow, or red,
cymose, the cymes axillary, sessile or pedunculate; hypanthium
oblong or turbinate; calyx usually 4-lobate, the lobes short, persistent;
corolla funnelform to almost rotate, the tube short or elongate, the
throat glabrous, the limb commonly 4-lobate, the lobes obtuse or
acute, imbricate; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate;
fruit small, baccate, 2-celled; seeds numerous, minute, foveolate.—
The genus consists of a large number of species, most of them much
alike in general appearance, and separated only by slight characters,
which, however, appear to be usually constant. Because of the large

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1311

number of species and the difficulty of separating them, there is
reproduced here the key published in the North American Flora, so
far as it applies to Costa Rican plants of the genus. In some of the
species the form of the corolla is unknown or uncertain, and on this
account they appear twice in the key. The genus ranges from
Mexico to the southern Andes, but is represented in Costa Rica
by a larger number of species than in any other region.

Lobes of the corolla twice as long as the tube or longer.

Cymes long-pedunculate, longer than the petioles, the peduncles
equaling or longer than the cymes.

Stems herbaceous, low; corolla bright red H. refulgens.

Stems woody, elongate; corolla red, green, or yellow.

Leaves sessile, the base dilated and clasping. H. subauriculata.
Leaves petiolate.

Fruit white; flowers long-pedicellate; corolla red.

H. leucocarpa.
Fruit red; flowers partly sessile; corolla pale green.

H. pallidiflora.
Cymes sessile or short-pedunculate, usually shorter than the

petioles, the peduncles shorter than the cymes.
Leaves conspicuously puberulent or villosulous beneath with

ferruginous hairs; corolla more or less villous.
Leaves essentially sessile, the blades decurrent to the base of

the petiole.
Cymes lax, many-flowered; base of the leaf blade deeply

cordate and clasping H. amplexifolia.

Cymes dense, few-flowered; base of the blade acute.

H. ramonensis.

Leaves conspicuously petiolate.

Leaf blades chiefly obovate, broadest above the middle.

H . hamelioides.
Leaf blades mostly elliptic, broadest at the middle.

Lateral nerves of the leaves 5-8 pairs H. Valerii.

Lateral nerves of the leaves about 12-13 pairs.

H. asclepiadea.
Leaves glabrous beneath or obscurely grayish-puberulent; corolla

glabrous or puberulent.
Calyx lobes linear or narrowly triangular, very acute.

H. Tonduzii.

1312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Calyx lobes broadly deltoid or ovate, obtuse.
Leaves sessile or essentially so, the blade decurrent to the

base of the petiole H. carpinterae.

Leaves conspicuously petiolate.

Leaf blades broadest above the middle . H. longepetiolata.

Leaf blades mostly broadest at the middle . H. inamoena.

Lobes of the corolla equaling or shorter than the tube, or but slightly

exceeding it.

Leaf blades dilated and clasping at the base . . . . H. subauriculata.
Leaf blades not dilated and clasping at the base.
Corolla pubescent outside.
Leaves glabrous beneath.

Calyx lobes elongate, acute H. nesiota.

Calyx lobes broadly deltoid, obtuse H. arborescens.

Leaves villosulous beneath, or rarely puberulent, at least along

the nerves.
Leaves merely puberulent beneath along the nerves.

H. inamoena.
Leaves villosulous beneath.

Cymes long-pedunculate . . . H. affinis.

Cymes sessile or short-pedunculate.
Leaves sessile, the blade decurrent to the base of the

petiole H. ramonensis.

Leaves petiolate.

Leaf blades broadest above the middle.

H. hamelioides.
Leaf blades broadest at the middle.

Leaves short- villous beneath H. asclepiadea.

Leaves minutely puberulent beneath on the nerves.

H. inamoena.
Corolla glabrous.

Lobes of the corolla shorter than the tube.
Leaf blades obovate or oblong-obovate, villosulous beneath

along the nerves , H. josefina.

Leaf blades elliptic to lance-oblong, glabrous beneath, at

least at maturity H. piratarum.

Lobes of the corolla about as long as the tube.

Corolla 15 mm. long H. dotae.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1313

Corolla 6-12 mm. long.

Leaves glabrous H. psychotriaefolia.

Leaves villous beneath on the nerves H. trichocalyx.

Hoffmannia aeruginosa Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex metralis,
caule suffrutescente subtereti crassiusculo densissime pilis intertextis
brunneo-ferrugineis patentibus villoso, internodiis petiolis subaequa-
libus; folia opposita longipetiolata crasse membranacea, petiolo
2.5-5.5 cm. longo crassiusculo ut caule villoso; lamina elliptica vel
oblongo-elliptica 11.5-19 cm. longa 4-8 cm. lata acuta vel acuminata,
saepe abrupte longiacuminata, basi acuta vel interdum quoque
decurrens, supra laete viridis glabra, nervis perspicuis, subtus paullo
pallidior, ad costam nervosque prominentes dense breviter ferrugineo-
villosa, aliter sparse puberula vel glabrata, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere ca. 14 subarcuatis angulo lato divergentibus teneris; inflores-
centiae axillares 3-10-florae congestiflorae cymosae vix 3 mm. longe
pedunculatae vel subsessiles, ubique densissime ferrugineo- vel pur-
pureo-villosae, floribus sessilibus vel breviter pedicellatis; hypanthium
anguste obconicum 2.5-3 mm. longum, lobis lineari-triangularibus
usque 2 mm. longis; corolla fere rotata, tubo brevissimo, lobis ellip-
tico-oblongis 6 mm. longis; antherae exsertae. — Zarcero, 1,500 meters,
August, 1937, Austin Smith A86 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Guada-
lupe de Zarcero, 1,525 meters, Austin Smith H659. "Growing in
deep forest shade; gregarious but very local. Base of the stem dull,
dark brown. Buds deep chokeberry red. Petioles and some of the
veins of the under surface of the leaves tinged with pinkish red."
This species, material of which was received when these pages were
in proof, is not included in the key to species. It is easily recognized
by the very abundant, rusty pubescence of the stems and flowers.

Hoffmannia affinis Hemsl. Diag. PI. Nov. 31. 1879. Type,
Endres 150, without locality. Known only from the original collec-
tion, and to the writer only from description. Branches terete,
puberulent when young; petioles 6 mm. long, the blades ovate-
oblong, 10-12.5 cm. long, obtusely acuminate, attenuate to the base,
minutely puberulent beneath; flowers 6-8 mm. long, puberulent,
umbellate-cymose, the cymes fasciculate, about 6-flowered, the
slender peduncles 8-16 mm. long, the pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx
lobes rounded ; corolla tube slightly shorter than the lobes.

Hoffmannia amplexifolia Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
15: 8. 1925. Moist forest near Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39869.
Also at Santo Domingo de Vara Blanca, 2,200 meters. Endemic.

1314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Stems simple, herbaceous, 1-1.5 meters high, glabrous, acutely
quadrangular; leaves ternate, sessile, oblanceolate or oblong-obovate,
23-35 cm. long, 8-13 cm. wide, or larger, acuminate or long-acumi-
nate, long-attenuate to the very narrow, deeply cordate, clasping
base, glabrous above, minutely puberulent beneath on the nerves;
cymes many-flowered, 3-8 cm. long, lax, sessile, the flowers slender-
pedicellate; calyx short-villous, the lobes narrowly triangular, obtuse;
corolla greenish yellow, puberulent or villosulous, the lobes longer
than the tube; fruit red.

Hoffmannia arborescens Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 37: 417.
1904. In forest, Santa Rosa del Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 8121
(12230}. Known only from the original material. A shrub or small
tree, the branchlets quadrangular; petioles 3-5 mm. long; blades
oblanceolate-elliptic, 15-19 cm. long, 3.5-5.5 cm. wide, acuminate,
long-attenuate to the base, glabrous; cymes fasciculate, many-
flowered, fuscous-pubescent, 2-3.5 cm. long, the bracts foliaceous,
1 cm. long; hypanthium and calyx pubescent, the lobes minute,
deltoid; corolla 12 mm. long, pale rose, pubescent, the lobes about
equaling the tube.

Hoffmannia asclepiadea Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
7. 1925. Wet forest at Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose*, 1,900 meters,
Standley 38349. Forests of the slopes of Irazu, 1,900-2,300 meters.
Endemic. A simple shrub or herb, 1.5 meters high, erect or ascending,
the stems villosulous; leaves opposite, on stout petioles 2.5-4
cm. long, the blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 15-20 cm. long, 7-9 cm.
wide, abruptly acuminate or long-acuminate, cuneate at the base,
glabrous above, copiously short-villous beneath, especially on the
nerves; cymes sessile, shorter than the petioles, many-flowered, the
flowers short-pedicellate; hypanthium villosulous, the calyx lobes
ovate-deltoid, obtuse, 1 mm. long; corolla greenish yellow, densely
short-villous; fruit subglobose, red, sparsely short-villous.

Hoffmannia carpinterae Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 32: 199. 1934.
H. macrophylla Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 9. 1925, non
Hemsl. Wet forest, Cerro de La Carpintera, Prov. Cartago, 1,700
meters, Standley 35636. Known only from the type locality. A
shrub 3 meters high, with few branches, glabrous throughout; leaves
sessile or nearly so, oblong-obovate, 21-35 cm. long, 8-10 cm. wide,
abruptly acute, long-attenuate to the base; cymes sessile or peduncu-
late, 3-4 cm. long, lax, few-flowered, the pedicels 3-8 mm. long;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1315

calyx red, the lobes rounded-deltoid, 1.5 mm. long; corolla in bud
6 mm. long, the lobes yellow within, twice as long as the tube.

Hoffmannia decurrens Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20:
205. 1919. Forests of Santa Rosa del Copey, 1,800-2,000 meters,
Tonduz 12230. Mountains of Dota, 1,650-2,000 meters. Endemic.
A sparsely branched shrub of 1-2.5 meters, the branchlets rufous-
villosulous or glabrate; petioles 5-30 mm. long; blades oblong-
oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 7-20 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute
or acuminate, long-attenuate to the base, glabrous above, paler
beneath, villosulous along the nerves or finally glabrate; cymes
axillary or at naked nodes below the leaves, usually many-flowered,
sessile or short-pedunculate, the pedicels 5 mm. long or less; calyx
and hypanthium rufous-villous or villosulous, the lobes triangular,
1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse; corolla white, tinged with rose, 8-9 mm.
long, sparsely villosulous, the lobes obtuse, slightly shorter than the
tube; fruit oval, red, 6-8 mm. long.

Hoffmannia dotae Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 181.
1928. Moist forest near Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 1,700
meters, Standley & Valeria 43277. Region of the type locality.
Endemic. An erect, branched shrub 2-4.5 meters high, the branches
glabrous or sparsely villous; petioles 2 cm. long or less, the blades
oblong-obovate to obovate-elliptic, 18-30 cm. long, 8-12 cm. wide,
abruptly short-acuminate, narrowed toward the abruptly long-
decurrent base, glabrous above, at first sparsely short-villous beneath
on the nerves but soon glabrate; cymes lax, few-flowered, 5.5 cm.
long or shorter, the peduncles to 3.5 cm. long, the pedicels 4-12
mm. long; hypanthium sparsely short-villous, the calyx lobes 2.5-
3.5 mm. long, triangular, obtuse or acutish; corolla red below,
yellow above, 15 mm. long, glabrous, or sparsely villous on the lobes,
the lobes equaling the tube; fruit red, oblong, 8-9 mm. long.

Hoffmannia hamelioides Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
8. 1925. Moist forest between Aserri and Tarbaca, Prov. San Jose",
1,800 meters, Standley 34149. Known certainly only from the
original material. A sparsely branched shrub of 1.5 meters, the
branches glabrous; leaves opposite, the stout petioles 1-3 cm. long,
the blades obovate-elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, 12-21 cm. long,
4.5-7 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate-decurrent to the base, glabrous
above, villosulous beneath on the nerves; cymes sessile, with few or
many flowers, about equaling the petioles; calyx short-villous, the
lobes narrowly triangular, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla in bud 4 mm.

1316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

long, greenish white, short- villous; fruit dark red, subglobose, 7-8
mm. long.

Hoffmannia inamoena Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
179. 1928. Wet forest, Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600
meters, Standley & Valerio 454%1 - Mountain forests of Guanacaste.
Endemic. A simple, erect shrub of 1-1.5 meters, the stems terete,
at first minutely puberulent; leaves opposite, the petioles 1-4.5 cm.
long, the blades mostly elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, 3.5-10 cm. wide,
abruptly acute or acuminate, obtuse to rounded and abruptly long-
decurrent at the base, glabrous above, densely and minutely puberu-
lent beneath on the nerves, or even over the whole surface; flowers
fasciculate in the leaf axils, or in sessile or short-pedunculate, few-
flowered cymes, the pedicels 4 mm. long or less; calyx lobes triangular-
oblong, 1-2 mm. long, obtuse, short- villous; fruit subglobose, 6-7 mm.
long, white, villous.

I lamella josefina Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 8. 1925.
Moist forest between Aserri and Tarbaca, Prov. San Jose", 1,800
meters, Standley 34143. Also in the region of Dota. Endemic. A
sparsely branched shrub 3 meters high, the branches terete, glabrous;
petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, the blades obovate or oblong-obovate, 13-22
cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate, cuneate-
attenuate to the base, glabrous; cymes with few or many flowers,
pedunculate, longer than the petioles, the branches glabrous, the
pedicels 1-3 mm. long; calyx glabrous or with a few short, scattered
hairs, the lobes 2 mm. long, narrowly triangular, acute; corolla 11 mm.
long, glabrous, the lobes shorter than the tube; fruit subglobose,
6 mm. long, dark red.

Hamelia latifolia (Bartl.) Kuntze has been reported from Costa
Rica, but doubtless in error, the species being a Peruvian one.

Hoffmannia leucocarpa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
9. 1925. Wet forest, Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose", 1,600 meters,
Standley 38340. Forests of the mountains of the central region;
Zarcero; at 1,300-2,400 meters. Endemic. A simple or branched
shrub, 2.5 meters high or less, glabrous throughout; leaves opposite,
the petioles 3-6.5 cm. long, the blades elliptic or lance-elliptic, 15-25
cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, rather abruptly acuminate, acute or cuneate
at the base; cymes equaling or often exceeding the petioles, lax,
with few or many flowers, the branches bright red, the pedicels
5-12 mm. long; calyx red, 2-3 mm. long, the lobes deltoid, acute;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1317

corolla yellow and red, 7 mm. long, glabrous, the lobes longer than
the tube; fruit subglobose, 1 cm. long, white.

Hoffmannia longepetiolata Polak. Linnaea 41: 567. 1877.
Forests of La Carpintera, Polakowsky 134 (photo, of type in Herb.
Field Mus.). Mountain forests of the central region, at 1,600-2,200
meters. Endemic. A slender, glabrous shrub, the branches sub-
terete; leaves opposite, the petioles 2-4 cm. long, the blades obovate
or obovate-oblong, 10-19 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate,
long-cuneate or attenuate to the base; cymes 3-8-flowered, sessile,
much shorter than the petioles, the flowers slender-pedicellate or
subsessile; calyx lobes minute, obtuse; corolla yellow, almost 1 cm.
long, the lobes obtuse, much longer than the tube; fruit subglobose.
Var. minor Polak. op. cit. 568 may be a form of this, but it is more
likely to be a distinct species. I have seen no material of the variety.

Hoffmannia nesiota Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 374. 1916.
Wafer Bay, Cocos Island, Pittier 12387. Branchlets sub terete,
glabrous; leaves opposite, the stout petioles 8 cm. long, the blades
broadly elliptic, 22-26 cm. long, 11 cm. wide, acuminate at each
end, glabrous; cymes with few or many flowers, lax, the peduncles
mostly 3.5-5 cm. long, the pedicels 6-10 mm. long; calyx lobes
narrowly triangular, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute; corolla 11 mm. long,
puberulent, the linear lobes acute, about equaling the tube; fruit
oval, 1 cm. long, 3-celled.

Hoffmannia pallidiflora Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
9. 1925. Wet forest, La Hondura, Prov. San Jose', 1,500 meters,
Standley 37877. Mountain forests of the central region, 1,400-1,500
meters. Endemic. A simple shrub 1-2 meters high, the stems
obtusely tetragonous, glabrous; leaves opposite, the slender petioles
2-4 cm. long, the blades elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 15-25 cm. long,
7-9 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, abruptly decurrent at the base,
glabrous; cymes few-flowered, long-pedunculate, often at naked
nodes below the leaves, equaling the petioles, the branches glabrous,
the flowers partly sessile and partly slender-pedicellate; calyx pale
green, the lobes triangular, obtuse or acute, 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla
pale green, 8 mm. long, the lobes almost twice as long as the tube;
fruit oval, red, 1 cm. long.

Hoffmannia piratarum Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
180. 1928. Wafer Bay, Cocos Island, Pittier 16259. Known only
from the original collection. Branchlets obtusely tetragonous,
glabrous; leaves opposite, the slender petioles 2.5-4.5 cm. long, the

1318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

blades lance-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, long-acuminate,
glabrous above, sparsely short-villous beneath when young but soon
glabrate; cymes solitary or fasciculate, dense, few-flowered, 3 cm.
long or shorter, the peduncles 2.5 cm. long or less, the pedicels 2-5
mm. long; hypanthium glabrous or sparsely short-villous; calyx
lobes triangular-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, acute, villous-ciliate; corolla
1 cm. long, glabrous or with a few short hairs at the apex, the lobes
slightly shorter than the tube; fruit subglobose, 2-celled, 6 mm. long,
glabrous.

Hoffmannia psychotriaefolia (Benth.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.
Ind. 321. 1861. Higginsia psychotriaefolia Benth. in Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 50. 1852. Volcan de Barba, 1,800 meters,
Oersted (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in wet
forest of the central mountains; region of San Ramon; at 1,000-1,600
meters. Panama to Guatemala. A shrub 1-2.5 meters high, gla-
brous throughout, usually branched, the branches sub terete; leaves
opposite, the slender petioles 1-4 cm. long, the blades elliptic-oblong
or elliptic, 7-15 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, cuspidate-attenuate, acute
or attenuate at the base, bright green above, pale yellowish green
beneath; cymes sessile, few-flowered, equaling or shorter than the
petioles, the flowers short-pedicellate; calyx 1.5-2 mm. long,
the lobes minute, deltoid; corolla yellow, sometimes tinged with
red, 10-11 mm. long, the lobes acute, about equaling the tube;
fruit red.

Hoffmannia ramonensis Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
180. 1928. Along the Rio Barranca at San Juan, near San Ramon,
1,300-1,400 meters, Tonduz 17812. Region of Zarcero, 1,260-1,500
meters. Endemic. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 meters high,
with a trunk as much as 12 cm. in diameter, the branches terete,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves opposite, sessile or almost so, obovate-
oblong, 14-28 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-
acuminate, gradually narrowed below the middle then rather abruptly
long-attenuate into a petioliform portion 3-6 cm. long, glabrous
above, densely tomentose beneath when very young but in age
glabrate except along the nerves; cymes solitary or fasciculate,
umbelliform, mostly 2-5-flowered, the peduncles 6-15 mm. long, the
pedicels 2-4 mm. long, densely villous- tomentose; hypanthium
2.5-3 mm. long, brown-tomentose, the calyx lobes narrowly tri-
angular, 1.5-2 mm. long, narrowed to an obtuse apex; corolla in
bud 6-7 mm. long, villous-tomentose, yellow; fruit dark crimson.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1319

Hoffmannia refulgens (Hook.) Hemsl. Mountains of Guana-
caste; region of San Ramon; at 600-900 meters, growing in deep, wet
forest; Atlantic tierra caliente. Ranging to southern Mexico.
Plants simple, herbaceous or suffrutescent, usually less than 40 cm.
high, the stems ferruginous- villous or glabrate, densely leafy above;
leaves opposite, the stout petioles 3.5 cm. long or less, the blades
obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, 9-25 cm. long, 4-11 cm. wide,
rounded or obtuse at the apex and abruptly apiculate, acute to long-
attenuate at the base, glabrous or sparsely villous above, often
purple or reddish beneath, ferruginous- villous, at least on the nerves,
or finally glabrate; flowers subumbellate or subracemose, sometimes
secund, short-pedicellate, the slender peduncles 2.5-12 cm. long;
calyx and hypanthium 3-4 mm. long, the hypanthium glabrous, the
calyx lobes 2 mm. long or less, acute, sparsely villosulous; corolla
red or pale red, 1 cm. long, glabrous, the lobes 2-3 times as long as
the tube; fruit bright red. The plant, although small, is rather
handsome because of its red flowers and fruits. It has been intro-
duced into cultivation in Europe. It grows usually in the deepest,
darkest forest.

Hoffmannia subauriculata Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
18: 179. 1928. Moist forest, El Mufieco, Rio Navarro, Prov. Cartago,
1,400 meters, Standley & Torres 50956. Known only from the type
region. Endemic. A slender, decumbent shrub 1-1.5 meters long,
the branchlets obtusely quadrangular, glabrous; leaves opposite,
sessile, elliptic-obovate, 15-22 cm. long, 7-9.5 cm. wide, abruptly
short-acuminate, abruptly narrowed near the base into a petioliform
portion about 2 cm. long, the very base rounded to cordate and
amplexicaul, glabrous; cymes at naked nodes below the leaves,
many-flowered, on slender peduncles 6-9 cm. long, the slender
pedicels 6-12 mm. long; fruit oval or globose, bright red, glabrous,
8 mm. long; calyx lobes deltoid, subacute, 1 mm. long.

Hoffmannia Tonduzii Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 205.
1919. Forests of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 700 meters, Tonduz
13373. Frequent in mountains of the central region, at 1,800 meters
or less, descending to the upper part of the Atlantic tierra caliente;
regions of Dota and San Ramon; said to be sometimes epiphytic.
Endemic. A slender, usually branched shrub, 1-2 meters high, the
branchlets green, terete, glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, mostly
obovate-elliptic or oblong-oblanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-5.5 cm.
wide, acute to cuspidate-acuminate, acute to long-decurrent at the

1320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

base, glabrous; cymes sessile or subsessile, few-flowered, usually
shorter than the petioles, the pedicels 5 mm. long or less; calyx lobes
narrowly triangular, 1-1.5 mm. long, acute; corolla 6-7 mm. long,
glabrous, yellow, the lobes acute, twice as long as the tube; fruit
dark cherry-red, subglobose, 1 cm. long.

Hoffmannia trichocalyx Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
181. 1928. Wet forest, Fraijanes, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600 meters,
Standley & Torres 47690. Known only from the type region. En-
demic. A large, weak shrub, 1-2.5 meters long, often decumbent,
the stout branches terete, the young branchlets sparsely villous or
glabrous; leaves opposite, the slender petioles 1.5-7 cm. long, the
blades elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 12-26 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide,
abruptly acuminate, cuneate to obtuse at the base, usually abruptly
contracted and short-decurrent, glabrous above, usually villous
beneath along the nerves; cymes pendent from naked nodes below the
leaves, fasciculate, 3-14 cm. long, with few or many flowers, the long,
slender peduncles usually villous, dark red, the pedicels 3-6 mm. long;
calyx lobes broadly deltoid, subacute, 2 mm. long, villous; corolla
1 cm. long, bright yellow or red and yellow, glabrous or sparsely
villous, the lobes about equaling the tube; fruit oval, 8 mm. long,
dark red, glabrous or sparsely villous.

Hoffmannia Valerii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 178.
1928. El Arenal, Guanacaste, 600 meters, Juvenal Valeria 57.
Mountain forests of Guanacaste, 600-700 meters. Endemic. A
branched shrub 1-1.5 meters high, the branches subterete, densely
villous when young; leaves opposite, the slender petioles 1-2 cm.
long, the blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 7-11 cm. long, 3.5-5.5 cm.
wide, acute or acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the base and abruptly
decurrent, sparsely villous above when young but soon glabrate,
villous beneath along the nerves; cymes few-flowered, dense, fascicu-
late, sessile or nearly so, the peduncles in fruit sometimes 1 cm. long,
the pedicels 2-5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so; hypanthium gla-
brous or with a few short hairs, the calyx lobes narrowly triangular,
1 mm. long, acute or obtuse; corolla in bud 5-6 mm. long, short-
villous, the lobes obtuse, 3 times as long as the tube; fruit subglobose,
6 mm. long, bright red, glabrous.

HOLTONIA Standl.

Trees, almost glabrous; leaves opposite, thick-membranaceous,
petiolate; stipules resiniferous, persistent, connate to form a truncate
or shallowly bilobate sheath; inflorescence terminal, many-flowered,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1321

paniculate, the flowers small, 5-parted; calyx cupular, shallowly and
remotely denticulate; corolla white, tubular-campanulate, glabrous
outside, barbate within at the insertion of the stamens, the short
lobes broadly triangular, obtuse, valvate or subimbricate, one-third
as long as the tube; anthers exserted; capsule small, subglobose,
loculicidally bivalvate; seeds numerous, minute, angulate. — The
genus consists of a single species.

Holtonia myriantha Standl. Sickingia myriantha Standl.
El General, 975 meters, Skutch 2387. Colombia. A tree 23 meters
high, the trunk 28 cm. in diameter; branchlets glabrous; petioles 1-3
cm. long, the blades obovate to oblong-elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, 4-8
cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate, acute or attenuate at the base,
densely short-barbate beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise
glabrous; panicles 10-20 cm. long and broad, the branches sparsely
and minutely puberulent, the flowers sessile; calyx 0.5 mm. long;
corolla 4 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide; capsule 2-2.5 mm. long.

ISERTIA Schreb.

Trees or shrubs, pubescent or glabrous, the branchlets terete;
leaves opposite or ternate, petiolate; stipules 2 between each 2 leaves,
narrow, erect, persistent; flowers usually large, short-pedicellate,
mostly red and yellow, cymose-corymbose or cymose-paniculate;
hypanthium subglobose or ovoid; calyx short, 4-6-dentate or trun-
cate, persistent; corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, coriaceous,
barbate in the throat, the limb 4-6-lobate, the lobes short, valvate;
ovary 4-6-celled, many-ovulate; fruit small, baccate, globose or ovoid,
4-6-pyrenate; seeds minute, subglobose, foveolate. — One other
Central American species occurs in Panama.

Isertia Haenkeana DC. I. Deamii Bartlett, var. stenophylla
Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 374. 1916 (plains near Boca Culebra,
Prov. Puntarenas, 50 meters, Pittier 11989). Thickets of the Pacific
coast; while I have seen no specimens from the Atlantic tierra caliente
of Costa Rica, the species doubtless occurs there also, for it is common
along the coast both north and south of Costa Rica. Guatemala to
Colombia; Cuba. A shrub 2-3 meters high, the branches densely
sericeous; stipules 6-12 mm. long; petioles stout, 2.5 cm. long or less,
the blades obovate to oblong-obovate, 20-45 cm. long, 8-18 cm.
wide, abruptly acuminate, acute or attenuate at the base, green and
glabrate above, densely grayish-pilose and pale beneath; inflorescence
usually thyrsiform, 7-20 cm. long, dense and many-flowered; corolla

1322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

17-35 mm. long, yellow or orange-red, sparsely or densely puberulent
or tomentulose; fruit purple, depressed-globose, 5-6 mm. broad.

IXORA L.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, the branchlets terete or
angulate; leaves opposite or rarely ternate, sessile or petiolate,
usually coriaceous; stipules mostly acuminate from a broad base,
persistent or deciduous; flowers in terminal or axillary corymbs,
variously colored; calyx short, usually 5-lobate, persistent, the lobes
short or elongate; corolla salverform, the throat glabrous or pilose,
the lobes usually short, spreading, contorted; anthers wholly or par-
tially exserted; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate, the ovules peltately
attached to the middle of the septum; fruit baccate, the 2 carpels
concavo-convex. — No other species are known from Central America.

Ixora coccinea L. Jazmin. Planted commonly for ornament.
Native of India. A small, dense shrub, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves sessile, broadly oblong to suborbicular, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, generally cordate at the base; inflorescence dense and
headlike, the flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx lobes broadly ovate,
obtuse or acutish; corolla deep red, minutely puberulent or glabrate,
the filiform tube 2.5-3 cm. long, the spreading lobes acute.

Ixora Finlaysoniana Wallich. Corona de la reina. Grown
commonly as an ornamental shrub. Native of Siam. A dense shrub
of 1-2 meters, glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petiolate, oblong
or oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acute, attenuate to the base;
inflorescence dense and headlike, many-flowered; corolla white, the
filiform tube about 3.5 cm. long, the obtuse lobes 6-7 mm. long.

Ixora floribunda (A. Rich.) Griseb. Palo de Maria. Monte
Aguacate, Friedrichsthal 1288. Extending to Salvador; Cuba;
Colombia. A shrub or tree, sometimes 9 meters high; petioles 1-2.5
cm. long, the blades elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 11-25 cm. long,
4-11 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, attenuate to subacute at
the base, glabrous; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, short-peduncu-
late or sessile, 4-10 cm. broad, the branches densely pilose, the
flowers sessile or short-pedicellate; calyx shallowly lobate; corolla
white, glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, the lobes about equaling the tube;
fruit globose, short-pilose, 4 mm. or more in diameter.

Ixora nicaraguensis Standl. I. rauwolfioides Standl. Forests
of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Panama to British Honduras. A
shrub or tree, 2.5-7.5 meters high, the trunk sometimes 12 cm. in

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1323

diameter; petioles 4-10 mm. long; blades elliptic-oblong or lance-
oblong, 7-15 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate,
acute or acuminate at the base, glabrous; inflorescence cymose-
paniculate, sessile or pedunculate, 5-9 cm. long, the branches mi-
nutely puberulent, the pedicels 5 mm. long or less; calyx truncate or
nearly so; corolla white, glabrous, the tube 5 mm. long, the lobes
3-4 mm. long, rounded at the apex.

LADENBERGIA Klotzsch

Trees or shrubs; leaves mostly opposite, petiolate, coriaceous;
stipules deciduous; flowers small or medium-sized, white or pink, in
terminal panicles; hypanthium ovoid or turbinate, pubescent, the
calyx cupular, 5-lobate, persistent or deciduous; corolla salverform,
pubescent, the lobes valvate, papillose within and on the margins;
ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule oblong or cylindric, septicidally
bi valvate from the apex to the base; seeds numerous, imbricate,
broadly winged. — The other members of the genus are South
American.

Ladenbergia Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Quina, Agujilla. Arbor
5-10-metralis, ramulis crassis obtuse tetragonis ochraceis glabris;
stipulae ovales 2-3 cm. longae obtusae coriaceae glabrae vel extus
sparse minute strigillosae; folia magna coriacea, petiolo crasso glabro
1-3.5 cm. longo; lamina oblonga usque oblongo-elliptica vel elliptico-
obovata plerumque 10-25 cm. longa atque 5-10 cm. lata, obtusa vel
subacuta, basi late rotundata usque subacuta, supra lucida glabra
saltern in stato adulto glaberrima, costa elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere ca. 10 prominentibus obliquis; inflorescentia cymoso-
paniculata dense multiflora, basi trichotoma, crasse pedunculata,
ca. 11 cm. longa, ramis crassis dense sericeis, floribus sessilibus vel
brevissime pedicellatis; hypanthium clavatum 4-6 mm. longum
densissime pilis brunnescentibus subadpressis indutum; calyx 2 mm.
longus, lobis late ovalibus apice rotundatis extus dense adpresso-
pilosis; corolla extus dense fulvo-sericea, tubo 2 cm. longo sursum
sensim dilatato atque 5-6 mm. lato, lobis lanceolato-oblongis 8 mm.
longis acutis vel acutiusculis intus dense minute papillosis; capsula
2-4.5 cm. longa, valvis ca. 1 cm. latis.— San Ramon, March, 1932,
Brenes 15146 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Los Angeles y La Paz de
San Ramon, March, 1928, Brenes 6094. Alto de La Palma de San
Ramon, 1,150 meters, February, 1923, Brenes 3837. La Palma de
San Ramon, 1,250 meters, July, 1927, Brenes 5591. Alto de La
Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39298. La Palma, Prov. San Jose",

1324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

1,460 meters, Tonduz 12647 (J. D. Smith 7397). In the North
American Flora (32: 95. 1921) I referred this tree incorrectly to
L. undata Klotzsch, a species of Colombia and Venezuela, chiefly
because at that time adequate South American material was not
available for study. Comparison with authentic material of that
species shows that the Costa Rican tree is altogether distinct, nor
does it agree better with any other Colombian species of Ladenbergia.

Ladenbergia sericophylla Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor usque 36 m.
alta, trunco 55 cm. diam., ramulis breviter pilosis vel glabratis;
stipulae late oblongae 3.5 cm. longae obtusae extus sparse adpresso-
pilosae; folia magna papyracea, petiolo usque 6 cm. longo glabrato;
lamina elliptica vel late elliptica, 30 cm. longa atque 17 cm. lata vel
minor, breviter acutata vel apice subrotundata, basi obtusa vel
subrotundata atque subito breviter decurrens, supra lucida glabra,
subtus in statu juvenili ubique minute subsparse strigillosa, ad
nervos venasque densissime fulvo-sericea, in statu adulto glabrata,
costa crassa, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 10 angulo recto
vel paullo latiore adscendentibus; inflorescentia perfecta non visa;
hypanthium clavatum 7 mm. longum dense brunneo-sericeum; calyx
6-7 mm. longus late campanulatus ferrugineus prope basin sericeus,
superne fere glaber, ad tertiam partem lobatus, lobis semiorbiculari-
bus subrecurvis; corolla extus subdense fulvo-strigosa, tubo crasso
3 cm. longo subtereti, fauce 6 mm. lato. — Two miles southeast of
San Isidro del General, August, 1936, Ralph E. Danforth 32 (type
in Herb. Field Mus.). El General, 880 meters, January, 1936,
A. F. Skutch 2539 (detached flowers and tracing of a leaf, from U. S.
Nat. Herb.). I once determined these two collections asL. calycina
(Wedd.) Standl., a species of Colombia. While the Costa Rican
and Colombian trees are related, because of the form of the calyx,
more careful study shows that they are specifically distinct. The
flowers are described by the collectors as white, pinkish, or yellowish
white, and very fragrant. Mr. Danforth reports that the leaves are
as much as 35 cm. long and 12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves being
depressed so that the leaf, when fresh, appears to be slightly fluted.

Ladenbergia Valerii Standl., sp. nov. — Arbuscula 3-5-metralis,
ramis elongatis, ramulis teretibus cinereo-brunnescentibus striatis,
novellis glabris; stipulae subcoriaceae ca. 1.5 cm. longae ovali-ovatae
obtusae ferrugineae glabrae; folia breviter petiolata coriacea modica,
petiolo crasso 1-2 cm. longo glabro; lamina elliptica vel anguste
elliptica 12-15 cm. longa 5-7.5 cm. lata breviter acuminata, basi
acuta, supra in sicco fusca lucida glabra, costa nervisque subsulcatis,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1325

subtus brunnescens sparse secus costam nervosque hirtella, aliter
glabra vel glabrata, costa crassiuscula elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere ca. 11 angulo latiusculo adscendentibus subarcuatis
teneris prominentibus; paniculae parvae dense pauciflorae breviter
pedunculatae, corollis exclusis vix 6 cm. longae, ramis crassis sparse
strigosis, floribus sessilibus vel breviter pedicellatis; hypanthium
anguste turbinatum 4-5 mm. longum dense fulvo-sericeum; calyx
fere ad basin lobatus glaber vel glabratus, lobis 5-6 mm. longis late
ovalibus apice rotundatis plus minusve recurvis; corolla extus dense
adpresse fulvo-pilosa, tubo 2 cm. longo sursum sensim dilatato,
fauce 5 mm. lato, lobis 1 cm. longis lineari-lanceolatis acutis, intus
dense minute papillosis. — In forest, La Paz de San Ramon, 1,225
meters, June, 1925, Brenes 4296 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The
species is dedicated to Professor Juvenal Valerio Rodriguez, Director
of the Museo National de Costa Rica. While related to L. seri-
cophylla, it is, I believe, sufficiently distinct in characters of pubescence
and inflorescence.

LINDENIA Benth.

Shrubs, the branches terete; petioles short, connate, cuspidate,
more or less persistent; leaves short-petiolate, narrow; flowers large
and showy, white, short-pedicellate, in few-flowered, terminal cymes;
hypanthium elongate-turbinate, 5-costate, the calyx 5-lobate, the
lobes elongate-subulate or lanceolate, persistent; corolla salverform,
the tube greatly elongate, the throat naked, the 5 lobes oblong,
spreading, contorted in bud; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-
ovulate; capsule clavate or pyriform, septicidally bivalvate, the
valves bifid, often coiled after dehiscence; seeds small, angulate,
smooth. — The genus consists of a single species.

Lindenia rivalis Benth. Lirio. Along streams, usually on rocks
at the edge of water, region of Tilaran, Guanacaste, and probably
elsewhere. Panama to southern Mexico. A stout, simple or sparsely
branched shrub, usually less than a meter high; leaves short-petiolate,
oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acute
or attenuate at each end, puberulent or pilosulous or almost glabrous;
cymes mostly 3-flowered; calyx lobes 1-2 cm. long, green; corolla tube
usually 10-16 cm. long, pilosulous, the lobes 2.5-3 cm. long; capsule
1-2 cm. long. The plant is a conspicuous and showy one when in
blossom.

MACHAONIA Humb. & Bonpl.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or pubescent, the branches terete,
often spinose; leaves opposite or ternate, petiolate or sessile; stipules

1326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

small, deltoid, acute or acuminate; flowers small, white, the inflores-
cence terminal; hypanthium turbinate, compressed; calyx 4-5-lobate,
the lobes persistent; corolla short-funnelform, the tube short, villous
in the throat, the 4-5 lobes rounded, imbricate; ovary 2-celled, the
cells 1-ovulate; fruit small, dry, laterally compressed, dicoccous, the
cocci indehiscent. — Two other species are known from Central
America, and one of them, M. acuminata Humb. & Bonpl., with
pubescent leaves, is to be expected in Costa Rica.

Machaonia rotundata Griseb. Thickets of the Atlantic coast.
Panama and Jamaica. A shrub of 3 meters or less; stipules 3-4 mm.
long; petioles 3-10 mm. long, the blades oval to broadly ovate, 5-9
cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate, rounded or
obtuse at the base, glabrous, sometimes obscurely barbate beneath
in the axils of the nerves; panicles pyramidal or rounded, 6-13 cm.
broad, the flowers densely glomerate; calyx and hypanthium 3 mm.
long, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, the calyx lobes oval-oblong to
suborbicular, rounded at the apex, ciliate; corolla 4-5 mm. long,
glabrous outside; fruit cuneate-oblong, 4.5-6 mm. long.

Machaonia rotundata var. Dodgei Standl., var. nov. — Petiolus
gracilis 7-8 mm. longus; lamina glabra elliptica vel elliptico-oblonga
4.5-6 cm. longa 2-2.8 cm. lata, apice obtusa vel rotundata atque
emarginata, interdum acuta vel acuminata, basi acuminata. — Beach
between Rio Sandalo and Rio Tigre, May, 1930, C. W. Dodge 7752
(type in Herb. Field Mus.; dupl. in herb. Mo. Bot. Card.). Note-
worthy for the small leaves, acuminate at the base and often emargi-
nate at the apex. At first I was inclined to regard it as a new species,
but the flowers appear to be identical with those of M. rotundata,
and the plant is probably better treated as a variety, for the present
at least.

MACROCNEMUM P. Br.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, the branches terete;
stipules oblong or obovate, deciduous; leaves opposite, petiolate;
flowers small or medium-sized, white or pink, in terminal or axillary
panicles; calyx cupular, 5-dentate, persistent; corolla funnelform or
salverform, the tube elongate, the 5 lobes spreading, puberulent
within, valvate or reduplicate; anthers included; ovary 2-celled,
many-ovulate; capsule oblong or subcylindric, bisulcate, loculicidally
bi valvate; seeds numerous, minute, compressed, winged. — One other
species grows in Central America, in Panama.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1327

Macrocnemum glabrescens (Benth.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV.
1: 76. 1854. Palo cuadrado. Lasionema glabrescens Benth. Bot. Voy.
Sulph. 105. 1845. Nicoya, Barclay. Thickets of the Pacific coast.
Ranging to Colombia. A tree of 10-15 meters; stipules 1-2 cm. long;
petioles 5-15 mm. long; blades obovate or obovate-elliptic, 7-20 cm.
long, 3-8 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate, rarely rounded, cuneate
or attenuate at the base, glabrous above, sparsely strigose beneath
or almost glabrous, usually sparsely barbate in the axils of the nerves;
inflorescence 6-20 cm. broad, pedunculate, the flowers sessile or
short-pedicellate; calyx teeth minute, acute; corolla pink, glabrous
outside, the tube 4-10 mm. long, the rounded lobes 4 mm. long.

MANETTIA Mutis

Plants scandent, herbaceous or suffrutescent, glabrous or pubes-
cent; stipules short, broad, persistent; leaves opposite, small, petio-
late; flowers small or large, solitary and axillary or in cymes or
panicles, white, red, or yellow; calyx usually 4-lobate, persistent,
the lobes short or elongate, broad or narrow, often alternating with
minute teeth or large lobes; corolla tubular or funnelform, the tube
short or elongate, the limb 4-lobate, the lobes usually short, erect or
recurved, valvate; anthers exserted or included; ovary 2-celled, many-
ovulate; capsule obovoid or turbinate, septicidally bivalvate from
the apex; seeds compressed, winged. — One other species has been
described from Central America.

Manettia barbata Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 47. 1852.
Lygistum barbatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 287. 1891. M. stenophylla
Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 56: 58. 1913 (in thickets, Las Vueltas,
Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 12969). Monte Aguacate, 600
meters, Oersted (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Occasional in
thickets, ascending to 2,450 meters in the region of Dota; region of
San Ramon. Endemic. Stems glabrous; leaves short-petiolate,
lance-linear to lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, narrowly long-acuminate,
acute at the base, glabrous, the lateral nerves obscure; calyx lobes 4,
oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long; corolla white, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous
outside, the lobes barbate within; capsule 4.5 mm. long.

Manettia coccinea (Aubl.) Willd. M. costaricensis Wernham,
Gen. Manettia 38. 1919 (Endres 2, without locality). Thickets of
the Atlantic tierra caliente, at 900 meters or less; Guanacaste;
region of San Ramon, 1,100 meters. Southern Mexico to West
Indies and Guianas. Stems glabrous or short-pilose; leaves lanceo-
late to ovate, 3-10 cm. long, conspicuously nerved, acute or acumi-

1328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

nate, acute or obtuse at the base, glabrous or scaberulous above,
short-pilose or glabrous beneath; calyx lobes 8, linear or oblanceolate,
5-14 mm. long, recurved; corolla 17-28 mm. long, pink or dull red,
more or less pilose outside; capsule 6-10 mm. long.

Manettia flexilis Brandegee. M. estrellae Standl. Journ. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 15: 6. 1925 (wet forest, La Estrella, Prov. Cartago,
Standley 3922 J^). Forests south of Cartago, 1,500 meters; region of
San Ramon, about 1,100 meters. Extending to Mexico, and reported
from Ecuador. Stems puberulent or villosulous; leaves ovate to
lance-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute to long-attenuate, acute or obtuse
at the base, glabrous to villosulous above, short-pilose or villosulous
beneath; calyx lobes 4, linear to lance-ovate, 1.5-4 mm. long, acute,
recurved; corolla rose-colored, glabrous or sparsely pilose, the tube
6-7 mm. long, the lobes of equal or less length; capsule 5-7 mm.
long. While I have not seen recently the type material of M. estrellae,
examination of a photograph of the type and study of the descrip-
tion lead to the conclusion that it is too close to M . flexilis to merit
specific rank.

MITRACARPUS Zucc.

Annual or perennial herbs; stipules united with the petioles to
form a setiferous sheath; leaves opposite, usually narrow; flowers
small or minute, 4-parted, in terminal or axillary heads; sepals
unequal, connate below; corolla funnelform, the lobes valvate;
stamens included or subexserted; fruit 2-celled, the cells 1-seeded,
transversely or obliquely circumscissile. — At least one other species
is known from northern Central America.

Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. In thickets or waste ground,
Meseta Central to the coasts, 1,300 meters or less. Generally dis-
tributed in tropical America. A low annual, usually less than 50 cm.
high, simple or sparsely branched, the branches puberulent or villous;
leaves subsessile, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, 2-5 cm. long;
flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils and at the ends of the
branches; corolla white, 1-2 mm. long; capsule subglobose, bisulcate,
short-pilose, scarcely 1 mm. long.

The genus Morinda probably is represented in the tierra caliente,
but I have seen no Costa Rican specimens.

NOTHOPHLEBIA Standl.

Trees, the branchlets thick, sub terete; leaves large, opposite,
petiolate, subcoriaceous, finely striate-lineolate between the veins;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1329

stipules large, elongate; flowers large, sessile or pedicellate, the
inflorescence axillary, cymose-corymbose, many-flowered, pedun-
culate; hypanthium turbinate, the calyx campanulate, subtruncate,
irregularly and very shallowly undulate-lobate, persistent; corolla
funnelform, coriaceous, the throat glabrous, the 5 lobes short, valvate;
anthers included; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit not seen but
doubtless baccate. — The genus consists of a single species, which
should perhaps be referred to Pentagonia.

Nothophlebia costaricensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
17: 438. 1914. Hills of Moin, Atlantic tierra caliente, Pittier 16024.
Known only from the original collection. A tree with a depressed
crown, the branchlets minutely sericeous or glabrate; stipules lance-
oblong, 3.5^4 cm. long, attenuate, sparsely sericeous outside, gla-
brous within; petioles 4-5.5 cm. long, the blades oval, 33 cm. long,
17 cm. wide, very obtuse, rounded and short-decurrent at the base,
glabrous above, minutely sericeous beneath along the veins or gla-
brate, the lateral nerves about 12 on each side; inflorescence many-
flowered, lax, short-pedunculate, the stout pedicels 7 mm. long or
less; hypanthium 4-5 mm. long, sericeous; calyx 4-5 mm. long and
broad, sparsely and minutely sericeous outside; corolla puberulent,
the tube 2 cm. long, gradually dilated from the base to the apex,
the lobes 4-5 mm. long.

OLDENLANDIA L.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent; leaves opposite,
sessile or petiolate, usually very small; stipules small, acute or acu-
minate, sometimes setiferous; flowers in dichotomous, axillary and
terminal panicles or cymes, or sometimes solitary; calyx 4-parted,
the lobes usually erect and remote in fruit; corolla rotate or funnel-
form, the tube short or elongate, the lobes obtuse, valvate; anthers
commonly exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule small,
globose or turbinate, loculicidally dehiscent at the apex or for the
whole length; seeds few, angulate or subglobose, smooth or minutely
granulate. — One other species occurs in northern Central America.

Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Reported from Costa Rica, prob-
ably in the Atlantic tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical
regions of both hemispheres. Annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous
except on the leaves, usually much branched; stipules with 1 or more
long setae; leaves sessile or subsessile, linear or linear-lanceolate,
1-3.5 cm. long, acute, 1-nerved, usually scaberulous above; flowers
in small, axillary cymes, the slender pedicels filiform; corolla white,

1330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx lobes; capsule subglobose,
1.5-2 mm. broad.

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) DC. Atlantic tierra caliente, in
waste ground; pastures near San Jose'. Widely distributed in the
tropics of both hemispheres. Annual, erect or procumbent, glabrous;
leaves sessile, usually linear, mostly 2-5 cm. long; flowers axillary,
usually solitary, the filiform pedicels 8-20 mm. long; corolla white,
about equaling the calyx lobes; capsule 2.5-3 mm. long.

OREGANDRA Standl.

Glabrous trees; leaves opposite, short-petiolate; stipules decidu-
ous; flowers pedicellate, in terminal, many-flowered panicles; hypan-
thium obovoid; calyx short, 5-dentate; corolla cylindric-campanulate,
the tube obconic, glabrous within, the 5 lobes short, rounded, im-
bricate; stamens inserted near the base of the corolla tube, the
glabrous filaments exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate. — The
genus consists of a single species.

Oregandra panamensis Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 265. 1929.
Talamanca Valley, Panama, Cooper & Slater 144- Doubtless extend-
ing into Costa Rica. Branchlets terete or subcompressed; petioles
1-1.5 cm. long, the blades oblong, obovate-oblong, or rarely ovate,
14-22 cm. long, 5.5-11 cm. wide, acute or abruptly short-acuminate,
acute or almost rounded at the base, the lateral nerves 8-9 on each
side; panicles 6.5-7.5 cm. long, 8-11 cm. broad, the stout pedicels
2-4 mm. long; calyx 1.5 mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. broad, remotely
5-denticulate; corolla tube 3.5 mm. long, the lobes 1.5-2 mm. long;
anthers linear, 3 mm. long. The genus probably is related to Sickingia.

PALICOUREA Aubl.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite or ternate, petiolate,
usually somewhat coriaceous; stipules persistent, small or large,
usually united below to form a short sheath, bilobate, the lobes
broad or narrow; flowers small, cymose, corymbose, or paniculate,
the panicles often thyrsiform, the inflorescence terminal, the branches
usually colored or pale; calyx small, dentate; corolla tubular, with
very short lobes, the tube commonly more or less curved and some-
what dilated on one side at the base; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-
ovulate; fruit drupaceous, commonly 2-celled, containing 2 pyrenes. —
A few other species are known from Central America. The genus is
an American one, and very large, but it is not separated from Psycho-
tria by any constant character. Nevertheless it is a convenient

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1331

group, and the species usually can be referred to the genus by their
general appearance, especially by the more or less red, yellow, or
blue coloring of the flowers, which extends to the bracts and the
branches of the inflorescence.

Leaves ternate P. triphylla.

Leaves opposite.

Inflorescence corymbiform, flat-topped, the branches erect or
strongly ascending and fastigiate; corolla glabrous or minutely
puberulent; leaves glabrous or nearly so P. fastigiata.

Inflorescence paniculate, the branches usually spreading or ascend-
ing at a rather wide angle, not fastigiate.

Leaves glabrous beneath.

Calyx 5 mm. long P. macrocalyx.

Calyx 1-3 mm. long.

Lobes of the stipules obtuse; corolla densely and minutely
tomentulose P. guianensis.

Lobes of the stipules acute to subulate; corolla not tomen-
tulose; leaves small, most of them 2.5 cm. wide or
narrower.

Calyx lobes 1.5-2.5 mm. long, oblong to spatulate,
rounded at the apex; lobes of the stipules 1.5-2.5 mm.
long P. salicifolia.

Calyx lobes less than 1 mm. long, obtuse or acute; lobes of
the stipules about 1 mm. long P. montivaga.

Leaves variously pubescent beneath, at least along the nerves
and costa.

Corolla glabrous outside.

Calyx lobes conspicuous, 2.5-3 mm. long ... P. macrosepala.
Calyx lobes inconspicuous, scarcely 1 mm. long.

Leaves only 4-6 cm. long; corolla 8 mm. long, violet.

P. adusta.

Leaves mostly more than 10 cm. long; corolla more than
1 cm. long, yellow P. Galeottiana.

Corolla puberulent to villous, sometimes only sparsely hir-
tellous at the apex.

Lateral nerves of the leaves about 20 pairs P. vestita.

Lateral nerves mostly 15 or fewer pairs.

1332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Leaves narrowly elongate-lanceolate; corolla merely

puberulent P. angustifolia.

Leaves elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong; corolla hir-

tellous or villous.
Corolla very sparsely hirtellous, usually only near the

apex P. costaricensis.

Corolla densely short-villous with spreading or ap-
pressed hairs P. lasiorrhachis.

Palicourea adusta Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 279.
1928. Wet forest, Cerro de Las Vueltas, Prov. San Jose", 3,000
meters, Standley & Valeria 43666. Occasional in forests of the central
mountains; region of San Ramon and Zarcero; mostly at 1,800-3,000
meters. Endemic. Sometimes a low, decumbent shrub a meter high
or less, but reported also as a tree of 5.5 meters, with a trunk 20 cm.
in diameter, the bark brown, slightly roughened, the branchlets
sparsely pilose or glabrous; stipule lobes linear, acute, 1-2.5 mm.
long; leaves slender-petiolate, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, mostly 4-6
cm. long and 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, but sometimes as much as 3.5 cm.
wide, gradually or abruptly acuminate or long-acuminate, obtuse or
acute at the base, when young pubescent beneath with short, ap-
pressed or spreading hairs, but in age almost completely glabrous;
inflorescences cymose-paniculate, sparsely branched, almost as broad
as long, the branches puberulent or glabrous; calyx lobes scarcely
1 mm. long, triangular, acute to obtuse; corolla violet, 8 mm. long,
glabrous. Noteworthy for the violet flowers. It is possible that two
species are represented by the material now referred to this species.

Palicourea angustifolia HBK. P. lanceolata Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 17. 1852 (Candelaria, 2,100 meters, Oersted 11556;
photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). P. intermedia Oerst. ex Polak.
Linnaea 41: 571. 1877 (forests of La Carpintera, Polakowsky 143;
photo, in Herb. Field Mus.). Occasional in forests of the Central
region, especially near Cartago; region of Dota; chiefly at 1,400-1,800
meters. Extending to Peru. A slender shrub or small tree, the young
branches usually densely puberulent; stipule sheath 4-6 mm. long,
the lobes erect, subulate, equaling or longer than the sheath; leaves
on very short petioles, mostly elongate-lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long,
long-attenuate, obtuse or acute at the base, puberulent or pilose
beneath, at least along the nerves; panicles pedunculate, narrow,
thyrsiform, the branches pilose or puberulent; calyx very small,
acutely dentate; corolla 10-15 mm. long, puberulent or short-pilose,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1333

purple or purplish; fruit 4-5 mm. long, purple-black. P. angustifolia
is a widely ranging species that exhibits considerable variation, and
there is no apparent reason why the two names based on Costa
Rican material should not be referred to its synonymy. The species
is well marked by its long and exceptionally narrow leaves.

Palicourea Austin-Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Arbuscula 4-
metralis, trunco 9 cm. diam., praeter inflorescentiam omnino gla-
bra, ramis gracilibus, vetustioribus ochraceis vel brunneis, novellis
viridibus, internodiis breviusculis; stipulae 3-4 mm. longae virides
ad medium vel profundius lobatae, lobis approximatis erectis tri-
angularibus acutis vel acuminatis; folia inter minora breviter
petiolata firme membranacea, petiolo 8-12 mm. longo; lamina
lineari-lanceolata vel anguste oblongo-lanceolata 7.5-12 cm. longa,
1.3-2.3 cm. lata longissime anguste attenuata, basin angustatam
versus sensim attenuata, supra viridis vix lucida, costa nervisque
prominentibus, subtus fere concolor, costa gracili elevata, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 17 arcuatis angulo fere recto diver-
gentibus tenerrimis; inflorescentia terminalis sessilis late cymoso-
paniculata, ca. 7 cm. longa atque 7 cm. lata, ramis oppositis late
divergentibus basi bracteatis sparsissime minute pilosulis, bracteis
linearibus viridibus usque 5 mm. longis, floribus in cymulas pau-
cifloras laxas dispositis, pedicellis crassiusculis usque 7 mm. longis
ut videtur viridibus; hypanthium basi articulatum latum ca. 1 mm.
longum; calycis lobi virides erecti triangulari-ovati obtusi vel
acutiusculi 2 mm. longi; corolla alba extus glabra usque 15 mm.
longa, tubo crasso ima basi paullo uno latere dilatato fauce ca. 4
mm. lato, lobis triangulari-ovatis obtusis ca. 5 mm. longis; antherae
subexsertae; fructus didymo-globosus 5-6 mm. altus. — Palmira,
Prov. Alajuela, 2,300 meters, August, 1938, Austin Smith H1034-
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). "Bark pale brown, shallowly striated;
leaves highly polished and shining on the upper surface." Material
of this species was received too recently to permit its inclusion in
the key to species. It is well marked by the long and narrow leaves,
and the relatively large, white corolla.

Palicourea Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex metralis sparse
ramosus, ramulis crassis obtuse tetragonis glabris, internodiis elon-
gatis; vagina stipularis 5 mm. longa et aequilata truncata glabra,
lobis remotis erectis subulato-linearibus aequilongis vel paullo longi-
oribus; folia magna petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo crasso glabro 1.5-2
cm. longo; lamina obovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica 9.5-17 cm.

1334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

longa 4-8 cm. lata abrupte acuta vel breviter acuminata, basi acuta
vel acuminata, glabra, costa nervisque supra prominentibus, costa
subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 20 promi-
nentibus gracillimis valde arcuatis angulo fere recto abeuntibus,
venulis prominulis laxiuscule reticulatis; inflorescentia thyrsoideo-
paniculata erecta dense multiflora 8-10 cm. longa basi ca. 6 cm. lata
crasse 3-5 cm. longe pedunculata, ramis brevibus paten tibus crassis
densiuscule breviter patenti-pilosis, bracteis inconspicuis lineari-
lanceolatis usque 6 mm. longis, floribus plerumque breviter peticel-
latis; hypanthium basi cum pedicello articulatum vix ultra 1 mm.
longum crassum puberulum, calyce ca. 1.5 mm. longo profunde
lobato, lobis latis obtusis; corolla caerulea extus praesertim ad lobos
dense breviter subadpresso-pilosa, tubo crasso 8 mm. longo, lobis
subpatentibus oblongis 3 mm. longis; stylus breviter exsertus.—
Palmira del Naranjo, in forest, 1,850 meters, April, l92l,Brenes 3512
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). Palmira, on high, clay ridge, 1,800
meters, September, 1937, Austin Smith A331 .

Palicourea costaricensis Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 38. 1852. Volcan de Barba and Cerros de Candelaria, Oersted
(photo, of type, Oersted 11540, in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent
in mountain forests of the central region, chiefly at 1,500-2,500
meters; region of San Ramon. Panama. A stout shrub of 2-3
meters, the branches usually villous, at least at first; stipule sheath
short, the lobes linear-subulate, equaling or often longer than the
tube, 3-5 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, rigid, mostly elliptic-
oblong or obovate-oblong and 3-4 cm. wide, acuminate, acute at
the base, beneath pilose, at least along the nerves; inflorescence
narrowly or broadly paniculate, many-flowered, villosulous or pilose,
pale yellow; hypanthium pilosulous or glabrous; calyx lobes usually
puberulent, scarcely more than 1 mm. long; corolla yellow, 12 mm.
long or less, hirtellous or pilosulous, chiefly on the lobes, or often
almost glabrous. The species is a rather vaguely marked one, and
should perhaps be included with P. Galeottiana.

Palicourea discolor Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119: 40.
1916. Cafias Gordas, 1,100 meters, Pittier 11161 (photo, of type
in Herb. Field Mus.). Known only from the original material.
Branchlets glabrous; stipule sheath 5-6 mm. long, the lobes linear,
of equal length; leaves large, long-petiolate, glabrous, oblong-elliptic
to oblong-obovate, 18-25 cm. long, 9-11 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
cuneate-acute at the base, the lateral nerves 18-22 on each side;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1335

panicles long-pedunculate, about 18 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, rather
lax and many-flowered, the flowers short-pedicellate; calyx lobes 1.5
mm. long or less, ovate, acute; corolla tube 8-9 mm. long.

Palicourea fastigiata Benth. Thickets or forest of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Extending to Amazonian Brazil. A slender shrub
about 2 meters high, almost glabrous; stipules 5 mm. long or less,
the broad lobes obtuse or acute; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-
elliptic to oblong-ovate, small or medium-sized, thin, blackening
when dried, acuminate, usually acute at the base, glabrous; inflores-
cence long-pedunculate, small, very dense, fastigiately branched,
flat- topped, the branches suberect, usually puberulent, the flowers
slender-pedicellate; calyx lobes minute, ovate or rounded; corolla
yellow, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, purple-black.

Palicourea Galeottiana Martens. Frequent in mountain
forests of the central region; regions of Dota and San Ramon; 1,000-
2,000 meters. Extending to southern Mexico. A shrub or small
tree of 2^4.5 meters, the young branches usually glabrous; stipules
short, the lobes short or elongate, narrowly triangular to subulate,
often much shorter than the tube; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or
elliptic-oblong, 7-20 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base, usually
almost glabrous but more or less pilose at least along the costa;
panicles usually almost as broad as long, the branches yellow or pale
red; calyx lobes scarcely 1 mm. long; corolla pale yellow, commonly
1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous; fruit purple-black, about 5 mm. long.

Palicourea guianensis Aubl. Forests and thickets of the tierra
caliente; Cerro de Aguacate. Widely distributed in tropical America.
A shrub or small tree, rarely more than 4 meters high, almost
glabrous; stipules 8-10 mm. long; leaves large, short-petiolate,
elliptic-oblong to ovate or elliptic, mostly 15-25 cm. long and 7-11
cm. wide, acuminate, acute to almost rounded at the base, glabrous
or nearly so; panicles large, dense, many-flowered, thyrsoid or
pyramidal, the numerous stout branches ascending or spreading,
glabrous or puberulent, the flowers pedicellate; calyx lobes minute,
deltoid, acute or obtuse; corolla yellow or orange-red, 10-18 mm. long,
usually densely furfuraceous-tomentellous; fruit ovoid, 4-5 mm. long.

Palicourea lasiorrhachis Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 39.
1852. Zorrillo amarillo. Cerros de Candelaria, Oersted 11557 (photo,
of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in mountain forests of the
central region, 1,000-2,500 meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic.

1336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

A shrub of 2-3.5 meters, the young branches pilose or villosulous;
stipular sheath truncate, the linear-subulate, erect lobes usually
much longer; leaves slender-petiolate, elliptic-oblong or obovate-
oblong, mostly 10-15 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base, con-
spicuously nerved, glabrous above or nearly so, beneath rather
densely pilose or villosulous over almost the whole surface or some-
times glabrate; panicles thyrsiform or narrowly pyramidal, many-
flowered, pedunculate, villosulous, yellowish; calyx lobes less than
1 mm. long; corolla yellow, about 1 cm. long, slender, villosulous
or puberulent outside.

Palicourea macrocalyx Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:

278. 1928. Wet forest, Cerro de Las Lajas, north of San Isidro,
Prov. Heredia, 2,200 meters, Standley & Valeria 51611. Also at
La Palma de San Ramon, collected by Brenes. Endemic. A shrub
of 2 meters, glabrous throughout; stipules 6-9 mm. long, the lobes
triangular-oblong, longer than the sheath; leaves slender-petiolate,
oblong-elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, abruptly short-acu-
minate, obtuse or acute at the base; panicle much branched, dense,
pedunculate, about 6 cm. long and broad, the pedicels 4-6 mm.
long; calyx pale yellow, 5 mm. long, the lobes ovate or lanceolate,
conspicuously 3-nerved; corolla pale yellow, the tube 9 mm. long,
the lobes 2-5 mm. long.

Palicourea macrosepala Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119:
41. 1916. In forest, Alto del Pito, 1,000 meters, Tonduz 7704 (photo,
of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Region of San Ramon, at 1,300 meters
or less. Endemic. A shrub of 1.5-3 meters, the branches glabrous
or nearly so; stipule sheath short, the lobes linear, erect, longer than
the sheath; leaves slender-petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong,
10-25 cm. long, narrow-acuminate, acute or acuminate at the base,
sparsely pilose beneath along the nerves; panicles many-flowered,
pedunculate, 25 cm. long or less, usually thyrsiform, the branches
glabrous or nearly so; calyx lobes ovate, subacute, 2.5-3 mm. long,
usually recurved in age; corolla white or purplish, the tube 5-7
mm. long.

Palicourea montivaga Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:

279. 1928. Wet forest, Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Prov.
Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 49850. Occasional in
mountain forests of the central region, 1,800-2,900 meters. Endemic.
A dense, slender shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters, the branches glabrous;
stipule lobes less than 1 mm. long, the sheath longer; leaves small,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1337

slender-petiolate, lance-oblong, mostly 6-7 cm. long, long-acuminate,
acute at the base, glabrous; inflorescence about as broad as long,
rather lax, many-flowered, the pedicels 2.5 mm. long or less, the
branches minutely puberulent or glabrous; calyx 0.6 mm. long;
corolla yellow or greenish yellow, glabrous, the tube 7 mm. long.

Uragoga pulchra var. irazuensis Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 300.
1891), described from Costa Rica, probably is a species of Palicourea,
but its position is altogether doubtful at present.

Palicourea salicifolia Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
280. 1928. Wet forest, Laguna de La Chonta, northeast of Santa
Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 2,000 meters, Standley 42174. Type
region, at 2,000-2,400 meters; perhaps also in the region of San
Ramon. Endemic. A slender shrub of 1.5-3.5 meters, glabrous
throughout; stipule lobes linear, 1.5-2.5 mm. long; leaves short-
petiolate, narrowly oblong to elliptic-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, long-
acuminate, acute to attenuate at the base; inflorescence 4 cm. long
and often much broader, many-flowered, pedunculate, the bracts
rather conspicuous, green, 7 mm. long or less, usually obtuse, the
pedicels 1 cm. long or less; calyx 1.5-2 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. broad.
The plant may be better referable to Psychotria, the corolla being
unknown.

Palicourea subrubra Polak. Linnaea 41: 571. 1877. Cerro de
La Carpintera, Polakowsky 200A (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Frequent in mountain forests of the central region; regions of Dota
and San Ramon; 1,000-2,200 meters. Panama. A shrub or small
tree, 4 meters high or less, glabrous; stipule sheath short, the lobes
linear or subulate, equaling or longer than the sheath; leaves short-
petiolate, oblong or elliptic-oblong, mostly 10-15 cm. long, narrow-
acuminate, acute or subacute at the base; panicles rather large,
usually thyrsoid-pyramidal, dense and many-flowered, the branches
orange-yellow; calyx lobes minute; corolla yellow, 8 mm. long or less.

Palicourea triphylla DC. Thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente,
ascending to Villa Colon, at 1,300 meters. British Honduras to Peru.
A shrub about a meter high, or sometimes larger, the branches terete,
glabrous or puberulent; stipule lobes linear-attenuate, 6 mm. long;
leaves ternate, subsessile, oblong or lance-oblong, large, long-acumi-
nate, puberulent, especially beneath, or finally glabrate; inflorescence
long-pedunculate, narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, dense and many-
flowered; calyx lobes obtuse; corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. long, fur-
furaceous-puberulent; fruit black.

1338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Palicourea vestita Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 277.
1928. Wet oak forest near Quebradillas, about 7 km. north of Santa
Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 1,800 meters, Standley 42909. Col-
lected also in the region of Navarro, 1,500 meters. Endemic. A
shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters, the branches densely villous; stipular sheath
5 mm. long, the lobes linear, 5-7 mm. long; leaves petiolate, lance-
oblong or obovate-oblong, 10-18 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate
or long-acuminate, narrowed to the acute or obtuse base, short-
villous above along the costa, densely villous beneath on the nerves,
the nerves conspicuously elevated; panicles narrowly pyramidal or
thyrsiform, 7-9 cm. long or larger, many-flowered, the branches
densely villous; calyx lobes 1 mm. long; corolla yellow, 1 cm. long,
pilose; fruit blue, 5 mm. long, pilose.

PENTAGONIA Benth.

Shrubs or small trees, simple or branched, the branchlets terete
or obtusely tetragonous; leaves very large, opposite, sessile or petio-
late, usually coriaceous, entire or pinnatifid, finely lineolate-striate
between the veins; stipules large, elongate; inflorescence axillary,
sessile or pedunculate, cymose-corymbose, with few or many flowers,
the large flowers red or yellow; hypanthium turbinate or campanu-
late; calyx spathaceous or 5-6-lobate, persistent, coriaceous, the
lobes equal or unequal, obtuse; corolla coriaceous, funnelform or
tubular, the throat glabrous, the 5-6 lobes short, valvate; anthers
included; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit baccate, subglobose;
seeds numerous, angulate. — Several other species are native in
Panama. The genus is one of the most interesting or outstanding of
the family, noteworthy for the very large leaves, which are deeply
pinnatifid in several species. They are notable also for the curious
striation of the leaf tissue, which has been compared with that of
moire or watered silk. The leaves, bracts, and stipules often are
handsomely colored with red.

Pentagonia Alfaroana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 171.
1927. Watsonamra Alfaroana Standl. op. cit. 15: 287. 1925. Moist
forest along the Rio Grande de Tarcoles, near Capulin, Pacific coast,
80 meters, Standley 40194- Known only from the type region. A
simple shrub 1-1.5 meters high; stipules 5 cm. long; leaves petiolate,
the blades 40-50 cm. long, about 40 cm. wide, sparsely sericeous,
especially when young, pinnatifid two-thirds the distance to the
costa, the segments again pinnatifid; cymes few-flowered, sessile or

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1339

nearly so; fruit globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter; calyx in fruit 2 cm.
long, the lobes oblong.

Pentagonia Donnell-Smithii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
17: 170. 1927. Watsonamra Donnell-Smithii Standl. Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 17: 442. 1914. Near La Emilia, Llanuras de Santa Clara,
250 meters, J. D. Smith 6590. Frequent in forests of the Atlantic
tierra caliente; Atlantic slope of the mountains of Guanacaste.
Ranging to Honduras. A shrub or tree, sometimes 7.5 meters high,
simple or branched; stipules ovate, 5 cm. long; petioles 9-11 cm. long;
blades oval or obovate-elliptic, about 45 cm. long and 30 cm. wide,
or often larger or smaller, entire, obtuse or acute, obtuse or acute at
the base, almost glabrous; calyx 12-15 mm. long, the lobes oval or
oblong; corolla yellow, sericeous outside, the tube 2.5 cm. long, the
lobes 6-7 mm. long; fruit globose, 2.5 cm. in diameter. In all proba-
bility, this should be reduced to synonymy under P. macrophylla
Benth., a species of Panama.

Pentagonia hirsuta Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 165.
1928. Forests above Tsaki, Talamanca, 500 meters, Tonduz 9415.
Known only from the original collection. Young branches hirsute;
leaves sessile, broadly obovate, about 60 cm. long and 27 cm. wide,
narrowed to the short-acuminate apex, attenuate to a narrow, cor-
date-clasping base, entire, hirsute on both surfaces; hypanthium
densely hirsute; calyx 2.5 cm. long, hirsute.

Pentagonia Wendlandi Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 5230. 1861.
Watsonamra Wendlandi Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 302. 1891. Described
from Central American plants of uncertain origin, probably from
Costa Rica or Panama. Occurring in the Changuinola Valley,
on the border between the two countries; collected also at La Colom-
biana. A shrub or small tree, simple or branched, the branchlets
glabrate; leaves subsessile, oblong-obovate, very large, usually more
than 60 cm. long, acutish, narrowed to the narrowly rounded or
obtuse base, almost glabrous; calyx sericeous outside, the lobes oval
or suborbicular, about as long as the tube; corolla yellow, the tube
2.5 cm. long, the lobes obtuse, erect.

POGONOPUS Klotzsch

Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, petiolate, the blades large,
membranaceous; stipules small, cuspidate, tardily deciduous; flowers
showy, pedicellate, in small cymes, these disposed in lax, terminal
panicles; hypanthium turbinate; calyx short, 5-dentate, deciduous,

1340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

one of the lobes expanded into a large, foliaceous, bright-colored
limb; corolla tubular, villous in the throat, the short limb 5-lobate,
the lobes valvate; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate;
capsule loculicidally bi valvate; seeds horizontal. — A single species
is found in Central America.

Pogonopus speciosus (Jacq.) Schum. Macrocnemum exsertum
Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 45. 1852 (Jaris, 900 meters, Oersted).
P. exsertus Oerst. AmeY. Centr. 17. 1863. Guanacaste. Southern
Mexico to Venezuela. A shrub or tree, 10 meters high or less;
stipules 3-5 mm. long; leaves obovate to oval-obovate, mostly 10-
20 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, acute to long-attenuate at the base,
sparsely or densely puberulent beneath; pedicels sometimes 1 cm.
long; calyx 1 mm. high, the dilated lobe petiolate, rounded-ovate,
1-5 cm. long, rounded to acute at the apex, purple-red; capsule 5-7
mm. long. A showy and handsome tree because of the brightly
colored, enlarged calyx lobes.

POSOQUERIA Aubl.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, the branchlets terete;
leaves opposite, petiolate, coriaceous; stipules large, deciduous;
flowers large, white, in terminal corymbs; calyx short, 5-dentate,
persistent; corolla tube slender and much elongate, the limb gibbous
in bud, 5-lobate, the lobes obtuse, contorted; anthers exserted;
ovary 1-2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit baccate, large, globose or ovoid,
1-2-celled; seeds large, obtusely angulate. — No other species are
known from Central America.

Posoqueria grandiflora Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
166. 1928. Wet thicket at Hamburg Finca, Rio Reventazon below
El Cairo, Prov. Limon, 55 meters, Standley & Valeria 48706. Region
of the type. Also in Panama. A shrub of 3-5 meters, the branchlets
puberulent or scaberulous; stipules obtuse, almost 2 cm. long; leaves
short-petiolate, rounded-ovate to broadly elliptic or oblong-elliptic,
13-36 cm. long, 8-21 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex or
abruptly short-acuminate, broadly rounded to acute at the base,
glabrous above, densely and minutely pubescent beneath; calyx
4 mm. long, shallowly lobate; corolla glabrous outside, the tube 19-22
cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, the oblong lobes rounded at the apex, 3.5-
4 cm. long; fruit globose, 7 cm. in diameter. Called Wild Coffee by
the West Indians of the banana plantations.

Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. Fruta de mono,
Guayabo de mico. Frequent in thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1341

Guanacaste. Southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil. A shrub or
tree of 3-6 meters, glabrous throughout; stipules 8-15 mm. long;
leaf blades oval to oblong, 10-25 cm. long, 4-13 cm. wide, acute
or short-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the base; corolla tube
12.5-16.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, the lobes 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
fruit globose, yellow, 4-5 cm. in diameter. The flowers are fragrant.
When in blossom, the tree is a handsome and conspicuous one.

PSYCHOTRIA L.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely low and merely suffrutescent plants,
sometimes epiphytic; stipules persistent, then usually bilobate, or
caducous and then commonly entire; leaves opposite; inflores-
cence generally terminal, sometimes axillary, variable in form, very
rarely headlike and then not or scarcely involucrate, never with a
showy involucre of partially united bracts, the flowers mostly small
and inconspicuous and white or yellowish; calyx lobes more or less
united, short or elongate, sometimes obsolete; corolla short or elon-
gate, the tube straight, often barbate in the throat, the lobes valvate;
stamens included or exserted; ovary 2-celled, or very rarely 5-celled;
fruit baccate, containing normally 2 nutlets. — A rather large number
of other species is found in Central America. The genus is the
largest and most complicated of the American Rubiaceae, and is
represented abundantly also in tropical regions of the other con-
tinents. There are no really definite lines of separation between
Psychotria, Palicourea, and Cephaelis, but all these genera are large
ones, and in so complicated a group of plants it is convenient to
recognize them.

Inflorescence axillary; stems mostly simple and low, commonly

herbaceous or only suffrutescent.
Inflorescences capitate.

Leaves very obtuse or rounded at the apex, hirsute beneath.

P. polyphlebia.

Leaves acute or acuminate, not at all hirsute P. emetica.

Inflorescences cymose-paniculate, open.

Leaves densely villous or villosulous beneath — P. Siggersiana.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

Inflorescence sessile or subsessile P. Tonduzii.

Inflorescences long-pedunculate.

Leaves carnose, pale beneath; fruit red P. uliginosa.

Leaves membranaceous, green beneath; fruit white.

P. macrophylla.

1342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Inflorescences normally terminal, a few sometimes axillary; shrubs

or small trees, usually much branched.

A. Stipules caducous, entire or nearly so, brown or ferruginous;
plants generally blackening when dried. Subgenus Mapouria.

Leaf blades cordate at the base P. Wendlandiana.

Leaf blades acute to rounded at the base.

Young branches densely pilose or villosulous with long or
short hairs.

Leaves small, 3.5 cm. long or less P. parvifolia.

Leaves large, 7-12 cm. long or more.

Inflorescence sessile or nearly so; leaves densely puberu-

lent beneath P. psychotriaefolia.

Inflorescence long-pedunculate; leaves almost glabrous.

P. Jimenezii.
Young branches glabrous or nearly so, sometimes minutely

puberulent.

Flowers glomerate, the glomerules spicate, the spikes panic-
ulate; leaf blades long-attenuate to the base . . P. viridis.
Flowers glomerulate or scattered, but not in spicate glom-
erules.
Flowers in small, solitary, sessile heads subtended by

large, brown, membranous bracts P. chagrensis.

Flowers not capitate.
Calyx deeply lobate, the lobes lance-linear.

P. horizontalis.
Calyx shallowly dentate, the teeth broad.

Flowers all or chiefly on short or elongate pedicels.
Leaves essentially sessile, the petioles broadly

marginate to the base P. orosiana.

Leaves conspicuously petiolate.
Panicles long-pedunculate.

Branches of the panicle puberulent; flowers

short-pedicellate P. sylvivaga.

Branches of the panicle glabrous; flowers long-
pedicellate P. marginata.

Panicles sessile or nearly so.
Stipules mostly 3-4.5 cm. long.

P. grandistipula.
Stipules mostly less than 1 cm. long.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1343

Leaf blades 3-4 cm. wide. P. sarapiquensis.
Leaf blades mostly 8-10 cm. wide.

P. limonensis.
Flowers all sessile or nearly so.

Leaf blades all or mostly less than 3.5 cm. long.

P. graciliflora.
Leaf blades much larger.

Base of the leaf blade sharply differentiated
from the petiole, narrowed to an obtuse or
subacute base, the petiole scarcely 5 mm.

long P. quinqueradiata.

Base of the leaf blade gradually narrowed into
the elongate petiole.

Panicles pedunculate P. carthaginensis.

Panicles sessile or nearly so.
Leaves 8-12 cm. wide; panicles large and

open P. magna.

Leaves less than 7 cm. wide; panicles small

and dense P. granadensis.

AA. Stipules persistent, usually green or greenish, variable in
form, most often deeply bilobate or connate into a truncate
sheath which is produced into short or elongate lobes.
Fruit 5-celled ; leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate,
decurrent at the base, glabrous or nearly so ... P. racemosa.
Fruit 2-celled.

Plants epiphytic; leaves thick and fleshy, glabrous; stipules

very short, with obtuse lobes, these usually caducous.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. wide or less. ... P. Maxonii.

Leaves much broader and larger.

Leaf blades 2-3.5 cm. wide, the nerves prominent

beneath P. pithecobia.

Leaf blades 6-15 mm. wide, the nerves obsolete.

P. orchidearum.

Plants terrestrial; leaves not fleshy; stipule lobes usually
persistent and most often acute to subulate.

Inflorescence composed of one or more dense heads sub-
tended by large, often brightly colored bracts, the
heads large or small; bracts of the small heads at least
longer than the calyx.

1344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Flower heads few or numerous, more than one.

Inflorescence cymose, the heads 1.5 cm. or more in

diameter P. chiapensis..

Inflorescence pyramidal-paniculate, the heads less than

1 cm. in diameter P. brachiata.

Flower heads solitary at the ends of the branches.

Peduncles glabrous P. ramonensis.

Peduncles pilose or puberulent.
Larger bracts 2-4, very unequal, long-attenuate.

P. involucrata.

Larger bracts numerous, subequal, obtuse or sub-
acute P. suerrensis.

Inflorescence usually open, never with large or colored or
green, conspicuous bracts, never of heads subtended by
broad or elongate bracts.
Branches densely pilose or hirsute with long or short

hairs; calyx dentate.

Leaves abundantly hirsute on the upper surface.
Inflorescence lax and openly branched . P. Brenesii.

Inflorescence dense and small, the branches very
short P. costaricensis.

Leaves not hirsute on the upper surface.

Corolla 12 mm. long or more; stipules entire.

P. hondensis.
Corolla 7 mm. long or less; stipules bilobate.

Corolla glabrous; leaves mostly 8-10 cm. wide.

P. Mortoniana.
Corolla puberulent or pilose; leaves narrower.

Branches conspicuously constricted at the nodes
when dry; inflorescence dense and compact,
the branches all very short. . .P. hebeclada.

Branches not contracted at the nodes when
dried; inflorescence open, the lower branches
elongate.

Pubescence of the lower leaf surface of long,
closely appressed hairs P. Pittieri.

Pubescence of the lower leaf surface of minute,
spreading hairs P. dispersa.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1345

Branches glabrous or puberulent; calyx sometimes
truncate.

Stipules large, entire, often 2 cm. long P. grandis.

Stipules less (usually much less) than 1 cm. long.
Calyx truncate.
Stipule lobes caducous, membranous; calyx 1 mm.

long or more P. microdon.

Stipule lobes persistent, stiff, subulate; calyx

scarcely 0.5 mm. long.
Branches of the panicle erect or strongly

ascending P. Valeriana.

Branches of the panicle spreading or somewhat

reflexed P. cuspidata.

Calyx evidently dentate.

Inflorescence capitate P. haematocarpa.

Inflorescence not capitate.
Inflorescence cymose-umbellate, compact, sub-
globose, 2-4.5 cm. broad, the primary
branches only 4-7 mm. long . . P. Alfaroana.

Inflorescence not cymose-umbellate, commonly
paniculate or corymbiform.

Lowest branches of the inflorescence not
bracteate at the base, the inflorescence
narrow, thyrsoid, the branches often

reflexed P. patens.

Lowest branches of the panicle bracteate at

the base.

Branches of the inflorescence densely short-
pilose.
Inflorescence corymbiform . P. pubescens.

Inflorescence typically pyramidal-panicu-
late P. Berteriana.

Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or
very minutely puberulent.

Leaves lance-linear, 9-16 cm. long, 1.5-
2.5 cm. wide P. Torresiana.

Leaves relatively broader, oblong-lanceo-
late to elliptic.

1346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Inflorescence open-paniculate; leaves
mostly 1.5-2.5 cm. wide.

P. Goldmanii.

Inflorescence corymbiform; the leaves
mostly 4-7 cm. wide . P. eurycarpa.

Psychotria Alfaroana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 273.
1928. Wet forest, El Arenal, Guanacaste, 500 meters, Standley &
Valeria 4-5179. Mountains of Guanacaste, 500-700 meters; Pejivalle,
at 900 meters. Endemic. An erect shrub of 30-60 cm., usually
simple but sometimes sparsely branched; stipules 8-18 mm. long,
oblong-ovate, cleft to below the middle, the lobes linear; petioles 1-2
cm. long, the blades obovate-oblong to elliptic, 12-25 cm. long,
4-9 cm. wide, acute or abruptly acute, usually long-attenuate to the
base, glabrous or nearly so; inflorescence terminal, cymose-umbellate,
the primary branches several, 4-7 mm. long, sordid-puberulent or
glabrate, the pedicels 2-4 mm. long, the inflorescence pedunculate,
subglobose, in fruit 2-4.5 cm. broad; fruit red, 8-10 mm. long.

Psychotria Berteriana DC. P. angustiflora Krause, Bot. Jahrb.
54: Beibl. 119: 43. 1916 (Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 600-700 meters,
Tonduz 12996; photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Forests of the
Atlantic tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; at 1,200 meters or less.
West Indies. A slender shrub of 2-4.5 meters, the branches glabrous
or minutely puberulent; stipules persistent, broad, shallowly bilobate;
leaves petiolate, membranaceous, lance-oblong or oblong-ovate,
15-18 cm. long and 5-6.5 cm. wide, or often smaller, long-acuminate,
rounded to acute at the base and usually abruptly decurrent, sparsely
villosulous beneath or often almost glabrous; panicles terminal,
large and broad, usually long-pedunculate, lax, and open, generally
pyramidal, as much as 16 cm. long and broad but often much smaller,
the branches densely short-pilose, the flowers mostly short-pedicellate;
calyx minute and remotely dentate; corolla greenish yellow, minutely
pilose or almost glabrous, 10 mm. long or less. P. crebrinervia Standl.,
described from Honduras, to which Costa Rican material has been
referred, probably is synonymous with P. Berteriana.

Psychotria brachiata Swartz. Atlantic tierra caliente. Mexico
to Peru. A shrub of 4 meters or less, the branches glabrous; stipules
persistent, short, bilobate, the lobes obtuse or rounded; leaves
petiolate, oblong-obovate to oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate, acute
or attenuate at the base, glabrous or nearly so, often pilose beneath
on the costa; inflorescence terminal, long-pedunculate, thyrsoid-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1347

paniculate or racemose, the opposite branches divaricate, subtended
at the base by long, narrow bracts, the flowers in small, dense, many-
bracteate heads; corolla white or ochroleucous; fruit blue.

Psychotria Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex 2-3-metralis
ramosus, ramis obtuse tetragonis crassis densissime pilis perlongis
paten tibus sordidis pilosis, internodiis brevibus; stipulae persistentes
1 cm. longae et ultra breviter bilobae, lobis acutis vel acuminatis,
longipilosae vel glabratae; folia majuscula petiolata membranacea,
petiolo crassiusculo 1.5-3.5 cm. longo dense longipiloso; lamina
oblongo-obovata 11-19 cm. longa 5-8 cm. lata cuspidato-acuminata,
basi acuta, supra dense pilis longissimis laxis pilosa, subtus paullo
pallidior ubique longipilosa, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere ca. 18 teneris prominentibus arcuatis obliquis, venis
laxe reticulatis; inflorescentia terminals sessilis atque basi tricho-
toma laxa ca. 10 cm. longa atque aequilata, ramis primariis usque
5 cm. longis dense pilosis, floribus cymosis sessilibus vel breviter
pedicellatis, in cymas paucifloras laxe cymose dispositis, ramis basi
bracteatis, bracteis angustis usque 7 mm. longis pilosis; calyx cum
hypanthio usque 5 mm. longus ubique dense pilis longis laxis patenti-
bus indutus, profunde lobatus; corolla lutea ca. 12 mm. longa,
densissime pilis longis patentibus pilosa, lobis brevibus intus glabris.
—Los Angeles de San Ramon, Cerros de La Balsa, March, 1928,
Brenes 6050 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Wet forest, Cerros de San
Antonio de San Ramon, 1,100-1,200 meters, Brenes 5648. Related
to P. costaricensis, but conspicuously different in the form and details
of the inflorescence.

Psychotria carthaginensis Jacq. Forests and thickets of the
tierra caliente, especially of the Pacific; region of San Ramon; Guana-
caste; at 900 meters or less. Widely distributed in tropical America.
An almost glabrous shrub of 1-3 meters; stipules large and thin,
obovate, obtuse, brownish, caducous; leaves short-petiolate, lance-
elliptic to oblong-obovate, usually broadest at or above the middle,
acute or acuminate, acute to attenuate at the base, puberulent
beneath along the nerves or glabrate; inflorescence pedunculate,
terminal, paniculate, open, usually radiate-branched from the base,
many-flowered, the minute bracts deciduous; flowers mostly sessile
and glomerate; calyx obsoletely dentate; corolla white, glabrous or
minutely puberulent, 4 mm. long; fruit at first yellow, turning red,
4 mm. long.

Psychotria chagrensis Standl. In forest, region of El Cairo,
Atlantic coast. Panama to Nicaragua. A dense shrub of 1-2 meters,

1348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the slender branches glabrous; stipules 8-10 mm. long, triangular-
ovate, long-cuspidate, thin, brown, caducous; petioles 4-12 mm. long,
the blades elliptic-obovate, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, abruptly
acute-acuminate, cuneately decurrent to the base, glabrous; flowers
in few-flowered, terminal heads, the head surrounded by bracts
similar to the stipules, the flowers sessile; calyx lobes linear; corolla
white, glabrous outside, villous in the throat, the tube 4 mm. long;
fruit 5 mm. long.

Psychotria chiapensis Standl. Cephaelis tetragona Donn.
Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61 : 376. 1916, non Psychotria tetragona Seem. 1865-
67 (Tuis, Tonduz 11352). Thickets and forest of the tierra caliente.
Panama to southern Mexico. A shrub or sometimes a small tree
with a dense, rounded crown, the branches glabrous or obscurely
villosulous; stipules persistent, small, bilobate, the lobes broad,
obtuse; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic-oblong, mostly 12-20 cm. long
and 5-10 cm. wide, short-acuminate, acute or acuminate at the base,
glabrous; inflorescence terminal, the flowers subcapitate, the large
heaols corymbose or cymose, the large, broad bracts rounded at the
apex; calyx 5-6 mm. long, puberulent, denticulate; corolla white,
almost glabrous, the slender tube as much as 3 cm. long, the narrow
lobes 8 mm. long. This plant is extraordinary because of the
extremely elongate corolla, fantastically large when compared with
that of other species. It is not placed very satisfactorily in Psy-
chotria, and might be referred equally well to Cephaelis. Quite
possibly it should be placed in a distinct genus. Cufodontis has
reported the plant as scandent, but such a habit in this group would
be most unusual; other collectors report it as an erect shrub or tree.

Psychotria costaricensis Polak. Linnaea 41: 571. 1877. In
forest, Angostura, Polakowsky 384A (photo, of type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente; region of San Ramon;
at 1,150 meters or less. Ranging to Guatemala. A slender shrub of
1.5-3 meters, the stems densely long-pilose; stipules persistent,
about 1 cm. long, deeply bilobate; leaves slender-petiolate, mem-
branaceous, oblong-elliptic, sometimes 30 cm. long and 11.5 cm. wide
but usually considerably smaller, abruptly long-acuminate, acute at
the base, densely long-pilose or hirsute on both surfaces; inflorescence
terminal, pedunculate, usually thyrsoid and very dense but some-
times rather open, the flowers crowded into headlike glomerules, the
bracts ovate, green, like all parts of the inflorescence densely long-
pilose; fruit blue. A rather isolated species, noteworthy for the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1349

abundant, long pubescence on all parts. It is questionable whether
the Central American plant is different from the Peruvian P. pilosa
Ruiz & Pavon, with which Polakowsky originally compared it.

Psychotria cuspidata Bredem. Forests of the Atlantic tierra
caliente, ascending to the region of Navarro; region of San Ramon;
Guanacaste; at 1,400 meters or less. Widely distributed in tropical
America. A slender, glabrous shrub of 1.5-3 meters; stipules green,
persistent, short, bicuspidate; leaves thin, short-petiolate, bright
green when dried, the nerves often reddish, ovate to elliptic or oblong-
elliptic, very narrowly long-acuminate, the acumination usually
somewhat curved, acute to obtuse at the base; inflorescence terminal,
pedunculate, thyrsoid-paniculate, much shorter than the leaves,
rather few-flowered, the few pale branches often reflexed, not brac-
teate at the base; calyx minute, truncate; corolla glabrous, 5 mm.
long, white or pale yellow; stamens exserted; fruit didymous-globose,
smooth, black at maturity.

Psychotria dispersa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 184.
1928. Wet forest, Los Ayotes, near Tilaran, Guanacaste, 600 meters,
Standley & Valeria 45548. Common in forests of the tierra caliente;
region of San Ramon; Guanacaste; at 1,000 meters or less. Panama
to Guatemala. A slender shrub of 1-2 meters, the branches short-
pilose with spreading hairs; stipule sheath 2.5-3 mm. long, the lobes
linear, 3-6 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-elliptic to lance-
oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 2^4 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, acute and
often decurrent at the base, beneath pilose on the nerves with short,
spreading hairs; panicles terminal, small, 2-4 cm. long and equally
broad, the branches hirtellous, the flowers sessile or subsessile; calyx
less than 1 mm. long, the teeth triangular; corolla white, puberulent,
3-3.5 mm. long; fruit blue, 3 mm. long. The panicles are usually
recurved or reflexed.

Psychotria emetica L. f. Raicilla. Cephaelis emetica Pers.;
Uragoga emetica Baill. Occasional in deep forests of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Guatemala to Bolivia. A slender, usually simple
shrub, 60 cm. high or less, with rather thick, somewhat nodose roots,
the stems puberulent; stipules 3-4 mm. long, triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate; leaves short-petiolate, dark when dried, elliptic-oblong
to oblanceolate-oblong, about 11 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, acute or
acuminate, acute to long-attenuate at the base, glabrous above,
puberulent or glabrate beneath; flowers capitate, the heads small
and few-flowered, axillary, pedunculate, about equaling the petioles,

1350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

or shorter, solitary or geminate, the bracts minute; calyx obscurely
dentate; corolla small, white, 5 mm. long, glabrous; fruit 6 mm.
long, bright blue. The roots of this species yield a kind of ipecac,
and are sometimes exported from tropical America for medicinal use.

Psychotria eurycarpa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 275.
1928. Cafecillo. Moist forest, Quebrada Serena, southeast of
Tilaran, Guanacaste, 700 meters, Standley & Valerio 1+6237. Moun-
tains of Guanacaste; Atlantic tierra caliente; region of San Ramon;
at 1,100 meters or less. Endemic. A shrub or small tree, 2.5-5
meters high, the branches glabrous; stipules persistent, the sheath
1-2 mm. long, the lobes subulate, 1-2.5 mm. long; leaves short-
petiolate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, 8-15 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide,
abruptly acuminate, acute to narrowly rounded at the base and often
short-decurrent, glabrous, the lateral nerves 6-7 pairs; inflorescence
terminal, cymose-paniculate, usually corymbiform, pedunculate,
usually broader than long, the branches glabrous or nearly so, the
flowers sessile; calyx scarcely 1 mm. long, shallowly dentate or
sub truncate; corolla in bud 6 mm. long, pulverulent; fruit blue-black,
9-12 mm. long. Noteworthy for the very large fruits.

Psychotria Goldmanii Standl. In forest, region of San Ramon,
about 1,200 meters; mountain forests of the central region, at 1,600
meters or less. Panama. A slender shrub of 2 meters, the branches
glabrous; stipules persistent, green, small, bilobate, the short lobes
subulate; leaves on short, slender petioles, lance-oblong, 5-8 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. wide, narrowly long-attenuate, attenuate at the base,
glabrous or sometimes puberulent beneath along the costa, paler
beneath; panicles terminal, slender-pedunculate, 3-7 cm. long and
of equal breadth, the branches sparsely puberulent, the flowers
sessile, the bracts ovate, acute; corolla 5-6 mm. long, white, glabrous;
fruit 4 mm. long, blue.

Psychotria graciliflora Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 35. 1852. Naranjo, 1,350 meters, Oersted (photo, of type in
Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in mountain forests of the central
region; region of San Ramon; Dota; Atlantic tierra caliente; chiefly
at 1,500 meters or less. Panama to Honduras. A rather dense,
very leafy shrub, usually 1-2 meters high, glabrous almost through-
out; stipules small, caducous, acuminate, entire or bidentate; leaves
blackening when dried, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, 8 cm. long
and 3 cm. wide or smaller, acuminate, attenuate to the base; inflores-
cence terminal, cymose-paniculate, pedunculate, small and few-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1351

flowered, trichotomous, the flowers mostly sessile, white; calyx less
than 1 mm. long, subtruncate; corolla 4 mm. long; fruit blue.

Psychotria granadensis Benth. Thickets of the Atlantic
tierra caliente; probably also along the Pacific coast. Panama to
Guatemala. A shrub of 1-2 meters, glabrous almost throughout;
stipules large, ovate, obtuse, ferruginous, caducous; leaves petiolate,
oval-oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 11-15 cm. long, acuminate or long-
acuminate, attenuate to the base or abruptly decurrent; panicles
terminal, sessile, small, dense, at least in flower, the flowers sessile
or subsessile; calyx very short, subtruncate; corolla white, 4 mm.
long or less, densely villous in the throat; fruit red. Perhaps only
a glabrous form of P. undata Jacq.

Psychotria grandis Swartz. P. subsessilis Benth. ex Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 32. 1852 (Turrialba, 900 meters, Oersted).
Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Guatemala to Colombia and
West Indies. A large shrub or small tree, seldom more than 4 meters
high, glabrous almost throughout; stipules broadly ovate, large,
cuspidate-acuminate, subpersistent; leaves almost sessile, very large,
cuneate-obovate or oblong-obovate, abruptly short-acuminate, long-
attenuate to the base, blackening when dried; inflorescence terminal,
large, long-pedunculate, radiately branched at the base, the branches
minutely puberulent, the flowers sessile; calyx obscurely denticulate;
corolla white, 3 mm. long, glabrous outside, barbate in the throat.
The flowers are said to be fragrant. This species really belongs to
the subgenus Mapouria (treated as a genus by many authors),
but the stipules are long-persistent, rather than caducous as in most
Mapourias. They also are much larger and broader than is usual
in that group.

Psychotria grandistipula Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
276. 1928. Moist forest near Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose",
1,600 meters, Standley & Valerio 43268. Regions of Dota and San
Ramon; Zarcero; Atlantic tierra caliente. Endemic. A shrub of
3 meters, or sometimes a tree of 7 meters, with a trunk 10 cm. or
more in diameter, the bark smooth, the branchlets very minutely
puberulent; stipules 1 at each node, forming a sheath about the young
leaves, cleft along one side, 3-4.5 cm. long, attenuate to a subulate
apex, membranous, brown; leaves slender-petiolate, lance-oblong
to oblong-ovate or elliptic, 6-14 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, abruptly
long-acuminate, usually very obtuse to truncate at the base but
sometimes acute, minutely puberulent beneath on the nerves, other-

1352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

wise glabrous; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, usually sessile, 4-13
cm. long, the branches minutely puberulent, the pedicels 3-12 mm.
long; calyx less than 1 mm. long, shallowly dentate; corolla white,
5 mm. long, glabrous, not barbate in the throat; fruit bright red, 7
mm. long.

Psychotria haematocarpa Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
274. 1928. Moist forest, Naranjos Agrios, near Tilaran, Guanacaste,
600-700 meters, Standley & Valerio 46407. Collected also at Pejivalle,
Prov. Cartago, 900 meters. Endemic. A shrub of 1-2.5 meters, the
branches glabrous; stipules persistent, green, the short sheath bicuspi-
date, the lobes linear-subulate, 3-4 mm. long; leaves on very short
petioles, elliptic-oblong, 9-14 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, long-acumi-
nate, acute or attenuate at the base and decurrent, glabrous; inflores-
cence terminal, capitate, dense and few-flowered, the peduncle 3-4
mm. long, puberulent, the outer bracts lance-linear, 2 mm. long, the
flowers sessile or subsessile; fruit bright red, 5 mm. long.

Psychotria hebeclada DC. Forests of the Atlantic tierra
caliente; Aguacate. Mexico to Ecuador. A shrub, usually 2 meters
high or less, the branches terete, densely puberulent or short-pilose;
stipules short, green, persistent, bidentate; leaves membranaceous,
short-petiolate, ovate to oblong-elliptic, acuminate, acute or attenu-
ate at the base, finely pubescent, at least beneath; inflorescence
terminal, thyrsoid-paniculate, small, dense, many-flowered, densely
short-pilose; calyx lobes short, ovate; corolla whitish, 5 mm.
long, short-pilose; fruit glabrate, subglobose, 4 mm. long.

Psychotria hondensis Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 183.
1928. Forests of Rio Hondo, Atlantic slope, 100 meters, Pittier
16161. Atlantic tierra caliente. Endemic. A shrub of 3 meters,
the young branches densely puberulent or short-pilose; stipules
persistent, broadly triangular, narrowed to an obtuse apex; petioles
short and stout, the blades broadly elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 18-29
cm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acute or acuminate at
the base, glabrous above, densely velutinous-pubescent beneath;
inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, pedunculate, open, rather
few-flowered, 5-11 cm. broad, the branches short-pilose, the flowers
sessile or subsessile; calyx 2.5 mm. long, subtruncate; corolla in bud
11 mm. long, puberulent-tomentose; fruit 13 mm. in diameter. In
preparing the present account of Costa Rican Rubiaceae, I have
had at hand only a photograph of the type of this species. I judge

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1353

that the plant is really a Coussarea, but delay its transfer until the
type specimen may be re-examined.

Psychotria horizontalis Swartz. P. longicollis Benth. ex Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 33. 1853 (based in part on specimens
collected on Isla de San Lucas, Golfo de Nicoya, by Oersted).
Thickets and forest of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon;
Guanacaste; at 1,000 meters or less. Widely distributed in tropical
America, as far south as Ecuador, and north to Mexico. A shrub
of 1-3 meters, glabrous or nearly so; stipules ovate- triangular, acute
or obtuse, caducous, 3-8 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the base, bright
grayish green when dry, glabrous or nearly so; inflorescence terminal,
pedunculate, small and rather few-flowered, usually 5-rayed at the
base, the branches puberulent, the flowers mostly sessile; calyx
deeply 5-lobate, the lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla white, 3^4 mm.
long, glabrous; fruit red, glabrous, 4 mm. long.

Psychotria involucrata Swartz. Forests of the tierra caliente;
Guanacaste. Widely distributed in tropical America. An almost
glabrous shrub, usually 3 meters high or less; stipules short, green,
persistent, the lobes very short; leaves on very short petioles, lanceo-
late to elliptic-ovate, long-acuminate, abruptly contracted and
decurrent at the base; inflorescence pedunculate, subcapitate, com-
monly 1-2 cm. long, short-pedunculate, few-flowered, the short
branches purplish, pubescent, the flowers sessile or nearly so; outer
bracts narrow, much exceeding the flowers, purple; calyx minute,
denticulate; corolla white or ochroleucous; fruit globose, 4 mm. long,
black.

Psychotria Jimenezii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 288.
1925. Wet forest, La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,400 meters,
Standky 37892. Regions of Zarcero and San Ramon; 1,000-2,000
meters. Endemic. A shrub or small tree of 2.5-4.5 meters, the
branches ferruginous- villosulous; stipules triangular, acute, 1 cm.
long, brown, caducous; leaves almost sessile, oblong-oblanceolate,
9-14 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate, attenuate to the
base, puberulent beneath along the nerves, otherwise glabrous;
inflorescence terminal, long-pedunculate, cymose-paniculate, open
and many-flowered, the branches fulvous- villosulous, the flowers
sessile in small, headlike cymes; calyx 1 mm. long, very shallowly
lobate; corolla creamy white, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous.

1354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Psychotria limonensis Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119: 43.
1916. Uvita Island, Limon, Pittier 12681 (photo, of type in Herb.
Field Mus.). Region of Limon, Atlantic tierra caliente. Southern
Mexico to Colombia. An almost glabrous shrub or small tree;
stipules ovate, acuminate, large, ferruginous, caducous; leaves petio-
late, elliptic-ovate or oblong-elliptic, 6-12 cm. wide, abruptly short-
acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base; inflorescence terminal,
sessile, much branched, rather large, usually as broad as long, the
flowers mostly short-pedicellate; calyx minutely denticulate; corolla
white, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous outside, the throat white-barbate.

Psychotria macrophylla Ruiz .& Pavon. P. anomothyrsa
Schum. & Donn. Smith. Atlantic tierra caliente; Atlantic slope of
the mountains of Guanacaste; regions of Dota and Cartago; at
1,700 meters or less. Southern Mexico to Bolivia. Stems usually
simple but sometimes branched, 2.5 meters high or less, glabrous
or nearly so; stipules short, broad, apiculate, deciduous; leaves large,
slender-petiolate, elliptic-oblong to lance-oblong, thin, acuminate,
acute to attenuate at the base, glabrous or pruinose-puberulent
beneath on the nerves; inflorescences axillary, long-pedunculate,
paniculate, rather few-flowered, the branches often reflexed, glabrous
or minutely puberulent, the flowers sessile, the bracts minute; calyx
denticulate; corolla whitish or yellowish, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long;
fruit 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, white.

Psychotria magna Standl. P. compressicaulis Schum. Bot.
Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 119: 44. 1916 (forests of Tuis, 600 meters, Pittier
12412). Known in Costa Rica only from the collection cited.
Panama. A shrub of 3 meters, the young branches minutely puberu-
lent or glabrous; stipules caducous; petioles 2-4 cm. long, the blades
oblong-elliptic, 18-25 cm. long, 8-11 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate,
obtuse or acute at the base, glabrous or nearly so; inflorescence
terminal, sessile, cymose-paniculate, large and open, about 10 cm.
long and broad, the branches very minutely puberulent, the flowers
sessile; calyx undulate, ciliate; corolla yellowish white, 3-4 mm.
long, glabrous outside, white-barbate in the throat.

Psychotria marginata Swartz. P. nicaraguensis Benth. ex
Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 34. 1853 (based in part upon
material collected at Jaris by Oersted) . Forests of the tierra caliente.
Widely distributed in tropical America. An almost glabrous shrub,
about 2 meters high; stipules large, ferruginous, oblong to ovate,
entire, caducous; leaves short-petiolate, obovate-oblong to oblong-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1355

oblanceolate, blackening when dried, abruptly acute or acuminate,
long-attenuate to the base, minutely puberulent beneath or glabrate;
inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, long-pedunculate, lax, the
slender pedicels 2-5 mm. long; calyx teeth short, obtuse; corolla
ochroleucous, 3 mm. long, glabrous outside; fruit globose, 3-4
mm. long.

Psychotria Maxonii Standl. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 53.
1924. On mossy tree trunk, Santa Clara de Cartago, 1,950 meters,
Maxon & Harvey 8250. Occasional in mountain forest of the central
region; region of San Ramon; at 1,000-2,000 meters. Endemic. A
small, epiphytic shrub, a meter long or less, the branches often
reddish, glabrous throughout; stipules united to form a sheath
1-1.5 mm. long; leaves almost sessile, linear-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long
or less, 2.5-5 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, acute at the base, pale
beneath, the nerves obsolete; inflorescence cymose, 6-8-flowered,
terminal, the pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx less than 1 mm. long,
dentate; corolla white, the tube 2.5-4 mm. long, glabrous; fruit
black. This has smaller leaves than any other Central American
species of the genus.

Psychotria microdon (DC.) Urban. P. pinularis Sesse" & Moc.
Thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente; Guanacaste. Mexico to
Ecuador. A shrub of 3.5 meters or less, glabrous almost throughout;
stipules very short, the lobes caducous, the sheath indurate and pale
in age; leaves mostly oblong-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, obtuse to short-
acuminate, thin, attenuate to the base, barbate beneath in the axils
of the nerves, otherwise glabrous or nearly so; inflorescences terminal,
pedunculate, cymose-corymbose, few-flowered, the flowers pedicel-
late; calyx pale, truncate; corolla white, as much as 10 mm. long.

Psychotria Mortoniana Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor 6-metralis,
ramulis subteretibus crassiusculis ubique dense villosulis, internodiis
elongatis; stipulae persistentes ca. 1 cm. longae sparse villosulae
liberae, fere ad basin bilobae, lobis erectis e basi late triangulari sub-
abrupte longiacuminatis; folia magna breviter petiolata firme mem-
branacea, petiolo crassiusculo 1-2.5 cm. longo dense villosulo; lamina
late elliptico-obovata vel obovato-oblonga ad 30 cm. longa et 11 cm.
lata, subabrupte longe angusteque attenuato-acuminata, basi acuta,
supra in sicco olivacea ad costam villosula, aliter subscabrido-asper-
ata, nervis pallidis, subtus fere concolor, praesertim ad venas molliter
villosula, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 25
gracilibus prominulis leviter arcuatis juxta marginem obscure junctis,

1356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

venulis obscuris laxe reticulatis; inflorescentia terminalis cymoso-
paniculata erecta crasse 3 cm. longe pedunculata, ca. 8 cm. longa
atque 11 cm. lata, dense multiflora, basi trichotoma, ramis primariis
ca. 7 angulo fere recto divergentibus crassiusculis dense fulvo-villosu-
lis, ramis omnibus basi bracteatis, bracteis ad 1 cm. longis oblongo-
lanceolatis acuminatis fere glabris, bracteis ultimis multo latioribus
interdum fere orbicularibus apice obtusis vel rotundatis, floribus
arete sessilibus aggregatis; hypanthium hirtellum vel glabratum post
anthesin valde costatum, calyce vix ultra 1 mm. longo, lobis ovalibus
vel ovatis obtusis apice ciliatis; corolla alba extus glabra apice in
alabastro late rotundata ca. 7 mm. longa, tubo late obconico, lobis
oblongo-ovatis tubo fere duplo brevioribus acutiusculis. — Edge of
forest, vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 950 meters, Alexander
F. Skutch 2697 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.; photo, in herb. Field Mus.).

Psychotria orchidearum Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18:
276. 1928. On tree in wet forest, Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of
San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,200 meters, Standley & Valeria 50863.
Also at Palmira and Cerro Gallito, 1,800-2,000 meters. Endemic.
A small, epiphytic shrub, 15-30 cm. high, glabrous throughout;
stipules forming a truncate, indurate sheath 1-2 mm. long; petioles
2-4 mm. long, the blades elliptic-oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long, mostly 6-12
mm. wide, obtuse or acute, apiculate, cuneate-acute or attenuate at
the base, thick and fleshy, paler beneath, the nerves obsolete; inflores-
cence terminal, cymose-paniculate, lax, few-flowered, pedunculate,
1.5 cm. broad or smaller, the pedicels mostly 3-5 mm. long; calyx
1 mm. long, dentate to the middle or more deeply; fruit red, sub-
globose, 3 mm. long.

Psychotria orosiana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 288.
1925. Moist forest near Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39803. Also
in the region of Navarro, 1,400 meters. Endemic. A shrub of 1-3
meters, the branchlets glabrous; stipules 5 mm. long, bilobate,
caducous; leaves essentially sessile, oblong-obovate or elliptic-obo-
vate, 6-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, abruptly acute or acuminate,
gradually or abruptly long-attenuate to the base, glabrous; inflores-
cence terminal, long-pedunculate, cymose-paniculate, 4-6 cm. broad,
open, the branches glabrous, the flowers sessile or short-pedicellate;
calyx 1 mm. long, shallowly dentate; corolla greenish white, glabrous,
2.5-3 mm. long.

Psychotria parvifolia Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 36. 1853. Volcan de Barba, 1,800 meters, and Naranjo, at

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1357

1,350 meters, Oersted (photo, of Oersted 11637, from Naranjo, in Herb.
Field Mus.). Frequent in mountain forests of the central region;
regions of Dota and San Ramon; Atlantic tierra caliente; at 1,800
meters or less. Panama. A rather densely branched, very leafy
shrub of 1-2.5 meters, the slender branches puberulent or short-
pilose; stipules small, ovate, ferruginous, deciduous, about 4 mm.
long; leaves small, slender-petiolate, ovate to oblong-oblanceolate,
mostly 3.5 cm. long or less, acute or subobtuse, usually long-attenuate
to the base and decurrent, glabrous, paler beneath; flowers 4-parted,
cymose, the cymes sessile, few-flowered, the flowers mostly sessile;
calyx obscurely dentate; corolla white, 4 mm. long or less, glabrous
outside, barbate in the throat; fruit small, globose, red.

Psychotria patens Swartz. P. flexuosa Willd. Apparently
common in the region of San Ramon, at about 1,000 meters, and
doubtless also in the Atlantic tierra caliente. Widely distributed in
the lowlands of tropical America. A slender, glabrous shrub, com-
monly 1-1.5 meters high; stipules short, green, persistent, biaristate;
leaves medium-sized or rather small, usually yellowish green when
dried, short-petiolate, lanceolate to lance-oblong, long-acuminate,
obtuse or acute at the base; inflorescence terminal, slender-peduncu-
late, thyrsoid-paniculate, often elongate, the short, slender branches
mostly reflexed, not bracteate at the base; calyx minute, the teeth
triangular; corolla whitish, glabrous, 7 mm. long; fruit white or pale
blue, 3 mm. long.

Psychotria pithecobia Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 187. 1930.
La Palma de San Jose", 1,550 meters, Tonduz 12432. Collected also
at Zarcero, Matina, Santo Domingo de Vara Blanca, and in the
region of San Ramon, 1,000-2,200 meters. Panama. An epiphytic,
glabrous shrub about 50 cm. high, the branches brown; stipules short,
connate to form a truncate, persistent, indurate sheath; leaves
petiolate, elliptic-oblong, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, rather long-
acuminate, acute at the base, coriaceous when dry, the 10 pairs of
lateral nerves prominent on both surfaces; inflorescence terminal,
long-pedunculate, cymose-corymbose, 5-7 cm. broad, trichotomous
at the base, the pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx 1 mm. long, the lobes
narrowly triangular, acute; corolla 8 mm. long, white or tinged with
pink; fruit dark red or black, 4-5 mm. long, globose. To this species
probably is referable all the Costa Rican material that has been
referred previously to P. pendula (Jacq.) Urban, although it is pos-
sible that that West Indian species does occur in the country.

1358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Psychotria Pittieri Standl. Forests of the Atlantic tierra cali-
ente, apparently rare; collected at La Colombiana. Panama. A
slender shrub, 1-2 meters high, the branches pilose with rather long,
pale, appressed or spreading hairs; stipules persistent, 4-6 mm. long,
bilobate, the lobes subulate; leaves small, short-petiolate, elliptic-
oblong, 4-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, hirsutulous above along the
costa, appressed-pilose beneath; inflorescence terminal, reflexed in
age, cymose-paniculate, about 2 cm. long, few-flowered, the branches
pilose, the flowers subsessile; calyx 1 mm. long, the lobes obtuse;
corolla white, 4-5 mm. long, minutely appressed-pilose; fruit blue.

Psychotria polyphlebia Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 253. 1902.
Forests of Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith
6854- Frequent in forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente, ascending
to 900 meters; region of San Ramon, at 1,200 meters or less. Panama
and Colombia. Plants suffrutescent, simple, usually 50 cm. high or
less, the stems villous with long, ferruginous hairs or glabrate; stipules
bifid, soon deciduous; leaves long-petiolate, oblong-obovate, 11-16
cm. long and 5-7.5 cm. wide or smaller, rounded or very obtuse at the
apex, attenuate to the base, glabrous above and conspicuously
white-punctate, hirsute beneath, the lateral nerves 25-34 pairs,
elevated and very conspicuous on both surfaces; flowers capitate, the
peduncles axillary, shorter or longer than the petioles, the heads
dense and many-flowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad or in fruit larger, the
outer bracts oblong-ovate, green; calyx denticulate; corolla white,
pilose, naked in the throat; fruit red, 7-9 mm. long. An isolated
species, in habit similar to some species of Cephaelis, but in fact
probably related rather to Psychotria macrophylla.

Psychotria psychotriaefolia (Seem.) Standl. Forests of the
tierra caliente. Extending to Colombia. A shrub of 4 meters or less,
the young branches ferruginous- tomentose; stipules caducous, thin,
ferruginous, 1.5-2 cm. long, attenuate; leaves short-petiolate, obovate
to oblong-oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, attenuate to the
base, puberulent beneath, at least on the nerves; inflorescences
chiefly terminal, sessile, dense, the branches 2 cm. long or less,
ferruginous- tomentose, the flowers sessile, glomerate; calyx dentate;
corolla white, 3 mm. long; fruit red, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous.

Psychotria pubescens Swartz. P. glauca Polak. Linnaea 41:
569. 1877 (in hedges, San Jose", Polakowsky 377; fragment of the type
seen, ex herb. Berlin) . Frequent in hedges and thickets of the Meseta
Central; region of San Ramon; Atlantic slope of Guanacaste; chiefly

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1359

at 600-1,200 meters; probably in the Atlantic tierra caliente. Mex-
ico, Central America, and West Indies. A shrub, commonly 1-2
meters high, the branches minutely pilose or puberulent, terete;
stipules small, persistent, the subulate lobes longer than the short
sheath; leaves slender-petiolate, thin, oblanceolate to lance-oblong,
6-14 cm. long, acuminate, usually attenuate to the base, finely
puberulent beneath; inflorescence corymbiform, pedunculate, small,
many-flowered, densely short-pilose; calyx very small, lobate, the
lobes ovate, acute; corolla white or pale yellow, 4 mm. long, puberu-
lent; fruit red or black, 4 mm. long, pilose.

Uragoga pulvinigera Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 300. 1891) is listed
in the card index of the Gray Herbarium as doubtfully Costa Rican,
but for no evident reason. Kuntze gives no locality for his new
species, the type of which has not been found in the. herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden, where it should exist, and there is no
certainty that the plant is even American.

Psychotria quinqueradiata Polak. Linnaea 41: 570. 1877. P.
Morae Polak. loc. cit. (San Jose*, Polakowsky 171; the species was
named for J. Rafael Mora, President of Costa Rica). In hedges near
San Jose* and in forests of Cerro de La Carpintera, Polakowsky 94,
135, 199 (photo, of No. 135, from La Carpintera, in Herb. Field Mus.).
Frequent in hedges and thickets about San Jose" and Cartago, extend-
ing to the Pacific coast; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste; at 1,400
meters or less. Endemic. A shrub of 4 meters or usually less, gla-
brous; stipules caducous, very obtuse or rounded, 7 mm. long,
ferruginous; leaves almost sessile, the petiole less than 5 mm. long,
elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, mostly 7-10 cm. long, acute or
acuminate, attenuate to the base, the base itself narrowly truncate
to subacute; inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, sessile,
umbelliform, radiately branched from the base, the flowers glomerate,
sessile, the rays of the umbel mostly simple; calyx obscurely dentate;
corolla white, the tube 2 mm. long. Noteworthy for the form of the
leaves, the narrow base often truncate.

Psychotria racemosa (Aubl.) Willd. Forests of the Atlantic
tierra caliente, ascending to Pejivalle, 900 meters; region of San
Ramon. Widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub of 1-1.5
meters, the branches puberulent; stipules persistent, biparted, the
stiff, subulate lobes 8-10 mm. long; leaves green when dried, short-
petiolate, elliptic-oblong, medium-sized, short-acuminate, acute or
abruptly contracted at the base, glabrous or nearly so; inflorescence

1360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

terminal, short-pedunculate, thyrsiform, small and dense, minutely
hirtellous, the flowers sessile; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla
whitish, hirtellous; fruit 5-celled, 4 mm. long, at first orange-red,
becoming black. Differing from all other Central American species
in its 5-celled fruit. The species has been referred to a separate genus
as Nonatelia racemosa Aubl.

Psychotria ramonensis Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex gracilis
metralis, ramis teretibus viridibus glabris; stipularum vagina 6 mm.
longa viridis glabra, lobis approximatis oblongo-linearibus attenuatis
5 mm. longis erectis; folia modica vel subparva graciliter petiolata
firme membranacea, petiolo 7-20 mm. longo glabro; lamina elliptico-
oblonga vel lanceolato-oblonga 6.5-13 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata
subabrupte longe anguste acuminata, apice ipso obtuso, basi sub-
inaequali acuta vel subrotundata atque abrupte decurrens, supra in
sicco viridis glabra, costa prominente, subtus paullo pallidior secus
costam minute pilosula, aliter glabra, costa gracillimo prominente,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 15 tenerrimis prominulis sub-
arcuatis angulo fere recto divergentibus, nervo altero paullo teneriore
inter paria subparallelo, venulis inconspicuis laxe reticulatis; inflores-
centia terminalis sessilis vel breviter pedunculata, laxe subcapitata,
ca. 2 cm. longa, pauciflora, pedunculo glabro, bracteis foliaceis ut
videtur viridibus oblongo-lanceolatis usque 12 mm. longis, interiori-
bus brevioribus abrupte petiolatis extus glabris, intus adpresso-
pilosulis, floribus sessilibus; calyx ad apicem fructus persistens ca.
1.5 mm. longus glaber, lobis anguste triangularibus acutis; fructus
in statu vivo caeruleus 12 mm. longus, pyrenis vix ultra 4 mm. lon-
gis.— Forest of La Palma de San Ramon, by a small stream, 1,250
meters, November, 1925, Brenes 4599 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Psychotria sarapiquensis Standl., sp. nov. — Subgenus Ma-
pouria. Arbor 6-metralis praeter inflorescentiam omnino glabra,
ramis crassiusculis subteretibus viridibus, internodiis superioribus
3-4 cm. longis; stipulae caducae, non visae; folia mediocria longius-
cule petiolata subpapyracea, petiolo gracili 2.5-3 cm. longo; lamina
oblonga vel anguste elliptico-oblonga 9-11 cm. longa 3-4 cm. lata
subabrupte acuminata, basi acuta vel basin versus angustata atque
interdum breviter decurrens, supra in sicco cinereo-viridis, costa
subimpressa, nervis planis, venis obsoletis, subtus paullo pallidior,
costa pallida prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 8
prominentibus angulo lato adscendentibus subarcuatis, venis obso-
letis; inflorescentia terminalis sessilis cymoso-paniculata basi tri-
chotoma, 7 cm. longa atque aequilata, ramis primariis angulo lato

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1361

adscendentibus minutissime pulverulento-puberulis, bracteis deciduis,
floribus ad apices ramulorum umbellato-aggregatis pedicellatis, pedi-
cellis usque 3 mm. longis; hypanthium minutissime puberulum
turbinatum ca. 1 mm. longum basi attenuatum, calyce albido trun-
cate fere 1 mm. alto subpatente, fere 2 mm. lato; corolla viridescens
extus minutissime sparse puberula in alabastro apice obtusa, tubo
crasso 3 mm. longo superne vix dilatato, lobis triangulari-oblongis
2 mm. longis obtusis subpatentibus intus non barbatis; stylus breviter
exsertus. — In forest, Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, 1,500 meters, Alex-
ander F. Skutch 3330 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb. ; photo, in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Psychotria Siggersiana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15:
289. 1925. Wet forest near Guapiles, Prov. Limon, 500 meters,
Standley 37210. Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente; collected
also at Tuis and in the Changuinola Valley. Panama. A simple-
stemmed shrub, 2 meters high or less, the stems green, sparsely
villous-hirsute or glabrous; stipules green, rounded-deltoid, 7 mm.
long, finally deciduous; petioles 4-9 cm. long, the blades elliptic
or broadly oval, 20-35 cm. long, 11-17 cm. wide, abruptly short-
acuminate at the broad, often rounded apex, acute at the base,
villous-hirsute on both surfaces or sometimes glabrate above; in-
florescences axillary, cymose-paniculate, many-flowered, sometimes
20 cm. broad, pedunculate, the branches villous-hirsute, the flowers
sessile, glomerate; calyx 1 mm. long, the lobes deltoid-ovate; corolla
greenish white, 3 mm. long, sparsely short- villous; fruit subglobose,
red, 5-6 mm. long.

Psychotria suerrensis Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 27: 337. 1899.
Forests of Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith
6580. Forests of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Nicaragua; probably
also in Panama. A shrub of 4.5 meters or less, the branches glabrous;
stipules 4-5 mm. long, the lobes subulate; leaves very shortly petio-
late, oblong-elliptic to lance-oblong, mostly 12-20 cm. long and
4-9 cm. wide, long-acuminate, acute or acuminate at the base, gla-
brous, usually tinged with red when dried; inflorescence terminal,
short-pedunculate, subcapitate, dense and many-flowered, 2.5-4 cm,
wide, the peduncle short-pilose, the bracts red, oblong-elliptic,
pubescent, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx minute, subtruncate; corolla
white, 12 mm. long; fruit violaceous, puberulent, 4 mm. long.

Psychotria sylvivaga Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 274.
1928. Wet forest, Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Prov.

1362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 1+9989. Also in the region
of El Copey, at 2,200 meters. Panama. A shrub of 1-3 meters,
the young branches minutely puberulent or glabrous; stipules cadu-
cous, broadly ovate, 8-10 mm. long, ferruginous; leaves slender-
petiolate, oblong-oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, usually broadest
above the middle, 9-17 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, abruptly acumi-
nate, long-attenuate to the base, sparsely barbate beneath in the
axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous; inflorescence terminal, cymose-
paniculate, long-pedunculate, open, many-flowered, 4.5-9.5 cm. long,
the branches minutely puberulent, the pedicels 1-3 mm. long, in
fruit sometimes 8 mm. long; calyx 1 mm. long, shallowly dentate or
subtruncate; corolla greenish white, glabrous, the tube 5 mm. long;
fruit 5-6 mm. long.

Psychotria Tonduzii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 287.
1925. Wet forest, La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39461.
Frequent in mountain forests of the central region, also in the
Atlantic tierra caliente, at 1,500 meters or less. Endemic. A simple
shrub about a meter high, the stems green, glabrous; stipules broadly
triangular, green, 4 mm. long, at least the base persistent; leaves
long-petiolate, elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong, 19-35 cm. long and
7-14 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex and cuspidate-acumi-
nate, acute to long-decurrent at the base, glabrous; panicles axillary,
usually sessile and branched from the base, the stout branches
puberulent, the flowers sessile, densely glomerate; calyx 1.5 mm.
long, the lobes broadly ovate, subacute; corolla ochroleucous, 3 mm.
long, minutely puberulent.

Psychotria Torresiana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 288.
1925. Wet forest near Orosi, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39769. En-
demic, and known only from the original locality. A shrub of 3
meters, the slender branches glabrous; stipules persistent, green,
4 mm. long, the lobes very short, obtuse; leaves slender-petiolate,
lance-linear, 9-16 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, narrowly long-attenu-
ate, acute or attenuate at the base, glabrous, pale beneath; inflores-
cence terminal, slender-pedunculate, open-paniculate, many-flowered,
about 11 cm. long and almost as broad, the primary branches divari-
cate or refracted, glabrous, the flowers sessile or short-pedicellate;
calyx 1 mm. long, shallowly dentate; fruit subglobose, blue, 5 mm. long.

Psychotria uliginosa Swartz. Wet forest of the Atlantic tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon; Atlantic slope of Guanacaste; at
1,000 meters or less. Southern Mexico to West Indies and Ecuador.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1363

Plants usually simple, herbaceous or suffrutescent, 1.5 meters high
or less, glabrous or nearly so; leaves petiolate, obovate to oblong or
elliptic-oblong, 25-30 cm. long, 10-12 cm. wide or smaller, fleshy
when fresh, acuminate, usually acute or attenuate at the base, very
pale beneath; panicles axillary, long-pedunculate, small, trichotom-
ous, the flowers sessile, densely aggregate; calyx 5-dentate; corolla
white, 6 mm. long, barbate in the throat; fruit bright red, 6 mm.
long, the nutlets strongly compressed.

Psychotria Valeriana Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex gracilis 1-1.5 m.
altus praeter inflorescentiam omnino glaber, ramulis teretibus vel
subcompressis, internodiis elongatis; stipularum vagina truncata vix
2 mm. longa, dentibus 2 approximatis erectis subulatis vulgo vagina
brevioribus; folia inter minora breviter petiolata papyracea, petiolo
gracili 8-12 mm. longo; lamina lanceolato-oblonga 7-12.5 cm. longa
2-4 cm. lata longe anguste acuminata, acumine saepe subfalcato,
basi acuta vel attenuata, interdum obtusa atque subito decurrens,
supra in sicco olivacea lucida, costa nervisque prominentibus, subtus
paullo pallidior in sicco vulgo rubrotincta, costa tenui elevata, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 10 arcuatis angulo lato adscendentibus,
venulis prominulis laxe reticulatis; inflorescentia terminalis cymoso-
paniculata, saepe corymbiformis, vulgo longe graciliter pedunculata
sed saepe sessilis 1.5-3.5 cm. longa atque aequilata pauciflora vel
multiflora, saepius saltern in statu florifero densa, ramis suberectis
vel valde adscendentibus, rare subdivaricatis minutissimepuberulis vel
glabratis crassiusculis, basi minute bracteatis, floribus sessilibus
vel breviter pedicellatis; hypanthium minus quam 1 mm. longum gla-
brum, calyce vix ultra 0.3 mm. longo truncate vel obsolete minute den-
ticulate; corolla alba extus minutissime pulverulenta 3-4 mm. longa,
fauce non barbata, tubo crassiusculo, lobis 5 brevissimis; antherae
breviter exsertae. — In forest, Cerros de San Pedro de San Ramon,
1,075 meters, June, 1926, Brews 4886 (type in Herb. Field Mus.);
also Nos. 18981, 14309, 4265, from the same locality. Alto de La
Calera de San Ramon, Brenes 5871. La Palma de San Ramon,
1,050-1,100 meters, Brenes 20641, 6200, 5605. Without locality,
Endres 188. The species is named for Juvenal Valeric Rodriguez,
Director of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.

Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pavon. P. microdesmia Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 36. 1853. Jaris, 900 meters, Oersted
(photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Collected also in the Sixaola
Valley. British Honduras to Cuba and Bolivia. A shrub or small

1364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

tree, glabrous or nearly so; stipules caducous, large, thin, ferruginous;
leaves blackening when dried, short-petiolate, obovate or obovate-
oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cuneate-attenuate to the base;
inflorescence pedunculate, spicate-paniculate, open, many-flowered,
the minute flowers sessile in distant glomerules; corolla greenish
white; fruit red, 4-5 mm. long. Easily recognized by the spicate
branches of the open panicles.

Psychotria Wendlandiana Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
18: 9. 1928. San Miguel (de Naranjo?), Wendland 781 (photo, of
type in Herb. Field Mus.). Collected also at Guapiles and La
Hondura de San Jose", 300-1,300 meters. Endemic. A shrub of
2.5-3 meters, the young branches densely short- villous; stipules
caducous, 5-6 mm. long, rounded and bimucronate at the apex;
leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong to oblong or oblanceolate-oblong,
9-15 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed to a truncate or
deeply cordate base, more or less short-villous and puberulent be-
neath; inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, pedunculate, the
flowers sessile; calyx dentate; corolla yellow, 2.5-3 mm. long, yellow.
Easily distinguished by the cordate leaf bases.

RANDIA L.

Erect trees or shrubs, often armed with axillary or supra-axillary
spines; leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate; stipules small, often sub-
connate; flowers small or large, perfect or unisexual, axillary or
terminal, solitary or fasciculate, usually white; hypanthium terete
or costate; calyx commonly tubular, lobate or truncate, the lobes
often elongate or foliaceous, persistent or deciduous; corolla funnel-
form to campanulate or salverform, with a short or elongate tube,
the throat glabrous or villous, the usually 5 lobes short or elongate,
acute or obtuse, contorted; ovary normally 2-celled, the cells many-
ovulate; fruit baccate, globose or oval, the pericarp usually hard and
thick; seeds numerous or few, immersed in the pulp, commonly
horizontal, compressed. — A few other species occur in Central
America.

Randia aculeata L. Occasional in thickets of the tierra caliente;
known from both coasts. Florida and Mexico to West Indies and
Venezuela. A shrub or small tree, rarely more than 3 meters high,
armed with stout spines 1.5 cm. long or less; leaves mostly clustered
at the ends of the branches or on short, lateral spurs; leaves sessile or
on very short petioles, very variable in shape and size, mostly oblong-
obovate to obovate-orbicular, and about 3 cm. long, acute to broadly

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1365

rounded at the apex, rounded to acute at the base, glabrous and
lustrous above, glabrous beneath or sparsely pilose on the costa;
flowers perfect, terminal, sessile, usually aggregate; calyx and hy-
panthium 2-3 mm. long, commonly glabrous, the lobes linear to
ovate; corolla white, 6-8 mm. long, glabrous outside, the 5 lobes
acute or acuminate, equaling or longer than the tube, the throat
densely white-barbate; fruit globose, 6-13 mm. in diameter.

Randia armata (Swartz) DC. Mostrenco, Crucillo. Thickets
of the Pacific tierra caliente; Guanacaste; to be expected also in the
Atlantic lowlands. Widely distributed in tropical America. A shrub
or small tree, rarely as much as 6 meters high, the branches usually
bearing at the apex 4 stout spines 2.5 cm. long or less; leaves slender-
petiolate, mostly ovate to oval or obovate, thin, usually 6-15 cm.
long, acute or acuminate at each end, glabrous or puberulent above,
puberulent or appressed-pilose beneath or glabrate; flowers dioecious,
aggregate at the ends of the branches, slender-pedicellate; calyx lobes
linear to obovate-oblong, 4-9 mm. long; corolla white or ochroleu-
cous, glabrous or pilose outside, the tube 2.5 cm. long, the throat
naked, the lobes rhombic-obovate, 1 cm. long; fruit oval or globose,
1.5-3.5 cm. long, filled with a black, sweetish pulp. The pulp of this
and other species is sometimes eaten, but it is unpleasant in appear-
ance, and the flavor is not agreeable. Birds are very fond of the
fruits, and it usually is difficult to find a ripe fruit that has not been
punctured and robbed of its pulp and seeds.

Randia Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex 3-4-metralis, ramis
gracilibus teretibus ferrugineis, novellis dense pilis brevibus ple-
rumque paten tibus hirtellis, internodiis brevibus; spinae secus ramos
sparsae solitariae rigidae, graciles vel crassae, usque 1.5 cm. longae;
stipulae minutae; folia parva brevissime petiolata membranacea,
petiolo vix ad 2 mm. longo; lamina lanceolato-oblonga 2-4 cm. longa
0.8-1.5 cm. lata acuta vel sensim acuminata, basi acuta vel obtusa,
supra viridis glabra, costa prominente, nervis obsoletis, subtus paullo
pallidior sparsissime praesertim ad costam hirtella vel fere glabra,
costa gracili prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 4
obscuris; flores dioeci ut videtur terminales atque solitarii, sessiles;
hypanthium oblongum 5 mm. longum glabrum; calyx 5-partitus,
lobis foliaceis viridibus rotundato-ovatis ca. 5 mm. longis atque
aequilatis vel latioribus acutiusculis glabratis ciliatis; corolla alba
extus glabra, tubo gracili 2-3.5 cm. longo superne paullo dilatato
fauce glabro, lobis patentibus ovali-oblongis vel ovato-oblongis

1366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

obtusis vel subrotundatis intus glabris 13-20 mm. longis; fructus
globosus glaber laevis 2 cm. diam. — La Palma de San Ramon, March,
1932, Brenes 15048 (type in Herb. Field Mus.); also Nos. 3748 and
683 1 from the same locality. Entre San Ramon y La Palma de San
Ramon, Brenes 6180. Tonduz 12481 from La Palma de San Jos£ in
the Berlin herbarium also seems to be referable to this species, which
is related to R. calycosa Standl., of Panama.

Randia grandifolia (Donn. Smith) Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 18: 166. 1928. Basanacantha grandifolia Donn. Smith, Bot.
Gaz. 55: 436. 1913. Forests near Santo Domingo, Golfo Dulce,
Prov. Puntarenas, Tonduz 9878. Forests of the tierra caliente,
ascending to the region of Cartago, and on the slopes of La Carpin-
tera. Endemic. A shrub or small tree, 4.5 meters high or less,
unarmed, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves large, mostly
crowded at the tips of the branches, the petioles 3.5 cm. long or less,
the blades elliptic to lance-oblong or elliptic-ovate, 12-40 cm. long,
6-15 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at each end, lustrous; flowers
dioecious, the staminate ones aggregate, subsessile; calyx 3 mm. long,
sparsely short-pilose, the lobes subulate or lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long;
corolla white, glabrous outside, the stout tube 12 mm. long, the
throat naked, the lobes ovate, 7 mm. long; fruit yellow, globose, 2.5
cm. in diameter.

Randia Karstenii Polak. Linnaea 41: 568. 1877. Espino
bianco, Horquetilla. In hedges near San Jose", Polakowsky 74 and
302. Frequent from the Meseta Central to the coasts, usually in
rather dry thickets; often in roadside hedges; region of San Ramon;
Zarcero, at 2,250 meters. Endemic. A shrub or tree, sometimes
7.5 meters high, with a trunk 25 cm. in diameter, the bark thick,
gray-brown, slightly roughened, the branches appressed-pilose when
young; spines terminal or lateral, stout, 1.5 cm. long or less; leaves on
petioles 6 mm. long or less, obovate-oblong to oblong-elliptic, obovate,
or ovate, 1.5-7 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, rounded to acute at the
apex, acute at the base, glabrous above, minutely pilose beneath
along the nerves or glabrous; flowers perfect, terminal, solitary,
sessile; calyx and hypanthium 2-3 mm. long, glabrous, the lobes
linear or oblanceolate; corolla white, 6 mm. long, glabrous outside,
the throat naked, the lobes broadly ovate, short-acuminate; fruit
globose, usually 1 cm. in diameter, but sometimes as much as 2.5 cm.
Austin Smith states that the cambium layer stains the hands and
clothing yellow. This shrub is much used about the Meseta Central

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1367

as a hedge plant, a purpose for which it is admirably adapted because
of its dense growth and abundant spines.

Randia monantha Benth. has been reported from Costa Rica,
probably in error, since at present it is known definitely only from
Guatemala and southern Mexico.

Randia panamensis Standl. In forest, region of San Ramon,
about 1,100 meters. Panama. A shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters, with
slender branches; spines lateral, slender, 5-7 mm. long; petioles
3-6 mm. long, the blades obovate-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong,
mostly 8-15 cm. long and 3-6.5 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate,
acute or acuminate at the base, glabrous above, glabrate beneath or
strigose on the nerves, short-barbate in the axils of the nerves;
flowers few, terminal, fasciculate, the pedicels 5-6 mm. long; calyx
lobes 5-7 mm. long, linear-subulate; corolla ochroleucous, the tube
2 cm. long, strigillose, the lobes oval or rounded, 5-6 mm. long,
rounded at the apex.

Randia Pittieri Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 201. 1919.
Horquetilla, Basanacantha Pittieri Standl. op. cit. 18: 134. 1916.
Zent Junction, near Matina, Prov. Limon, Pittier 16036. Collected
also at Escazu, and in Guanacaste. Endemic. Spines terminal in
4's, 3-5 mm. long; petioles 9-14 mm. long, the blades thin, oval
or obovate-oval, 12-16 cm. long, 7-10 cm. wide, abruptly acute,
rounded or subcordate at the base, shortly setose-pilose above,
paler beneath and abundantly setose-pilose; flowers dioecious,
solitary or fasciculate, terminal; pedicels of the staminate flowers
4-5 mm. long; calyx lobes subulate, 4 mm. long; corolla glabrous
outside, the tube 6 cm. long, glabrous in the throat, the lobes lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, attenuate.

Randia subcordata Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 201.
1919. Crucilla. Basanacantha subcordata Standl. op. cit. 18: 133.
1916. Thickets and roadsides, Nicoya, Tonduz 13934- Known in
Costa Rica only from the region of Nicoya. Extending to Honduras.
A shrub or small tree, the spines borne at or near the apices of the
branches, stout, 5-7 mm. long; leaves slender-petiolate, oval to
broadly ovate, 4-10 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acute or abruptly
acute, subcordate or rounded at the base, membranaceous, minutely
appressed-setose-pilose on the upper surface, abundantly appressed-
pilose beneath; flowers dioecious, white, fragrant; staminate flowers
in terminal fascicles of 2 or more, sessile; calyx and hypanthium
strigose-sericeous, the lobes linear-subulate, 5 mm. long; corolla

1368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

densely hirtellous, the tube 5-6 cm. long, the lobes ovate or lan-
ceolate, attenuate, 2.5-4 cm. long; pistillate flowers solitary, the
calyx lobes oblanceolate-linear, 15-18 mm. long, the corolla tube
4.5 cm. long.

RAVNIA Oerst.

Glabrous, epiphytic shrubs, the branchlets terete; leaves opposite,
short-petiolate, somewhat carnose when fresh, coriaceous when dried ;
stipules large, oblong, obtuse; flowers large, red, ternate at the ends
of the branches, subsessile; hypanthium narrowly turbinate; calyx
5-6-lobate, the lobes unequal, linear; corolla tubular, slightly curved,
the tube slender, somewhat ampliate in the throat, constricted below
the limb, the 5-6 lobes short, ovate, obtuse, spreading, imbricate;
anthers subexserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule slender-
cylindric; seeds very numerous, with a tuft of long, slender hairs
at the apex. — The genus consists of only the two species listed here.

Ravnia Pittieri Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 32: 114. 1921. Santa
Clara, Pittier 13461. Collected also at Pejivalle, 900 meters; near
El Cairo; and in the region of San Ramon, 1,000 meters. Endemic.
A small shrub; stipules oblong-oblanceolate, 3.5 cm. long, acute,
green; petioles scarcely 4 mm. long, the blades linear-lanceolate, 5-
20 cm. long, 1.2-4 cm. wide, narrowly long-attenuate, obtuse or
acute at the base, the lateral nerves obsolete or obscure; calyx
lobes linear, 5-8 mm. long, one or more linear or subulate teeth
between each 2 lobes; corolla 5.5 cm. long, the tube 12 mm. wide
at the middle, the lobes 5 mm. long. This is probably only a narrow-
leaved variety of R. triflora.

Ravnia triflora Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 49. 1852.
Near Cartago and Candelaria, 1,800-2,400 meters, Oersted 11696
(photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in forests of the
central region; region of San Ramon; at 1,100-2,400 meters. Chiri-
qui, Panama. A small, epiphytic shrub, usually a meter long or less;
stipules 1.5 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic to elliptic-oblong or lance-
oblong, mostly 5-10 cm. long, long-acuminate, obtuse or acute at
the base; calyx lobes unequal, without interposed teeth; corolla
bright red, 5-5.5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide above. The plant is a
handsome one, although the flowers always are rather few. In
general appearance it is more suggestive of the Gesneriaceae than of
the Rubiaceae.

RELBUNIUM Hook. f.

Annual or perennial herbs, in habit and general appearance
closely resembling Galium; leaves verticillate, narrow, small; flowers

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1369

minute, the pedicels articulate with the involucre, this consisting of
2-4 leaflike bracts; ovary didymous, the cells 1-ovulate; sepals none;
corolla rotate, 4-lobate, the lobes valvate; stamens exserted; fruit
more or less fleshy and juicy, smooth or tuberculate, normally
2-seeded. — One other species occurs in northern Central America.
The genus is closely related to Galium, differing in having foliaceous
bracts at the base of the flower.

Relbunium hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl. Frequent in forest or
thickets of the mountain regions, chiefly at 1,300-3,000 meters.
Widely distributed in the mountains of America, from Mexico far
southward. A weak-stemmed perennial, the stems sometimes a
meter long or more, often subscandent, retrorse-hispidulous; leaves
in 4's, oblong to elliptic or obovate, 5-15 mm. long, mucronate,
narrowed to the base, more or less pilose and ciliate, the margins
revolute; flowers pedicellate, equaling or shorter than the leaves;
corolla white, 1-1.5 mm. broad; fruit orange-red, 2-3 mm. long.

RICHARDIA L.

Erect or prostrate annuals, usually with rough pubescence;
stipules connate with the petioles into a setiferous sheath; leaves
opposite; flowers small or large, densely crowded in terminal, involu-
crate heads; ovary 3-4-parted, the cells 1-ovulate; sepals 4-6, more
or less connate at the base; corolla funnelform, the lobes valvate;
fruit consisting of 3-4 indehiscent, 1-seeded cocci. — The genus is
easy of recognition by its fruit, consisting of normally 3 or 4, rather
than 2, nutlike cocci that separate at maturity. No other species
are known from Central America.

Richardia scabra L. Common as a weed in waste or cultivated
ground, Meseta Central to the coasts; region of San Ramon. Gen-
erally distributed in tropical America. Plants prostrate or ascending,
often forming mats, pilose or hispid throughout; leaves petiolate,
oblong or lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, acute and mucronate; heads
dense, few-many-flowered; sepals lanceolate; corolla white, 4-6 mm.
long; carpels 3, muriculate, sulcate on the inner face, 2-3 mm. long.

RONDELETIA L.

Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent; leaves opposite or rarely
verticillate, sessile or petiolate; stipules usually broad, sometimes
foliaceous, commonly persistent; inflorescence terminal or axillary,
cymose, corymbose, or paniculate; calyx 4-5-lobate, the lobes often
unequal, persistent; corolla funnelform or salverform, white, yellow-

1370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ish, or red, the tube usually slender and elongate, the throat often
annular-thickened, sometimes barbate, the lobes spreading, broad,
obtuse, imbricate; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule small or
large, generally globose, bisulcate, loculicidally or septicidally bi-
valvate; seeds commonly minute, compressed or angulate, often
winged or appendaged. — Other species are known from Central
America.

Rondeletia amoena (Planch.) Hemsl. Teresa, Quina. R.
rugosa Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 43. 1852 (Cartago,
1,680 meters, Oersted). Frequent in forests of the central region,
1,000-2,000 meters; regions of Dota and San Ramon. Panama to
southern Mexico. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 5.5 meters high,
with a trunk 15 cm. in diameter, but usually smaller, the bark dark
cinnamon-brown, smooth; stipules triangular-oblong, obtuse, 1-1.5
cm. long, reflexed; leaves on very stout, short petioles, ovate-oval to
oblong-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, abruptly short-acuminate, rounded or
subcordate at the base, glabrous or sparsely pilose above, densely
short-pilose beneath; inflorescence terminal and axillary, cymose-
corymbose, rather dense and many-flowered, about as broad as long;
calyx lobes oblong or obovate-oblong, 1-2 mm. long; corolla pink,
appressed-pilose, the tube 8-12 mm. long, the throat densely yellow-
pilose, the 5 lobes 2-2.5 mm. long; capsule globose, 5-6 mm. in
diameter. The shrub is a handsome one because of its abundance of
bright pink flowers. It is cultivated at La Sabana in the garden of
Dona Amparo de Zeledon, and long ago was introduced into cultiva-
tion in Europe.

Rondeletia aspera Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 32: 54. 1918. Puente
del Rodeo, below Pacaca (Villa Colon), Prov. San Jose", Pittier 3243.
In forest, region of San Ramon, 600-1,000 meters. Endemic. A
shrub with slender branches; stipules linear to oblong-lanceolate, 6-10
mm. long, erect; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-elliptic to lance-oblong,
6-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, acute or acuminate at the
base, green above, very scabrous with short, slender hairs, densely
and closely white-tomentose beneath when young, the tomentum
more or less deciduous in age, the surface then short-pilose; inflores-
cence terminal, cymose-paniculate but often much condensed and
headlike, as broad as long; calyx lobes oval to ovate-deltoid, obtuse
or rounded, 1-2 mm. long; corolla arachnoid-tomentose, the tube 8-9
mm. long, the throat naked, the 4 lobes rounded, 3 mm. long.

Rondeletia Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli teretes brunnes-
centes primo dense strigoso-sericei, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1371

stipulae 8 mm. longae brunneae erectae extus sericeo-strigosae e basi
triangular! subulato-acuminatae; folia majuscula petiolata mem-
branacea, petiolo usque 1.5 cm. longo sed vulgo fere ad basin anguste
alato; lamina oblanceolata vel oblongo-oblanceolata 14-22 cm. longa
4-6.5 cm. lata longissime anguste falcato-attenuato-acuminata, basin
versus longe sensim attenuata, supra viridis sparse pilis longis laxis
albidis pilosa, subtus paullo pallidior, primo pilis longis laxis sub-
adpressis albidis pilosa, cito glabrata, costa gracili prominente, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 16 obliquis teneris leviter arcuatis;
inflorescentia terminalis paniculata, sessilis vel breviter pedunculata,
panicula spiciformi ad 16 cm. longa ca. 2.5 cm. lata dense multiflora,
floribus sessilibus vel subsessilibus in cymulas parvas paucifloras
densas breviter pedunculatas dispositis, ramis dense pilosis, bracteis
parvis linearibus viridescentibus inconspicuis; calycis lobi vix 1.5 mm.
longi viridescentes late ovales vel semiorbiculares glabrati, hypanthio
adpresso-pilosulo; corolla ochroleuca, tubo gracili 5-5.5 mm. longo
extus glabro vel infra lobos sparse hirtello, lobis 4 brevibus sub-
orbicularibus basi tantum sparse hirtellis. — Camino de San Ramon
a La Calera, March, 1929, Brenes 6757 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Rio Jesus de San Ramon, February, 1937, Brenes 22036. Cuesta de
La Vieja, road to San Carlos, 800 meters, April, 1903, Pittier 16693;
Cook & Doyle 39 (both specimens in U. S. Nat. Herb.). Closely
related to R. stachyoidea Bonn. Smith, of northern Central America,
and confused with that species by the writer when he prepared the
account of the genus for the North American Flora. R. stachyoidea
differs in its narrower, more abundantly and persistently pubescent
leaves, its greatly elongate and conspicuous bracts, long and narrow
calyx lobes, and longer corolla tube.

Rondeletia buddleoides Benth. Frequent in mountain forests
of the central region; Dota and San Ramon; 1,000-2,000 meters.
Panama to southern Mexico. Usually a shrub of 2-3 meters, but
sometimes a tree of 12 meters, with a trunk 20 cm. in diameter, the
bark light gray; stipules lanceolate or oblong, 3-8 mm. long, obtuse
to attenuate, erect; leaves on very short petioles, oval-elliptic to
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, rather thick, acute to
long-acuminate, obtuse to long-acuminate at the base, green above,
pilose or glabrous, covered beneath with a very dense and close,
white tomentum; inflorescence a terminal, spikelike panicle 10-15
cm. long, very dense and many-flowered; calyx lobes oblong or oval,
obtuse, 1 mm. long; flowers fragrant; corolla dull white, tomentose

1372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

outside, the slender tube 4-8 mm. long, naked in the throat, the

4 lobes 1-1.5 mm. long; capsule 3-4 mm. long.

Rondeletia calycosa Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 56: 59. 1913. In
forest, La Palma de San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 11633. Known
also from forests on the slopes of nearby Barba, at about the same
elevation. Endemic. A shrub of 2-3 meters; stipules triangular,
cuspidate, 3-4 mm. long; leaves very shortly petiolate, lance-elliptic,
6-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or very long-acumi-
nate, attenuate to the base, glabrous above, pilose beneath along the
nerves; inflorescence terminal, cymose-corymbose, 5-6 cm. long and
about as wide; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long; corolla
red, strigillose-pilose, naked in the throat, the tube 15-17 mm. long,
the 4 lobes 3 mm. long.

Rondeletia costaricensis Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 32: 61. 1918.
Near Buena Vista, San Carlos, 900 meters, Pittier 16696. Known
only from the original collection. Stipules foliaceous, suborbicular,

5 mm. long; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 14-18
cm. long, 6.5-8 cm. wide, acuminate, acute at the base, thin, glabrous;
inflorescence terminal, cymose-paniculate, rather few-flowered,
slender-pedunculate, calyx lobes narrowly triangular, acute, erect,
shorter than the hypanthium; corolla minutely appressed-pilose, the
slender tube 9 mm. long, the 4 lobes 3 mm. long.

Rondeletia Pittieri Schum. & Krause ex Schum. Bot. Jahrb.
40: 316. 1908. Teresa. Rio Poros and Rio Segundo, 2,000 meters,
Pittier 1729. Occasional in mountain forests of the central region.
Endemic. A shrub or tree of 3-6 meters, similar to R. amoena;
differing in having the leaves strigose beneath on the nerves, rather
than softly and densely pilose over the whole surface.

Rondeletia stenostachya Standl., sp. nov. — Rami graciles
teretes ferruginei, novellis densissime pilis subadpressis ferrugineis
pilosis, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis; stipulae ca. 7 mm. longae
extus dense strigosae, e basi rotundato-ovata subulato-mucronatae
persistentes erectae; folia modica sessilia vel brevissime crasse petio-
lata firme membranacea lanceolata vel anguste oblongo-oblanceolata
8-16 cm. longa 2-4 cm. lata longe anguste attenuato-acuminata,
basin versus longe sensim attenuata, supra viridia sparse strigosa,
subtus paullo pallidiora ubique dense strigoso-sericea vel in statu
adulto subglabrata, nervis lateralibus valde obliquis; inflorescentia
terminalis paniculata breviter pedunculata, panicula spiciformi ca.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1373

20 cm. longa vix 2 cm. lata solemniter interrupta, floribus in cymulas
parvas paucifloras sessiles dispositis sessilibus vel usque ad 3 mm.
longe pedicellatis, bracteis parvis angustis inconspicuis, rhachi dense
subadpresso-pilosa; hypanthium dense adpresso-hispidulum; calycis
lobi 4 subulati usque triangulares vix ultra 1 mm. longi; corolla extus
dense hispidulo-pilosa, tubo crassiusculo 4 mm. longo fauce nudo,
lobis 4 late ovalibus ca. 3.5 mm. longis. — La Hondura de San Jose",
1,300 meters, August, 1933, Manuel Valeria 769 (type in Herb. Field
Mus.), 780. Similar in appearance to the Guatemalan R. rufescens
Robinson, which, however, differs in almost all details of pubescence
and flower.

Rondeletia Torresii Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 163.
1928. Wet forest, Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, 1,800 meters,
Standley & Torres 47839. Frequent in mountain forests of the central
region; region of San Ramon; 1,000-2,000 meters. Endemic. A
slender shrub of 2-3.5 meters; stipules triangular, cuspidate-attenu-
ate, 3 mm. long; leaves on slender petioles 1-3 cm. long, lance-oblong
to ovate-oblong or elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, abruptly acuminate or
long-acuminate, subobtuse to acute at the base, above green, sparsely
puberulent on the costa and often sparsely short-pilose elsewhere,
puberulent beneath on the nerves, short-barbate in the axils of the
nerves; inflorescence terminal, cymose-corymbose, long-pedunculate,
lax; calyx lobes unequal, 3 of them linear or subulate and 1.5-2.5 mm.
long, the fourth elliptic to ovate, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long; corolla white,
densely short-strigillose, naked in the throat, the tube 13-14 mm.
long, the 4 lobes 3 mm. long; capsule 6-7 mm. long.

RUDGEA Salisb.

Shrubs or small trees, most often glabrous or nearly so; stipules
bearing on the margins or at the apex or on the dorsal surface subu-
late or aculeoliform teeth, these commonly pale and somewhat carti-
laginous, the stipules sometimes laciniate; leaves opposite, short-
petiolate or sessile; inflorescence terminal; calyx segments almost
free or variously united; corolla salverform or funnelform, the lobes
valvate; fruit baccate, containing 2 one-seeded nutlets. — Probably
no other species are known from Central America, but there is some
uncertainty regarding division of the material into species.

Rudgea cornifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Standl. R. fimbriata
Standl. Apparently frequent in forests of the region of San Ram6n;
mountains of Guanacaste; Rio Naranjo; chiefly at 600-900 meters.
Extending to Bolivia and Brazil, and probably to southern Mexico.

1374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

A glabrous shrub of 2-4 meters; stipules deltoid-ovate, incised -
laciniate; leaves sessile or nearly so, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 8-15
cm. long, acuminate, commonly narrowed to an obtuse or narrowly
rounded base; inflorescence usually small, cymose-paniculate, broad,
many-flowered, rather open, the flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx
short, minutely 5-dentate; corolla white, 5-7 mm. long, the lobes
longer than the tube; fruit ellipsoid, 5-8 mm. long (when fresh
probably much larger), white. It is probable that R. ceratopetala
Donn. Smith, described from Guatemala, is synonymous with
R. cornifolia.

Rudgea Skutchii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex 3-metralis omnino
glaber, ramis gracilibus, novellis olivaceis plus minusve compressis,
internodiis elongatis; stipulae diutius persistentes 7-8 mm. longae
ovales coriaceae fere liberae apice obtusissimae et fasciculo setularum
numerosarum brevium incrassatarum onustae; folia mediocria
brevissime petiolata papyracea, petiolo 2-5 mm. longo; lamina
elliptico-oblonga vel lanceolato-oblonga 8-10 cm. longa 3-4 cm.
lata, subabrupte in acumen anguste longiattenuatum ad 2.5 cm.
longum contracta, basin versus angustata, basi ipsa anguste obtusata,
supra in sicco viridis, nervis pallidis, subtus fere concolor lucida,
costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 7 remotis
prominentibus arcuatis prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis, venulis
prominulis laxe reticulatis; inflorescentia terminalis graciliter 3.5-5
cm. longe pedunculata cymoso-paniculata, basi trichotoma, laxe
pauciflora, ca. 3 cm. longa atque 5 cm. lata, ramis primariis angulo
fere recto divergentibus gracilibus rigidis viridibus, cymulis paucis
trifloris, flore centrali sessili, lateralibus ad 1 cm. longe pedicellatis,
bracteis obsoletis; hypanthium obconicum 2 mm. longum, calyce
viridi 3-3.5 mm. longo primo subtruncato serius irregulariter breviter
lobato; corolla alba glabra, tubo crasso cylindraceo 5 mm. longo,
lobis oblongis patentibus obtusis tubo fere aequilongis. — In forest,
vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 915 meters, Alexander F.
Skutch 2836 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.; photo in herb. Field Mus.).

Rudgea thyrsiflora Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 61: 375. 1916.
Forests of Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters, Tonduz 9579. Collected
also by Hoffmann (No. 767} at San Miguel. Endemic. Branches
ferruginous-pubescent; stipules connate into a sheath, this bisetose
on each side, aculeoliferous between the setae; leaves short-petiolate,
thin, lance-elliptic, 19-23 cm. long, 6-8 cm. wide, narrowly long-
acuminate, acute or acuminate at the base, glabrous; inflorescence
thyrsiform, dense, ferruginous-pubescent, pedunculate, 5.5 cm. long,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1375

1.5 cm. wide; calyx lobes ovate; corolla sparsely ferruginous-strigil-
lose, the tube 2 mm. long, the lobes corniculate at the apex. I have
not seen material of this species recently, and have available only
a photograph of the type (which does not show the inflorescence) and
a leaf from another collection. I am rather doubtful that the plant
belongs to this genus.

RUSTIA Klotzsch

Glabrous shrubs or trees, the branchlets terete or obtusely tetra-
gonous; leaves large, opposite, petiolate; stipules large, caducous;
flowers in terminal panicles; hypanthium campanulate or turbinate;
calyx short, 5-dentate or 5-lobate, persistent; corolla funnelform or
campanulate, the throat glabrous or pilose, the 5 lobes valvate,
short; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule thick-coriaceous, oblong-
ovoid or clavate, loculicidally bivalvate; seeds minute, horizontal.—
Another species is known from Panama.

Rustia occidentalis (Benth.) Hemsl. Cocos Island. Nicaragua
to Colombia; reported from Guatemala, but the report probably is
based upon a Nicaraguan specimen. A glabrous shrub or small tree;
stipules lance- triangular, 5-8 mm. long; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long,
the blades oblanceolate, 10-19 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate
to attenuate, attenuate to the base, subcoriaceous; panicles peduncu-
late, narrowly pyramidal, few-flowered, 6-9 cm. long, the pedicels 13
mm. long or less; calyx 1 mm. long, obscurely dentate; corolla salver-
form, pale violet, the tube 6-7 mm. long, the lobes ovate-oblong,
obtuse, 5-6 mm. long; capsule rounded-obovoid, 1 cm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide, dark brown. On Cocos Island the tree is reported to grow
along streams, and to reach a height of 15 meters.

SABICEA Aubl.

Reference: Wernham, A monograph of the genus Sabicea, 1914.

Plants ligneous or suffrutescent, usually scandent, pubescent;
leaves opposite; stipules persistent, erect or often reflexed; flowers
usually small, capitate or cymose, axillary, bracteate; calyx 3-6-
lobate, the lobes mostly narrow and elongate, persistent; corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube short or elongate, the throat
villous, the 4-5 lobes short, valvate; stamens included; ovary com-
monly 4-5-celled, many-ovulate; fruit baccate, 2-5-celled, the numer-
ous seeds minute, ovoid or angulate. — Perhaps two additional species
occur in Central America.

Sabicea costaricensis Wernham, Monogr. Sabicea 31. 1914.
Buenos Aires, in hedges, Pittier 6712. Occasional in thickets of

1376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the tierra caliente. Endemic (?). Suffrutescent, the young branches
densely yellowish-sericeous; leaves petiolate, elliptic to oblong, 12
cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide or usually smaller, acuminate, obtuse to
subcordate at the base, strigose beneath; inflorescence rather lax,
2 cm. broad or larger, the flowers conspicuously pedicellate; corolla
sparsely strigose, the tube 8 mm. long, the lobes 2 mm. long; fruit
greenish red.

Sabicea panamensis Wernham, described from Panama and
reported also from Guatemala, is probably identical with S. costari-
censis. Wernham described the former as an erect shrub, but all
the Central American Sabiceas, as I have seen them, are elongate
vines when well developed, and there is no reason to suppose that
so closely related a plant is different in habit from S. costaricensis.

Sabicea villosa Roem. & Schult. S. hirsuta HBK. Thickets of
the Atlantic tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Similar in habit and general appearance to the preceding species;
stems densely hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 5-12 cm. long;
flowers capitate, the heads sessile, few-flowered; corolla white, hirsute;
fruit deep purple, about 1 cm. long, juicy.

Sabicea villosa var. adpressa (Wernham) Standl. Thickets of
the tierra caliente; known from both coasts. Distributed like the
typical form of the species. Distinguished by having the pubescence
of the stems and corollas of closely appressed rather than spread-
ing hairs.

SHERARDIA L.

Low annuals; leaves verticillate, narrow; flowers small, subsessile,
in terminal and axillary, involucrate heads; calyx segments 4-6,
persistent; corolla funnelform, the tube equaling or longer than the
lobes; stamens exserted; fruit 2-celled, didymous, the carpels 1-seeded,
indehiscent. — No species of the genus is native in America.

Sherardia arvensis L. Common in potreros on the upper slopes
of Turrialba and Irazu, doubtless introduced with grass seed. Native
of Europe. Stems hispidulous, short or elongate and branched;
leaves in whorls of 4-6, obovate to lanceolate or linear, acute and
mucronate, 6-15 mm. long, ciliate; flowers heads pedunculate; corolla
pink or bluish. An inconspicuous plant, much like Galium in habit
and general appearance.

SICKINGIA Willd.

Trees or shrubs; stipules often large; leaves opposite; flowers
small or medium-sized, paniculate, 4-5-parted; calyx cupular or

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1377

campanulate, truncate or dentate; corolla tubular or funnelform,
usually pilose at the insertion of the stamens, the lobes short, imbri-
cate or open in bud ; stamens exserted ; capsule usually globose, often
very large, 2-celled, bivalvate; seeds large, horizontal, broadly winged.
-Two other species, at least, occur in Central America. The trees
have fine-grained wood that is pink or red when freshly cut, but the
handsome color, unfortunately, disappears in age.

Sickingia Maxonii Standl. Inkwood. Collected only at Monte
Verde, Atlantic tierra caliente, by Stork. Panama. A tree of 9-12
meters, with a spreading crown, the trunk 12-25 cm. in diameter;
leaves very large, sometimes 60 cm. long and 40 cm. wide, but
mostly smaller, sessile or short-petiolate, somewhat reddish when
dried, obovate or rhombic-obovate, short-acuminate, narrowed to
a rounded or sub truncate base, somewhat puberulent when young;
inflorescence rather small and dense; corolla coriaceous, narrowly
campanulate, 7-8 mm. long; fruit globose, the walls very thick and
hard, about 6 cm. in diameter; seeds 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Called Ink-
wood by the English-speaking people of the Atlantic coast. Known
in Panama as Guaiatil, Guaiatil Colorado, and Jagua de montana.

SOMMERA Schlecht.

Shrubs or small trees, more or less pubescent, the branchlets
terete; leaves opposite, petiolate, membranaceous, conspicuously
striolate-lineolate between the veins; stipules large, thin, caducous;
flowers small, white, in axillary, pedunculate cymes, corymbs, or
racemes; calyx 4-5-lobate, the lobes subfoliaceous, persistent; corolla
funnelform or subcampanulate, sericeous, the throat villous, the
4-5 lobes short or elongate, valvate; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate;
fruit baccate, globose or ovoid; seeds numerous, minute, obtusely
angulate. — One other species is found in Guatemala.

Sommera grand is (Bartl.) Standl. S. Donnell-Smithii Standl.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 436. 1914 (near Alajuelita, Prov. San
Jose", 990 meters, J. D. Smith 4771). S. mesochora Standl. Frequent
in mountain forests of the central region; Dota and San Ramon;
chiefly at 1,000-1,600 meters, but collected also in the Changuinola
Valley, at a much lower elevation. Panama to Mexico. A shrub or
tree, sometimes 8 meters high, with a dense crown; stipules 1.5-3.5
cm. long; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long, the blades obovate to rhombic-
obovate or oblanceolate-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, abruptly acuminate,
rounded to attenuate at the base, minutely and sparsely appressed-
pilose above, sparsely or densely pilose beneath with chiefly appressed

1378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

hairs; inflorescences usually many-flowered, short-pedunculate, the
pedicels 8 mm. long or less; calyx lobes suborbicular to ovate-oblong,
rounded or obtuse, 2.5-4 mm. long; corolla white, sericeous, 5-8 mm.
long; fruit subglobose, almost 1 cm. in diameter. Noteworthy for
the fine striation of the leaf tissue.

SPERMACOCE L.

Erect or spreading annuals; stipules connate with the petioles
to form a setiferous sheath; leaves opposite, herbaceous; flowers
minute, densely fasciculate in the leaf axils, 4-parted; sepals short-
connate; corolla funnelform, the lobes valvate; stamens attached
at the base of the corolla tube, the anthers versatile; fruit dry, of
2 one-seeded carpels, these coherent at the base, one carpel opening,
the other remaining closed. — At least two other species are found
in Central America.

Spermacoce glabra Michx. Waste or brushy places about the
Meseta Central, and in the Atlantic tierra caliente. Generally
distributed in tropical America. Plants glabrous throughout or
nearly so, erect or procumbent, rarely 60 cm. high; leaves short-
petiolate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, acuminate;
inflorescences many-flowered, one-sided; sepals triangular, 1 mm.
long; corolla white, 2 mm. long; capsule 3 mm. long. One other
species, S. confusa Rendle (S. tenuior of authors, not L.) is almost
certainly to be found in Costa Rica, but I find no specimens or
records. It is distinguished by having pubescent capsules, and the
leaves are scabrous on the upper surface. Both species are incon-
spicuous weeds.

TOCOYENA Aubl.

Unarmed shrubs or small trees; stipules mostly caducous, glan-
dular within; leaves opposite, petiolate; flowers large and showy,
terminal, cymose, perfect, 4-6-parted; calyx cupular, dentate, glan-
dular within; corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube slender
and greatly elongate, glabrous or pubescent in the throat, the lobes
contorted, obtuse or acute; fruit baccate, 2-celled, globose to oblong;
seeds numerous, large, compressed, horizontal. — One other Central
American species is native in Panama.

Tocoyena obliquinervia Standl. Contr. Arnold Arb. 5: 152.
1933. Posoqueria obliquinervia Standl. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
18: 167. 1928. Forests of Rio Naranjo, 200-250 meters, Tonduz
9528. Known only from the original material. Branchlets glabrous;
petioles 1-1.5 cm. long, the blades cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1379

oblong, 20-28 cm. long, 8-13 cm. wide, rounded and abruptly short-
acute at the apex, cuneately long-attenuate to the base, short-barbate
beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous; inflorescence
terminal, corymbiform, dense, many-flowered, glabrous; calyx 2 mm.
long, shallowly lobate; corolla tube (in bud) 12-18 mm. long, the
limb in bud globose-ovoid, 7 mm. long, obtuse.

UNCARIA Schreb.

Scandent shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, climbing by means of
stout, uncinate spines, these formed from abortive peduncles; leaves
opposite, coriaceous, short-petiolate; stipules entire or bifid; flowers
small, yellowish white, usually pubescent, in dense, globose heads,
these axillary and solitary or paniculate; corolla tubular-funnelform,
the 5 lobes valvate; ovary 2-celled, the ovules numerous; fruit
capsular, elongate, septicidally bi valvate; seeds produced at each
end into a wing. — A single species is native in Central America. The
flower heads are similar to those of the related genus Cephalanthus
found farther north, in Mexico and the United States.

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Rangayo. Thickets and
swamps of the Atlantic tierra caliente. Guatemala to the Guianas.
A large, woody vine; stipules 6-11 mm. long, obtuse or rounded;
leaves oval or ovate-oval, 10-15 cm. long, obtuse-acuminate, rounded
or cordate at the base, glabrous above, whitish-tomentose or glabrate
beneath; heads 6 mm. in diameter (excluding the corollas); corolla
6 mm. long; capsule trigonous, 2-3 mm. long. The plant is a trouble-
some weed in banana plantations of the Atlantic coast.

WARSZEWICZIA Klotzsch

Trees or shrubs, more or less pubescent; stipules large, persistent;
leaves opposite, petiolate, large, membranaceous or coriaceous;
inflorescence terminal, the small flowers 5-parted, cymose, the cymes
arranged in racemiform panicles; calyx lobes persistent, one of them
dilated into a large, foliaceous, petiolate, bright-colored limb; corolla
short-funnelform, villous in the throat, the lobes obtuse, imbricate
in bud; anthers exserted; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; capsule
small, oblong or globose, septicidally bi valvate; seeds minute,
horizontal, marginate, reticulate. — A single species is found in North
America.

Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotzsch. Forests of the
Atlantic tierra caliente. Extending to Peru and Brazil. A shrub
or tree, sometimes 12 meters high; stipules 1.5-2 cm. long, narrowly

1380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

triangular-oblong, acuminate or attenuate; petioles 2.5 cm. long or
less, the blades oblanceolate-oblong to oval-obovate, mostly 20-50
cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, sparsely pubescent or almost
glabrous; inflorescence 30-40 cm. long or larger, narrow; expanded
calyx lobe with a bright red, oblong limb 3.5-7 cm. long; corolla
yellow or orange, 5-8 mm. long; capsule 4-5 mm. long. This is one
of the most showy and handsome plants of Costa Rica, but it is
of apparently infrequent occurrence here.

XEROCOCCUS Oerst.

Low, simple shrubs; leaves opposite, large, petiolate; flowers
numerous, forming large, dense, sessile heads in the leaf axils, the
bracts and calyces dark red; calyx much exceeding the hypanthium,
4-lobate, the lobes linear-elongate, ciliate, persistent; corolla short,
tubular, pubescent, the throat glabrous, the 4 lobes short, valvate;
anthers included; ovary 2-celled, many-ovulate; fruit small, baccate,
2-celled, when dry separating into 2 cocci; seeds numerous, angulate,
reticulate. — The genus consists of a single species.

Xerococcus congestus Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 52.
1852. Turrialba, 900 meters, Oersted 11776 (photo, of type in Herb.
Field Mus.). Frequent in mountain forests of the central region,
mostly at 900-2,400 meters; region of San Ramon. Endemic. A
simple shrub, sometimes as much as 3.5 meters high, but usually
much lower, and often less than a meter in height; leaves long-petio-
late, broadly ovate or elliptic, as much as 30 cm. long, sparsely
villous or glabrate; flower clusters as much as 2.5 cm. in diameter,
dark red; calyx lobes about 8 mm. long; corolla 8-10 mm. long;
fruit white, 4 mm. long. When a part of the Rubiaceae of the
North American Flora was published, in 1921, this plant was still
known only from Oersted's type, and it is only in recent years that
a considerable quantity of herbarium material has accumulated. In
fact, only the writer seems to have had much success in finding the
plant, although it grows abundantly in many forested areas through-
out the central mountain region. It is such a showy and handsome
plant that it is hard to understand how it could escape the attention
of other collectors.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family

Shrubs or trees, sometimes woody vines; leaves opposite, simple

or compound, entire or dentate, without stipules; flowers perfect,

usually cymose; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 3-5-dentate

or 3-5-lobate; corolla gamopetalous, usually white, the limb 5-lobate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1381

sometimes bilabiate; stamens normally 5, inserted on the corolla
tube alternate with the lobes, the anthers versatile; ovary inferior,
1-6-celled, the style slender, the stigma capitate or 2-5-lobate; fruit
baccate or drupaceous in the Central American genera. — No other
genera are known from Central America.

LONICERA L. Honeysuckle

Shrubs, erect or scandent; leaves entire, those of young shoots
sometimes lobate; flowers variously arranged, often accompanied
by large, leaflike bracts; corolla irregular, the limb more or less
bilabiate; fruit baccate. — No species are native in Central America.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Madreselva. A common ornamental
plant of gardens. Native of eastern Asia. A slender vine with very
fragrant flowers; corolla at first white or pink, soon turning yellow;
berries black. The Japanese honeysuckle is a popular ornamental
plant in most parts of Central America, especially above the tierra
caliente.

SAMBUCUSL. Elder

Shrubs or small trees, the branches with abundant pith; leaves
pinnate or bipinnate, the leaflets serrate or laciniate; flowers small,
white, in usually depressed and broad cymes; calyx tube ovoid or
turbinate, the limb dentate; corolla rotate or nearly so, regular,
3-5-lobate; ovary 3-5-celled; fruit small, drupaceous, berry-like,
containing 3-5 one-seeded nutlets. — No other species are known
from Central America.

Sambucus mexicana Presl. Sauco. Occasional in forest or
hedges of the central region, chiefly at 900-1,600 meters; region
of Dota; often seen in cultivation. Ranging northward to south-
western United States. Usually a shrub but often a tree as much
as 6 meters high ; leaflets mostly 5-7, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate,
rather coarsely appressed-serrate, setulose-pilose beneath along the
costa, otherwise generally glabrous or nearly so; flowers fragrant,
in small and dense or broad and lax cymes; ripe fruit almost black.
Most of the Central American specimens of this species are from
cultivated plants, but this species is apparently native in some parts
of Costa Rica. It is also planted, partly for ornament and partly
for its flowers, whose infusion is much used in domestic medicine.
The juicy, agreeably flavored fruits are edible, like those of other
species of the genus. The typical form of S. mexicana, rare in Costa
Rica, has pinnate leaves. The common form is var. bipinnata

1382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

(Schlecht. & Cham.) Schwerin, in which the lowest leaflets of each
leaf are replaced each by 2 or 3 sessile leaflets.

Sambucus oreopola Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 146. 1898.
Sauco. S. canadensis L. var. oreopola Rehder, Trees & Shrubs 2:
188. 1911. Forests of Rancho Flores, Volcan de Barba, Tonduz
2107. Frequent in forest or clearings on upper slopes of the central
volcanoes, 1,800-2,400 meters; Zarcero. Endemic. A shrub, or
sometimes a tree of 9 meters; bark light brown with green streaks,
the wood pale yellow; leaflets 9-11, averaging larger than those
of S. mexicana and much more finely and closely serrate, pubescent
or almost completely glabrous; cymes very broad and rather lax;
fruit red, becoming almost black. Both Rehder and Schwerin con-
sider this merely a variety of S. canadensis, a common species of the
United States. In a genus in which the species, for the most part,
are so notoriously "feeble," it would seem that this Costa Rican
plant, far removed from the nearest region in which true S. canadensis
is known to occur, might well be given specific rank. Personally
I believe that it has quite as good characters upon which to base
such a separation as have most of the species maintained or described
by the two authors mentioned.

VIBURNUM L.

Reference: C. V. Morton, The Mexican and Central American
species of Viburnum, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 339-366. 1933.

Trees or shrubs; leaves entire or dentate; flowers small, white,
cymose; calyx lobes 5; corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobate;
ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate; fruit a red or black drupe. — Other species
occur in Central America.

Viburnum costaricanum (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2: 2. 1881. Conchudo. Oreinotinus costaricanus Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1860: 290. 1861. Volcan de Irazu, 2,700
meters, Oersted 7808. Frequent in forests of the mountains, mostly
at 1,100-3,000 meters. Adjacent Panama. A large shrub or a tree,
sometimes 22 meters high, with a trunk 75 cm. in diameter, the bark
scaly, rusty brown; leaves opposite or ternate, petiolate, elliptic to
oblanceolate or obovate, 12 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide or smaller,
acute or acuminate, cuneate at the base, entire, glabrate above,
sparsely stellate-pubescent beneath or glabrate; flowers sweet-
scented; calyx tube glabrous, sparsely red-glandular; fruit black at
maturity, 4-8 mm. long.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1383

Viburnum stellate- tomentosum (Oerst.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr.
Amer. Bot. 2: 3. 1881. Tirra, Curd, Sura. Oreinotinus stellato-
tomentosus Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1860: 283. 1861. 0.
Wendlandii Oerst. loc. cit. (Volcan de Irazu, 2,600 meters, Wend-
land 657). V. Wendlandii Hemsl. loc. cit. V. stellato-pilosum Polak.
Linnaea 41: 564. 1877 (forests near Barba, Polakowsky 31+9}. Volcan
de Irazu, 3,000 meters, Oersted 7818. Frequent in forest and thickets
of the central region, chiefly at 1,000-2,700 meters. Adjacent
Panama. A shrub or tree of 2-8 meters; leaves opposite, short-
petiolate, ovate to elliptic or obovate, acute or short-acuminate,
obtuse to rounded at the base, usually conspicuously dentate, densely
stellate- tomentose; fruit black, 5-6 mm. long. The fruit, like that
of other species, is sweet and edible.

Viburnum venustum Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
350. 1933. Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of San Isidro, Prov. Heredia,
2,000-2,400 meters, Standley & Valeria 50545. Frequent in forest
on the slopes of Barba and Poas; Palmira; at 1,500-2,600 meters.
Endemic. A large shrub or a tree of 9 meters, the trunk to 15 cm.
in diameter, the bark cinnamon-brown; leaves short-petiolate, ovate
or broadly ovate, 15 cm. long or less, abruptly long-acuminate,
rounded or truncate at the base, entire or rarely serrate, barbate
beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous or nearly so;
fruit ovoid, 6 mm. long, black. The wood is salmon-red when first cut.

VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family
VALERIANAL.

Perennial herbs, sometimes scandent, the roots with a strong,
distinctive odor; leaves opposite, simple or compound, without
stipules; flowers small, paniculate or cymose, perfect or polygamo-
dioecious; calyx limb represented by 5-15 setiform, plumose teeth;
corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobulate; stamens usually 3; ovary inferior;
fruit indehiscent, dry, compressed, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Other species
are native in northern Central America.

Valeriana Candolleana Gardner. V. Mikaniae Lindl. Common
in forests and thickets of the temperate region, and in Guanacaste,
at 600-1,800 meters; region of San Ramon. Mexico to Brazil.
Stems elongate and scandent, glabrous; petioles long, the blades
cordate, undulate-dentate, narrowly acuminate; flowers white or
greenish. Some authors treat this plant as a mere variety of V.
scandens, but it appears to be a perfectly good species.

1384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Valeriana longifolia HBK. Thickets in the upper region of
Volcan de Turrialba. Colombia. Plants erect, almost glabrous,
as much as a meter high; leaves chiefly basal, linear or lanceolate,
entire; flowers tinged with pink, arranged in a large, terminal panicle.

Valeriana prionophylla Standl., sp. nov. — Herba perennis
erecta ut videtur simplex atque 1 m. alta vel ultra, caule subfistuloso
1 cm. crasso et ultra striato pallide viridi, internodiis valde elongatis
bisulcatis, tan turn in sulcis sparse setuloso-pilosis; folia basalia ca.
26 cm. longa lineari-oblonga, lamina 13-20 cm. longa 1.5-2.5 cm.
lata obtusa vel acuta basin versus longiattenuata, grosse dentata,
petiolis latis vaginantibus, foliis supra glabris, subtus sparse setuloso-
pilosis; folia caulina 2-3 paria sessilia lineari-lanceolata 9-25 cm.
longa plerumque 1.5-2 cm. lata, superiora basi paullo dilatata et
subamplexicaulia, omnia versus apicem subobtusum angustata,
grosse serrata vel saepe inciso-serrata; inflorescentia terminalis atque
corymbosa longipedunculata ca. 15 cm. longa basi trichotoma,
cymis longissime pedunculatis compactis saepe ex axillis foliorum
superiorum nascentibus, floribus dense aggregatis sessilibus, bracteis
lineari-lanceolatis usque 6 mm. longis, ramis saltern ad nodos dense
albido-barbatis; corolla pallide violacea 2.5 mm. longa glabra, lobis
tubo fere aequilongis subovalibus apice rotundatis; antherae breviter
exsertae. — Cerro de La Muerte, 3,000 meters, in swampy places
beside streams, June, 1932, H. E. Stork 3040 (type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Volcan de Irazu, 3,150 meters, northeastern slope, only a
few plants observed among shrubbery, Stork 2897. The species is
well marked, among Central American ones at least, by the very
long and narrow, coarsely serrate or dentate leaves.

Valeriana scandens L. Reported from Atirro, and probably
to be found in various parts of the tierra caliente. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Plants scandent, glabrous; leaves compound,
the 3 leaflets broadly ovate.

Valeriana scorpioides DC. Common in pastures and forests
of the temperate region, 1,000-1,800 meters; region of San Ramon.
Ranging to Mexico. Plants erect, perennial or annual, simple or
sparsely branched, pubescent; leaves small, cordate-ovate, acute or
obtuse, undulate or crenate; flowers very small, white.

Valeriana sorbifolia HBK. Occasional in forests of the central
region; region of San Ramon; chiefly at 1,100-2,400 meters. Extend-
ing to Mexico. Plants erect, almost glabrous; leaves pinnate, the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1385

few leaflets serrate or dentate. It is possible that there may be
referable to this species a collection from Cerro de Las Vueltas, at
3,000 meters, reported under the name V. affinis Mart. & Gal.

DIPSACACEAE. Teasel Family
All plants of the family are natives of the Old World.

SCABIOSA L.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite; flowers in peduncu-
late, involucrate heads; bracts of the involucre distinct or slightly
united, herbaceous; flowers crowded upon a receptacle, this bearing
small scales, or naked; calyx limb 5-dentate; limb of the corolla
4-5-cleft, oblique or bilabiate; stamens 4; fruit an achene, crowned
by the persistent calyx.

Scabiosa atropurpurea L. Bambali. S. maritime, L. Often
grown in gardens for ornament. Native of southern Europe. An
erect annual, about 60 cm. high; basal leaves lance-ovate, lyrate-
lobate and coarsely dentate; cauline leaves pinnate-parted, with
narrow lobes; flowers dark purple, pink, or white. There are many
horticultural forms of the plant, varying in color and size of the
flowers.

CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family

References: Cogniaux in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 325-978. 1881;
Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I, II. 1916-1924.

Herbaceous or very rarely woody vines, provided with coiled
tendrils; leaves alternate, usually petiolate, often palmately lobate
or dissected, without stipules; flowers monoecious or dioecious, small
or large; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb commonly 5-lobate,
the petals normally 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, distinct,
or united to form a gamopetalous corolla; stamens mostly 3, some-
times 1, 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled
anther, the filaments short, often united; ovary 1-3-celled, the style
terminal, simple or lobate; fruit a pepo, but very variable as to form,
indehiscent or rarely dehiscent at the apex, sometimes dry; seeds
usually compressed, without endosperm.— A few other genera are
known from Central America. The family is still poorly understood
in tropical America, chiefly because of the absence of adequate
herbarium material. Large collections of well prepared specimens
of the family are greatly to be desired.

1386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ANGURIA L.

Reference: Cogniaux, Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 178. 1916.

Scandent herbs, glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire, lobate or
composed of 3-5 leaflets; flowers usually dioecious, medium-sized,
racemose or spicate, red or orange; receptacle elongate and narrow,
the sepals short and dentiform; stamens 2, the anthers linear or
oblong, straight or replicate, the connective narrow, usually produced
as an appendage. — A few other species are known from Central
America.

Anguria Dunlapii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 298. 1929. Type
collected in the Changuinola Valley, Panama, but doubtless occurring
also in Costa Rica. Plants glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, shortly
cuspidate-apiculate, shallowly cordate at the base; flowers 8 mm.
long, forming a long-pedunculate head.

Anguria limonensis Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 119.
/. 25. 1910. Between Limon and Moin, Pittier 16112. Forests and
thickets of the Atlantic coast. Endemic. Leaflets 3, glabrous, ovate
to lanceolate, acuminate, entire or somewhat sinuate, acuminate at
the base; receptacle 8-10 mm. long; anthers straight, the appendage
rounded and glabrous.

Anguria longipedunculata Cogn. Forests of the Atlantic
coast. Mexico. Leaves broadly oblong, acuminate, rounded at the
base, glabrous, entire or somewhat denticulate; flowers spicate, the
receptacle 8-10 mm. long; anthers straight, the appendage narrow,
papillose.

Anguria ovata Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 112. 1901. Las
Vueltas, Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 13006. Also Rio Yurquin.
Endemic. Leaves broadly ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded and
shallowly retuse at the base, glabrous; flowers racemose, the pedicels
1-2 mm. long; receptacle 12-13 mm. long; anthers straight, the
appendage glabrous.

Anguria pachyphylla Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 54: 236. 1912.
Tuis, Prov. Cartago, 650 meters, Tonduz 11535. Also at Las Vueltas.
Endemic. Leaves almost orbicular, glabrous, deeply emarginate at
the base, shallowly or deeply trilobate, the lobes acuminate, entire
or undulate; flowers spicate, the receptacle 10-12 mm. long; anthers
straight, the appendage narrow, obtuse, glabrous. The leaves are
coriaceous; in the other species they are membranaceous.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1387

Anguria plurilobata Cogn. Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 191. 1916.
Rio Tuis, 600 meters, Tonduz 8175. Stems somewhat pilose; leaves
glabrous, pinnate-lobate, the 7-9 lobes triangular; flowers spicate,
the receptacle 5-6 mm. long; anthers straight, obtuse and muticous.
Easy of recognition because of the pinnate-lobate leaves.

Anguria Tonduzii Cogn. Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 191. 1916.
Rio Corozal, Santo Domingo, Tonduz 1999. Leaflets 3, glabrous,
long-petiolulate, acuminate, narrowed to the base; flowers spicate,
the receptacle 10 mm. long; anthers straight, obtuse and muticous.

Anguria Warscewiczii Hook. Frequent in forests of the tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon, at 1,200 meters or less. Mexico to
Venezuela. The species was based upon cultivated plants, probably
of Costa Rican or Panaman origin. Leaves glabrous, the 3 leaflets
petiolulate, acute or short-acuminate, entire or somewhat undulate
or denticulate; flowers spicate, the receptacle 8-10 mm. long; anthers
straight, the appendage narrow, glabrous. In some specimens there
are found on the same branch trifoliolate leaves and others with
simple, trilobate blades.

CAYAPONIA Manso

Scandent, more or less pubescent herbs; leaves commonly 3-7-
lobate and rough; flowers monoecious, small or large, whitish,
greenish, or yellowish, solitary, fasciculate, racemose, or paniculate;
calyx of the staminate flower campanulate, with 5 teeth or lobes,
the corolla campanulate or rotate; stamens 3, the anthers coherent;
fruit globose or oval, indehiscent, 1-12-seeded. — A few other species
are known from Central America.

Cayaponia americana (Lam.) Cogn. C. americana var.
Oerstedii Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 787. 1881 (Ujarras, Oersted
3312; photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Thickets and forests of
the Atlantic tierra caliente. Nicaragua and West Indies. Leaves
scabrous, 3-5-lobate, not decurrent at the base; flowers small, race-
mose or paniculate; calyx tube 12-18 mm. long, glabrous; fruit oval,
2.5-3.5 cm. long.

Cayaponia attenuata (Hook & Arn.) Cogn. Frequent in
thickets of the tierra caliente. Mexico to Panama. Leaves scabrous,
decurrent at the base, trilobate, the upper ones sometimes entire;
flowers paniculate; calyx tube 8-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter.

Cayaponia Austin-Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Scandens, cauli-
bus crassiusculis sulcatis dense breviter villosulis, internodiis elonga-

1388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

tis; folia 2-5 cm. longe petiolata trifoliolata crassa; foliola breviter
petiolulata, terminalia obovato-oblonga acuminata, basi acuta vel
attenuata, lateralia lanceolato-oblonga basi valde obliqua, omnia
5-12.5 cm. longa 1.5-6.5 cm. lata subdense serrato-denticulata,
lateralia interdum prope basin subhastatolobata, supra viridia
aspero-scabra, subtus vix pallidiora ubique dense submolliter breviter
pilosa; cirrhi elongati breviter pilosi; flores mediocres in racemos
breves paucifloros dispositi, racemis saepe paniculas angustas sub-
nudas elongatas efformantibus, pedicellis plerumque 3-4 mm. longis
dense breviter pilosulis; calyx anguste campanulatus 5 mm. longus
pilosulus vel scaber basi rotundatus, dentibus ovato-triangularibus
acutis 2.5-3 mm. longis; corolla 8 mm. longa extus puberula, intus
tomentosa; fructus juvenilis globosus glaber fere 1 cm. diam.—
Zarcero, 1,350 meters, in forest, September, 1937, Austin Smith
A446 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The collector's notes furnish the
following information: A vigorous vine, climbing over trees to a
height of 8 meters; leaves rather stiff and rough; flowers open-
campanulate, 2.5 cm. broad, the corolla inside pale yellow, externally
yellow-green, with deep green striations.

Cayaponia leucosticta Standl., sp. nov. — Herba elongata
scandens, caulibus gracilibus sulcatis glabris, internodiis valde
elongatis; folia valde variabilia papyracea petiolata, inferiora fere
ad basin triloba, lobo terminali elliptico vel oblongo-elliptico, later-
alibus valde obliquis, omnibus abrupte subcuspidato-acuminatis;
folia superiora elobata vel saepe breviter subhastato-lobata, ovato-
deltoidea, plerumque 6.5-12 cm. longa atque 4-8 cm. lata, sub-
abrupte longe anguste caudato-acuminata, basi vulgo truncata,
interdum breviter late cordata, remote denticulata vel integra, supra
tactu laevis dense maculis magnis albis conspersa glabra, subtus
epunctata glabra; flores solitarii vel breviter racemosi, pedicellis
crassiusculis glabris usque 1.5 cm. longis, in statu fructifero incras-
satis; calyx magnus globosus ca. 1 cm. longus et fere aequilatus glaber
truncatus, margine dentibus 5 subulatis vix ultra 1 mm. longis
patentibus onusto; corolla (in alabastro tantum visa) extus densis-
sime brunneo-sordido-tomentosa; fructus ovalis glaber ca. 2.5 cm.
longus atque 1.5 cm. diam. — La Palma de San Ramon, September,
1928, Brenes 6336 (type in Herb. Field Mus.); also, from the same
locality, Nos. 6251, 6332, 6321, 5948. Los Ayotes, near Tilaran,
Guanacaste, 600 meters, wet forest, Standley & Valeria 4.5439.

Cayaponia macrantha Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 118.
1910. Las Vueltas de Tucurrique, Reventazon Valley, 635 meters,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1389

Tonduz 12840. Known only from the original collection. Stems
slightly puberulent at the nodes, otherwise glabrous; leaves long-
petiolate, the blades ovate in outline, deeply trilobate, 7-12 cm. long,
attenuate and subemarginate at the base, scabrous above, pale
beneath and minutely white-punctate, remotely dentate, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate, the lateral ones oblique, often bilobate; staminate
flowers long-pedunculate, the peduncles 4-6 cm. long; calyx cam-
panulate, 18 mm. long, villous, the teeth 3-5 mm. long; corolla
yellowish white, 4 cm. long, lanate within; fruit globose, 5 cm. in
diameter, yellow with green stripes.

Cayaponia microdonta Blake. Thickets at Pejivalle, Atlantic
tierra caliente, 900 meters, and doubtless elsewhere. Ranging to
British Honduras. A large or small, herbaceous vine, the slender
branches rough; leaves long-petiolate, tuberculate and hispidulous or
glabrate above, tuberculate, glanduliferous, and sparsely hispidulous
beneath, trilobate to the middle or almost to the base, the lateral
lobes again deeply lobate, the blade contracted and decurrent at the
base, the lobes acute or acuminate, finely or coarsely dentate; calyx
campanulate, 14 mm. long, the triangular teeth 1.5 mm. long; corolla
cream-colored or greenish, 1.5 cm. long, viscid-puberulous; fruit
globose, at maturity as much as 5 cm. in diameter.

Cayaponia racemosa (Swartz) Cogn. Frequent in thickets of
the Meseta Central and on the Pacific slope; region of San Ramon;
at 1,300 meters or less. Mexico to northern South America and
West Indies. A large or small vine, the stems glabrous or nearly so;
leaves petiolate, almost glabrous, or often very scabrous, mostly
3-5-lobate, abruptly long-decurrent at the base, the lobes obtuse or
acute, dentate; calyx broadly campanulate, about 3 mm. long,
rounded at the base, glabrous or nearly so, the teeth minute; corolla
papillose outside, tomentose within, 4-5 mm. long; fruit oval, 16-18
mm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, glabrous. Var. scaberrima Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. 3: 769. 1881, was based in part upon Oersted 1 from
San Jos£ and Oersted 49 from Ujarras.

CITRULLUS Forsk. Watermelon
The few species of the genus are natives of the Old World.

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Sandia. The watermelon, native of
Africa, is grown commonly in Costa Rica, as in most warmer parts
of America. The watermelons of the tierra caliente are often large
and of superior quality, but many of those produced, especially on

1390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the Pacific slope during the dry season, are small and inferior, largely
because inferior seeds are planted. There are numerous local vari-
eties, differing in shape and in color of the flesh. Plants sometimes
are found in waste places, where the seeds have fallen by accident,
but such plants rarely if ever produce fruits.

CUCUMIS L.

Annuals or perennials, scandent or prostrate; tendrils simple;
flowers yellow, mostly small, monoecious, the staminate fasciculate
or rarely solitary, the pistillate usually solitary; staminate calyx
campanulate or turbinate, the lobes subulate, remote, the corolla
rotate or subcampanulate; stamens 3, free; fruit variable, usually
fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded; seeds ovate or oblong, com-
pressed, smooth. — No other species are known in Central America.

Cucumis Anguria L. Thickets in the lowlands of Guanacaste,
and perhaps elsewhere on the Pacific coast. Widely distributed in
tropical America. Plants annual, prostrate, hispid; leaves long-
petiolate, broadly ovate to rounded in outline, 5-10 cm. long, deeply
3-5-lobate, scabrous and hispidulous, very rough, the lobes mostly
obovate; calyx 6 mm. long; corolla 1 cm. broad, the lobes ovate;
fruit ellipsoid, yellow, 4-7 cm. long, densely covered with long,
flexible prickles.

Cucumis Melo L. Melon. Cantaloupe, Muskmelon. Native of
the Old World tropics, this well known plant, so generally cultivated
in the United States, is seldom planted in Central America. I do
not know whether its scarcity there results from dislike of the fruit
or from difficulty in propagation.

Cucumis sativus L. Pepino. Cucumber. Grown commonly in
gardens, as in most regions of the earth. Probably of East Indian
origin.

CUCURBITA L.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually with rough pubescence;
leaves cordate at the base; tendrils branched; flowers monoecious,
large, yellow, the staminate solitary or fasciculate, the pistillate
solitary; calyx campanulate, 5-lobate; corolla campanulate, 5-lobate
to the middle; stamens 3, distinct, the anther sacs flexuous; fruit
large, fleshy, indehiscent. — No species are native in Central America,
but one or more are found in Mexico.

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche". Chiverre, Chilacayote (Pittier).
Planted commonly in the temperate regions, especially at rather

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1391

high elevations; naturalized in thickets and forest in the region of
Dota. Probably native of tropical Asia. A large, scandent vine,
perennial; leaves subreniform, usually deeply 5-lobate but often
only shallowly lobate, the lobes broadly rounded; calyx villous-
hirsute, the lobes linear, slightly shorter than the tube; corolla 6-8 cm.
long; fruit globose-ovoid, 20-30 cm. in diameter or larger, pale green,
with white, fibrous flesh. The chiverre is one of the well known culti-
vated plants of Costa Rica, and often figures in literature, or especi-
ally in jokes. Often when one has made a long and hard trip on
horseback to some finca high in the mountains, the owner welcomes
his guest with a promise, in appreciation of his visit, to give him a
chiverre when he returns home. The fruit looks much like a water-
melon. Its flesh is used for preparing a variety of desserts.

Cucurbita Pepo L. Ayote, Sapayo. A large number of varieties
of squashes are grown in Costa Rica, as in other parts of Central
America, and they constitute one of the favorite vegetables, being
prepared for the table in various ways. These plants are of American
origin, but they are no longer found in a wild state, an indication
that their cultivation must be very ancient. Pumpkins like those
grown in the United States I have never seen in Central America,
most of the forms being rather of the squash type. The name ayote
is of Mexican origin; sapayo is said by Pittier to be of Quechua
derivation. Indigenous names reported by Pittier are: Pis (Cabe"-
cara); Api (Bribri); Bat (Brunka).

GYCLANTHERA Schrad.

Reference: Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 120. 1910.

Scandent herbs, usually glabrous or nearly so; tendrils simple
or branched; leaves angulate to pedately compound; flowers usually
very small, yellowish or white, monoecious, the staminate racemose
or paniculate; calyx tube cupular or subrotate, the 5 teeth subulate,
sometimes obsolete; corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, the lobes gen-
erally acute; stamens coalescent to form a column, the anthers con-
nate into a head, usually 1-celled and annular; pistillate flowers
solitary, inserted in the same axil with the staminate inflorescence;
fruit obliquely ovoid, gibbous, fleshy, usually echinate, containing
1 or more seeds. — A few other species probably occur in Central
America. The young fruits of some species, known in Costa Rica
as Caifas, often are cooked and eaten. The young shoots or quelites
also are used as a vegetable.

1392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cyclanthera explodens Naud. Chanchitos (fruits). C. costari-
censis Cogn. Diagn. Cucurb. 2: 73. 1877 (San Jose", Oersted 23; photo,
of type in Herb. Field Mus.). C. costaricensis var. angustiloba Cogn.
loc. cit. (Ujarras, 1,000 meters, Oersted 21+). Thickets of the Meseta
Central, chiefly at 1,100-1,300 meters; region of Dota. Salvador
to Ecuador. Stems more or less villous, at least at the nodes; leaves
short-petiolate, the upper ones often almost sessile, 6-9 cm. long,
shallowly or deeply trilobate, acuminate, shallowly or deeply cordate
at the base, remotely denticulate, scaberulous-pubescent on both
sides; staminate racemes usually short, the calyx tube glabrous,
scarcely more than 1 mm. broad; corolla 1 mm. long; fruits on very
short peduncles, usually 8-seeded, 2-2.5 cm. long, somewhat glau-
cous, bearing a few short, thick, fleshy spines. The ripe fruits dehisce
elastically when squeezed in the hand. Cogniaux and Pittier both
maintained C. costaricensis as a distinct species, but the key characters
are extremely feeble, and a photograph of the type specimen shows
that it is exactly like the Costa Rican collections cited by Pittier
under C. explodens.

Cyclanthera Langaei Cogn. Frequent in thickets and forest
of the tierra caliente, ascending the slopes of the mountains to 3,000
meters. Ranging to Mexico. A slender, much branched vine,
the stems villous at the nodes, elsewhere glabrous; leaves long-
petiolate, 5-7-foliolate, the leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
5-10 cm. long or even larger, acutely dentate, acute, sparsely villous
or glabrate; staminate racemes long-pedunculate, the pedicels fili-
form; calyx tube 3 mm. long; corolla white, 2-2.5 mm. long; fruits
ovoid or oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, short-rostrate, densely aculeate,
the peduncles 3-6 cm. long. C. Langaei subsp. gracillima Pittier
(Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 124. 1910; hedges at Ochomogo, 1,500
meters, Tonduz 10904) is a form with large leaves and very slender
stems.

Cyclanthera Naudiniana Cogn. Slopes of Volcan de Barba,
and region of Zarcero, 2,000-2,300 meters, in forest. Panama to
Texas. Stems slender, glabrous; leaflets 3-5, usually petiolulate,
lanceolate or oblong, mostly 3-5 cm. long, acuminate, dentate or
lobulate, almost glabrous; staminate racemes or panicles sometimes
longer than the leaves, the calyx tube 2 mm. broad; corolla green,
1.5-2 mm. long; fruiting peduncles 1-2 cm. long; fruit ovoid-oblong,
2-2.5 cm. long, densely short-setose.

Cyclanthera pedata Schrad. Caifa, Pepino. Region of Cartago,
but perhaps only in cultivation for its edible fruits. Mexico to

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1393

Bolivia. Stems glabrous; leaflets 5-7, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acute, attenuate to the base,
denticulate or crenulate, somewhat scaberulous; staminate inflores-
cences paniculate, 10-20 cm. long, the pedicels filiform; calyx
glabrous, the tube 3-4 mm. broad; corolla 1.5-2 mm. long; fruits
oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, long-attenuate, bearing a few
short, fleshy spines toward the base, the peduncle very short and
thick. Illustrated by Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: pi. 18.

Cyclanthera Tonduzii Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
274. 1892. Hedges near San Jose", Pittier 1^9. In thickets or forest,
Meseta Central and the Pacific slope; Guanacaste; region of San
Ramon; Dota; at 2,400 meters or less. Reported also from Guate-
mala. Plants slender and much branched, the stems puberulent at
the nodes, otherwise glabrous; leaflets 5, scaberulous above, glabrous
beneath, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse or acute, dentate and often lobate;
staminate inflorescences slender, usually longer than the leaves,
the calyx glabrous, 3 mm. broad; corolla white, 2 mm. long; fruiting
peduncles 2-3 cm. long; fruits 2-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick,
densely setose. Illustrated by Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb 13:
f. 27, 28.

ECHINOCYSTIS Torr. & Gray

Scandent herbs, annual or perennial; leaves long-petiolate, usually
5-7-angulate or lobate; tendrils 2-5-fid; flowers usually small and
white, the staminate racemose or paniculate; calyx tube campanu-
late, the 5 teeth subulate; corolla commonly rotate, deeply 5-parted,
the segments oblong or linear, papillose; stamens 3, the filaments
united to form a column, the anthers connate or free, the cells
flexuous; pistillate flowers solitary or arising from the same axil as
the staminate; fruit dry, 1-3-celled, densely covered with long and
rather stout spines, opening at the apex by 1-2 pores, sometimes
irregularly rupturing. — Probably no other species occur in Central
America.

Echinocystis Coulteri (Gray) Cogn. Tacaquillo, Chayotillo.
Echinopepon horridus Naud. Thickets or forest of the Meseta
Central, chiefly at 1,000-1,200 meters. Extending to Mexico. A
slender, much branched vine, the stems sparsely villous-hirsute;
leaves angulate or shallowly 5-lobate, mostly 8-10 cm. long, acute
or short-acuminate, deeply cordate at the base, sparsely villous-
hirsute, remotely and minutely denticulate; staminate racemes longer
than the leaves, 5-15-flowered, the pedicels 5-9 mm. long; calyx

1394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

sparsely villous, 7-8 mm. broad, the narrowly triangular teeth 2 mm.
long; corolla sparsely villous, 6-7 mm. long; fruit oblong, 4 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, long-rostrate, the spines 4-18 mm. long.

ELATERIOPSIS Ernst

Similar to Cyclanthera, but the stamens 5, the anthers connate
into a head, the anther cells flexuous; in Cyclanthera there is a
single anther; fruit smooth, unarmed. — No other species are known
from Central America.

Elateriopsis Oerstedii (Cogn.) Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13: 125. pi 19; f. 31-3 b. 1910. Caifa, Chayotillo. Cyclanthera
Oerstedii Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 856. 1881. San Jose", Oer-
sted 20 (photo, of Oersted 18, from Cerro de Catalina, one of the
other specimens cited by Cogniaux, in Herb. Field Mus.). In thickets
and forest, Meseta Central to the coasts, at 1,300 meters or less;
Guanacaste. Endemic. Stems rather stout, 5-sulcate, glabrous or
slightly pubescent; leaves long-petiolate, the petioles glabrous;
blades 6-15 cm. long, angulate or shallowly trilobate, almost gla-
brous, punctate above, cordate at the base, remotely denticulate;
staminate racemes 5-20 cm. long, the pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx
sparsely pubescent, 6-7 mm. broad, the teeth subulate; corolla green-
ish white, pubescent outside, 5-6 mm. long; fruiting peduncles 2-3
cm. long; fruit obliquely ovoid, 6-8 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick, smooth,
light green with darker stripes, 3-celled, the seeds several in each
cell, flattened, brownish, 17 mm. long. E. Oerstedii var. Biolleyi
Pittier (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 126. /. 81. 1910; Cyclanthera
Oerstedii var. Biolleyi Cogn., ined.) is a form with slightly larger
flowers, the corolla lobes being longer and narrower than in the type.
The fruits are a rather common vegetable of central Costa Rica, and
the plants are often cultivated.

ELATERIUM Jacq.

Slender, scandent herbs, glabrous or rather sparsely pubescent;
leaves cordate, entire, lobate, or parted; tendrils simple or branched;
flowers small, white or yellow, monoecious, the pedicels capillary;
staminate flowers racemose, the calyx tube elongate-cylindric, narrow,
the usually 5 lobes subulate or filiform, the corolla rotate, parted
almost to the base; filaments connate into an elongate column, the
anther cells linear, sigmoid-flexuous; pistillate flowers solitary; fruit
obliquely ovoid, rostrate, gibbous, fleshy, 1-many-celled, at maturity
rupturing elastically; seeds marginate, the margin usually crenulate.
— One or two additional species are found in Central America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1395

Elaterium ciliatum Cogn. Chanchitos (fruits). Frequent in
thickets and forest, Meseta Central to the Pacific tierra caliente;
region of San Ramon; at 1,300 meters or less. Panama to Guate-
mala. Leaves thin, the upper ones sessile or nearly so, mostly ovate-
cordate or rounded and 6-8 cm. long, somewhat angulate and
remotely dentate, sparsely and rather softly pilose, the basal sinus
densely ciliate with long, white hairs; tendrils branched; flowers
green, the calyx nearly or quite 2 cm. long; petals linear, 12-15 mm.
long; fruit at first setose, 2-2.5 cm. long. The young and tender
fruits sometimes are cooked and eaten. The ripe fruits, if taken in the
hand and pressed gently, explode and wriggle in one's hand like a
caterpillar, in much the same fashion as the seed pods of Impatiens.
These properties are well known in Central America, where the
children delight in picking the fruits.

Elaterium gracile (Hook. & Arn.) Cogn. Chanchitos. Common
in thickets and forest, Meseta Central to the Pacific coast; region of
San Ramon; at 1,300 meters or less. Mexico to Venezuela and
Ecuador. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves not ciliate
in the basal sinus.

Elaterium pauciflorum Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1:
276. 1891. Piedra del Convento, Pittier 3907. Known only from the
original material. Tendrils simple, rather than branched as in the
preceding species; staminate racemes only 2-3-flowered.

FEVILLEA L.

Scandent vines, the leaves thin, angulate or lobate, the flowers
small, paniculate, dioecious; calyx and corolla similar in both kinds
of flowers, the calyx 5-lobate, the corolla divided into separate petals;
stamens 5, accompanied by 5 staminodia, the anthers 1-celled; ovary
completely 3-celled; fruit very large, imperfectly 3-celled, the seeds
large, compressed. — A single species is found in Central America.

Fevillea cordifolia L. Cabalonga, Chichimora, Contraveneno.
I have seen no Costa Rican material, but the plant is reported from
the tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America. Stems
stout, glabrous; leaves long-petiolate, broadly oval to ovate-oblong,
8-15 cm. long, entire or lobate, short-acuminate, subcordate at the
base, 5-nerved; staminate panicles large, many-flowered, the calyx
2-3 mm. long, the lobes ovate, rounded at the apex; petals yellow or
brown, 3-4 mm. long, orbicular-ovate; fruit globose, about 10 cm.
in diameter, green and lustrous; seeds 12, brown, very large. The

1396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

handsome and distinctive seeds often are displayed for sale by the
curanderos who frequent the markets. The seeds have a high reputa-
tion throughout Central America as a cure for various diseases.
Pittier reports the Brunka name as Sran-ua.

FRANTZIA Pittier

Scandent herbs, almost glabrous; leaves entire or deeply lobate;
flowers small, whitish or yellowish; staminate inflorescence racemose;
calyx subrotate, the 5 teeth thick, rounded; corolla lobes 5, spreading,
ovate-lanceolate; stamens 5, the filaments connate to form a column,
the anthers forming an irregular head; pistillate flowers solitary,
in the same axils with the staminate inflorescence; ovary 1-celled,
1-ovulate; fruit fibrous or ligneous, ovate-rounded, somewhat acule-
ate, indehiscent; seed ovate, smooth. — The genus consists of only the
following species. It was named for Alexander von Frantzius,
investigator of the fauna and physiography of Costa Rica.

Frantzia montana Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 128. /.
35, 36. 1910. Climbing on old trunks in pastures on the slopes of
Volcan de Turrialba, 2,500 meters, Pittier 13192. Also in the region
of El Copey, 1,800 meters. Endemic. Stems glabrous; leaves long-
petiolate, 8-10 cm. long, thick, white-punctate above, almost gla-
brous, paler beneath and rather densely glandular and hispidulous,
3-lobate almost to the base, the lobes narrow, long-acuminate, the
outer ones hastate at the base; staminate inflorescence 15-25 cm.
long, the filiform pedicels 3-5 mm. long; calyx 4 mm. broad, sparsely
short-pilose; corolla pale yellow, sparsely brownish-pilose outside,
the lobes 3.5 mm. long; fruit ovoid, 4.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, sparsely
beset with short, hard spines; seed compressed, smooth, 2 cm. long,
1 cm. broad.

Frantzia Pittieri (Cogn.) Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13:
129. /. 37-39. 1910. Chayotillo, Taca, Tacaco. Cyclanthera Pittieri
Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 275. 1891. Elateriopsis Pittieri
Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 10: 50. 1934. Carrillo, Rio Sucio Valley,
300 meters, Pittier 1212. Apparently frequent in forests of the Atlantic
tierra caliente; region of Zarcero; ascending to 1,800 meters. En-
demic. Plants glabrous throughout; leaves about 10 cm. long, entire
or shallowly trilobate, deep green above, pale beneath, deeply cordate
at the base, acuminate, the lobes remotely denticulate or subentire;
staminate inflorescence 10-25 cm. long, the filiform pedicels 3-7 mm.
long; calyx 5 mm. broad; corolla 1 cm. in diameter, green; fruit 4-6
cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, with short, hard spines throughout or only

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1397

at the base; peduncle 3-5 cm. long. F. Pittieri var. quinqueloba
(Cogn.) Pittier (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 130. 1910; Cyclanthera
Pittieri var. quinqueloba Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 276.
1891; Boruca, Pittier 3506} is a form with the leaves deeply 3-5-
lobate, the lobes being narrower and more narrowly acuminate than
in the typical form. The fruits are much like those of Polakowskia.
They have an odor resembling that of cucumber.

GURANIA Cogn.

Reference: Cogniaux, Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 192. 1916.

Scandent herbs, sometimes with woody stems, pilose; leaves
entire or lobate; flowers small or medium-sized, the calyx red or
orange, the petals small, yellow; flowers dioecious, the staminate
spicate, capitate, or racemose, the sepals elongate and very narrow;
stamens 2, the anthers narrow or broad, usually appendiculate;
fruit oblong, containing many compressed seeds. — Other species are
known from Central America.

Gurania costaricensis Cogn. Diagn. Cucurb. 1: 37. 1876;
Pflanzenreich 275, I : /. 50. Type collected by Warscewicz, without
indication of the locality (photo, in Herb. Field Mus.). Forests of
the Atlantic tierra caliente, ascending to 1,350 meters. Endemic.
A large, scandent herb, the stems hirsute; leaves short-petiolate,
ovate-cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, dentate, pilose; stami-
nate flowers pedicellate and umbellate, the sepals 7-9 mm. long,
the receptacle sericeous-pilose. Var. subtrilobata Cogn. op. cit. 38,
the type collected by Oersted (No. 7), differs in having somewhat
trilobate leaves. In this as in other species the flowers are handsome
and very conspicuous because of their brilliant colors, especially
when the plants grow in places where there are few other plants
that produce brilliant flowers.

Gurania Levy ana Cogn. Common in the tierra caliente, ascend-
ing to the Meseta Central; Guanacaste; region of San Ramon; at
1,300 meters or less. Nicaragua to Panama. A large vine, the stems
short-pilose and rough; leaves long-petiolate, broad, usually trilobate,
the lobes obtuse or acuminate, denticulate; staminate flowers disposed
in a long-pedunculate head; sepals linear, pilose, 3-4 cm. long, the
receptacle tomentose; connective of the anther broad, prolonged into
a papillose appendage, the anther oblong, replicate at the base.

Gurania Makoyana (Lam.) Cogn. Frequent in forests of the
Atlantic tierra caliente, ascending to Juan Vifias. Guatemala to

1398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Panama. Stems short- villous; leaves deeply trilobate, sometimes
5-lobate, soft-pilose, the lobes narrow, remotely denticulate; stami-
nate flowers in dense, long-pedunculate heads; sepals narrowly
linear, about 3 cm. long, the receptacle densely tomentose; anthers
oblong, replicate at the base, the connective narrow, prolonged into
a glabrous appendage.

Gurania megistantha Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 251. 1902.
Suerre, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D. Smith 6649.
Also at Talamanca and Pejivalle; ascending to 900 meters. Panama.
A woody vine, the stems as much as 7 cm. thick, covered with a
thick, corky bark, the wood small, with extremely large vessels,
the stems climbing to the tops of tall trees; leaves unknown; stami-
nate flowers racemose; receptacles glabrous, the sepals 8 mm. long,
the whole flower as much as 4 cm. long. Easy to recognize by the
form of the flower, with a long, narrow, glabrous receptacle. This
plant is perhaps the only Costa Rican member of the Cucurbitaceae
with truly woody stems.

Gurania racemifera Standl., sp. nov. — Caulis scandens her-
baceus dense longihirsutus; folia profunde triloba basi breviter
cordata utrinque sparse hirsuta, petiolo dense hirsute, lobis oblongis
breviter abrupte acuminatis fere integris, lateralibus paullo latioribus;
flores masculi racemosi, racemis dense multifloris ad 5 cm. longis
longipedunculatis, pedicellis incrassatis 4-7 mm. longis glabris vel
sparse hirsutis; receptaculum ovoideum 5 mm. longum pilis paucis
longis laxis albis onustum, sepalis lineari-attenuatis erectis 4 mm.
longis sparse hirsutis; corollae segmenta linearia sepalis paullo
breviora attenuata; antherae ovatae rectae, connective angusto,
appendice anguste triangulari papillose. — Moist forest, Naranjos
Agrios, Prov. Guanacaste, 600 meters, Standley & Valeria 43508
(type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). Flowers orange. Easy of recognition
among Costa Rican species by its racemose, very small flowers.

Gurania Pittieri Cogn. Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 198. 1916.
Forests of Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters, Tonduz 9589. Stems
densely short-pubescent; leaves deeply trilobate, sparsely pilose,
the lobes acuminate, remotely denticulate; staminate flowers forming
a dense head; receptacle ovoid, short- villous, the sepals narrowly
linear, 14 mm. long; anthers broad, replicate at the base, the connec-
tive broad, not produced at the apex.

Gurania Seemanniana Cogn. Frequent in forests of the
Atlantic tierra caliente, ascending to 1,500 meters. Honduras to

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1399

Panama. Stems villous with long, soft hairs; leaves 5-7-lobate,
pilose, the lobes broad or narrow, acuminate, denticulate; staminate
flowers forming dense heads; receptacle densely white- tomentose,
the sepals pilose, very narrow, 2 cm. long; anthers replicate at the
base, the connective narrow, prolonged as a pilose appendage.

Gurania Tonduziana Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 31: 112. 1901.
Shirores, Talamanca, 100 meters, Tonduz 9332. Stems pubescent;
leaves deeply 7-parted, pubescent, the lobes very narrow, acuminate,
remotely denticulate; staminate flowers densely capitate; receptacle
densely short-pubescent, the sepals narrowly linear, 2.5 cm. long;
anthers oblong, replicate at the base, the connective narrow, produced
into a glabrous appendage.

LAGENARIA Seringe

Large, scandent herbs; flowers large, white, monoecious, solitary;
staminate calyx almost funnelform, the corolla of 5 distinct, spread-
ing petals; stamens 3, distinct, the anther sacs flexuous; fruit large,
indehiscent, dry or nearly so, with a hard, brittle shell; seeds white,
obovate, marginate. — The genus consists of a single species.

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Calabaza. Cultivated
commonly in temperate and lowland regions. Probably native in
the tropics of the Old World. Plants softly and finely pubescent;
leaves large, long-petiolate, reniform-cordate, denticulate, rarely
lobate; petals crispate, 3-4 cm. long; staminate calyx 2-3 cm. long.
The hard-shelled gourds or calabashes borne by this plant are of
importance in the household economy of rural regions. They are
used as containers for all sorts of substances, and for fashioning
ladles, spoons, and other articles for kitchen use. The fruits, accord-
ing to Pittier, fall into three classes, as regards form: large and
globose, called nambiro in Nicoya; elongate and sausage-shaped,
known as calabaza dulce; and the most common, bottle-shaped. The
second form is used particularly for fashioning the sounding-boxes
of marimbas. The young and tender fruits of this vine are cooked
and eaten as a vegetable in some regions. Indian names listed by
Pittier are: Deka (Cab£cara), Dshiun, lun-kra, lo-kra (Brunka),
Igug (Te"rraba).

LUFFA Adans.

Annual vines, usually scandent, with broad leaves and branched
tendrils; flowers bright yellow, the staminate racemose, the pistillate
solitary; staminate calyx 5-lobate, the 5 petals distinct; stamens 3,

1400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

distinct, the anther cells linear, flexuous; fruit dry, 3-celled, fibrous
within, cylindric or oblong, many-seeded, opening at the apex by
an operculum. — One other species is known to occur in Central
America.

Luff a cylindrica (L.) Roem. Estopa, Paste. Often planted
about the Meseta Central and in the tierra caliente, and frequently
wild in thickets. Native of the Old World tropics, but widely natur-
alized in America. A large vine with glabrous stems; leaves long-
petiolate, rounded-ovate, as much as 25 cm. wide, deeply cordate at
the base, scabrous, lobate and sinuate-dentate, the lobes triangular,
acute; staminate flowers racemose at the end of a long peduncle, 10-
20 in a raceme, the pedicels 2 cm. long; petals 2-3 cm. long; fruit
cylindric or fusiform, 10-30 cm. long, smooth, ecostate. The mass
of fiber that fills the interior of the fruit looks much like a sponge,
and is used locally for the same purposes. The tender young fruits
sometimes are cooked and eaten.

Luff a operculata (L.) Cogn. Reported by Cogniaux from Costa
Rica, on the basis of an Oersted collection, without locality; the
record is doubtful, but the plant is to be expected in Costa Rica.
Mexico to Brazil. Similar to the preceding species, but the fruits
much smaller, about as large as a hen's egg, 10-costate, spinose-
tuberculate along the ribs; petals 1 cm. long.

MELOTHRIA L.

Reference: Cogniaux, Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 75. 1916.

Slender, usually scandent vines; tendrils simple or rarely bifid;
leaves small, thin, angulate or lobate; flowers very small, white or
yellow, monoecious, the staminate fasciculate, the pistillate often
solitary; calyx campanulate, 5-dentate; corolla campanulate, deeply
5-lobate; stamens 3, the anthers distinct or slightly united, their cells
not flexuous; fruit small, resembling a small melon or cucumber,
fleshy, smooth, indehiscent. — One or two additional species are native
in Central America.

Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. Chiverrillo. M.
fluminensis Gardn. Frequent in the tierra caliente, ascending to the
Meseta Central, and even to higher elevations in the mountains;
region of San Ramon; at 1,500 meters or less, growing in forest or
thickets. Mexico to West Indies and Venezuela. A small, slender
vine, scandent or often prostrate, much branched, the branches
glabrous; leaves slender-petiolate, ovate-cordate or triangular-sub-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1401

sagittate, 6-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, entire or shallowly
3-5-lobate, the margin undulate or remotely dentate, scabrous;
stamina te peduncles 2-6-flowered, the pedicels 2-3 mm. long, the
calyx tube 2.5 mm. long; corolla 3-4 mm. broad; fruit oval, about 1.5
cm. long and 1 cm. thick.

Melothria scabra Naud. Thickets and forest of the Atlantic
tierra caliente, and in Guanacaste. Panama to Mexico. Leaves
rather stiff, ovate-oblong to triangular-subsagittate, 5-10 cm. long,
acute or short-acuminate, subentire or 5-lobate, remotely denticulate,
very scabrous, short-hirsute beneath on the nerves; staminate
peduncles 5-7-flowered, the pedicels 1-3 mm. long; calyx tube 3 mm.
long; corolla 5 mm. broad; fruit 2.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick. In this
species the anthers are about as broad as long; in M. guadalupensis
they are much longer than broad.

Melothria trilobata Cogn. M. trilobata var. costaricensis Cogn.
Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 81. 1916 (Rio Zhorquin, 50 meters, Tonduz
8504}. Changuinola Valley. Ranging to Surinam. Plants coarser
than in the other species; leaves 3-5-lobate almost to the base,
scabrous; calyx tube 3-4 mm. long; corolla villous; fruit 4-5 cm. long,
2.5-3 cm. thick, pale green, striped with dark green.

MICROSECHIUM Naud.

Scandent herbs, somewhat puberulent or villous-hirsute, peren-
nial; tendrils 3-6-fid; leaves petiolate, large and broad, thin, cordate
at the base, usually 3-5-lobate; flowers small, monoecious, the stami-
nate racemose; calyx tube broadly campanulate, the 4 teeth subulate;
petals triangular-ovate; stamens 4, the filaments connate into a col-
umn, the anthers free, 2-celled, the cells flexuous; pistillate flowers
capitate-umbellulate, 3-parted; fruit fleshy, indehiscent, very small,
sparsely spinulose, 1 -seeded. — One other species has been described
from Guatemala, but its generic status is uncertain.

Microsechium Helleri (Peyr.) Cogn. In forest, region of Zar-
cero, 1,650 meters; material from Dota and Pejivalle also may be
referable here; Oersted specimens, without locality, cited by Co-
gniaux, probably were collected in Costa Rica. Ranging to Mexico.
Plants slender, much branched, the stems glabrous or puberulent;
leaves long-petiolate, bright green, commonly shallowly 3-5-lobate,
sparsely short-hirsute above, punctate-scaberulous in age, sparsely
short-villous-hirsute beneath, denticulate, mostly 8-15 cm. long, the
lobes subacute to acuminate; staminate inflorescence 10-30-flowered,

1402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

the pedicels filiform; calyx sparsely pilose, 4 mm. broad or less;
corolla 8-11 mm. broad, white; pistillate peduncles 1-2 cm. long, 2-5-
flowered; fruit ovoid, obscurely angulate, 12-16 mm. long, short-
spinulose.

MOMORDICA L. Balsam-apple

Slender, scandent herbs; tendrils simple or branched; flowers
dioecious or monoecious, yellow, the staminate solitary or fasciculate,
the pistillate solitary; calyx 5-lobate; corolla subrotate, 5-parted;
stamens 3, with short, distinct filaments, the anther cells flexuous;
fruit ovoid to cylindric, 3-valvate, fleshy. — No other species are
known from Central America.

Momordica Charantia L. Sorosi, Pepino, Pepinillo. Common
in thickets of the tierra caliente, often forming dense tangles over
old stumps, especially along open river banks; Guanacaste. Widely
distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres. Stems very slender,
much branched, somewhat pubescent; leaves long-petiolate, thin,
4-12 cm. wide, deeply 5-7-lobate, pubescent or glabrate, the lobes
narrow, dentate, acute or obtuse; staminate peduncle bearing a
broad, cordate bract at or below the middle; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long;
fruit orange-yellow, obtusely tuberculate, 2-12 cm. long, the pulp
bright red. The ripe fruits are sometimes eaten by children, but the
flavor is not agreeable.

PITTIERA Cogn.

Scandent herbs; tendrils 4-5-fid; leaves rather large, thin, long-
petiolate, ovate-cordate; flowers large, pale yellow, monoecious, all
axillary and solitary; calyx of the staminate flower oblong-subcylin-
dric, the 5 lobes triangular-subulate; corolla campanulate, lobate to
the middle or more deeply, the lobes ovate, acute; stamens 3, the
elongate filaments free; anthers linear, connate to form a head, one
1-celled, the others 2-celled; fruit fleshy, indehiscent, many-seeded;
seeds broadly obovate, complanate, smooth, narrowly marginate.—
The genus consists of about four species, in Central America and
Mexico. It was named for Henry Pittier, whose name will ever be
associated with Costa Rica and its flora.

Pittiera longipedunculata Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt.
1: 272. 1891. Chiverrillo, Guillotilla, Sandillita. Roadside hedge,
San Jose", Pittier 3200. Frequent in thickets about San Jose", 1,000-
1,200 meters. Probably endemic. A large vine, the stems pilose;
leaves mostly 5-10 cm. long, not lobate, remotely and minutely
dentate, densely and minutely rough-pubescent on both surfaces,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1403

usually rounded and apiculate at the apex, deeply cordate at the
base; staminate peduncles as much as 20 cm. long, the calyx densely
puberulent, 14-17 mm. long, the lobes 12-18 mm. long; corolla punc-
tate-furfuraceous, 2.5 cm. long; pistillate peduncles 1 cm. long or less;
fruit elliptic-ovoid, about 7 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, green with pale
yellow stripes; seeds 1 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, rounded at the apex,
attenuate at the base. The Bribri name is recorded as Urmeme-uo.

POLAKOWSKIA Pittier

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, scandent, glabrous or nearly
so, the roots fleshy; leaves large, membranaceous, more or less
trilobate, cordate at the base; tendrils 5-fid; flowers small, white,
monoecious; staminate inflorescence racemose; calyx broadly cam-
panulate, the teeth small, subulate; corolla lobes 5, spreading, ovate-
triangular; stamens 5, the filaments connate to form a slender,
elongate column, the anthers free, 4 of them connate in 2 pairs,
the cells forming a depressed head; pistillate flowers solitary in the
same axils with the staminate racemes; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate;
fruit rather fleshy, obovoid-ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, 5-sulcate,
with few rather hard, short spines near the base; seeds elliptic,
smooth. — The genus consists of a single species. It was named for
H. Polakowsky, an early collector in the mountains of Costa Rica.

Polakowskia Tacaco Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 131.
pi. 20; /. 40, 41. 1910. Tacaco, Tlacaco. San Jose", 1,200 meters,
Werckle 16674- Frequent in thickets and forest of the central region;
region of San Ramon; Guanacaste; at 1,900 meters or less. Endemic.
Leaves long-petiolate, 5-10 cm. long or even larger, shallowly or
deeply lobate, the lobes acuminate, dentate, often angulate-lobate
at the base, white-punctate above; staminate racemes 6-20 cm. long,
the filiform pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long; calyx tube 1.5 mm. long, the
subulate teeth 1 mm. long; corolla 4 mm. long; fruiting peduncles
3-4 cm. long; fruit green, 4-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, narrowed
at each end; seed about 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad. The fruits
are one of the common vegetables of central Costa Rica. In flavor
and appearance they are much like small chayotes, but they vary
greatly in quality, according to the amount of fiber present. The
vines are often planted, but little attention is given them, other
than gathering the fruits.

SECHIUM P. Br.

A scandent, perennial vine with very large, tuberous roots;
tendrils branched; leaves large, lobate or angulate; flowers small,
white, monoecious, the staminate racemose, the pistillate solitary

1404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

or geminate; calyx hemispheric, 5-lobate; corolla rotate, 5-parted,
the lobes ovate-lanceolate; stamens 3, the short filaments connate,
the anther cells flexuous; fruit large, obovoid, sulcate, echinate or
smooth, indehiscent, containing a single large seed. — The genus
consists of one species.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz. Chayote. Cultivated abun-
dantly in the temperate regions; also at lower and higher elevations;
sometimes found more or less naturalized. Probably native in
Mexico and Central America, but perhaps no longer known in a truly
wild state. Plants often 10 meters long or more, much branched;
leaves long-petiolate, the blades broadly ovate to rounded, mostly
10-20 cm. long, angulate or shallowly lobate, deeply cordate at the
base, scabrous or almost smooth; staminate racemes long-peduncu-
late, the flowers short-pedicellate; calyx lobes 5-7 mm. long; corolla
1.5 cm. broad; fruit green, usually 8-12 cm. long. In some regions
of the uplands there are large plantations of this vine, the plants
growing over trellises or poles. The fruits are one of the favorite
vegetables of Costa Rica, as also of other parts of Central America.
There are many varieties, differing in size, shape, and color of the
fruit. In some forms the fruits are covered with long, flexible spines,
while in others the spines are lacking. Practically every part of the
plant is useful for food. The young shoots are one of the quelites
cooked and eaten like spinach. The large roots, somewhat resem-
bling sweet potatoes in gross appearance, may be taken from the
plant without apparent injury to it. Known in Costa Rica simply
as raiz ("root"), they are one of the usual ingredients of the plato
national, the national dish that appears upon the table for dinner
almost every evening, and consists of a great variety of vegetables,
boiled in plain water. The sliced roots are employed also for making
a common dulce or dessert, boiled in sirup. When eaten they are
found to be very crisp, and crunch between the teeth like shavings,
or some similar substance. The chayote has been grown in the
southern United States, without finding much favor there, perhaps
because the American housewife tends to avoid new fruits or vege-
tables. Indian names reported by Pittier are: Pis (Cabe"cara), Se-uak
(Bribri), Tsua-ua (Brunka), Suru (T&raba), Pok-pogi-ku (Guatuso).

SICYDIUM Schlecht.

Reference: Cogniaux, Pflanzenreich IV. 275, I: 256. 1916.
Climbing herbs, tomentose or glabrate; leaves ovate, entire,
cordate at the base; tendrils bifid; flowers minute, green or whitish,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1405

racemose or fasciculate along the branches of a usually lax and large
panicle, dioecious; staminate calyx tube rotate, the corolla rotate,
deeply 5-parted; stamens 3, free, 2 of the anthers 2-celled, the other
1-celled; fruit very small, globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — One other
species is found in northern Central America.

Sicydium coriaceum Cogn. La Hondura de San Jose* and
region of San Ramon; at 1,100-1, 400 meters. Colombia. Plants gla-
brous throughout; leaves subcoriaceous, short-acuminate, 5-nerved,
8-15 cm. long; panicles usually much exceeding the leaves, many-
flowered, the pedicels capillary; corolla lobes linear, 2.5 mm. long.

Sicydium tamnifolium (HBK.) Cogn. Thickets of the tierra
caliente; Guanacaste; Zarcero, at 1,600 meters. Mexico to West
Indies and Ecuador. Plants abundantly pubescent, the leaves,
especially, usually densely velutinous-pilose, 5-7-nerved; corolla
lobes 1.5 mm. long; fruit black at maturity, 5-6 mm. long.

SICYOS L.

Slender, climbing vines, usually pubescent; leaves petiolate or
the upper sessile, thin, angulate or lobate; tendrils branched; flowers
monoecious, the staminate racemose or subcorymbose, very small;
calyx tube broadly campanulate or cupular, the 5 small teeth remote,
subulate; corolla rotate or subcampanulate, 5-parted; stamens 3,
the filaments connate into a column, the anthers connate or free,
the cells flexuous; pistillate flowers capitate, the peduncle in the same
axil with the staminate flowers; fruit small, compressed or angulate,
hard, indehiscent, usually aculeate. — A few other species have been
collected in Central America.

Sicyos sertuliferus Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 30, pt. 1: 277.
1891. Climbing on trees, bridge over the Rio Tiliri, near San Jose",
Pittier 3199. Occasional about San Jose" and elsewhere on the Pacific
slope. Endemic. Branches densely villous at the nodes, elsewhere
pilosulous or glabrate; leaves short-petiolate, cordate-orbicular, sub-
lobate or 5-lobate almost to the middle, punctate-scabrous above,
densely puberulent beneath, the lobes triangular, the terminal one
narrowly long-acuminate, the lateral ones acute; tendrils 5-fid;
umbels 20-30-flowered, the flowers minute; fruit ovoid, compressed,
short-rostrate, sparsely furnished with very long and short intermixed
setae, the margins angulate-dentate.

LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes more or less scandent, often with
milky sap; leaves alternate, entire or dentate, without stipules;

1406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

flowers small or large, solitary and axillary or in racemes or umbels;
calyx tube united with the ovary, the limb 5-lobulate or of 5 sepals;
corolla gamopetalous, irregular, generally bilabiate, the tube often
cleft on one side to the base; stamens 5, inserted with the corolla,
the filaments sometimes united to form a tube, the anthers united;
ovary 2-5-celled; fruit capsular or baccate. — No other genera are
known in Central America.

BURMEISTERA Karst. & Triana

Reference: Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 1-52. pi. 123-126. 1932.
Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic herbs; leaves mostly petiolate
and denticulate; flowers large, axillary; corolla tube broad at the
base, attenuate upward and narrow below the lobes; anthers glabrous,
or the 2 inferior ones barbate at the apex; fruit baccate, sometimes
greatly inflated or swollen and bladder-like. — A few other species are
known from Central America.

Burmeistera aurobarbata Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 35.
1932. Centropogon aurobarbatus Wimmer, op. cit. 19: 251. 1924.
Volcan de Barba, Brade 2315. Common in forests of Barba and
Irazu, 1200-2,400 meters, frequent in the region of San Ramon.
Endemic. A terrestrial or epiphytic herb, 1 meter long or less, gla-
brous; leaves somewhat coriaceous when dry, ovate-lanceolate,
usually 3-9 cm. long, pale beneath; sepals green or reddish, 4-5 mm.
long; corolla reddish green, 2 cm. long; lower anthers barbate at
the apex.

Burmeistera coleoides (Vatke) Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30:
35. 1932. Siphocampylus coleoides Vatke, Linnaea 38: 732. 1874.
Centropogon coleoides Zahlbr. Ann. Hofmus. Wien 6: 439. 1891. Type
collected by Warscewicz, probably in Costa Rica or Panama. Similar
to B. aurobarbata, but the leaves broader, with more conspicuous
teeth, the corolla only 15 mm. long. I have seen no material referable
to this species, but I suspect it is the same plant as B. aurobarbata.

Burmeistera cyclostigmata Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 20: 291.
1895. Near La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, 2,200 meters, J. D. Smith
5845. Frequent in the region south of Cartago, 1,200-2,200 meters;
La Carpintera and La Palma de San Jose1; region of San Ramon.
Endemic. An almost glabrous herb of 1-1.5 meters, usually some-
what scandent; leaves large, lance-elliptic, inconspicuously denticu-
late, membranaceous; calyx green or dark red, the sepals linear, 6 mm.
long or sometimes as much as 15 mm., usually entire; corolla green

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1407

and red or dark purple, 2.5 cm. long; anthers glabrous; berry not
inflated, 1.5 cm. long, white and purple or pink.

Burmeistera estrellana Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 24.
pi. 123, f. 8. 1932. La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, 2,300 meters, Stork
1537. Frequent on the slopes of Barba, in moist forest, 2,000-2,400
meters. Plants a meter high, erect, somewhat pubescent or almost
glabrous; leaves elliptic, rather large, narrow-acuminate, denticulate,
membranaceous; sepals small, triangular, 3-4 mm. long; corolla
purplish or yellow, 18 mm. long.

Burmeistera macrocalyx Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 19.
pi. 124, /. 22. 1932. Desengano, Wendland 839. Common in forests
of Barba and Irazu, 1,400-2,400 meters. Reported also from Ecua-
dor. A glabrous herb, as much as 2 meters high, erect or supported
by other plants; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, rather large, sinuate-
dentate, narrow-acuminate; calyx purplish, the sepals oblong or
narrowly lanceolate, 18-25 mm. long, denticulate; corolla green and
very dark purple, 2 cm. long or larger; anthers glabrous; berries green,
conspicuously inflated, 3-6 cm. long. This species is little different
fromB. Pittieri.

Burmeistera marginata Karst. & Triana. One collection
obtained between La Estrella and Copey is referred here doubtfully
by Wimmer, and material from Poas and the region of San Ramon is
perhaps conspecific; at 1,850-2,500 meters. Colombia. Plants
glabrous, subscandent; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic, about 11 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate, densely obtuse-dentate,
with a conspicuous, submarginal nerve; flowers solitary, long-pedi-
cellate; sepals triangular-oblong, 2-4 mm. long, subobtuse, entire;
corolla greenish or purple, 2 cm. long.

Burmeistera microphylla Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 146.
1898. La Palma, 1,520 meters, Werckle 11600. Known only from
the original collection. (t)Centropogon scandens Planch, & Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 157. 1857. A small plant, probably
epiphytic, pubescent; leaves ovate-elliptic, small, only 18-20 mm.
long; sepals linear, 2 mm. long; corolla green, 2 cm. long; anthers
barbate.

Burmeistera obtusifolia Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 58.
1931. Near El Copey, 2,400 meters, Stork 1633. Known only from
moist forests of the type region, 2,000-2,400 meters. Plants terres-
trial, conspicuously pubescent; leaves small, short-petiolate, oblong-

1408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ovate, obtuse; sepals reflexed, oblong, 6-7 mm. long; corolla very
dark purple-red, as much as 3.5 cm. long. The leaves are distichous.

Burmeistera parviflora Wimmer in herb., sp. nov. — Suffrutex
epiphyticus, ramulis gracilibus flexuosis sparse pilis laxis villosulis;
folia inter minora membranacea graciliter petiolata, petiolo usque
1.5 cm. longo glabro; lamina ovato-oblonga vel elliptico-oblonga
7-12.5 cm. longa 2-4.5 cm. lata longe anguste acuminata, basi plus
minusve obliqua acuta vel obtusa, supra viridis glabra, subtus palli-
dior tantum ad nervos venasque villosula, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere ca. 8 prope marginem in nervum collectivum regularem con-
junctis; flores ex axillis superioribus nascentes, pedicellis gracillimis
usque 6 cm. longis glabris folia fere aequantibus; hypanthium
glabrum late turbinatum 3.5 mm. longum; sepala ovato-triangularia
obtusa erecta fere 3 mm. longa; corolla lutea extus glabra, tubo usque
labium inferiorem 1 cm. longo basin versus sensim paullo dilatato,
corolla tota 17 mm. longa, lobis anguste acuminatis; antherarum
tubus intus apice sparse barbatus. — In forest, Cerros de San Antonio
de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, July, 1926, Brenes 5636 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.). San Antonio, west of La Palma de San Ramon,
1,400 meters, Brenes 3802. Cerros de La Balsa de San Ramon,
1,200 meters, Brenes 4968.

Burmeistera Pittieri Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 19. pi.
124, /. 20a. 1932. B. Pittieri var. decorans Wimmer, op. cit. 20 (La
Palma, Tonduz 12522). Volcan de Turrialba, 2,200 meters, Pittier
13073. Frequent in forests of the central region, 2,000-2,400 meters;
region of San Ramon, 1,200 meters. Panama. A glabrous herb,
erect or somewhat scandent, 1-1.5 meters long; leaves oblong,
acuminate, denticulate; calyx purplish green, the sepals linear, 14-20
mm. long; corolla green and dark red, 2-2.5 cm. long; anthers gla-
brous; berry little inflated.

Burmeistera suerrensis (Bonn. Smith) Wimmer, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 30: 14. 1932. B. cyclostigmata var. suerrensis Donn. Smith, Bot.
Gaz. 24: 394. 1897. Suerre, Llanos de Santa Clara, 300 meters, J. D.
Smith 6623. Frequent in forests of the central region, especially
on the slopes of Barba; 300-2,400 meters; region of San Ramon.
Panama. An erect or somewhat scandent herb, about 1 meter high,
almost glabrous; leaves membranaceous, rather large, ovate-oblong
or elliptic, narrow-acuminate, denticulate; sepals oval or triangular,
only 2-3 mm. long; corolla purplish green, 2.5 cm. long; anthers gla-
brous; berry little inflated.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1409

Burmeistera tenuiflora Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 25: 147. 1898.
Alto del Roble, Volcan de Barba, 2,000 meters, Pittier 19. Collected
also at La Palma and Yerba Buena, 1,400-2,000 meters. Endemic.
A pubescent herb; leaves oblong or elliptic, narrow-acuminate; sepals
narrowly linear, 10 mm. long; corolla yellowish, 18 mm. long; anthers
glabrous.

Burmeistera vulgaris Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 27. pi. 123,
f. 14. 1932. Finca La Cima, above Los Lotes, near El Copey, 2,100-
2,400 meters, Standley 42686. Region of Dota and slopes of Barba,
2,000-2,500 meters. Panama. An herb 1.5 meters or less in height;
leaves oblong, narrowly acuminate, denticulate, membranaceous;
sepals 4-5 mm. long; corolla green, 2.5 cm. long; berries much inflated,
purplish, 3 cm. long.

CENTROPOGON Presl

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, sometimes more or less
scandent; leaves membranaceous, small or large, usually dentate;
flowers pedicellate, axillary or grouped in terminal, usually umbelli-
form racemes, large and showy, red or purple; anthers not barbate;
fruit baccate, not inflated. — A few other species are known from
Central America. The genus contains some of the most showy and
brilliantly flowered plants of Costa Rica, notable for their abundant
flowers, which often are of an intense, bright red. The genus is closely
related to Burmeistera but differs in the form of the corolla, its tube
being narrow above the ovary and gradually dilated upward.

Centropogon augostanus Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 9.
1935. Prov. Cartago, forests near "Augosta," Polakowsky 1$1.
Plants scandent, glabrous or nearly so; leaves broadly ovate, acute,
somewhat pubescent beneath; flowers forming a short raceme; sepals
8 mm. long; corolla 3.5 cm. long, papillose. It is unfortunate that
the species should have received such a specific name, based upon a
word that certainly is not a Costa Rican locality name. I am not
certain, but it seems probable that the word interpreted by Wimmer
as the place name is really "Agosto," i.e., the month August. In
addition, he gave the country as Mexico.

Centropogon Austin-Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Suffrutex
metralis, caulibus crassiusculis brunnescentibus fere omnino glabris,
internodiis brevibus; folia modica petiolata herbacea, petiolo gracili
1-2.5 cm. longo glabro; lamina lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata
11-16 cm. longa 3.5-5.5 cm. lata longe anguste attenuato-acuminata,
basi acuta vel subobtusa, interdum abrupte breviter decurrens,

1410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ubique obscure adpresse remote crenata, supra viridis glabra, subtus
paullo pallidior ad nervos venasque minutissime dense puberula,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 7 obliquis arcuatis marginem
fere attingentibus; flores ex axillis superioribus nascentes solitarii,
pedicellis gracilibus ca. 3.5 cm. longis puberulis; hypanthium semi-
globosum usque 5 mm. longum atque paullo latius; sepala viridia
anguste triangularia 6 mm. longa acuminata Integra; corolla intense
coccinea 5 cm. longa extus glabra, tubo supra hypanthium paullo
contracto, deinde faucem versus sensim contracto, fauce fere 1 cm.
lato, lobis suberectis ovato-triangularibus caudato-acuminatis; an-
therae longiexsertae 7 mm. longae apice sparse breviter hispidulae.—
Palmira, 1,800 meters, on open, recently cleared land, September,
1937, Austin Smith A327 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The branches
are hard and ligneous.

Centropogon brumalis Standl., sp. nov. — Herba elongata
debilis subscandens omnino glabra, ramis gracilibus, internodiis
brevibus; folia inter minora oblongo-ovata 5-8.5 cm. longa 2-4 cm.
lata longe sensim anguste acuminata, basi breviter cordata, in toto
margine arete pectinato-laciniatula, dentibus angustis patentibus
fere glanduliformibus, subtus paullo pallidiora, venis fuscis valde
conspicuis; flores axillares, pedicellis gracillimis 3-6 cm. longis;
hypanthium oblongo-campanulatum 6 mm. longum 3.5 mm. latum
basi rotundatum glabrum; sepala anguste lineari-attenuata 5-6 mm.
longa erecta; corolla purpurea extus glabra 3.5 cm. longa, tubo
supra basin angustato, dein versus faucem paullo ampliato, ad
faucem 5 mm. lato. — Wet forest, Cerro de Las Vueltas, Prov. San
Jose*, 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 43984 (type in U. S.
Nat. Herb.). A species well marked by its complete lack of pubes-
cence. In general appearance it is similar to C. palmanus.

Centropogon coccineus (Hook.) Regel. Forests of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Panama. Plants herbaceous, ascending or sub-
scandent, the branches minutely puberulent; leaves slender-petiolate,
ovate, 5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the
base, densely, acutely, and unequally serrate, glabrous above, pilo-
sulous beneath on the veins; flowers axillary, the pedicels 2.5-6.5 cm.
long; sepals linear, 8-10 mm. long, attenuate, remotely serrate;
corolla purple-red, 4.5 cm. long, sparsely and minutely villosulous.

Centropogon cordifolius Benth. var. dentatus Wimmer in
herb., var. nov. — Herba debilis subscandens, caulibus gracilibus
glabris; folia graciliter petiolata herbacea, petiolo ca. 2 cm. longo;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1411

lamina ovata 3.5-10 cm. longa 3-6 cm. lata acuminata, basi truncata
vel breviter cordata, ubique grosse inaequaliter salienter serrata,
supra viridis glabra, subtus pallida praesertim ad venas villosula;
flores ex axillis superioribus nascentes solitarii longipedicellati;
hypanthium glabrum, sepalis lanceolato-oblongis 5-6 mm. longis
subrecurvis glabris; corolla rubra extus glabra fere 2.5 cm. longa.—
Socorro de San Ramon, 1,300-1,400 meters, September, 1926,
Brenes 4991 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Cerros de San Antonio de
San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 5635. Piedades de San Ramon,
1,400 meters, Brenes 3716. The typical form of the species occurs in
Guatemala and southern Mexico.

Centropogon costaricanus Planch. & Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoe-
benhavn 156. 1857. Siphocampylus Regelii Vatke, Linnaea 38: 732.
1874 (Irazu, Wendland 679}. C. affinis var. costaricanus Zahlbr. Ann.
Hofmus. Wien 6: 437. 1891. C. costaricanus var. Cufodontidis and
var. tomentellus Wimmer, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46: 240.
1933. Type collected in Costa Rica by Oersted (photo, of type,
Oersted 9240, collected near Cartago, in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent
in forests of the slopes of the central mountains, 2,100-2,800 meters.
Endemic. An erect herb of 1-1.5 meters, with abundant pubescence
of branched hairs; leaves oval or elliptic, sometimes oblong, obtuse
to short-acuminate, with minute teeth, more or less tomentose be-
neath, the tomentum usually grayish; sepals very short; corolla red,
somewhat tomentose, the lobes yellow.

Centropogon erastus Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 8. 1935.
La Palma, A. C. Erode 2395 (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Plants scandent, the stems glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, 10-15 cm.
long, short-acuminate, obtuse to cordate at the base, somewhat
pubescent beneath; flowers arranged in a short raceme; sepals
narrow- triangular, 1.5 cm. long; corolla red or purple, puberulent,
3.5 cm. long.

Centropogon Gutierrezii (Planch. & Oerst.) Wimmer, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 22: 202. 1926. Siphocampylus Gutierrezii Planch. & Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 155. 1875. S. thysanopetalus Vatke,
Linnaea 38: 731. 1874 (type collected in Costa Rica or Veraguas
by Warscewicz). Volcan de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted (photo, of
type, Oersted 9239, in Herb. Field Mus.). Forests of Pods, Barba,
and Irazu, 2,500-3,150 meters. Endemic. An herb about a meter
high, somewhat pubescent; leaves short-petiolate, oblong, acute or
acuminate, conspicuously serrulate, the veins very prominent

1412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

beneath; flowers axillary, long-pedicellate; sepals linear, as much as
1.5 cm. long; corolla pale red or purple, 5 cm. long, somewhat
tomentose.

Centropogon nutans Planch. &Oerst.Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
156. 1875. Type collected by Oersted. Very common in mountain
forests of the central region, 1,200-2,000 meters; region of San Ramon;
Guanacaste, 500-700 meters. Panama. An herb of 1-2 meters,
almost glabrous, erect or subscandent, somewhat succulent; leaves
large, oval or broadly ovate, acute, rounded or obtuse at the base,
almost entire; flowers arranged in a short, umbelliform raceme which
is usually pendent; sepals linear, 1 cm. long or larger; corolla bright
red, 5 cm. long, papillose. A characteristic and very handsome plant
of the central mountains, often growing in great abundance.

Centropogon palmanus (Bonn. Smith) Wimmer, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 38: 7. 1935. C. nematosepalus var. palmanus Bonn. Smith,
Bot. Gaz. 44 : 115. 1907. La Palma, 1,500 meters, Pittier 271 . Forests
of Barba and Irazu, 1,500-2,400 meters. Endemic. A rather slender,
procumbent herb; leaves small, ovate, acuminate, somewhat cordate
at the base, finely serrate; flowers axillary, the pedicels elongate;
sepals about 4 mm. long; corolla bright red, 3.5 cm. long, sparsely
pubescent.

Centropogon poasensis Gleason, Torreya 25: 92. 1925. Volcan
de Pods, Prov. Alajuela, 2,500 meters, J. D. Smith 6626. Known
only from the upper slopes of Poas, at 2,100-2,600 meters. An herb a
meter high, the leaves almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong, narrow-
acuminate, rounded or obtuse at the base, 4-11 cm. long, glabrous
above, densely tomentose beneath, the tomentum composed of
branched, brownish hairs; flowers axillary or forming a short raceme;
ovary densely tomentose, the sepals 3 mm. long; corolla red, 3-4 cm.
long, tomentose.

Centropogon porphyrodontus Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 44: 114.
1907. Valle de Los Arcangeles, Prov. San Jose", 1,900 meters, Pittier
12307. Region of Copey and Cerro de Las Vueltas, at 3,000 meters
or less. Endemic. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, lance-ovate, 7-13
cm. long, narrow-acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base,
somewhat puberulent beneath; flowers axillary; sepals linear; corolla
pink, glabrous, 4.5 cm. long.

Centropogon Smithii Wimmer, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46:
240. 1933. Siphocampylus discolor Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23: 248.
1897, non Kunth & Bouche". Forests of Rancho Flores, Volcan

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1413

Barba, 2,000 meters, Tonduz 2149. Forests of Barba and Irazu,
1,800-2,500 meters; region of Zarcero. Endemic. A usually simple
herb of 1-3 meters, sometimes more or less suffrutescent; leaves
large, short-petiolate, obovate-oblong, acuminate, narrowed toward
the base, finely dentate, somewhat furfuraceous-pubescent; stems
narrowly winged; flowers axillary, the pedicels greatly elongate;
sepals linear, 1.5-2 cm. long; corolla pale green, at times somewhat
yellowish, about 5 cm. long, more or less furfuraceous. The species of
this genus are sometimes described by writers as shrubs, but they are
really herbs, at most merely somewhat suffrutescent near the base.

Centropogon solanifolius Benth. Pavoncillo. C. solanifolius
var. hirtellus Wimmer, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46: 241. 1933
(Volcan de Irazu, 2,400 meters, Cufodontis 285). Frequent in moun-
tain forests of the whole central region, 1,500-2,800 meters; region
of San Ramon. Extending to Ecuador. An herb of 1-1.5 meters,
erect or somewhat scandent, glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong-
elliptic, narrow-acuminate, crenate, acute at the base; flowers in
terminal racemes, these elongate or umbelliform; sepals linear, short;
corolla orange-red, 4.5-5 cm. long, somewhat pubescent. A highly
ornamental plant, abundant in many regions. It has been reported
from Costa Rica as C. grandis (L.) Presl.

Centropogon tortilis Wimmer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 217. 1926.
Rio Chirripo, Pittier 16033. A scandent herb of 2.5 meters, the stems
glabrous; leaves very large, obovate-elliptic, rounded and short-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed toward the base, glabrous; flowers
forming a short, terminal raceme; sepals 5 mm. long; corolla red,
3 cm. long, pilose.

Centropogon Valerii Standl., sp. nov.— Herba erecta metralis,
caule tenuiter villosulo vel puberulo glabrato, internodiis brevibus;
folia membranacea, petiolo 3-8 mm. longo; lamina lanceolato-
linearis vel lineari-oblonga 5.5-13 cm. longa 1-2.5 cm. lata anguste
acuminata, basi acuta, in toto margine arete minute dentata, supra
glabra, subtus pallidior minutissime puberula vel fere glabra; flores
axillares, pedicellis gracilibus 3-3.5 cm. longis; hypanthium obo-
voideo-globosum 5 mm. altum, fere glabrum; sepala linearia 2 mm.
longa serrata; corolla ca. 3 cm. longa, extus minutissime puberula,
tubo supra calycem angustato, deinde sensim dilatato, ad faucem 6
mm. lato, lobis lineari-lanceolatis attenuatis valde decurvis, superiori-
bus ad 12 mm. longis; tubus staminalis longe exsertus villosus,
antheris glabris, inferioribus apice dense albo-setosis. — Ojo de Agua,

1414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

2,850 meters, H. E. Stork 3022 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Cerro
de Las Vueltas, Prov. San Jose", 2,700-3,000 meters, Standley &
Valeria 43751 , 43951 . The leaves are the narrowest that I have noted
among all the North American species.

Centropogon Warscewiczii Vatke, Linnaea 38: 716. 1874.
Type collected in Costa Rica or Panama by Warscewicz. Glabrous,
the leaves oblong, rather acute, narrowed toward the base, the upper
ones sessile; flowers arranged in short, umbelliform racemes; sepals
linear-lanceolate, 2-3 times as long as the ovary; corolla pilose.

Centropogon Wimmerii Standl., sp. nov. — Herba metralis,
caule pilis longis multilocularibus laxis sparse villoso; folia mediocria
longipetiolata membranacea, petiolo gracili 1.5-3 cm. longo; lamina
ovato-ovalis vel elliptico-ovata 8-9 cm. longa 4.5-5 cm. lata abrupte
breviter acuminata, acumine anguste acute attenuate, basi late
rotundata, supra in sicco fusca ad costam sparse villosa, subtus fere
concolor praesertim ad venas pilis longis simplicibus patentibus
villosa, margine irregulariter adpresso-crenato; flores axillares, ut
videtur nutantes, pedicellis ad 9 cm. longis sparse villosis; hypan-
thium hemisphaericum 5 mm. longum basi late rotundatum sparsis-
sime villosum; sepala lineari-attenuata viridia 4 mm. longa ciliata
erecta; corolla coccinea 3 cm. longa laxe villosa, tubo supra hypan-
thium paullo constricto deinde sensim dilatato, ad faucem 6 mm.
lato, lobis lineari-oblongis attenuatis, superioribus solemniter de-
flexis; antherae glabrae, superiores apice dense albo-setosae. — Las
Nubes, Prov. San Jose", moist forest, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley
38739 (U. S. Nat. Herb., type). Probably related to C. costaricanus,
but separated by its pubescence of simple, not branched hairs.

HETEROTOMA Zucc.

Annual or perennial herbs, the leaves membranaceous, alternate,
dentate; flowers small or large, racemose; corolla prolonged at the
base as a small or large spur. — No other species are known from
Central America.

Heterotoma lobelioides Zucc. Forests of the central region,
1,500-2,500 meters. Extending to Mexico. An herb 60 cm. or more
in height, almost glabrous or pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, rounded at the base; flowers large, almost 4 cm. long,
red and yellow. A very showy plant because of its large, vividly
colored flowers.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1415

Heterotoma tenella Turcz. Reported from Costa Rica by
Hemsley, collected by Endres, at 1,050 meters. Extending to
Mexico. A small, annual herb, simple or branched, pubescent;
leaves small, reniform or cordate; flowers very small, blue.

ISOTOMA Lindl.

A single species is found in Central America.

Isotoma longiflora (L.) Presl. Jazmin de estrella, Jazmincillo.
Occasional in the tierra caliente. A species of wide distribution.
A somewhat pubescent herb with thick stems; leaves almost sessile,
oblanceolate, coarsely dentate; flowers axillary, short-pedicellate,
white, 10 cm. long; fruit capsular. Easy to recognize because of the
large, white flowers, with a very long and slender tube.

LAURENTIA Neck.

Slender, small, annual herbs, the small, narrow leaves alternate,
the peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; calyx 5-parted or 5-dentate;
corolla straight or oblique, very small, the tube entire or shortly
cleft; anthers 2, short-setose at the apex; fruit a small capsule,
loculicidally bivalvate. — Probably no other species are found in
Central America. These small plants look much like some of the
smaller species of Lobelia, such asL. xalapensis, but in the latter genus
the corolla tube is cleft almost or quite to the base.

Laurentia irazuensis (Planch. & Oerst.) Wimmer, comb. nov.
Lobelia irazuensis Planch. & Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 153.
1857. Irazu, Oersted. Frequent in meadows and pastures of the
central region; regions of Dota and San Ramon; at 1,000-1,800
meters. Endemic. Plants simple or somewhat fastigiately branched,
usually 30 cm. high or less, the stems hispidulous or hirtellous,
sometimes glabrate; leaves lance-oblong to almost linear, mostly
less than 2 cm. long, acute to attenuate, dentate, sessile, glabrous
or nearly so; pedicels filiform, mostly shorter than the subtending
leaves, the flowers abruptly upcurved; sepals linear-attenuate, be-
coming 5-6 mm. long, ciliate, equaling the capsule; corolla blue-
purple, scarcely 5 mm. long.

Laurentia micrantha (HBK.) Zahlbr. El Tablazo, region of
San Ramon, and doubtless elsewhere, growing in pastures. Ranging
to Mexico. Similar to the preceding species but often more slender,
the stems glabrous or hirtellous; pedicels often much longer than
the subtending leaves; sepals scarcely more than 3 mm. long; corolla
violaceous.

1416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

LOBELIA L.

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, annual or perennial; flowers
small or large, axillary or in terminal racemes, pedicellate; corolla
not spurred, cleft nearly to the base on one side; anthers glabrous,
sometimes barbate at the apex. — Other species are known from
Central America.

Lobelia irasuensis Planch. & Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
153. 1857. L. Warscewiczii Vatke, Linnaea 38: 718. 1874 (Costa
Rica or Veraguas, Warscewicz). Volcan de Irazu, Oersted. Meadows
on the upper slopes of Irazu. Chiriqui region, Panama, at about
3,000 meters. Plants perennial, almost glabrous, simple, mostly
30 cm. high or less; leaves lance-linear, sessile, denticulate; racemes
elongate, slender, few-flowered; corolla blue, about 8 mm. long.

Lobelia laxiflora HBK. Yuquilla, Ceragallo. (l)Tupa costaricana
Planch. & Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 154. 1857. L. costaricana
Wimmer, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46: 239. 1933. Frequent in
thickets of the central region, 1,000-1,600 meters. Panama to
Mexico. A branched herb about a meter high, more or less pubes-
cent; leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petiolate, denticulate; flowers
axillary, red, about 3 cm. long. A conspicuous plant because of its
large, bright red flowers, common in many regions of Central America.
Wimmer considers (according to determinations in the herbarium)
that the Costa Rican material of this relationship represents two or
more species, but the characters by which they are to be separated
are not apparent to the writer. It is probably more satisfactory
to give the several forms varietal status, unless really good characters
can be suggested for separating them as species.

Lobelia poasensis Wimmer, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 46:
239. 1933. Meadows of Volcan de Poas, 2,500 meters, Cufodontis
605. Known, apparently, only from the type. Plants perennial (?),
the stems erect or ascending, 15-25 cm. long, glabrous; leaves on
very short petioles or the uppermost sessile, rhombic or rhombic-
elliptic to lanceolate, acute, cuneate at the base, dentate, glabrous or
nearly so; racemes 10-20 cm. long, the pedicels 7-10 mm. long; calyx
tube 1 mm. long, the lobes subulate, entire, 1-2 mm. long, spreading;
corolla lilac, glabrous, 6 mm. long, the tube 3 mm. long.

Lobelia splendens Willd. Buenos Aires, 480 meters, and
probably in other regions of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon,
800 meters. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants stout

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1417

and erect, growing usually on the banks of small streams, almost
glabrous; leaves nearly linear, sessile, attenuate, entire; flowers red,
3 cm. long, in short or elongate racemes. The plant is known in
Panama by the name Flor de garza.

Lobelia urticifolia Wimmer. L. neglecta Vatke. Frequent in
thickets and other shady places of the central region, 1,000-2,300
meters; El General. A species of wide distribution. A branched
herb, erect or procumbent, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves
petiolate, ovate or broadly lanceolate, acuminate, dentate; flowers
purplish white, axillary, 8 mm. long, the pedicels very long and
slender.

Lobelia xalapensis HBK. Pastures of the Meseta Central,
descending to the Atlantic tierra caliente; region of San Ramon;
at 1,600 meters or less. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants annual, mostly less than 50 cm. high, usually branched, some-
what pubescent with fine, short hairs; leaves petiolate, mostly deltoid-
ovate, obtuse or acute, dentate; flowers blue or purplish, 4-5 mm.
long, on very long, slender pedicels. The Costa Rican plant often
has been referred to L. Cliff ortiana L.

SIPHOGAMPYLUS Pohl

Erect or somewhat scandent herbs, in most characters similar
to Burmeistera and Centropogon, but differing from those genera by
the capsular fruit. With flowering specimens it is difficult to distin-
guish the two groups.

Siphocampylus costaricae Vatke, Linnaea 38: 730. 1874.
Volcan de Barba, Hoffmann 60 (photo, of type, Hoffmann 60, in
Herb. Field Mus.). Known only from the original collection. Leaves
petiolate, ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, dentate, glabrous
above, pubescent beneath; sepals linear, 4-5 mm. long; corolla red,
5 cm. long. I have seen no specimens of this plant, which probably
belongs to the genus Centropogon. The description is suggestive
of C. palmanus.

Siphocampylus nematosepalus (Donn. Smith) Wimmer, Re-
pert. Sp. Nov. 38: 22. 1935. Centropogon nematosepalus Donn.
Smith, Bot. Gaz. 44: 114. 1907. Cuesta de Los Borucas, Puntarenas,
2,300 meters, Pittier 10533. Plants paleaceous-pubescent, the leaves
membranaceous, lance-ovate, 7.5-10 cm. long, cordate at the base,
denticulate; flowers axillary; sepals filiform, 9 mm. long; corolla
purple-red, 4.5 cm. long, pubescent.

1418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Siphocampylus roseus Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23: 249. 1897.
Along the railroad line, Siquirres, Pittier 3165. Also at Puerto Viejo.
Endemic. An almost glabrous herb; leaves ovate, acuminate, 8-13
cm. long, dentate, puberulent on the nerves beneath; flowers axillary;
sepals oblong, 7-8 mm. long; corolla puberulent, 4.5-5 cm. long;
capsule globose, 2 cm. long.

SPHENOCLEA Gaertn.

A single species is found in America.

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Marshy places of the Atlantic
coast. A species of wide distribution. A glabrous herb a meter high
or less, branched; leaves petiolate, entire, elliptic to lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, pale; flowers small, white, in very dense, short or
elongate, pedunculate spikes. In appearance the plant is altogether
unlike other representatives of the family.

COMPOSITAE. Composite Family

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes scandent or epiphytic; leaves
opposite or alternate, entire to dissected, never truly compound
although sometimes apparently so; flowers collected in a head (rarely
1-flowered) on a receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of phyllaries
(often called bracts); corolla gamopetalous, regular, tubular, and
5-dentate (rarely 2-4-dentate), bilabiate, or ligulate (i.e., flattened,
liguliform, and usually 2-5-dentate), rarely wanting in the pistillate
flowers; stamens (in the perfect or staminate flowers) almost always
5, united by the anthers or rarely free, inserted on the corolla; ovary
inferior, 1-celled; style usually 2-branched, the branches stigmati-
ferous inside, often with sterile appendages at the apex; fruit an
achene, with a single seed, often bearing at the apex a pappus of
setae, awns, or scales. — The corollas are of four chief kinds: ligulate
or strap-shaped, bilabiate, tubular, and filiform. Heads composed
of one kind of flowers only are called homogamous; those of two or
more kinds heterogamous; when heterogamous, the central flowers
(disk) are always perfect, the peripheral pistillate or neutral (lacking
the style). Homogamous heads in which all the flowers are perfect
and have ligulate (in this case always 5-dentate) corollas are called
ligulate; homogamous heads in which all the corollas are tubular
and perfect or staminate, or filiform and pistillate, are called discoid.
Heterogamous heads in which the peripheral corollas are ligulate
are called radiate; those in which the peripheral flowers are pistillate,
with tubular, filiform, or abortive corollas are called disciform. The
receptacle may be naked, bristly, or paleaceous (bearing pales or

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1419

chaff). The generic characters are drawn to a considerable extent
from the character of the pappus, which may be of bristles, awns,
scales, or teeth, reduced to a crown or cup, or entirely wanting.
(From S. F. Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1401-1402. 1926.)

The Compositae constitute the largest family of plants. Although
well represented in Costa Rica, they are far less abundant, in general,
in the tropics than in temperate areas. In preparation of the account
of the Costa Rican species the writer is deeply indebted to Dr. S. F.
Blake, who read most of the manuscript, and suggested changes and
additions. He is, however, in no way responsible for any errors
that may occur on the following pages. The account of the genus
Senecio has been read by Dr. J. M. Greenman, who has suggested
corrections, and supplied descriptions of several new species.

Key to the tribes and genera
Corollas all bilabiate or ligulate.
Sap milky; corollas all ligulate; herbs XII. Cichorieae.

Sap not milky; central corollas bilabiate, not ligulate; chiefly
shrubs, sometimes herbs XL Mutisieae.

Corollas not bilabiate, the central ones, at least, not ligulate but
with regular, 4-5-fid corollas, the outer flowers often ligulate.

Anthers caudate at the base.

Anthers long-appendaged at the apex; plants prickly.

X. Cynareae.
Anthers not appendaged at the apex; plants never prickly.

Pappus none or wool-like IX. Calenduleae.

Pappus present, not wool-like IV. Inuleae.

Anthers not caudate at the base.

Style branches elongate, acute, hispidulous outside throughout
their length.

Heads yellow VIII. Senecioneae.

Heads white or purplish, never yellow.

Achenes 4-angulate, clavate; pappus consisting of paleae
with a strong costa VI. Helenieae.

Achenes not 4-angulate and clavate; pappus not consisting
of paleae with a strong costa I. Vernonieae.

Style branches not as above.

1420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Style branches usually elongate, linear or clavate, obtuse, not
hispidulous outside at the apex, the stigmatic lines only
below the middle and inconspicuous; heads never yellow.

II. Eupatorieae.

Style branches, when elongate, hispidulous outside or at the
apex, the stigmatic lines reaching nearly to the apex;
heads often yellow.
Phyllaries scarious-marginate; heads often nodding; style

tips truncate, hispidulous VII. Anthemideae.

Phyllaries not scarious-marginate, or else the heads not

nodding or the style tips acute.

Receptacle paleaceous, at least in the staminate heads,
or else the leaves all or mostly opposite; pappus never

of bristles V. Heliantheae.

Receptacle not paleaceous, rarely setose, or else the leaves

alternate.

Pappus present, chiefly or entirely of soft, capillary
bristles; involucre not glandular-punctate.

Style tips acute III. Astereae.

Style tips truncate or subtruncate . VIII. Senecioneae.
Pappus none, or of squamellae, awns, or stiff bristles,
or else the involucre glandular-punctate.

Leaves alternate III. Astereae.

Leaves opposite, at least below, or else the involucre
glandular-punctate VI. Helenieae.

I. VERNONIEAE
Heads distinct, not aggregated into secondary heads or glomerules.

Pappus an entire, cartilaginous crown Struchium.

Pappus of scales, bristles, or scales and bristles.

Leaves lepidote Piptocarpha.

Leaves not lepidote.

Inner pappus of a few linear scales; heads 2-flowered.

Oliganthes.
Inner pappus of terete or slightly flattened bristles; heads

with 3 to many flowers Vernonia.

Heads aggregated into secondary heads or glomerules.

Corolla 3-5-dentate; style branches short; phyllaries 2-5.

Rolandra.
Corolla 5-cleft; style deeply bilobate; phyllaries 8 or more.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1421

Pappus bristles dissimilar, 2 of them longer and conduplicate

near the apex Pseudelephantopus.

Pappus bristles all alike, straight.
Pappus bristles numerous, not broadened at the base.

Orthopappus.

Pappus bristles about 5, dilated and flattened at the base.

Elephantopus.

II. EUPATORIEAE

Pappus none or a very short crown.

Heads 3-flowered; anthers not appendaged at the apex. .Piqueria.
Heads several-many-flowered; anthers appendaged at the apex.

Pappus none Alomia.

Pappus a low, paleaceous crown Ageratum.

Pappus present, well developed.

Achenes prismatic and 8-10-costate Brickellia.

Achenes 4-5-costate.
Pappus of bristles only.

Phyllaries 4; heads 4-flowered; plants scandent Mikania.

Phyllaries and flowers more numerous; plants not scandent.

Pappus bristles 5-8 Fleischmannia.

Pappus bristles numerous Eupatorium.

Pappus at least in part of squamellae or awns.

Phyllaries 5-8, uniseriate, subequal Stevia.

Phyllaries more numerous.

Pappus of bristles and squamellae Fleischmannia.

Pappus of squamellae only Ageratum.

III. ASTEREAE

Plants shrubs or at least conspicuously frutescent.

Heads radiate Diplostephium.

Heads discoid.
Plants dioecious, the heads strictly staminate or pistillate.

Baccharis.

Plants polygamo-dioecious, the staminate heads as in Baccharis,
the pistillate with 1-15 central perfect flowers.

Archibaccharis.
Plants herbaceous, low.

Pappus none or reduced to a ring or collar.

1422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Heads discoid Laestadia.

Heads radiate.

Plants with branched, leafy stems Egletes.

Plants with naked, scapiform stems Bellis.

Pappus of numerous bristles.
Phyllaries conspicuously unequal in length; style tips acute or

acuminate Aster.

Phyllaries all equal in length or nearly so; style tips short,
obtuse Erigeron.

IV. INULEAE
Phyllaries dry but not scarious.

Leaves dentate Pluchea.

Leaves entire Tessaria.

Phyllaries scarious, usually white or colored.

Phyllaries in part raylike; heads large; cultivated plants.

Helichrysum.
Phyllaries not raylike; heads small; native plants. . . .Gnaphalium.

V. HELIANTHEAE
Heads with usually only 1 fertile flower.

Involucre strongly compressed, the outermost phyllary cordate

and bractlike Delilia.

Involucre not compressed, the phyllaries not cordate. . . .Milleria.
Heads with few to many fertile flowers.
Ray flowers pistillate, fertile; disk flowers perfect, sterile.

Leaves compound; plants scandent Hidalgoa.

Leaves simple; plants not scandent.
Pistillate corollas tubular.
Pales of the disk enclosing the achenes; heads in small

cymes Ichthyothere.

Pales of the disk not enclosing the achenes; heads densely
cymose-paniculate Clibadium.

Pistillate corollas liguliform.

Phyllaries subtending the ray achenes indurate and com-
pletely enveloping the achenes Melampodium.

Phyllaries not indurate and completely enveloping the
achenes.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1423

Petioles dilated and clasping at the base; achenes not
triquetrous Polymnia.

Petioles not dilated at the base; achenes triquetrous.

Plants shrubs Rensonia.

Plants herbaceous Baltimora.

Ray flowers, when present, pistillate or neutral; disk flowers

perfect, fertile.
Ray corollas sessile, persistent.

Disk achenes strongly compressed Zinnia.

Disk achenes quadrangular Heliopsis.

Ray corollas with a distinct tube and deciduous, or wanting.

Pappus of plumose squamellae Tridax.

Pappus not of plumose squamellae, sometimes none.
Achenes contracted into a conspicuous, stipitiform base.

Podachaenium.
Achenes not contracted into a stipitiform base.

Involucre distinctly double, the outer phyllaries few,

herbaceous, the inner submembranous.
Trees or shrubs, the pubescence usually tomentose;

rays white Montanoa.

Herbs or, if shrublike, without tomentum; rays vari-
ously colored.

Achenes rostrate Cosmos.

Achenes not rostrate.
Pappus none.

Plants without viscid pubescence Dahlia.

Plants with abundant, viscid pubescence.

Sigesbeckia.
Pappus of awns.

Pappus awns antrorse-ciliate or smooth ; achenes
marginate or winged; cultivated plants.

Coreopsis.

Pappus awns retrorse-hispid or rarely smooth;
achenes not marginate or winged; native

plants Bidens.

Involucre not distinctly double.

Pappus of the disk achenes consisting of 4- many free,
usually equal or subequal awns or squamellae.

1424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Heads white; plants herbaceous or chiefly so.

Melanthera.
Heads usually yellow; usually shrubs, rarely herbs.

Achenes obovoid, somewhat compressed; phyl-
laries not indurate Hymenostephium.

Achenes subterete or 4-5-angulate; phyllaries
indurate, or the outer ones sometimes herba-
ceous Calea.

Pappus of the disk achenes of 2-3 awns, with or with-
out squamellae, or a crown of united squamellae,
or wanting, or at least not as described above.

Achenes strongly compressed, flat or flattish.
Pappus of awns and squamellae.

Rays neutral Oyedaea.

Rays pistillate or none.
Achenes marginate or winged, the wings not

decurrent on the awns Zexmenia.

Achenes winged, the wings decurrent on the

awns Otopappus.

Pappus various, but not of both awns and squa-
mellae.
Achenes, at least some of them, winged.

Heads discoid; pappus annular; leaves alter-
nate Garcilassa.

Heads radiate.

Outer achenes not winged Synedrella.

Outer achenes winged.
Pappus of 2-5 stout aristae united at the

base; low herbs Calyptocarpus.

Pappus of usually 2 slender, free aristae;
shrubs or large, coarse herbs.

Verbesina.
Achenes not winged.

Plants woody shrubs or vines Salmea.

Plants herbaceous.

Cauline leaves laciniate or lobate.

Chrysanthellum.

Cauline leaves merely dentate.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1425

Disk of the head strongly convex; flowers

yellow or white; low herbs .Spilanthes.

Disk not very convex; flowers yellow;

tall, coarse herbs Simsia.

Achenes thickened, not thin and compressed.

Heads white, or the disk yellow and the rays white,

pink, or red.
Receptacle elongate, the disk very convex or

elongate Isocarpha.

Receptacle plane or merely convex.
Disk yellow, the rays white, pink, or red.

Galinsoga.

Disk and rays white Eclipta.

Heads yellow.
Rays pistillate.

Pappus of the disk achenes none . . Rumfordia.
Pappus of the disk achenes present.
Achenes acutely marginate or winged.

Zexmenia.

Achenes not marginate or winged.
Achenes angulate; pappus none or of

minute scales Jaegeria.

Achenes not angulate; pappus annular
or of more or less connate scales.

,. Wedelia.

Rays neutral or wanting.

Heads discoid Eleuther anther a.

Heads radiate.

Rays white Montanoa.

Rays yellow.

Heads large, 5-14 cm. wide or broader.
Peduncles fistulose; native plants.

Tithonia.
Peduncles not fistulose; cultivated

plants Helianthus.

Heads much smaller; peduncles not

fistulose.

Achenes each closely enclosed in a pale.

Sclerocarpus.

Achenes not closely enclosed in the
pales Viguiera.

1426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

VI. HELENIEAE

Heads discoid ; plants glabrous Porophyllum.

Heads radiate; plants often pubescent.
Phyllaries imbricate, numerous, in 2 or more series; disk globose;

leaves alternate Helenium.

Phyllaries in a single series or, if somewhat imbricate, only 5;

disk not globose; leaves all or chiefly opposite.
Ray achenes compressed and concave, dentate on the margins;

pappus none Galeana.

Ray and other achenes neither compressed nor concave, not

dentate; pappus present.

Pappus setose, the setae sometimes reduced to squamellae.

Pectis.
Pappus of paleae, these often dissected or awned.

Pappus squamellae dissected into bristles; leaves not pin-

natifid Dyssodia.

Pappus squamellae not dissected; leaves usually pinnatifid.

Tagetes.

VII. ANTHEMIDEAE

Receptacle paleaceous Achillea.

Receptacle not paleaceous.

Heads discoid, greenish Artemisia.

Heads radiate, usually yellow with white rays, or the rays some-
times colored.

Achenes equally or irregularly 5-10-costate .... Chrysanthemum.
Achenes 3-5-costate on the inner surface, ecostate dorsally.

Matricaria.

VIII. SENECIONEAE
Phyllaries multiseriate, imbricate, the outer ones shorter.

Leaves alternate, at least the lower ones lobate Neurolaena.

Leaves opposite, not lobate.

Receptacle naked; usually shrubs, often epiphytic; rays yellow.

L/iabum.

Receptacle paleaceous; herbs; rays white Schistocarpha.

Phyllaries 1-seriate or nearly so, subequal, or graduated only in

Gynura (cultivated).

Pistillate flowers in several series; heads disciform; plants herba-
ceous, with greenish or bright pink or purple flowers . Erechtites.
Pistillate flowers in a single series.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1427

Style branches with long, subulate, hirtellous appendages; cul-
tivated plants Gynura.

Styles branches truncate or with short appendages.

Heads red, pink, or orange; small, annual herbs Emilia.

Heads yellow or white, rarely orange; perennial herbs, shrubs,
or trees Senecio.

IX. CALENDULEAE
A single (cultivated) genus in Costa Rica Dimorphotheca.

X. CYNAREAE
A single genus in Costa Rica -. Cirsium.

XL MUTISIEAE
Plants acaulescent, the leaves all basal.

Cultivated plants Gerbera.

Native plants Chaptalia.

Plants with leafy stems.
Heads yellow or whitish.

Heads yellow; involucre double; leaves pinnate-nerved. .Trixis.
Heads whitish; involucre nearly 1-seriate; leaves palmate-
nerved Jungia.

Heads purple, crimson, or reddish.

Leaves entire; shrubs Lycoseris.

Leaves dentate and often lobate; large herbs Onoseris.

XII. ClCHORIEAE

Stems scapose, each bearing a single head; leaves all basal.

Taraxacum.
Stems more or less leafy, usually with several heads.

Pappus setae plumose Hypochaeris.

Pappus setae not plumose.
Achenes compressed.

Achenes truncate, not rostrate Sonchus.

Achenes rostrate or narrowed at the apex Lactuca.

Achenes terete or prismatic, not compressed.

Achenes truncate at the apex Hieracium.

Achenes narrowed at the apex Crepis.

1428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ACHILLEAL. Yarrow

Perennial herbs with erect, leafy stems; leaves mostly pinnatifid
and finely dissected, alternate; flower heads small, radiate, in terminal
corymbs; involucre obovoid or campanulate, the phyllaries appressed,
imbricate in few series, the outer ones shorter; receptacle flat or
convex, paleaceous; ray flowers white or purple, pistillate, fertile;
disk flowers perfect, fertile, the corollas white; achenes oblong or
obovate, subcompressed; pappus none. — No species are native in
Central America.

Achillea Millefolium L. Naturalized on banks in the potreros
of Volcan de Turrialba; cultivated for ornament in gardens of the
Meseta Central. Native of the Old World, but widely naturalized
in temperate North America. Plants mostly 60 cm. high or less,
generally simple below, abundantly pilose; leaves plumelike, divided
into very numerous small, narrow segments; heads numerous, 4-6
mm. broad, forming a compact corymb, the rays 4-6, scarcely 4 mm.
long. Normally the rays are white, but especially in the cultivated
forms they are frequently pink or purple.

Achyrocline rufescens DC. was reported by Klatt from forests
of Alto del Roble on the basis of Pittier 214- I have not seen this
collection, and no material of the genus is available from Costa Rica.
It is rather probable that the Costa Rican plant is a Gnaphalium,
although the genus is represented both north and south of Costa
Rica, and may well occur here.

AGERATUM L.

Reference: Robinson, Revision of the genus Ageratum, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 49: 454. 1913.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely suffrutescent; leaves mostly
opposite, broad, crenate or serrate; inflorescence usually terminal
and cymose or corymbose, the heads discoid; involucre campanulate,
the phyllaries narrow, subequal, 2-3-seriate, imbricate, mostly 2-
costate; receptacle plane or convex, naked or paleaceous; achenes
5-angulate, prismatic; pappus of distinct or connate, setiferous or
muticous scales, sometimes an entire or dentate crown. — Other
species are known from Central America. Some species of the genus
often are planted for ornament in the United States and other regions.

Ageratum conyzoides L. Santa Lucia. Known in Costa Rica
only from the region of Cartago, 1,200-1,400 meters, but to be ex-
pected elsewhere. Widely distributed in the American tropics, and

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1429

introduced in the Old World. Plants annual, commonly 60 cm. high
or less, the stems usually purplish; leaves petiolate, obtuse, rounded
to short-cuneate at the base, crenate, sparsely pilose; heads pedicel-
late, 6 mm. broad, the phyllaries subabruptly acuminate, ciliate,
usually erose below the apex, sparsely pilose or glabrate outside;
corollas blue-purple; pappus scales 5, lanceolate, setiferous, distinct.
A rather showy and handsome plant, in general appearance exactly
like Alomia microcarpa, with which it often is confused by collectors.
In Alomia the achenes bear no pappus. In some parts of Central
America A. conyzoides is a common weed.

Ageratum Houstonianum Mill. Reported from San Rafael
de Cartago, and to be expected elsewhere. Extending to Mexico
and West Indies. In general appearance very similar to A. cony-
zoides; leaves hirsute; phyllaries entire, gradually long-attenuate,
glandular-puberulent and hirsutulous.

Ageratum latifolium Cav. Reported from hedges at Turrialba,
200 meters, Tonduz 4139. Mexico to Peru and West Indies. Plants
annual, erect or decumbent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-5 cm.
long, obtuse, rounded at the base, crenate-serrate; heads 5-8 in each
corymb, 6 mm. broad, the phyllaries lance-oblong, acute, subgla-
brate; corollas violaceous or white; pappus scales oblong or lanceolate,
distinct, muticous.

Ageratum Oerstedii Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 472.
1913. Coelestina latifolia Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
71. 1852. Carelia latifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 325. 1891. Monte
Aguacate, 600 meters, Oersted 251. Collected also near San Ramon.
Endemic. Plants annual, 30-50 cm. high; leaves petiolate, ovate or
ovate-oblong, 4-7 cm. long, obtuse or obtuse-acuminate, abruptly
contracted at the base, crenate, sparsely pilose; heads few, 7.5 mm.
broad, the phyllaries attenuate, sparsely hirtellous or glabrate;
achenes glabrous, black, the pappus minute, coroniform, dentate.

Ageratum riparium Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 473.
1913. In sand along Rio Ceibo, Pittier 4914. Known only from
the original collection. Leaves ovate, about 8 cm. long, obtuse-
acuminate, narrowed and unequal at the base, undulate, scaberulous
above, pilosulous beneath, especially on the veins; heads 4-8 in each
corymb, 7 mm. long, the inner ones attenuate, the outer callose-
obtuse, ciliate between the costae, otherwise glabrous; corollas
white, glabrous; achenes glabrous or nearly so; pappus a 5-lobate

1430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

crown, the lobes muticous. Material of this species was referred
incorrectly by Klatt to A. tomentosum Hemsl.

Ageratum scabriusculum (Benth.) Hemsl. Region of San
Ramon, in pastures or along roadsides, about 900 meters. Ranging
to Mexico. Perennial, less than a meter high; leaves ovate, 2-5 cm.
long, acuminate, serrate, lustrous above, scaberulous or minutely
pilosulous, appearing glabrous; heads 3-7 in a corymb, 7 mm. long,
the phyllaries very acute, crisp-puberulent or almost glabrous;
corollas glabrous; achenes glabrous; pappus crateriform, usually
5-dentate, scarcely 0.3 mm. long. The type locality is given by
Robinson as Costa Rican, but it is actually Nicaraguan.

Ageratum tomentosum (Benth.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. 2: 82. 1881. Coelestina tomentosa Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 71. 1852. Carelia tomentosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:
325. 1891. Candelaria, 1,500 meters, Oersted. Extending to Mexico.
Perennial, often suffrutescent; leaves ovate or deltoid, 2-3.5 cm. long,
obtuse, crenate, rounded or truncate at the base and often short-
decurrent, densely pale-tomentose beneath; corymbs long-peduncu-
late, the heads 5 mm. long, the phyllaries narrowly lanceolate,
tomentulose; corollas hispidulous toward the apex; achenes gla-
brous; pappus coroniform.

ALOMIA HBK.

Reference; Robinson, Revision of the genus Alomia, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 49: 438. 1913.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely suffrutescent, in general appear-
ance exactly like Ageratum; leaves mostly ovate or rhombic and
petiolate, thin, serrate or dentate; heads small, corymbose or panicu-
late, discoid, many-flowered; involucre campanulate or subturbinate,
the phyllaries subequal, biseriately imbricate, lance-linear, acute,
1-3-costate, sometimes very unequal and in more numerous series;
receptacle plane or conic, naked or paleiferous; corollas white to
pink or purple; achenes prismatic, 5-angulate, glandular-atomiferous
or hispidulous, sometimes glabrous, dark, the pappus very short and
annular or none. — At least three other species are known from Central
America, in Guatemala and Panama.

Alomia microcarpa (Benth.) Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
49: 452. 1913. Santa Lucia. Coelestina microcarpa Benth. in Oerst.
Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 72. 1852. Ageratum microcarpum Hemsl.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 82. 1881. In grassy places, Cartago,
Oersted 10968. Abundant in fields and pastures of the central region,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1431

mostly at 1,000-1,500 meters; region of San Ramon; El General.
Reported doubtfully from Venezuela. An erect or decumbent an-
nual, usually about 50 cm. high, soft-pilose; leaves opposite, petiolate,
deltoid-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse or subacute, cordate or sub-
cordate at the base, crenate-serrate, pilose; heads numerous in each
corymb, about 60-flowered, the phyllaries pilose; achenes black,
glabrous, 1 mm. long; corollas blue-purple. Forma Torresii Standl.
(Field Mus. Bot. 11: 274. 1936; La Pitahaya, Cartago, Ruben Torres
Rojas 196) is a form with white flowers. Santa Lucia is one of the
best known plants of central Costa Rica. It is especially abundant
in the pastures around or above Cartago, some of which present
solid masses of beautiful, clean color that are visible from a long
distance.

ARCHIBACCHARIS Heering

Reference: Blake, Hemibaccharis, a new genus of Baccharidinae,
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 543. 1924.

Herbs or usually shrubs, often somewhat scandent, polygamo-
dioecious; leaves alternate; heads small, whitish, discoid, cymose-
paniculate, the pistillate bearing one or more central hermaphrodite
flowers, the staminate often with a few marginal pistillate flowers;
involucre 3-5-seriate, the phyllaries graduated, imbricate, linear to
ovate, narrowly scarious-marginate; receptacle rather flat; achenes
compressed and 2-nerved, hispidulous; pappus setose, 1-seriate. — At
least three other species occur in Central America. The genus is
closely related to Baccharis.

Archibaccharis irazuensis Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
17: 60. 1927. Hemibaccharis irazuensis Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 20: 551. 1924. Laguna del Reventado, Volcan de Irazu, 2,300
meters, Pittier 14079. Occasional in mountain forests of the central
region, ascending to 3,000 meters; also in the region of San Ramon,
1,000 meters. Endemic. A subscandent shrub, the branches short-
pilose; leaves short-petiolate, lance-ovate or lance-elliptic, 4-8 cm.
long, acuminate, cuneate at the base, mucronate-denticulate, pilosu-
lous on both surfaces; panicles small and dense, rounded; heads 4.5-5
mm. high, the phyllaries ciliate, the outer ones puberulous; achenes
1.2mm. long.

Archibaccharis torquis Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23:
1508. 1926. Hemibaccharis torquis Blake, op. cit. 20: 550. pi. 51.
1924. San Jose", Tonduz 1535. Frequent in thickets and forests of
the Meseta Central; regions of Dota and San Ramon, and widely

1432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

distributed on the Pacific slope, mostly at 900-1,400 meters. Extend-
ing to southern Mexico. A shrub of 1-3 meters, often subscandent,
the branches somewhat zigzag, puberulent or pilosulous; leaves short-
petiolate, oval or ovate-oval, 3-8 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate,
rounded or cuneate-rounded at the base, remotely dentate or denticu-
late, glabrate but pilosulous beneath, chiefly on the nerves; panicles
small and rounded, about 5 mm. wide, the heads dirty white, 4-5 mm.
long; achenes 0.8 mm. long. Material of this species has been reported
incorrectly under the name Conyza asperifolia Benth. & Hook.

ARTEMISIA L.

Aromatic herbs or shrubs, the leaves alternate, often lobate or
pinnatifid; heads small, discoid, racemose-spicate or paniculate,
greenish or yellowish; involucre usually hemispheric, the phyllaries
imbricate in few series, the outer gradually shorter; receptacle flat
to hemispheric, naked or pubescent; achenes small, obovoid or oblong,
2-costate; pappus none. — No species are native in Central America,
but several are found in Mexico. Artemisia Absinthium L. of
Europe is the source of the liquor absinth.

Artemisia vulgaris L. Ajenjo. Often planted in gardens of the
temperate region. Native of Europe. An erect, perennial herb, less
than a meter high; leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear or oblong
segments, glabrate above, densely white-tomentose beneath. An
infusion of the plant is used locally in domestic medicine as a tonic,
febrifuge, anthelmintic, and emmenagogue.

ASTER L.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, usually branched, with alternate
leaves; heads radiate, corymbose or paniculate; involucre hemi-
spheric to turbinate, the phyllaries imbricate in several series, the
outer ones usually much shorter; receptacle flat or convex; rays
mostly white, blue, or purple, pistillate, the disk flowers perfect,
usually yellow; achenes commonly compressed and nerved; pap-
pus bristles numerous, slender, scabrous or denticulate, normally
1-seriate. — Several other species are native in Central America.

Aster exilis Ell. Common about San Jose", and probably in other
places in the central region, at 1,100-1,300 meters; usually growing
at the edges of streams. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants annual, commonly 60 cm. high or less, often much branched,
glabrous, somewhat succulent; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-10
cm. long, entire or nearly so, sessile, acute or acuminate, the leaves

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1433

of the branches subulate; heads numerous, paniculate; involucre 6
mm. high, the phyllaries linear-subulate, appressed; rays purplish,
4 mm. long; achenes pubescent. A common and rather weedy plant
in many parts of Central America. Costa Rican material was
referred by Klatt to A. pauciflorus Nutt.

Aster laevis L. Lila. Cultivated for ornament in gardens of the
Meseta Central and elsewhere. Native of temperate North America.
Plants perennial, stout, erect, in cultivation about 50 cm. high, gla-
brous; upper leaves sessile and usually cordate-amplexicaul, lanceo-
late to ovate, the lower borne on winged petioles; rays blue or violet;
heads as much as 2.5 cm. broad; achenes glabrous or nearly so. This
is a common garden plant in many parts of Central America. Britton
uses for the cultivated plant the name Aster versicolor Willd., based
upon cultivated material, which, however, is believed to be a deriva-
tive of the common A. laevis of the United States.

Aster spinosus Benth. Manzanilla. Common on arenales
(sandbars) about San Jose", and doubtless elsewhere on the Pacific
slope. Ranging to southwestern United States. Plants perennial, 1
meter high or less, usually forming dense, broad clumps, glabrous,
the stems pale, angulate, armed with long, stout, stiff spines; flower
heads small, the rays white; leaves mostly linear, often early deci-
duous. Easily recognized in the genus by its abundant spines. The
plant almost invariably, in Central America, grows along stream beds.

BACCHARIS L.

Dioecious shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate; heads discoid,
small, paniculate or corymbose; involucre campanulate or oblong,
the phyllaries numerous, imbricate in several series, the outer ones
shorter; receptacle flat, naked; achenes somewhat compressed,
costate; pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, soft, that of
the sterile flowers short. — A few other species are found in northern
Central America. The genus is a vast one, most abundantly devel-
oped in South America, but with many species also in Mexico.

Baccharis Braunii (Polak.) Standl., comb. nov. Eupatorium
Braunii Polak. Linnaea 41 : 576. 1877. B. splendens Heering, Schr.
Nat. Ver. Schleswig Hoist. 13: 48. 1906 (Rio Ceibo, near Buenos
Aires, Pittier 1+932}. Sandy slopes, Angostura, Polakowsky 508.
Occasional in mountain forests of the central region; region of San
Ramon; mostly at 1,000-1,400 meters. Honduras to Panama. A
shrub of 1.5-3 meters, glabrous throughout; leaves petiolate, oblong-

1434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

elliptic, mostly 3-4.5 cm. wide, acute at each end, entire, conspicu-
ously 3-nerved, lustrous and very glutinous on the upper surface;
heads small, mostly long-pedunculate, forming large, broad corymbs.
Costa Rican material of this shrub was referred by Klatt to B.
nervosa DC.

Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers. Alcotan, Santo Domingo.
Frequent in thickets or hedges, Meseta Central and surrounding
mountains, descending to the. upper Atlantic tierra caliente and to
the Pacific coast; Guanacaste; sometimes ascending to 1,800 meters,
but chiefly at much lower elevations. Widely distributed in tropical
America. A much branched shrub of 3 meters or less, the branches
usually recurved and sometimes subscandent; branches glabrous or
nearly so; leaves on very short petioles, elliptic to lance-oblong,
mostly 2 cm. wide or less, acute or acuminate, entire, conspicuously
triplinerved ; flower heads about 4 mm. high, dirty white, in small
or large panicles. B. trinervis var. rhexioides (HBK.) Baker is a
form in which the branches and the veins of the lower leaf surface
are tomentulose or puberulous. It grows in association with the
more glabrate plants, and probably is scarcely worthy of special
nomenclatorial designation. The shrub is a very common one in
many parts of the Pacific slope, and is a most unattractive one in
appearance. Pittier reports the TeYraba name as Zbin-kor-ga. The
fresh leaves are applied as poultices to aid in the healing of sores.

BALTIMORA L.

Erect, usually much branched annuals, scabrous-pubescent; leaves
opposite, petiolate, crenate-dentate; heads rather small, yellow,
forming a broad panicle; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries few,
biseriate; receptacle flat, paleaceous; disk flowers sterile, the ray
flowers perfect, fertile; achenes triquetrous, truncate, the pappus
short, cuplike, dentate, deciduous. — No other species is found in
Central America.

Baltimora recta L. Collected at Jesus Maria, San Jose", and
Bebedero (Guanacaste), and doubtless to be found in many other
localities. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants slender
and low, or sometimes coarse and as much as 2.5 meters high; leaves
broadly ovate, acute or acuminate; heads 5 mm. high, the phyllaries
broad, acuminate, strigose, the rays long and narrow; achenes
glabrous, smooth or somewhat tuberculate. This is said to be a
good honey plant. It is a common weed in many parts of Central
America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1435

BELLIS L. Daisy

Low, cespitose herbs, the stems usually scapose, the leaves
mostly basal; heads radiate, the rays white or pink, the disk yellow;
involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, the phyllaries narrow,
herbaceous, subequal, in 1-2 series; receptacle naked; achenes com-
pressed, obovate; pappus none or a ring of minute bristles. — No
species of the genus is native in Central America.

Bellis perennis L. Common in meadows high on the slopes
of Irazu and Turrialba, abundant in many localities. Native of
Europe. A cespitose perennial, the scapose stems mostly 10 cm.
high or less, pubescent; leaves basal, obovate, obtuse, obscurely
dentate, 2.5-5 cm. long, pubescent; involucre about 7 mm. wide,
the rays white or pink, the phyllaries usually purple. The English
daisy, a highly esteemed garden plant, has become thoroughly
naturalized in the potreros of the dairy districts of the central
volcanoes. The cool, moist climate seems to be exactly suited to the
plants, which are a beautiful sight in these meadows. The plants
no doubt were introduced by accident with grass seed.

BIDENS L.

Reference: Sherff, The genus Bidens, Field Mus. Bot. 16. 1937.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes scandent and somewhat
suffrutescent; leaves chiefly opposite, serrate, simple or variously
divided or dissected; heads rather large, radiate or discoid, the rays
yellow or white; involucre campanulate to oblong, the phyllaries
biseriate, distinct or slightly united at the base, the outer ones
often foliaceous; receptacle flat or nearly so, paleaceous; disk flowers
perfect and fertile; achenes flat, quadrangular, or almost terete,
linear to cuneate or oblong; pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns,
the awns barbate or hispid. — A few other species probably are found
in Central America.

Bidens ostruthioides (DC.) Schultz Bip. var. costaricensis
(Benth.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 298. pi. 21. 1929; Field Mus. Bot.
16: pi. 132. B. costaricensis Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 94. 1852. B. irazuensis Calv. & Calv. Year C. R. Nat. Hist.
137, 140. ill. 1917, nomen. Monte Aguacate, 600-1,500 meters,
Oersted (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Also on the slopes of
Irazu, chiefly at 2,000^4,000 meters, where apparently plentiful.
Southern Mexico. Plants probably suffrutescent at the base; leaves
bipinnatisect, the segments cuneate-lanceolate, incised-dentate,
glandular-setulose above, pale beneath; outer phyllaries 57, folia-

1436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

ceous, lanceolate or broadly linear; rays yellow, 15-22 mm. long;
achenes linear, glabrous, 7-9 mm. long, 3-aristate, the awns retrorse-
barbate. The typical form of B. ostruthioides is found in Mexico
and Guatemala.

Bidens pilosa L. Mozote, Moriseco, Mozotillo. Occasional in
waste ground or thickets, Meseta Central to the coasts. Widely
distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres. An erect, branched
annual, usually a meter high or less; leaves slender-petiolate, simple
or mostly 3-5-parted, thin, serrate, pilose; heads discoid, at anthesis
5-7 mm. long; outer phyllaries 7-9, linear or linear-spatulate, ciliate,
4-5 mm. long; achenes linear, glabrous below, tuberculate-strigose
above, 4-16 mm. long, the awns retrorse-barbate. A common and
disagreeable weed in many parts of Central America. The achenes
adhere tenaciously to clothing by means of the barbate awns. The
species, as treated by Sherff at least, is a highly variable one. Repre-
sented in Costa Rica are the following variants, of greater or minor
importance: var. minor (Blume) Sherff, the heads radiate, the yellow-
ish or whitish rays only 4-8 mm. long; var. radiata Schultz Bip., the
heads radiate, the heads at anthesis 1.5-3 cm. broad, the rays white,
larger; var. cakicola (Greenm.) Sherff, the heads radiate, in anthesis
1-1.5 cm. broad.

Bidens riparia HBK. Region of Nicoya. Southern Mexico to
Peru and Brazil. An annual, 30-50 cm. high, the stems branched,
glabrous; leaves bipinnate, pilosulous above, glabrous beneath, the
segments ovate or lanceolate, dentate and incised-lobate; heads in
anthesis 4-6 mm. long, the rays 3-5 mm. long, yellowish white;
outer phyllaries 7-13, linear, 6-10 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so;
achenes linear, curved, 10-15 mm. long, the short awns retrorse-
barbate.

Bidens squarrosa HBK. Mozotillo, Barbasco, Mozote. Fre-
quent in thickets, Meseta Central to the Pacific coast; Guanacaste;
regions of Dota and San Ramon. Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil. A
suffrutescent or herbaceous vine, sometimes 3.5 meters long or more,
the stems glabrous or tomentose; leaves pinnately 3-5-parted, the
divisions ovate to lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, serrate, pubes-
cent or glabrate; heads numerous, usually paniculate, radiate, at
anthesis 1.5-4 cm. wide, 6-8 mm. long; involucre hispid or glabrate,
the outer phyllaries 4-6, linear, 3-5 mm. long; rays bright yellow,
8-15 mm. long; achenes linear, 6-9 mm. long, the awns retrorse-
barbate or naked. A very showy and handsome plant when in

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1437

flower. Material of this species has been referred by various authors
to B. floribunda HBK. and B. rubifolia HBK. Soils 460, from Haci-
enda Montecristo, was referred by Sherff to B. segetum Mart., this
being the only record of its occurrence north of Brazil. As may be
seen by inspection of SherfFs key to species, where B. segetum and B.
squarrosa appear side by side, the differences, if any, between the two
species are rather indefinite. It seems more in accordance with the
probable facts, therefore, to refer the Soils collection to B. squarrosa.

Bidens tenera 0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 50: Suppl. 186. 1914;
Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. 16: pi. 108, f. i-c. Forests of Boruca, Pittier
4528. Pacific tierra caliente. Colombia to Brazil. A slender annual,
35 cm. high or less, the stems glabrate, simple or sparsely branched;
leaves simple or 3-foliolate, the segments thin, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sparsely short-pilose above; heads few,
discoid, few-flowered ; involucre hispid at the base, the outer phyllaries
about 4, linear or linear-spatulate, 4 mm. long; achenes linear,
straight or slightly curved, glabrous, 12-15 mm. long, the awns
retrorse-barbate.

BRICKELLIA Ell.

Reference: Robinson, A monograph of the genus Brickellia, Mem.
Gray Herb. 1.1917.

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, sessile or petiolate;
heads discoid, usually paniculate, sometimes racemose, cymose, or
corymbose, white or reddish; involucre cylindric or campanulate,
the phyllaries numerous, striate, imbricate in several series, the
outer shorter; receptacle naked; achenes prismatic, commonly 10-
costate, mostly hispidulous, at least on the costae; pappus bristles
10-80, slender, almost smooth to subplumose. — A few other species
are known from Central America.

Brickellia argyrolepis Robinson, Mem. Gray Herb. 1 : 90. /. 69.
1917. In hedges, San Rafael, Pittier 1980. Frequent in thickets and
hedges of the Meseta Central; region of Dota; at 1,100-1,800 meters.
Endemic. A stout shrub 1-3 meters high; leaves opposite, short-
petiolate, ovate, 4-6 cm. long, acute, rounded to subcordate at the
base, serrulate, soft-tomentose beneath and pale; heads 2 cm. long,
glomerate at the ends of the branches, greenish white, the phyllaries
silvery-sericeous; achenes 5.5 mm. long. This plant was reported
from Costa Rica by Klatt as B. Hartwegii Gray.

Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) Gray. Occasional in waste ground
or thickets, Meseta Central to the Pacific coast; Guanacaste. Widely

1438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

distributed in tropical America. A slender, usually much branched,
erect annual, sometimes 2 meters high, sparsely puberulent or gla-
brate; leaves slender-petiolate, orbicular-ovate or deltoid-ovate, 4-6
cm. long, acuminate, serrate or crenate-dentate; pedicels filiform, the
very numerous heads whitish, about 8-flowered, 8 mm. long; achenes
1.5-2 mm. long, villous above. A common weed in places along the
Pacific slope of Central America.

CALEA L.

Reference: Robinson & Greenman, Revision of the Mexican and
Central American species of the genus Calea, Proc. Amer. Acad. 32:
20-30. 1896.

Usually densely branched, low shrubs; leaves opposite, mostly
dentate or crenate; heads rather small, radiate or discoid, usually
cymose or umbellate, the rays yellow or white; involucre several-
seriate, graduate, the phyllaries dry or the outer sometimes herba-
ceous; rays, when present, fertile; achenes sub terete or 4-5-angulate;
pappus persistent, of 4-20 usually equal, paleaceous squamellae or
awns, rarely none. — A few other species grow in northern Central
America.

Calea dichotoma Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex, ramis gracilibus
brunnescentibus subteretibus ubique aequaliter repetite dichotomis,
internodiis plerumque foliis brevioribus subsparse puberulis vel gla-
bratis; folia parva breviter petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo puberulo
vix ad 3 mm. longo; lamina ovata vel lanceolato-ovata 1.3-3 cm.
longa 6-16 mm. lata anguste longiacuminata, basi longiuscule acute
decurrens, grosse adpresso-serrata, supra sparse scaberula vel fere
omnino glabra, subtus paullo pallidior dense impresso-puncticulata
ad nervos hinc inde pilis paucis brevibus conspersa vel fere glabra, e
basi solemniter trinervia, nervis valde elevatis; capitula discoidea ad
apices ramorum umbellata, vulgo 3-5, pedicellis gracilibus puberulis
vix ultra 6 mm. longis, capitulo e quaque axilla ramorum nascente
solitario longius pedicellate; involucrum ca. 5 mm. longum anguste
campanulatum basi rotundatum, phyllariis ca. 3-seriatis latis apice
rotundatis minute ciliatis aliter glabris, pallidis, extimis brevissimis;
achaenia immatura fusca ca. 2.5 mm. longa sparse hispidula, pappi
squamis ca. 8 anguste oblongo-lanceolatis pallidis acutis imbricatis
1.5 mm. longis. — Maderal de San Mateo, October, 1922, Brenes 3665
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). In appearance the plant is unique
because of its regularly dichotomous branching. Noteworthy, too,
are the very small leaves, which, however, may not furnish a con-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1439

stant character for separation. Except for its mode of branching,
the plant suggests C. Zacatechichi.

Calea Pittieri Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
29: 105. 1899. Rio Ceibo, near Buenos Aires, 200 meters, Pittier
4913. Also at Boruca, and apparently frequent in the region of San
Ramon, as well as elsewhere on the Pacific slope; El General; Car-
tago; at 1,400 meters or less. Endemic. A shrub of 1-3 meters;
leaves ovate to elliptic, mostly 3.5-6 cm. long, acute to obtuse, thick,
crenate-serrate, rugose and very scabrous above, grayish-tomentose
beneath or hispidulous, 5-nerved from near the base; heads discoid,
slender-pedicellate, umbellate; pappus awns about 20, longer than
the achene. Material of this species was referred by Klatt to
C. prunifolia HBK., of Panama and South America.

Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC. Jalacate, Jaral. C. peUucidinerva
Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31, pt. 1: 207. 1892 (TeYraba, 260 meters,
Pittier 3707}. Frequent in pastures and thickets of the Meseta
Central, often occurring in great abundance, also in many parts of
the Pacific slope; region of San Ramon; at 1,400 meters or less.
Panama to southern Mexico. A dense shrub, usually 1-1.5 meters
high or lower; leaves ovate, 5-12 cm. long, acute, coarsely serrate,
usually rugose, very scabrous above and often rough-pubescent
beneath; heads almost 1 cm. long, the short rays yellow; achenes
2.5 mm. long, the pappus 3.5 mm. long. The plant sometimes
becomes a rather bad weed in pastures, especially in the Cartago
region. It is a showy and rather handsome shrub when in flower.
Costa Rican material has been referred to C. axillaris DC., which
is now considered a variety of C. urticifolia.

Calea Zacatechichi Schlecht. Region of San Ramon, 700-800
meters. Ranging to Guatemala and Mexico. A much branched
shrub, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves ovate or triangular-
ovate, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely dentate, acute or acuminate, somewhat
rugose; heads small, about 12-flowered, forming dense, umbellate-
cymose panicles, the pedicels mostly shorter than the heads; rays
none; pappus shorter than the achene. Costa Rica has not been in-
cluded previously in the range of C. Zacatechichi, but four collections
from San Ramon agree very well with material from northern Central
America, and probably are to be referred here. The species name
is of Aztec origin, signifying "bitter grass." In Mexico the plant
has long been used in domestic medicine.

1440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

CALYPTOCARPUS Less.

Low annuals, prostrate or ascending, pubescent, branched; leaves
small, opposite, dentate; heads small, yellow, radiate, axillary,
usually short-pedunculate; phyllaries few, herbaceous; ray flowers
pistillate, perfect, the disk flowers perfect and fertile; achenes of the
ray and disk alike, or the ray achenes sometimes 3-angulate, not
winged; pappus of 2-3 stout, hard, spinose awns. — A single species is
found in Central America. The generic name often is written in-
correctly as Calyptrocarpus.

Calyptocarpus vialis Less. Espinillo, Cabeza de vaca, Chiquisd.
C. Wendlandii Schultz Bip. Bot. Zeit. 24: 165. 1866 (San Jose",
Wendland 1078}. Synedrella vialis Gray. Waste or cultivated
ground, Meseta Central. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants branched from the base, the stems 30 cm. long or less; leaves
ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute, cuneate to subcordate at the base,
thinly appressed-pilose, petiolate; involucre narrow, about 7 mm.
long, the phyllaries green, imbricate, the rays short and incon-
spicuous; achenes about 5 mm. long.

CHAPTALIA Vent.

Scapose, perennial herbs; leaves floccose-tomentose, entire to
lobate; heads radiate, solitary at the end of a long, naked scape;
involucre turbinate-campanulate, many-flowered, the phyllaries
narrow, imbricate in few series, the outer shorter; rays pistillate,
fertile, white to purple; disk flowers perfect, mostly neutral, their
corollas somewhat bilabiate; achenes columnar or fusiform, 5-nerved;
pappus of numerous long, soft bristles. — A single species grows in
Central America.

Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak. Common on open banks or in
pastures, Meseta Central, and probably elsewhere. Widely distrib-
uted in tropical America. Leaves mostly lyrate-lobate, sometimes
entire, 8-25 cm. long, obtuse, green and almost glabrous above,
densely white-tomentose beneath, thin; scapes 30-60 cm. high,
slender, floccose-tomentose; heads 2-2.5 cm. long, purple or dark
red; achenes 5 mm. long, glabrate or glandular, the filiform beak
2-3 times as long; pappus yellowish, 10-13 mm. long. A common
and rather weedy plant, generally distributed in Central America.
Costa Rican material was referred by Klatt to C. albicans (Sw.)
Northrop, a West Indian species.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1441

CHRYSANTHELLUM Rich.

Glabrous annuals, usually much branched and diffuse or almost
prostrate; basal leaves mostly incised-dentate, the cauline ones
alternate and various divided; heads small, radiate, pedunculate,
terminal or arising from the upper leaf axils; ray flowers yellow,
pistillate, the disk flowers perfect; involucre campanulate, the
phyllaries 1-2-seriate, membranaceous; receptacle plane, paleaceous;
achenes linear-oblong, dorsally compressed, the outer ones with
obtuse margins, the inner winged; pappus none. — No other species
are found in Central America.

Chrysanthellum integrifolium Steetz. El Rodeo, Villa Colon,
840 meters, M. Valeria 950. Widely distributed in tropical America,
but uncommon in Central America; growing in savannas or pastures.
Plants slender, often prostrate; leaves oblong to spatulate and serrate,
somewhat succulent, or often pinnatifid; heads scarcely 1 cm. broad,
terminating very long, slender peduncles; outer phyllaries with scari-
ous margins.

CHRYSANTHEMUM L.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, dentate to dissected;
heads large, mostly long-pedunculate, radiate; involucre usually
hemispheric or depressed, the phyllaries appressed, imbricate in
several series, the outer ones shorter; receptacle flat to hemispheric,
naked; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, the disk flowers perfect and
fertile; achenes angulate or terete, 5-10-costate; pappus none or a
short cup. — No species of the genus are native in Central America.

Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Conchita. Cultivated for
ornament in gardens of the temperate region. Native of Europe.
A tall, branched, almost glabrous annual with bipinnatifid leaves
and pale yellow rays.

Chrysanthemum indicum L. Crisantemo. The common
chrysanthemum, native of China and Japan, is grown commonly in
gardens of the temperate region, especially about San Jose", and in
innumerable forms. The plants thrive here, and flowers grown out
of doors during the dry season compare not unfavorably in size with
those produced in greenhouses of the North.

Chrysanthemum lacustre Brot. Margarita grande. Often
grown for ornament in the temperate region. Said to be native of
Portugal. A tall, much branched perennial; leaves ovate-lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, dentate; heads very large, with long, white rays.

1442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Margarita. Frequent
in pastures on the slopes of Turrialba, Irazu, and Barba. Naturalized
from Europe. An almost glabrous perennial, usually about 60 cm.
high ; basal leaves obovate or oblong, dentate or pinnatifid, the cauline
leaves mostly amplexicaul, narrow, incised or dentate; heads long-
pedunculate, 2.5-3 cm. broad, with 20-30 long, white rays. The
ox-eye daisy seems to thrive in the pastures of the volcanoes, to which
it has been introduced with European grass seed. It is especially
abundant on the upper slopes of Irazu.

Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Pers. Altamisa. Feverfew.
Often grown in gardens for ornament, and naturalized in many
places, as at Escazu, in pastures, and about Cartago. Native of
Europe. A cespitose perennial, 60 cm. high or less, strong-scented;
leaves pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, incised or pinnatifid
segments; heads numerous, small, forming dense, terminal corymbs,
the disk scarcely 1 cm. broad, the short rays white.

CIRSIUM Mill. Thistle
Reference: Petrak, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27, pt. 2: 207. 1910.

Coarse, perennial or biennial herbs, usually very prickly; leaves
basal and cauline, the cauline ones alternate, variously lobate or
pinnatifid; heads large, many-flowered, discoid, mostly white, pink,
yellowish, or purple; involucre ovoid or globose, the phyllaries im-
bricate in numerous series, often tipped with prickles; receptacle
flat or convex, setaceous; achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or
obtusely 4-angulate, glabrous; pappus of several series of long,
slender, plumose bristles. — A few other species are known from
northern Central America.

Cirsium costaricense (Polak.) Petrak, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
27, pt. 2: 219. 1910. Cardo. Cnicus costaricensis Polak. Linnaea 41:
581. 1878. Waste ground, San Jose1, Polakowsky 64 (photo, of type
in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in waste ground or thickets of the
central region; region of San Ramon; chiefly at 1,000-2,000 meters.
Extending to Honduras. Plants stout, mostly 1-1.5 meters high;
cauline leaves not or scarcely decurrent, spinose-dentate, sparsely
arachnoid-tomentose above and green, densely white-tomentose
beneath; heads in flower about 2 cm. long, rose-purple, the bracts
tipped with long and slender, rather weak prickles.

Cirsium mexicanum DC. C. mexicanum var. bracteatum
Petrak, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27, pt. 2: 231. 1910 (Tuis, 620 meters,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1443

Pittier 11239). Ascending to the Meseta Central, chiefly at 1,200
meters or less. Ranging to Mexico. Plants usually tall and stout,
branched; leaves long-decurrent on the stems; heads purple, similar
to those of C. costaricense, usually glomerate.

Cirsium pinnatisectum (Klatt) Petrak, Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
27, pt. 2: 236. 1910. Cnicus pinnatisectus Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
35: 292. 1896. Paramos del Abejonal, 1,900 meters, Tonduz 7791.
Collected also on Irazu, at 2,200 meters. Endemic. Plants about
2 meters high ; leaves green above and arachnoid-tomentose, densely
white- tomentose beneath, pinnatisect, very prickly; heads mostly
solitary, declinate, about 7 cm. in diameter, yellowish; corolla lobes
about equaling the tube.

Cirsium subcoriaceum (Less.) Petrak. Cardo, Cardon. Fre-
quent in the central region, chiefly in the mountains, often grow-
ing in forest, mostly at 1,100-3,000 meters. Extending to Mexico.
Plants 1-3 meters tall, branched; leaves not decurrent, green above,
densely white-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, very prickly; heads
rose-red or yellowish, declinate, 4-6 cm. broad, the phyllaries tipped
with short, stout prickles. A showy and rather handsome plant,
plentiful at some places in the higher mountains, ascending to the
upper slopes of Cerro de Las Vueltas.

CLIBADIUM L.

Reference: 0. E. Schulz, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung £li-
badium, Bot. Jahrb. 46: 613. 1912.

Shrubs or small trees, usually with very rough pubescence; leaves
opposite, mostly ovate, serrate, triplinerved ; heads very small, disci-
form, few-many-flowered, greenish or whitish, disposed in a sub-
corymbose panicle; involucre of 1-6 phyllaries, these ovate or rounded,
concave, nerved; receptacle paleaceous near the margin, sometimes
naked in the center; marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, the inner ones
hermaphrodite, sterile; achenes obovoid, compressed, at maturity
succulent and drupaceous; pappus none. — A few other species are
found in Central America.

Clibadium acuminatum Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 114. 1844.
Cocos Island, Barclay. Endemic. Leaves petiolate, ovate, about 15
cm. long and 7 cm. wide, long-acuminate, duplicate-serrate, very
scabrous with minute hairs on both surfaces, cuneate at the base;
panicles lax, corymbiform, the branches divaricate; heads scarcely
4 mm. long, scabrous-puberulent ; fertile flowers about 5; achenes
obscurely puberulent at the apex.

1444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Clibadium anceps Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 97. 1903.
Forests of La Palma, 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12537. Also in the
regions of San Ramon, Navarro, and El General, at 1,400 meters or
less. Endemic. A small tree, the ultimate branches complanate,
strigose; leaves ovate, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, acuminate,
cuneate at the base, remotely denticulate, hirtellous, above finally
glabrate and somewhat lustrous; heads 5 mm. high, glomerate;
phyllaries appressed-pubescent; fertile flowers usually 3; achenes
2 mm. long, glabrous; sterile flowers 3-5.

Clibadium glomeratum Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 98.
1903. Forests of Tuis ("Luis" in the original publication), 650 meters,
Tonduz 11508. Also on the slopes of Barba, at 2,000 meters or less.
Endemic. A shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters, the branches pilose with short,
spreading hairs; leaves broadly ovate, 10-20 cm. long, 5-15 cm. wide,
acute, obtuse to subcordate at the base, remotely serrulate, rough-
pubescent above, densely hirtous beneath; branches of the panicle
ferruginous- tomentose, the heads glomerate, sessile, about 2 mm.
long; phyllaries 2, orbicular, ciliate at the apex; fertile flowers 4,
the sterile 5; achenes 2 mm. long, villous at the apex.

Clibadium grande Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 601.
1924. La Florida, Atlantic tierra caliente, 80 meters, Pittier 11280.
Leaves long-petiolate, broadly ovate, about 30 cm. long and wide,
acute, broadly rounded at the base, dentate-serrate, scabrid-strigil-
lose above, strigillose beneath; panicles sordid-tomentulose, 9 cm.
long, the heads sessile, not glomerate, 5.5 mm. long; phyllaries 3,
strigillose; pistillate flowers 6, the perfect flowers 8-9; achenes 2 mm.
long, pilose at the apex.

Clibadium grandifolium Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22:
599. 1924. Rio Pacuare, Llanuras de Santa Clara, 150 meters, J.
D. Smith 16068. Atlantic tierra caliente. Endemic. Branches
strigose; leaves long-petiolate, the blades broadly ovate or rounded-
ovate, 15-28 cm. long, 12-23 cm. wide, short-pointed, truncate-
rounded at the base and cuneately narrowed to the petiole, serrulate,
scabrid above, strigillose beneath; panicles 17-24 cm. wide, the heads
irregularly approximate, sessile, 5-6.5 mm. high; phyllaries 2-3,
acute or acuminate, strigillose; fertile flowers 8-11, the sterile 9-10;
achenes pilose at the apex.

Clibadium leiocarpum Steetz. C. Pittieri Greenm. Proc.
Amer. Acad. 39: 98. 1903 (La Florida, Atlantic tierra caliente, 80
meters, Pittier 11290). C. terebinthaceum (Sw.) DC. var. Pittieri

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1445

0. E. Schulz, Bot. Jahrb. 46: 626. 1912. Atlantic tierra caliente,
ascending to the central region, at least on the lower slopes of Poas.
Panama. A shrub of 1.5-2.5 meters, the branches strigose; leaves
ovate, 10-15 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed to the
base, dentate above the middle, hirsute-pubescent on both surfaces;
heads 5 mm. high, the phyllaries narrowly ovate, acute, strigose;
fertile flowers 7-9; achenes pubescent at the apex. C. terebinthaceum,
to which Schulz referred this plant, is a species of Jamaica and
Colombia. C. leiocarpum var. strigosum Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad.
27: 382. 1937 (Cerro de Piedra Blanca, above Escasu, Prov. San Jose",
Standley 32593} is a form with strigose pubescence. The reduction
of C. Pittieri to synonymy under C. leiocarpum is made at the sug-
gestion of Dr. S. F. Blake.

Clibadium polygynum Blake. C. Pittieri f. phrixium Greenm.
Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 38. 1904 (Puerto Viejo, Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley
7399). Forests and thickets of the tierra caliente; region of San
Ramon; Guanacaste. Extending to Guatemala. Branches densely
hispidulous with spreading hairs; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
7-9 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate,
scabrous and hispidulous on both surfaces; panicles mostly small and
dense, the heads short-pedicellate, 5 mm. high; phyllaries usually 2,
subacute, strigose; fertile flowers about 29, the sterile about 8;
achenes densely pilose at the apex.

Clibadium Schulzii Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 602.
1924. Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11915. Frequent in thickets
of the central region, and in Dota. Endemic. A shrub, or sometimes
a tree of 7 meters, with a dense, rounded crown; branches densely
pilose- tomentose with ascending hairs; leaves short-petiolate, lance-
ovate, 6-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acuminate, acutely cuneate at
the base, serrulate, strigose above, densely pilose beneath with
subappressed hairs; panicles 3-6 cm. wide, the heads on pedicels 2
mm. long or less, 3.5-4 mm. high; phyllaries 3, obtuse or subacute,
glabrate; fertile flowers 5-6, the sterile 12-14; achenes sparsely pilose
at the apex.

Clibadium surinamense L. Thickets of the Atlantic tierra
caliente, ascending to the region of Cartago, at 1,200 meters or less;
El General. Ranging to West Indies and the Guianas. A shrub of
1-2 meters, the branches strigose; leaves short-petiolate, oblong-
ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded at the base and cuneate-attenu-
ate to the petiole, serrulate, 5-17 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, very

1446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

scabrous above, more softly pilose beneath; heads sessile, 5 mm. long;
phyllaries 3-4, subacute, short-pilose; fertile flowers 3-6, the sterile
8-13; achenes glabrous, black.

Clibadium villosum Benth. Thickets of the Atlantic tierra
caliente, ascending to the Meseta Central, at 1,200 meters or less.
Colombia. Similar to C. surinamense; branches densely villous-
tomentose; leaves scabrous above, villous-tomentose beneath;
branches of the panicle densely tomentose; heads 4-4.5 mm. long;
fertile flowers 3-4, the sterile 9-14.

CONYZA L.

Annual or perennial herbs, the leaves alternate, sometimes
mostly basal, varying from entire to pinnatisect; heads small,
usually numerous and paniculate or corymbose, disciform, the outer
flowers pistillate and fertile, the inner ones perfect and all or mostly
fertile; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries appressed, linear or
lanceolate, the outer gradually shorter; receptacle plane or convex,
not paleaceous; achenes compressed, truncate, sometimes costate;
pappus of numerous slender, soft bristles. — A few other species
probably occur in Central America.

Conyza chilensis Spreng. In pastures or thickets, Meseta
Central and nearby mountain slopes; region of San Ramon. Widely
distributed in tropical America. Stems erect, mostly about 40 cm.
high or less, pilose, simple or sparsely branched; lower and basal
leaved oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, coarsely crenate to lyrate-
pinnatifid, the cauline leaves linear and entire, rough-pubescent;
heads few, racemose or subcorymbose, long-pedunculate, the in-
volucre about 1 cm. broad; achenes 1 mm. long, 1 -nerved on each face;
pappus brownish.

Conyza coronopifolia HBK. Pastures on the lower slopes of
Irazu, perhaps introduced. Extending to Mexico. Plants probably
perennial, the stems often several from the base, usually abundantly
branched ; cauline leaves sessile, most of them deeply pinnate-lobate,
the lobes entire, broad, obtuse, hispidulous; heads whitish, about
8 mm. broad, rather closely clustered at the ends of the branches,
the phyllaries linear, pilose; pappus more or less fulvous.

Conyza lyrata HBK. Thickets of the Pacific coast. Widely
distributed in tropical America. A coarse annual, sometimes a
meter high, villous-pilose and very viscid; cauline leaves obovate,
dentate and lyrate-lobate; heads greenish white, 7 mm. high, in

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1447

broad, leafy panicles; pappus white or nearly so. A common weed
along the Pacific coast of Central America. The plant has a strong
and offensive odor.

COREOPSIS L.

Glabrous or pubescent herbs; cauline leaves opposite, most
of the leaves often basal, entire to dissected; heads of medium or
rather large size, yellow, solitary at the ends of the stems or laxly
corymbose-paniculate radiate; phyllaries commonly 2-seriate, more or
less connate at the base, the outer ones generally herbaceous, the
inner membranaceous; ray flowers commonly neutral, the disk
flowers mostly fertile; disk paleaceous; achenes obcompressed, mostly
oblong, often 2- winged; pappus none or of 2 awns or teeth. — One or
more species are native in northern Central America.

Coreopsis lanceolata L. Chispa, Margarita amarilla. Some-
times planted for ornament in gardens of the temperate region.
Native of the United States. An erect perennial, about 60 cm. high,
glabrous or nearly so, slender; leaves mostly clustered at the base
of the stems, long-petiolate, oblanceolate-linear; stems scapose, each
bearing a single large, yellow head with long, spreading rays.

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Cultivated at Zarcero, and said to
reproduce itself abundantly. Native of southwestern United States.
A slender, erect annual, usually much branched; leaves parted into
numerous narrow segments, the stems leafy; heads large and showy,
with bright yellow rays.

COSMOS Cav.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, mostly pinnatifid;
heads usually rather large, long-pedunculate, radiate, the disk flowers
yellow; involucre biseriate; ray flowers neutral, the disk flowers
perfect and fertile; receptacle flat, paleaceous; achenes narrow,
somewhat angulate, distinctly rostrate; pappus of 2-4 retrorsely
barbate or hispid awns.

Cosmos caudat us HBK. Occasional as a weed in waste ground
of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; at 700 meters or less.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants usually a meter high
or less, branched, sparsely pilose or glabrate; leaves bipinnate, the
divisions ovate to linear-lanceolate; involucre 12-15 mm. high, the
outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, ciliate; rays pink, 1-2 cm. long;
achenes linear, 10-15 mm. long.

1448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Cambray. Sometimes planted for
ornament in gardens of the temperate region. Native of Mexico.
Somewhat similar to the preceding species, but the rays orange-
yellow.

CREPIS L.

Herbs, the leaves alternate or basal, mostly dentate or pinnatifid ;
sap milky; heads small or medium-sized, usually paniculate or corym-
bose; involucre cylindric to campanulate, the principal phyllaries
1-seriate and equal, some short ones present at the base of the
involucre; receptacle generally flat, naked or short-fimbrillate; rays
truncate and dentate at the apex; achenes linear-oblong, 10-20-
costate, narrowed at the base and apex, not rostrate; pappus of
slender, soft, white bristles. — No species are native in Central
America.

Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Naturalized in pastures, La
Palma de San Ramon. Introduced from Europe. Plants annual,
60 cm. high or less, leafy, corymbosely branched above, glabrous,
or somewhat hirsute below; basal leaves spatulate, pinnatifid or
dentate; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong, amplexicaul; heads
1-1.5 cm. wide, slender-pedunculate; involucre 6-8 mm. long, pubes-
cent or glandular-pubescent, the phyllaries lanceolate; achenes 10-
costate.

Crepis heterophylla Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 8. 1895.
San Rafael de Cartago, 1,500 meters, Pittier 6994- Plants nearly
glabrous, the stems erect, striate, leafy, bearing 1 or 2 heads, 25-65
cm. high; leaves 6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, cordate-lanceolate,
cordate-spatulate, or cordate, sinuate-dentate, mucronate-cuspidate,
auriculate-amplexicaul, or petiolate; petioles broadly winged;
peduncles glandular-hispid, bracteate at the base, the bracts lanceo-
late, pectinate-dentate; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries lanceo-
late, white-pilose, the inner ones 1 cm. long; achenes villous. I have
summarized Klatt's description, but have seen no material of the
plant he describes. In view of his many errors in referring Composi-
tae to genera with which they had no close relationship, it is unwise
to speculate upon the proper position of the present plant, whose
description does not suggest to me any of the Cichorieae listed here
for Costa Rica.

DAHLIA Cav.

Tall, coarse, perennial herbs, sometimes treelike and more or less
ligneous, glabrous or pubescent; leaves opposite, variously pinnate-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1449

parted; heads large, long-pedunculate, radiate, the disk flowers
yellow; ray flowers neutral, the disk flowers fertile; involucre biseri-
ate, the outer phyllaries short, subfoliaceous, the inner membrana-
ceous; receptacle plane, paleaceous; achenes glabrous, oblong or
obovate, compressed, rounded at the apex; pappus none. — One or
more additional species are native in northern Central America.

Dahlia rosea Cav. Dalia, Catarina, Catalina. D. dumicola Klatt,
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 289. 1896 (in hedge, San Francisco de Guada-
lupe, Pittier & Tonduz 8469). Common in the central region, especi-
ally in hedges, often an abundant weed in cornfields; sometimes
found in forest. Extending to Mexico. A tall, coarse herb or shrub,
usually about 3 meters high, glabrous or nearly so, too well known to
need special description here. In the Meseta Central the common
dahlia behaves almost exactly like the sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus)
of the central and western United States. It takes possession of the
cornfields when the corn is well grown, and often is quite as con-
spicuous as the corn itself. The wild plants have white or more often
pink heads, which are either single or double-flowered. The wild
plants with very large, white rays have been referred to D. Maxonii
Safford, described from Guatemala, but I am inclined to believe that
material so named, at least that from Costa Rica, is better referable
to D. rosea (D. variabilis Desf.). Some of the better varieties of
cultivated dahlias are, of course, to be found in Costa Rican gardens,
and the common wild form likewise is common in village gardens. It
is curious to observe that the country people give the name dalia to
the garden plants, while the wild ones are called Catarina or Catalina.
When asked what may be the differences between the plants receiving
these two names, they always retort with some surprise that dalias
are garden plants, while Catarina is a weed.

DELILIA Spreng.

Rather low and slender, annual herbs, branched ; leaves opposite,
petiolate, dentate; heads numerous, small, pedicellate, aggregate at
the ends of the branches, radiate; involucre compressed, the 2-4
phyllaries membranaceous, the outer one large and broad, herbaceous,
concealing the flowers; ray flowers 1-3, pistillate, fertile, the disk
flowers 1-4, perfect, sterile; achenes obovate, compressed; pappus
none. — A single species is found in North America. In general
appearance it is quite unlike most Compositae, and suggestive rather
of some groups of Acanthaceae.

1450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze. Elvira biflora Cass. Frequent in
waste ground, thickets, or pastures, often in cultivated land, Meseta
Central to the Pacific coast, and probably also in the Atlantic tierra
caliente. Plants mostly 30-50 cm. high, much branched, the pubes-
cence rather sparse or dense, of short, whitish, appressed or spreading
hairs; leaves petiolate, mostly 3-5 cm. long, ovate to lanceolate, acute,
3-nerved, incised-crenate; outer phyllaries green, rounded-cordate,
4-6 mm. long, persistent; achenes glabrous, 2 mm. long.

DIMORPHOTHECA Moench

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate
or mostly basal, entire to incised, usually narrow; heads of medium
or large size, long-pedunculate; disk flowers yellow to purplish, the
rays of the same colors or white; heads radiate, the ray and outer
disk flowers fertile; involucre broad, the phyllaries 1-2-seriate, sub-
equal, linear, acuminate, scarious-margined; receptacle plane or sub-
convex, naked; achenes glabrous, those of the ray subtrigonous,
rugose or muricate, those of the disk compressed, the margin some-
times winglike. — All the species are natives of southern Africa.

Dimorphotheca annua Less. Grown frequently for ornament
in gardens of the temperate region, as elsewhere in Central America.
Native of South Africa. A diffuse, simple or branched annual, gray-
pubescent; leaves narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, tapering to the
base, with a few coarse, remote teeth; heads nodding, the flowers
white and purple.

DIPLOSTEPHIUM HBK.

Reference: Blake, Key to the genus Diplostephium, with descrip-
tions of new species, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24: 65. 1922.

Low shrubs, more or less tomentose or lanate; leaves alternate,
usually entire and coriaceous; heads small, solitary at the ends of the
branches or corymbose-paniculate, radiate, the rays white to purple;
involucre campanulate, the phyllaries several-seriate, graduated,
with thin margins, usually somewhat recurved in age; receptacle flat
or subconvex; ray flowers fertile, the disk flowers perfect, fertile or
sterile; achenes 3-5-costate, glabrous, glandular, or hispid; pappus
copious, mostly biseriate, the outer of short bristles or squamellae,
the inner longer, setose. — A single species is found in North America.

Diplostephium costaricense Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
24: 82. pi. 27. 1924. Cerro de La Muerte, 3,100 meters, Pittier
10459. Collected also on Cerro de Las Vueltas, and in forest at

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1451

La Palma de San Jose", 1,500 meters. Endemic. A dense shrub of
4.5 meters or less; leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 2.5-4
cm. long, subacute, narrowed to the sessile base, entire, grayish-
tomentulose; heads 6-9 mm. high, in dense panicles, the rays white,
the disk purple-red; achenes 1.5-2.5 mm. long, densely glandular.
The Costa Rican plant has been referred to D. Schultzii Wedd., a
Colombian species, and D. rupestre (HBK.) Wedd., of Colombia and
Ecuador. The shrub is a characteristic one of the low, wet thickets
at the upper limit of vegetation on the central volcanoes.

DYSSODIA Cav.

Herbs or low shrubs, usually with conspicuous oil glands; leaves
opposite or alternate, entire to dissected; heads small or medium-
sized, radiate or rarely discoid, yellow or orange; involucre usually
campanulate, the principal phyllaries 1-seriate, narrow, equal, more
or less connate, glandular-punctate, a few small ones often present
at the base; achenes slender; pappus of 5-20 paleae, these often awned
or aristate-dissected. — Two or three other species are found in north-
ern Central America.

Dyssodia montana (Benth.) Gray. Girasolillo. Clomenocoma
monlana Benth. Frequent in thickets or pastures, Meseta Central, de-
scending on the Pacific slope almost or quite to the coast; region of
San Ramon; Guanacaste; ascending rarely to 1,800 meters. Panama
to Guatemala. A rather strong-scented, erect, perennial herb, a
meter high or less, almost glabrous; leaves opposite, practically
simple, the lateral divisions reduced to subulate lobes or bristles on
the petiole, the blades ovate or lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, serrate or
laciniate, mostly acuminate, minutely strigillose beneath; heads
solitary on long, bracteate peduncles; involucre 1.5 cm. high; rays
orange, about 1 cm. long; achenes sericeous- villous, 3 mm. long, the
pappus of 10 dissected squamellae 7-8 mm. long. Costa Rican mate-
rial of this species has been referred incorrectly to D. grandiflora DC.

ECLIPTA L.

Erect or prostrate, branched, annual herbs, pubescent; leaves
opposite, small; heads small, pedunculate, terminal and axillary,
radiate, whitish; involucre broadly campanulate, the phyllaries
imbricate, about 2-seriate, subequal or the outer longer; receptacle
plane or convex, paleaceous; ray flowers pistillate and fertile, the
disk flowers perfect and mostly fertile; achenes trigonous or com-
pressed; pappus none or of a few small teeth. — A single species is
found in tropical America.

1452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Frequent in waste or cultivated
ground, usually in moist places, Meseta Central to the coasts. Gen-
erally distributed in tropics of both hemispheres, also in temperate
regions. Plants usually prostrate or decumbent, the pubescence
minute, appressed, rough; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, 2-10 cm. long, denticulate or entire, sessile, or
the lower ones petiolate; heads 6-12 mm. broad, numerous but incon-
spicuous, subsessile or slender-pedunculate, the very short rays
easily overlooked. This is one of the most common and widely dis-
tributed of all tropical weeds.

EGLETES Cass.

Low herbs, usually viscid and densely pubescent, branched;
leaves alternate, dentate or lobate; heads small, pedunculate, radiate,
terminal or opposite the leaves; involucre hemispheric, the phyllaries
few-seriate, imbricate; receptacle ovoid or conic, naked; flowers per-
fect; achenes oblong, compressed, smooth; pappus reduced to a den-
tate or ciliate, cartilaginous ring. — A single species is known from
Central America.

Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Guanacaste (Bebedero), collected
by Brenes. Rather widely distributed in Central America, but
apparently of infrequent occurrence. Plants commonly 50 cm.
high or less and densely dichotomous-branched, the abundant pubes-
cence of short, spreading, viscid hairs; leaves small, broadly obovate,
coarsely dentate or sublobate, toward the base often lyrate-lobate;
heads about 5 mm. broad, yellow, the minute rays white.

ELEPHANTOPUS L.

Reference: Gleason, N. Amer. Fl. 33: 106. 1922.

Perennial herbs, the stems sometimes scapiform; leaves alternate,
but often chiefly basal, entire or dentate; heads small, mostly in
glomerules that are pedunculate and corymbose, subtended by 1-3
foliaceous bracts, 1-5-flowered; involucre of 2 decussate pairs of
phyllaries; achenes truncate, usually 10-costate; pappus of 5-8 rigid
scales, these prolonged into setae. — No other species are known from
Central America.

Elephantopus hypomalacus Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52:
20. 1917. Orotina, 180 meters, Holway 314- Frequent in pastures
or thickets of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste;
at 900 meters or less. Extending to Mexico. Plants with leafy,
branched stems, mostly 60 cm. high or less, pilose with chiefly long,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1453

spreading hairs; cauline leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate,
10-20 cm. long, acute, inconspicuously serrate, densely and softly
pilose beneath; glomerules of heads numerous, 1 cm. long; involucre
8 mm. long; achenes 3.5 mm. long, pilose; pappus bristles 4-5 mm.
long, gradually dilated below to a narrowly triangular base. Some
of the Costa Rican material has been referred to E. mollis HBK., a
species ranging from Mexico into South America, but all the speci-
mens from Costa Rica which I have examined seem to be referable
rather to E. hypomalacus, if this species is really distinct from E.
mollis, which is rather doubtful.

Elephantopus scaber L. Hierba de San Antonio, Lechuguilla,
Escobilla, Achicoria. Common in pastures and thickets of the central
region, extending into the upper part of the tierra caliente; Aguacate;
region of San Ramon. Believed to have been introduced from the
East Indies; established also in Guatemala. Plants mostly 30-40
cm. high, simple or branched; leaves all or chiefly basal, oblong-obo-
vate, 8-12 cm. long, obtuse, densely pilose beneath; achenes 2.5
mm. long. The plant has every appearance of being perfectly at
home in central Costa Rica, and it is hard to believe that it is an intro-
duced species. The flower heads are white, as in the preceding species.
A decoction made from the leaves of the plant is one of the local
remedies for dysentery.

ELEUTHERANTHERA Poit.

Low, more or less hirsute, perennial herbs; leaves thin, opposite,
petiolate, dentate; heads small, usually discoid, terminal and axillary,
the flowers all perfect, or a few neutral flowers with very small rays
sometimes present; involucre broadly campanulate, the phyllaries
few, unequal; receptacle convex, paleaceous; achenes thick, oblong-
obovate, somewhat compressed, rounded at the apex; pappus cupu-
lar, ciliate-dentate or with 2-3 short awns. — The genus consists of a
single species.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Swartz) Schultz Bip. Waste
ground or thickets of the Atlantic tierra caliente (Changuinola Val-
ley). Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants 60 cm. high
or less, often much branched, sometimes diffusely spreading; leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 6 cm. long or less, 3-nerved, acute,
rounded or narrowed at the base; peduncles 2-12 mm. long; involu-
cre 5-6 mm. high, the phyllaries oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse;
achenes 2-3 mm. long.

1454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

EMILIA Cass.
Reference: Garabedian, A revision of Emilia, Kew Bull. 137. 1924.

Somewhat succulent herbs; leaves alternate and basal, the cauline
ones often amplexicaul; heads small, long-pedunculate, discoid, pink
to purple, orange, red, or white, solitary or laxly corymbose; involu-
cre cylindric or campanulate, the phyllaries linear, uniseriate, equal ;
receptacle plane, naked; achenes sub terete or 5-angulate; pappus of
numerous soft, white, capillary bristles. — The species are natives of
the Old World.

Emilia sagittata (Vahl) DC. E. coccinea Sweet. Sometimes
grown in gardens of the Meseta Central, and perhaps escaping from
cultivation. Probably native of tropical Africa, but occasionally
naturalized in tropical America. Plants slender, erect, sparsely vil-
lous; cauline leaves dentate or entire; heads dark red, the flowers
conspicuously longer than the involucre.

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Naturalized in pastures or waste
ground of the tierra caliente, but apparently infrequent. Native
of the Old World tropics; widely naturalized in tropical America.
A slender annual, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, pale, branched;
cauline leaves repand-dentate to lyrate-pinnatifid; heads cylindric,
the involucre 8-12 mm. long, the flowers pale purple or pink, scarcely
exceeding the involucre.

ERECHTITES Raf.

Coarse, erect, simple or branched herbs; leaves alternate, coarsely
dentate to deeply pinnatifid; heads rather small, disciform, whitish
or purple, corymbose-paniculate; involucre cylindric, the principal
phyllaries 1-seriate, linear, subequal, sometimes with a few very
short ones at the base; receptacle concave, naked; flowers all fertile;
achenes linear-oblong, angulate or striate; pappus capillary, of
abundant, long, soft, capillary bristles. — No other species are
known from Central America.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. E. carduifolia DC.(?). Fre-
quent in waste or cultivated ground, sometimes in forest, Meseta
Central and upper part of the Pacific tierra caliente; region of San
Ramon; ascending rarely to 1,800 meters. Widely distributed in
tropical and temperate America. Plants pale green, slightly suc-
culent, usually a meter high or less, simple or sparsely branched,
hirsute or glabrate; leaves mostly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
coarsely dentate and the lower ones sometimes incised, 5-20 cm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1455

long, the upper sessile and auriculate-clasping, the lower narrowed
to slender petioles; heads 12-20 mm. long, whitish; pappus white.
The Central American plants referred to this species are somewhat
variable and may represent two or more species or varieties. The
proper name to be used for the tropical plant is somewhat uncertain.
Probably it is not true E. hieracifolia, which is properly a northern
species.

Erechtites valerianaefolia (Wolf) DC. Eupatorium angosturae
Polak. Linnaea 41: 575. 1877 (Angostura, Polakowsky 479). Fre-
quent in thickets or forest, Meseta Central and especially on the
nearby forested mountain slopes, chiefly at 1,200-2,450 meters;
Guanacaste. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants
mostly 1-2 meters high, thinly villous or glabrate, simple or branched ;
leaves mostly pinnate-lobate, the lobes often numerous and narrow,
incised; heads numerous, bright purple; pappus pink or purple.
This species is much more showy than E. hieracifolia, but both are
decidedly unattractive weeds.

ERIGERON L.

Annual or perennial herbs, simple or branched; leaves alternate,
or sometimes chiefly basal, entire to pinnatifid; heads very small to
medium-sized, paniculate or solitary, radiate (rays sometimes very
small); involucre campanulate, the phyllaries linear, subequal, 1-3-
seriate; receptacle almost plane, naked; rays white, pink, or purple,
pistillate, the disk flowers yellow, perfect; achenes compressed, 1-2-
nerved; pappus of numerous slender bristles in 1 or 2 series. — Other
species are found in Central America.

Erigeron adenophorus Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 94.
1902. Senecio eriocephalus Klatt, Bull. Soc. Belg. 31: 212. 1892. Be-
tween Rancho del Jaboncillal and summit of Cerro de La Muerte,
3,100 meters, Pittier 3425. Known only from the original collection.
Plants suffruticose, branched, the branches hirsute, glandular-
pubescent; leaves sessile, amplexicaul, at first erect or spreading,
later reflexed, linear-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, acute, sparsely dentate,
densely glandular-pubescent and with long, flaccid hairs; heads
forming dense cymes, about 1 cm. high, the outer phyllaries covered
with long, matted hairs; achenes puberulent.

Erigeron bonariensis L. Frequent in thickets or waste ground
of the Meseta Central, and doubtless at lower elevations; reported
from El General. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants

1456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

rather slender, erect, often a meter high, branched or almost simple,
hispidulous or glabrate; lower leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate,
acute, sometimes 10 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, but usually much
smaller, acute or acuminate, dentate or somewhat pinnate-lobate,
the upper leaves lanceolate or linear, usually entire; heads in large
but rather narrow panicles, very numerous, 5 mm. high; phyllaries
acuminate, hispidulous; pappus fulvous or brownish. A common
weed in many regions of Central America. This species has been
reported from Costa Rica under the name Conyza floribunda HBK.

Erigeron irazuensis Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 36. 1904.
La Playita, Volcan de Irazu, 3,300 meters, Pittier 14075. Endemic,
and known only from the slopes of Irazu, growing usually on wet
banks, at 1,800 meters or more. Plants somewhat ligneous at the
base, the stems erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. long, pilose; leaves
spatulate to oblanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long, apiculate-acute, somewhat
dentate, gradually narrowed to a marginate petiole, pilose-hirsute;
heads few, 10-12 mm. high, terminating slender peduncles; involucre
pubescent; rays pink or rose-red; achenes pubescent. The plant
was reported from Costa Rica by Klatt as E. nevadensis Wedd.

Erigeron jamaicensis L. Collected at Las Concavas, south
of Cartago, and in the region of San Ramon at 1,050 meters. Hon-
duras to Panama; Greater Antilles. Plants very slender, the stems
suberect or decumbent, simple or sparsely branched, pubescent;
leaves mostly basal, spatulate, usually entire or subentire, some-
times deeply lobate, mostly 2 cm. long or less, those of the stems
chiefly linear and bractlike, usually entire; heads few, 4-5 mm. high,
the bracts narrowly scarious-marginate; rays white, small. This
is presumably the plant listed by Klatt as E. cuneifolius DC.

Erigeron Karvinskianus DC. E. mucronatus DC. Frequent
in forest or on brushy slopes about Escazu, at 1,800 meters, and in
the region of Cartago. Panama to Mexico. Plants perennial,
erect or ascending, branched, the stiff branches strigose or almost
glabrous, densely leafy; leaves lanceolate to narrowly spatulate,
mostly 2.5 cm. long or less, short-petiolate, acute, remotely lobate-
dentate or entire, sparsely strigose or glabrate; heads few, long-
pedunculate, the involucre scarcely 5 mm. long, the numerous
slender rays white or pinkish.

Erigeron pusillus Nutt. Frequent in thickets or waste ground
about the Meseta Central, and probably also in the tierra caliente;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1457

often in cultivated places. Widely distributed in tropical and tem-
perate America. Plants slender, usually a meter high or less, simple
or branched, the stems glabrate; lower leaves spatulate, dentate or
entire, the upper ones linear, entire, ciliate; heads very numerous,
forming a narrow panicle, greenish white; involucre only 2-3 mm.
high; rays very short and inconspicuous, often overlooked. The
plant is closely similar to E. canadensis L., a common species of
North America, with which it is commonly confused, but is nearly
or quite glabrous, and the phyllaries have purplish tips.

Erigeron spathulatus Vahl. Common in waste ground or
thickets, often in cultivated land, Meseta Central to the coasts;
rarely ascending to 1,800 meters or more. Widely distributed in
tropical America, and in the tropics of the Old World. Plants erect,
rather stout, usually a meter high or less, often much branched,
abundantly short-pilose; lower leaves spatulate to obovate, coarsely
dentate, 10 cm. long or less, on marginate petioles, the upper leaves
smaller, mostly obtuse, sometimes entire; heads whitish, in open,
terminal corymbs, 4-5 mm. high.

Erigeron subspicatus Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 82. 1853. Volcan de Irazu, 2,400 meters, Oersted. Slopes of
Volcan de Irazu, and in the region of Dota, usually in pastures or on
open banks, at 2,400-3,400 meters. A variety of the species has
been described from Guatemala. Plants erect, simple, about 30 cm.
high, scabrous-puberulent and pilose-lanate, whitish; leaves dilated
at the base and more or less decurrent, linear-oblong or lanceolate,
2 cm. long or less, with a few coarse teeth; heads small, numerous,
forming a dense spike along the upper part of the stem, the spike
leafy-bracted ; rays minute and inconspicuous, white.

EUPATORIUM L.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes annual or perennial herbs;
leaves mostly opposite, very variable in form; heads discoid, red to
purple, blue, or white, with few to many flowers, usually arranged
in corymbose or thyrsoid panicles; achenes columnar to obovoid,
5-costate or 5-angulate; pappus of numerous slender bristles.— A
vast genus in tropical America, with many other species in Central
America.

Eupatorium Allenii Standl., sp. nov.— Herba erecta metralis,
caule subtereti vel obtuse hexangulari infra inflorescentiam glabro,
internodiis superioribus elongatis foliis subaequalibus; folia modica

1458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

opposite petiolata membranacea, petiolo usque 1 cm. longo cras-
siusculo sparse pilosulo vel fere omnino glabro; lamina anguste
rhombico-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata ca. 8 cm. longa atque 3 cm.
lata, longe sensim attenuato-acuminata, basi cuneata, in toto mar-
gine subgrosse crenata, in sicco fusca, supra viridis tantum ad
costam venasque minute puberula, subtus fere concolor, ad costam
nervosque minute adpresso-pilosula vel fere glabra; inflorescentia
ampla foliosa corymbosa ca. 15 cm. longa atque aequilata, ramis
valde adscendentibus oppositis sparse sordido-puberulis, capitulis
numerosis parvis in cymulas sat densas subglobosas aggregatis,
pedicellis gracilibus plerumque 3-4 mm. longis, bracteis parvis
linearibus; involucrum campanulatum ca. 4 mm. altum, phyl-
lariis subbiseriatis linearibus, interioribus angustioribus apicem
versus attenuatis subacutis glabratis, extimis paullo brevioribus
sparse adpresso-pilosulis vel fere glabris; flores 20 vel paullo ultra
albi; achaenia linearia nigra fere 2 mm. longa 4-angulata ad angulos
hirtella; pappi setae numerosae albae 3.5 mm. longae. — In thickets,
summit of Volcan de Poas, 2,575 meters, P. H. Allen 597 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.). The present plant has much the general appear-
ance of Archibaccharis asperifolia (Benth.) Blake, with which I at
first confused it. Although it has no particularly conspicuous
distinguishing characters, I have been unable to place it with any
of the species previously recorded for Costa Rica. There is avail-
able only the upper part of the stem, consequently it is probable
that the lower leaves are substantially larger than those described
above. Their venation is rather curious and distinctive: from the
cuneate part of the blade, in the lower third of its length, there issue
3-4 pairs of very oblique lateral nerves, while just above them 2
pairs of similar nerves issue from a common point, making the
venation there practically palmate; in the upper part of the blade
only about 2 pairs of nerves issue from the costa.

Eupatorium amygdalinum Lam. Thickets and pastures of
the Pacific tierra caliente; region of El General. Extending to
Venezuela. Plants erect, stiff, herbaceous or suffrutescent, usually
60 cm. high or less, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves sessile,
lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, coriaceous, obtuse, narrowed to the
base, crenate-serrate to entire, 5-10 cm. long, conspicuously venose;
heads purple-pink, 7-8 mm. high, about 40-flowered, usually pedicel-
late and glomerate, forming open, terminal panicles; phyllaries linear,
purple-tinged. The plant is a characteristic species of the savannas.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1459

Eupatorium angulare Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 96: 19.
1931. E. fistulosum Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 249.
1904, non Barratt, 1847. Forests of La Palma de San Jose", 1,550
meters, Pittier 10167. Frequent at the edge of forest, slopes of
Irazu and Barba, especially in the region of La Palma; region
of San Ramon; at 1,000-1,600 meters. Endemic. A stout shrub of
1.5-4 meters, sparsely branched, the stems fistulose, tomentulose
when young; leaves long-petiolate, very large, suborbicular, often
20 cm. long or larger, cordate at the base, 3-12-lobate, dentate,
palmately 3-9-nerved, pubescent above, tomentose beneath; heads
rose-purple, 1 cm. long, 4-5-flowered, very numerous, pedicellate,
forming a very large and broad, dense panicle; phyllaries very un-
equal, several-seriate, obtuse, ciliate; achenes glabrous, the pappus
stramineous. A showy and handsome plant, abundant in some
places on the middle or upper slopes of the central volcanoes, often
forming dense thickets. In appearance it is most unlike all other
Costa Rican species.

Eupatorium anisochromum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31:
186. 1892. E. adspersum Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 1. 1895; Bull.
Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 279. 1895 (bridge of Cariblanco, road to Sara-
piqui, Biolley 7^22}. E. polanthum Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 3.
1895; Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 281. 1895 (Cuesta de Tarrazu, 1,900
meters, Tonduz 7797). Laguna de Barba, 2,755 meters, Pittier 1940.
Frequent in thickets or meadows on the upper slopes of the central
mountains, chiefly at 1,500-3,400 meters, but also in the region of
San Ramon, at about 1,200 meters. Endemic. An herb or shrub,
sometimes 2 meters high, but usually much lower, often much
branched, the stems terete, villosulous or glabrate; leaves thick,
short-petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly 4-10
cm. long, acute to acuminate, cuneate or obtuse at the base, serrate,
green above, pale beneath, more or less villosulous, conspicuously
punctate; heads white or lavender, 5 mm. high, pedicellate, 12-
flowered, forming small, very dense, rounded, corymbose panicles;
phyllaries biseriate, villosulous, the outer acute, purplish at the apex,
the inner obtuse; achenes 1 mm. long, glabrous, the pappus white.

Eupatorium araliaefolium Less. Tapanti; region of San
Ramon; mountains of Guanacaste; at 1,300 meters or less. Extend-
ing to Mexico. An epiphytic shrub, glabrous except in the inflores-
cence, there more or less sordid-puberulent; stems terete or somewhat
6-angulate; leaves oblong-elliptic to rhombic-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, acute or cuneate at the base, short-petiolate, entire,

1460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

penninerved, somewhat fleshy, drying fuscous, 11-19 cm. long,
heads in small or large panicles, about 25-flowered, pedicellate, 1 cm;
long or less; phyllaries long and narrow, subequal, caducous, the
outer much shorter and persistent.

Eupatorium arthrodes Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 8.
1923. In pasture, La Palma de San Jose", 1,550 meters, Tonduz
12430. Apparently frequent in the region of San Ramon, about
1,300 meters. Endemic. An epiphytic, branched shrub, 1-4 meters
long, glabrous except in the somewhat puberulent inflorescence;
petioles mostly 2-3.5 cm. long; blades oblong to elliptic-oblong or
elliptic-ovate, usually 7-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute to almost
rounded at the base, fleshy, drying fuscous, entire or remotely and
obscurely dentate, penninerved; heads white or pink, pedicellate,
in large or small, terminal corymbs, about 12-flowered, 1 cm. long
or less; phyllaries about 10, ciliolate, otherwise glabrous, very
unequal, broad, rounded at the apex, the outer ones broadly ovate,
the inner oblong; achenes scaberulous on the angles, the pappus
whitish.

Eupatorium Aschenbornianum Schauer. Frequent in forest
and meadows of the central mountains, chiefly at 900-2,800 meters;
regions of Dota and San Ramon. Panama to Mexico. An herb or
shrub, sometimes 1.5 meters high but usually lower, branched,
densely or sparsely villosulous with purplish or brownish hairs, the
stems terete; leaves rounded-ovate or ovate, mostly 3-8 cm. long,
subacute to acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base, finely crenate,
slender-petiolate; heads white, 20-40-flowered, 5 mm. long, campanu-
late; phyllaries linear, subscarious, lacerate-ciliate toward the apex;
pappus dirty white.

Eupatorium badium Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 186. 1892.
E. chlorophyllum Klatt, op. cit. 187 (between La Division and Alto
del Palmital, valley of Rio General, 1,100-2,160 meters, Pittier 3429).
Along the road from Cerro de La Muerte to La Division, 2,160-2,900
meters, Pittier 3407. Known in Costa Rica, apparently, only from
the type region. Perhaps also in southern Mexico. Plants frutes-
cent, the branches terete, pilosulous; leaves long-petiolate, rhombic,
acuminate, cuneate at the base, 5-nerved, cartilaginous-serrate, about
8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, pilosulous on both surfaces; petioles 1-1.5
cm. long; panicles axillary and terminal, the branches bearing 2-3
heads, the pedicels 2-6 mm. long; heads about 20-flowered, the phyl-
laries biseriate, lanceolate, 3 mm. long, cuspidate, ciliate and pubes-
cent; achenes pilose on the angles, the pappus white.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1461

Eupatorium Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex epiphyticus
vel interdum terrestris atque scandens, vulgo 1.5-2.5 m. longus,
ramis crassis in sicco subteretibus striatis glabris vel in statu juvenili
tomentulosis, internodiis elongatis; folia majuscula longipetiolata
subcarnosa, petiolo gracili 4-7 cm. longo fere glabro; lamina ovata
vel oblongo-ovata plerumque 13-22 cm. longa atque 7-9 cm. lata
acuminata, basi acuta vel subrotundata penninervia, grosse arcteque
dentata vel remote denticulata vel serrata, in sicco fusca, supra gla-
bra, subtus sparse vel subdense praesertim ad venas sordido-villo-
sula; inflorescentia laxissima grandis multicapitata, vulgo 20-30 cm.
longa atque aequilata, nuda, ramis sordide puberulis vel villosulis,
pedicellis gracilibus plerumque 3-5 mm. longis, capitulis laxe cymose
dispositis; capitula 5-9-flora ca. 7 mm. alta, corollis lilacinis; phyl-
laria biseriata valde inaequalia, exteriora oblonga obtusa ciliolata
dorso sparse puberula, interiora glabrata lineari-oblonga apicem
obtusum versus paullo attenuata; achaenia angusta glabra fere
3 mm. longa, pappi setis stramineis. — Alto de La Palma de San
Ramon, 1,260 meters, February, 1923, Brenes 3842 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.), 3834. Viento Fresco, Prov. Alajuela, 1,600-1,900
meters, Standley 47955. Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, Prov.
Heredia, 2,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 50067. — PANAMA: Bajo
Chorro, Prov. Chiriqui, 1,800 meters, Mrs. M. E. Davidson 318.
Considering the number of species of Eupatorium described from
Costa Rica, it is somewhat remarkable that no name has been found
for this plant, represented by several collections from separated locali-
ties. It is closely related to E. araliaefolium, which differs conspicu-
ously in the form of its entire leaves, which usually are quite glabrous.
The specimens referred to E. Brenesii exhibit a good deal of variation
in dentation of the leaves, but all probably are conspecific.

Eupatorium carnosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 337. 1891. Type
collected by Kuntze on the Atlantic slope at 700 meters. Known
definitely only from the original collection. A glabrous shrub of 2-3
meters, presumably epiphytic, the branches terete; leaves broadly
lanceolate, fleshy, penninerved, entire or subentire, 6-8 cm. long, the
petioles about 1 cm. long; heads in terminal corymbs, 1 cm. long;
phyllaries caducous, about 4-seriate, the inner ones oblong, the outer-
most suborbicular, obtuse, multistriate, whitish; flowers 20-25, pink;
pappus stramineous. I have seen no material that seemed referable
to this species, which apparently is too closely related to E. araliae-
folium, differing chiefly in its smaller leaves.

1462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Eupatorium collinum DC. Common in hedges or thickets,
Meseta Central; regions of Dota and San Ramon; chiefly at 1,000-
1,400 meters. Extending to Mexico. A shrub of 1-4.5 meters, the
slender branches terete; leaves long-petiolate, deltoid-ovate, acumi-
nate, cuneate to rounded or subcordate at the base, crenate to serrate
or sometimes almost entire, obscurely puberulent to spreading-
pubescent, 5-10 cm. long, glandular-punctate beneath; heads 24-46-
flowered, 8 mm. high, white, fastigiate-grouped into small, dense,
round-topped corymbs, usually slender-pedicellate; phyllaries lanceo-
late to oblong, mostly obtuse. Called Vara blanca in Salvador.
Costa Rican material of this species was listed in error by Klatt under
the name E. plectranthifolium Benth.

Eupatorium costaricense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 337. 1891.
Angostura, 1,600 meters, Kuntze. Ecuador. A scandent shrub, the
upper branches scabrous by the bases of deciduous hairs; leaves short-
petiolate, ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, 5-8 cm. long, scabe-
rulous, especially beneath, remotely dentate, triplinerved ; inflores-
cences axillary, corymbose; heads 10-20-flowered, campanulate, 8-10
mm. long; phyllaries pilose, few-striate, about 3-seriate, the inner
ones subacute, linear, the outer ovate; achenes glabrous, the pappus
stramineous. Known to the writer only from description. Kuntze
states that it is similar to Gynoxis in habit, and related to the Mexi-
can E. albicaule Schultz Bip.

Eupatorium daleoides (DC.) Hemsl. In thickets and forest,
Meseta Central and nearby mountains; regions of Dota and San
Ramon; chiefly at 1,000-1,500 meters, but ascending to probably
2,000 meters. Panama to Mexico. A shrub or tree of 2.5-6 meters,
somewhat fulvous-villosulous, at least on the young parts, the
branches terete; leaves short-petiolate, thin, oblong to lance-oblong
or ovate-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate, cuneate at the
base, serrate, pinnate-nerved, pellucid-punctate; heads white or
greenish white, 5-flowered, sessile, forming large, rounded or ovoid
panicles; phyllaries stramineous, ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse,
the involucre 5-6 mm. high.

Eupatorium Durandii Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 189.
1892. Between Potrero del Alto and the crater of Volcan Poas,
2,000 meters, Pittier 387. In wet thickets, upper slopes of Poas and
apparently also of Turrialba, at 2,000-3,000 meters. Endemic. A
densely branched shrub, 1.5 meters high or less, the branches slender,
villosulous, rather densely leafy; leaves small, ovate or lance-ovate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1463

mostly 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute, cuneate or obtuse at the base,
nearly sessile, 3-plinerved, almost glabrous above, pale beneath,
almost or quite glabrous, conspicuously punctate; heads dull white,
4 mm. long, pedicellate, 10-flowered, forming small, compact,
corymbose panicles; phyllaries biseriate, oblong-ovate, purplish,
erose-dentate, villosulous; achenes puberulent on the angles, the
pappus dirty white. Closely related to E. anisochromum, and it is
not altogether clear to the writer that the species are really distinct.

Eupatorium elatum Steetz. Thickets and forest of the tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon. Panama. Plants slender, herba-
ceous, much branched, 1-2 meters high, sparsely puberulent or short-
villosulous throughout, the stems terete, striate; leaves thin, pinnate-
nerved, sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate, the larger as much as 25
cm. long, acuminate, entire or undulate, attenuate to the narrow
base, the very base somewhat dilated and amplexicaul ; heads green-
ish white, 5 mm. high, 20-25-flowered, short-pedicellate, in small
clusters at the ends of the branches of a large, very open panicle;
phyllaries 2-3-seriate, obtuse, sparsely villosulous; achenes sparsely
hirtellous on the angles, the pappus dirty white.

Eupatorium eximium Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 11.
1924. Near La Palma de San Jose", on the road to La Hondura,
1,500-1,700 meters, Maxon & Harvey 7941. Frequent on the
mountain slopes near La Palma; slopes of Barba; mountains south
of Cartago; 1,500-2,000 meters. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub,
often forming dense clumps, about 1 meter long, glabrous except
in the somewhat puberulent inflorescence, the branches terete;
leaves short-petiolate, oblong, about 5-6 cm. long, acuminate, acute
at the base, fleshy, entire or slightly undulate, penninerved; pani-
cles large or small, terminal, corymbiform; heads slender-pedicellate,
about 9-flowered, 8-9 mm. high, pale purple; phyllaries about 10,
unequal, 3-seriate, the outer ones lanceolate, subacute, the inner
oblong, ciliolate, rounded at the apex, 4 mm. long; achenes glabrous,
the pappus yellowish white. A showy and handsome plant, like
other related species of epiphytic habit.

Eupatorium glandulosum HBK. is reported, doubtless in error,
by Klatt from several localities. The proper reference of the mate-
rial so reported is unknown to the present writer. E. glandulosum
is a synonym of E. adenophorum Spreng., a species unknown at
present from Costa Rica.

1464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Eupatorium hebebotryum (DC.) Hemsl. Occasional in
forest of the central region, at about 1,300 meters. Ranging to
Mexico. A large shrub or small tree, the slender branches slightly
angulate, puberulent; leaves rhombic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong,
10-20 cm. long, acuminate or long-acuminate, acute at the base,
crenate-serrate, penninerved, conspicuously pellucid-punctate and
lineolate, short-petiolate; inflorescence dense, large, terminal,
rounded or thyrsiform, the branches tomentellous; heads about 5-
flowered, white, 8 mm. long, short-pedicellate; phyllaries very
unequal, pale green or stramineous, the inner oblong, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, glabrous or nearly so; pappus yellowish white.
Easy of recognition because of the closely pellucid-punctate leaves.

Eupatorium hygrohylaeum Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb.
77: 19. 1926. Wet forest, La Hondura, Prov. San Jose", 1,200-1,500
meters, Standley & Valeria 51933. Known only from the original
material. An erect, perennial herb, the stems terete, obscurely
tomentulose; leaves petiolate, ovate, about 8 cm. long and 5 cm.
wide, acuminate, rounded at the base, serrate, pinnate-nerved,
glabrous above, somewhat puberulent beneath on the nerves and
veins; heads in large, terminal corymbs, pedicellate, about 30-
flowered, 7 mm. high; phyllaries about 4-seriate, rounded at the
apex, white-striate, puberulent, lacerate-ciliolate, the outer ones
ovate, the inner ovate-oblong; corollas white; achenes sparsely hir-
tellous on the angles, the pappus white.

Eupatorium hylonomum Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. 31: 250. 1904. In forest, Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 650-700
meters, Tonduz 12882. Region of San Ramon, at about 1,000 meters.
Endemic. A shrub or tree of 3-5 meters, the branches slender, sub-
terete, puberulent or minutely tomentulose; leaves short-petiolate,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, narrowly long-acumin-
ate, acute or attenuate at the base, undulate-serrulate or almost
entire, glabrous or nearly so; panicles large, pyramidal, sordid-
tomentulose; heads 4 mm. long, about 7-flowered, very numerous,
arranged in subglobose glomerules; phyllaries about 9, very unequal,
the outer ones short, ovate, subacute, puberulent, the inner broadly
oblong, subacute, glabrous, 2 mm. long; achenes puberulent, yellow-
ish white. This species is too close to E. Pittieri, and its claim to
specific status is decidedly dubious.

Eupatorium hymenophyllum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31:
190. 1892. Rio San Pedro, between El General and Buenos Aires,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1465

Pittier 3709. Forests of the mountains south of Cartago, extending to
the upper part of the Atlantic tierra caliente; region of Dota; Guana-
caste; at 1,600 meters or less. Endemic. Plants herbaceous or
suffrutescent, about a meter high, branched, the branches terete,
striate, pilose; leaves thin, petiolate, rhombic-lanceolate, about 10
cm. long and 3 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate at the base and attenu-
ate to the petiole, incised-serrate, 7-nerved, glabrous; branches of
the panicle hirsute; heads long-pedicellate, 20-25-flowered, the
flowers yellowish white to purple; phyllaries glabrous, 3-seriate,
lanceolate, acute, stramineous, scarious-margined, 2 mm. long;
achenes scabrous on the angles, the pappus whitish.

Eupatorium ixiocladon Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 77. 1853. Chirrite bianco. Southern slope of Volcan de
Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted 9597 (photo, of type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Perhaps also in the region of San Ramon. Endemic.
Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, almost glabrous, the branches
terete, glutinous; leaves long-petiolate, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 7-13
cm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, long-acuminate, truncate to rounded-
cuneate at the base, rather coarsely crenate; heads numerous,
white, 4-5 mm. long, forming small, terminal, corymbose panicles,
the branches minutely puberulent; heads about 20-flowered, the
phyllaries linear, subbiseriate, scarcely striate, the inner ones
acuminate; achenes scabrous on the angles, the pappus dirty white.

Eupatorium laevigatum Lam. Savannas of the Pacific tierra
caliente; thickets at Pejivalle; at 900 meters or less. Mexico to
Argentina. A shrub of 1-2 meters, very viscid but otherwise glabrous
or nearly so, the branches angulate; leaves short-petiolate, rather
thick, rhombic-ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, cuneate at the base,
3-nerved from the base, coarsely serrate; heads about 12 mm. long,
sessile or pedicellate, pale lavender, numerous, forming very dense,
convex corymbs; involucre cylindric, the phyllaries indurate, pale,
closely appressed, obtuse or rounded at the apex, striate.

Eupatorium laurifolium Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
31: 251. 1904. Hills near Rio Chirripo, Pittier 16065. Known,
apparently, only from the original material. A scandent shrub, the
branches slender, striate, glabrate; leaves oval, about 12 cm. long
and 5 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, acute at the base, 5-nerved,
undulate-dentate or entire, glabrous, obscurely pellucid-punctate,
the petioles 1.5 cm. long; panicles pedunculate, sordid-pubescent;
phyllaries about 4-seriate, oval-oblong, striate, concave, ciliate but

1466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

otherwise glabrous; corollas 5 mm. long; achenes pubescent, the
pappus sordid yellowish.

Eupatorium ligustrinum DC. E. semialatum Benth. Fre-
quent in forest and thickets of the Meseta Central, sometimes form-
ing almost pure stands, extending to the upper part of the Pacific
tierra caliente; regions of Dota and San Ramon. Ranging to Mexico.
A shrub or tree of 1-6 meters; leaves oblong, 4-9 cm. long, acuminate,
cuneate at the base, petiolate, pinnate-nerved, remotely serrate-
dentate, glabrous, glandular-dotted beneath; heads 4-8-flowered,
7 mm. long, white or pinkish, fragrant, forming small, dense, termi-
nal corymbs; phyllaries linear, gland-dotted, half as long as the
flowers; pappus often deep pink.

Eupatorium macrophyllum L. Frequent in thickets or weedy
fields of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants herbaceous, simple
or branched, 1-2 meters high, pale-tomentulose, especially on the
lower leaf surface, the stems terete; leaves thin, large, long-petiolate,
broadly ovate, acuminate, broadly cordate at the base, crenate;
heads greenish white, 50-75-flowered, 7 mm. high; phyllaries gradu-
ated, many-seriate, lanceolate, acute, pale-nerved; pappus dirty
white. A common, weedy plant in many regions of the Central
American tierra caliente.

Eupatorium microstemon Cass. E. guadalupense Spreng. In
thickets or forest, Meseta Central; region of Dota; Guanacaste.
Mexico to West Indies and Bolivia. A slender, weak, usually
branched annual, a meter high or commonly lower, puberulent;
leaves slender-petiolate, deltoid-ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long, thin, nar-
rowed to an acute or obtuse apex, subtruncate at the base, crenate-
serrate; heads 4-5 mm. high, purple or white, slender-pedicellate,
forming a lax panicle; phyllaries 3-4-seriate, 3-nerved, the outer ones
lanceolate, acute, the inner linear-oblong, rounded at the apex. Var.
lilacinum Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 338. 1891; described from Trinidad
and Costa Rica) is a form with purple or lilac corollas, those of the
typical form of the species being white.

Eupatorium morifolium Mill. E. populifolium HBK. In
thickets or hedges, region of San Jose" to the coasts; region of San
Ramon; at 1,1 00 meters or less. Mexico to Brazil. Plants herbaceous
or suffrutescent, simple or sparsely branched, 1.5-3 meters high, the
stout stems subterete, glabrous or nearly so; leaves large, broadly
ovate to ovate-oblong, 12-20 cm. long or larger, acute or short-acu-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1467

minate, acute to cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, rather thick,
triplinerved or pinnate-nerved; heads greenish white, 8-12-flowered,
sessile or short-pedicellate, about 7 mm. high, forming large, thyrsoid
panicles; phyllaries stramineous, ovate, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, arachnoid- tomentose or glabrate, about 5-seriate; pappus ful-
vous whitish. Material of this species was reported from Costa Rica
by Klatt under the name E. hebebotryum Benth.

Eupatorium Neaeanum DC. is reported by Klatt from San Pedro
de La Calabaza, presumably in error. The species is known from
Mexico and Guatemala.

Eupatorium nemorosum Klatt. In fields or thickets, some-
times in wet soil, regions of San Ramon and of La Palma de San Jose",
1,000-1,400 meters. Extending to Bolivia. Plants annual or peren-
nial, herbaceous, stout, erect, 1.5 meters high or less, the stem usually
simple, terete, villosulous and glandular-pilose; leaves oblong, 7-15
cm. long, acuminate, serrate, attenuate into a broadly winged petiole,
pinnate-nerved, rough-pilose on both surfaces; heads numerous,
greenish white, many-flowered, 1 cm. high, forming a narrow panicle,
pedicellate; involucre campanulate, about 3-seriate, the phyllaries
lanceolate, acute; achenes glabrous or nearly so, the abundant pappus
dirty white. In general appearance this plant is quite unlike other
local species. In habit and form of the heads it reminds one some-
what of Erechtites hieraciifolia.

Eupatorium odoratum L. E. conyzoides Mill. Common in
thickets, Meseta Central to the coasts; region of San Ramon; Guana-
caste. Generally distributed in tropical America. A shrub of 1-2
meters or more, often subscandent, the branches commonly recurved
or pendent, the stems terete, villous; leaves petiolate, deltoid-ovate
or rhombic-ovate, 7-10 cm. long, long-acuminate, abruptly narrowed
and acute at the base, subentire to coarsely dentate, often subhastate,
sparsely villous above, pubescent or velutinous beneath; heads laven-
der, about 1 cm. long, cylindric, 20-35-flowered, in small, dense,
trichotomous, convex corymbs; phyllaries several-seriate, rounded
at the apex, closely appressed, indurate, striate. Probably the most
common Eupatorium species of tropical America, often a weed in
abandoned or cut-over land. Rather showy when covered with its
abundant flower clusters. E. odoratum var. mallotophyllum Robinson,
originally described from Colombia, is reported by Blake (in litt.)
to be represented in Costa Rica, according to material at the Gray
Herbarium. It is distinguished by having the leaves densely griseous-
tomentose on both surfaces.

1468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Eupatorium Oerstedianum Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoe-
benhavn 1852: 74. 1853. Cerro de Aguacate, 600 meters, Oersted
9616 (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.); also Cartago and Cerros
de Candelaria. Thickets and forest of the Meseta Central, and upper
part of the Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste.
Ranging to Guatemala and British Honduras. A stiff shrub, 1-2.5
meters high, the branches terete, glabrate; leaves sessile or short-
petiolate, oblong or lance-oblong, mostly 15-20 cm. long, acuminate,
acute or obtuse at the base, serrate, pinnate-nerved, glabrous above,
puberulent beneath on the veins; heads cylindric, about 40-flowered,
white, 1 cm. long; phyllaries indurate, closely appressed, stramineous,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, ciliate; achenes puberulent.

Eupatorium pacacanum Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 3.
1895. E. roseum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 194. 1892 (Rodeo de
Pacaca, Pittier 3321+}. Both names were based upon the same col-
lection. Known, apparently, only from the original material. An
almost glabrous shrub, the branches terete; leaves long-petiolate,
ovate, 3-5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, acute, rounded at the base, mem-
branaceous, crenate, 3-nerved, ferruginous-pilose beneath along the
nerves; heads in dense corymbs, 40-flowered, pedicellate, the pedi-
cels pilose; phyllaries biseriate, spatulate, 3 mm. long, pink at the
apex, 2-striate, scarious-margined; achenes hirtellous on the angles,
the pappus white.

Eupatorium parasiticum Klatt, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien 9: 357. 1894. Type Endres 147 from Costa Rica, without
definite locality. Apparently common in the region of San Ramon;
also at La Hondura de San Jose"; 1,000-1,300 meters. Endemic. A
small, epiphytic shrub, less than a meter long, often only 20 cm.
high, glabrous except for the inconspicuously puberulent inflores-
cence; leaves small, short-petiolate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, about
4 cm. long, obtuse or subacute, acute at the base, fleshy, coriaceous
when dried, remotely and coarsely dentate or subentire; panicles
small and lax, corymbiform; heads slender-pedicellate, pale purple,
5-flowered; phyllaries about 6, lanceolate, 5 mm. long, ciliolate,
puberulent near the apex; achenes minutely pilose on the angles,
the pappus white.

Eupatorium pithecobium Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77:
28. 1926. Wet forest, Laguna de La Chonta, northeast of Santa
Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 2,000 meters, Standley 4-21 81 . Known
only from the region of Dota, 2,000-2,400 meters. Endemic. An

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1469

epiphytic shrub, pendent, 1.5 meters long or less, the branches
obscurely puberulent; leaves petiolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
5-12 cm. long, acuminate, cuneate at the base, closely serrate-
dentate, penninerved, hirtellous beneath, especially on the costa;
petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; corymbs terminal, of about 10 heads; heads
about 22-flowered, 11 mm. long; involucre campanulate, the phyl-
laries 3-4-seriate, the outermost lanceolate, acute, the inner ones
oblong or spatulate, obtuse, pink; corollas pink; achenes scaberulous
on the angles, the pappus white.

Eupatorium Pittieri Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 192. 1892.
Quitirri chico. Along Rio Segundo, Pittier 1698. Frequent in
forest of the central mountains, ascending to about 2,000 meters;
upper part of the Atlantic tierra caliente, and mountains of Guana-
caste, at 600 meters or more. Panama to southern Mexico. A
shrub or tree, 3-6 meters high, the slender branches minutely
puberulent or almost glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 9-20 cm. long, narrowly long-acuminate,
attenuate to the base, coarsely serrate to subentire, almost glabrous;
heads very numerous, 5-6 mm. long, whitish, pedicellate, forming
large panicles, about 10-flowered, campanulate; phyllaries 3-seriate,
ovate, obtuse, very unequal, the inner 3 mm. long, striate, ciliate;
achenes hirtellous on the angles, the pappus dirty white.

Eupatorium platyphyllum Robinson. Region of San Ramon;
lower slopes of Poas; El General; at 1,400 meters or less. Mexico
and Guatemala. A branched shrub of 3-4 meters, the branches
terete or nearly so, at first tomentulose-puberulent, becoming
glabrate; leaves slender-petiolate, broadly ovate or rounded-ovate,
sometimes shallowly hastate-lobate, acute or acuminate, rounded
or very broadly cuneate at the base, thin, 3-nerved from the base,
undulate or dentate, almost glabrous; heads numerous, large, 60-75-
flowered, 1 cm. high or larger, broad, slender-pedicellate, forming a
large, corymbiform panicle; phyllaries pluriseriate, laxly imbricate,
scarious, very unequal in length, stramineous, scarious and erose at
the rounded apex, glabrous, many-nerved; corollas white; achenes
glabrous, 2 mm. long, the pappus white.

Eupatorium plectranthifolium Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1852: 76. 1853. Naranjo, 1,200 meters, Oersted.
Birris, on the lower slopes of Irazu; region of Dota; slopes of Barba,
1,600 meters. Endemic. A branched herb about a meter high, the
branches terete, tomentulose or glabrate; leaves long-petiolate, ovate,

1470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

acuminate, cordate or subcordate at the base, 8-11 cm. long, crenate-
serrulate, thin, 7-nerved, glabrate above, tomentulose beneath on
the reticulate veins; heads rose-purple, 4-5 mm. long, 30-40-flowered,
short-pedicellate, forming dense, leafy, corymbose panicles; phyl-
laries ovate-lanceolate or lance-linear, acute, very unequal, the
outer ones short, tomentulose, the inner 3-5-striate, tomentulose
at the apex; achenes glabrous.

Eupatorium prionophyllum Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. 36: 484. 1901. Banks of Rio Toros, Pittier 1705. Collected
also at Rancho Flores, 2,030 meters, and at La Ventolera, slopes of
Poas. Panama. A shrub or small tree, appearing glabrous but with
traces of a short, close tomentum on the branchlets, petioles, leaf
veins, and pedicels; leaves slender-petiolate, broadly ovate, acu-
minate, usually obtuse at the base, incisely serrate-dentate, thin,
pinnate-nerved, 7.5-9 cm. long; heads 25-30-flowered, in terminal,
rounded or thyrsoid panicles; phyllaries 3-seriate, the outer short,
ovate, acute, the inner oblong, subobtuse, striate, ciliolate, stra-
mineous; pappus white. The plant was listed incorrectly by Klatt
as E. ixiocladon Benth. A variety has been described from Guate-
mala. The flowers of the La Ventolera plant were pale purple.

Eupatorium psoraleum Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
31: 253. 1904. La Palma de San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12589.
Apparently known only from the original material. A shrub,
apparently epiphytic, the branchlets slightly 6-angulate, striate,
covered with minute, transverse scales; leaves petiolate, broadly
lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, acuminate at each end, entire, pinnate-
nerved, glabrous; heads 5-flowered, short-pedicellate, forming a
spreading panicle; phyllaries scarious, stramineous or pink, ciliolate,
otherwise glabrous, very unequal, 3-4-seriate, the inner ovate-
oblong, obtuse, slightly ampliate at the apex; corollas 4-5 mm. long,
pink; achenes glabrous, 2 mm. long, the pappus sordid. According to
the author of the species, it bears much resemblance to E. daleoides.

Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less. Chirrite, Santa Lucia.
E. pratense Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 193. 1892 (pastures at
Turrialba, 200 meters, Pittier 4128). Frequent in thickets or forest
of the Meseta Central, descending into at least the upper part of
the tierra caliente, ascending the slopes of the mountains to about
2,300 meters; regions of Dota and San Ramon. Mexico to Venezuela.
A herbaceous perennial, 1.5 meters high or usually much lower,
finely incurved-pubescent; leaves slender-petiolate, deltoid-ovate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1471

4-6 cm. long, acuminate, cuneate to truncate or shallowly cordate
at the base, crenate-serrate, 3-nerved from the base, at least sparsely
pilose on both surfaces; inflorescence with spreading or ascending
branches, each bearing a rounded, terminal cluster of 7-20 or more
short-pedicellate heads, these purple, about 25-flowered, 3-5 mm.
high; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries about 3-seriate, the
inner oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, the outer ones acute, pubescent or
almost glabrous; achenes Somewhat pubescent.

Eupatorium quadrangulare DC. is cited by Klatt from the Pacific
tierra caliente. This is probably an error of determination, since
Robinson gives the range of the species as extending from Mexico
only as far southward as Salvador.

Eupatorium Schultzii Schnittspahn. Occasional in forest and
clearings of the central mountains; region of San Ramon; usually
at 1,000-1,200 meters. Extending to southern Mexico. A branched
shrub or coarse herb about a meter high, the slender branches terete,
viscid-pilosulous; leaves large, thin, rounded-ovate, acuminate, rather
deeply cordate at the base, often as broad as long as broader, undu-
late or coarsely dentate, somewhat puberulent, beneath densely and
conspicuously glandular-punctate; heads white, campanulate, about
7 mm. high, many-flowered, slender-pedicellate, forming a large,
broad panicle, the pedicels densely glandular-puberulent; phyllaries
scarious, whitish, oblong or elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex,
glabrous; pappus white.

Eupatorium sexangulare (Klatt) Robinson, Proc. Amef. Acad.
43: 35. 1907. Piptocarpha sexangularis Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl.
1. 1895. "Descente de la Ardilla," 900 meters, Tonduz 7760. Also
in the region of San Ramon, at about 1,100 meters. Endemic. A
glabrous shrub of 1.5-2 meters, the stems sharply 6-angulate and
sulcate, the internodes elongate; leaves large, short-petiolate, ovate-
lanceolate, 10-26 cm. long or larger, acute or acuminate, acute and
long-decurrent at the base, thick, very lustrous, sinuate-dentate or
almost entire, penninnerved ; heads white, 5-flowered, 7-8 mm. long,
cylindric, forming large, terminal, open, corymbose panicles, the
individual heads sessile or nearly so and densely glomerate; phyllaries
multiseriate, stramineous, the inner caducous, ovate-lanceolate,
striate, obtuse, the outer ones short, broadly ovate; achenes glabrous,
3 mm. long, the pappus yellowish white.

Eupatorium Sideritidis Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 77. 1853. Ujarras, Oersted 9656 (photo, of type in Herb.

1472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Field Mus.). Frequent about the Meseta Central, descending to the
tierra caliente, ascending to about 1,500 meters; region of San Ramon.
Extending to Guatemala. Plants herbaceous, perennial, 30-60 cm.
high, often forming dense clumps, very slender, rather sparsely pube-
rulent; leaves narrowly lanceolate or almost linear, small, remotely
serrate, 3-nerved, attenuate to the short petiole, glabrate; heads 4
mm. high, bright purple, 20-25-flowered, pedicellate, forming small,
lax, terminal clusters; phyllaries 2-3-seriate-linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, striate; pappus white or dirty white. Easily recognized among
Costa Rican species by the very narrow leaves. The plant is highly
specialized as to habitat, growing practically always at the edge of
streams, on rocks or in mud.

Eupatorium silvicola Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31 :
254. 1904. Forests of Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11694. Known,
apparently, only from the original locality. Endemic. Plants fruti-
cose, the branches sordid-tomentose; leaves large, ovate, 12-17 cm.
long, 8-12 cm. wide, acuminate, obtuse at the base, serrate or suben-
tire, thin, almost glabrous except beneath on the sordid-tomentose
veins; petioles 3-7 cm. long; heads 7-10-flowered, pedicellate, 7 mm.
long, arranged in a leafy panicle; phyllaries about 3-seriate, very
unequal, the outer ones short, ovate, subacute, viscid-tomentose,
the inner lance-linear, acute, subscarious, green-striate, glabrous or
glabrate; achenes sparsely glandular.

Eupatorium Sinclairii Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 79. 1853. Cartago, Oersted. Thickets and fields, Meseta
Central to the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste.
Panama to Guatemala, and probably ranging even more widely.
Closely related to E. microstemon, and like that species in general
appearance and in most details; heads smaller, only 3 mm. high, usu-
ally purple, forming large and lax panicles.

Eupatorium solidaginoides HBK. E. decussatum Klatt, Bull.
Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 295. 1896 (Rio Virilla, near San Juan, Tonduz
9869). Thickets, regions of San Jose", San Ramon, and El General.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants erect, slender, much
branched, tall, herbaceous or suffrutescent, sometimes subscandent;
leaves slender-petiolate, ovate, 5-12 cm. long, caudate-acuminate,
truncate to cordate at the base and more or less hastate, dentate,
thin, puberulent to subtomentulose beneath on the nerves; heads
10-15-flowered, slender-pedicellate, subracemose on the spreading
branches of a large, leafy-bracted panicle, 5-6 mm. long, white; phyl-
laries lanceolate, acute, laxly imbricate, usually purple-tinged.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1473

Eupatorium Standleyi Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 40.
1926. Brushy slope, Alto de La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley
39288. Also at La Hondura de San Jose", wet forest, 1,300-1,700
meters. Endemic. Plants herbaceous, erect or sometimes 3 meters
long and scandent, glabrous or nearly so except in the inflorescence;
leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong, 12-16 cm. long, subacute or obtuse,
penninerved, coarsely dentate, somewhat fleshy; panicles large, pube-
rulent, the heads 8 mm. high, 6-flowered, pedicellate; phyllaries about
8, very unequal, acute or subobtuse, ciliolate, the outer ones ovate;
corollas pink; achenes glabrous, 2.5 mm. long, the pappus yellowish.

Eupatorium subcordatum Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoe-
benhavn 1852: 77. 1853. E. splendens Klotzsch ex Polak. Linnaea
41: 575. 1877 (Angostura, Polakowsky). Southern slope of Volcan
de Irazu, 2,400 meters, Oersted 9663 (photo, of type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Slopes of Irazu and Turrialba, ascending to 3,400 meters.
Endemic. Herbaceous or frutescent, sometimes 1.5 meters high, the
branches minutely brown-puberulent or almost glabrous; leaves long-
petiolate, ovate or broadly deltoid-ovate, 3.5-6 cm. long, acuminate,
truncate or cordate at the base, crenate, rufous-pubescent beneath
on the nerves and veins; heads 4-5 mm. long, pinkish white or pale
lavender, about 20-flowered, forming dense, leafy corymbs, pedicel-
late; phyllaries linear, subbiseriate, puberulent, very unequal; achenes
scabrous on the angles, the pappus dirty white. Material of this
species (Pittier 3432) was referred by Klatt toE. Dombeyanum DC.,
a South American species.

Eupatorium Thieleanum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 191.
1892. E. myrianthum Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 3. 1895 (based
on the same material as E. Thieleanum). Rodeo de Pacaca, 900
meters, Pittier 1603. Mountains of the central region, descending to
the Pacific tierra caliente; El General; region of San Ramon; at 1,800
meters or less, in forest. Panama. Plants branched, herbaceous or
suffrutescent, 1-3 meters high, the stems slender, terete, sordid-
tomentulose; leaves apparently all alternate, slender-petiolate,
broadly ovate or rounded-ovate, often as broad as long, acuminate,
rounded to deeply cordate at the base, crenate-dentate, often some-
what trilobate or hastate-lobate, thin, scaberulous or glabrate above,
short- villosulous or tomentulose beneath on the nerves and veins;
panicles small, dense, terminal and axillary, the heads glomerate,
sessile or short-pedicellate, 4 mm. long, white, about 25-flowered;
phyllaries biseriate, lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, minutely villo-

1474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

sulous; receptacle pilose; achenes 1 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so,
the pappus white.

Eupatorium Tonduzii Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 4. 1895;
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 282. 1896. Cuesta de Tarrazu, 1,900 meters,
Tonduz 7799. Oak forest, region of Dota, 1,500-2,100 meters.
Endemic. A shrub of 1-2 meters, puberulent; leaves petiolate,
lanceolate, 10-14 cm. long, acuminate at each end, crenate or
crenate-serrate, penninerved, obscurely puberulent on the costa,
elsewhere glabrous; heads numerous, in terminal corymbs, pinkish
white, pedicellate, about 28-flowered, 7 mm. high; phyllaries about
16, linear-lanceolate, attenuate, often purple-tinged at the apex, 4
mm. long; achenes 2 mm. long, scaberulous on the angles, the
pappus white. The species is related to E. ligustrinum DC.

Eupatorium triptychum Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 43.
1926. Wet forest, El Mufieco, south of Navarro, Prov. Cartago,
1,400 meters, Standley 33458. Known only from the original locality.
A large shrub, almost glabrous except in the inflorescence; leaves
trifoliolate, long-petiolate; leaflets petiolulate, oblong, 6-10 cm.
long, acuminate, rounded to subacute at the base, obsoletely crenate-
undulate; heads 12-flowered, 9 mm. high, slender-pedicellate, numer-
ous, forming large, terminal corymbs; phyllaries linear-oblong, 4-4.5
mm. long, rounded at the apex, ciliolate, glabrate; achenes puberulent
on the costae, the pappus dirty white. Easy of recognition because
of its compound, 3-foliolate leaves.

Eupatorium Valerianum Standl., sp. nov. — Herbacea vel
frutescens ut videtur elata, ramis gracilibus teretibus brunnescenti-
bus minute adpresse sordido-tomentulosis vel glabratis, internodiis
vulgo elongatis; folia opposita graciliter longipetiolata membranacea,
petiolo 1.5-3.5 cm. longo sordido-puberulo vel glabrato; lamina ovata
usque lanceolata 6.5-11.5 cm. longa 2.5-7 cm. lata longe attenuato-
acuminata, basi rotundata vel breviter abrupte decurrens, in toto
margine grosse crenato-dentata, 5-plinervia, nervis superioribus alte
supra basin laminae nascentibus, supra viridis, ad nervos villosulo-
puberula, subtus fere concolor, ad nervos venasque dense tomentulosa,
aliter glabrata; inflorescentia terminalis irregulariter corymboso-
paniculata foliosa, capitulis numerosissimis parvis breviter pedicel-
latis ut videtur albis, inflorescentia densa, capitulis cymose dispositis;
capitula ca. 4 mm. alta campanulata ca. 10-flora; phyllaria ca. 10
subbiseriata, valde inaequalia, exteriora brevia oblongo-lanceolata
acuminata minute puberula, interiora 2.5 mm. longa spathulato-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1475

oblonga scariosa viridescentia 2-costata apice subdilatato late
rotundata vel subtruncata glabrata; corolla glabra ca. 2.5 mm. longa;
achaenia ca. 1.5 mm. longa ad angulos minute scaberula, pappi setis
albis 2 mm. longis scaberulis.— Colinas de San Pedro de San Ramon,
March, 1935, Brenes 20498 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Cataratas
de San Ramon, February, 1931, Brenes 13428, 13455. Similar to E.
prionophyllum Robinson, but conspicuously different in the crenate-
dentate rather than sharply serrate leaves, and in the tiny heads,
which are about the smallest found in any local species of the genus.
The species is named in honor of Professor Juvenal Valeric Rodriguez,
Director of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.

Eupatorium Vitalbae DC. Occasional in forest or thickets
of the central region, extending to the tierra caliente of both coasts;
at 1,500 meters or less. Central America to Peru and Brazil. A
shrub of 1-2.5 meters, sometimes scandent, the stems and inflores-
cence finely puberulent; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, 3-5-nerved,
remotely serrate; heads bright pink, 12 mm. high, 45-70-flowered,
on long, stout pedicels, forming large, open panicles; outer phyllaries
ovate-oblong, acute, multistriate, the inner narrowly lance-oblong;
achenes minutely hispid on the angles. A handsome plant because
of the bright-colored flower heads.

Eupatorium vulcanicum Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoe-
benhavn 1852: 78. 1853. Chirrite bianco. Southern slope of Volcan
de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Occasional in thickets and forest of the central mountains, chiefly
at 1,400-2,700 meters. Endemic. Plants herbaceous or suffrutes-
cent, about a meter high, the branches rufous- villous; leaves petio-
late, rounded-ovate, obtuse or acute, subcordate at the base, crenate,
3-5-nerved, pubescent above, rufous-villous beneath; heads numer-
ous, in dense, terminal corymbs, about 20-flowered, white; phyllaries
subbiseriate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones densely
pubescent; achenes hispidulous on the angles.

FLEISCHMANNIA Schultz Bip.

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves opposite or alternate,
dentate to biternately parted; heads small, discoid, white or purplish,
long-pedunculate, solitary or subcorymbose; phyllaries many-seriate,
graduated, dry, acuminate, striate; receptacle naked; achenes linear,
5-angulate; pappus of 5-8 bristles, with minute, setulose squamellae

1476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

between them, or the squamellae united into a low crown, or obsolete.
—Probably no other species are known in Central America.

Fleischmannia arguta (HBK.) Robinson. F. rhodostyla Schultz
Bip. Eupatorium quinquesetum Benth. Reported by Klatt from
Quebrada de Tapshi, near Boruca, Pittier 7344- Nicaragua to south-
ern Mexico. An herb of 20-40 cm., in general appearance suggestive
ofErigeron, puberulent, slender, branched; lower leaves opposite, the
upper alternate, petiolate, rhombic to lanceolate, 4 cm. long or less,
acute or acuminate, cuneate at the base, coarsely dentate, 3-nerved;
heads few, about 8 mm. broad, the phyllaries 2-3-seriate, 4 mm.
long, puberulent; achenes obscurely scaberulous on the angles, the
pappus of 5 bristles.

GALEANA Llave

Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 42. 1914.

Slender, dichotomously branched annuals, more or less viscid-
pubescent, the leaves glandular-punctate, petiolate, mostly opposite;
heads small, radiate, in leafy cymes; phyllaries 5, broad, concave,
oval; ray flowers 3, pistillate and fertile, the disk flowers partly
fertile and partly neutral; achenes pyriform, triquetrous, some of
the angles somewhat corky-thickened, some with corky, incurved,
crenate wings. — No other species are known from Central America.

Galeana pratensis (HBK.) Rydb. Villanova pratensis Benth. &
Hook. Occasional in pastures or thickets of the Meseta Central and
the upper part of the Pacific slope. Ranging to southern Mexico.
Plants much branched, bushy, usually 20-30 cm. high, glandular-
pubescent; leaves deltoid-ovate to oblong, 2-3 cm. long, acute or
obtuse, truncate or acute at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved;
involucres 3 mm. high, the bracts glandular-pubescent; rays whitish,
scarcely 3 mm. long; achenes black, glabrate, 3 mm. long.

GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pavon

Reference: St. John & White, The genus Galinsoga in North
America, Rhodora 22: 97. 1920.

Branched, annual herbs, pubescent; leaves opposite, usually
petiolate, dentate; flower heads very small, radiate, white, pink, or
purple, inserted in the upper leaf axils; involucre hemispheric, the
phyllaries broad, few, biseriate, striate, subequal, the outer slightly
shorter; receptacle conic, paleaceous; ray flowers pistillate, fertile,
the rays 4-5, short; disk flowers yellow, perfect; achenes angulate or
the outer ones compressed; pappus of the disk flowers of several short,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1477

laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray flowers of few short,
slender bristles, or none.— Probably no other species are to be found
in Central America.

Galinsoga bicolorata St. John & White. Open banks, regions
of San Jos£ and Cartago. Ranging to Mexico. Plants 20-30 cm.
high, the stems hispid or glabrate; leaves ovate-cordate or lanceolate,
1.5-4 cm. long, acuminate, serrate, hispid; heads 3-4 mm. high, the
outer phyllaries sparsely glandular-pilose; rays purple or pink; ray
achenes hispid, the pappus scales linear, long-aristate, longer than
the corolla tube; disk pappus of linear, fimbriate, long-aristate scales
equaling or exceeding the corolla tube. All the species of this genus
are alike in general appearance, the specific differences being found in
the color of the rays and in the pubescence and pappus of the achenes.

Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Schultz Bip. Frequent in mead-
ows of the central region, especially on the mountain slopes, ascending
to perhaps 3,000 meters. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Rays pink or dark red; pappus of the disk flowers of linear-lanceolate,
fimbriate scales half as long as the corolla, the corolla longer than
the achene.

Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake. G. aristulata Bicknell. Occa-
sional in fields of the central region; Dota. Widely distributed in
tropical America. Rays white; pappus of the disk flowers aristate,
fimbriate; pappus of the ray flowers of linear, minutely fimbriate
scales equaling the tube of the corolla.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Frequent in fields and waste ground
of the central region, often in cultivated land, descending to the upper
part of the tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Rays white; pappus of the disk flowers not aristate; pappus of the
ray flowers none or of a few bristles. This species, like some of
the others listed, although essentially a tropical plant, was intro-
duced long ago into the eastern and northern United States, where it
is perfectly hardy and thrives, especially in vacant ground about
cities. It is particularly plentiful in Chicago in the courts of apart-
ment buildings.

GARCILASSA Poepp. & Endl.

A slender annual, branched, erect or ascending, scabrous or his-
pid; leaves alternate, 3-nerved, serrate; heads small, discoid, aggre-
gate at the tips of the branches into globose glomerules, 4-5-flowered ;
involucre very short, the phyllaries few; receptacle paleaceous;

1478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

achenes oblong, laterally compressed, short-pilose, sometimes nar-
rowly winged; pappus very short, annular, ciliate-fimbrillate. — The
genus consists of a single species.

Garcilassa rivularis Poepp. & Endl. In forest or thickets of the
Atlantic tierra caliente; Guanacaste; at 700 meters or less. Ranging
to Peru. Leaves petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, the pubescence rough;
heads small, green, about 5 mm. long. An inconspicuous and rather
weedy plant, apparently of rare occurrence in the regions where it
is found.

GERBERA L.

Scapose, perennial herbs; leaves basal, entire or sinuate-pinnatifid,
tomentose beneath; heads solitary at the end of the scape, erect, of
medium or large size, radiate, yellow, reddish, or white; involucre
turbinate or broadly campanulate, the phyllaries narrow, imbricate
in few or numerous series, the outer gradually shorter; receptacle
plane, naked; achenes somewhat compressed, 5-costate, villous,
often rostrate; pappus of numerous slender setae. — The species are
natives of Africa and Asia.

Gerbera Jamesoni Bolus ex Hook. f. Sometimes planted for
ornament in gardens of the temperate region. Native of South
Africa. Leaves greatly elongate, more or less pinnatifid, narrow,
lanate or glabrate beneath; heads large, the narrow rays orange or
flame-colored.

GNAPHALIUM L.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, the pubes-
cence whitish, lanate; leaves alternate, entire, often decurrent; heads
small, disciform and glomerate, corymbose, spicate, or racemose;
phyllaries scarious; receptacle plane to conic, naked; pistillate flowers
in several series, their corollas filiform; central flowers few, perfect,
tubular; achenes oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed,
ecostate; pappus a single series of capillary bristles, coherent at the
base or separately deciduous. — A few other species are known from
Central America. The specific limits in this group are poorly under-
stood, and the genus is seriously in need of careful revision. Some
of the names used below are of doubtful application to the Costa
Rican plants.

Gnaphalium attenuatum DC. Ajenjillo cimarron. Common
in pastures and thickets of the Meseta Central, and on the slopes of
the neighboring mountains; region of Dota; chiefly at 1,100-2,400
meters. Panama to Mexico, and probably extending into South

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1479

America. Plants annual or probably persisting for more than one
year, erect, branched, mostly 50-90 cm. high, the stems densely
white-lanate; leaves linear or lance-linear, often 7 mm. wide, long-
attenuate at each end, sessile or nearly so, not decurrent, densely
lanate beneath, usually green and glabrate above; heads white, aggre-
gate in small, rounded clusters, or the clusters sometimes rather lax
and open, usually disposed in broad panicles. It is by no means cer-
tain that the Costa Rican material is the same as the Mexican plant
that typifies this species, but G. attemtatum is the conventional name
used by most botanists in naming any Gnaphalium from Mexico or
Central America without any outstanding characters to force its
reference to some different species.

Gnaphalium indicum L. I have seen one specimen of this
species from San Jose", at 1,160 meters, M. Valeria 204; it is probable
that other collections that have been determined as G. purpureum L.
may be referable here. Native probably of the Old World tropics,
but naturalized in the West Indies, and in South America. A slender
annual, the stems 30 cm. long or less, very weak and decumbent;
leaves spatulate to narrowly obovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, densely
lanate on both surfaces, narrowed to a somewhat amplexicaul base,
thin; heads small, yellowish, forming dense, leafy spikes; involucre
2 mm. long.

Gnaphalium lavandulaefolium (HBK.) Blake. Chionolaena
Lavandulaceum Benth. & Hook, ex Hemsl.; G. lavandulaceum DC.
Thickets of the upper slopes of Volcan de Irazu, and Cerro de La
Muerte, 3,000-3,300 meters. Also in Mexico. Plants densely tomen-
tose, suffrutescent, much branched, about 30 cm. high, the branches
densely leafy; leaves ascending, or the older ones reflexed, about 8
mm. long; heads densely clustered at the tips of the branches, the
phyllaries white at the tip, dark brown at the base.

Gnaphalium rhodarum Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 61.
1927. In paramo, Cerro de Las Vueltas, Prov. San Jose", 2,700-
3,000 meters, Standley & Valeria 43623. Also on Cerro de La Muerte.
Endemic. Plants annual, single-stemmed, about 30 cm. high, erect,
branched only above; leaves almost uniform, 2.5-5 cm. long, lanceo-
late, acuminate, broadest near the base and decurrent, green and
glandular above, arachnoid-tomentose beneath; heads pink, in dense
clusters crowded in a small panicle; involucre 4 mm. high.

Gnaphalium roseum HBK. G. roseum var. hololeucum Benth.
in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 105. 1853 (summit of Vol-

1480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

can de Irazu, 3,300 meters, Oersted (duplicate of type, Oersted 10577,
in Herb. Field Mus.);G. roseum var. angustifolium Benth. loc. cit.
(near Cartago, 1,500 meters, Oersted); G. roseum var. sordescens
Benth. loc. cit. (near Cartago, Oersted 10576; duplicate of the type
in Herb. Field Mus.). G. roseum var. stramineum Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
1: 340. 1891 (type from Costa Rica, Kuntze). Frequent in meadows
or thickets on the slopes of Irazu and Poas, 2,500-3,400 meters, and
probably elsewhere. Ranging to Mexico. Plants perennial, with 1 or
several stems from the base, often branched above, densely white-
lanate almost throughout; leaves lance-linear, acute or acuminate,
somewhat dilated, amplexicaul, and slightly decurrent at the base,
rarely glabrate on the upper surface; heads small, pink to white or
yellowish, densely glomerate, the clusters grouped in small, rounded,
headlike panicles. The plants referred here are especially variable
in color of the bracts, but all seem to represent a single species, which,
however, may not really be G. roseum of Mexico. Material placed by
Klatt under G. Sprengelii Hook. & Arn. may be referable here.
Most Costa Rican collections named G. oxyphyllum DC. likewise
may represent this same species.

Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. G. purpureum var. macrophyllum
Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 97. 1903 (Copey, 1,800 meters,
Tonduz 1 1 771 ) . Frequent in meadows or other grassy places, Meseta
Central, ascending the slopes of the mountains to 2,500 meters or
more; region of San Ramon, 1,000 meters; Dota. Widely distributed
in tropical America. Plants probably annual, perhaps sometimes
perennial, simple or often branched from the base, erect or ascending,
rather stout, commonly about 30 cm. high; leaves spatulate or linear-
spatulate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, green and
glabrate above, white-lanate beneath, narrowed to the sessile base;
heads small, usually rather dark brown, forming a dense, leafy,
terminal spike, the phyllaries glabrous.

Gnaphalium subsericeum Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
61. 1927. Wet meadow, La Palma, Prov. San Jose1, 1,600 meters,
Standley 32941 • Collected also at Cartago, and apparently frequent
in the region of San Ramon, descending to 1,000 meters. Endemic.
Plants annual or perennial, about 30 cm. high, the stems mostly
solitary, branched above; leaves linear, very narrow, 4-6 cm. long,
green above, densely white-sericeous or lanate beneath, narrowed to
each end, not decurrent, the margins revolute; heads 4 mm. high,
white, densely glomerate, the clusters few, forming a small panicle;
phyllaries sparsely arachnoid-tomentose below. The Costa Rican

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1481

species is compared by its author with G. salicifolium (Bertol.)
Schultz Bip., of Guatemala and Mexico, to which it is perhaps too
closely related for convenient separation.

GYNURA Cass.

Herbs, the leaves alternate, entire to pinnate-lobate or dissected;
heads medium-sized, discoid, solitary or corymbose at the ends of the
branches, yellow or purplish, the flowers all perfect; involucre cylin-
dric or campanulate, the phyllaries narrow, equal, 1-seriate, smaller
ones sometimes present at the base of the involucre; receptacle plane,
naked or short-fimbrillate; achenes 5-10-striate, glabrous; pappus
of numerous many-seriate, soft, white bristles. — The species are
natives of the Old World.

Gynura aurantiaca DC. Tunica del Nazareno, Tornasol.
Planted for ornament in gardens of the Meseta Central. Native of
Java. Plants a meter high or less, stout, branched, densely covered
with violet or purple hairs; leaves ovate, large and soft, irregularly
dentate, the upper ones amplexicaul; heads yellow or orange, 1.5
cm. high, forming a lax, terminal corymb.

HELENIUM L.

Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 120. 1915.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, impressed-punctate,
usually decurrent and forming wings on the stems; heads medium-
sized, solitary or corymbose, radiate; involucre at first rotate, the
phyllaries narrow, 2-3-seriate, subequal; receptacle convex to conic,
naked; ray flowers yellow, pistillate and fertile, the disk flowers per-
fect and fertile, yellow, brown, or purple; achenes obpyramidal, 4-5-
angulate, with the same number of intermediate costae; pappus of
4-8 scarious squamellae. — A few other species are known from
Central America.

Helenium centrale Rydb. Near Cartago, 1,270 meters, col-
lected only by Cooper; perhaps introduced here. Ranging to Guate-
mala. A puberulent annual, probably 60 cm. high or more, the
stems rather broadly winged; lowest leaves oblanceolate, 5-10 cm.
long, entire or denticulate, the cauline leaves linear-lanceolate,
attenuate; heads corymbose, long-pedunculate; phyllaries 4 mm.
long; rays 4 mm. long; disk brown, globose, 1 cm. broad; achenes 1.5
mm. long, hispid on the angles. The Costa Rican collection was
referred by Klatt to H. mexicanum HBK.

1482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

HELIANTHUSL. Sunflower

Coarse, annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite or alternate,
simple; heads large, radiate, usually long-pedunculate, corymbose
or solitary, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown, or purple; invo-
lucre hemispheric or depressed, the phyllaries imbricate in several
series; receptacle flat to conic, paleaceous; ray flowers neutral, the
disk flowers perfect, fertile; achenes thick, oblong or obovate, com-
pressed or slightly 4-angulate; pappus of 2 scales or awns, deciduous.
—Probably no species are native in Central America.

Helianthus annuus L. GirasoL Cultivated occasionally for
ornament. Native of the western United States. A well known
plant, often becoming a pernicious and extremely abundant weed in
many parts of the United States. Cultivated plants usually have
much larger heads than wild ones, the disk of the head in some forms
becoming almost 30 cm. broad. The seeds are edible, and in Russia,
for example, the plant is much grown as a source of human food and
of oil. The seeds are used commonly as food for parrots and other
cage birds.

HELICHRYSUM Gaertn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually tomentose or lanate; leaves alternate,
entire; heads large or small, said to have sometimes as many as
1,000 flowers, solitary or corymbose, disciform; involucre scarious,
usually white or brightly colored in yellow or red, imbricate in
numerous series, erect or spreading; achenes small, 5-angulate or
terete; pappus of numerous slender bristles. — All the species are
natives of the Old World.

Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andr. Oropel. Straw-flower.
A stout, branched annual, a meter high or less, the stems glabrous
or nearly so; leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petiolate, green; heads
2.5-5 cm. broad, yellow or orange, the phyllaries short, obtuse.
There are numerous color varieties with white or red heads. The
dried flower heads are very ornamental, and may be preserved for
a long time in bouquets. They are often used for preparing funeral
wreaths.

HELIOPSIS Pers.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, 3-nerved, dentate;
heads usually large, long-pedunculate, terminal and axillary, radiate,
yellow; involucre hemispheric, the phyllaries oblong or lanceolate,
imbricate in 2-3 series; receptacle convex or conic, paleaceous; ray
flowers pistillate, fertile, the large rays firm and persistent upon the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1483

achene; disk flowers perfect; achenes obtusely 3-4-angulate, trun-
cate; pappus none or of 2-4 teeth, or a coroniform border. — Probably
no other species reach Central America.

Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal. Slopes of Volcan
de Irazu, above Cartago, at 1,400 meters or less. Mexico to Peru.
Plants about a meter high, branched, rather slender, sparsely pubes-
cent with short and rather soft hairs, or almost glabrous; leaves long-
petiolate, thin, green, ovate or broadly ovate, acute or acuminate,
truncate or rounded at the base, rather coarsely dentate; heads
showy, on long, naked peduncles, the disk more than 1 cm. broad,
the spreading, rather broad rays 1.5 cm. long.

HIDALGOA Llave & Lexarza

Plants scandent, herbaceous or suffrutescent, slender, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves opposite, compound, ternate or biternate, the
leaflets petiolulate, broad, serrate, the lateral ones often parted;
heads axillary, solitary, radiate, long-pedunculate, the rays red or
orange; ray flowers pistillate or neutral, the disk flowers perfect,
fertile; involucre biseriate, the inner phyllaries few and broad, sub-
equal, connate at the base, the outer ones smaller, foliaceous; recep-
tacle plane, paleaceous; achenes oblong or obovate, dorsally
compressed, rounded at the apex, naked or obsoletely 2-dentate. —
The genus consists of a single species. The group is noteworthy for
its scandent habit and apparently compound leaves.

Hidalgoa ternata Llave & Lex. H. Wercklei Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
125: pi. 7684- 1899 (described from cultivated material said to have
been obtained in Costa Rica by Werckle"). Childsia Wercklei Childs
ex Hook. f. loc. cit. in syn. Frequent in thickets or forest in some
places in the mountains of Guanacaste, 700 meters; region of La
Palma de San Jose". Mexico to Ecuador. A large, chiefly herbaceous
vine; leaves ternate and with 3 leaflets, or biternate, the leaflets ovate
or broadly ovate, sometimes elliptic, thin, acute or acuminate,
coarsely serrate; pseudostipules orbicular, herbaceous; disk about 13
mm. long; rays 2 cm. long or more, orange-red.

HIERACIUM L.

Perennial herbs, usually pilose; leaves alternate or chiefly basal,
entire to pinnatifid; heads medium-sized or rather large, commonly
yellow, solitary, corymbose, or paniculate; involucre cylindric to
hemispheric, the principal phyllaries 1-3-seriate, the outer ones
shorter; receptacle flat, naked or short-fimbrillate; corollas all alike,

1484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

liguliform; achenes oblong or fusiform, not rostrate, 10-15-costate,
terete or 4-5-angulate; pappus of 1-2 rows of rather stiff, brownish
bristles. — A few other species have been collected in Central America.

Hieracium abscissum Less. Oak forest in the region of Dota,
and doubtless elsewhere. Extending to Mexico. Plants slender,
erect, about 60 cm. high or less, minutely glandular, deflexed-pilose
near the base with long, white hairs, leafy below; leaves setulose and
pilose, borne chiefly at or near the base of the stem, 25 cm. long and
2.5 cm. wide or usually much smaller, subobtuse, remotely repand-
denticulate; heads paniculate, numerous; involucre 5-7 mm. long, mi-
nutely glandular, floccose; achenes black, 2-2.5 mm. long, columnar.

Hieracium frigidum Wedd. is reported by Klatt from Cerro de
Buena Vista, but the record needs verification. Probably the plant
so reported is one of the following species.

Hieracium irasuense Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 113. 1853. Papelillo macho. Volcan de Irazu, 2,850
meters, Oersted. In thickets or meadows, upper slopes of Irazu and
Turrialba; also near Aserri; chiefly at 2,400-3,400 meters. Endemic.
Plants about 30 cm. high, short-pubescent and glandular-pilose, the
cauline leaves mostly reduced and bractlike; basal leaves lanceolate,
7-10 cm. long, entire or glandular-serrate, long-pilose above, densely
lanate beneath with long, white hairs; heads corymbose, yellow, the
involucre 6 mm. long, rather densely covered with intermixed simple
and glandular hairs; achenes subfusiform, 10-costate.

Hieracium sphagnicola Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
62. 1927. Open sphagnum bog, Laguna de La Chonta, northeast
of Santa Maria de Dota, Prov. San Jose", 2,000 meters, Standley
42139. Known certainly only from the original locality, but a collec-
tion from Cerro Gallito is probably conspecific. Basal leaves
oblanceolate, 17 cm. long or less, sparsely long-pilose; stems sparsely
long-pilose below, with 2 or fewer leaves below the middle; heads
5-8, cymose, the involucre 8-11 mm. long, sparsely pilose and stipi-
tate-glandular; achenes slightly tapering above or almost columnar,
3-4 mm. long.

Hieracium Standleyi Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 64.
1927. In paramo, Cerro de Las Vueltas, Prov. San Jose', 3,000
meters, Standley & Valeria 43624. Known only from the original
collection. Plants lanate at the base, the stems scapose; basal leaves
obovate, 3.5-4 cm. long, rounded and apiculate at the apex, ob-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1485

scurely denticulate, sparsely long-pilose; heads few, the involucre
9-11 mm. long, pilose at the base, not glandular; achenes deep
purple-brown, slightly tapering above, 2.5-3.8 mm. long.

Hinterhubera Laseguei Wedd. was reported from Costa Rica by
Klatt, on the basis of Pittier 3431 from Cerro de Buena Vista.
The collection is actually Alchemilla ocreata Donn. Smith (see p. 478;
Rosaceae).

HYMENOSTEPHIUM Benth.

Tall, coarse herbs, or the plants often suffrutescent; leaves chiefly
opposite, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, dentate; heads small or
medium-sized, cymose or cymose-paniculate, radiate, yellow; in-
volucre 2-3-seriate, the bracts subequal or the outer ones gradually
shorter, ovate or lance-ovate, usually narrow and not foliaceous-
appendaged; achenes obovoid, somewhat compressed, pubescent or
glabrous; pappus of a few unequal squamellae without awns, or
none. — One or two other species grow in northern Central America.

Hymenostephium cordatum (Hook. & Arn.) Blake. Gym-
nopsis costaricensis Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852:
90. 1853 (Aguacate and Ujarras, Oersted). Aspilia costaricensis Klatt,
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 201. 1892. Common in thickets or forest,
Meseta Central to the Atlantic coast, and in the upper part of the
Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; mostly at 1,300 meters
or less. Mexico to Colombia. Plants herbaceous or somewhat
shrubby, usually 1-2 meters high, occasionally subscandent, the
branches sparsely strigillose or glabrate; leaves slender-petiolate,
mostly 6-10 cm. long, broadly ovate to lance-ovate, acuminate,
usually abruptly narrowed at the broad base, coarsely serrate,
strigillose beneath; heads numerous, in small cymes, the involucre
5 mm. high; achenes glabrous or pubescent, the pappus none or of
a few unequal squamellae. Material reported by Klatt as Gymno-
lomia rudbeckioides HBK,, a South American species of Hymeno-
stephium, may be referable here.

Hymenostephium guatemalense (Rob. & Greenm.) Blake.
H. pilosulum Blake. Thickets in the regions of San Jose" and Cartago,
1,100-1,300 meters. Panama to southern Mexico. Similar to the
preceding species, to which it is rather too closely related, but differ-
ing in the more abundant and spreading pubescence of the branches
and lower leaf surface.

1486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

HYPOCHAERIS L.

Low, perennial herbs, the stems usually naked, often branched;
leaves all or chiefly basal, entire to pinnatifid; heads rather large,
long-pedunculate, yellow, the corollas all liguliform; involucre
cylindric to campanulate, the phyllaries green, narrow, imbricate
in several series, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, paleaceous;
achenes oblong to linear, 10-costate, rostrate, the pappus of plumose
bristles. — No species are native in North America.

Hypochaeris radicata L. Margarita amarilla. Common in
meadows of the middle and upper slopes of the central volcanoes;
region of San Ramon; at 1,200-2,700 meters. Native of Europe,
but rather widely naturalized in America. Stems glabrous, 30-60
cm. high, usually branched; leaves oblanceolate to obovate, dentate
to pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, hirsute; heads about 2.5 cm. high,
the phyllaries glabrous or sparsely pilose.

ICHTHYOTHERE Mart.

Herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants, glabrous or pubescent;
leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, entire or somewhat serrate;
heads small, disciform, whitish, sessile or short-pedicellate, in small,
dense cymes; outer phyllaries 1-2-seriate, small, the inner ones and
the outer paleae of the disk broad, subtending the perfect flowers;
receptacle oblong or linear; achenes obovoid, dorsally compressed,
smooth or costate; pappus none. — The other species of the genus
are South American.

Ichthyothere scandens Blake. Regions of Guapiles and El
General, in the tierra caliente. Venezuela to Peru. A suffrutescent
vine(?), the branches appressed-pilose; leaves slender-petiolate, ovate
or lance-ovate, 7-11 cm. long, falcate-acuminate, acute or acuminate
at the base, serrulate, sparsely sordid-pubescent on the veins, 3-5-
plinerved; heads pedicellate, 4.5 mm. high; outer phyllaries subulate-
triangular, the inner obovoid; achenes about 8-costate, truncate,
glabrous, 2-3 mm. long.

ISOCARPHA R. Br.

Erect, slender herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, petiolate or
sessile, entire or dentate; heads rather small, discoid, whitish, mostly
solitary at the end of a long peduncle; phyllaries narrow, small,
2-3-seriate, rigid-tipped; receptacle conic, paleaceous; achenes 4-5-
angulate, truncate; pappus none. — No other species are found in
Central America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1487

Isocarpha atriplicifolia (L.) R. Br. Nicoya; Patarra. West
Indies and northern South America. Rather similar to the more
common /. oppositifolia, but more branched, the leaves broader,
chiefly ovate, usually conspicuously dentate; petioles auriculate-
dilated at the base; heads shorter, very obtuse at the base; achenes
pubescent.

Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) R. Br. Isla de Chira, Pacific
coast, M. Valeria. Texas and Mexico to Venezuela and West Indies.
Plants branched, erect, pubescent, usually less than a meter high;
leaves sessile or short-petiolate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse
to attenuate, acute at the base, entire or nearly so; petioles not auric-
ulate at the base; phyllaries glandular and appressed-pilosulous;
achenes 2 mm. long, glabrous.

Iva annua L., a South American plant, was reported by Klatt
from "Bolenak (Haut Zhorquin)" on the basis of Pittier 8656. I
have not seen this collection, and have no idea of what it may be.

JAEGERIA HBK.

Slender, branched annuals, the pubescence usually abundant;
leaves opposite, dentate; heads very small, radiate, yellow, terminal
or axillary, long-pedunculate, solitary or cymose, the rays minute
and inconspicuous; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries 1-2-seriate,
subequal; receptacle convex or conic, paleaceous; achenes obscurely
5-angulate, glabrous; pappus none.— Probably a single species occurs
in Central America.

Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less. Miekilla. Common in meadows
of the central region, especially on the mountain slopes; mostly at
1,000-2,600 meters. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants
slender and rather weak, usually 30 cm. high or less, rather densely
pilose throughout; leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-4 cm.
long, obtuse or subacute, 3-plinerved, often entire; heads 3-4 mm.
long. In general appearance the plant is much like Galinsoga, but
differs at first glance in its yellow rather than white or pink rays.
The rays, however, are so small that they are easily overlooked.

JUNGIA L. f.

Herbs or shrubs, erect or subscandent; leaves alternate, usually
rounded-cordate, dentate or lobate, most often tomentose beneath;
heads small or medium-sized, paniculate at the ends of the branches,
the flowers all alike or nearly so, the heads appearing discoid;

1488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

involucre campanulate or cylindric, the phyllaries subequal, 1-2-
seriate, the outer sometimes shorter; receptacle paleaceous; achenes
oblong or linear, sub terete, 5-costate, contracted above and rostrate;
pappus bristles 1-seriate, plumose to denticulate. — No other species
are known from North America.

Jungia ferruginea L. f. Occasional in forests of the higher
mountains, 1,600-2,600 meters. Colombia. Plants scandent, the
stout branches more or less brownish-tomentose; leaves slender-
petiolate, cordate-orbicular, mostly 5-9 cm. wide, shallowly or deeply
cordate at the base, shallowly lobate and coarsely crenate, densely
villous above, densely brownish-tomentose beneath; heads white
or yellow, in small, dense cymes, the involucre 4 mm. long, densely
pubescent; achenes glabrous, scarcely more than 2 mm. long.
Material of this genus at hand for study is altogether inadequate.
There is some probability that the plant of Central America repre-
sents a distinct and endemic species. Part of the material was
referred by Klatt to J. spectabilis Don.

LACTUCA L.

Tall herbs with milky sap; leaves alternate, entire to pinnatifid;
heads small, paniculate, yellow, blue or white; involucre cylindric,
the phyllaries imbricate in several series, the outer ones shorter;
receptacle plane, naked; heads appearing radiate, the corollas liguli-
form; achenes oval to linear, compressed, 3-5-costate, contracted
into a slender beak; pappus of numerous soft, capillary, white or
brown bristles. — One species is native in northern Central America.

Lactuca sativa L. Lechuga. Lettuce. The garden lettuce,
believed to be a native of Asia, is cultivated as commonly in Costa
Rica as in other parts of the earth for use as a salad plant. It
thrives at all elevations.

LAESTADIA Kunth

Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, cespitose or prostrate,
glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate or subopposite, small,
crowded, entire; heads small, discoid, solitary on elongate, terminal
and axillary peduncles, violaceous; involucre hemispheric, the
phyllaries about 2-seriate, narrow, subequal; receptacle plane or
subconvex, naked; achenes scarcely compressed, 7-10-costate, gla-
brous, contracted at the apex into a short beak; pappus none.—
No other species are known in North America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1489

Laestadia costaricensis Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22:
593. 1924. Cerro de Las Vueltas, 3,000 meters, Pittier 10500.
Known only from the original locality, where it was collected also
by Juvenal Valerio and the present writer. Endemic. A low plant,
forming dense tufts, the stems 25 cm. long or less, rooting at the
nodes, very slender, puberulent; leaves narrowly spatulate or linear-
oblanceolate, 6-11 mm. long, acute, entire, sparsely pubescent;
heads 3 mm. high, the phyllaries glandular and ciliate; achenes 1.5
mm. long. The same plant was reported by Klatt from Cerro de
La Muerte (Cerro de Buena Vista) as L. Lechleri Schultz Bip., a
South American species.

LIABUM Adans.
Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 289-301. 1927.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, often epiphytic and more or less
scandent; leaves opposite, entire or dentate; heads radiate or discoid,
yellow, the phyllaries imbricate in 3 or more series; receptacle naked
or often hirsute or paleaceous; ray flowers pistillate and fertile, the
disk flowers perfect and fertile; achenes cylindric, 10-15-costate;
pappus of numerous capillary, scabrous bristles in a single series,
a few short ones sometimes present. — A few additional species
exist in Central America.

Liabum Bourgeaui Hieron. Occasional in thickets or forest
of the central region, at Cartago and on the mountain slopes at
middle elevations; region of San Ramon; extending into the upper
part of the tierra caliente. Panama to Mexico. A shrub, terrestrial
or epiphytic, 1.5-2.5 meters high, the branches white-tomentose;
petioles broadly winged, conspicuously dilated and clasping at the
base; leaf blades ovate to elliptic, 8-20 cm. long, acuminate, con-
tracted and decurrent at the base, denticulate, glabrate and green
above, densely white-tomentose beneath, triplinerved; involucres
8-9 mm. high, the phyllaries all acute or attenuate; achenes 1 mm.
long, hispidulous.

Liabum discolor (Hook. & Arn.) Benth. & Hook. In forest,
slopes of Barba and Poas, mostly at 2,200 meters or less. Ranging
to Mexico. A shrub of 3-4.5 meters, the stout branches glabrous;
leaves slender-petiolate, broadly ovate to lance-ovate, 8-15 cm.
long, acute or acuminate, more or less narrowed at the base, denticu-
late, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath; involucre 8 mm.
high, the inner phyllaries rounded at the apex; achenes glabrous.

1490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Liabum igniarium (Humb. & Bonpl.) Less. Reported from
the region of TeYraba and Boruca by Klatt, and from Costa Rica
by Rydberg, but I have seen no Costa Rican specimens. Extending
to Peru. Similar in most characters to L. Bourgeaui, but the petioles
naked, abruptly dilated at the base into large, green, rounded
pseudostipules.

Liabum polyanthum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 209-
1892. Sinclairia polyantha Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 34: 299. 1927. S.
Pittieri Rydb. op. cit. 300 (near Alajuelita, Prov. San Jose", Pittier
9093) . El General, Pittier 431 9. Frequent in forests of central region,
descending into the upper part of the tierra caliente, mostly at 500-
1,500 meters; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Endemic.
Branches laxly floccose-tomentose; leaves slender-petiolate, oval
to rounded, 10-15 cm. long, acute or acutish, rounded at the base,
glabrate above, white- tomentose beneath; heads numerous, radiate,
the involucre 7 mm. high, the inner phyllaries rounded at the apex;
achenes strigose.

Liabum Tonduzii Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31:
270. 1904. Sinclairia Tonduzii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 34: 298. 1927.
Rio Virilla near San Jose", 1,100 meters, Tonduz 7064- Collected
also at Santa Maria de Dota. Endemic. A shrub of 3-4.5 meters,
the young branches tomentose and somewhat brown-hirsute; leaves
petiolate, rhombic-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, rounded to
subacute at the base, green and scaberulous above, densely white-
tomentose beneath; involucres 6-7 mm. high, the inner phyllaries
rounded at the apex; achenes hirsutulous, 2.5 mm. long.

Liabum Valerii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex scandens, ramis
gracilibus primo tomento adpresso albido dense obtectis, internodiis
elongatis; folia inter minora petiolata membranacea, petiolo gracili
15-18 mm. longo dense tomentoso basi non vel vix dilatato; lamina
lanceolato-oblonga 9.5-13 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata longe sensim
attenuato-acuminata, basi rotundata usque subacuta, remote obscure
serrulata, supra primo laxe floccosa cito glabrata, subtus ubique
tomento denso pallide brunnescente vel fere albo obtecta; capitula
in cymas axillares parvas breviter pedunculatas disposita, graciliter
usque 8 mm. longe pedicellata; phyllaria 3-4-seriata lineari-lanceo-
lata vel lanceolata, omnia acuta vel interiora acute attenuata, dorso
glabrata, apicem versus ciliata, involucro ca. 5 mm. longo; capitula
ut videtur discoidea, floribus non visis; achaenia immatura paullo
ultra 2 mm. longa breviter hispidula, pappi setis fulvis 6 mm. longis.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1491

—In wet forest, near Finca La Cima, above Los Lotes, north of
Copey, Prov. San Jose', 2,100-2,400 meters, Standley 42555. Dis-
tinguished from all other Costa Rican species by the definitely
scandent habit and narrow leaves.

Liabum vulcanicum Klatt. La Hondura de San Jose", in wet
forest. Colombia. Plants about 2 meters high, chiefly herbaceous,
the stems fistulous, branched; leaves long-petiolate, broadly ovate-
cordate, about 20 cm. long and wide, sinuate-lobate and dentate,
green but somewhat pilose on both surfaces; heads radiate, long-
pedicellate and subumbellate, forming a large panicle; phyllaries
obtuse, broad; achenes glabrous. Very different in appearance
from other Central American species because of the lobate leaves,
green on the lower surface.

LYCOSERIS Cass.

Erect or subscandent shrubs, the branches usually at least
recurved; leaves alternate, sessile or short-petiolate, commonly
entire, glabrous above, more or less tomentose beneath, 3-5-pli-
nerved; heads dioecious, very large, solitary or few at the ends of
the branches, the pistillate usually larger than the staminate, the
corollas orange-yellow, the outer ones elongate and liguliform;
involucre campanulate or subglobose, the phyllaries multiseriate,
imbricate, narrow, very numerous; receptacle plane, fimbrilliferous;
achenes oblong or elongate, 5-costate and usually multistriate,
glabrous; pappus of numerous slender bristles. — One other species
occurs in Panama.

Lycoseris crocata (Bertol.) Blake. L. squarrosa Benth. Bot.
Voy. Sulph. 121. 1844 (based in part upon material from Nicoya).
L. macrocephala Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 119. 1903 (forests
of the hills of Nicoya, Tonduz 13602}. Region of Nicoya. Panama
to Guatemala. A shrub with recurved and striate branches; leaves
lanceolate or lance-oblong, 3-5-plinerved, glabrous above, thinly
white-lanate beneath; heads 2.5 cm. or more in diameter; phyllaries
narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, rather densely arachnoid-tomentose.

Lycoseris grandis Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 11. 1853. Onoseris grandis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 354. 1891.
San Mateo, Oersted. Region of San Mateo and at various places
along the Pacific coast; Nicoya. Endemic(?). Similar to the preced-
ing species, but the heads usually larger, the bracts broad, obtuse
or merely apiculate, glabrous or nearly so.

1492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

MATRICARIA L.

Annual herbs, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, strong-scented;
leaves alternate, once to thrice pinnatifid into narrow divisions;
heads solitary or corymbose, radiate or discoid; involucre depressed
to hemispheric, the phyllaries 2-4-seriate, somewhat imbricate,
subequal, obtuse, scarious-marginate; receptacle conic to subglobose,
naked; rays usually white, the disk yellow; achenes somewhat
asymmetric, 3-5-costate on the inner side; pappus a more or less
evident corona or margin. — No species are native in Central America.

Matricaria Chamomilla L. Manzanilla. Planted commonly in
gardens for use in domestic medicine; sometimes escaping to waste
ground. Native of Europe and Asia. Plants 50 cm. high or less,
usually much branched, glabrous or nearly so; heads solitary at the
ends of the branches, the rays white; involucre about 3 mm. high,
the ligules 5-8 mm. long. A decoction of the plant is one of the
local remedies for pains in the stomach.

MELAMPODIUM L.

Reference: B. L. Robinson, Synopsis of the genus Melampodium,
Proc. Amer. Acad. 36: 455-466. 1901.

Annual or perennial herbs, pubescent or glabrate, usually dichoto-
mous-branched ; leaves opposite, entire to pinnate-lobate; heads
small or medium-sized, radiate, yellow, pedunculate, inserted in
the axils of the branches or of the leaves; involucre double, the
outer phyllaries 4-5, broad, often connate at the base and accrescent
after anthesis, the inner ones closely investing the ray flowers and
closed above the achene after anthesis; receptacle convex or conic,
paleaceous; achenes obovoid, without pappus. — A few other species
are found in Central America.

Melampodium brachyglossum Bonn. Smith. In thickets or
waste ground, vicinity of San Jose" and Cartago. Extending to
Guatemala. Plants erect, sparsely branched, 90 cm. high or less,
the stems pilose with weak, spreading hairs; leaves long-petiolate,
deltoid-ovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate at the base and long-
decurrent, remotely and inconspicuously dentate, rough-pilose; heads
long-pedicellate, 4-5 mm. broad, the pedicels densely spreading-
pilose, the outer phyllaries broad, obtuse, the rays minute, hidden
by the phyllaries.

Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. M. paludosum HBK.
Common in waste and cultivated ground of the Pacific tierra caliente;

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1493

Guanacaste; the species should be found also in the Atlantic tierra
caliente, but I find no specimens or reports for that region ; reported
from the region of Dota. Mexico to West Indies and northern
South America. Plants erect, rather stout, often much branched,
a meter high or less, the stems usually glabrous or nearly so; leaves
on long or short petioles, rather large, broadly ovate to lance-ovate,
acute or acuminate, acute at the base and decurrent, rather coarsely
dentate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; heads mostly long-peduncu-
late, about 8 mm. broad, the outer phyllaries broad, green, obtuse,
the rays short but conspicuous. One of the most common weeds
of the tierra caliente of Central America.

Melampodipm flaccidum Benth. Waste ground or thickets,
often in cultivated fields, Meseta Central to the tierra caliente.
Extending to Mexico. Similar to M. divaricatum, but often lower,
rather weak, frequently decumbent; heads mostly on short pedicels,
or almost sessile, but sometimes long-pedicellate, about 7 mm.
broad, the rays very small, hidden by the inner phyllaries.

Melampodium oblongifolium DC. Mielilla. In thickets or
waste ground, regions of San Jose" and Palmira, 1,000-1,800 meters.
Extending to Mexico. Plants very slender, usually densely branched,
sometimes a meter high, the stems pilose with long, spreading hairs;
leaves small, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, usually taper-
ing to the base of the petiole, more or less serrate-dentate, rough-
pubescent; heads very numerous, slender-pedicellate, 3-4 mm. broad,
the outer phyllaries ovate or lanceolate, acute; rays minute. This
has much smaller flower heads than any of the other species, and
differs also in the small, narrow, acute phyllaries.

Melampodium perfoliatum (Cav.) HBK. Collected only at
La Caja, San Jose", probably introduced, M. Valerio 1345. Mexico
and Guatemala. Plants stout, erect, a meter high or less, branched,
the stems glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, their bases enlarged and
united about the stem, rough-pubescent; heads numerous, on long
or short peduncles, larger than in the other species, the broad, green
outer phyllaries 1-1.5 cm. long, the rays inconspicuous.

MELANTHERA Rohr

Perennial herbs, usually large and coarse, with rough pubescence;
leaves opposite, petiolate, dentate, often hastate-lobate; heads small,
discoid, whitish, pedunculate; involucre hemispheric, the phyllaries
few, ovate or lanceolate, subequal, imbricate in 2-3 series; receptacle

1494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

convex, paleaceous; achenes 4-angulate, the pappus of caducous
awns. — At least one other species is known from Central America.

Melanthera nivea (L.) Small. Paira. M. aspera (Jacq.) Rich.;
M. deltoidea Rich.; M. lanceolata Benth.; M. oxylepis DC. Common
in thickets or waste ground, often in cultivated fields, Meseta Central
to the coasts; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Generally distrib-
uted in tropical America. Plants erect, much branched, sometimes
3 meters high and then suffrutescent, rarely subscandent; leaves
mostly ovate-oblong or lanceolate, hastate-lobate, serrate, 3-pli-
nerved, very rough; heads about 1 cm. broad, the black anthers
conspicuous against the general white of the head; pappus of 2-4
short bristles. The plant is a common weed throughout a great
part of Central America. There is probably no sadder spectacle in
the field of systematic botany than the seriousness with which a
large number of botanists have labored for a century or more, shuffling
and reshuffling the plants, or rather specimens, of this small genus,
painfully describing their own new "species," while reducing to
synonymy those of earlier workers. As more and more material
accumulates in herbaria, it becomes more apparent that the so-called
species have no systematic value whatever, except for a very few
localized plants that really do have good differential characters.
Any one who has examined even casually the variation of leaf form
in a colony of this plant, or even upon one individual, will have
scant regard for most "species" of Melanthera. It is scarcely neces-
sary to add that characters supposed to exist in the phyllaries and
disk scales have no greater merit as specific characters.

MIKANIA Willd.

Reference: Robinson, Synopsis of the Mikanias of Costa Rica,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 254-257. 1904.

Plants scandent, herbaceous or woody; leaves opposite, petiolate;
heads discoid, white or pink, spicate, racemose, corymbose, or
glomerate and often paniculate; involucre narrow, the phyllaries 4,
narrow, subequal; flowers 4; receptacle naked; achenes truncate,
5-angulate; pappus of numerous capillary bristles in 1-2 series.—
A few other species are known from Central America. The Costa
Rican ones are none too well known, several of them being based
upon single collections. It seems rather probable, too, that the
available material may represent a greater number of forms than are
named below.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1495

Mikania bogotensis Benth. Reported by Robinson from
Palmares del General, Diquis Valley, Pittier 12080. Colombia.
Plants slender, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves ovate, acuminate,
subcordate at the base, thin, 3-nerved from the base; panicle large
and open; heads sessile, spicate, 5 mm. high; phyllaries subobtuse;
pappus rufous.

Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd. Frequent in forest and
thickets of the central mountains, ascending to the upper part of the
tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Widely distrib-
uted in tropical America. A small or large vine, herbaceous or
somewhat woody, the stems tomentose or tomentulose; leaves ovate,
acute or acuminate, cordate at the base, undulate-dentate to almost
entire, 3-5-nerved from the base, villous to sericeous, usually pale;
heads dirty white, fragrant, corymbose, pedicellate; phyllaries 6-8
mm. long, pubescent or glabrate; achenes glabrous, the pappus dull
white, becoming rufescent.

Mikania cristata Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 195. 1911.
La Palma de San Jose", 1,460 meters, Tonduz 12583. Known, appar-
ently, only from the original material. Stems puberulent-tomentu-
lose; leaves long-petiolate, broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate
at the base, subentire, velutinous-tomentose, 3-5-nerved; petioles
dilated at the base and connected by a cristate, appendaged stipular
margin; heads corymbose, pedicellate; phyllaries subobtuse, 6 mm.
long, puberulent dorsally; achenes glabrous, the pappus rufous. I
have seen no material of this species.

Mikania eupatorioides Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28: 1938.
Edge of forest, El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,525 meters, Skutch
3041. Endemic, and known only from the region of the type. A
woody vine, the branches pilosulous; leaves slender-petiolate, ovate
or lance-ovate, 11-15 cm. long, long-acuminate, cuneate or rounded-
cuneate at the base, entire or very obscurely denticulate, 5-plinerved,
subglandular-puberulous above and sparsely pilosulous, similarly
pubescent beneath; individual panicles convex, forming an open,
leafy, thyrsoid panicle; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; heads 7-9 mm.
high, the phyllaries puberulous toward the tip; corollas 4.5 mm. long;
achenes 3 mm. long, the pappus flesh-colored, 4.2 mm. long.

Mikania Guaco Humb. & Bonpl. Guaco. M. olivacea Klatt,
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 195. 1892 (forests of Buenos Aires, 200-300
meters, Pittier 4433). Occasional in thickets or forest of the tierra
caliente, also in the central mountains, ascending to 1,500 meters;

1496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

region of San Ramon. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants herbaceous or frequently woody, the stems glabrate; leaves
ovate, often very large, acute or acuminate, cuneate-decurrent at
the base, undulate or denticulate to entire, puberulent or glabrate
above, tomentulose beneath, especially on the nerves, or glabrate,
pinnate-nerved; heads dirty white, about 1 cm. long, mostly sessile
and glomerate, forming a large, ovoid panicle; phyllaries puberulent,
rounded at the apex; pappus buff or fulvous. In Costa Rica, as
in other Central American countries, this plant is famous as a remedy
for fevers and snake bites.

Mikania Holwayana Robinson. Regions of Orosi and El
Muneco. Ecuador. Stems puberulent or glabrate; leaves broadly
ovate, short-acuminate, cordate at the base, denticulate or sinuate,
puberulent above, whitish-tomentulose beneath, 3-5-nerved from
the base; heads about 1 cm. long, pedicellate, forming a large, pyram-
idal panicle; phyllaries obovate-elliptic, 6.5 mm. long, obscurely puber-
ulent; corollas creamy white; achenes glabrous, the bristles white.

Mikania Houstoniana (L.) Robinson. Forests and thickets
of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Mexico to
Bolivia. A woody or herbaceous vine, the stems puberulent to pilose;
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, entire, glabrous
or nearly so, 5-nerved from near the base; heads 4-6 mm. high, race-
mose, short-pedicellate, white; phyllaries oblong, subacute, sparsely
puberulent; pappus whitish.

Mikania hylibates Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 52. 1926.
Wet forest, El Muneco, south of Navarro, Prov. Cartago, 1,400
meters, Standley 33848. Known only from the original material. A
large vine, glabrous except in the puberulent inflorescence; leaves
oblong, long-acuminate, rounded to subacute at the base, entire,
coriaceous, 3-5-nerved from the base; heads 8 mm. long, sessile, the
phyllaries oblong, obtuse, puberulent; corollas dirty white; pappus
dirty white.

Mikania leiostachya Benth. Thickets and forest of the Atlantic
tierra caliente; region of San Ramon. Honduras to Ecuador. A
slender vine, almost glabrous; leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at
the base, subcoriaceous, entire; heads white, 7 mm. long, sessile,
spicate, forming large, lax panicles; phyllaries ovate-oblong, obtuse,
pubescent or glabrate; corollas white; achenes glabrous, the pap-
pus white.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1497

Mikania micrantha HBK. In thickets or forest, often forming
dense tangles over shrubbery, Meseta Central to the upper part of
the Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Widely
distributed in tropical America. Plants chiefly herbaceous, almost
glabrous or pubescent; leaves thin, ovate or broadly ovate, often
sagittate or hastate, with a deep, open basal sinus, acuminate, cre-
nate-undulate or dentate, mostly 3-nerved from the base, usually
glabrate; heads dirty white, only 4-5.5 mm. long, pedicellate,
corymbose; phyllaries obovate-oblong, acute or short-acuminate;
pappus white at first, becoming fulvous. Probably the most common
species of Central America. It has been reported from Costa Rica
under the name M. scandens Willd.

Mikania nubigena Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 57. 1926.
Wet forest, Las Nubes, Prov. San Jose*, 1,500-1,900 meters, Standley
38509. Material from the Rio Navarro is perhaps referable here.
Endemic. Plants glabrous except for the puberulent inflorescence;
leaves ovate-oblong, caudate-acuminate, rounded to subacute at the
base, remotely cuspidate-denticulate, pinnately 5-nerved, 8-10 cm.
long; heads white, 7 mm. long, sessile, forming a terminal, compound
panicle; phyllaries narrowly oblong, rounded at the apex, ciliolate,
dorsally glabrous; pappus yellowish white.

Mikania Pittieri Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 255.
1904. Cuesta de Los Borucas, Pittier 10540. Reported by Cufo-
dontis from Guayabillos, Volcan de Irazu, 2,250 meters. Endemic.
Plants glabrous except in the puberulent inflorescence; leaves ovate,
caudate-acuminate, rounded at the base, subcoriaceous, entire, pin-
nate-nerved; heads sessile, forming a dense, thyrsoid panicle; phyl-
laries narrowly oblong, somewhat dilated and obtuse at the apex,
glabrate, 5-6 mm. long; achenes glabrous, 4 mm. long, longer than
the corolla.

Mikania riparia Greenm. ex Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. 31: 255. 1904. In thickets, Rio de Las Vueltas, Tucurrique,
635 meters, Tonduz 13163. Thickets and forest of the tierra caliente,
ascending to the region of Dota and the mountains south of Cartago;
El General; region of San Ramon. Endemic. Plants slender, herba-
ceous, glabrous except in the puberulent inflorescence; leaves thin,
broadly ovate, usually small, caudate-acuminate, cordate at the base,
near the base coarsely dentate or undulate and often hastate; heads
dirty white, short-pedicellate, racemose, forming a large, open, leafy

1498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

panicle; phyllaries narrowly oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous,
or puberulent at the apex; achenes glabrous, the pappus pale
reddish brown.

Mikania Skutchii Blake, Brittonia 2: 333. 1937. In forest,
vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,130 meters, Skutch 2514-
Frequent in thickets and forest of the central region; regions of Dota
and San Ramon; chiefly at 1,000-1,800 meters, common in many
localities. Endemic. A large or small vine, herbaceous or more or less
woody, the stems densely fulvous- or rufous-pilose with soft, spreading
hairs; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, mostly 8-20 cm. long, acuminate,
rounded or subcordate at the base, densely pilose, remotely denticu-
late or subentire, pinnate-nerved; heads small, dirty white, sessile
or nearly so, glomerate, forming a large, thyrsiform panicle; phyl-
laries oblong, obtuse, 5 cm. long, pilose; achenes sparsely pilose
toward the apex, the pappus whitish, becoming fulvous. This was
reported from Costa Rica by Robinson as M. hirsutissima DC., a
species of Brazil and Paraguay.

Mikania Standleyi Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 59. 1926.
Wet forest, La Estrella, Prov. Cartago, Standley 39155. Collected
also at La Palma de San Jos£ and El General. Endemic. A large,
more or less woody vine, the stems fulvous-puberulent; leaves ovate,
acuminate, cordate at the base, denticulate, glabrous above, puberu-
lent beneath, 3-5-nerved from the base; heads white or greenish
yellow, pedicellate, forming a large, pyramidal panicle; phyllaries
6.5 mm. long, puberulent toward the apex, the outer ones subacute,
the inner rounded at the apex; achenes glabrous, the pappus fulvous.

Mikania Tonduzii Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31:
256. 1904. Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 13274. Forests of
Guanacaste. Extending to southern Mexico. A large, herbaceous
vine, glabrous or nearly so except in the puberulent inflorescence;
leaves ovate, coriaceous, acuminate, rounded-cordate at the base,
entire, glabrous and lustrous above, puberulent or glabrate beneath;
heads white, sessile, forming globose glomerules, these disposed in
large, leafy panicles; phyllaries oblong, 3 mm. long, griseous-tomen-
tulose, rounded at the apex; achenes glabrous, 2 mm. long, the pappus
more or less fulvous.

Mikania vitifolia DC. M. punctata Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
31: 195. 1892. El General, 600 meters, Pittier 3434. Frequent in
thickets and forest of the tierra caliente, ascending to about 1,000
meters; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Southern Mexico to

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1499

Brazil. A large vine, the stems somewhat pilose or almost glabrous;
leaves ovate to triangular, acuminate, cordate at the base, 5-7-
nerved from the base, undulate-dentate and sometimes subhastate,
punctate, rusty-pubescent beneath along the nerves and veins;
upper leaves triangular-ovate, rounded to truncate at the base;
heads white, sessile or nearly so, glomerate, forming a compound
panicle; phyllaries linear-oblong, 5 mm. long, pubescent toward the
apex; pappus dull white, becoming reddish brown.

MILLERIA L.

Tall, rather slender, annual herbs, somewhat villosulous or
glabrate; leaves opposite, large, thin, petiolate; heads very small,
yellow, radiate, arranged in open, paniculate cymes; involucre
oblique-subglobose, somewhat enlarged in fruit and closed above the
single achene, the bracts few, subherbaceous, one much larger than
the others, cucullate; receptacle naked; ray flower 1, fertile, the disk
flowers 4 or fewer, sterile; achene obovoid, compressed, glabrous,
without pappus. — The genus consists of a single species.

Milleria quinqueflora L. Thickets or waste ground of the
Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Widely
distributed in tropical America. Plants often a meter high or more;
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, usually long-decurrent upon the
petiole, the upper leaves often sessile; flower heads in fruit about
5 mm. broad. The plant is a weedy and unattractive one, common
in some parts of Central America.

MONTANOA Cervantes

Reference: Robinson & Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 34: 508. 1899.

Shrubs or trees; leaves mostly opposite, dentate to lobate or
pinnatifid; heads medium-sized, radiate, usually very numerous,
the rays white, the disk yellow; outer phyllaries 5-7, linear or oblong;
rays neutral; paleae of the disk accrescent in fruit, usually scarious,
often spinulose-tipped, greatly exceeding the obovoid, epappose
achenes. — A few other species are native in Central America.

Montanoa dumicola Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 200. 1892.
In hedge, Alajuelita, 1,000 meters, Pittier 1454. Frequent in hedges
and forest about San Jose"; region of San Ramon. Endemic. A
shrub or tree, sometimes 9 meters high, with a broad, open crown,
the bark gray, shredded; leaves slender-petiolate, the petioles not
appendaged; blades ovate to broadly ovate, usually not lobate,
obscurely dentate or subentire, sometimes shallowly trilobate, green

1500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

and glabrate above, pale beneath and very densely and minutely
pubescent; heads rather large, the phyllaries 4 mm. long, the rays
about 10 and 1.5 cm. long; pales of the disk somewhat pubescent,
spinulose- tipped.

Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. Tora. M. Wercklei Berger,
Gard. Chron. III. 50; 122. 1911 (based upon cultivated plants,
grown from seeds sent to Italy by Werckle"). In thickets or forest,
Meseta Central, ascending the slopes of Barba to 2,000 meters or
more; region of San Ramon; Pejivalle; at 900 meters or more.
Extending to southern Mexico. A shrub or small tree; leaves large,
palmately 5-7-lobate, 20-30 cm. wide or smaller, often cordate at
the base, the lobes acuminate, green and glabrate above, pale
beneath and densely pubescent; petiole bearing near its apex 2 large,
leafy auricles; heads numerous, in a large corymb; rays 8-10, about
1 cm. long; pales short-mucronate, somewhat pubescent at the apex.
Like other species of this genus, this is a remarkably handsome and
showy tree or shrub when in flower, and it deserves wide cultivation
as an ornamental plant.

Montanoa Pittieri Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 34: 517.
1899. Alajuelita, Pittier 1455. Known, apparently, only from the
original collection. Leaves green and glabrate above, pale beneath
and appressed-puberulent, obsoletely trilobate, caudate-acuminate,
auriculate-appendaged at the base; heads few, the phyllaries 4 mm.
long, the rays about 8 and 1.5 cm. long; pales pubescent above,
with a short, incurved point at the apex.

Montanoa xanthiifolia Schultz Bip. is reported by Klatt from
El Rodeo, 750 meters, Pittier, but the determination is probably
incorrect, the species ranging farther north.

NEUROLAENA R. Br.

Tall herbs, the leaves alternate, dentate, the lower ones often
trilobate; heads paniculate, usually discoid, the involucre campan-
ulate; phyllaries imbricate, 3-4-seriate, the outer ones gradually
shorter, obtuse, membranous; receptacle plane, paleaceous; achenes
oblong, glabrous or pubescent; pappus abundant, of slender, per-
sistent, scabrous bristles in 1-2 series. — Two other species have been
described from Central America.

Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. Gavilana, Capitana. Eupa-
torium Valverdeanum Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 188. 1892
(Piedra del Convento, between El General and Buenos Aires, Pittier

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1501

3710}. E. chrysocephalum Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 2. 1895
(also based on Pittier 3710). Common in thickets and waste ground
of the tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; ascending to 1,050
meters. Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants stout,
sometimes 3 meters high, simple or sparsely branched, the stems
angulate, dense and finely pubescent; leaves mostly sessile, chiefly
lanceolate, often very large, serrate, the lower ones mostly trilobate,
rough-pubescent; heads forming large panicles, the involucre 5-6
mm. high; phyllaries 3-nerved, puberulent; flowers yellow; achenes
black, 1.5 mm. long. The heads are much like those of the genus
Eupatorium. The plant is used in domestic medicine in Central
America.

OLIGANTHES Cass.
Reference: Gleason, N. Amer. Fl. 33: 102. 1922.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves broad, alternate, petiolate, more
or less tomentose; heads discoid, 1-8-flowered, aggregate in dense,
corymbiform panicles at the ends of the branches; involucre cylindric
or narrowly campanulate, the phyllaries few, imbricate in several
series; receptacle subconvex, naked; achenes striate or costate;
pappus usually 2-seriate, of linear scales, these twisted toward the
apex. — No other species are known from Central America.

Oliganthes discolor (HBK.) Schultz Bip. Reported from El
General and from forests of Buenos Aires. Panama and Colombia.
A shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, acuminate,
narrowed to the base, entire, glabrous above or nearly so, tomentose
beneath; heads 2-flowered, 5 mm. high. Pittier lists the TeYraba
name as Shkur.

Oliganthes ferruginea Gleason, N. Amer. Fl. 33: 102. 1922.
Forests of Alto de Mano de Tigre, Diquis Valley, 700 meters, Pittier
12138. Endemic. A tree of 10-12 meters; leaf blades 10-15 cm.
long, acuminate, entire, narrowed to the acute base, glabrous above
or nearly so, almost glabrous beneath; heads 2-flowered, 7 mm. high.

ONOSERIS DC.

Herbs or shrubs; leaves mostly basal, or alternate, white-tomen-
tose beneath; heads large, appearing radiate, solitary or paniculate,
the phyllaries grading into the bracts of the peduncles, the flowers
mostly purple or red ; involucre hemispheric or radiate, the phyllaries
narrow, multiseriate, imbricate, the outer gradually shorter; recep-
tacle naked or fimbrillose; achenes subterete, 5-costate, glabrous or

1502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pubescent; pappus bristles numerous, rather stiff, in 2 or more
series. — At least one other species is known from Central America.

Onoseris silvatica Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 514. 1913.
Hoja quema. Forests of the hills of Nicoya, Tonduz 13597. El
Rodeo; Tabarcia; region of San Ramon. Probably endemic. Plants
large and coarse, 1 meter high or more, simple or branched; leaves
crowded near the base of the stem, large, runcinate-pinnatifid, acute
or short-acuminate, the terminal segment more or less triangular-
ovate and much larger than the others, rounded or cordate at the
base, very coarsely dentate, green and glabrate above, densely
white-tomentose beneath; heads numerous, purple-red, forming a
large panicle, 2-2.5 cm. high; phyllaries densely white-tomentose;
achenes sericeous. There is some doubt as to whether this is distinct
from 0. onoseroides (HBK.) Robinson.

The genus Orthopappus almost surely is represented on the
Pacific slope of Costa Rica by 0. angustifolius (Swartz) Gleason,
but I have found no evidence of its having been collected.

OTOPAPPUS Benth.

Reference: Blake, Journ. Bot. 53: 229-235. 1915.

Shrubs, often scandent; leaves opposite, short-petiolate, dentate;
heads radiate or discoid, yellow; involucre campanulate, the phyl-
laries graduate, 3-6-seriate, indurate, often herbaceous-tipped;
achenes compressed, 2-winged, the wings decurrent on the awns;
pappus of 2 awns and a lacerate corona of connate squamellae.—
A few other species grow in Central America.

Otopappus verbesinoides Benth. In thickets or forest, upper
part of the Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon; Atlantic
tierra caliente; Guanacaste. Extending to southern Mexico. A
shrub of 3 meters or less, with recurved branches, or often scandent,
the branches strigillose; leaves ovate to lance-oblong, 7-15 cm. long,
acuminate, obtuse or acute at the base, somewhat serrulate; heads
radiate, about 1 cm. high, in panicles of 3-5 at the ends of the
branches; outer phyllaries with reflexed, linear to spatulate, her-
baceous tips.

OYEDAEA DC.

Reference: Blake, Revision of the genus Oyedaea, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 20: 411-422. 1921.

Chiefly shrubs; leaves opposite, entire or serrate; heads radiate,
yellow, medium-sized; ray flowers neutral; involucre campanulate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1503

the phyllaries graduated, 2-5-seriate, subequal or the outer ones
longer, usually with herbaceous tips, the outer sometimes foliaceous;
receptacle flat or subconvex, paleaceous; achenes compressed, oblong
to cuneate-obovate, 2- winged; pappus of 2 slender, persistent awns
and a corona of 6-12 narrow, fimbriate or lacerate, more or less
united squamellae.— A single species is known from Central America.

Oyedaea verbesinoides DC. Viguiera acuminata Benth. in
Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 91. 1853 (Irazu, 2,745 meters,
Oersted 96, 106). V. macrophylla Benth. in Oerst. loc. cit. (Cerro
de Aguacate, 610 meters, Oersted 104)- 0. acuminata Benth. &
Hook, ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 176. 1881. 0. macro-
phylla Benth. & Hook, ex Hemsl. loc. cit. V. drymonia Klatt,
Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 5. 1895 (Canas Gordas, at 1,100 meters,
Pittier 7351). Thickets and forest of the central region, descending
to the Pacific tierra caliente, and ascending high on the slopes of the
central mountains. Ranging south to Venezuela. A shrub or tree,
sometimes 6 meters high, the branches pilose or hispid; leaves short-
petiolate, thick, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, long-
acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate, densely rough-pubescent;
heads large and showy, the involucre 1-1.5 cm. high; rays 1.5-2 cm.
long, bright yellow; achenes 3.5-6 mm. long. The tree or shrub
is abundant in some localities, as at Santa Maria de Dota and on
the hills near Agua Caliente. It is showy and handsome because of
the abundance of large, brightly colored flower heads, suggestive
of sunflowers (Helianthus).

PEGTIS L.

Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 194. 1916.

Low, strong-scented, annual or perennial herbs, usually glabrous
or nearly so; leaves opposite, narrow, gland-dotted, generally entire,
commonly with bristles on the margins near the base; heads small,
solitary or cymose, radiate, yellow; involucre cylindric to turbinate,
the phyllaries 3-12, uniseriate, gland-dotted; receptacle naked;
achenes linear, terete or angulate, pubescent or glabrate; pappus of
few or many squamellae, awns, or bristles. — Several other species
have been collected in Central America.

Pectis capillipes (Benth.) Hemsl. Reported from Guanacaste
by Klatt. Nicaragua. Perennial, the stems branched, erect, 7-12
cm. high; leaves linear, 1.5-2 cm. long; heads solitary in the forks
of the branches, on slender pedicels 3-5 cm. long; involucre turbinate,
the 5 phyllaries oblong, obtuse; pappus of the disk flowers of 5-6

1504 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

bristles somewhat dilated at the base, and of many shorter ones.
Rydberg in the North American Flora gives the original locality of
this species as Guatemalan, but in error, for the type was collected
in Nicaragua.

Pectis diffusa Hook. & Arn. was reported from the Pacific slope
by Klatt, but' the species is not known from Central America.

Pectis elongata HBK. Coronillo. In pastures or savannas,
regions of San Ramon and Buenos Aires, Pacific tierra caliente.
Southern Mexico to West Indies and Peru. An erect annual, 60
cm. high or less, simple or sparsely branched, almost glabrous; leaves
linear, 2-6 cm. long; heads cymose-paniculate, slender-pedicellate,
the involucre 5-6 mm. high; phyllaries 5, acuminate, glabrous;
achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, hirsutulous or glabrate; pappus bristles 5-20.

Pectis febrifuga van Hall. Reported by Rydberg from Costa
Rica, the locality not indicated. Extending to Venezuela and West
Indies. An erect annual, diffusely branched, 20 cm. high or less,
the stems scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear or lance-linear, 2 cm.
long or less; heads solitary in the forks of the branches, the pedicels
1.5-3 cm. long; involucre 4-4.5 mm. long, the 5 phyllaries acuminate
or apiculate; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long; pappus in the disk flowers of
5 awned squamellae.

Pectis grandiflora Klatt, Leopoldina Bot. Beibl. 6. 1895.
P. falcata Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 202. 1933 (Golfo Dulce,
near Puerto Jime'nez, Cufodontis 177; duplicate type in Herb. Field
Mus.). Type from Hato Viejo. Collected several times in the
Golfo Dulce region. Panama. Plants coarse, perennial, procumbent,
the stems 1 meter long or less, glabrous or puberulent, very densely
leafy; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long; heads terminal, solitary, on
peduncles 2-3 cm. long; involucre 1 cm. high, the phyllaries broad,
obtuse; achenes 6 mm. long; pappus of 12-15 subulate squamellae.
Differing from other local species in the very large heads.

Pectis Oerstediana Rydb. Anisillo. Collected at Alajuela,
and doubtless elsewhere on the Pacific slope. Nicaragua. Plants
erect, densely branched, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous; leaves linear,
5 cm. long or less; heads axillary and terminal; involucre 5 mm.
high, the phyllaries linear, acuminate; achenes 2.5 mm. long, hispidu-
lous; pappus of 3-5 bristles.

Pectis polyantha Rydb. Reported from Costa Rica, doubtless
from the lower Pacific slope. Nicaragua. A diffuse perennial, the

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1505

stems 10-20 cm. long, puberulent; leaves linear, 1-2.5 cm. long; heads
solitary in the upper leaf axils, the peduncles 4-6 cm. long; involucre
7 mm. high, the 8-12 phyllaries linear; achenes 3 mm. long, pubes-
cent; pappus of about 20 hirsutulous bristles.

Pectis prostrata Cav. Near seashore, San Lucas, Pacific coast,
J. M. Orozco 230. Widely distributed in tropical America. A much
branched annual, usually prostrate, short-pilose; leaves oblanceolate-
linear, 1-3 cm. long, acute, often mucronate, setose-ciliate near the
base; heads axillary and terminal, the lower solitary, the upper
glomerate, sessile or nearly so; involucre 5-6 mm. long, the 5 phyl-
laries oblong, rounded or truncate at the apex; achenes 3-4 mm. long;
squamellae of the ray flowers 2, narrowly lanceolate, with 1-3 smaller
setae; squamellae of the disk flowers 5, unequal.

PIPTOCARPHA R. Br.

Shrubs, often with long, recurved branches, or subscandent, the
pubescence chiefly stellate or lepidote; leaves alternate, petiolate,
penninerved; heads small, discoid, densely clustered in the leaf
axils, whitish, few-flowered; involucre ovoid or campanulate, the
phyllaries multiseriate, imbricate, dry, the inner ones usually
caducous, the outer shorter; receptacle convex, naked; achenes 10-
costate, truncate; pappus setae more or less biseriate, stiff, the
outer ones often shorter. — No other species are known from Central
America.

Piptocarpha chontalensis Baker. Barbudo. P. costaricensis
Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg! 31: 184. 1892 (in forest, Te'rraba, 260
meters, Pittier 3704)- Forests of the tierra caliente. Ranging to
British Honduras. A shrub, sometimes 6 meters high and more or
less scandent, the branches appressed-tomentose or glabrate; leaves
coriaceous, short-petiolate, ovate to oblong, 10-16 cm. long, acute
or subobtuse, somewhat oblique at the base and obtuse to sub-
cordate, lustrous and almost glabrous above, pale beneath and
densely appressed-tomentose; involucre 4-5 mm. long; heads 6-
flowered. It is possible that P. costaricensis may be a distinct
species, but I find no characters for separating it.

PIQUERIA Cav.

Reference: Robinson, Revision of the genus Piqueria, Proc.
Amer. Acad. Sci. 42: 4. 1906.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubs; leaves opposite
or alternate, petiolate, usually serrate or dentate; heads small,

1506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

white, discoid; involucre cylindric to ovoid or campanulate; phyl-
laries few, subequal, imbricate or almost 1-seriate; receptacle plane,
naked; achenes prismatic, 5-angulate, rounded at the apex; pappus
none, or a deciduous, annular disk, rarely of a few short setae.—
No other species have been found in Central America.

Piqueria trinervia Cav. In forest, Meseta Central, chiefly at
1,100-1,500 meters. Extending to Mexico, and in Haiti. An erect,
perennial herb, a meter high or less, branched, the stems puberulent
in lines; leaves opposite, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acuminate,
acute at the base, serrate, glabrate, 3-nerved; heads 4-flowered,
3 mm. long, cymose-corymbose; phyllaries rounded at the apex.
Costa Rican material has been referred incorrectly to P. pilosa
HBK. and P. trinervia var. pilosa Kuntze. P. trinervia var. luxurians
Kuntze (Rev. Gen. 1: 355. 1891; P. luxurians Robinson ex Volkens,
Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 65: 118. 1923; type from Irazu, Kuntze) is a
form in which the leaves are somewhat larger, 5-nerved, and rounded
at the base. It has been collected several times on Volcan de Irazu.

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. must surely occur in Costa Rica,
but I find neither specimens nor records of its occurrence.

PODACHAENIUM Benth.

Tall shrubs or small trees; leaves large, opposite, petiolate,
angulate-lobate; heads small, radiate, forming large, corymbose
panicles, the disk yellow, the rays white; involucre small, the phyl-
laries 2-3-seriate, narrow, herbaceous, the outer ones shorter;
receptacle convex, the whole head becoming globose in fruit; achenes
compressed, pubescent, the margin ciliate or cartilaginous-winged,
the base contracted into a 2-winged stipe; pappus of 2 dilated awns
at each angle, with 2 small squamellae on each side.— The genus
consists of a single species.

Podachaenium eminens (Lag.) Schultz Bip. Tora, Tora
blanca. P. paniculatum Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 99. 1853 (Volcan de Irazu, 2,400 meters, Oersted; photo, of
type in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in hedges, thickets, or forest
of the central region; Dota; descending into the upper part of the
Atlantic tierra caliente; at 600-2,400 meters. Ranging to Mexico.
A shrub or tree of 6 meters or less, sometimes wholly herbaceous;
leaves slender-petiolate, ovate to orbicular, often 30 cm. long,
sometimes entire but usually lobate or coarsely dentate, green and

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1507

somewhat rough above, rather densely sordid-tomentose beneath;
heads about 1 cm. broad; achenes 2 mm. long.

POLYMNIA L.

Coarse, perennial herbs, or shrubs, glabrous or variously pubes-
cent, often viscid; leaves chiefly opposite, broad, entire to angulate
or lobate, the petioles often auriculate-appendaged; heads usually
large, corymbose-paniculate, yellow, radiate, the ray flowers fertile,
the disk flowers sterile; involucre hemispheric or broader, the
phyllaries biseriate, membranaceous or herbaceous, the outer ones
sometimes large and green; receptacle plane, paleaceous; achenes
glabrous, thick, obovoid; pappus none. — A few other species have
been recorded from Central America.

Polymnia latisquama Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16: 421.
1926. Along stream, southern slope of Volcan de Turrialba, near
the Finca Volcan de Turrialba, 2,000-2,400 meters, Standley 35340.
Collected also on Irazu, at 2,850 meters. Endemic. A coarse herb,
1.5-3 meters high, the stems glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or
triangular-ovate, 10-20 cm. long, coarsely serrate, almost glabrous;
heads solitary, long-pedunculate, about 6 cm. wide, the rays 3 cm.
long; outer phyllaries 4, rounded-ovate, 18 mm. wide, glabrous;
achenes 6 mm. long.

Polymnia maculata Cav. Tora, Purca. Frequent in thickets
or forest of the Meseta Central, chiefly at 1,000-1,300 meters.
Ranging to Mexico. A coarse, rough-pubescent herb, 1-1.5 meters
high, usually viscid; petioles broadly dilated at the base and clasping;
leaf blades deltoid to ovate-rounded, usually lobate and coarsely
dentate, very rough; outer phyllaries lanceolate, villous or hirsute;
heads, excluding the rays, about 1.5 cm. broad. Blake (Contr.
Gray Herb. 52: 33. 1917) divides the Costa Rican material into
two varieties: var. vulgaris Blake with hispid-pilose, sparsely glan-
dular branches, the leaves green beneath, densely or sparsely hispid-
pilosulous and hispid-pilose; and var. adenotricha Blake, with the
branches densely stipitate-glandular and sparsely hispid-pilose, the
leaves glandular-roughened and rather sparsely pubescent beneath.
Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl. as reported from Costa Rica
by Klatt is P. maculata var. vulgaris.

POROPHYLLUM Adans.
Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 181. 1916.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, usually glabrous;
leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate, broad or narrow, entire,

1508 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

with pellucid glands, at least along the margins; heads small or
medium-sized, discoid, mostly yellowish or purplish; involucre
cylindric or campanulate; phyllaries 5-9, linear to obovate, 1-seriate,
commonly with 2 rows of dorsal glands; receptacle naked; achenes
slender, striate, usually hispidulous; pappus of numerous scabrous
or hispidulous bristles. — One or two other species are found in
Central America.

Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) Blake. Thickets of the
plains of Guanacaste. Extending to Mexico. Plants much branched,
perhaps sometimes suffrutescent; leaves oval or elliptic, 1.5-3.5 cm.
long; involucre 1-1.5 cm. high; corollas cream-colored; achenes
6 mm. long.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. P. ellipticum Cass.
Occasional in thickets or fields of the tierra caliente. Widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. An erect, sparsely branched annual;
leaves elliptic, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse; involucre 2 cm. high; achenes
8 mm. long.

PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS Rohr

Erect, branched, perennial herbs with leafy stems; leaves alter-
nate, entire or crenate; heads small, 4-flowered, white or lavender,
discoid, glomerate and disposed in panicled spikes, each glomerule
subtended by 2-3 bracts; involucre of 4 pairs of phyllaries; achenes
compressed, 10-striate; pappus a single series of 5-15 setae, the
2 lateral setae longer than the others and contorted at the tip.—
A single species is found in North America.

Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr. Escobilla, Escoba
real, Lechuguilla. Elephantopus spicatus Juss.; Distreptus spicatus
Cass. Elephantopus spicatus var. roseus Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35 :
279. 1896 (pastures, San Jose", Pittier 7237}. A common weed in waste
or cultivated ground, often in pastures, Meseta Central to the
coasts. Generally distributed in tropical America. Plants usually
a meter high or less, the branches pilose with long, appressed,
whitish hairs; leaves spatulate to obovate, 6-15 cm. long, the upper
ones almost linear and much smaller; involucres 8-12 mm. long,
the phyllaries lanceolate, aristate-acuminate, with whitish margins.
One of the most common weeds found in Central America. Pittier
reports the TeYraba name as Tshicordias, evidently a corruption of
Achicoria.

RENSONIA Blake

Shrubs, erect or ascending, sometimes more or less scandent,
rarely epiphytic; leaves opposite, ovate, slender-petiolate, serrate,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1509

scabrous; heads small, yellow, radiate, in terminal, cymose panicles;
phyllaries 8-9, oblong-obovate, indurate below, thick-herbaceous
above; receptacle flat, paleaceous; achenes of the fertile flowers
obovate, obcompressed, epappose, 2-winged, the wings prolonged
above the achene into 2 triangular, lacerate teeth. — The genus
consists of a single species.

Rensonia salvadorica Blake. In thickets or forest, mountains
of Guanacaste, 600-700 meters. Salvador. A slender shrub of
1-5 meters, the branches strigillose; leaf blades 10-25 cm. long,
acuminate, acutely cuneate at the base; heads 6-7 mm. high, the
phyllaries acute, 3-5-nerved; achenes 5.5 mm. long, blackish, his-
pidulous on the outer surface. Illustrated, Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 17: 63. 1927.

ROLANDRA Rottb.

Erect, perennial herbs, branched; leaves alternate, entire, short-
petiolate, closely and densely white- tomentose beneath; heads dis-
coid, 1-flowered, small, forming axillary and terminal, globose
clusters; involucre of 2 aristate phyllaries, the outer one larger;
achenes angulate, truncate; pappus a lacerate crown. — The genus
consists of a single species.

Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze. Thickets of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Widely distributed in tropical America, but in
Central America known definitely only from Costa Rica and Panama.
Plants a meter high or less, the branches sparsely or densely strigose;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, acute at each
end, green above and rough; glomerules of heads about 1.5 cm.
in diameter, green, the phyllary tips uncinate; corolla white.

RUMFORDIA DC.

Reference: Robinson, A revision of the genus Rumfordia, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 44: 592. 1909.

Shrubs or tall herbs, the stems branched, often fistulose; leaves
opposite, chiefly ovate or lanceolate, often connate at the base and
perfoliate, serrate or denticulate; heads of medium or large size,
paniculate, the rays yellowish or in age white; ray flowers pistillate
and fertile, the disk flowers perfect and fertile; achenes obovoid,
somewhat compressed, glabrous, without pappus; involucre biseriate,
the outer phyllaries "herbaceous, ovate or elliptic, spreading, the
inner ones much smaller, ovate or lanceolate, paleiform, enclosing
the outer achenes. — A few other species are known in northern
Central America.

1510 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Rumfordia aragonensis Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 38.
1904. Thickets near Aragon, Turrialba, 630 meters, Pittier 13246.
Known only from the original collection. Stems fistulose; leaves
rhombic-ovate, about 12 cm. long, denticulate, glabrate above,
sparsely pubescent beneath, 1-lobate or angulate near the base on
each side, the petioles winged ; outer phyllaries 5-6, ovate, acuminate,
1.5 cm. long, inconspicuously puberulent, the inner ones ovate,
acuminate, dorsally glandular-hispidulous, 5 mm. long; rays 5 mm.
long; achenes 2 mm. long.

Rumfordia polymnioides Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39:
99. 1903. In maize fields, Copey, Prov. San Jose", 1,800 meters,
Tonduz 11947. Collected also at Santa Maria de Dota in the same
region. A coarse herb 1-1.5 meters high, the stems whitish-pubes-
cent; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, green above and
short-pubescent, paler beneath and griseous-tomentulose, narrowed
to the winged petiole; outer phyllaries 5, broadly ovate, acute,
griseous-hirsute, the inner ones linear, hispidulous.

SALMEA DC.

Reference: Blake, Journ. Bot. 53: 196. 1915.

Shrubs or woody vines, the stems terete or nearly so; leaves
opposite, petiolate, more or less coriaceous and dentate; heads
small, dirty white, discoid, in small, terminal and axillary corymbs;
involucre campanulate or turbinate, the phyllaries appressed, imbri-
cate in few series; receptacle conic, paleaceous; achenes laterally
compressed, marginate or narrowly winged; pappus of 2 awns. —
No other species are known from Central America.

Salmea scandens (L.) DC. In thickets, region of San Jos4,
descending to the Pacific coast. Widely distributed in tropical
America. A scandent shrub, sometimes 10 meters long; leaves
ovate to oblong-ovate, 5-12 cm. long, remotely serrate or almost
entire, acute to acuminate, lustrous, almost glabrous; heads 4.5-7
mm. high, the phyllaries ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate. This shrub is rather well known in Salvador, where it is
called "duerme-boca." It is said that if the root is chewed, it
deadens sensation in the tongue. In Puerto Rico the plant is called
"bejuco de muela," presumably because it is chewed as a remedy
for toothache. In addition, it receives in Salvador the name "salta-
afuera," an allusion to its use as a barbasco or fish poison, as which
it is said to be unusually efficient. These properties well deserve

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1511

scientific investigation, since they might possibly have some eco-
nomic application.

SCHISTOCARPHA Less.
Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 303. 1927.

Coarse, annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, petiolate,
broad, thin, dentate, usually decurrent into the petiole, the petioles
generally connate-amplexicaul at the base; heads radiate, rather
small, cymose-paniculate; involucre campanulate, the phyllaries
3-4-seriate, imbricate, the outer shorter, striate, membranaceous;
receptacle convex, paleaceous; ray flowers pistillate, the disk flowers
perfect; achenes oblong, glabrous, striate or smooth, black, lustrous;
pappus bristles about 20, uniseriate, caducous. — Two or three other
species are recorded for Central America. In general appearance
the plants resemble the genus Eupatorium, which is not at all closely
related, but they are distinguished easily enough in the growing
state by their yellow heads.

Schistocarpha bicolor Less, is reported by Cufodontis from the
Atlantic coast, on the basis of too mature specimens. Probably
the record is referable rather to S. oppositifolia.

Schistocarpha oppositifolia (Kuntze) Rydb. S. Hoffmannii
Kuntze. Frequent in thickets or cutover land of the Atlantic tierra
caliente, ascending sometimes in the central mountains to 2,400
meters; Atlantic slope of the mountains of Guanacaste. Mexico to
Bolivia. A coarse herb, 1-1.5 meters high, branched, short-hirsute;
leaves long-petiolate, broadly ovate, 10-20 cm. long, acuminate,
abruptly contracted and cuneate-decurrent at the base, dentate,
sparsely hirsutulous; heads 6-9 mm. high, in small or large panicles;
phyllaries obtuse or subacute, ciliolate; rays none or minute and
inconspicuous; achenes 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. A weedy plant,
abundant in many parts of the Central American tierra caliente.

Schistocarpha paniculata Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31:
210. 1892. Southeastern slope of Volcan de Irazu, Pittier 866.
Occasional in thickets or forest of the upper part of the Atlantic
tierra caliente, and ascending the slopes of the central mountains
to about 2,800 meters; El General. Ranging to Colombia. A
shrub of 2-4.5 meters, the branches hirsute and viscid; leaves ovate
or ovate-deltoid, acuminate, dentate, pilose; involucre 7 mm. high
or more, the phyllaries hirsute; rays conspicuous, 6-8 mm. long;
achenes glabrous.

1512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

SCLEROCARPUS Jacq.

Branched, more or less pubescent herbs; leaves chiefly alternate,
the lowest sometimes opposite; heads rather large, yellow, radiate,
mostly solitary and terminal or opposite the leaves; involucre
campanulate, the phyllaries few, about 2-seriate, usually herbaceous;
receptacle convex or conic, paleaceous; ray flowers neutral, the
disk flowers perfect; achenes smooth, deciduous with the enveloping
palea, the pappus none or a short crown. — One or two other species
may occur in Central America.

Sclerocarpus divaricatus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. Fields
and waste ground about San Jose', descending into the upper part
of the Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon. Mexico and
Central America. Plants rather slender, erect to prostrate, rarely
a meter high, rough-pubescent, branched; leaves slender-petiolate,
mostly 6 cm. long or less, rhombic-ovate or deltoid-ovate, acuminate,
abruptly decurrent at the base, coarsely serrate; phyllaries green,
the outer ones foliaceous, about 7 mm. long; disk corollas 1 cm.
long or more, very slender; rays broad and conspicuous. The proper
specific name for this plant is doubtful, to the writer at least, and
the whole genus seems to be in a chaotic condition. So far as I
know, there is available no treatment that brings order out of the
apparent chaos exhibited by the usual herbarium material.

SENECIO L.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes epiphytic; leaves
alternate, very variable in form; heads mostly yellow, sometimes
whitish or orange, radiate or discoid; involucre cylindric to cam-
panulate, the principal phyllaries narrow and uniseriate, usually with
a few much smaller ones at their base; ray flowers, when present,
fertile; achenes sub terete, usually costate, glabrous or pubescent;
pappus of numerous, soft, white bristles. — The largest genus of the
Compositae, with other species in Central America, although, in
general, the group is rather sparsely represented in this region.
It is usually regarded as the largest of all genera of the phanerogams.
For assistance in preparing the account of this genus the writer is
greatly indebted to Dr. J. M. Greenman, who has suggested cor-
rections in the manuscript, and has supplied descriptions of three
new species.

Senecio andicola Turcz. Paramos of Cerro de Las Vueltas
and Cerro de La Muerte, about 3,000 meters. Colombia. A densely
branched shrub of 1-4.5 meters, the young branches lanate-tomen-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1513

tose, soon glabrate; leaves almost sessile, oblong or narrowly elliptic-
oblong, 3-4.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse, acute at the base, entire,
glabrous above and lustrous, ochraceous-tomentose beneath, coria-
ceous; heads few, discoid, corymbose at the apices of the branches;
involucre campanulate, 8 mm. high; principal phyllaries 8, oblong-
ovate, broadly marginate, sparsely tomentulose or glabrate; achenes
glabrous. Collections cited by Klatt under the name of S. ledifolius
DC., a South American species, are referable here, according to
information supplied by Dr. Greenman.

Senecio Brenesii Greenm. & Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex epiphy-
ticus scandens vel dependens, ramis stramineis vel ochraceis saltern
in sicco angulatis, novellis sat dense lanato-tomentosis, internodiis
foliis duplo vel triple brevioribus; folia inter minora petiolata sub-
rigide coriacea, petiolo crasso 1-1.5 cm. longo tomentoso vel glabrato;
lamina elliptica vel ovato-elliptica 6-8 cm. longa 2.5-4 cm. lata
obtusa vel breviter acutata, basi obtusa vel subacuta, margine vulgo
plus minusve revoluto, supra glabra vel tan turn ad costam impressam
sparse tomentosa, evenosa, subtus ubique tomento laxo brunnescente
induta, costa saliente, nervis venisque occultis; capitula discoidea
pauciflora thyrsoideo-paniculata, paniculis terminalibus atque axilla-
ribus usque 10 cm. longis, basi interdum foliis paucis reductis bractea-
tis, capitulis breviter pedicellatis vel subsessilibus dense aggregatis;
involucrum ca. 8 mm. longum, phyllariis principalibus vulgo 8 dorso
laxe tomentosis vel glabratis obtusis linearibus apice subinflexis;
achaenia glabra. — In forest, La Palma de San Ramon, 1,100 meters,
January, 1927, Brenes 5342 (type in Herb. Field Mus.); February,
1927, Brenes 5406. Among Costa Rican species this is easily recog-
nized by the dense tomentum of the lower surface of the entire leaves.

Senecio calyculatus Greenm. in Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 37:
419. 1904. Volcan de Turrialba, 2,700 meters, Pittier 7503 (13242}.
Upper slopes of Turrialba and Irazu, ascending to at least 2,700
meters. Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, the branches pendent,
about a meter long, tomentose at first, soon glabrate; leaves slender-
petiolate, elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-obovate, mostly 3-6 cm. long,
obtuse or acute, acute at the base, coriaceous, entire; inflorescence
covered with a dense, white tomentum; heads discoid, yellow, 8-9
mm. high, very numerous and densely crowded, sessile; phyllaries
8; achenes glabrous. This species is easy of recognition because
of the combination of entire, glabrous leaves and densely white-
tomentose inflorescence.

1514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Senecio candelariae Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 108. 1853. Vara blanca. Candelaria, at 1,800 meters, Oersted.
Frequent in forest of the central region, ascending on Poas to 2,600
meters, but chiefly at 1,000-2,000 meters; region of San Ramon.
Endemic. An epiphytic shrub, usually about a meter long, almost
glabrous except in the inflorescence and there sordid-puberulent or
sparsely tomentulose; leaves petiolate, lanceolate or lance-oblong
to elliptic, mostly less than 10 cm. long, acuminate, acute or obtuse
at the base, subcoriaceous, entire, the lateral nerves inconspicuous
or obsolete; heads discoid, whitish, on short or elongate pedicels,
forming a compact or rather lax, corymbiform inflorescence; involucre
4-6 mm. high, the phyllaries usually 8, glabrate; achenes glabrous.
One sheet referred here for the present has been indicated by Green-
man as a new species, still unpublished. The rather numerous sheets
at hand exhibit considerable variation, and it is possible that they
represent as many as three species, although I am inclined to believe
that all are forms of a single variable entity. I have not seen type
material of S. candelariae, and am uncertain as to which of the varia-
tions is nearest the type.

Senecio Cineraria DC. Sometimes grown for ornament in
gardens of the central region. Native of the Old World. A low per-
ennial, very densely white-tomentose throughout; leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the numerous divisions narrow, obtuse; heads yellow,
radiate, in small, dense cymes. The plant is called "dusty miller"
in the United States.

Senecio Cooperi Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 284. 1907. Car-
tago, 1,310 meters, Cooper 5803. Slopes of Irazu and Poas, ascending
to at least 1,800 meters; El General. Also in Chiriqui, Panama.
A rather succulent herb, or sometimes suffrutescent, as much as 4
meters high, simple or branched, the stems and inflorescence abun-
dantly brownish-hirtellous, densely leafy; leaves very large, oblong-
ovate, 50 cm. long or less, obtuse to acuminate, often lyrate-pinna-
tifid toward the base, irregularly dentate, puberulent or sparsely
tomentulose on both surfaces or glabrate, petiolate, the petiole naked
or winged to the base; heads very numerous, forming a large, corym-
biform panicle; heads radiate, yellow, 1.5 cm. high; phyllaries 8,
linear, glabrous except at the apex; achenes pubescent.

Senecio copeyensis Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 285. 1907.
Forests of Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11663. Collected also at
Agua Caliente, 1,600 meters, and probably also on Irazu and Poas.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1515

Endemic. A shrub or small tree, about 4.5 meters high, sparsely
branched, the branches stout, tomentose; leaves large, on naked
petioles, 20-30 cm. long or more, oblong-ovate or ovate, pinnate-
lobate, acute at the base, tomentulose beneath at first but soon
glabrate, the lobes broad or narrow, acute; heads yellow, very numer-
ous, forming dense and broad, tomentose, corymbose panicles;
phyllaries usually 8, only 4-5 mm. long; achenes glabrous. Costa
Rican material that has been referred to S. arbor escens Steetz, a
species of Mexico and northern Central America, is presumably
referable here.

Senecio Durandii Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 211. 1892.
Rio de Las Vueltas, 2,100 meters, Pittier 220. Forests of Rancho
Flores; slopes of Volcan de Barba; Cerro Gallito; at 2,000-2,400
meters. Endemic. A slender, glabrous herb, or often somewhat
woody below, erect or decumbent, 30-60 cm. high, the stems dark
purple-red; leaves dark green, linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, 10 cm.
long or less, 1-1.5 cm. wide, narrowly long-attenuate, attenuate to
the slender petiole, sharply and conspicuously serrate; heads few,
terminal, subcorymbose or cymose, long-pedicellate, the pedicels with
numerous linear bracts; involucre 1 cm. long, the linear phyllaries
about 13, scarious-marginate; rays large, orange-yellow. I have
no doubt that I have determined correctly the material placed here,
although Klatt describes the achenes as pilose, while in the collec-
tions now referred here they are glabrous. The species is a most
distinct one, altogether unlike any other with which I am familiar.
Although referred by Greenman to his section Streptothamni, it cer-
tainly has little if anything in common with other species grouped
in that section. Where I have seen the plant, which appears to be
rare, it grew on rocks at the edge of streams in deep, dark forests,
sometimes in the spray of waterfalls. The crushed leaves have the
peculiar odor of Eryngium foetidum.

Senecio firmipes Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 119. 1903.
Cerro de La Muerte, 3,100 meters, Pittier 10472. Also on Cerro de
Las Vueltas, at about the same elevation. Endemic; growing in wet
thickets at the edge of the paramos. A dense, heathlike shrub,
2-4.5 meters high, the branches glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 2-3 cm.
long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, somewhat pungent- tipped, slightly
hirtellous on the margins, narrowed to the base, glabrous, somewhat
glaucous beneath; heads discoid, 5-6 mm. high, forming terminal,
corymbiform cymes; phyllaries 8, oblong-ovate, glabrous, thick,
obtuse; achenes glabrous.

1516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Senecio heterogamus (Benth.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.
2: 242. 1881. Cacalia heterogama Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1852: 107. 1853. Southern slope of Volcan de Irazu,
2,400 meters, Oersted 8858 (photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.).
In forest, slopes of Irazu and Cerro de Las Vueltas, 2,400-3,000
meters. Chiriqui, Panama; a variety is described from Guatemala.
Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, 1-1.5 meters high, rather copi-
ously scabrous-pubescent; leaves long-petiolate, peltate, ovate-
rounded, large, angulate-lobate; heads discoid, pale yellow, the
involucre 8 mm. long; phyllaries about 12; achenes glabrous. This
differs from all other Costa Rican species in its peltate leaves,
but other species with peltate leaves are found in other parts of
Central America.

Senecio Hoffmannii Klatt, Leopoldina 25: 106. 1889. San
Rafael. S. Berlandieri Auct. San Jose", Hoffmann 497. Common in
thickets of the Meseta Central, descending to the coasts, at 1,500
meters or less; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Panama. A
rather coarse, terrestrial vine, herbaceous or suffrutescent, with
sparse, rough pubescence; leaves petiolate, ovate to lance-oblong,
acuminate, obtuse to subcordate at the base, coarsely or finely den-
tate, somewhat succulent; heads few, large, long-pedunculate, subcy-
mose at the ends of the branches; involucre about 1 cm. long, the
linear phyllaries about 20, puberulent and somewhat tomentulose;
flowers all orange or sometimes dark red, the rays numerous and con-
spicuous; achenes puberulent. The plant is a rather handsome and
showy one, plentiful in many places about San Jose", often growing
over hedges. It is easily recognized by its scandent habit, other
scandent Senecios of Costa Rica being small, epiphytic vines. The
flowers are much visited by bees, and the vine is said to be a prolific
source of honey.

Senecio megaphyllus Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 284. 1907.
S. multivenius var. oliganthus Greenm. loc. cit. in syn. "Bords du
Paraita Grande," Copey, 1,800 meters, Tonduz 11700. Wet forest,
La Hondura de San Jose", and slopes of Volcan de Barba, 1,200-2,000
meters. Endemic. Plants herbaceous or somewhat frutescent,
1.5-3 meters high, simple or branched, the stout stems arachnoid-
tomentose above; leaves large, oblong-obovate, often 50 cm. long,
acute or acuminate, coarsely dentate, narrowed below to the petiole
and decurrent upon it to its amplexicaul base, somewhat arachnoid-
tomentose or soon glabrate; heads numerous, bright yellow, radiate,
forming a dense, corymbose panicle; phyllaries 8, linear, 1 cm. long,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1517

glabrous; achenes glabrous. A showy and handsome plant, like other
related species.

Senecio minis Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 213. 1892. La
Division, Valle de El General, 2,160 meters, Pittier 3405. Appar-
ently known only from the original locality. Plants herbaceous, the
stem purple, glabrous, winged; lower leaves petiolate, large, cordate,
serrate, violaceous beneath, pilose on the costa, pinnate-lobate below,
the petiole dilated at the base, the upper leaves entire, adnate-
decurrent; heads terminal, radiate, long-pedicellate, laxly corymbose,
the pedicels bearing numerous filiform bracts; phyllaries 21, lanceo-
late, barbate at the apex; achenes glabrous. I have seen no repre-
sentation of this species.

Senecio multivenius Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 109. 1853. Quiebrahacha (Copey), Tabaquillo. Southern slope
of Volcan de Irazu, 2,400 meters, Oersted. Frequent in forest or in
clearings, slopes of the mountains of the central region, and in the
region of Dota, 2,000-3,000 meters. Endemic. A simple or branched
herb or shrub, 1-4.5 meters high, almost glabrous or when young laxly
and sparsely tomentulose; leaves ovate or lanceolate, often 40 cm.
long, coarsely dentate and usually more or less pinnate-lobate but
shallowly so; petioles long and slender, naked; heads very numerous,
bright yellow, radiate, forming a large, dense, corymbose panicle;
involucre 6 mm. long, the 8 phyllaries linear; achenes glabrous.

Senecio Oerstedianus Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 109. 1853. Papelillo. Crater of Reventado, Volcan de
Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted. Forests and pastures of the upper
slopes of Irazu and Turrialba, 2,700-3,450 meters; Cerro de La
Muerte. Endemic. A stout herb, 1-2 meters high, densely white-
tomentose almost throughout, glabrate only on the upper leaf sur-
face; lower leaves petiolate, ovate, the upper ones sessile and amplexi-
caul, large, rounded to acuminate, closely and rather coarsely
dentate, the lowest ones usually cordate at the base; heads numerous,
bright yellow, radiate, forming a large, dense, corymbose panicle;
involucre 7 mm. long, the phyllaries about 20, linear, densely white-
lanate; achenes glabrous.

Senecio phanerandrus Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 203. 1933.
Volcan Poas, 2,400 meters, Cufodontis 544- Upper slopes of Poas,
2,400-2,600 meters. Endemic. A scandent shrub, almost glabrous;
leaves petiolate, subcoriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 5 cm. long or less,
obtuse or acute, truncate to acute at the base, obtusely crenate-

1518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

dentate; heads discoid, small, very numerous, forming a somewhat
leafy, rather thyrsiform panicle; phyllaries 8, linear, 5 mm. long,
glabrous except at the apex; achenes glabrous. A very distinct
species, apparently local in distribution. A portion of the type
material has been forwarded through the courtesy of the author of
the species. To this are referred for the present Standley & Valeria
50544 from Cerros de Zurqui and Manuel Valeria 1098 from Cerro
Gallito. In inflorescence characters they seem to be exactly like S.
phanerandrus, and on the stems there are traces of the curious
tuberculate-scabrous indument that characterizes S. phanerandrus.
However, their leaves are narrower and less evidently dentate. It
may be that they represent a distinct species, but this can be decided
only when more ample material is available for comparison.

Senecio schizotrichus Greenm., sp. nov. — Frutex scandens
ubique cum pilis albo-ramosis obtectis; caulibus ramisque subangu-
latis, striatis; foliis alternis, petiolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis, 3.5-8.5
cm. longis, 1.5-4.5 cm. latis, acutis, integris, basi obtusis, supra
viridibus, subtus pallidioribus et prominenter venosis, utrinque
pubescentibus; petiolis 10-12 mm. longis; inflorescentiis terminalibus
paniculatis, inflorescentiae bracteis plus minusve foliaceis; capitulis
numerosis, homogamis; involucris anguste campanulatis, brevius
calyculatis, paulo pubescentibus; involucri squamis 8, lineari-lanceo-
latis, 7-8 mm. longis; floribus tubularibus vel tubuloso-campanulatis,
flavis, exterioribus paululo minoribus; achaeniis glabris. — Vicinity
of El General, Province of San Jose", alt. 975 meters, Jan., 1936,
Alexander F. Skutch 2502 (type in Mo. Bot. Gard. herb.). This
species is well marked and easily distinguished from all known species
of the genus by the white, branched hairs on all vegetative parts of
the plant.

Senecio streptothamnus Greenm., sp. nov. — Frutex scandens;
caule tereti in sicco cortice cinereo-brunneo tecto; foliis alternis,
petiolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis, acutis vel breve acuminatis acutisque,
integris, utrinque glabris subtus paululo pallidioribus; inflorescentiis
terminalibus, paniculato-cymosis; capitulis heterogamis, ca. 8-10 mm.
altis; involucris campanulatis, paulo calyculatis; involucri bracteis
plerumque 8, lineari-lanceolatis, acutis, 5-6 mm. longis, glabris;
floribus femineis 3-5, ligulis anguste lineari-oblongis; floribus disci
8-10; achaeniis glabris vel in angulis minute hirtellis. — Forests
of Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, alt. 635-700 meters, March, 1889,
Adolfo Tonduz 13275 (Gray Herb., type).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1519

Senecio Tonduzii Greenm. Bot. Jahrb. 32: 22. 1901, nomen.—
Frutex scandens; caulibus lignosis vel juventate aliquanto carnosis,
glabris; foliis alternis, brevipetiolatis, ellipticis vel ovatis, 6-14 cm.
longis, 3.5-6 cm. latis ad apicem acutis vel subrotundatis, integris
vel leviter sinuato-denticulatis, utrinque glabris, inconspicue venosis,
basi in petiolum usque ad 1 cm. longum angustatis; foliis superioribus
fere sessilibus; inflorescentiis paniculatis, inflorescentiae bracteis
subfoliaceis; involucris anguste campanulatis, breve calyculatis; capi-
tulis heterogamis, radiatis; involucri squamis plerumque 8, lanceo-
latis, 6-7 mm. longis, glabris; floribus ligulatis 5-8, ligulis anguste
oblongis, 3-4 mm. longis, flavis; floribus disci 12-15; pappi setis
albidis; achaeniis glabris. — Costa Rica, "sur les troncs d'arbres des
paturages de La Palma," alt. 1,460 meters, August, 1898, Adolf o
Tonduz 12542 (U. S. Nat. Herb., type; Gray Herb., Kew Herb.,
Berlin Herb., British Mus. Herb.). Cascajal, in 1920, C. H. Lankes-
ter K146 (Kew Herb.).

SIGESBECKIA L.

Annual herbs, erect or ascending, branched, viscid-pubescent;
leaves broad, opposite, dentate; heads small, subradiate, yellow, the
flowers few, the ray flowers pistillate, fertile, the disk flowers perfect,
fertile; phyllaries few, herbaceous, glandular, the outer ones usually
5, linear-cuneate, spreading, the inner small, erect, concave; achenes
glabrous, obovoid-oblong, turgid, usually incurved, obtuse, without
pappus.— Probably a single species is native in North America.

Sigesbeckia jorullensis HBK. Mielilla. In forest or thickets,
Meseta Central and region of Dota, ascending high on the slopes of
the mountains, at 1,100-3,000 meters. Mexico to Panama, and per-
haps extending farther southward. A coarse annual, a meter high or
less, usually rather freely branched, very viscid-pubescent, the stems
usually dark red; leaves thin, ovate to lance-ovate, often cordate
at the base, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, the long petioles
broadly winged, broadly dilated at the base and amplexicaul; heads
very numerous, 5-7 mm. broad, the outer phyllaries conspicuous,
often greatly elongate. An inconspicuous, weedy plant of unattrac-
tive appearance. The very viscid flower heads adhere in an annoying
fashion to clothing.

SI MSI A Pers.

Reference: Blake, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 376. 1913.
Coarse, annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, or the lower
usually opposite; heads rather large, radiate or discoid, the flowers

1520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

yellow or purple; phyllaries 3-4-seriate, subequal or slightly gradu-
ated, narrow; receptacle slightly convex, paleaceous; rays usually
yellow; disk achenes flat, obovate or oblong, glabrous or sericeous,
the edges thin, not marginate; pappus none or of 2 awns. — A few
other species are found in Central America.

Sinisia grandiflora Benth. Thickets of the Pacific coast; region
of Nicoya. Nicaragua to Panama, and perhaps ranging even more
widely. A coarse annual, a meter high or often much taller, branched,
viscid-pilose; lower leaves broadly ovate, acute, truncate at the base,
crenate or serrate, glandular-puberulent and setose, long-petiolate,
the upper leaves sessile or nearly so; heads few, axillary and terminal,
the disk 2-3 cm. broad; phyllaries lance-ovate to ovate-oblong, sub-
acute, glandular-hispid; rays about 1 cm. long; achenes 5-6 mm. long.
In some regions of the Pacific coast of Central America this plant is
a common weed in cultivated fields.

SONCHUS L.

Annual or perennial herbs with milky sap, somewhat succulent;
leaves alternate, auriculate-amplexicaul and sessile, entire to dentate
or pinnatifid, prickly-margined; heads medium-sized, corymbose
or paniculate, yellow, the flowers all with liguliform corollas; involu-
cre ovoid or campanulate, the phyllaries herbaceous, imbricate in
several series, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked; achenes oval
to linear, compressed, costate, truncate; pappus of numerous soft,
white, capillary bristles. — No other species are known from Central
America, and none are native in North America.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Lechuguilla, Serraja, Serrajilla. Fre-
quent in waste or cultivated ground, especially about dwellings,
Meseta Central and elsewhere, ascending to 2,400 meters. Native
of the Old World, but abundantly naturalized in temperate and
tropical America. An annual, commonly about 60 cm. high, simple
or sparsely branched; basal and lower cauline leaves lyrate-pinnatifid,
the terminal segment usually larger and deltoid; heads pale yellow,
2-3 cm. broad.

SPILANTHES Jacq.

Reference: A. H. Moore, Revision of the genus Spilanthes, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 42: 521. 1907.

Annual or perennial herbs, erect to prostrate; leaves opposite,
sessile or petiolate; heads small, discoid or radiate, yellow or white,
the rays usually small; phyllaries few or numerous, obtuse or acute,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1521

ovate or lanceolate; achenes compressed, the margin ciliate or naked;
pappus none or of 2 short awns. — A few other species are recorded
from Central America.

Spilanthes americana (Mutis) Hieron. Calabaza. S. Mutisii
HBK. S. parvifolia Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852:
100. 1853 (Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Oersted). Moist banks or fields,
Meseta Central to the Pacific coast. Widely distributed in tropical
America. Plants slender, prostrate or procumbent, rooting at the
nodes, somewhat pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, mostly 3 cm. long or less, serrate or subentire, obtuse or acute;
heads radiate, the disk about 7 mm. broad, the rays short but con-
spicuous, yellow. Moore reported for Costa Rica S. americana var.
parvula (Robinson) Moore and S. americana var. parvula f. parvifolia
(Benth.) Moore (based on S. parvifolia Benth.), both of which seem
to be forms of no particular systematic importance. The plants often
form dense carpets of yellow along country roads.

Spilanthes macrophylla Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 109.
1903. Rio del Volcan, Pittier 3717. Alto del Zacatal; San Marcos;
along streams, region of San Ramon. Honduras to Panama. Plants
much larger than in the other species, apparently usually a meter
high or more and said to reach almost 2 meters, the stems sparsely
hirsute; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate,
entire or serrate, short-petiolate, glabrous or sparsely hirsute beneath;
heads radiate, yellow, 8-10 mm. high, axillary and terminal; phyl-
laries biseriate, acute, 4-7 mm. long.

Spilanthes ocymifolia (Lam.) A. H. Moore. Frequent in moist
fields and waste ground, Meseta Central to the Pacific tierra caliente;
region of Dota; Guanacaste; region of San Ramon. Widely dis-
tributed in tropical America. Plants usually erect, 60 cm. high or
less, pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate, dentate or subentire; heads
whitish, discoid, in fruit about 1 cm. long. Easy of recognition
because of the whitish, discoid heads, which very rarely have short
and inconspicuous, whitish rays. Var. acutiserrata Moore (Proc.
Amer. Acad. 42: 533. 1907; Cartago, Cooper 5807) is a form of slight
importance with acuminate, acutely serrate leaves.

Spilanthes poliolepidica A. H. Moore, Proc. Amer. Acad. 42:
540. 1907. Chilamate, near Rio Sarapiqui, Biolley 7420. Honduras.
Plants grayish-pilose; leaves lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, short-petiolate
or almost sessile, entire or nearly so; heads yellow, 6-8 mm. long,
radiate; phyllaries pilosulous; achenes ciliate.

1522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Spilanthes uliginosa Swartz is reported from Costa Rica by
Klatt and may occur here, since it is found in Panama. The speci-
mens cited by Klatt do not seem to be mentioned by Moore in his
account of the genus, and their proper specific position must remain
uncertain until they are re-examined.

STEVIA Cav.

Reference: Robinson, Observations on the genus Stevia, Contr.
Gray Herb. 90: 36. 1930; The Stevias of North America, op. cit.
90. 1930.

Shrubs or herbs, often viscid; leaves chiefly opposite, petiolate
or sessile, dentate or entire; heads small, discoid, few-flowered
(chiefly 5-8-flowered), corymbose-paniculate; phyllaries 5-8, sub-
equal, rather rigid, narrow, subherbaceous; corolla white, pink, or
purple; achenes slender, commonly 5-costate, glabrous or hispidulous;
pappus of 2-12 short squamellae or slender awns, or of both.— Other
species are known from Central America. The genus is much more
abundantly represented farther north, especially in Mexico, and in
the South American Andes.

Stevia elatior HBK. Las Concavas, south of Cartago, Lankester
266. Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador. An erect perennial, about
60 cm. high, the abundant pubescence of spreading, gland-tipped
hairs, the stems usually simple; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate to ovate-
oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, coarsely pubescent on both surfaces;
heads about 1 cm. long, long-pedicellate, forming a lax, open panicle;
phyllaries acute, glandular-pubescent.

Stevia elongata HBK. Reported from Heredia and the region
of San Jose". Mexico to Venezuela. An erect perennial, the stems
glandular-puberulent; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate to lance-oblong,
the upper sessile, the middle and lower ones petiolate, acuminate to
rounded, narrowed to the base, serrate or crenate, pubescent chiefly
on the nerves and veins; heads 9-11 mm. long, sessile or nearly so,
in dense, paniculate glomerules; phyllaries oblong or lanceolate,
acute, glandular-pubescent; corollas pale pink or lilac. The Costa
Rican material is referred by Robinson to var. caracasana (DC.)
Robinson. The species seems to be none too well differentiated
from S. rhombifolia, and so far as Costa Rican material is concerned,
I rather doubt that there is any constant difference.

Stevia lucida Lag. S. nitida Walp. Reported by Robinson
from Volcan de Irazu, at 2,300 meters. Mexico to Venezuela. A

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1523

glutinous shrub a meter high or less; leaves slender-petiolate, ovate-
oblong or lance-oblong, crenate-serrate or dentate, acuminate or
acute, glabrous, 4-7 cm. long; heads 1 cm. long, sessile or nearly so,
in dense, corymbose glomerules; phyllaries linear, acute, very viscid;
corollas white or pinkish; achenes bearing a short crown of some-
what dentate, connate squamellae.

Stevia rhombifolia HBK. S. compacta Benth. Frequent in
thickets or forest of the central region, descending into the upper
part of the Pacific tierra caliente; regions of Dota and San Ramon;
mostly at 800-1,300 meters. Mexico to Peru. An erect, perennial
herb, a meter high or less, simple or sparsely branched, the stems
puberulent; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate to lance-oblong, mostly
3-6 cm. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, crenate-
serrate, sessile or nearly so, pubescent on both surfaces; heads 6-9
mm. long, white or pale pink, sessile or nearly so, in compact glom-
erules arranged in a convex panicle; phyllaries narrowly oblong,
acute, puberulent and glandular; achenes bearing a crown of short,
erose squamellae. The Costa Rican material is referred by Robinson
to var. stephanocoma Schultz Bip.

STRUCHIUM P. Br.

Somewhat succulent, erect or ascending herbs; leaves alternate,
thin, petiolate, serrate; heads small, axillary, sessile, discoid, white
or purplish; involucre hemispheric, the phyllaries imbricate in several
series; receptacle convex; achenes 4-angulate, truncate, glabrous or
minutely glandular; pappus a cartilaginous crown. — The genus con-
sists of a single species.

Struchium sparganophorum (L.) Kuntze. Sparganophorus
Vaillantii Crantz. Thickets or wet ground, Atlantic tierra caliente.
British Honduras to Panama and West Indies; tropical Africa.
Plants a meter high or less, sparsely appressed-pilose on the young
parts; leaves lanceolate to elliptic, acute at each end, 5-12 cm. long,
often almost entire; heads 6-9 mm. broad, densely aggregate in
the leaf axils; phyllaries acuminate, scarious-marginate; achenes
1.5 mm. long.

Syncephalantha sanguinea Klatt was based upon material col-
lected by Warscewicz in "Guatemala et Costa Rica," and it is
reported from Costa Rica by Rydberg (N. Amer. Fl. 34: 160. 1915),
probably upon the basis of Klatt's record. The plant is frequent
in Guatemala, but has not been found recently in Costa Rica, there-
fore the record for the latter country probably should be deleted.

1524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

SYNEDRELLA Gaertn.

Annual herbs, erect or ascending; leaves opposite, petiolate,
dentate; heads small, axillary, usually sessile and glomerate, radiate,
yellow; involucre oblong, the phyllaries few, imbricate, the outer
1-2 foliaceous, the inner paleaceous; receptacle small, paleaceous;
ray flowers pistillate and fertile, the disk flowers perfect; ray achenes
compressed, 2-winged, the wings produced into awns, the disk
achenes narrower, 2-3-aristate. — No other species are found in
Central America.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Waste ground or thickets
of the tierra caliente, ascending rather high on the Pacific slope.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants appressed-pilose,
erect or sometimes weak and reclining, much branched ; leaves ovate
or elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, triplinerved, acute, narrowed at the base to
the short petiole, serrate; heads several together in dense, sessile
clusters; involucre 8 mm. high, the outer phyllaries oblong-lanceolate,
pubescent; achenes 4-5 mm. long, those of the ray flowers with
marginal bristles and 2 short awns.

TAGETES L.

Reference: Rydberg, N. Amer. Fl. 34: 148. 1915.

Annual or perennial, strong-scented herbs; leaves opposite, or
the upper alternate, commonly pinnate or pinnatifid, conspicuously
gland-dotted; heads radiate, yellow or orange, pedunculate, solitary
at the ends of the branches or in leafy cymes; involucre fusiform to
campanulate; phyllaries 3-10, narrow, uniseriate, united almost to
the apex, glandular; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, the disk flowers
perfect and fertile; achenes narrow and slender, angulate or terete,
glabrous or pubescent; pappus squamellae 3-10, very unequal, 1 or 2
of them much longer than the others. — A few other species occur
in Central America.

Tagetes erecta L. Flor de muerto. Marigold. Cultivated com-
monly in gardens for ornament, sometimes escaping. Perhaps native
of Mexico. A tall, stout, branched annual, the stems glabrous; leaves
pinnate, the 11-17 leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-5 cm.
long, serrate; involucre 1.5-2 cm. long, glabrous, the phyllaries 5-8;
disk corollas glabrous; achenes 7-8 mm. long. A well known orna-
mental plant, cultivated in almost all parts of the earth.

Tagetes filifolia Lag. Anis, Manzanilla, Anisillo. T. congesta
Hook. & Arn. Frequent in fields of the central region; regions of

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1525

Dota and San Ramon. Extending to Mexico. A slender annual,
erect, 20-40 cm. high, simple below, branched above, glabrous or
nearly so; leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid into linear-filiform, short
divisions; heads mostly pedicellate; involucre 7 mm. long, not angu-
late at the base, the phyllaries 5; ray flowers 1-3, the ligules 1.5 mm.
long; disk corollas glabrous; achenes 4.5 mm. long. In domestic
medicine, an infusion of the plant is employed as a diuretic.

Tagetes foetidissima DC. Region of Santa Maria de Dota;
Guanacaste. Extending to Mexico. A glabrous, branched annual,
a meter high or less; leaflets 11-29, oblong or lance-oblong, 1-2.5
cm. long; heads long-pedunculate, the involucre 1.5 cm. long, the
phyllaries 5; ray flowers usually 5, the ligules 2 mm. long; disk
corollas viscid-hispid; achenes hirsute, 6 mm. long.

Tagetes microglossa Benth. Flor de muerto; Rudillo, Man-
zanilla. T. macroglossa Polak. Linnaea 41 : 580. 1878 (near San Jose",
Polakowsky 372; photo, in Herb. Field Mus.). Common in fields
and thickets of the Meseta Central, descending to the Pacific coast;
regions of Dota and San Ramon. Guatemala to Ecuador. A slender,
glabrous annual, a meter high or less, often densely branched; leaf-
lets 7-11, oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, serrate; heads numerous, long-
pedunculate, the involucre 1.5 cm. long; phyllaries 5; ray flowers
3-5, the ligules small; disk corollas glabrous; achenes 8-9 mm. long,
hispidulous.

Tagetes pusilla HBK. Flor de muerto. Frequent in fields or
thickets of the Meseta Central; region of San Ramon. Guatemala
to Bolivia. Closely related to T. filifolia, and probably only a form
of that species, if at all distinct; plants usually low and diffusely
branched, about 10 cm. high; heads sessile or nearly so, the involucre
conspicuously angulate at the base.

Tagetes remotiflora Kunze. Flor de muerto. Fields and thickets
of the Meseta Central. Extending to Mexico. A glabrous annual,
70 cm. high or less; leaflets 9-25, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3
cm. long, serrate; heads long-pedunculate, the involucre 13-14 mm.
long; phyllaries usually 5; ray flowers 5, the ligules obovate, almost
1 cm. long; disk flowers puberulent.

Tagetes subulata Cervantes. In pastures, region of San Ramon,
1,050 meters. Mexico to Colombia. A slender, glabrous annual,
50 cm. high or less, usually openly branched; leaflets 5-13, 1 cm.
long or less, pectinately dissected into narrow lobes; heads long-

1526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pedunculate, the involucre 1.5 cm. long, the phyllaries 4-5; ray
flowers 3-5, the ligules 2 mm. long; achenes 5 mm. long.

Tagetes tenuifolia Cav., which ranges from Mexico to Colom-
bia, has been reported from Costa Rica and may occur here, but I
have seen no specimens certainly referable to it.

TARAXACUM Hall. Dandelion

Acaulescent, perennial herbs with thick roots, the sap milky;
leaves all basal, forming a rosette, pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate;
heads large, yellow, solitary at the ends of hollow scapes, the corollas
all liguliform; inner phyllaries 1-seriate, subequal, slightly united at
the base, with several series of short, spreading outer ones at the
base; receptacle flat, naked; achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 5-10-
nerved, roughened above, tapering into a slender beak; pappus of
numerous soft, .slender bristles. — No species are native in Central
America.

Taraxacum officinale Weber. Diente de Icon, Amargon, Arnica.
Frequent in fields and on open banks about San Jose" and Cartago;
pastures of Volcan de Turrialba. Native of Europe, but widely ad-
ventive in North America. Leaves oblong to spatulate, pinnatifid to
almost entire, sparsely pubescent when young; scapes 5-20 cm. high,
the showy heads 2.5-5 cm. broad.

TESSARIA Ruiz & Pavon

Grayish-pubescent shrubs; leaves alternate, usually entire; heads
small, discoid, whitish or purplish, in terminal cymes or corymbs,
involucre ovoid, the phyllaries multiseriate, imbricate, scarious;
graduated; receptacle plane, naked; achenes small, 4-5-angulate,
glabrous or pubescent; pappus of numerous slender bristles. — A
single species is found in North America.

Tessaria mucronata DC. Usually along sandy stream beds,
Pacific tierra caliente and even at higher elevations on the Pacific
slope, ascending to about 1,200 meters; region of San Ramon.
Extending to Colombia and perhaps farther southward. A shrub
of 1.5-3.5 meters, the branches sericeous or glabrate; leaves mostly
oblong-oblanceolate, acute, attenuate to the base, entire, densely
grayish- or brownish-sericeous on both surfaces; heads about 5 mm.
long, sessile and densely aggregate, the outer phyllaries somewhat
tomentose, the inner ones glabrous. The Costa Rican plant has been
referred to T. legitima DC. The taxonomy of the genus is apparently
in a chaotic condition, and the proper name for the Central American
species is questionable.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1527

TITHONIA Desf.

Reference: Blake, Revision of the genus Tithonia, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 20: 423-436. 1921.

Tall, coarse herbs, or shrubs; leaves alternate, or the lowest oppo-
site, petiolate, dentate or lobate; heads very large, radiate, yellow,
the long peduncles fistulose; involucre broad, the phyllaries about
4-seriate, broad, graduate; rays neutral; achenes turgid; pappus of
free or connate squamellae, with or without awns, or absent. — At
least one other species is native in Central America.

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray. Mirasol. Frequent in
thickets or fields of the Meseta Central; region of Dota; chiefly at
1,000-1,400 meters. Ranging to Mexico. Plants herbaceous or
more or less woody, usually 1.5-3 meters high, branched, the stems
hispid-pilose; leaves large, ovate or deltoid-ovate, usually 3-5-1 obate,
cuneate at the base, the lobes acuminate to attenuate, tuberculate-
hispidulous above, soft-pilose beneath; disk of the head 1.5-4 cm.
broad; phyllaries broadly oval or oval-ovate, rounded at the apex,
sparsely pilose or almost glabrous; rays 6 cm. long or less; pappus of
2 awns and 6-10 squamellae. In many regions this is a common weed
of cornfields. The Costa Rican plant was referred by Klatt in error
to T. speciosa Hook.

Tithonia longeradiata (Bertol.) Blake. T. scaberrima Benth.
Rio Tiliri, near San Jose*. Ranging to southern Mexico. A stout,
coarse herb, sometimes 5 meters high, the stems densely pilose or
hispid-pilose; leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate,
narrowed to the petiole, crenate-serrate, scabrous above, densely
pilose beneath; disk 1.5-3.5 cm. broad; phyllaries 4-seriate, oval or
obovate, broadly rounded at the apex, hispid-pilose or glabrate;
achenes glabrous; pappus none.

Tithonia Pittieri (Greenm.) Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 54: 9.
1918. Gymnolomia Pittieri Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 101. 1903.
Rio Ceiba, Buenos Aires, Pittier 3735. Regions of Buenos Aires
and San Jose", at 1,200 meters or less. Ranging to Guatemala.
Plants tall, herbaceous, the stems hispid-pilose; leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, tapering to the short petiole, crenate-serrulate, hispidu-
lous above, pilosulous beneath; disk 1-2 cm. broad; phyllaries 4-seri-
ate, the outermost oblong to obovate-oval, obtuse or subacute, the
innermost obovate, rounded at the apex; rays about 2 cm. long;
pappus none.

1528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake. T. aristata Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 114. 1853 (Cerro de Aguacate, Oersted).
T. speciosa Hook. Urbanisol aristatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 371.
1891. In thickets and fields, often along streams, Meseta Central
to the Pacific coast; Guanacaste; region of San Ramon. Panama to
Mexico. A stout annual, usually 1-2 meters high, the younger
parts densely grayish-pilosulous; leaves large, broad, mostly trilobate,
the lobes caudate-acuminate, hispid-pilose on both sides; disk 2-3
cm. broad; involucre 2-seriate, the phyllaries ovate to ovate-oblong,
acute or acuminate, the outer ones with herbaceous tips, pilosulous
or glabrate; rays 2-2.5 cm. long; achenes pilose, the pappus of squa-
mellae and 2 awns.

TRIDAX L.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually low, often prostrate or pro-
cumbent; leaves opposite, dentate or incised; heads radiate, long-
pedunculate, the rays often trilobate; involucre ovoid to hemispheric,
the phyllaries subequal, few-seriate; receptacle flat or convex, palea-
ceous; achenes sericeous- villous; pappus of numerous aristate,
plumose scales. — One or two other species may reach northern
Central America.

Tridax procumbens L. Frequent in waste ground or thickets,
Pacific tierra caliente; probably also in the Atlantic tierra caliente.
Widely distributed in tropical America. Plants hirsute, branched
from the base, the branches prostrate or ascending; leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, short-petiolate, acute or acuminate,
incised-dentate, cuneate at the base; peduncles solitary, terminal,
10-30 cm. long; involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high, hispid, the inner
phyllaries elliptic, the outer lanceolate; rays almost white; achenes
2 mm. long. One of the most common weeds in many parts of the
Central American tierra caliente.

TRIXIS P. Br.

Reference: Robinson & Greenman, Revision of the Mexican and
Central American species of Trixis, Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 6-14. 1904.

Shrubs, often somewhat scandent; leaves alternate, entire or
dentate; heads yellow, cymose or paniculate; involucre double, the
outer phyllaries few, usually shorter, linear to ovate, herbaceous,
the inner ones 5-10, equal, subherbaceous; flowers all perfect and
fertile, the corollas all bilabiate; achenes subcylindric, papillose;
pappus of numerous bristles, usually brownish. — A few other species
are known to occur in Central America.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1529

Trixis divaricata (HBK.) Spreng. Reported from El General,
the determination by Blake. Unknown elsewhere in North America,
but extending southward to Argentina. A slender shrub, probably
more or less scandent; leaves sessile or nearly so, oblong-lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, subentire, attenuate-acuminate, acute at the
base, green above but sericeous, densely pale-tomentose beneath;
branches of the inflorescence flexuous, the cymes open, the heads
mostly pedicellate, 1 cm. long.

Trixis radial is (L.) Kuntze. T. frutescens P. Br. In thickets
and hedges, Meseta Central to the Pacific coast; region of San
Ramon; Guanacaste. Widely distributed in tropical America. A
shrub of 1-2.5 meters, the branches often recurved or subscandent,
glabrous or sparsely appressed-pilose; leaves narrowly lanceolate
to lance-ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, subentire, glabrous or
glabrate; inflorescence dense and leafy, the heads sessile or short-
pedicellate, 1.5-2 cm. high. One of the common, weedy shrubs in the
Pacific tierra caliente of Central America, rather showy and hand-
some when in full bloom.

VERBESINA L.

Reference: Robinson & Greenman, Synopsis of the genus Verbe-
sina, with an analytical key to the species, Proc. Amer. Acad. 34:
534-566. 1899.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves opposite or alternate, dentate
to pinnate-lobate; heads small or medium-sized, radiate or discoid,
solitary to numerous and paniculate, yellow, orange, or white; phyl-
laries about 2-seriate, usually unequal and more or less herbaceous;
rays usually fertile; achenes strongly compressed, 2- winged; pappus of
2 awns, rarely none. — Other species are found in Central America.

Verbesina Fraseri Hemsl. Hacienda La Argentina, Grecia,
825 meters, M. Valeria 580. Extending to Guatemala. Plants appar-
ently somewhat scandent, the stems broadly winged, glabrous or
glabrate; leaves scabrous, opposite, deeply pinnate-lobate; heads
large, subglobose, discoid; outer phyllaries obovate or oblanceolate,
obtuse. From Costa Rica I have seen a single sterile specimen that
seems to belong here, but it may be that it is merely an abnormal
form of V. Tonduzii.

Verbesina myriocephala Schultz Bip. Thickets, fields, and
hedges of the Meseta Central; region of San Ramon. Panama to
southern Mexico. A coarse, branched herb, 1.5-3 meters high, the
stems glabrous, usually dark purple; leaves alternate, large, deeply

1530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

pinnatifid, scabrous above, soft-pilose or rarely glabrate beneath;
heads dirty white, discoid, 8 mm. high, forming large, dense,
terminal corymbs; phyllaries narrowly oblong; achenes obscurely
winged. V. costaricensis Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 212. 1911
(Rio Virilla, San Jose", Tonduz 9833}, seems to be doubtfully if at all
distinct from V. myriocephala. Costa Rican material of this species
has been referred also to V. nicaraguensis Benth. and V. gigantea Jacq.

Verbesina Oerstediana Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoeben-
havn 1852: 96. 1853. Torilla. Southern slope of Volcan de Irazu,
2,400-2,850 meters, Oersted 8729 (photo, and duplicate of the type
in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in thickets and forest of the central
region, especially on the middle and higher slopes of the mountains;
region of San Ramon; at 1,000-2,900 meters. Endemic. A shrub
or tree, sometimes 9 meters high, with a trunk 25 cm. in diameter,
the branches pilose or subtomentose; leaves short-petiolate, lance-
oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, attenuate to the base,
pilose or glabrate above, densely or sparsely pilose beneath, rather
inconspicuously denticulate; heads bright yellow, radiate, forming
large or small, compact corymbs at the tips of the branches; in-
volucre 5 mm. high; achenes narrowly winged. Var. glabrior Blake
(Field Mus. Bot. 17: 404. 1938; oak forest, Santa Maria de Dota,
Standley 41619) is a form with less abundant and shorter pubescence
than the type. It occurs chiefly at lower elevations than typical
V. Oerstediana.

Verbesina sublobata Benth. Tora. Thickets and fields of
the Meseta Central; region of Dota; San Ramon; 1,000-1,800
meters. Extending to southern Mexico. An herb or shrub of
1-4.5 meters, the branches densely sordid-tomentose or pilose, not
winged; leaves alternate, large, deeply sinuate-lobate, very rough
above, pilose-tomentose beneath; heads very numerous, dirty white,
with short and inconspicuous rays; involucre 3 mm. high, the
phyllaries linear or oblanceolate; achenes narrowly winged.

Verbesina Tonduzii Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 42. 1904.
Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, 635 meters, Tonduz 12765. In thickets
or open, dry forest, tierra caliente, ascending to about 1,000 meters
on the Pacific slope; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Nicaragua.
A small, suffrutescent vine, the stems narrowly winged, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves opposite, ovate, 5-14 cm. long, acuminate,
unequally sinuate-dentate, narrowed to the base, rough-pubescent;
heads few, solitary at the ends of long, naked peduncles, discoid,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1531

bright orange, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; phyllaries very numerous, densely
puberulent; achenes broadly winged, 5-7 mm. long. Called Capi-
taneja in Nicaragua. Costa Rican collections have been referred
to V. Fraseri Hemsl. and V. crocata (Cav.) Less. The species is
very close to V. crocata, differing principally in leaf characters.

Verbesina turbacensis HBK. V. nicaraguensis Benth.; V.
microcephala Benth. Thickets and fields of the Meseta Central;
regions of Dota and El General; 600-1,300 meters. Mexico to
Colombia. Plants tall and coarse, herbaceous or somewhat woody,
commonly 1-3 meters high, the branches densely sordid-tomentose,
winged by the decurrent leaf bases; leaves large, alternate, deeply
pinnate-lobate, rough above, puberulent or tomentose beneath;
heads very numerous, white, forming large, corymbose panicles,
the white rays very small; involucre 3 mm. high.

VERNONIA Schreb.
Reference: Gleason, N. Amer. Fl. 33: 52-101. 1922.

Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, or woody vines; leaves
alternate, entire or dentate; heads discoid, white, pink, or blue,
mostly in scorpioid cymes, these usually panicled, the heads some-
times solitary or corymbose, 5-many-flowered ; involucre cylindric
to campanulate, the phyllaries laxly or closely imbricate in few or
numerous series, the outer ones shorter; receptacle flat or subconvex;
achenes costate or smooth, truncate; pappus biseriate, the outer
short, of scales or bristles, the inner of stiff bristles. — Other species
occur in Central America.

Vernonia argyropappa Buek. Occasional in thickets and
forest of the central region; apparently common in the region of
San Ramon; 1,000-1,800 meters. Southern Mexico to South Amer-
ica. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, 1-1.5 meters high, sparsely
branched, the branches brown-pilose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8-12
cm. long, acuminate, entire or nearly so, pilose above, strigose-
hirsute and resinous beneath; inflorescence leafy-bracted, the
branches long and slender; heads 20-30-flowered, the involucre
8-10 mm. high, the flowers bright purple; phyllaries subulate,
erect; pappus white; achenes 3 mm. long, hirsute. Costa Rican
material of this species was listed by Klatt as V. remotiflora var.
tricholepis Baker.

Vernonia brachiata Benth. in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn
1852: 67. 1853. Cana de danto, Tabaquillo. Cacalia brachiata Kuntze,

1532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Cerro de Aguacate, 600 meters, Oersted (photo.
of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Frequent in thickets and open forest
of the tierra caliente, especially the Atlantic, ascending in the
central mountains to about 1,500 meters, but rare at higher eleva-
tions; region of San Ramon; Atlantic slope of Guanacaste. Also in
northern South America. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, 1-2.5
meters high, the stems glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, elliptic,
10-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the base, entire
or serrulate, almost glabrous; branches of the inflorescence very
long and slender, leafless; heads 21-flowered, purple, the involucre
3-4 mm. high; phyllaries ciliate, acute or acuminate; achenes
sparsely hirsute; pappus brownish.

Vernonia canescens HBK. V. buttata Benth. in Oerst. Vid.
Medd. Kjoebenhavn 67. 1853 (mountains south of Cartago, 1,500
meters, Oersted 8540; photo, of type in Herb. Field Mus.). Cacalia
bullata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 969. 1891. Common in thickets of the
Meseta Central, ascending to 1,800 meters or more; region of San
Ramon; Guanacaste. Mexico to South America. A slender shrub
of 1-3 meters, sometimes somewhat scandent, the branches pubes-
cent or glabrate; leaves rather rigid, often bullate, oblong-lanceolate
to broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, rounded or obtuse at
the base, entire, rough above, densely strigose and resinous beneath;
inflorescence large and usually much branched, the bracts small
and inconspicuous; heads pink, 21-flowered, the involucre 4-5 mm.
high; phyllaries laxly villous, triangular-subulate or lanceolate,
acuminate; achenes 2 mm. long, hirsute; pappus white. A common,
weedy shrub in the central region, where it often forms extensive
thickets. Material referred by Klatt to V. mollis HBK. probably
is to be placed here.

Vernonia Lankesteri Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 106.
1925. Santa Clara de Cartago, Lankester 712. Occasional in forests
of the central region, especially in the mountains south of Cartago;
La Palma de San Jose"; chiefly at 1,500-2,500 meters. Endemic.
Plants suffrutescent, 1-3 meters high, the young branches tomentose;
leaves obovate, 12-21 cm. long, acuminate, long-attenuate to the
base, serrate, glabrate in age; heads in panicles of 4-8, about 2.5
cm. broad, rose-purple; phyllaries triangular to oblong-obovate,
with broad, obtuse or rounded, herbaceous, spreading tips; achenes
glabrous; pappus yellowish white. A showy and unusually hand-
some plant, very different in general appearance from other local
species. The heads are much larger than in other species occurring

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1533

in Costa Rica. Vernonia Salvinae Hemsl. was reported from Costa
Rica by Gleason on the basis of a specimen really referable to
V. Lankesteri.

Vernonia patens HBK. Tuete, Tuete bianco. V. pacchensis
Benth. In thickets of the tierra caliente, ascending to the region
of La Palma, about 1,400 meters. Southern Mexico to South
America. A stiff shrub of 2-3 meters, the stems puberulent or
glabrate; leaves thick and stiff, oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long,
often rugose, acuminate, narrowed to the base, entire or serrulate,
puberulent, the hairs of the lower surface very short and conic;
inflorescence large but dense, the branches short; heads 21-flowered,
the flowers white or pale pink, fragrant; involucre 4-5 mm. high, the
phyllaries appressed, subacuminate to rounded at the apex, tomen-
tose-ciliate; achenes minutely pubescent, the pappus pale brown.

Vernonia Seemanniana Steetz is reported from Costa Rica by
Gleason, but probably in error. The type locality is Volcan de
Chiriqui, Panama (not Costa Rica, as stated by Gleason), and very
likely the species is endemic there.

Vernonia stellaris Llave & Lexarza. Tuete. V. Deppeana Less.
Common in thickets or forest of the Meseta Central; region of San
Ramon; chiefly at 900-1,300 meters. Ranging to Mexico. A shrub
of 3-6 meters, the branches pubescent or tomentose; leaves oblong
to narrowly elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, acute, narrowed to rounded at
the base, entire or nearly so, rough above, tomentose beneath;
inflorescence large and much branched, the branches short; heads
white or pale pink, the flowers fragrant; involucre 3-4 mm. high,
the phyllaries erect or appressed, ovate to oblong, acute or acumi-
nate, arachnoid-ciliate; achenes pubescent, the pappus fulvous.

Vernonia triflosculosa HBK. Quitirri. Eremosis triflosculosa
Gleason. Frequent in thickets or forest about San Jos£ and in the
region of San Ramon, 1,000-2,000 meters. Panama to southern
Mexico. A shrub or tree, sometimes 6 meters high or more, the
trunk as much as 15 cm. in diameter, the crown rounded, the branches
pubescent or glabrate; leaves thin, oblanceolate to elliptic, 8-12 cm.
long, acute or acuminate, attenuate to the base, entire or nearly so,
nearly or quite glabrous; heads 3-flowered, white, in small, dense
clusters arranged in leafy panicles; involucre cylindric, pale brown,
4-5 mm. high, the phyllaries subrotund to oblong, acute, glabrous
or nearly so, minutely ciliate; achenes pubescent, the pappus white.

1534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Vernonia vernicosa Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 294. 1896.
Tuete. V. vernicosa var. comosa Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 30:
93. 1903 (Matamber, near Nicoya, Tonduz 13607). Banks of Rio
Virilla, Tonduz 7065 (9860). Frequent in thickets, region of San
Jos£ to the Pacific coast; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. En-
demic. A stout shrub of 1-2.5 meters, the branches sparsely pubes-
cent or glabrate; leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
6-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rounded at the base, entire,
strigose-hirsute or glabrate; inflorescence lax and sparsely branched,
very leafy; heads about 50-flowered, white or pale pink, fragrant;
involucre 1 cm. high, the phyllaries very numerous, appressed,
narrow, sparsely villous or glabrous; achenes hirsute; pappus white.
This species usually has been confused with V. tortuosa (L.) Blake
(V. Schiedeana Less.), a plant of Mexico and northern Central
America.

VIGUIERA HBK.

Reference: Blake, A revision of the genus Viguiera, Contr.
Gray Herb. 54: 1-205. pi 1-3. 1918.

Herbs or shrubs, usually with rough pubescence; leaves opposite,
at least the lower ones; heads small or large, yellow, radiate; invo-
lucre 2-7-seriate, the phyllaries graduated or subequal, usually with
indurate base and herbaceous tip; rays neutral; achenes thick, the
pappus persistent, of 2 awns and several free or united squamellae,
or wanting. — A few other species are known in Central America.

Viguiera strigosa Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 204. 1892.
El Rodeo, Rio Tiribi, 700 meters, Pittier 1604- Collected also at
Libano, Guanacaste, in dry forest. Endemic. Herbaceous, the
stems sparsely pilose and puberulous; leaves rhombic-ovate or lance-
ovate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, hispid-
strigose above, beneath sparsely strigillose and somewhat gland-
dotted, petiolate; heads long-pedunculate, the disk 6 mm. high,
in age 9-11 mm. thick; phyllaries 2-seriate, obovate-oblong, sparsely
strigillose, acute; achenes appressed-pilose, 3 mm. long; pappus of
2 awns and about 6 unequal squamellae.

Viguiera sylvatica Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 204. 1892.
"Massif du Barba," Carrizal, 1,900 meters, Pittier 779. Collected
also at San Ramon and in El General; Cerro de La Carpintera; region
of Dota. Panama. Herbaceous, the stems hispid-pilose; leaves
ovate, acuminate, cuneate to rounded at the base, serrate, strigillose
and short-hispid above, hispidulous-pilosulous and hispid beneath;
heads numerous, irregularly paniculate; involucre 2-seriate, 5-7 mm.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1535

high; phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, hispid-pilose;
achenes black and white, appressed-pilose, 2.6 mm. long; pappus
of 2 awns and 6 lacerate squamellae.

Viguiera tenuis Gray. Region of Boruca. Panama to Mexico.
A slender annual, 30-50 cm. high; stems strigose or strigose-hispid ;
leaves mostly opposite, sessile, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 3-6 cm.
long, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base, entire or serrulate,
strigose-pilose; disk 8-9 mm. high; involucre 2-seriate, the phyllaries
narrowly linear-lanceolate, attenuate almost from the base, canes-
cent-strigillose; achenes subsericeous, 2.5 mm. long; pappus of 2
awns and about 6 lacerate squamellae.

WEDELIA Jacq.

Erect or prostrate herbs; leaves opposite, entire or dentate,
sometimes lobate; heads small, radiate, yellow, long-pedunculate;
phyllaries about 2-seriate, the outer more or less foliaceous, recep-
tacle plane or convex, paleaceous; ray flowers pistillate, the disk
flowers perfect; achenes oblong to obovate, glabrous, pilose, or
tuberculate; pappus cupuliform, dentate, or obsolete. — A few other
species are found in Central America.

Wedelia acapulcensis HBK. Boton de oro. Frequent in
thickets or waste places, Meseta Central to the Atlantic tierra
caliente, and in the upper part of the Pacific tierra caliente. Panama
to Mexico, and perhaps ranging even more widely. Plants annual,
erect or ascending, branched, hispidulous-pilose, very rough; leaves
petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely dentate, sometimes obscurely
trilobate, acuminate; heads few, mostly solitary, long-pedunculate,
the disk 8 mm. high, the phyllaries broad, green; rays short, yellow.

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. W. carnosa L. Rich. Frequent
on or near seashores. Widely distributed in tropical America.
Plants succulent, prostrate or ascending, branched, almost glabrous,
rarely pilose, often rooting at the nodes; leaves elliptic to obovate,
obtuse or acute, dentate and often 3-lobate, sessile, cuneate at the
base; peduncles solitary in the upper leaf axils; involucre 8-12 mm.
long, the 5 phyllaries oblong-obovate, green; rays 1-1.5 cm. long;
achenes 5 mm. long, tuberculate. The species is reported for Costa
Rica by Klatt under the name W. paludosa var. vialis DC.

ZEXMENIA Llave

Reference: W. W. Jones, A revision of the genus Zexmenia, Proc.
Amer. Acad. 41: 143-167. 1905.

1536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Shrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, chiefly ovate,
serrate, petiolate; heads solitary, umbellate-cymose, or paniculate,
yellow, radiate; involucre 2-5-seriate, the phyllaries graduated or
subequal, usually ovate or oblong and with herbaceous tips; rays
fertile; receptacle paleaceous; disk achenes compressed, oblong or
obovate, acute-marginate or winged; pappus of 2-3 awns and several
usually connate squamellae, the squamellae sometimes reduced to
an entire crown or obsolete. — A few other species are found in
Central America.

Zexmenia aurantiaca Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 35: 296.
1896. Banks of Rio Virilla, 1,100 meters, Tonduz 9836 (7071).
Apparently known only from the original material. A shrub,
scabrous; leaves ovate, serrulate, acuminate, abruptly decurrent at
the base; heads terminal, solitary or in 3's, 1-1.5 cm. high; involucre
biseriate, the outer phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, densely pubescent;
achenes 4-5 mm. long, with plumose awns and several unequal,
aristiform squamellae.

Zexmenia frutescens (Mill.) Blake. Z. costaricensis Benth.
in Oerst. Vid. Medd. Kjoebenhavn 1852: 95. 1853. In thickets,
Meseta Central to the Atlantic tierra caliente; upper part of the
Pacific tierra caliente; region of San Ramon. Panama to southern
Mexico. A shrub or tree, sometimes 8 meters high, the branches
pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate,
cuneate at the base, serrate, rough above, almost glabrous to strigose
or hispidulous beneath; heads numerous, in umbelliform cymes,
long-pedicellate; involucre 7-12 mm. high, the phyllaries few-seriate,
subequal, usually oblong and obtuse, glabrate or densely pubescent.
Z. frutescens var. villosa (Polak.) Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 50.
1917 (Z. villosa Polak. Linnaea 41: 579. 1877; Z. costaricensis var.
mllosa Blake, Journ. Bot. 53: 14. 1915; type from San Jose", Pola-
kowsky Jf66) is a more densely pubescent form, common in Costa Rica.

Zexmenia iners Blake. Thickets and forest of the Atlantic
tierra caliente. Salvador. Plants annual, erect or decumbent, the
stems hirsutulous and hispid; leaves petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate,
3-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate,
hispid; heads solitary; involucre 6-8 mm. high, the phyllaries
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, hispid-ciliate;
ligules only 3-3.5 mm. long; achenes 5.5 mm. long, winged; pappus
a lacerate corona and 2 short awns.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1537

Zexmenia longipes Benth. Aspilia costaricensis Klatt, Bull.
Soc. Bot. Belg. 34: 286. 1896. Thickets of the Pacific tierra caliente,
ascending to the region of Escazu; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste.
Nicaragua. A coarse, much branched herb, 1-1.5 meters high,
the stems hispid; leaves ovate or broadly ovate, 3-15 cm. long,
acuminate, serrate, petiolate, strigose above, hirsute- villous beneath;
peduncles elongate, mostly solitary, hirsute; heads about 1 cm. high;
involucre 2-3-seriate, narrow, the phyllaries lanceolate, hirsute;
achenes conspicuously 2-winged; disk achenes hirsute. Costa Rican
material was referred incorrectly by Klatt to Zexmenia hispida
(HBK.) Gray, a Mexican species.

Zexmenia Pittieri Greenm. ex W. W. Jones, Proc. Amer. Acad.
41: 156. 1905. In forest, Tsaki, Talamanca, 200 meters, Pittier
9565. Apparently known only from the original material. Stems
strigillose; leaves elliptic-oblong, 10-15 cm. long, short-acuminate,
rounded or obtuse at the base, remotely denticulate, hirtellous,
short-petiolate; heads 6-8 mm. high, forming a terminal, corymbose
panicle; involucre 3-seriate, the phyllaries 3-4 mm. long, appressed-
hirtellous; ligules small and inconspicuous; achenes glabrous, ciliate.

Zexmenia virgulta Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31: 203. 1892.
Rio San Pedro, between El General and Buenos Aires, Pittier 3711.
Frequent in forest or thickets, mountains about the Meseta Central
to the Atlantic coast, and in the upper part of the Pacific tierra
caliente; region of San Ramon; Guanacaste. Ranging to Guate-
mala. A shrub or small tree, often subscandent, as much as 6
meters long, the branches fuscous-hirsute; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or lance-oblong, coriaceous, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, acute to
rounded at the base, serrate or almost entire, strigose above, villous
beneath; heads corymbose, long-pedicellate, 1 cm. high; involucre
campanulate, 1-2 cm. broad; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate,
foliaceous, spreading or reflexed; achenes winged.

ZINNIA L.

Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs; leaves opposite, entire
or remotely serrate, usually narrow and sessile; heads large or
medium-sized, radiate, variously colored; ray flowers pistillate, the
rays persistent upon the achene; receptacle conic, paleaceous;
phyllaries firm, obtuse, appressed, imbricate in several series;
achenes 3-angulate or compressed; pappus of a few awns or teeth. —
One species of the genus may be native in northern Central America.
Several are found in Mexico.

1538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Zinnia elegans Jacq. San Rafael, Matrimonio. Planted
commonly in gardens for ornament. Probably native of Mexico.
A tall and rather coarse annual; heads often "double," variable in
color, white to purple, pink, red, and yellow.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Wherever the locality name Jaris occurs in the text it should
appear without an accent — not Jaris.

Page 46. In line 3 the year should be 1846, not 1864.

Page 66. After Potamogeton foliosus insert the following genus:

ZANNICHELLIA L.

The genus is represented in North America by a single species.

Zannichellia palustris L. Estero al sur del Penon de Los
Loros, Pacific coast, Brenes 22682. Generally distributed in both
hemispheres. A slender, aquatic plant, growing in fresh or brackish
water; leaves linear, almost capillary, 2-10 cm. long; flowers mon-
oecious, with 1 stamen, axillary, enclosed at first in a hyaline, decid-
uous spathe; mature fruit a stipitate, smooth or muricate nutlet.

Page 67. Before Echinodorus tenellus insert the following species:

Echinodorus subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. Colorado de Goto,
M. Valeria 1389. Guianas and Brazil. A rather stout and coarse
herb; leaves long-petiolate, the blades lanceolate or elliptic-oblong,
10-20 cm. long, acute at each end, 5-nerved; scapes erect, bearing
8-12 whorls of short-pedicellate, white flowers. The species is,
apparently, new for the Central American flora.

Page 72. Cenchrus echinatus. Like other species of the genus,
called Abrojo in Costa Rica.

Page 102. The species listed as Fimbristylis diphylla should be
called Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. See Kew Bull. 150. 1935.

Page 103. After Rynchospora armerioides insert:

Rynchospora barbata (Vahl) Kunth. Buenos Aires, 480
meters, M. Valeria 880. The species is a savanna plant, and has a
wide range in Central America and northern South America.

Page 122. Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. Mr. C. H. Lankester
writes that in northern Sarapiqui this palm is called Silico.

1539

1540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 146. Before Spirodela insert:

LEMNA L.

Several species of the genus are known from Central America.

Lemna minima Phil. Finca Canada, Turrialba, Manuel
Quirds 775. Like most other members of the genus, a species of
wide distribution.

Lemna perpusilla Torr. Manuel Quirds 750, without locality.
A species of wide distribution in America.

Page 147. The proper citation for the single species of Paepa-
lanthus is as follows: Paepalanthus costaricensis Moldenke ex
Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 18: 147. Oct., 1937, nomen; Moldenke, N.
Amer. Fl. 19: 38. Nov. 27, 1937.

Page 169. Before Gloriosa insert the following:

Excremis scabra Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2: 316. 1898. This
species was based upon a specimen collected by Kuntze in Bolivia,
and another from Costa Rica, Polakowsky 461. I have seen no
Costa Rican material referable to the genus. If the Polakowsky
plant is really an Excremis, probably it was found in cultivation.

After Gloriosa insert:

HEMEROCALLIS L.

Hemerocallis fulva L. Cultivated at Zarcero and also natural-
ized in some localities, Austin Smith A5. Native of Europe and Asia.

Page 170. Before Sabadilla insert:

ORNITHOGALUM L.

Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. Zarcero, Austin Smith; culti-
vated in gardens for ornament, and spreading rapidly by self-sown
seeds. Native of South Africa.

In place of Nothoscordum bivalve substitute the name Notho-
scordum fragrans (Vent.) Kunth. N. bivalve is a distinct species,
not known to occur in Costa Rica.

Page 189. Before Languas insert:

KAEMPFERIA L.

All species of the genus are natives of Asia and the East Indies.

Kaempferia rotunda L. In cultivation at Zarcero, Austin
Smith H611. Native of the East Indies. Mr. Smith states that

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1541

the rhizome was brought from nearby woodland, and it may be
that the plant has escaped from earlier cultivation. It is note-
worthy for its habit of growth. At time of flowering, no leaves
are present, but the few large flowers arise from the rootstock and
appear just above the ground. They are orchid-like in appearance,
and show a beautiful combination of white and violet.

Page 211. Dichaea Bradeorum is to be reduced to synonymy
under D. Morrisii (page 212). See Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 6: 7. 1938.

Page 212. After Dichaea echinocarpa insert:

Dichaea gracillima Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
5: 98. 1938. Piedades de San Ramon, 1,100 meters, Brenes 1459.
Known only from the type.

Under Dichaea muricata are to be listed as synonyms D. ovatipetala
(page 212) and D. similis and D. verrucosa (page 213). See Schwein-
furth, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6: 9. 1938.

After Dichaea poicillantha insert:

Dichaea Powellii Schlechter. A synonym of this is D. Brenesii
Schlechter (page 211). The species occurs also in Panama.

Page 214.. Before Elleanthus laxus insert:

Elleanthus Jimenezii (Schlechter) Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 5: 38. 1937. Epilyna Jimenezii Schlechter (see page
230). The generic name Epilyna becomes a synonym of Elleanthus.

Page 222. Epidendrum notabile. Collected also at La Palma,
1,500 meters, M. Valeria 2480. See Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 6: 4. 1938.

Page 224.. Before Epidendrum paranthicum insert:

Epidendrum pansamalae Schlechter. La Fuente, 1,200
meters, Alfaro 217. Also in Guatemala. See Schweinfurth, Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 5: 144. 1938.

Before Epidendrum platy stigma insert:

Epidendrum pinniferum Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 5: 92. 1938. Matamba, between Pirris and San Jeronimo,
A. Brade 335. Known only from the type.

1542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 246. Af ter Liparis fratrum insert:

Liparis tipuloides (Lindl.) Schlechter. A synonym is L.
eustachys Schlechter. The species occurs also in Colombia. See
Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6: 2. 1938.

Page 249. After Malaxis macrostachya insert:

Malaxis nana Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 5:
89. 1938. Forests of San Pedro de Ramon, 850 meters, Brenes 1301.
Cerro de San Isidro de San Ramon, 1,175 meters, Brenes 1334.
Endemic.

Page 255. After Maxillaria caespitifica insert:

Maxillaria campanulata Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 5: 94. 1938. El Tablazo(?), Salvador Jimenez C. 315. Known
only from the original material.

Page 263. Oncidium cabagrae. To the synonymy of this
species add 0. Rechingerianum (page 266).

Page 266. Oncidium obryzatoides. To the synonymy of this
species add 0. fulgens Schlechter (page 264) and 0. Brenesii Schlechter
(page 263). See Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
6: 6. 1938.

Page 277. After Pleurothallis Johannis add :

Pleurothallis lanceola Spreng. Collected in Costa Rica by
Skutch (No. 3290). Also in Jamaica.

Page 278. After Pleurothallis melanopus insert:

Pleurothallis membraniflora Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 5: 91. 1938. San Pedro de San Ramon, Brenes 20571 .
Known only from the type.

Page 284. After Pleurothallis trachytheca insert:

Pleurothallis triangulabia Schweinf. Palmira de Alfaro Ruiz,
1,740 meters, Austin Smith A128. Also in Panama.

After Pleurothallis uncinata insert:

Pleurothallis Urbaniana Reichenb. f. A synonym of this
is P. divexa Ames (page 275). The species occurs in Panama and
West Indies.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1543

Page 286. After Ponthieva racemosa insert:

Ponthieva Tuerckheimii Schlechter. A synonym is P. graci-
lispica Schlechter (page 286). See Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 6: 1. 1938.

Page 293. After Sobralia pleiantha insert:

Sobralia undatocarinata Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv.
Univ. 6 : 197. 1938. La Estrella de Cartago, Brenes 206. La Palma de
San Jose", 1,500 meters, M. Valeria 2412. Endemic.

Page 295. Stanhopea costaricensis. The local name is
Torito.

Stanhopea ecornuta. A local name is Flor de vaca.

Page 299. After Stelis persimilis insert:

Stelis planipetala Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6:
13. pi. 1938. Vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jos<§, 1,130 meters,
Skutch 2825. Known only from the type.

After Stelis Sanchoi insert:

Stelis Skutchii Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6: 17.
pi. 1938. Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, 1,500-1,750 meters, Skutch
3126. Known only from the type.

Page 301. Before Telipogon Biolleyi insert:

Telipogon ampliflorus Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 6: 34. 1938. Near Laguna de La Escuadra, northeast of El
Copey, Prov. San Jose", 2,000-2,200 meters, Standley 42021. Known
only from the type.

Page 302. After Telipogon Pfavii insert:

Telipogon setosus Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 6:
28. pi. 1938. Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, 1,500-1,750 meters, Skutch
3246.

Page 308. After Peperomia atirroana insert :

Peperomia Austini Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modice parva
essentialiter glabra caespitosa truncicola, caule gracili; folia alterna
subrhombeo-ovata vel inferiora rotundata subacuta, basi acuta,
2 2.5 cm. longa 1-1.5 cm. lata, trinervia coriacea, supra rubescentia,

1544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

subtus pallidiora, petiolo 5 mm. longo amplexicauli-decurrente;
spicae terminates et ex axillis superioribus 50-80 mm. longae 1 mm.
crassae, pseudopedicellis conicis, pedunculo 5 mm. longo. — Palmira,
1,740 meters, Austin Smith A147 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Pag z 312. After Peperomia defracta insert:

Peperomia defrenata Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva simplex
erecta glabra, caule graciti plus minusve geniculato; folia alterna
lanceolato-elliptica utrinque subacuta, vix 15 mm. longa atque
5 mm. lata, trinervia, coriacea, subtus pallidiora; petiolus 3 mm.
longus; spicae terminales in statu juvenili 20 mm. longae 2 mm.
crassae, pedunculo gracili aequilongo. — Pejivalle, Prov. Cartago,
M. Valeria A70 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

After Peperomia delicatissima insert:

Peperomia delicatissima Trelease, var. venusta Trelease,
var. nov. — Herba delicata repens, foliis superne sparse longiciliatis
exceptis glabra, caule filiformi; folia alterna rotundata vel oblata,
interdum emarginulata, acuta, basi obtusa, vix 3 mm. longa, per-
obscure ca. 3-nervia, petiolo filiformi.— San Pedro de San Ramon,
Brenes 22567 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 315. After Peperomia gallitoensis insert:

Peperomia Garrapatilla Trelease, sp. nov. — Garrapatilla.
Herba subparva erecta compacte ramosa fere ubique longivelutina,
caule basin versus crasso (4 mm.) striato; folia congesta ad nodum
ca. 4, elliptica, utrinque subobtusa vel apice subemarginulata, vix
6 mm. longa atque 3 mm. lata, in sicco valde coriacea, 1-nervia,
subtus valde granulosa, petiolo vix 1 mm. longo; inflorescentia non
visa. — San Marcos de Tarrazu, M. Valerio A21 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.).

Page 31 7. After Peperomia longibacca insert :

Peperomia Manueli Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba modice alta
simplex erecta glabra, caule 2-4 mm. crasso inferne nudo; folia ad
nodum ca. 3 lanceolata utrinque aequaliter acutata, ca. 20 mm.
longa atque 6 mm. lata, trinervia coriacea, petiolo 5 mm. longo;
spicae axillares subnumerosae ca. 30 mm. longae atque 2 mm. crassae
densiflorae, pedunculo 10-15 mm. longo.— Vara Blanca, 1,800 meters,
Manuel Valerio 1615 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1545

Page 318. After Peperomia muscisedens insert:

Peperomia muscotecta Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva fere
glabra in truncis muscosis repens, caulibus brevibus foliosis fili-
formibus; folia ad nodum ca. 4 suboblonga obtusa, basi acuta, vix
5 mm. longa atque 2 mm. lata, coriacea, revoluta, 1-nervia, apicem
versus ciliata, petiolo vix 1 mm. longo; spicae terminales et ex axillis
superioribus nascentes, 15 mm. longae 1 mm. crassae, pedunculo
5-10 mm. longo. — Vara Blanca, Sarapiqui, 1,800 meters, Skutch
3369 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

Page 31 9. After Peperomia niveo-punctulata insert:

Peperomia nudinodis Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
patens truncicola, caule 2-4 mm. crasso, in sicco fusco, primo minute
puberulo; folia ad nodum 3-5, inferne reducta vel caduca, rhombeo-
ovata vel sublanceolata subacuta basi acuta, 10-15 cm. longa 8-10
cm. lata, coriacea, subtus pallidiora atque salienter 5-nervia, petiolo
ca. 3 mm. longo; spicae numerosae axillares 50-70 mm. longae 1 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 15-25 mm. longo. — Brisa de Zarcero, 2,300 meters,
Austin Smith H407 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 322. After Peperomia pothifolia insert:

Peperomia praecox Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba parva aberrans
glabra, secus stolonem acaulescenti-caespitosa; folia elliptica breviter
acuminata, basi rotundata vel obscure cordulata, 3-5 cm. longa,
2-2.5 cm. lata, e tertio infimo multiplinervia, valde coriacea, subtus
purpurascentia, petiolo gracili ca. 2 cm. longo; spicae apice scapi
1-bracteati 3 cm. longi geminatae, in statu juvenili 20 mm. longae 1
mm. crassae. — Pejivalle, M. Valerio A5 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).
Obviously a reduced form of the caulescent series of P. longebacca.

Page 323. After Peperomia queserana insert:

Peperomia Quirosi Trelease, sp. nov. — Ut videtur herba parva
adsurgens glabra monticola, caule gracillimo; folia alterna reniformi-
cordata, apice rotundata vel obtuse protracta, 3-5 cm. longa atque
aequilata, 7-nervia, in sicco tenuia pellucida, petiolo filiformi laminae
aequilongo vel longiore; spicae terminales (vel sympodiales?) 60
mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo brevissimo. — Carrillos de
Poas, Prov. Alajuela, M. Quirds 7 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Peperomia quotifolia Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
sed gracilis plus minusve caespitosa fere glabra truncicola, caule

1546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

paullo ramoso 1-2 mm. crasso fuscescente; folia opposita vel ternata
quadrato-ovata et utrinque obtusa vel magis elongata, apice protracta
atque basi acuta, 2.5-3 cm. longa 1.5-2 cm. lata, subtus trinervia
granulosa, petiolo 3 mm. longo; spicae axillares 50 mm. longae 2 mm.
crassae, pedunculo 10-15 mm. longo. — Zarcero, 1,350 meters, Austin
Smith H272 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 325. After Peperomia sessilifolioides insert:

Peperomia setosispica Trelease, sp. nov. — Herba majuscula
caespitosa subsimplex glabra, caule gracili; folia vulgo ternata vel
quaternata lanceolata obtuse longiattenuata, basi acuta, 20-25
mm. longa 8 mm. lata, opaca crassa trinervia, petiolo 1-2 mm. longo;
spicae terminales et ex axillis superioribus 20-60 mm. longae 2 mm.
crassae ob pseudipedicellos squarrosis, pedunculo filiformi 15 mm.
longo. — Canyon of Rio Reventazon, near Santiago, 740 meters,
C. W. Dodge, May 23, 1930 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 332. After Piper auritum insert :

Piper Austin! Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 3-metralis laxe ramosus
glaber, internodiis gracilibus breviusculis in sicco fuscescentibus;
folia lanceolato-elliptica anguste acuminata, basi acuta latere altero
paullo breviore, 12-16 cm. longa 4.5-6 cm. lata, e medio inferiore
pinnatinervia, nervis 4+5, in sicco opaca, subtus paullo pallidiora,
petiolo 10+2-3 mm. longo; spicae in sicco viso 40-60 mm. longae
3 mm. crassae subacutae, pedunculo 10 mm. longo; bracteae parvae
subpeltatae undulato-zonatae. — Near Tapesco de Zarcero, 2,000
meters, Austin Smith H435 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Piper Austini var. aequilaterum Trelease, var. nov. — Folia
basi aequilateraliter subacuta, lanceolato-elongata, vix 14 cm. longa;
spicae 75 mm. longae, pedunculo 15 mm. longo. — Zapote de San
Carlos, 1,600 meters, Austin Smith H860 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 353. After Piper pentagonum insert:

Piper percome Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex nodosus ramosus
glaber, internodiis floriferis gracilibus breviusculis; folia lanceolato-
ovata sensim obtuso-acuminata, basi aequilateraliter rotundata,
8-13 cm. longa 3.5-5 cm. lata, e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinnatinervia,
nervis 4-5X2, in sicco coriacea, petiolo 5-10 mm. longo; spicae 30
mm. longae 3 mm. crassae, pedunculo 5 mm. longo. — San Ramon,
Brenes 283 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1547

Page 360. Before Piper san-marcosanum insert:

Piper san-luisense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex 4-metralis nervis
foliorum subtus obscure subvelutinis exceptis glaber, internodiis
brevibus crassiusculis; folia elliptica usque ovata subacuta, basi
paullo inaequilateraliter rotundata vel inferiora subtruncata, 14-20
cm. longa 8-12 cm. lata, e medio inferiore multiplinervia, nervis
5x2, in sicco chartacea, petiolo 2 cm. longo; spicae 75-85 mm. longae
3-6 mm. crassae acutae, pedunculo ca. 5 mm. longo. — San Luis de
Zarcero, 1,600 meters, Austin Smith H573 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Before Piper scalpens insert:

Piper san-rafaelense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex, ramis crassis,
internodiis brevibus rigido-villosis; folia elliptica acuta, basi valde
inaequilateraliter auriculata, auricula altera obsoleta, altera petiolo
longiore, 22 cm. longa et 11 cm. lata vel majora, e medio inferiore
pinnatinervia, nervis 5X7, rugosa, nervis venisque subtus rigido-
pilosis, petiolo 3 cm. longo piloso; spicae 300 mm. longae 10-15 mm.
crassae, pedunculo crasso 3 cm. longo. — San Rafael de San Ramon,
Brenes 22019 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 365. After Piper talamancanum insert :

Piper tapantiense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex(?) nervis foliorum
subtus subtomentulosis exceptis glaber, internodiis modice gracilibus
atque elongatis; folia elliptica breviter acuminata basi aequilatera-
liter rotundata vel subcordulata, 15-18 cm. longa 8-10 cm. lata, e
medio inferiore pinnatinervia, nervis 5x2, petiolo 1-2 cm. longo;
spicae 25 mm. longae 4 mm. crassae acutatae, pedunculo 10-15 mm.
longo; stigmata recurva, stylo brevi. — Tapanti, 1,300 meters,
Manuel Valeria 1607 (type in Herb: Field Mus.).

Page 368. After Piper vallicolum insert:

Piper varablancanum Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber 4.5
m. altus, internodiis floriferis breviusculis subgracilibus; folia lanceo-
lata falcato-acuminata, ad basin inaequilaterali-acutam angustata,
20 cm. longa 6-7 cm. lata, e medio vel e 2 tertiis inferioribus pinna-
tinervia, nervis 5x2, chartacea, utrinque lucida, petiolo 1 cm. longo;
spicae 90-100 mm. longae 3 mm. crassae obtusissimae, pedunculo
1.5 cm. longo; bracteae rotundato- vel transverso-subpeltatae, mar-
gine lato pallidiore lanato. — In forest, Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui,
1,500-1,750 meters, Skutch 3205 (type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).

1548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 370. After Piper zacatense insert :

Piper zarceroense Trelease, sp. nov. — Frutex glaber vix 2-
metralis, internodiis floriferis breviusculis graciusculis; folia ovata
acuminata basi subtruncate vel breviter cordata 16-19 cm. longa
11-12 cm. lata, e medio inferiore multiplinervia, nervis 5x2, in sicco
subtenuia viridia, petiolo 5-6 mm. longo exalato; spicae 100 mm.
longae atque 4 mm. crassae vel ultra, pedunculo 15 mm. longo.—
Zarcero, 1,350 meters, Austin Smith H49 (type in Herb. Field Mus.).

Page 392. Before Trophis macrostachya Donn. Smith insert:

Trophis chorizantha Standl. Skutchia caudata Pax & Hoffm.
in Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 307. 1937 (near El General,
950 meters, Skutch 2383}. Honduras and British Honduras. A tree,
up to 18 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, smooth to the touch,
lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong, abruptly falcate-acuminate,
acute at the base, entire, glabrous; flower spikes much interrupted,
the flowers few, distant.

Page 396. After Pilea parietaria insert :

Pilea phenacoides Killip, sp. nov. — Suffrutescens; stipulae
persistentes; folia late ovata, abrupte caudato-acuminata, ad basin
late cuneata, longipetiolata, grosse serrata, membranacea, plana,
supra strigillosa, subtus glaberrima, nigropunctata, cystolithis
linearibus; flores masculi in capitulis densis axillaribus sessilibus,
perigonii segmentis in parte superiore subulatis.

Plant suffrutescent, up to 1.5 meters high, the stem erect, rather
slender, mahogany-red, finely pilosulous, especially toward the apex;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, acu-
minate, membranous, glabrous, bearing linear cystoliths on the out-
side, persistent; leaves of a node similar and subequal, broadly ovate,
7-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, abruptly caudate-acuminate, broadly
cuneate at the base, long-petiolate (petioles 1.5-5 cm. long, slender,
those of a node unequal), coarsely serrate except at the very base,
triplinerved (lateral nerves arising very near the base and extending
to the upper fifth of the blade), membranous, flat, the upper surface
dark green, strigillose with rather numerous long, hyaline hairs and
bearing slender, short, linear cystoliths, the under surface paler,
glabrous, densely covered with slightly coarser and longer, linear
cystoliths, and in addition black-punctate; plants dioecious, the
staminate flowers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters 5-6 mm. wide,

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1549

the perianth about 1.5 mm. in diameter, the segments with a long,
filiform tip; pistillate inflorescence unknown. — Type in the U. S.
National Herbarium, No. 1,745,449, collected in the vicinity of
Zarcero, Costa Rica, at an altitude of about 1,400 meters, Sept. 22,
1937, Austin Smith AW. Duplicate in Herb. Field Mus. The
general appearance of these herbarium specimens suggests P. hyalina,
a low, annual, monoecious herb, with very different staminate
flowers.

Page 408. After Struthanthus polystachyus insert:

OPILIACEAE

The family is represented in Central America by a single genus.

AGONANDRA Miers

At least one other species is known from Central America.

Agonandra obtusif olia Standl. Los Loros, Pacific coast, Brenes
22481. Mexico. A shrub or small tree with stout, pale branches;
leaves alternate, short-petiolate, narrowly oblong to ovate, 2-5 cm.
long, obtuse or subacute, entire, cuneate at the base, glabrous;
flowers small, greenish, in bracteate, axillary racemes, dioecious;
calyx minute, 4-5-lobate; staminate flowers with 4-5 narrow petals;
stamens 4-5, exserted; pistillate flowers apetalous, with an urceolate
disk surrounding the ovary; fruit fleshy, drupaceous, yellow, about
8 mm. long. The Costa Rican material is incomplete, and its deter-
mination somewhat questionable, at least as regards the species, but
it is probably referable here.

Before Heisteria insert the following genus:

CHAUNOCHITON Benth.

Large trees; calyx small, 5-dentate, in fruit very greatly enlarged
and rotate, thin; petals 5, very narrow, linear-spatulate, pilose within
for almost their whole length; disk small; stamens 5, inserted oppo-
site the petals and almost equaling them, the filaments filiform;
anthers small, almost globose; ovary elongate, 2-celled; drupe more
or less pentagonous, 1-celled. — The other species of the genus are
South American.

Chaunochiton Kappleri (Sagot) Ducke. MangliUo. Valle del
Hur, Rio Diquis, 600 meters, Tonduz & Pittier 11948. Guianas and
Amazonian Brazil. A tree of 12-15 meters, the trunk 20-25 cm. in
diameter; leaves small, elliptic, short-petiolate, glabrous, acute or
obtuse, obtuse or acute at the base and often short-decurrent; petals

1550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

about 1 cm. long; fruiting calyx commonly 6-8 cm. broad, scarcely
lobate. Dr. H. Sleumer has kindly supplied the writer with the
data regarding the occurrence of this genus in Costa Rica.

Page 409. Before Schoepfia vacciniiflora insert:

Schoepfia Schreberi Gmel. Los Loros, Pacific coast, Brenes
22^82. Mexico to West Indies and northern South America. A
shrub or small tree; leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute,
mostly 2-3.5 cm. wide, bright green; flowers yellow or greenish, the
perianth 4-parted, 4-5 mm. long, the lobes half as long as the tube
or longer.

Page 412. Aristolochia pilosa HBK. Sometimes known by
the name Canastilla.

Page 414- Goccoloba floribunda. Additional local names are
Papaturro rastrero and Gateador.

Page 415. After Polygonum acuminatum insert:

Polygonum aviculare L. Tierra Blanca, J. M. Orozco 302.
Doubtless introduced from Europe.

Page 421. After Iresine angustifolia insert:

Iresine arrecta Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex scandens usque 6 m.
longus, caulibus crassiusculis plus minusve angulatis glabris vel
tantum ad nodos compacte tomentosis, internodiis ut videtur
valde elongatis, ramis angulo recto ut dicitur divergentibus; folia
modica petiolata herbacea, petiolo gracili usque 3 cm. longo glabro
vel glabrato; lamina oblongo-lanceolata 4.5-10 cm. longa 1.5-3.5
cm. lata longe sensim attenuato-acuminata, acumine ipso saepe
obtuso vel anguste rotundato, basi rotundata vel truncata atque
breviter abrupte decurrens, glabra, subtus paullo pallidior, flores
ut videtur monoeci in spiculas dense multifloras 5-8 mm. longas
ca. 5 mm. latas dispositi; spiculae sessiles vel breviter pedicellatae
numerosissimae paniculam laxam ca. 30 cm. longam et 15 cm.
latam nudam vel basi tantum foliosam efformantes; bracteae pallide
brunnescentes hyalinae apiculatae late obtusae floribus paullo
breviores; sepala floris feminei ca. 1.6 mm. longa viridescentia
obtusa superne glabra basi dense lanuginosa leviter nervosa. —
Zarcero, 1,650 meters, in semi-shade of forest, Austin Smith Hi 49
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). Also No. 617 from the same locality.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1551

Page 423, After Pleuropetalum Sprucei insert:

Pleuropetalum Standleyi Suessenguth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 44:
41. 1938. Tilaran, Guanacaste, 500-650 meters, Standley & Valeria
44553. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, about 9 cm. long and 3 cm. wide,
acuminate, contracted to the petiole; inflorescences spikelike, many-
flowered, the rachis zigzag, the flowers 3-5 mm. apart; sepals 3-4
mm. long, fuscous, striate.

Page 431. Before Scleranthus insert:

LYCHNIS L.

Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. Cultivated for ornament in
gardens at Zarcero, and also naturalized, Austin Smith. Native of
Europe.

Page 438. Before Hyperbaena panamensis insert the following
species:

Hyperbaena leptobotryosa (Donn. Smith) Standl. Field Mus.
Bot. 18: 618. 1937. Phyllanthus leptobotryosus Donn. Smith, Bot.
Gaz. 54: 241. 1912.> H. isophylla Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 12.
1930 (based upon the same collection as H. leptobotryosa). Santo
Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Prov. Puntarenas, Tonduz 7232 (Donnell
Smith gives the number as 7332). Also in Guatemala. Leaves
petiolate, coriaceous, lustrous, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, 10-
13 cm. long, acuminate, acute and often unequal at the base, entire,
pinnate-nerved, the lateral nerves about 6 pairs, ascending at an
acute angle; staminate panicles lax and many-flowered, the almost
filiform branches puberulent, the flowers scarcely 1 mm. in diameter.

Page 446. After Myristicaceae insert: The American Myristi-
caceae have been monographed recently by A. C. Smith, Brittonia
2: 393. 1938.

Page 447. Before Virola Koschnyi insert:

Virola guatemalensis (Hemsl.) Warb. El Rosario de Orosi,
1,120 meters, Pittier 16628. Guatemala to Panama. A tree of 20
meters or more, the young branchlets ferruginous-tomentellous or
cinereous-puberulent, soon glabrate; leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong,
13-25 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, acuminate or cuspidate, attenuate
to broadly obtuse at the base, glabrous or nearly so, the lateral nerves
14-21 pairs; seeds 2-2.5 cm. long.

1552 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 452. Kostermans, who has recently monographed this
group of Lauraceae, reduces Misanteca to synonymy under Licaria
Aubl. Misanteca Pittieri and M. costaricensis he places as synonyms
under Licaria limbosa (Ruiz & Pavon) Kostermans, Recueil Trav.
Bot. Ne'er!. 34: 585. 1937. The species ranges from Costa Rica to
Venezuela and Bolivia.

Page 452. After Misanteca Pittieri insert:

Licaria Gufodontisii Kostermans, Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne'er!.
34: 591. 1937. Peninsula de Osa, near Puerto Jime'nez, Cufodontis
187. A small tree, the branchlets glabrous; leaves elliptic, 8-12
cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, short-acute at the
base, glabrous; panicles axillary and sub terminal, lax, many-flowered,
pyramidal, 5-11 cm. long, the flowers subumbellate, the glabrous
pedicels 3-5 mm. long; flowers glabrous, 1.5 mm. long.

Page 457. . After Per sea americana insert:

Persea Austin -Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor, ramulis
crassis nodosis dense foliatis angulatis vel sulcatis sat dense brunneo-
tomentosis, internodiis brevissimis; folia inter minora petiolata
rigide coriacea, petiolo crassissimo usque 1 cm. longo brunneo-
tomentoso; lamina rotundato-ovalis vel suborbicularis 5.5-7 cm.
longa 4.5-5 cm. lata apice late rotundata basi rotundata vel late
rotundata, interdum breviter abrupte in petiolum contracta, supra
brunneo-olivacea lucida fere glabra sed ut videtur in statu juvenili
sparse tomentella, nervis obviis sed non elevatis, subtus glauca sal-
tern ad costam nervosque laxe tomentosa, costa crassiuscula elevata,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere 3-4 elevatis solemniter arcuatis,
venulis ultimis minute reticulatis prominulis; paniculae axillares
laxe vel dense multiflorae folia aequantes longipedunculatae breviter
ramosae, ramis laxe sordido-tomentosis, pedicellis crassis brevibus
tomentellis; perianthium 3 mm. longum extus brunneo-tomentellum,
segmentis ovalibus obtusissimis subaequalibus; ovarium late ovoid-
eum glabrum.— Palmira, Canton de Alfaro Ruiz, Prov. Alajuela,
April, 1937, Austin Smith 4168 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Regard-
ing this tree, Mr. Smith supplies the following notes: Growing in a
little swale at edge of forest, in sunny position and clay loam, east
exposure; bark obscure gray, thick and corky; base of trunk 2 meters
in diameter, the main trunk dead and broken off, two side trunks
persisting, these 20 cm. in diameter; tree 9 meters high, the expanse

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1553

the same; bud cluster yellowish; open flowers dull yellow-brown;
leaves moderately lustrous on the upper surface. A rather rare but
notable tree here.

Page 1+61. After Hernandia sonora insert the following species:

Hernandia stenura Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli crassi plus
minusve sulcati et obtuse angulati, primo dense minute adpresso-
tomentulosi, internodiis brevibus; folia modica longipetiolata,
petiolo gracili 5-6 cm. longo sparse puberulo-tomentello vel gla-
brato; lamina ovata vel ovato-elliptica 15-25 cm. longa 7-11.5 cm.
lata, basi anguste rotundata, apice acuta vel acuminata atque in
caudam 2-3.5 cm. longam linearem apice obtusam sensim protracta,
supra glabra in sicco fusca, costa nervisque non elevatis, sublucida,
subtus pallida ubique densissime minute verruculoso-papillosa,
basi trinervia, costa elevata utroque latere nervos 4-5 graciles
prominentes angulo semirecto adscendentes fere rectos emittente,
venis prominulis remotis laxe reticulatis; bracteae obovato-oblongae
utrinque dense cinereo-tomentellae ca. 9 mm. longae, 4 mm. latae,
apice rotundatae; perianthii segmenta utrinque dense tomentella
5 mm. longa. — Cataratas de San Ramon, March-April, 1931,
Brenes 13655 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). The available material
consists of numerous detached leaves and a few fragments of inflo-
rescence, insufficient for a complete description. However, the leaf
form is so striking, especially in the very long and narrow acumina-
tion, that there can be little doubt that the material represents a
quite distinct species of Hernandia.

Page 465. Nasturtium mexicanum. 0. E. Schulz (Repert.
Sp. Nov. 34: 132-133. 1933) has recently discussed this species in
a monographic account of the genus. He considers N. plebejum
Polak. a distinct species, with a range from Mexico to Costa Rica.
To N. mexicanum he assigns a similar range, and records it also
from Costa Rica. In N. mexicanum the petals are shorter than
the sepals; in N. plebejum they equal or exceed the sepals. There
are also supposed differences in the number of ovules. Since the
two forms have the same range, and are said to differ in such prob-
ably variable characters, it seems of very doubtful propriety to con-
sider N. plebejum more than a form or variety of N. mexicanum.

Page 467. Before Capparis discolor insert:

Capparis Brenesii Standl., sp. nov. — Fruticosa omnino glabra,
ramulis crassis plus minusve obtuse angulatis; folia majuscula

1554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

longipetiolata firme membranacea, petiolo gracili 6-9.5 cm. longo;
lamina late elliptica vel late ovato-elliptica 11-16 cm. longa 6-11
cm. lata acuta vel abrupte breviter acuminata, basi acuta vel sub-
acuta, subtus vix pallidior, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 6-7
subtus prominulis pallidis subarcuatis angulo semirecto adscendenti-
bus; pedicelli crassiusculi adscendentes 4.5 cm. longi; sepala imbricata
late ovata obtusa vel anguste rotundata 5-6 mm. lata viridescentia;
gynophorium 2.5 cm. longum et ultra gracillimum; caetera ignota.
— Entre San Pedro y San Francisco de San Ramon, February, 1932,
Brenes 15126 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Known only from very
incomplete material, but evidently distinct from the other species
known from Costa Rica.

Page 1+68. Capparis pseudocacao Schum. The following
collections probably are referable here: San Rafael de San Ramon,
Brenes 22002; San Miguel de San Ramon, Brenes 19154, 21921 (this
number as regards fruit only). The species must be related to C.
discolor Donn. Smith, but the material listed seems to be distinct
in its larger and relatively broader leaves. Unfortunately, the
flowers of the San Ramon plant are unknown. The fruits are
remarkable for their large size, 10-11 cm. long and half as broad; they
are dark brownish when dried, and filled with a great number of
large seeds. Professor Brenes reports that they are edible, as stated
originally by Werckle". Most fruits of this genus certainly are far
from being palatable to man.

Page 1+73. Escallonia floribunda HBK. Collected also on
the summit of Volcan de Irazu, 3,450 meters, Biolley 88.

Page 498. After Inga mollifolia insert:

Inga Montealegrei Standl., sp. nov. — Guabo salado. Arbor,
ramulis teretibus striato-sulcatis cinnamomeis, novellis pilis rigidis
flavescentibus adscendentibus hispidulis; folia modica, petiolo nudo
usque 3 cm. longo hispidulo, rhachi inter foliola anguste (ca. 5 mm.
late) alata, glandulis magnis depressis crateriformibus; foliola
plerumque 4-juga brevissime petiolulata coriacea lanceolato-oblonga
plerumque 6-15 cm. longa atque 2.5-6 cm. lata, sensim acuminata,
basi cuneato-obtusa usque oblique rotundata vel obscure cordata,
supra pallida lucida, ad costam nervosque strigosa, aliter glabra,
costa elevata gracili, nervis prominulis, subtus fere concoloria fere
ubique pilis rigidulis flavescentibus vix adpressis interdum sub-
paten tibus hispidula; flores ut videtur spicati, non visi; legumen

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1555

anguste oblongum compressum 10-14 cm. longum 4-5 cm. latum,
basi oblique rotundatum vel truncatum, apice oblique late rotun-
datum vel subemarginatum, pilis sparsis longis paten tibus hispido-
hirsutum, marginibus obtusis paullo incrassatis; semina ca. 12.—
Cultivated in Finca Las Pavas, May, 1938, Mariano Montealegre 1
(type in Herb. Field Mus.). The fact that the tree from which the
type material was taken is in cultivation makes it uncertain that
it is a native of Costa Rica. At least, I have been unable to match
the type with any of the Inga species known from Central America
and Mexico.

Page 503. Mimosa invisa Mart. Another local name is
Raspa-canilla.

Page 505. Under Pentaclethra macroloba, the last sentence
should read : Pittier states that the presence of this tree is considered
an indication that land is of little value for agriculture.

Page 526. Calopogonium ferrugineum Piper should be referred
to synonymy under Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban (see page 549),
according to information kindly supplied to the writer by Dr. H.
Harms.

Page 530. The proper name for the species listed as Crotalaria
guatemalensis Benth. is Crotalaria vitellina Ker, according to
recent determinations by Dr. H. A. Senn. C. guatemalensis and C.
Carmioli are synonyms of C. vitellina.

Page 542. Leycephyllum Piper is a synonym of Rhynchosia (see
page 554), according to information supplied in a letter by Dr. H.
Harms. L. micranthum is synonymous with Rhynchosia pyramidalis
(Lam.) Urban (page 555), or very close to that species.

Page 547. Before Medicago saliva insert the two following
species:

Medicago arabica (L.) All. La Canada, J. M. Orozco 148a.
Cultivated as a forage plant, and also naturalized. Native of
Europe. Plants procumbent, with elongate, branched stems, sparsely
pubescent or almost glabrous; leaflets broadly obovate, mostly 2-2.5
cm. long, with a dark spot on the upper surface, denticulate; pedun-

1556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

cles few-flowered, the flowers small and inconspicuous; fruit spirally
coiled, the margins covered with prickles, the edge of the pod fur-
rowed between the prickles.

Medicago hispida Gaertn. var. denticulata (Willd.) Burnat.
La Canada, J. M. Orozco 148b. Cultivated for forage and also
naturalized. Native of Europe. Similar to M. arabica, the leaflets
smaller, not spotted on the upper surface; fruit smaller, the edge
of the pod not furrowed between the prickles.

Page 548. After Myrospermum frutescens insert:

MYROXYLON L.

The genus is represented in North America by a single species.

Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms, var. Pereirae (Royle) Harms.
Balsamo, Chirr aca. Orotina, cultivated, J. M. Orozco 135. Said to
grow wild in Guanacaste and in southern Costa Rica. The variety
is widely distributed in Central America, and the typical form of the
species has a wide distribution in South America. A tall tree, with
a small crown, the bark smooth and pale; leaves pinnate, the 7-11
leaflets with large, translucent oil glands; flowers small, whitish,
racemose; fruit samaroid, 7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, the apical por-
tion thick, 1-seeded, the basal portion long and broadly winged.
This tree is the source of the celebrated balsam of Peru, which comes
wholly or chiefly from a limited area along the coast of Salvador.
This balsam is a fragrant, aromatic liquid that has various applica-
tions in industry, and is an official drug of the United States Phar-
macopoeia. The wood is of excellent quality, and is said to be valued
in Costa Rica for various purposes.

Page 598. Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl. A local name is
Chimbombo.

Page 605. Croton decalobus Muell. Arg. Linnaea 34: 80.
1865-66. This name should be inserted in place of C. Pittieri Pax,
which becomes a synonym of C. decalobus. The locality for C. decalo-
bus was given as "Guatemala," on account of the misleading label-
ing of the original material, collected by Friedrichsthal. A specimen
of the type material in the Herbarium of Field Museum is labeled
as from Cartago, Costa Rica.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1557

Page 617. Before Pedilanthus insert the following genus:

OPHELLANTHA Standl.

The genus consists of a single species.

Ophellantha spinosa Standl. Penon de Los Loros, Pacific
coast, Brenes 22679. Extending to Salvador and southern Mexico.
A small tree, almost glabrous but with a few simple hairs; branches
often bearing stipular spines 3-5 mm. long; leaves alternate or fasci-
culate, slender-petiolate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5-9 cm. long, acute
or acuminate, acute and decurrent at the base, paler beneath, entire;
flowers monoecious, long-pedicellate, solitary or fasciculate on axil-
lary spurs; staminate petals green, 5 mm. long, rounded at the apex,
glabrous, ciliolate; pistillate sepals oblong-elliptic, in fruit 1.5 cm.
long, obtuse or subacute, denticulate, 5-nerved; capsule 2-celled,
1.5cm. long.

Page 618. The reference to Phyllanthus micrandrus should be
deleted. The material referred to this species, as indicated by further
study, is really referable to Phyllanthus Pittieri Pax.

Page 621. Before Tetrorchidium rotundatum insert:

Tetrorchidium euryphyllum Standl. Cataratas de San
Ramon, Brenes 13486. Panama. A tree of about 9 meters, the trunk
10 cm. in diameter, the branchlets strigillose; leaves petiolate, the
petiole biglandular beneath at the apex; blades elliptic or broadly
elliptic, 15-25 cm. long, obtuse or rounded and abruptly short-
acuminate at the apex, obtuse and short-decurrent at the base,
remotely and obscurely denticulate, sparsely and minutely strigillose
above, strigillose beneath, the lateral nerves about 6 pairs; pistillate
flowers racemose, the racemes axillary, geminate or solitary, 3.5-6
cm. long, the rachis fulvous-strigose, the pedicels 1-2.5 mm. long.

Page 627. In place of Rhus costaricensis substitute the following
name: Rhus terebinthifolia Schlecht. & Cham. var. pilosissima
Loes. Of this R. costaricensis is a synonym. In his recent mono-
graph of Rhus (Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 24: 351-354. 1937) Barkley treats
R. costaricensis as distinct. He also reports R. terebinthifolia, which
extends to Mexico, from Costa Rica. Of the latter he cites two col-
lections by the present writer, which are not now available for exami-
nation. They come from the region of Cartago, where Barkley re-
ports also R. costaricensis. It is hard to conceive of the existence at

1558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cartago of two closely related species of this genus, which is so poorly
represented in Central America by species and individuals. Exami-
nation of the available material of/?, terebinthifolia and R. costaricensis
convinces me that the latter is better considered as a variety — a rather
weak one — as it was treated by Loesener.

Page 633. After Microtropis occidentalis insert:

Microtropis Standleyi Lundell, Bull. Torrey Club 65 : 463. 1938.
Cerros de Zurqui, northeast of San Isidro, Prov. Heredia, 2,000-2,400
meters, Standley & Valeria 50602. Endemic, and known only from
the region of the type. An epiphytic shrub about 2 meters long;
leaves petiolate, lance-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5.5-9.5 cm. long,
short-acuminate, cuneate or subacute at the base; cymes 2.5 cm.
long or less, the stout peduncles 3.5-7.5 mm. long.

Page 634. In place of Zinowiewia integerrima substitute: Zino-
wiewia costaricensis Lundell, Bull. Torrey Club 65: 471. 1938.
Cuesta de Tarrazu, 1,900 meters, Tonduz 7861. Collected also on
Cerros de Candelaria by Oersted. Panama. Z. integerrima occurs
in Guatemala and Mexico.

Page 641- Before Paullinia bracteosa insert:

Paullinia Austin- Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex scandens,
ramis gracilibus trisulcatis atque obtuse trigonis; folia trifoliolata
longipetiolata crasse membranacea, petiolo 3.5-5 cm. longo profunde
sulcato puberulo vel fere glabro, petiolulis 7-9 mm. longis; foliola
elliptica, lateralia paullo obliqua, 8-12 cm. longa 4.5-5.5 cm. lata
abrupte breviter acuminata, basi acuta vel cuneato-acuminata, re-
mote obscure serrulato-dentata vel fere integra, supra laete viridia
lucida glabra, nervis venisque prominulis, subtus fere concoloria,
ad costam nervosque sparse puberula vel fere glabra, nervis venisque
prominentibus, venulis laxe reticulatis; paniculae racemiformes
longi-pedunculatae multiflorae ca. 25 cm. longae, rhachi sparse pube-
rula vel pilosula; fructus in calyce subsessilis glaber trialatus ambitu
suborbicularis vel obcordato-orbicularis, 2.5-3 cm. longus et aequi-
latus, apice late rotundatus vel emarginatus, basi breviter late cuneato-
angustatus, alis coriaceis eleganter elevato-venosis. — Zapote de San
Carlos, March, 1938, 1,600 meters, Austin Smith H539 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.). "A vigorous climber at the edge of forest, supported
on the limbs of trees; racemes pendent; fruit green on one side and
russet-red on the other; leaves dark green and moderately shining
above."

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1559

Page 661. After Sloanea guapilensis insert:

Sloanea hyptoides Standl., sp. nov. — Ramuli graciles obtuse
angulati et striati densissime tomento ochraceo vel sordido adpresso
induti, internodiis brevibus; folia inter minora firme membranacea,
petiolo 1-2.8 cm. longo crasso dense tomentello; lamina elliptico-
oblonga 7.5-13 cm. longa 3.5-6.5 cm. lata obtusa atque apiculata
vel subacuta, basi late rotundata usque cuneato-decurrens, supra
in sicco brunnescens vel fusca, tantum ad costam tomentella, opaca,
nervis non elevatis, subtus paullo pallidior, ad nervos costamque
pilosula et puberula, aliter glabra vel sparse hinc inde puberula,
costa crassiuscula elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 10
teneris prominentibus subarcuatis obliquis, nervulis ultimis pro-
minulis arctissime reticulatis; flores axillares solitarii vel in cymulas
3-5-floras laxas longipedunculatas dispositi, pedicellis crassis usque
4 cm. longis dense tomentellis; sepala ca. 9 oblongo-lanceolata 9-14
mm. longa attenuato-acuminata utrinque dense tomentella; sta-
mina numerosissima, antheris angustis 2 mm. longis. — Zarcero, Baja
Vista Road, Prov. Alajuela, 2,010 meters, April, 1937, Austin Smith
4121 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). "Growing on top of hill in semi-
shaded, whitish clay loam; tree umbrella-like, 7.5-9 meters high, the
trunk 30-60 cm. in diameter at the base; bark gray to clove-gray;
sepals arranged in a starlike fashion, flat, etruscan red."

Page 671. After Malvaviscus spathulatus insert the following
genus:

MODIOLA Moench

A single species is found in Central America.

Modiola caroliniana (L.) Don. Laguna de Zarcero, 600 meters,
Austin Smith P.C.275. Widely distributed in tropical and even
temperate America. Stems branched, decumbent, green, sparsely
stellate-pubescent; leaves long-petiolate, rounded in outline, 1.5-3.5
cm. wide, pedately 3-5-lobate, the lobes dentate or incised; flowers
small, solitary in the leaf axils, 6-10 mm. broad, long-pedunculate,
brick-red; fruit depressed, the carpels 15-20, septate between the
seeds, dehiscent, hispid-aristate dorsally. The plant probably is an
introduction in Costa Rica.

Page 677. Wercklea insignis Pittier & Standl. Mr. C. H.
Lankester writes that he has seen this species on one of the streams
tributary to the Pejivalle, only a few miles from the farm of the
United Fruit Company; also that one of the best displays of
the tree is in the steep valley of La Paz, on the Sarapiqui road.

1560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Wercklea lutea Rolfe. Mr. Lankester reports that he found
this tree in flower in the Rivas Valley, where it joins the Buena
Vista.

Page 717. Before Banara guianensis insert:

Banara costaricensis (Standl.) Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 14: 48. 1938. Hasseltia costaricensis Standl. (see page 720 of
the present volume).

Page 725. To Xylosma Seemannii add the following: An
apparent synonym of this species is Myrsine serrata Oerst. Vid. Medd.
Kjoebenhavn 1861: 134. 1862, based on Oersted 596 from Lago del
Reventado, and reported with the vernacular name Raton cimarron.
A specimen of this collection is in the Herbarium of Field Museum.
It is sterile, and Oersted reports that he had but one flower. Mez,
in his monograph of Myrsinaceae in the Pflanzenreich, referred the
plant doubtfully to the Symplocaceae, but there is no doubt as to
its proper reference rather to the Flacourtiaceae, where it seems to
be merely a narrow-leaved form of Xylosma Seemannii. Both species
names involved were published in 1862, apparently, and I have not
attempted to determine which has priority, because the specific
name serratum already has been used in Xylosma.

Page 757. Before Rhipsalis Cassutha insert:

Rhipsalis acuminata (Cufodontis) Standl., comb. nov. Pseudo-
rhipsalis acuminata Cufodontis, Archivio Bot. 9: 196. 1933. Near
La Castilla-Los Loros, 15 km. from the mouth of Rio Reventazon,
Cufodontis 494- Known only from the original material. Plants
pendent, the branches thin, lanceolate, very long-acuminate, crenate,
15-35 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; areoles sparsely white-pilose, 1-1.5
cm. apart; flowers 10-15 mm. long, the segments pink, suberect or
campanulate-divergent, obtuse, connate at the base into a tube
3 mm. long; fruit subglobose, 8 mm. in diameter, red.

Page 762. After Lagerstroemia indica insert:

Lagers troemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Planted for ornament
about San Jose", and probably elsewhere. Native of the East Indies.
A shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic, 8-10 cm. long; flowers very
showy, rose to purple, 5-8 cm. broad, arranged in dense panicles
20-30 cm. long; capsules 3-5 cm. long.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1561

Page 769. Terminalia chiriquensis Pittier. Professor Brenes
states that the name for this tree is Sura, not Surra.

Page 771 . Before Eugenia cartagensis insert the following new
species:

Eugenia Austin -Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Arbor, ramulis
gracilibus ad nodos subincrassatis glabris, internodiis brevibus;
folia inter minora breviter petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo crassiusculo
superne marginato 5-8 mm. longo glabro; lamina elliptico-oblonga
5-7 cm. longa 2-3 cm. lata subabrupte caudato-acuminata, acumine
oblongo-lineari obtuso, basi acuta, supra lucida olivacea glabra,
costa impressa, nervis vix elevatis, subtus pallidior lutescens glabra,
costa crassiuscula prominente, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca.
14 tenerrimis fere rectis prope marginem nervum tenerum intra-
marginalem efformantibus, venulis obscuris; flores ad nodos aggregati
2-5 e quaque axilla nascentes, pedicellis crassiusculis rectis 5-7 mm.
longis sparse pilis minutis adscendentibus indutis, bracteolis apicali-
bus vix 1 mm. longis late ovatis obtusis ciliolatis; calycis tubus late ob-
conicus 2-2.5 mm. longus sparsissime minute pilosulus vel fere omnino
glaber, sepalis orbicularibus late imbricatis 6 mm. longis; petala ciliata
ca. 8 mm. longa late ovalia; fructus (immaturus) sectione anguste ob-
longus 1.5 cm. longus 5-6 mm. crassus. — Llanura Bonita de Zarcero,
Prov. Alajuela, 1,600 meters, April, 1938, Austin Smith H605 (type in
Herb. Field Mus.). La Palma de San Ramon, March, 1935, Brenes
201)58 (in fruit). "A tree on dry hillside woodland, where it is gre-
garious, 6 meters high, of rather compact growth, the trunk 13 cm.
in diameter at the base; bark dark gray, slightly roughened, the
cambium layer light brown; leaves slightly stiff, shining, pale on the
under side; flowers pure white." (Austin Smith.)

Page 788. After Blakea anomala insert:

Blakea Austin-Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Frutex vel arbuscula
epiphytica, ramulis crassiusculis densissime pilis longis mollibus
patentibus brunneis hirsutis, internodiis brevibus; folia modica bre-
viter petiolata membranacea, petiolo crasso 1-2 cm. longo dense
brunneo-hirsuto; lamina elliptica vel obovato-elliptica 6.5-10 cm.
longa 3.5-5.5 cm. lata caudato-acuminata, basi acuta, basi ipsa
laminae breviter utroque latere refracta atque sic subauriculata,
supra in sicco fusco-viridis, in statu juvenili sat dense pilis longissimis
mollibus pilosa, cito glabrata, nervis subimpressis, subtus brunnes-
cens dense pilis longis brunneis patentibus hirsuta, trinervia, margine

1562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

integro toto hyalino atque revoluto; flores axillares solitarii, pedun-
culo ca. 1.5 cm. longo dense brunneo-hirsuto; bracteae subaequales
oblongo-lanceolatae ad lineari-lanceolatae 1.5-2 cm. longae longe
attenuato-acuminatae dense breviter hirsutae, apicem versus serru-
latae; calycis tubus globosus 7 mm. longus pilis sparsis brevibus
hispidulis pilosus, lobis ca. 8 mm. longis e basi ovata abrupte caudato-
attenuatis. — Palmira, Prov. Alajuela, 2,200 meters, March, 1938,
Austin Smith H382. "Epiphytic, growing to treelike dimensions,
and sometimes supplanting its host; leaves with incurved lateral
margins, the ribbing and venation prominent." The very thin and
incurved margins of the leaves suggest the indusia of some ferns with
linear, marginal sori.

Page 847. Jussiaea geminiflora Donn. Smith. Another local
name is Canario.

Page 849. After Oenothera cuprea insert:

Oenothera laciniata Hill. Zarcero, Austin Smith A64. Eastern
United States to Ecuador. Plants annual or perennial, prostrate or
decumbent, branched, pubescent or strigose and sparsely long-villous;
leaves deeply pinnatifid or merely dentate, those of the stem sessile;
flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx
tube 1.5-5 cm. long, the lobes (in the Costa Rican form) about 1 cm.
long; petals yellow, 1 cm. long or larger; capsule sessile, slender,
cylindric, 1-3.5 cm. long, only 2-3 mm. thick. The Costa Rican
plant seems to belong to the typical form of the species, and is pre-
sumably an introduction.

Page 855. After Oreopanax capitatum insert:

Oreopanax costaricense March. Bull. Acad. Belg. II. 47: 89.
1879. Volcan de Irazu, 2,700 meters, Oersted. Infrequent in the
mountains, at 1,500-2,700 meters. Panama. A tree of 10 meters,
glabrous throughout; petioles 7-15 cm. long, the blades elliptic or
obovate-elliptic, rounded at the apex, attenuate or acute at the base,
entire; inflorescence 5-6-branched from the base, the heads 12-15-
flowered.

Page 857. Before Sciodaphyllum robustum, insert the following
new species:

Sciodaphyllum chartaceum A. C. Smith, sp. nov. — Frutex(?)
maturitate ubique glaber; ramulis teretibus; petiolis 2.5-8 cm. longis,
ligula coriacea oblongo-lanceolata 1.5-2.5 cm. longa decidua, foliolis

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1563

ut videtur 5 (foliis perfectis non visis), petiolulis gracilibus 1-4 cm.
longis, laminis chartaceis oblongis vel oblongo-ovatis vel oblongo-lan-
ceolatis, 10-18 cm. longis, 4.5-9 cm. latis, basi acutis vel obtusis, apice
caudato-acuminatis (acumine acuto 1-2 cm. longo), margine integris,
costa subtus prominente, nervis secundariis utroque 7-13 arcuatis,
utrinque elevatis; inflorescentia ut videtur anguste paniculata (per-
fecta non visa), 15-20 cm. longa, ubique juventute laxe pallide pube-
rula mox glabra, pedunculis gracilibus 2-10 mm. longis, pedicellis
3-6 per umbellam 1-3 mm. longis; floribus 4- vel 5-meris, calyce
cupuliformi, sub anthesi limbo brevi denticulate incluso 1-1.5 mm.
longo, ca. 1 mm. diametro; petalis membranaceis connatis deltoideis
1.5 mm. longis fusco-lineolatis; filamentis brevibus, antheris del-
toideis 1-1.2 mm. longis; stylis 4 vel 5, liberis vel basi cohaerentibus;
fructibus angulatis 3-4 mm. diametro, stylopodio coriaceo stylis
conspicue recurvatis coronato, seminibus plerumque 4 vel 5. — Cata-
ratas de San Ramon, March-April, 1931,firenes 13643 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.) ; Feb., 1931, Brenes 1344-9. Although the available mate-
rial is very incomplete, it seems advisable to describe a species which
is very distinct from others of Central America. Its nearest ally ap-
pears to be Schefflera Pittieri Harms (the use of Sciodaphyllum rather
than Schefflera has been discussed in Brittonia 2: 254. 1936) of Vene-
zuela, a species with conspicuously longer peduncles, petioles, and
pedicels, and with 6-8 styles.

Page 859. Before Coriandrum insert:

CONIUM L. Poison hemlock

Conium maculatum L. Naturalized near San Jose", J. M.
Orozco 321 . Native of Europe. A poisonous plant.

Page 871. After Cavendishia complectens insert:

Cavendishia confertiflora A. C. Smith, Phytologia 1: 210. 1937.
Vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,560 meters, Skutch 2991.
Leaves short-petiolate, thin-coriaceous or chartaceous, oblong or
oblong-elliptic, 12-16 cm. long, acuminate, rounded or subcordate
at the base, 5-plinerved; inflorescences racemose, 15-25-flowered,
glabrous; bracts suborbicular or broadly obovate, 10-12 mm. long;
pedicels 4 mm. long or less; calyx lobes oblong, obscurely glandular-
ciliate, 4-5 mm. long; corolla cylindric-urceolate, 16 mm. long, 6-7
mm. in diameter.

1564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 873. After Cavendishia Quereme insert:

Cavendishia Skutchii Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27:
308. 1937. Vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,100 meters,
Skutch 2802. Known only from the original material. Leaves thin-
coriaceous, metallic-bluish when dried, oblong, 10-15 cm. long,
obtuse or shortly obtuse-acuminate, subcordate or subtruncate at
the base, glabrous above, sparsely brown-pilose beneath, 5-plinerved ;
inflorescences subglabrous, the rachis 5-7 cm. long; corolla pink in
the middle, white at the base and apex, 13-15 mm. long.

Page 893. After Ardisia revoluta insert:

Ardisia Skutchii Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 309.
1937. Vicinity of El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,070 meters, Skutch
2660. Known only from the original material. A tree of 7.5 meters, the
branches glabrous; leaves subsessile, oblanceolate, up to 26 cm. long
and 7 cm. wide, acuminate, long-attenuate to the base, papyraceous,
entire, glabrous, the nerves about 12 pairs; inflorescence white, 10
cm. long and 12 cm. wide, the bracts obovate, 2.5 cm. long, the flowers
corymbose, the pedicels 12-15 mm. long; sepals white, 5.5 mm. long,
rounded at the apex, lineate; corolla white, tinged with pink, 15 mm,
broad ; ovary glabrous.

Page 916. Before Symplocos Brenesii insert:

Symplocos Bradei Brand ex Sleumer, Repert. Sp. Nov. 42:
263. 1937. Western slope of Irazu, 1,800 meters, A. C. Erode 2018.
A tree, the branchlets glabrous; leaves on petioles 1 cm. long, the
blades oblong or narrowly oblong, 9-13 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide,
gradually acuminate, attenuate to the base, chartaceous, glabrous
above, beneath laxly substrigose-pilose, the margin closely and regu-
larly serrate, the lateral nerves 8-10; flowers in fascicles of 7-9, pink,
fragrant, the pedicels obsolete; calyx lobes rounded-ovate, white-
sericeous- tomentose outside, glabrous within, ciliate; corolla 14 mm.
long, the lobes 4-5 mm. wide, glabrous inside, sericeous dorsally;
ovary densely fuscous-tomentose.

Page 919. After Ligustrum vulgar e insert the following genus:

LINOCIERA Swartz

Trees or shrubs, the leaves entire; flowers white or whitish, bracte-
olate, usually paniculate; calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-dentate; petals 4,
distinct or nearly so, usually linear; stamens 2, inserted at the base

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1565

of the petals, the filaments short, the anthers ovate to linear; ovary
2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short, the stigma oblong to
globose; fruit a small, oblong drupe with thin flesh and a bony endo-
carp.— Two other species are known from northern Central America.

Linociera panamensis Standl. Entre Pata de Gallo y Santiago
de San Ramon, Brenes 66^9. Panama. A tree of 12-15 meters, the
trunk 30-40 cm. in diameter, glabrous throughout; leaves slender-
petiolate, obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, mostly 8-15 cm. long,
abruptly obtuse-acuminate, acute or acuminate at the base, often
contracted and long-decurrent; inflorescences cymose-paniculate,
mostly shorter than the leaves, the pedicels in fruit 4-9 mm. long;
petals about 7 mm. long; drupes white, compressed, 2 cm. long, 1 cm.
broad.

Page 927. Before Leiphaimos simplex insert the three following
species:

Leiphaimos costaricensis Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:
433. 1914. Helechales del General, Diquis Valley, 700 meters, Pittier
12010. Known only from the original collection. Stems simple,
7-13 cm. high, 1-flowered; cauline scales 4-5 pairs, 5-6 mm. long,
distant, connate one-third their length, acute and subulate-tipped;
calyx subtended by a pair of scales similar to the cauline ones, or the
flowers short-pedunculate; calyx 7 mm. long, cleft one-third its length,
the lobes oblong-linear to narrowly triangular, acuminate; corolla
yellow, the tube 3.5-4.5 cm. long, slightly dilated in the throat, the
lobes elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, acuminate.

Leiphaimos Kupperi Suessenguth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 42: 46.
1937. Siquirres, 300 meters, W. Kupper in 1932. Stems 1-flowered
or rarely 2-flowered, 7-10 cm. high; cauline scales lanceolate, dis-
tinct, 3 mm. long; bractlets 2, minute; calyx 5-7 mm. long, the teeth
short, subobtuse; corolla orange, the tube 1 cm. long, the lobes linear,
acute, 5 mm. long.

Leiphaimos lutea Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 310.
1937. Near El General, Prov. San Jose", 1,130 meters, Skutch 2767.
Plants white or yellowish, the stems 10-20 cm. high, 1-flowered;
bracts 7-16 pairs, lanceolate, 6.5 mm. long, connate almost half their
length; calyx ebracteate, the tube 5 mm. long, the lobes lanceolate,
2.7 mm. long, acute; corolla yellow, the tube 32-36 mm. long, inflated
at base and apex, the lobes broadly ovate, 6-9 mm. long, oblique,
cuspidate.

1566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Page 930. To the reference under Apocynaceae, add: Woodson,
N. Amer. Fl. 29: 103-192. 1938.

Page 941. Rauwolfia canescens L. is a synonym of Rauwolfia
hirsuta Jacq., the latter being the proper name for the Costa Rican
plant.

Page 947. The proper citation for Thevetia peruviana is Thevetia
peruviana (Pers.) Schumann.

Page 948. Tonduzia parvifolia is a synonym of Tonduzia longi-
folia (A. DC.) Woodson.

Page 961 . The species of Cuscuta are sometimes known in Costa
Rica by the name Cabellos de angel.

Page 964. After Ipomoea Amparoana insert the following species :

Ipomoea Austin - Smithii Standl., sp. nov. — Pudreoreja. Herba
gracillima volubilis, caulibus glabris, internodiis elongatis; folia
longipetiolata membranacea, petiolo gracillimo vulgo 2-4 cm. longo
glabro vel saepius sparse breviter patenti-piloso; lamina subanguste
cordato-ovata integra 4.5-8 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata longe anguste
attenuato-acuminata, basi sat profunde cordata, sinu aperto, supra
viridis glabra vel ad venas minutissime puberula, subtus paullo palli-
dior, prope basin sparse pilis longis paten tibus pilosa; pedunculi
gracillimi axillares vulgo foliis paullo breviores cymose 1-3-flori, glabri
vel puberuli vel breviter pilosi, pedicellis usque 1 cm. longis paullo
incrassatis; sepala in statu florifero 4 mm. longa, in statu fructifero
vix longiora, ovalia vel ovali-ovata obtusissima mutica, crasso-herba-
cea, pallido-marginata, costa carnosa incrassata et saltern in sicco
rugoso-undulata, glabra; corolla alba 2 cm. longa, tubo gracili supra
vix dilatato, extus glabra; capsula conico-ovoidea 1 cm. longa 5 mm.
basi lata, apicem acutum versus angustata, 2-locularis; semina 4
ferrugineo-fusca ca. 5 mm. longa, fere ubique subdense breviter pubes-
centia. — San Ramon, January, 1933, Brenes 16899 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.) ; January, 1932, Brenes 14933. Piedades de San Ramon,
1,025 meters, Brenes 5302. Entre el Cementerio Calvo y el Rio Maria
Aguilar, near San Jose", 1,140 meters, F. Solis 410. San Luis de Zar-
cero, 1,300 meters, Austin Smith P. C.I 09. On page 969 material
of this species was included in error under /. tricolor Cav., with which
the present plant has little in common except a certain superficial
resemblance. Actually it is closely related to I. cardiophylla Gray,
of Mexico and Texas.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1567

Page 1017. Another local name for Hyptis capitata is Boton
negro.

Page 1042. Before Capsicum macranthum insert the following
new species:

Capsicum isothrix Standl., sp. nov. — Herba metralis ut videtur
laxa, ramis crassiusculis succulentis pilis brevibus patentibus ochra-
ceis mollibus sat dense villosulis, internodiis valde elongatis; folia
opposita vel solitaria laxe membranacea longipetiolata viridia,
petiolo 2-7.5 cm. longo ut caule villosulo; lamina late elliptica vel
elliptico-ovata 9-15 cm. longa 5-7.5 cm. lata subsensim longiacu-
minata, basi plus minusve inaequali rotundata vel obtusissima,
integra vel subundulata, supra ubique sat dense pilis paucicellu-
laribus laxis subadpressis (in statu sicco) villosa, subtus concolor
dense breviter villosa, nervis obliquis angulo semirecto adscendenti-
bus; flores in axillis fasciculati numerosi usque 16 vel ultra, pedicellis
gracillimis valde inaequalibus usque 15 mm. longis pilis mollibus ochra-
ceis inaequalibus villosulis; calyx late campanulatus truncatus 1.5
mm. longus ubique sat dense villosulus; corollae tubus 3 mm. longus
extus glaber fauce ca. 3 mm. latus, lobis patentibus 5-6 mm. longis
triangulari-oblongis intus glabris extus dense minute tomentulosis;
antherae ovato-oblongae 2 mm. longae vel paullo ultra; fructus
juvenilis glaberrimus. — Zarcero, 1,410 meters, August 25, 1937,
Austin Smith A245 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). "Growing in semi-
shade near stream. Corolla with recurved lobes, in this position
12 mm. across the flower; color oil yellow with faint dotting of green;
anthers creamy white. Leaves soft and velvety. Joints of the stem
dull purplish violet." Related to C. fuscoviolaceum (Cufodontis)
Morton & Standl. and C. macranthum Standl. & Morton, but differing
from both in flower details and in the amount and quality of the
pubescence.

Page 1061. After Lycianthes multiflora insert the following new
species:

Lycianthes oligantha Standl., sp. nov.— Frutex 2-metralis fere
ubique praeter flores glaber, partibus novellis interdum pilis paucis
subadpressis brevibus indutis, ramis vetustioribus ochraceis, novellis
viridibus vel pallidis teretibus vel subangulatis, internodiis ple-
rumque elongatis; folia paris valde inaequalia membranacea magna
vel majuscula breviter petiolata, petiolo crassiusculo usque 15 mm.
longo; lamina foliorum majorum lanceolato-oblonga vel oblanceolato-
oblonga 12-20 cm. longa 4.5-8 cm. lata sensim longiacuminata vel

1568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

saepius longe caudato-acuminata, acumine angusto attenuate inter-
dum fere linear!, basi interdum valde obliqua cuneata vel attenuata,
supra intense viridis laevis, nervis lateralibus utroque latere ca. 11
arcuatis teneris angulo lato adscendentibus; lamina foliorum minorum
breviter petiolata ovata, late elliptica, vel suborbicularis usque 6 cm.
longa sed vulgo multo brevior, basi cuneata, apice obtusa usque
rotundata, saepe apiculata; flores umbellati pauci, 1-4, pedicellis
in statu fructifero usque 2 cm. longis atque incrassatis, in statu
florifero gracilioribus atque vix ultra 6 mm. longis; calyx campanu-
latus 3 mm. longus truncatus glaber vel pilis paucis sparsis patentibus
subhirsutus; corolla extus glabra, tubo e calyce vix exserto, lobis 7-10
mm. longis oblongo-triangularibus; fructus globosus 1 cm. diam.
glaber. — Zarcero, 1,350 meters, in cloud forest, November 18, 1937,
Austin Smith A599 (type in Herb. Field Mus.); also A570, A33.
La Pena de Zarcero, 1,375 meters, Austin Smith H1217. Palmira,
1,800 meters, Austin Smith A481. "A shrub, often with many
straggling stems, growing in rich loam in deep forest shade. Leaves
neutral green, dull. Twigs pale brown. Corolla pale greenish
yellow."

Page 1087. Before Solanum muricatum insert the following new
species:

Solanum Mortonianum Standl., sp. nov. — Arbuscula 3.5 m.
alta, ramis gracilibus interdum subgeniculatis angulatis vel sub-
teretibus brunnescentibus rimulosis glabris, internodiis plerumque
brevibus; folia solitaria vel geminata, paris valde inaequalia, firme
membranacea, breviter petiolata, petiolo crasso 4-8 mm. longo
glabro; lamina foliorum majorum oblonga vel oblanceolato-oblonga
solemniter asymmetrica 10-14 cm. longa 3-5.5 cm. lata caudato-
acuminata vel subsensim attenuato-acuminata, acumine angusto
attenuate, basi valde obliqua cuneato-acuta, supra laete viridis
glabra ubique minute papillosa, subtus paullo pallidior ubique pilis
teneris albis patentibus vel curvis dense submolliter pilosa, nervis
lateralibus utroque latere ca. 10 teneris arcuatis angulo lato diver-
gen tibus; lamina foliorum minorum eae majorum similis sed parva,
non ultra 2 cm. longa, interdum latior; inflorescentiae oppositifoliae
laxae racemiformes ca. 15-florae graciliter longipedunculatae, pedi-
cellis gracilibus glabris usque 13 mm. longis; calyx campanulatus 3.5
mm. longus basi paullo angustatus glaber minute papillosus, margine
ciliolato brevissime lobato, lobis multo longioribus quam latis late
rotundatis; corolla extus glabra 14 mm. longa, tubo calyce vix Ion-

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

1569

giore, lobis lineari-lanceolatis attenuatis; antherae anguste oblongae
exsertae 3 mm. longae; bacca globosa 7 mm. diam. glabra. — Zarcero,
1,590 meters, November 20, 1937, Austin Smith A615 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.). "Trunk 7.5 cm. in diameter at the base; growing in
semi-shade of woodland; bark pale brown, smooth; leaves soft,
without luster. Flowers 5-parted, about 18 mm. broad, pale greenish
yellow, the stamens ocher brown." In the key to the species of Sola-
num (page 1071), this plant runs at once to S. incomptum Bitter.
That species differs in its much longer petioles, obtuse blades more or
less pilose on the upper surface, and pilose pedicels.

Page 1093. Solarium Seaforthianum is known locally by the
name Volcan.

Page 1104. A local name for Capraria biflora is Hierba de te".

TABULATION OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA,
AND SPECIES OF COSTA RICAN PLANTS

Family Genera

Cycadaceae 2

Taxaceae 1

Coniferae ." 5

Typhaceae 1

Potamogetonaceae 2

Alismaceae 2

Butomaceae 1

Gramineae 96

Cyperaceae 17

Palmae 28

Araceae 20

Lemnaceae 2

Mayacaceae 1

Xyridaceae 1

Eriocaulaceae 4

Bromeliaceae 16

Commelinaceae 11

Pontederiaceae 3

Juncaceae 2

Liliaceae 15

Smilacaceae 1

Haemodoraceae 1

Amaryllidaceae 13

Dioscoreaceae 1

Iridaceae 9

Musaceae 3

Zingiberaceae 8

Cannaceae 1

Marantaceae 8

Burmanniaceae 4

Orchidaceae 122

Casuarinaceae . . .• 1

Piperaceae 2

Chloranthaceae. . 1

Species Family Genera

2 Lacistemaceae 1

2 Salicaceae 1

5 Myricaceae 1

1 Juglandaceae 2

2 Betulaceae 1

4 Fagaceae 2

1 Ulmaceae 4

283 Moraceae 17

122 Urticaceae 9

92 Proteaceae 3

121 Loranthaceae 13

2 Opiliaceae 1

1 Olacaceae 5

2 Balanophoraceae 3

4 Aristolochiaceae 1

153 Polygonaceae 7

25 Chenopodiaceae 3

5 Amaranthaceae 11

6 Nyctaginaceae 6

18 Batidaceae 1

13 Phytolaccaceae 5

1 Aizoaceae 4

21 Portulacaceae 4

17 Caryophyllaceae 7

13 Nymphaeaceae 2

20 Ceratophyllaceae 1

26 Ranunculaceae 5

5 Berberidaceae 2

29 Menispermaceae 2

4 Magnoliaceae 3

955 Annonaceae 9

1 Myristicaceae 4

537 Monimiaceae 2

3 Lauraceae.. 10

Species
1

1

3

2

1
17

4
62
50

5
39

1

7

3

14
20

3

39
15

1

8

4

5
14

3

1

8

2
10

5
28

7

12
48

1570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Family Genera

Hernandiaceae ......... 2

Papayeraceae .......... 4

Cruciferae ............. 9

Tovariaceae ........... 1

Capparidaceae ......... 4

Resedaceae

Moringaceae

Crassulaceae

Podostemonaceae

Saxifragaceae

Brunelliaceae

Cunoniaceae. . . .

Rosaceae

Connaraceae

Krameriaceae

1
1
2
3
5
1
1

17
3
1
Leguminosae ........... 88

Geraniaceae ........... 2

Oxalidaceae ............ 2

Erythroxylaceae ........ 1

Tropaeolaceae .......... 1

Zygophyllaceae ......... 1

Rutaceae .............. 11

Simarubaceae .......... 5

Burseraceae ............ 2

Meliaceae ....... ...... 6

Malpighiaceae ......... 10

Trigoniaceae ........... 1

Vochysiaceae .......... 1

Polygalaceae ........... 3

Dichapetalaceae ........ 1

Euphorbiaceae ......... 28

Callitrichaceae ......... 1

Coriariaceae ........... 1

Anacardiaceae ......... 10

Aquifoliaceae .......... 1

Celastraceae ........... 7

Hippocrateaceae ........ 2

Staphyleaceae .......... 1

Icacinaceae ............ 2

Hippocastanaceae ...... 1

Sapindaceae ........... 15

Sabiaceae ............. 1

Balsaminaceae ......... 1

Rhamnaceae ........... 5

Vitaceae ............... 3

Tiliaceae .............. 11

Malvaceae ............. 16

Bombacaceae .......... 7

Sterculiaceae ........... 7

Dilleniaceae ........... 4

Actinidiaceae ........... 1

Ochnaceae ............. 3

Caryocaraceae ......... 1

Marcgraviaceae ........ 4

Theaceae .............. 15

Cistaceae .............. 1

Bixaceae .............. 1

Cochlospermaceae ...... 1

Violaceae .............. 4

Flacourtiaceae ......... 14

Turneraceae. . 3

Species

4

4
16

1
21

1

1

2

4
10

1

3
40

4

1
325

3

8

2

5

2
29

8

8

40
30

1

2
20

2
112

1

1
16

9

9

3

2

2

1
52

7

3
10

8

30
63
18
21

6

9

7

1

14
36

1

1

1

15
33

4

Family Genera

Passifloraceae 2

Caricaceae 2

Loasaceae 3

Begoniaceae 1

Cactaceae 8

Thymelaeaceae 1

Lythraceae 5

Punicaceae 1

Lecythidaceae 3

Rhizophoraceae 2

Combretaceae 5

Myrtaceae 8

Melastomaceae 37

Onagraceae 6

Halorrhagaceae 2

Araliaceae 7

Umbelliferae 13

Cornaceae 1

Garryaceae 1

Clethraceae 1

Monotropaceae 1

Pyrolaceae 1

Ericaceae 12

Myrsinaceae 6

Theophrastaceae 2

Primulaceae 1

Plumbaginaceae 1

Sapotaceae 8

Ebenaceae 1

Styracaceae 1

Symplocaceae 1

Oleaceae 4

Loganiaceae 5

Gentianaceae 12

Menyanthaceae 1

Apocynaceae 23

Asclepiadaceae 11

Convolvulaceae 12

Polemoniaceae 2

Hydrophyllaceae 2

Boraginaceae 8

Verbenaoeae 16

Labiatae 13

Solanaceae 21

Scrophulariaceae 26

Bignoniaceae 30

Orobanchaceae 1

Gesneriaceae 22

Lentibulariaceae 1

Acanthaceae 36

Plantaginaceae 1

Rubiaceae 69

Caprifoliaceae 3

Valerianaceae 1

Dipsacaceae 1

Cucurbitaceae 22

Lobeliaceae 8

Compositae 101

Species

34

4

5

36
30

1
12

1

5

4

8

39

213

23

3

22
25

1

1

3

1

1

50
42

4

1

2
19

2

5

7

7

13
22

1

48
28
65

6

2

41
57
59
129
45
42

1
99

5
105

3
251

6

5

1

54

45

300

Total 1,514 6,085

FLORA OF COSTA RICA 1571

Of the 6,085 species of plants recorded at present from Costa
Rica, 270 are listed as known only in cultivation. While most of
these are of recent introduction from Europe or Asia, a substantial
number are of ancient origin, and really might be considered elements
of the native flora.

Only 104 species are regarded as naturalized, that is, of Old World
or North American origin, but now fully established in pastures or
other places. The majority of these are plants of upland pastures
that probably were introduced with grass seed. In the case of some
pantropic weeds, it now is impossible to determine the area of origin.

Of the total number of species, 2,299 are endemic in Costa Rica,
so far as is known at present. Endemism is particularly marked in
the Orchidaceae and Piperaceae, but is quite as conspicuous in many
smaller groups. In these two large families, so extravagantly repre-
sented in Costa Rica, it is unlikely that the percentage of endemism
will ever be greatly reduced. However, many of the Costa Rican
species now supposed to be endemic will be found ultimately in the
Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro regions of Panama, and in Nicaragua,
the only places where similar habitats exist.

I have had time to prepare only a few other statistics. Disre-
garding the endemic species, there are 723 species of wider distribu-
tion having their northern limit in Costa Rica. Many are South
American plants, some of them of great systematic significance. On
the other hand, 574 species that range to Mexico or northern Central
America have their southern limit in Costa Rica. I should have
expected the latter number to have been relatively smaller, and it
would be substantially reduced if there were omitted species that
extend northward only into Nicaragua. Many species of the former
number, it must be stated, are unknown at present south of Panama.

More significant perhaps are a few data regarding genera. There
are at least 16 of these, a good many of them orchids, that are endemic
in Costa Rica. There are 107 characteristically South American ones
that find their northern limit in Costa Rica. There are only 26 that
are preponderantly Mexican and Central American, with a southern
limit in Costa Rica.

The generic data especially prove, I believe, that, as I have sug-
gested previously, the affinities of the Costa Rican flora are rather
South American than Mexican. The principal line of division
between the North and South American floras lies not about the
Isthmus of Panama, where geographically it might be expected, but
rather in central Nicaragua, the southern limit of pine (Pinus) forests.

THE LIBRARY OF THE

DEC 2 4 1938

INDEX

Synonyms in italics

Abaca, 186

Abanico, 420

Abatia, 716

Abejon, 514

Aberia, 717

Abies, 64

Abrojo, 661, 1539

Abrus, 523

Absinth, 1432

Abutilon, 664

Acacia, 488

Acaciella anguslissima, 490

costaricensis, 489

Oerstedii, 489

villosa, 489
Acaena, 477
Acalypha, 598

arvensis, 1556
Acanthaceae, 1188
Acanthocereus pentagonus, 751
Acanthorrhiza Warscewiczii, 116
Acanthus, 1192

family, 1188
Acedera, 558, 561, 739

de montana, 558
: Aceite de castor, 619

de ricino, 619
Acerola, 589

Achicoria, 860, 1453, 1508
Achillea, 1428
Achimenes, 1140
Achiote, 712
Achotillo, 661, 711, 845
Achras, 904
Achyranthes, 417

laguroides, 418

megaphylla, 418

Williamsii, 419
Achyrocline rufescens, 1428
Acfbar, 168

Acinodendrum alrosanguineum, 814
Aciotis, 784
. Acisanthera, 785
. Acnistus, 1036
Acontias Hoffmannii, 146

Wendlandii, 145
Acostaea, 198
Acrpcomia, 107
Actinidiaceae, 691
Actinidia family, 691
Acuan depressum, 493
Adelia, 601
Adelobotrys, 785
Adenaria, 760
Adenocalymma, 1113

Hosmeca, 1127

Adenopetalum boerhaviifolium, 608

discolor, 608

Hoffmanni, 608

irasuense, 608

pubescens, 608

subsinuatum, 608
Adicea auriculata, 394
Adormidera, 462
Aechmea, 148

aquilegioides, 151
Aegiphila, 993

fusca, 996
Aegopogon, 67
Aeschynomene, 523
Afo-fora, 91
Agapanto, 168
Agave, 174
Ageratum, 1428

microcarpum, 1430
Agineta, 197
Agonandra, 1549

obtusifolia, 1549
Agra, 655
Agrostis, 68
Aguacate, 457

asca, 914

de Cuba, 457

Aguacatillo, 452, 453, 456, 457, 458,
459, 460, 461

bianco, 460
Aguilar, Romulo, 53
Agujilla, 1323
Af, 95
Ai-kra, 541
Aizoaceae, 428
Ajenjillo cimarron, 1478
Ajenjo, 1432
Aji, 696

Ajillo, 170, 426, 696, 1118
Ajo, 168, 696
Ajonjoli, 1132
Aki, 638
Alacrancillo, 550
Ala de murcie'lago, 728
Albahaca, 1024
Albajaca cimarrona, 1026
Albaricoque, 482
Albizzia, 490
Alcanfor, 451
Alcaparras, 466
Alchemilla, 477
Alchornea, 601
Alcornoque, 481, 521, 769
Alcotan, 1434
Alder, 373
Alfalfa, 547
Alfaro, Anastasio, 48, 58

1573

1574 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Alfaroa, 373
Algalia, 667
Algarrobo, 521
Algodon, 666

Alguelagum alpinum, 1023
All, 616
Alibertia, 1271
Alismaceae, 67
Allamanda, 930
Allium, 168
Allomarkgrafia, 930
Allophylus, 637
Alloplectus, 1142

ruacophilus, 1144

ventricosus, 1144
Allspice, 777
Almacigo, 574
Almendro, 482, 524, 769
Almizcle, 667
Almond, 482
Alnus, 373'
Aloe, 168
Alomia, 1430
Alonsoa, 1100
Alpinia speciosa, 189
Altamisa, 1442
Alternanthera, 418
Althaea, 665
Aluk, 578
Aluute, 482
Alvaradoa, 571
Amapola, 462, 668, 670, 671
Amapolilla, 670
Amaranth, 419

family, 417
Amaranthaceae, 417
Amaranthus, 419
Amargon, 1526
Amarillo, 762
Amaryllidaceae, 174
Amaryllis, 176

family, 174

Amerimnon lineatum, 532
Ames, Oakes, 61, 197
Amo, 457
Amparoa, 198
Ampelocissus, 653
Amphilophium, 1113
Amphirrhox, 713
Amu, 149, 150, 176
Amyris, 564
Anacardiaceae, 623
Anacardium, 623
Anagallis, 902
Ananas, 149

magdalenae, 148
Anatto, 712

family, 712
Anaxagorea, 440
Anay, 451
Andira, 524
Androlepis, 150

Andropogon, 67
Anechites, 932
Anemopaegma, 1114
Anepsias, 131
Angelonia, 1100
Anguria, 1386
Anil, 542
Anileto, 1307
Anls, 1524
Aniseia, 960

Anisillo, 332, 1504, 1524
Anisomeris, 1271
Anneslia confusa, 492

costaricensis, 492

mollis, 492

pallida, 492

similis, 493

Tonduzii, 493
Annona, 440
Annonaceae, 439
Anoda, 665
Anon, 441
Anona, 441
Anonillo, 441, 443

de cerro, 440
Anthephora, 69
Anthericum, 168
Anthoxanthum, 69
Anthurium, 132

bombacifolium, 132

eximium, 132

lapathifolium, 134

margaritaceum, 133

panduratum, 135

tapinostachyum, 134
Antidaphne, 402
Antigonon, 413
Antirrhinum, 1101
Apazote, 417
Apeiba, 656
Aphelandra, 1193

acutifolia, 1193

aurantiaca, var. stenophylla, 1196

cristata, 1194

Padillana, 1195

pectinata, 1194
Api, 1391
Apio, 859
Apium, 858

Apocynaceae, 930, 1566
Aporocactus flagelliformis, 751
Apple, 482
Apricot, 482
Apteria, 196
Aquifoliaceae, 628
Araba, 964
Araceae, 131
ArachiSr 524
Araeococcus, 150
Araliaceae, 851
Araucaria, 65

INDEX

1575

Arbol de cera, 372

de fuego, 519

de pan, 378

del viajero, 186
Archibaccharis, 1431
Arctostaphylos, 869
Arcytophyllum, 1272
Ardisia, 884

cuspidata, 886

fusca, 896

laevis, 899

Oliveri, 892

Skutchii, 1564
Arenaria, 430
Areng-krd, 705
Argemone, 462
Ari, 616
Aristida, 69
Aristolochia, 410

pilosa, 1550
Aristolochiaceae, 410
Armoracia, 470
Arnica, 1526
Aroma-ieron, 489
Aromo, 489, 510
Arpophyllum, 198
Arrabidaea, 1115
Arracacia, 859
Arraijan, 776

Arrayan, 372, 476, 777, 877, 879
Arrecachillo, 864
Arrhostoxylum achimeniflorum, 1249

stemonacanthoidcs, 1256
Arrowhead family, 67
Arrowroot, 195

family, 191
Arroz, 82
Artemisia, 1432
Arthrostemma, 786
Arthrostylidium, 69
Artocarpus, 378
Arum family, 131
Arundinaria, 70
Arundinella, 70
Asca, 914

Asclepiadaceae, 949
Asclepias, 949
Ash, 567, 918
Ash-uo, 567

Asimina costaricensis, 442
Asparagus, 169
Aspasia, 198

Aspilia costaricensis, 1485, 1537
Aster, 1432
Asterogyne, 108
Asterohyptis Mociniana, 1018
Astrocaryum, 108
Astronium, 624
Atana, 496
Athenaea, 1036
Athyrocarpus, 162

Atitara costaricensis, 117
Atomosco carinata, 178
Attalea rostrata, 126
Atu, 553

Augustinea balanoidea, 124
Aureliana, 1038
Avena, 70
Averrhoa, 560
Avicennia, 998
Avispilla, 668
Avispon, 667
Avocado, 457
Axinaea, 787
Axonopus, 70
Ayote, 1391
Azahar, 704, 705

de monte, 704, 705
Azaharcillo, 1310
Azalea indica, 878
Azucena, 170
Azul, 1224, 1225

de mata, 1225
Azulillo, 1307

Baca-ri-pa, 1041
Baccharis, 1433
Bacopa, 1101
Bactris, 108

balanoidea, 124

utilis, 121
Bailarina, 758
Bak-kra, 77
Bala, 627

Balanophoraceae, 409
Balata gum, 911
Balloon vine, 638
Balsa, 682
Balsaminaceae, 650
Balsamo, 1556

de copaiba, 521

del Peru, 548
Balsam of Peru, 548

-apple, 1402
Baltimora, 1434
Bambali, 1385
Bamboo, 71
Bambu, 71
Bambusa, 71
Banana family, 182
Banano, 185

coyolillo, 186

enano, 186
Banara, 717

costaricensis, 1560

mexicana, 720
Banisteria, 585

Guyana, 588

obovata, 588
Banisteriopsis cornifolia, 585

discolor, 586
Baoka, 116

1576 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Bara, 627

Barba de vie jo, 160, 434
Barbasco, 161, 613, 644, 1436, 1510
Barberry, 436

family, 436
Barbieria, 525
Barbosella, 271

Bradeorum, 272

Brenesii, 279

prorepens, 281

Reichenbachiana, 275
Barbuda, 1505
Barkeria Lindleyana, 221
Barleria, 1200

Barleriopsis glandulosa, 1200
Barnyard grass, 75
Barrabas, 608
Barreno, 686
Barrigon, 679
Basanacantha grandifolia, 1366

Pittieri, 1367

subcordata, 1367
Basellaceae, 430
Basil, 1024
Bat, 1391
Batamba, 73
Bateita, 1126
Batemania, 238
Batidaceae, 426
Batis, 426
Bauhinia, 510
Bayberry, 372

family, 372
Bean, 550

family, 487
Beaumontia, 932
Beech family, 374
Beefwood, 306

family, 306
Beet, 417
Begoniaceae, 737
Begonia cuspidata, 744

family, 737

flexuosa, 745

guyanensis, var. glaberrima, 745

laciniosa, 741

physalifolia, 741

scandens, 741

scutellata, 739

Urticae var. hispida, 747
Bejuco azul, 437

de canasta, 73, 172

Colorado, 414

juriso, 646

de muela, 1510

real, 135

de San Jose, 930

de sapo, 955

trompeta, 961
Bek, 587
Beko, 907

Bellis, 1435

Bellisima, 413

Bellota, 450

Bellucia, 787

Beloglottis costaricensis, 294

Beloperone, 1201

Beloperonides macrantha, 1244

Belotia, 656

Ben oil, 470

Benthamantha, 525

Berberidaceae, 436

Berberis, 436

Berengena, 1078, 1085, 1086, 1088, 1095

cimarrona, 1095

espinuda, 1081

silvestre, 1095
Bermuda grass, 74
Bernoullia, 678
Berros, 465

Bertholletia excelsa, 763
Bertiera, 1273
Besleria, 1148

acuti folia, 1155

chiapensis, 1152

congestiflora, 1143

costaricensis, 1155
Beta, 417
Betshur, 613
Betulaceae, 373
Beureria, 978
Bi, 380
Bidens, 1435
Bignonia, 1116
Bignoniaceae, 1113
Bihai acuminata, 182

imbricata, 183

reticulata, 184
Bijagua, 192
Bijarro, 944
Bik, 689

Bi-kro-kitsha, 655
Billbergia, 150
Billia, 637
Bing-ua, 713
Bin-sigua, 186
Biojo, 1017
Biolley, Pablo, 49
Biophytum, 560
Birch family, 373
Birdlime, 620
Birthwort family, 410
Bis, 176
Biscoyal, 110
Bi-shku, 150
Bisurur-kitsha, 655
Bitamo, 617

real, 617

Bittersweet family, 631
Bi-u-tsha, 655
Bixa, 712
Bixaceae, 712

INDEX

1577

Blackberries, 483
Black mangrove, 998
Bladdernut family, 635
Bladderwort, 1187

family, 1187
Blake, S. F., 1419
Blakea, 788

Austin-Smithii, 1561
Blandowia, 472
Blechum, 1203
Bledo, 419
Blepharodon, 950
Bletia, 199

pumilio, 237
Blighia, 638
Bloodwort family, 174
Boa-et, 149
Boat, 149
Boca de leon, 1101
Bocconia, 462
Boehmeria, 392

angustifolia, 393
Boerhaavia, 423
Bogamani, 447
Bog-bean family, 930
Bokob, 482
Bokom, 482

Boldus costaricensis, 450
Bomarea, 175
Bombacaceae, 678
Bombacopsis, 679
Bombax, 679
Bombillo, 729
Borage, 979

family, 978
Boraginaceae, 978
Borago, 979
Boro, 540
Borraja, 979
Borreria, 1274
Boton de amor, 99

negro, 1567

de oro, 1103, 1535
Botoncillo, 709
Bouchea, 993
Bougainvillea, 423
Boussingaultia, 430
Bouteloua, 71
Bouvardia, 1276
Bra, 627
Braa, 627
Brachiaria, 71
Brachionidium, 199
Brachistus, 1038

fuscoviolaceus, 1041

poasensis, 1041
Brachyloma pilosum, 1182

stridum, 1181
Brachypodium, 72
Brachystele Brenesii, 294
Bracino, 914

Brade, 49
Bra-kra, 627
Brasil, 382
Brassavola, 199
pumilio, 237
Brassia, 200
Brassica, 463
Bravaisia, 1204
Brazil nuts, 763
Breadfruit, 378
Brenes, Alberto M., 52
Brenesia, 200
Brickellia, 1437
Brir, 1299
Brishakra, 679
Brittonamra caribaea, 525
Briza, 72
Broad bean, 558
Broma, 154

real, 154
Bromelia, 150
Bromeliaceae, 148
Bromus, 72

Broom rape family, 1133
Brosimum, 379
Browallia, 1037
Brownea, 512
Brugmansia arborea, 1055
Brukra, 540
Brunellia, 475
Brunelliaceae, 475
Brunfelsia, 1038
Bryophyllum, 471
Buceragenia, 1205
Buchnera, 1102
Bucida, 767
Buckthorn family, 650
Bucra, 457
Buddleia, 920
Budi, 91
Bu-e", 145
Bu-i, 145
Bukra, 457
Bulbophyllum, 201
Bulbostylis, 106
Bulbul, 381
Bumelia, 905
Bunchosia, 586
Buquet de novia, 485
Burfo, 656, 659, 680

extrangero, 677
Buriogre, 659, 680, 982

amarillo, 983

de montafia, 983
Burmannia, 196
Burmanniaceae, 196
Burmeistera, 1406

cyclostigmata, var. suerrensis, 1408
Burriquita, 901
Bursera, 574
Burseraceae, 574

1578 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Buru-kra, 540
Butomaceae, 67
Buttercup family, 434
Buvo, 457
Byrsonima, 587
Byttneria, 684

Cabalonga, 1395

Cabbage, 463

Cabellos de angel, 434, 1566

Cabeza de vaca, 1440

Cabomba, 433

Cabralea, 576

Cabuya, 176

blanca, 176

sin espina, 176

con espinas, 176

de Olancho, 176
Cacahuate, 524
Cacalia brachiata, 1531

bullata, 1532

heterogama, 1516
Cacalojoche, 939
Cacao, 687, 688

de ardilla, 688

calabacillo, 688

criollo, 688

family, 684

de mico, 468, 687, 688

pataste, 687

silvestre, 687, 1120
Cachimba, 696
Cachitor, 946

Cacho de venado, 852, 855
Cacique, 771
Cactaceae, 749
Cactus family, 749
Caesalpinia, 512
Caesalpiniaceae, 487
Caesalpinieae, 488, 510
Cafe, 1285

de Liberia, 1285
Cafecillo, 1350
Caifa, 1391, 1392, 1394
Caimito, 908

cimarron, 908
Cajanus, 525
Cakile, 463
Cala, 146
Calabacero, 1119
Calabaza, 1399, 1521

dulce, 1399
Caladium, 137
Calalu, 427
Calamagrostis, 72

irazuensis, 94
Calanthe, 201
Calanthus multiflorus, 1146
Calathea, 191

dasycarpa, 194
Calatola, 636

Calceolaria, 1102
Calea, 1438
California poppy, 462
Caliguate, 183
Calla, 146

Callaeolepium Warscewiczii, 952
Calliandra, 491
Callicarpa, 999
Callichlamys, 1117
Callisia, 163
Callitrichaceae, 622
Callitriche, 622
Calocarpum, 906
Calonyction, 960
Calophyllum, 703
Caloplectus macrophyllus, 1145
Calopogonium, 526

ferrugineum, 1555
Calycophyllum, 1277
Calyptocarpus, 1440
Calyptranthes, 770
Calyptrella, 790
Calyptrocarya, 95
Calyptrogyne, 110
Calzoncillo, 728
Camaridium, 201

ctenostachys, 256

imbricatum, 268

Wercklei, 259
Camaron, 421
Cambray, 1448
Camfine, 585
Camibar, 521
Camote, 964
Camotillo, 63, 189
Campana, 373, 736
Campanea, 1157
Campanula, 975
Campelia, 163
Camphor, 451
Campnosperma, 625
Campylocentrum, 203
Cana, 90

de azucar, 90

blanca, 77

brava, 73

de Castilla, 77

de danto, 118, 1531

de la India, 94, 170

de muela, 370
Canagria, 188
Canamo de Manila, 186
Canastilla, 412, 1550
Canavalia, 527
Canchalagua, 595, 761, 929
Candelillo, 439, 514, 515, 517, 1131
Canela, 451
Canelilla, 457
Canelo, 457

Canilla de mula, 828, 1021
Canillito, 826

INDEX

1579

Canna, 190

family, 190
Cannaceae, 190
Cannon-ball tree, 763
Cantaloupe, 1390
Cantarillo, 639, 804
Canuela, 73
Canutillo, 163, 166
Caoba, 579, 581
Caper family, 466
Caperonia, 601
Capers, 466
Capitana, 1500
Capparidaceae, 466
Capparis, 466

Brenesii, 1553

discolor, 1554

pseudocacao, 1554
Capraria, 1103

biflora, 1569
Caprifoliaceae, 1380
Capriola Dactylon, 74
Capsella, 463
Capsicum, 1038

fuscoviolaceum, 1567

isothrix, 1567

macranthum, 1567

solanaceum, var. pubescens, 1040
Capuchina, 563
Capulamate, 387
Capulin, 378, 660
Caragre, 1010
Carana, 574, 718
Carao, 515
Carapa, 577
Caratepu, 112
Carb6n, 510
Carboncillo, 489, 492, 493, 556,r1131

bianco, 492

rojo, 493
Cardamine, 464
Cardiospermum, 638
Cardo, 1442, 1443
Cardol, 624
Cardon, 749, 1443
Cardosanto, 462
Caregre, 572
Carelia latifolia, 1429

tomentosa, 1430
Carex, 95
Carica, 734
Caricaceae, 734
Carlowrightia, 1206
Carludovica, 128
Carmin, 427
Carmiol, Federico, 61

Julian, 48

Carnation family, 430
Carne asada, 524, 639
Carpet-weed, 428

family, 428
Carpotroche, 717

Carraquito, 411
CarrS, 605
Carricillo, 80

trepador, 80
Carrizo, 70, 81
Carro caliente, 414
Carrot, 860

family, 858
Cartucho, 146
Carvu, 688
Carya, 373, 1299
Caryocar, 696
Caryocaraceae, 696
Caryophyllaceae, 430
Caryota, 111
Cas, 778

acido, 778

dulce, 778

extrangero, 778
Casco de venado, 512
Cascua, 639
Casearia, 718
Cashew family, 623
Casimiroa, 566
Cassia, 513
Cassipourea, 765
Cassytha, 450
Castarus, 687
Castanea, 374
Castano, 374
Castilla, 380
Castilleja, 1104
Castor bean, 619

oil, 619

Casuarina, 306
Casuarinaceae, 306
Catalina, 1449
Catarina, 789, 1449
Catasetum, 203
Catharanthus, 932
Cativo, 519, 521
Catopsis, 150
Cat-tail, 66

family, 66
Cattleya, 204
Cauliflower, 463
Cavendishia, 870

confertiflora, 1563

glutinosa, 871

Graebneriana, 872

Klotzschiana, 872

Skutchii, 1564
Cayaponia, 1387
Ceara rubber, 616
Cebadilla, 170
Cebolilla, 170
Cebolla, 168
Cecropia, 381
Cedrela, 577
Cedro, 578

amargo, 578

bianco, 578

1580 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cedro cobano, 578, 584

Colorado, 578

duke, 578, 582

espinoso, 679

grenadine, 578

macho, 577, 578, 582

pochote, 679

real, 578
Cedron, 573
Cedrus, 578
Ceiba, 679
Ceibo, 679
Celastraceae, 631
Celery, 859
Celosia, 420

pleiogyna, 422
Celtis, 377
Cenchrus, 72
Cenicero, 508

macho, 491
Cenizo, 378
Centaurium, 923
Centradenia, 791
Centronia, 791
Centropetalum, 205
Centropogon, 1409

affinis var. costaricanus, 1411

aurobarbatus, 1406

coleoides, 1406

grandis, 1413

nematosepalus, 1417

var. palmanus, 1412
Centrosema, 527
Centrosolenia, 1158
Centunculus pentandrus, 902
Cephaelis, 1277

costaricensis, 1279

emetica, 1249

guapilensis, 1278

Phoenicia, 1279

tetragona, 1348
Ceragallo, 1416
Cerastium, 431
Ceratonia siliqua, 521
Ceratophyllaceae, 433
Ceratophyllum, 433
Ceratosepalum micranihum, 727
Cereus, 749

Gonzalezii, 752

trigonus var. costaricensis, 750
Cerezo, 482, 586, 587
Cerillo, 709
Cespedesia, 694
Cestrum, 1045

aurantiacum f. flavum, 1053
var. macrocalyx, 1053
var. Warscewiczii, 1053

bogotense var. latifolium, 1049

pallidum, 1048

racemosum var. panamense, 1050

Valerioi, 1048
Chaetium, 72

Chaetocalyx, 528
Chaetochlamys, 1207
Chaetochloa, 91
Chaetolepis, 792

nana, 840
Chaetoptelea, 377
Chajada amarilla, 554
Chamaecrista brevipes, 514

nicoyana, 516

patellaria, 517

stenocarpa, 518

stenocarpoides, 518
Chamaedorea, 111

Biolleyi, 113
Chamae 'fistula, 514

Rowleana, 517

Standleyi, 518

Valerioi, 514

Chamaeranthemum, 1208
Chamissoa, 420
Chan, 1018, 1021
Chanchitos, 1392, 1395
Chaperno, 543, 544
Chaptalia, 1440
Chaulmoogra, 721
Chaunochiton, 1549

Kappleri, 1549
Chavelita de monte, 1037
Chayote, 1404
Chayotillo, 1393, 1394, 1396
Chebo, 666
Chelonanthus, 924
Chemo, 186
Chenopodiaceae, 417
Chenopodium, 417
Cherry, 482
Chestnut, 374
Chian, 1021
Chicasquil, 613, 614
Chicha, 587
Chichimora, 1395
Chichipate, 556
Chick pea, 528
Chicle, 905
Chicoria, 860
Chidra, 129, 130
Chilacaste, 398
Chilacayote, 1390
Chilamate, 386, 387, 388
Childsia Wercklei, 1483
Chile, 438, 1040, 1041

dulce, 1040

de perro, 415
Chilillo, 617
Chiloglossa glabra, 1230
Chilpete, 1041
Chimaphila, 868
Chimarrhis, 1281
Chimbolillo, 638
Chimbolo verde, 537
Chimbombo, 1556
Chimo, 186

INDEX

1581

Chimu, 186

China, 650

Chinaberry, 581

Chinarosa, 650

Chiococca, 1281

Chionolaena lavandulaceum, 1479

Chipilin, 530

Chiquisa, 1440

Chiquiza, 1022

Chiquizacillo, 1275

Chiraquilla, 1282

Chirca, 947

venenosa, 947
Chirimoya, 440
Chirra, 160
Chirraca, 1556
Chirrite, 1027, 1153, 1470

bianco, 1465, 1475
Chirrivaca, 129, 139, 140
Chispa, 182, 1447
Chiverre, 1390
Chiverrillo, 1082, 1400, 1402
Chloranthaceae, 370
Chlorophora, 382
Chloros, 72
Chomelia, 1282

microloba, 1272

sylvicola, 1272
Chompipe, 411
Chondrorrhyncha, 205
Chonta, 122

Chorisarihera tenera, 1177
Christmas cactus, 759
Chrysanthellum, 1441
Chrysanthemum, 1441
Chrysobalanus, 478
Chrysochlamys costaricana, 710

gtawca, 710
Chrysophyllum, 907
Chumico de palo, 690
Chumicos, 547
Chupalon complectens, 871

Endresii, 871

melastomoides, 872

veraguense, 873
Chureca, 542

Churristate, 965, 967, 968, 969, 972
Churrite, 1012, 1017, 1018
Chusquea, 73
Chysis, 206
Cicer, 528
Cidra, 567
Cinchona, 1283
Cinco negritos, 1007
Cinna, 74
Cinnamomum, 451
Cinnamon, 451
Ciprecillo, 64
Cipres, 65
Cipura, 180
Cirin, 814

Cirri, 626

amarillo, 626

bianco, 626

Colorado, 626
Cirsium, 1442
Ciruelo, 482, 628
Cissampelos, 436
Cissus, 653
Cistaceae, 712
Citharexylum, 999

macrocarpum, 1013

trinerve, 1013

villosum var. integerrimum, 1000
Citrullus, 1389
Citrus, 566

Cladobium costaricense, 240
Clavel, 431, 668

de canstilla, 668

del monte, 847
Clavelillo, 848
Clavellina, 513
Clavelon, 668
Clavija, 900
Cleidion, 602
Clematis, 434
Cleome, 468
Clerodendron, 1002
Clethra, 867
Clethraceae, 867
Clibadium, 1443

Pittieri, 1444

f. phrixium, 1445

terebinthaceum var. Pittieri, 1444
Clidemia, 793

fenestrata, 797

macrophylla, 835

solearis, 835
Clitoria, 529

Clomenocoma montana, 1451
Clover, 558
Clusia, 704
Clytostoma, 1117
Cnestidium, 486
Cnicus costaricensis, 1442

pinnatisectus, 1443
Cobaea, 974
Cobano, 578
Cobola, 64
Coca family, 562
Coccocypselum, 1283
Coccoloba, 413

floribunda, 1550
Cochineal cactus, 755
Cochliostema, 163
Cochlospermaceae, 713
Cochlospermum, 713
Cockscomb, 420
Cocobola, 506, 532
Coconut, 115
Coco plum, 478
Cocora, 637

1582 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cocos, 115

Island, 57
Cocotero, 115
Codiaeum, 602
Coelestina latifolia, 1429

microcarpa, 1430

tomentosa, 1430
Coelia, 206
Coeliopsis, 206
Coffea, 1285
Coffee, 1285

family, 1264
Coix, 74
Cojoba catenata, 506

costaricensis, 506

glabra, 507

sophorocarpa, 509

Standleyi, 509

Valerioi, 509
Cojon, 945

de caballo, 944
Cola de alacran, 986

de gallo, 75, 111, 130

de pescado, 111

de venado, 68, 70
Coleus, 1015
Coliflor, 463

Coligallo, 110, 111, 117, 128, 129, 130
Collar de la reina, 189
Collinia fibrosa, 127
Colmillo, 1105

de perro, 870

de puerco, 922
Colmillos, 871, 874, 878, 879
Colocasia, 138
Cologania, 529
Colorin, 427
Colubrina, 651

spinosa, 651
Columnea, 1160

erythrocalyx, 1168

hirsuta, 1164

microcalyx var. macrophylla, 1165

oblanceolata, 1166

tennis, 1167

Wendlandiana, 1166
Comalillo, 862

Comarostaphylis costaricensis, 869
Combretaceae, 767
Combretum, 767

family, 767
Comemano, 654
Comenegro, 866

Comida de culebra, 134, 138, 142, 145
Commelina, 163
Commelinaceae, 162
Comparettia, 207
Compositae, 1418
Composite family, 1418
Compsqneura, 446
Conceveiba pleiostemona, 622
Conchita, 1441

Conchudo, 1382
Condylostylis, 530
Conene, 524
Congea, 1003
Coniferae, 65
Conium, 1563

maculatum, 1563
Connaraceae, 485
Connarus, 486
Conocarpus, 768
Conomorpha, 895
Conopholis, 1133
Conostegia, 800
Contraveneno, 1395
Contrayerba, 384
Convolvulaceae, 960
Conyza, 1446

asperifolia, 1432

floribunda, 1456
Cook, O. F., 52
Cooper, Juan J., 49
Copaiba balsam, 521
Copaifera hemitomophylla, 519
Copal, 521, 576
Copalchi, 603, 605, 606
Copeicillo, 704
Copey, 704, 705, 706
Coquillo, 613
Coquita, 1017
Coquito, 115, 613, 774
Coral, 701, 1247
Coralillo, 879, 1110, 1307
Coralillos, 538
Corazon de Jesus, 137

tranquilo, 545
Corchorus, 657
Cordia, 979

collococca, 982

corymbosa, 983

Gerascanthus, 980

heterophylla, 984

Johnstoni, 981

ulmifolia, 983

Cordoncillo, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 346,
356, 358, 360, 364, 366, 368, 369
Coreopsis, 1447
Coriander, 859
Coriandrum, 859
Coriaria, 623
Coriariaceae, 622
Coriarmirtine, 623
Cormonema Nelsoni, 651

ovalifolium, 651
Cornaceae, 865
Cornus, 865
Corona de Cristo, 610

imperial, 168
Coronillo, 1504
Cornelina, 170
Cornezuelo, 490

INDEX

1583

Cornidia peruviana, 474

radiata, 473
Cornutia, 1004

cymosa, 981

Corona de la reina, 1322
Coronillo, 787
Coronita, 665
Corozo, 115, 126
Corpus, 148

espina, 905
Corral, 588
Cortaderia, 74
Corteza, 1130

amarilla, 1130

de chivo, 1121

de venado, 1256
Corub, 185
Coryanthes, 207
Corymborchis, 207
Corynaea, 410
Cosimbuena, 1285
Cosmos, 1447
Costaricaea, 236
Costus, 187
Cotton, 666

tree family, 678
Couepia, 479
Coumarouna, 537
Couralia rosea, 1130
Couroupita, 763
Coussapoa, 382
Coussarea, 1286
Coutarea, 1288
Coutoubea, 924
Cow pea, 559

tree, 380
Coyolillo, 108
Crab grass, 75
Cracca micrantha, 525

mollis, 525
Cranichis, 207
Crape myrtle, 762
Crassulaceae, 470
Crataegus, 479
Crataeva, 469
Crepis, 1448
Crescentia, 1118
Cresp6n, 397
Cresta de gallo, 420, 922
Crinum, 175
Crisantemo, 1441
Crocosmia aurea, 182
Crosho, 616
Crotalaria, 530

Carmioli, 1555
Crotalaria gnatemalensis, 1555

vitellina, 1555
Croton, 602

decalobus, 1556

flavens, 603

maritimus, 605

Pittieri, 1556

Crub, 185
Cruciferae, 462
Crucilla, 1367
Crucillo, 1365
Crusea, 1289
Cryosophila, 116
Cryptarrhena, 208
Cryptocentrum, 208
Cryptoloma cordifolium, 1182

Hookerianum, 1182

pilosum, 1182

strictum, 1181
Cryptomeria, 65
Cryptophoranthus, 209
Ctenanthe, 194
Cuajatinta, 983
Cuajilote, 411, 1124
Cuajiniquil, 495, 496,- 497, 498, 499
Cuapinol, 520
Cuayote, 958
Cuba, 551
Cucaracho, 637
Cucharilla, 1114, 1126
Cuchillo, 527
Cucumber, 1390
Cucumis, 1390
Cucurbita, 1390
Cucurbitaceae, 1385
Cufodontia, 933

Cufodontis, Giorgi, 52, 793, 933
Cuh, 112, 735
Culantrillo, 858
Culantro, 859, 861

de Castilla, 859

cimarron, 708, 860

coyote, 861
Culumate, 998
Cumaru, 537
Cundeamor, 973
Cunila, 1016
Cunoniaceae, 476
Cup, 95
Cupania, 638
Cuphea, 760
Cupressus, 65
Cur, 381
Cura, 1383
Curare, 923
Curatella, 690
Curculigo, 176
Curcuma, 189
Currants, 475
Curtia, 925
Cuscuta, 961, 1566
Cuscutaceae, 962
Custard-apple family, 439
Cutter, Victor M., 888
Cyathula, 420

Cybianthus costaricanus, 895
Cycadaceae, 63
Cycad family, 63
Cycas, 63

1584 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Cyclanthaceae, 128
Cyclanthera, 1391

Oerstedii, 1394

Pittieri, 1396
Cyclanthus, 131
Cycnoches, 209
Cydista, 1118
Cydonia, 479
Cymbopetalum, 442
Cymbopogon, 74
Cynanchum, 951
Cynoctonum, 921
Cynodon, 74
Cynometra, 519
Cyperaceae, 95
Cyperus, 96

asperrimus, 97

breviradiatus, 97

cymbiformis, 99

Durandii, 97

fugax, 99

incospicuus, 99

Liebmanni, 98

melanostachyus, 98

millifolius, 99

Olfersianus, 98

Pittieri, 98

radiatus, 98

Randuzii, 98
var. tennis, 98

squalidus, 99

Tonduzianus, 99
Cyphomandra, 1053
Cypress, 65

Cyrtanthera macrantha, 1224
Cyrtantherella macrantha, 1124
Cyrtopodium, 210

Dactylis, 74
Dactyloctenium, 74
Daguilla, 142
Dahlia, 1448
Daisy, 1435
Dalbergia, 531
Dalea, 550
Dalechampia, 606
Dalia, 1449
Dama, 999, 1000
Dandelion, 1526
Dantisca, 647
Danto, 402

hediondo, 402
Daphnopsis, 759
Dara-kru, 603
Dasystachys, 117
Date palm, 123
Datura, 1054
Da-ua, 1067
Daucus, 859
Davilla, 690

Dayflower, 163

family, 162
Deamia testudo, 751
Debe-ira, 542
Declieuxia, 1290
Deherainia, 900
Deka, 1399
Deki, 964
De-kra-dike, 504
Dekuo, 666
Delilia, 1449
Delonix, 519
Delphinium, 434
Dendropanax arboreum, 852

monticola, 852

querceti, 853
Dendrophthora, 403
Deppea, 1290
Dermatocalyx, 1105
Denis costaricensis, 543

nicoyensis, 544

peninsularis, 544
Descurainia, 463
Desmanthus, 493
Desmodium, 532

albiflorum, 533

Barclayi, 534

incanum, 534

purpureum, 534

spirale, 535

uncinatum, 534, 535
Desmoncus, 117
Desmopsis, 442
Detsi, 385
De-ua, 1067
Diacrium, 210
Dialium, 519
Dialyanthera, 446
Dian-kra, 685
Dianthera candelariae, 1227

glabra, 1230
Dianthus, 431
Diastema, 1170
Diastemella bracteosa, 1170
Dibit-kra, 575
Dichaea, 211

Bradeorum, 1541

Brenesii, 1541

gracillima, 1541

Morrisii, 1541

muricata, 1541

ovatipetala, 1541

Powellii, 1541

similis, 1541

verrucosa, 1541
Dichaeopsis brachypoda, 211
Dichapetalaceae, 597
Dichondra, 962
Dichorisandra, 164
Dichromena, 100
Dicliptera, 1209
Dicraspidia, 657

INDEX

1585

Dictyostegia, 197

Didymaea, 1291

Didymopanax, 851

Diectomis, 75

Dieffenbachia, 138

Diente de leon, 1526

Digital, 1106

Digitalis, 1105

Digitaria, 75

Dika, 122

Dika-kerik, 504

Diko, 122

Dikora, 457

Dilleniaceae, 689

Dillenia family, 689

Dimerocostus, 189

Dimorphandra megistosperma, 521

Dimorphotheca, 1450

Dioclea, 536

Diodia, 1292

Dioscorea, 178

Dioscoreaceae, 178

Diospyros, 912

Dipa, 1041

Dipa-boro-boro, 1040, 1041

Dipholis, 909

Diphysa, 536

Diplasia, 100

Diplostephium, 1450

Diplotropis macroprophyllata, 537

Dipsacaceae, 1385

Dipterodendron, 640

Dipterostele minutiflora, 300

Disterigma, 874

dissimile, 882

pachyphyllum, 874
Distreptus spicatus, 1508
Dobor-kor, 457
Dodder, 961
Dodge, G. W., 52
Dodonaea, 640
Dogbane family, 930
Dogwood family, 365
Dolichos, 537
Doliocarpus, 690
Dombeya, 658
Dori-tshka, 575
Dormilona, 502, 503, 504

grande, 503
Dorstenia, 384
Doyle, C. B., 52
Draba, 463
Dracaena, 169
Dracontium, 138
Drah tshina, 567
Drepanocarpus costaricensis, 546
Drimys, 438
Drymaria, 431
Drymonia, 1171
Dsheba, 1041
Dshiun, 1399
Du, 180

Duckweed family, 146
Duerme-boca, 1510
Duggena bracteosa, 1301

ovatifolia, 1302
Duis-kap-kuo-gro, 660
Dulichium arundiaceum, 100
Durandia macrophylla, 174
Duranta, 1005
Duraznillo, 636, 652
Durazno, 483
Durgo, 193
Duroia, 1293
Dussia, 537
Dusty miller, 1514
Du-uo, 1067
Dyschoriste, 1215
Dysopsis, 607
Dyssodia, 1451
Dze-ui, 981
Dzug-mang-ua, 689

Ear tree, 494
Ebenaceae, 912
Ebony, 913

family, 912
Ecbolium Chamaeranthemum, 1203

refractifolium, 1232

trichotomum, 1236
Eccremocactus Bradei, 753
Echeveria, 471
Echinochloa, 75
Echinocystis, 1391
Echinodorus, 67

subalatus, 1539
Echinopepon horridus, 1393
Echinospermum mexicanum, 986
Echites, 933

fluminensis, 936

microcalyx, 937

trifida, 938
Eclipta, 1451
Eggplant, 1086
Egletes, 1452
Ehretia, 984
Eichhornia, 166
Elaeagia, 1294
Elaeis, 115
Elaeocarpaceae, 656
Elateriopsis, 1394

Pittieri, 1396
Elaterium, 1394
Elder, 1381
Eleocharis, 100
Elephantopus, 1452

spicatus, 1508
Elequeme, 538, 575
Eleusine, 75
Eleutheranthera, 1453
Elleanthus, 213

Jimenezii, 1541
Elm family, 377
Elotico, 135, 137

1586 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Elotillo, 135, 137, 322
Elsota Micheliana, 596

sylvestris, 596
Elvira biflora, 1450
Elytrasia, 1216
Emilia, 1454
Enallagma, 1119
Encinillo, 372
Encino, 375, 376, 377
Encyclia Brenesii, 223

Mooreana, 223

ramonensis, 223

Tonduziana, 223
Endres, 48
Endresiella, 215
Enea, 66
Eneldillo, 858
Eneldo, 861
Engelhardtia, 373
English daisy, 1435

walnuts, 372
Enicostema, 925
Entada, 493

Entadopsis polystachia, 494
Enterolobium, 494
Epicampes, 75
Epidendrum, 215

acrochordonium, 225

Adolphii, 218

Alfredii, 223

Amparoanum, 215

baculibulbum, 218

benignum, 228

biflorum, 226

Boissierianum, 226

Brassavolae, 225

cardiophorum, 227

chiriquense, 229

chondranthum, 219

congestoides, 227

congestum, 227

costaricense, 223

cristobalense, 221

dolichostachyum, 221

falcatum var. Zeledoniae, 224

firmum, 218

flexicaule, 226

floribundum, 224

fractiflexum, 220

glandulosum, 228

glumibracteum, 226

Henrici, 221

Hoffmannii, 220

labiatum, 205

linifolium, 222

magnibracteatum, 218

majale, 219

modestiflorum, 226

Mooreanum, 223

myodes, 225

notabile, 1541

oxyglossum, 219

pansamalae, 1541

peraltense, 223

pergameneum, 225

P/ani, 217

piliferum, 224

pinniferum, 1541

platychilum, 218

poaeforme, 222

prosiratum, 217

quinquelobum, 225

ramonianum, 224

ramonense, 223

reflexum, 224

resectum, 224

Sancti-Ramoni, 224

santaclarense, 226

serruliferum, 218

Storkii, 219

subviolascens, 218

tenuiflorum, 217

feres, 228

turialvae, 224

variegatum, 218
Epilyna, 229

Jimenezii, 1541
Epipadis erosa, 233
Epiphyllum, 752
Episcia, 1176

lanceolata, 1173

longipetiolata, 1159
Epithecia brachypoda, 211
Eragrostis, 75
Eranthemum, 1217

atropurpureum, 1244

cuspidatum, 1245
Erechtites, 1454
Erefa, 688

Eremosis triflosculosa, 1533
Erepe, 636
Erblichia, 726
Ericaceae, 869
Erigeron, 1455
Eriobotrya, 480
Eriocaulaceae, 147
Eriocaulon, 147
Eriochloa, 76
Eriochrysis, 77
Eriopsis, 230
Eriosema, 538
Eryngium, 860
Erythraea quitensis, 924

stricta var. tereticaulis, 924
Erythranthus coriaceus, 1144
Erythrina, 538
Erythrochiton, 567
Erythrodes, 230
Erythroxylaceae, 562
Erythroxylon, 562
Escallonia, 473

floribunda, 1554
Eschscholtzia, 462
Eschweilera, 764

INDEX

1587

Escoba de Castilla, 1110

negra, 983

real, 1508
Escobedia, 1106
Escobilla, 674, 675, 676, 1453, 1508

amarga, 1110

blanca, 689

negra, 674
Escobillo, 804
Escobo, 773
Esenbeckia, 567
Eskuat-kra, 603
Espada de Judas, 170
Espadana, 66
Esparrago, 169
Espave, 623
Espavel, 623
Espinaca, 417
Espinillo, 1440

Espino bianco, 725, 906, 1366
Espiritu Santo, 148, 270
Espuela, 434

de caballero, 434, 469
Esquitillo, 637
Esquivel, Daniel, 61
Estopa, 1400
Estrella, 332, 553, 469
Eucalipto, 771
Eucalyptus, 771
Eucaristia, 176
Eucaristo, 176
Eucharis, 176
Euchlaena, 95
Eugenia, 771

Austin-Smithii, 1561

guanacastensis, 775

rigidissima, 774
Euonymus, 631
Eupatorium, 1457

adenophorum, 1463

adspersum, 1459

angosturae, 1455

Braunii, 1433

chlorophyllum, 1460

chrysocephalum, 1501

conyzoides, 1467

decussatum, 1472

Dombeyanum, 1473

fistulosum, 1459

gnadalupense, 1466

hebebotryum, 1467

ixiocladon, 1470

plectranthifolium, 1462

populifolium, 1466

pratense, 1470

quinquesetum, 1476

roseum, 1468

semialatum, 1466

splendens, 1473

Valverdeanum, 1500

Euphorbia, 607

boerhaviifolia, 608

discolor, 608

nutans, 609
Euphorbiaceae, 598
Euphorbiastrum Hoffmannianum, 609
Eurya, 701
Eurystyles, 231
Euterpe, 117
Evea guapilensis, 1278
Evening primrose, 849

primrose family, 845
Evodianthus angustifolius, 129
Evolvulus, 962
Excremis scabra, 1540
Exolobus, 952
Exostema, 1294

Fabaceae, 487

Fagaceae, 374

Fagus, 374

Falcaria, 861

Faramea, 1295

Farol chino, 665

Farolillo, 665

Farolito, 665

Fe-guo, 380

Fennel, 861

Fernaldia, 934

Festuca, 77

Feuillea sophorocarpa, 509

Feverfew, 1442

Fevillea, 1395

Ficus, 384

intramarginalis, 383
Fideos, 961
Figwort family, 1099
Fimbristemma, 952
Fimbristylis, 102

dichotoma, 1539

diphylla, 1539
Fischeria, 952
Fish poison, 1510
Flacourtiaceae, 716
Flacourtia family, 716
Fleischmannia, 1475
Fleurya, 393
Flor de amor, 861

barbona, 513

blanca, 939

de Jesucristo, 512

de luna, 961

de muerto, 1524, 1525

de nieve, 430

de pascua, 411, 610

de pato, 411

de la reina, 929

de Santa Ana, 932

de vaca, 1543

del volcan, 1098
Flores de palo, 407
Floscopa, 164

1588 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Foeniculum, 861
Forget-me-not, 988
Forestiera, 918
Forsteronia, 935
Four-o'clock, 424

family, 423
Foxglove, 1105
Fractiunguis cuniculatus, 237
Fragaria, 480
Frailecillo, 614
Frambuesas, 483
Frangipani, 939
Frantzia, 1396

Frantzius, Alexander von, 1396
Frap, 627
Fraxinus, 918
Fregea, 231
Fresa, 480
Fresno, 918
Frijol, 553

de palo, 525

de playa, 527, 547
Frijolillo, 524, 526, 552
Froro, 540
Fru, 540
Fruta darada, 447

de mono, 1340
Fuchsia, 845
Fucsia, 1003
Fuirena, 102
Funastrum, 953
Furcraea, 176
Fusia, 846
Fustic, 382

Gaiadendron, 403

Galactia, 540

Galeana, 1476

Galeandra, 231

Galeottia, 232

Galinsoga, 1476

Galium, 1297

Gallina, 617

Gallinazo, 1121

Gallincillo, 531

Gallinilla, 527

Gallinita, 528

Gallito, 539

Gamalote, 82, 86

Garbanzo, 528

Garcia, 610

Garcilassa, 1477

Gardenia, 1298

Gargoran, 852

Garlic, 168

Garrapatas, 676

Garrapatilla, 312, 322, 323, 1544

Garrya, 866

Garryaceae, 866

Gasteranthopsis hirsuta, 1152

Gateador, 1550

Gaudichaudia, 587

Gaulin, 373

Gaultheria, 874
Gavilan, 373, 505
Gavilana, 490, 1500
Gayoides crispum, 666
Gengibre, 190
Gengibrillo, 87
Genipa, 1299
Gentian, 925

family, 923
Gentiana, 925
Gentianaceae, 923
Geonoma, 118

glauca, 111

pulchra, 123

spicigera, 111

trifurcata, 108
Geophila, 1300
Geraniaceae, 559
Geranio, 560

de olor, 560
Geranium, 559, 560

family, 559
Gerbera, 1478
Gesneria, 1177

petiolaris, 1180

picta, 1182

rhynchocarpa, 1182
Gesneriaceae, 1137
Gilibertia, 852

diplostemona, 473
Ginger, 190

family, 187
Ginseng family, 851
Girasol, 1482
Girasolillo, 1451
Gireoudia conchae folia, 739

involucrata, 743

laciniata, 743

pruinata, 745
Gladiolus, 180
Glinus, 428
Gliricidia, 540
Globe amaranth, 420
Glockeria, 1217
Gloriosa, 169

Glossoloma tetragonum, 1147
Gloxinia, 1177
Gnaphalium, 1478
Godmania, 1120
Goethalsia, 658
Golondrina, 419, 608, 610
Gombo, 667
Gomozia, 1300
Gomphichis, 232
Gomphrena, 420
Gongora, 232
Gonolobus dubius, 957

edulis, 958

magnifolius, 958

pseudobarbatus, 958

reflexus, 959

Rothschuhii, 959

INDEX

1589

Gonzalagunia, 1301
Gonzalea bracteosa, 1301

ovatifolia, 1302
Goodyera, 233
Gooseberry, 475
Gossypium, 666
Gouania, 651
Gourd family, 1385
Govenia, 233
Gracena, 170
Gramineae, 67
Grammadenia, 895
Granada, 762
Granadilla, 727, 730, 732

de arbol, 468

real, 732

Grano de oro, 189
Grape, 655

family, 653
Grapefruit, 566
Graptophyllum, 1220
Grass family, 67
Gravilea, 401
Gravisia, 151

Greenman, J. M., 52, 1419
Greigia, 152
Grevilea, 401
Grevillea, 401
Grias, 763
Gronovia, 736
Grosella, 475, 617
Ground-cherry, 1067
Gruok, 499
Gsa-kitsha-di6, 655
Gshos-rit-kra, 441
Gsi-kra, 381
Gsos-kra, 441
Guabo salado, 1554
Guacamayo, 462, 513, 519
Guaca-shoron, 513
Guachipelin, 537
Guacimillo, 686
Guacimo, 660, 685

bianco, 685

Colorado, 660

molenillo, 660
Guaco, 411, 1495
Guadua aculeata, 77
Guagra, 116
Guaiatil, 1377

Colorado, 1377
Guaitil, 1299
Guamo, 495
Guanabana, 440

silvestre, 440
Guanacaste, 494
Guandu, 525
Guandul, 525
Guapinol, 520
Guarea, 578
Guaria morada, 205

de Turrialba, 204

Guarob-ua, 499
Guaroma, 499
Guarumo, 382, 391

macho, 391

de montana, 391
Guastomate, 899
Guatemala, 182
Guatteria, 443
Guava, 498, 777

machete, 499
Guavillo, 498
Guavo, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 573

amarillo, 500

peludo, 495, 500

peludo verde, 500
Guayaba, 778

de montana, 769
Guayabillo, 771, 774, 776, 779
Guayabo de mico, 1340
Guayabon, 769
Guayacan, 1130
Guayote, 958
Guazuma, 685
Guettarda, 1303

costaricensis, 1282
Guijarro, 943, 944, 945
Guilandina urophylla, 513
Guilielma, 121
Guillotilla, 1402
Guinea, 84
Guineo, 185, 442, 445

de jardin, 186

morado, 186
Guisaro, 778

dulce, 779
Guitite, 1036
Gum arabic, 489
Gunnera, 850
Gurak, 712
Gurania, 1397
Gusanillo, 550
Gustavia, 763
Gutierrez, Francisco, 46
Guttiferae, 703
Guzmania, 152

balanophora, 155

insignis, 155
Gyminda, 632

Gymnacanthus campeslria, 1251
Gymnanthes, 621
Gymnolomia Pittieri, 1527
Gymnopogon, 77
Gymnopsis costaricensis, 1485
Gymnosiphon, 197
Gynandropsis, 469
Gynerium, 77
Gynura, 1481
Gyrocarpus, 461
Gyrostachys aguacatensis, 294

costaricensis, 294

Smithii, 288

1590 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Haba, 558
Habenaria, 234
Habilla, 494
Habillo, 613
Habracanthus, 1221
Hackelia, 985
Hackelochloa, 77
Haematoxylon, 520
Haemodoraceae, 174
Hako, 145
Halenia, 926

Halimium glomeratum, 712
Halorrhagaceae, 850
Hamelia, 1305

viridifolia, 1306
Hamo, 457
Hampea, 680
Hansteinia, 1222
Harino, 640
Hariota, 755

coriacea, 757
Hartmannia rosea, 849
Hasseltia, 719

costaricensis, 1560
Hatiora salicornioides, 755
Hatu, 553
Hauya, 846
Hawthorn, 479
Haya, 374
Heath family, 869
Hebanthe Hookeriana, 422
Hechuc, 112
Hedeoma, 1016
Hedera, 854
Hedychium, 189
Hedyosmum, 370
Heeria axillaris, 809
Heisteria, 408
Helenium, 1481
Helianthemum, 712
Helianthus, 1482
Helichrysum, 1482
Heliconia, 182
Helicostylis, 388
Helicteres, 685
Heliocarpus, 658
Heliopsis, 1482
Heliotrope, 987
Heliotropio, 987
Heliotropium, 986
Helosis, 410
Hemerocallis, 1540

fulva, 1540
Hemibaccharis irazuensis, 1431

torquis, 1431
Hemicarpha, 102
Hemichaena, 1106
Hemidiodia, 1308
Henna, 762
Henriettea, 807
Henriettella, 807
Heppiella, 1177

Hernandia, 461

stenura, 1553
Hernandiaceae, 460
Herpestis chamaedry aides, 1101

Monnieria, 1101

Salzmanni, 1101
Herrania albiflora, 689
Hesperomeles, 480
Heteranthera, 166
Heterocentron, 808
Heteropsis, 139
Heteropteris, 588

stannea, 590
Heterotoma, 1414
Heterotrichum, 809
Hevea brasiliensis, 611
Hexadesmia, 235
Hexisea, 236
Hibiscus, 667
Hickory, 1299
Hidalgoa, 1483
Hiedra, 387, 430, 854
Hieracium, 1483
Hierba de corazpn, 1027

de San Antonio, 1453

santa, 1111

del soldado, 686

de te, 1569
Hieronyma, 611
Higginsia psychotriaefolia, 1318
Higo, 385, 386
Higuera, 850, 857
Higuerilla, 619
Higueron, 386, 387, 388

bianco, 387

Colorado, 386
Higuito, 387
Hillia, 1309
Hilotillo, 322
Himatanthus, 939

articulata, 940
Hinchador, 626
Hinojillo, 332

Hinterhubera Lasequei, 1485
Hippeastrum, 176
Hippocastanaceae, 637
Hippocratea, 634

family, 634
Hippocrateaceae, 634
Hippomane, 612
Hiraea, 589
Hirtella, 480
Hodchuc, 112
Hoffmann, Carl, 47
Hoffmannella rosea, 745
Hoffmannia, 1310

macrophylla, 1314
Hoja del aire, 471

chigiie, 690

de la estrella, 332

de hombre, 141

de lapa, 131

INDEX

1591

Hoja de milagro, 166

de pasmo, 823

quema, 1502

de salbe, 920
Hojase'n, 513
Holcus, 78

halepensis, 91

Sorghum, 92
Holly, 629

family, 628
Hollyhock, 665
Holmskioldia, 1006
Holodiscus, 481
Holtonia, 1320
Homalium, 721
Homalocenchrus hexandrus, 80
Homalonema, 139
Homalopetalum, 237
Hombre grande, 573
Hombron, 139, 573
Homolepis, 78
Honduras mahogany, 581
Honeysuckle, 1381

family, 1380
Hormigo, 416
Hornwort family, 433
Horquetilla, 1366, 1367
Horse chestnut family, 637
Horseradish, 470

tree family, 470
Hortensia, 474
Hosmeca, 1127
Houlletia, 237
Howardia costaricensis, 411

Hoffmanni, 411
Huesillo, 638, 639, 718
Huevos de caballo, 944
Hufelandia, 451
Hugro, 721
Huiscoyol, 109, 110
Hu-kitshu, 735
Huko, 112
Hule, 380, 381

bianco, 381
Hunkri-kra, 712
Huntleya, 338
Hura, 612
Hyacinth, 169
Hyacinthus orientalis, 169
Hybanthus, 714
Hydnocarpus, 721
Hydrangea, 473
Hydrocleis, 67
Hydrocotyle, 862
Hydrolea, 977
Hydrophyllaceae, 976
Hygrophila, 1222
Hylocereus calcaratus, 750

costaricensis, 750

stenopterus, 751

undatus, 752
Hymenachne, 78

Hymenaea, 520
Hymenocallis, 176
Hymenostephium, 1485
Hyparrhenia, 78
Hyperbaena, 437

isophylla, 618, 1551

leptobotryosa, 618, 1551
Hypericum, 707
Hypochaeris, 1486
Hypochilus, 238
Hypocyrta, 1177

crassifolia, 1159
Hypolytrum, 102
Hypoxis, 177
Hyptis, 1016

alopecuroides, 1018

Biolleyi, 1018

capitata, 1567

constricta, 1017

decurrens, 1017

lasu, 654
Ibing, 185

Ibo-friuri, 1040, 1041
Icacinaceae, 635
Icacina family, 635
Icaco, 478
Ichnanthus, 78
Ichthyothere, 1486
Ichu grass, 93
Idea conftisa, 575

costaricensis, 576

glabra, 576

Pittieri, 576

sessiliflora, 576
Icu, 381
leba, 1041
lebo, 1041
Iguano, 640
Igug, 1399
Igun, 613
Igva, 115
Ik, 95, 616
Ikue, 95
Ilex, 629
Hi, 616
Ilusion, 93
Ilysanthes, 1106
Impatiens, 650
Imperata, 78
Indian pipe, 868

pipe family, 868
Indigofera, 541
Indio desnudo, 575
Inga, 495

Montealegrei, 1554
Ingerto, 907
Inkwood, 1377
Inmortal, 421
Inodes, 126
Inophloeum, 391
lok-koro, 83

1592 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

lonidium anomalum, 714

occultum, 714
lonopsis, 238
Ip, 95
Ipacru, 90
Ipakur, 91
Ipomoea, 863

aegyptia, 971

affinis, 965

Austin-Smithii, 1566

cardiophylla, 1566

cissoides, 972

coccinea, 973

mexicana, 965

polyanthes, 972

quinquefolia, 972

syringifolia, 967

tricolor, 1566

umbellata, 972
Ira, 377, 455, 456, 648

amarillo, 456

Colorado, 702

mangle, 455, 456

rosa, 453
Iresine, 421

arrecta, 1550
Iriartea, 122

durissima, 127

exorrhiza, 127
Iridaceae, 180
Iris, 1038

family, 180
Isachne, 79
Ischaemum, 79
Ischnosiphon, 195
Isertia, 1321
Isnardia palustris, 849
Isocarpha, 1486

Isochilus, 238
Isoloma cordifolium, 1182

pilosum, 1182

strictum, 1181

tetragonum, 1181
Isotoma, 1415
Itabo, 171

Italian yellow jasmine, 919
lun-kra, 1399
Iva annua, 1487
Ixophorus, 79
Ixora, 1322
lya, 616
lyab, 112
lyabu, 112
Izote, 171

Jaboncillo, 427, 643
Jaboncillos, 547
Jacaranda, 1121
Jacaratia, 735
Jacinto, 169
Jackfruit, 379

Jacobinia, 1223

aurea, 1225
Jacquemontia, 970
Jacquiniella, 239
Jaegeria, 1487
Jagua, 1299

de montana, 1377
Jalacate, 1027, 1439
Jalapa, 930, 1118
Jaltomate, 1068
Jamaica, 777
Japanese honeysuckle, 1381

persimmon, 913
Japonesa, 1004
Jaral, 1007, 1439
Jarilla, 1007
Jarino, 640
Jarro caliente, 546
Jasmine, 918
Jasminum, 918
Jatropha, 613
Jaul, 373
Javillo, 613
Jazmin, 919, 1276, 1322

del cabo, 1298

de estrella, 1415

del monte, 1309

de la Virgen, 1276

del volcan, 1309
Jazmin cillo, 1415
Jelinjoche, 682
Jicama, 549
Jicaras, 1119
Jicaro, 1119
Jiguilote, 980

Jimenez Luthmer, Oton,'59
Jinote, 574
Jipijapa hats, 130
Jiquelite, 542
Jobo, 627
Jocote, 628
Johnson grass, 92
Jorco, 709
Juanilama, 1008

mocha, 1021
Juanulloa, 1056
Juche, 939
Juco, 378
Juglandaceae, 373
Juglans, 372
Julocroton, 615
Juncaceae, 167
Junco, 100, 101, 167
Juncus, 167
Jungia, 1487
Juniperus flaccida, 65
Jupiter, 589, 762
Jussiaea, 847

geminiflora, 1562
Justicia, 1226

asymetrica, 1236

aurea, 1225

INDEX

1593

Justicia glabra, 1230
macrantha, 1224
pseudopolystachya, 1232

Jute, 657

Kaba-kra, 380
Kabu, 112
Kaempferia, 1540

rotunda, 1540
Kagru, 77
Kallstroemia, 564
Kamum, 567
Kani, 553
Kan-ikan, 414
Kao-kra, 688
Kapok, 680
Kar-mari, 575
Karsik, 183
Karu-ru-bui, 149
Kas, 778
Kash-kra, 778
Katon, 735
Katsha, 713
Kau, 688
Kefersteinia, 239
Kegeliella, 240
Kei-bing, 186
Kerar, 112

-tebu, 118
Kerebi-kerik, 504
Ketshua-ka, 1041
Kik, 176
Kikure, 567
Ki-kuru, 149
Kinetostigma nana, 114
Kin-go, 116
Kin-shi-kra, 950
Kipkuo, 669
Kita, 507
Kitshu, 735
Klaprothia, 736
Klis, 385
Klugia, 1178
Kniphofia, 169
Ko, 688

Koellikeria, 1178
Ko-ep, 95
Kohleria, 1178

Schiedeana, 1181

tetragona, 1181

Wageneri, 1181
Koko, 115
Kokr4, 381
Kokti-gistashi, 112
Koktik, 112
Kokuakr&, 381
Kolobochilus blepharorhachis, 1218

leiorhachis, 1247
Kom-kra, 907
Kon, 385
Kooki, 110
Kook-tsa-kup, 548

Kop-kuo-shku, 504

Kor6, 626

Korob, 905

Kos, 375

Kos-kra, 375

Kraaku, 689

Kraenzlinella plalyrachis, 280

sororia, 283
Krameria, 487
Krameriaceae, 487
Krangka, 183
Kranka, 193
Kras-kuo, 1041
Krikra, 713
Kroga, 183
Krokua, 669
Krugro, 73
Krukra, 495
Kua, 548
Kuarsho, 676
Kudshir, 495
Kudshur, 685
Kueh-kra, 507
Kuer, 507
Kueri-kangi, 540
Kuetan-gro, 900
Kue-tiki-tashia, 112
Ku-gin, 689
Kuk, 688
Ku-kra, 571
Kuktik, 112
Kuku, 115
Kung-ua, 1017
Kun-guo, 1017
Kuntze, Otto, 48
Kura-kra, 656
Kuri, 679
Kurib-kra, 778
Kurok, 907
Kuru, 495
Kutshin-gro, 656
Kutshi-tshi-gr6, 671
Kuubin-ua, 614
Ku-u-kra, 735
Kyllinga, 102

Labatia, 904

Labiatae, 1015

Lacaena, 240

Lachemilla costaricensis, 478

ocreata, 478

Tonduzii, 478
Lacistemaceae, 371
Lactuca, 1488
Ladenbergia, 1323
La Dolorosa, 305
Laelia, 240
Laestadia, 1488
Laetia, 721
Lafoensia, 762
Lagarto amarillo, 570

bianco, 570, 571

1594 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Lagarto Colorado, 570

negro, 570
Lagenaria, 1399
Lagerstroemia, 762

speciosa, 1560
Lagrimas de Maria, 178

de Nazareno, 189

de San Juan, 189

de San Pedro, 74
Laguncularia, 769
Lamourouxia, 1107
Lana, 472
Langsdorffia, 410
Languas, 189
Lankester, C. H., 52, 59
Lankesterella, 240
Lantana, 1006
Laplacea, 701
Lappula costaricensis, 985

mexicana, 986
Larkspur, 434
Lasiacis, 79

Lasionema glabrescens, 1327
Lathyrus, 542
Lauraceae, 450
Laurel, 914, 980

family, 450

de la India, 387

negro, 980
Laurentia, 1415
Lawsonia, 762
Leandra, 810
Lechea, 712
Leche de perro, 950
Lechilla, 609
Lechuga, 1488

de agua, 142

Lechuguilla, 1453, 1508, 1520
Lecythidaceae, 763
Lecythis, 765

Ollaria, 763

usitata, 763
Leersia, 80
Leguminosae, 487
Lehmann, F. C., 48
Leianthus Seemannii, 928
Leiphaimos, 927

costaricensis, 1565

Kupperi, 1565

lutea, 1565

Lemaireocereus Aragonii, 749
Lemna, 146, 1540

minima, 1540

perpusilla, 1540
Lemnaceae, 146
Lemon, 566
Lengua del diablo, 136

de gato, 807

de vaca, 807, 810, 812, 813
Lentibulariaceae, 1187
Lentisco, 451
Leochilus, 241

Leonard, E. C., 1188
Leonurus, 1022
Lepanthes, 241

abnormis, 243

apiculifera, 245

fimbriata, 244

micrantha, 244

pubilabia, 244

rostrata, 243

Sanchoi, 242

Tonduziana, 245
Lepechinia, 1022
Lepidagathis, 1238
Lepidium, 464
Leptochloa, 80
Leptocoryphium, 80
Leptorrhoeo, 164
Lerdo, 735
Lettuce, 1488
Leucaena, 501
Leucocarpus, 1107
Leycephyllum, 542, 1555

micranthum, 1555
Li, 616
Liabum, 1489
Liberian coffee, 1285
Licania, 481
Licaria Cufodontisii, 1552

limbosa, 1552
Liga, 402

Lignum-vitae family, 564
Ligustrum, 919
Lila, 1433
Liliaceae, 168
Lilium, 170
Lily, 170

family, 168
Lima, 566

bean, 552

dulce, 566
Lime, 566

Limnanthemum, 930
Limnocharis flava, 67
Limodorum Lankesteri, 199
Lim6n, 566

real, 566

Limoncillo, 448, 449, 570, 906
Linaria, 1108
Lindackeria, 721
Linden family, 656
Lindenia, 1325
Linociera, 1564

panamensis, 1565
Liparis, 245

eustachys, 1542

tipuloides, 1542
Lippia, 1008

asperifolia, 1009

umbellata, 1010
Lirio, 1325

de agua, 166

de Colon, 189

INDEX

1595

Lisianthus, 927

alatus, 924

pulcherrimus, 929
Lithachne, 80
Litsea, 451
Llanten, 1263, 1264
Lloron, 701

Colorado, 611
Loasa, 736

family, 735
Loasaceae, 735
Lobelia, 1416

family, 1405

irazuensis, 1415
Lobeliaceae, 1405
Lobularia, 465
Lochnera rosea, 933
Lockhartia, 246
Loeselia, 976
Loganiaceae, 919
Logwood, 520
Lolium, 61
Lombricera, 922
Lonchocarpus, 542
Lonicera, 1381
Loosestrife family, 760
Lopezia, 848
Loquat, 480
Loranthaceae, 402
Loranthus cansjeraefolius, 407
Lorenzanea glabrata, 648

vernicosa, 650
Lorito, 476, 506
Loro, 476, 640
Lotus, 544
Louteridium, 1238
Lozania, 722
Lucuma, 910

mammosa, 907
Ludwigia, 849
Luehea, 659

meiantha, 658
Luffa, 1399
Lunania, 722
Lundia, 1122
Lupine, 544
Lupinus, 544
Luzula, 168
Lycaste, 247
Lychnis, 1551

Coronaria, 1551
Lycianthes, 1056

oligantha, 1567
Lycopersicon, 1063
Lycoseris, 1491
Lysiloma, 501
Lythraceae, 760

Maba, 912
Mabea, 615
Macfadyena, 1122
Machaerium, 545

Machaonia, 1325
Macho, 381
Macleania, 876
Macrocarpaea, 928
Macrocnemum, 1326

exsertum, 1340
Macrostylis Adolphi, 248

blephariglottis, 248

carpinterae, 249

microtoides, 248

simillima, 250

Tonduzii, 250
Madera negra, 540
Madre de cacao, 540
Madreselva, 1381
Madrono, 1271, 1277
Magnolia, 439

family, 438
Magnoliaceae, 438
Mahogany, 581

family, 576
Mahonia, 436
Maicillo, 92, 94, 135
Maieta, 812

setosa, 799

testiculata, 800

tococoidea, 800
Maiz, 94

de gallo, 990

de millo, 92
Maize, 94
Majagua, 446, 668
Majaguillo, 686
Majagtiita, 671
Malacahuite, 1282
Malachra, 669
Malagueta, 446
Malagueto, 592
Malaxis, 248

nana, 1542
Malinche, 513
Mallostoma lavarum, 1273
Mallow, 669

family, 664
Malmea, 444
Malortiea Koschnyana, 125

simplex, 125
Malouetia, 935
Malpighia, 589

dasycarpa, 591

family, 585
Malpighiaceae, 585 f
Malus, 482
Malva, 669

de olor, 560
Malvaceae, 664
Malvastrum, 669
Malvaviscus, 670
Malvecino, 556
Mamey, 708
Mammea, 708

1596 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Mamon, 641, 910

de Cartagena, 641
Manchineel, 612
Mandarina, 567
Mandevilla, 936
Manettia, 1327
Mangabe, 852
Mangifera, 625
Mangle, 766

bianco, 769, 1205

negro, 768

pinuela, 702
Manglillo, 408, 1549
Mango, 625
Mangrove, 766

family, 765
Manguena, 1087
Mani, 524
Manicaria, 122

saccifera, 1539
Manihot, 615
Manilkara, 911
Manisuris granularis, 77
Mano de leon, 662

de tigre, 686
Manteco, 639
Manto de Cristo, 1055

de viuda, 1055
Manu, 409
Manwood, 409, 1281
Manzana, 772

rosa, 772

Manzanilla, 1433, 1492, 1524, 1525
Manzanillo de playa, 612
Manzano, 482
Mapania, 103
Mapola, 670, 671
Maquenque, 127
Marango, 470
Maranon, 624
Maranta, 195

Warscewiczii, 194
Marantaceae, 191
Marathrum, 472
Maravilla, 424
Marcgravia, 696

family, 696
Marcgraviaceae, 696
Margarita, 1442

amarilla, 1447, 1486

grande, 1441
Maria, 703, 814, 819

Colorado, 703
Marica, 180
Marigold, 1524
Marila, 709
Marimbas, 1399
Maripa, 971
Mariposas, 1126
Mariquita, 482, 804
Mariquito, 768

Mariscus dessitiflorus, 98

Ehrenbergianus, 98

flabelliformis, 97

Haenkei, 98

Jacquinii, 98

Mammae, 97

Mutisii, 98

rufus, 98

saturatus, 99

Sieberianus var. evolutior, 97
Markea, 1064
Mar Pacifico, 668
Marsdenia, 954
Marsypianthes, 1023
Martinella, 1122
Martynia, 1133
Martyniaceae, 1133
Mascagnia, 589
Masdevallia, 250

anchorifera, 288

aperta, 272

astuta, 251

costaricensis, 252

cyathogastra, 252

funebris, 253

Gaskelliana, 251

gracilenta, 209

guianensis, 250

platyrachis, 280

reflexa, 252

superflua, 251

tenuicauda, 252
Mastate, 391, 75&
Mastuerzo, 1110
Mata Cartago, 397

de culebra, 142

gente, 857
Matamba, 117

Matapalo, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
855

de uva, 879
Mata-pulgas, 550
Matasano, 566, 910
Mata-torsalo, 953
Matayba, 640
Mateares, 756
Mathiola conferta, 1304
Matisia obliquifolia, 683
Matricaria, 1492
Matrimonio, 1538
Maurandya, 1108
Mauria, 625
Maxillaria, 254

acutifolia, 255

brevipedunculata, 257

Camaridii, 202

campanulata, 1542

costaricensis, 259

elongata, 305

lactea, 255

Macleei, 258

INDEX

1597

Maxillaria pachyacron, 258

Tuerckheimii, 258

turialbae, 257

Maxon, William R., 52, 61
Mayaca, 146

family, 146
Mayacaceae, 146
Mayepea, 918
Maytenus, 632
Mazus, 1109
Mechoacan, 968, 972
Medicago, 547

arabica, 1555, 1556

hispida var. denticulata, 1556
Meibomia costaricensis, 534

Hjalmarsonii, 534

molli$, 535

rhynchodesma, 535

sericea, 535
Melaleuca, 775
Melampodium, 1492
Melanthera, 1493
Melastomaceae, 783
Melastome family, 783
Melia, 581
Meliaceae, 576
Melicocca, 641
Melinis, 81
Meliosma, 648
Melochia, 686
Melon, 1390
Melothria, 1400
Membrillo, 479
Mena, Prospero, 61
Mendoncia, 1239
Menispermaceae, 436
Mentha, 1023
Menyanthaceae, 930
Mercolina, 419
Merinthopodium leucanthum, 1064

neuranthum, 1065
Merostachys, 81
Merremia, 971
Mescal, 175
Mesechites, 937
Mesospinidium, 259
Mesquite, 509
Metastelma, 956
Metternichia Wercklei, 1064
Mexican rubber tree, 380
Mezereum family, 759
Miconia, 812

Alfredi, 826

minutiflora, 816

Micropuccinia Pittieriana, 1096
Microsechium, 1401
Microstylis Brenesii, 249

crisprfolia, 249

hastilabia, 249

lagotis, 249

pandurata, 249

Werckki, 250

Micro tea, 426
Microtropis, 633

Standleyi, 1558
Mielcilla, 1487
Mielcillo, 1275

Mielilla, 78, 558, 903, 1493, 1519
Mignonette, 470

family, 470
Mikania, 1494

hirsutissima, 1498

olivacea, 1495

punctata, 1498

scandens, 1497
Milkweed, 949

family, 949
Milkwort family, 592
Milleria, 1499
Miltomate, 1068
Miltonia, 259
Mimosa, 502

asperata, 503

floribunda, 502

invisa, 1555

Pittieri, 504
Mimosaceae, 487
Mimoseae, 487, 488
Mimusops spectabilis, 911
Minkra, 713
Minquartia, 409
Mint, 1023

family, 1015
Mirabilis, 424
Mframe-lindo, 665
Mirasol, 1527
Mirto, 568, 776, 919
Misanteca, 452

costaricensis, 1552

Pittieri, 1552
Mistletoe family, 402
Mitchella repens, 1301
Mitracarpus, 1328
Mochililla, 478
Moco, 691, 692
Modiola, 1559

caroliniana, 1559
Molenillo, 169, 660
Mollinedia, 448
Mollugo, 428
Momordica, 1402
Monca blanca, 332
Monimiaceae, 447
Monnina, 592
Monochaetum, 832
Monoplegma, 547
Monopyle, 1182
Monotropa, 868
Monotropaceae, 868
Monstera, 139
Montano, 383, 1309
Montanoa, 1499
Montrichardia, 140
Moonseed family, 436

1598 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Moon-vine, 960
Moquillo, 691, 856
Mora, 382, 484, 485, 521

blanca, 484

de caballo, 484, 1007

extrangera, 484
Moraceae, 378
Moraea, 181
Morero, 389
Morinda, 1328
Moringa, 470
Moringaceae, 470
Moriseco, 1436
Mormodes, 260
Mormolyce, 261
Morning-glory, 963

family, 960

Morton, C. V., 783, 1035, 1137
Mosqueta, 474

trepadora, 474
Mosquito de montana, 1304

wood, 626

Mosquitoxylum, 626
Mostacilla, 463
Mostaza, 463
Mostrenco, 1365
Motas, 679

Mountain cabbage, 139
Mouriria, 833

Moussonia costaricensis, 1179
Mozote, 663, 1436

de caballo, 663
Mozotillo, 418, 1436
Mrus, 603
Mube, 627
Mucuna, 547
Muehlenbeckia, 414
Muelas, 874
Muelo, 438
Muhlenbergia, 81
Mulberry, 389

family, 378
Muiieca, 720
Murieco, 469, 983
Muntingia, 660
Murcie'lago, 1004
Murraya, 568

Murta, 480, 771, 776, 777/886
Murusek, 193
Musa, 185
Musaceae, 182
Muskmelon, 1390
Mustard, 463

family, 462
Myginda latifolia, 632
Myosptis, 988
Myrcia, 776
Myrica, 372
Myricaceae, 372
Myriocarpa, 393
Myriophyllum, 850
Myristica, 447

Myristicaceae, 446, 1551
Myrmecodendron costaricense, 488
Myrosma, 195
Myrospermum, 548
Myroxylon, 548, 1556

balsamum var. Pereirae, 1556
Myrrhidendron, 863
Myrsinaceae, 884
Myrsine pellucido-punctata, 898

serrata, 1560
Myrtaceae, 770
Myrtle family, 770
Myrtus, 777

Nabo, 463
Nacascol, 512
Naga, 390
Naguapate, 536
Naiadaceae, 66
Naias, 66
Naju, 667
Nama, 976
Namba, 532
Nambar, 532, 553
Nambiro, 1399
Name bianco, 178

comun, 178

de la India, 180

negro, 178
Nance, 587, 691, 868

Colorado, 585

macho, 868
Napeanthus, 1185
Naranja dulce, 567
Naranjillo, 408
Naranjo, 567

acido, 566

agrio, 566

de monte, 438
Narciso, 938
Narcissus, 169
Nardo, 176, 177
Nasturtium, 465, 563

family, 563

mexicanum, 1553

plebejum, 1553
Nauapate, 504, 515
Naucleopsis Naga, 390
Nauenia spectabilis, 240
Navajuela, 105
Nectandra, 452
Neea, 424
Negrito, 814
Nelsonia, 1241
Nemar-ue, 567
Nemastylis, 181
Neolacis myriophylla, 472
Neonicholsonia, 123
Neotuerckheimia gonoclada, 1120
Nepsera, 834
Neptunia, 505
Nerium, 938

INDEX

1599

Nertera alsinoides, 1291

depressa, 1301
Nervillo, 431
Nettle, 398

family, 392
Neurolaena, 1500
Nevermann, Ferdinand, 59
Nicandra, 1066
Nicotiana, 1066
Nigella, 434
Nigiiito, 982
Nlspero, 904, 911

amarillo, 909

del Japon, 480

japones, 480

negro, 409
Nissolia, 549
Nogal, 372

No-me-olvides, 465, 988, 1037
Nonatelia racemosa, 1360
Nopalea, 755
Norantea, 698
Norbito, 728
Norbo, 729
Nori, 571

Notholcus lanatus, 78
Nothopanax, 854
Nothophlebia, 1328
Nothoscordum, 170

fragrans, 1540
Notylia, 261
Nuez moscada, 447
Nunisup, 689
Nunnezharoa amabilis, 112

bifurcata, 112

costaricana, 113

macrospadix, 113

Pacaya, 114

pumila, 115

Warscemcziana, 127
Nutmeg, 447

family, 446
Nux-vomica, 922

family, 919
Nyctaginaceae, 423
Nymphaea, 433
Nymphaeaceae, 432
Nymphoides Humboldtianum, 930

Oak, 374
Oats, 70
Ochnaceae, 694
Ochna family, 694
Ochroma, 681
Ocimum, 1024
Ocotea, 454
Ocra, 667
Octomeria, 262
Octopleura macrophylla, 835
Odontadenia, 938
Odontoglossum, 262
pulchellum, 270

Odontonema, 1241
Oenothera, 849

laciniata, 1562
Oersted, Anders Sandpe, 46
Oerstedella centradenia, 217
Ogcodeia, 390
Ojoche, 379, 380, 391
Ojo de buey, 547, 548

de poeta, 1261

de venado, 527, 548
Okra, 667
Olacaceae, 408
Oldenlandia, 1329
Oleaceae, 918
Olea europaea, 918
Oleander, 938
Oliganthes, 1501
Olive, 918

family, 918
Olivo, 574, 620, 918
Olla de mono, 765
Olmedia, 390
Olosapo, 479
Olotillo, 1214
Olyra concinna, 90
Omphalea diandra, 616
Onagraceae, 845
Oncidium, 263

Brenesii, 1542

cabagrae, 1542

cheirophoroides, 266

Dielsianum, 264

fulgens, 1542

Gireoudianum, 200

megalous, 263

obryzatoides, 1542

Oerstedii, 264

Rechingerianum, 1542

tricuspidatum, 241

varians, 264

Wercklei, 265
Oncoba laurina, 721
Onion, 168
Onoseris, 1501

grandis, 1491

Onychacanthus speciosus, 1205
Operculina, 972
Ophellantha, 1557

spinosa, 1557
Opiliaceae, 1549
Opium, 462
Oplismenus, 82
Opuntia, 755
Orange, 567
Orbignya Cohune, 123
Orchard grass, 74
Orchid family, 197
Orchidaceae, 197
Orchidotypus, 267
Oreamuno, Francisco Marfa, 46
Oregandra, 1330
Oregano, 1008

1600 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Oreinotinus costaricanus, 1382
stellato-tomentosus, 1383
Wendlandii, 1383
Oreja de mula, 814
Orellana, Francisco, 713
Oreodoxa regia, 125
Oreomunnea, 373
Oreopanax, 854
costaricense, 1562
Orey, 625
Ormosia, 549
Ornithidium, 268
aurantiacum, 257
Biolleyi, 201
bracteatum, 202
pallidiflavum, 257
parvulum, 257
ramonense, 256
Tonduzii, 201
Ornithocephalus, 269
Ornithogalum, 1540

thyrsoides, 1540
Orobanchaceae, 1133
Oropel, 1482
Orozuz, 1009
Orpine family, 460
Orthoclada, 82
Ortholoma acuminatum, 1162
ochroleucum, 1167
pendulum, 1167
vestitum, 1170
Warszewiczianum, 1170
Orthopappus, 1502
Orthrosanthus, 181
Ortiga, 397, 398, 615, 736, 977
blanca, 397
de montana, 977
veinticuatro, 736
Oru, 126

Oryctanthus, 403
Oryza, 82
Osmoglossum, 269
Osmorrhiza, 864
Ossaea, 834

Osteomeles heteraphylla, 480
obovata, 480
pernettyoides, 480
Otera, 778
Oto, 145
Otopappus, 1502
Ouratea, 694
Oxalidaceae, 560
Oxalis, 560

family, 560

Oxydectes costaricensis, 603
Hoffmanni, 604
turrialva, 606

Oxymeris macrophylla, 835
Oxypetalum, 957
Oyedaea, 1502

Paalan, 627

Pacaya, 112, 113, 114

de caballo, 120

de danta, 113

de raton, 118
Pachira, 682
Pachyptera, 1123
Pachyrhizus, 549

erosus, 1555
Pachystele, 289

corallorrhiza, 289

densa, 290

Jimenezii, 290
Paepalanthus, 147

costaricensis, 1540
Paira, 1494
Palanco, 445
Paleta de pintor, 138
Palicourea, 1330

intermedia, 1332

lanceolata, 1332
Palma, 128, 129, 130

real, 125, 126

de sombrero, 129

de sombreros, 126
Palmae, 107
Palmera de escoba, 116
Palm family, 107
Palmiche, 115, 127
Palmito, 118, 127
Palo de agua, 386, 1205, 1263

azul, 636

de barril, 734

bobo, 539

de buba, 1121

camaron, 1307

de chancho, 592

criollo, 409

cuadrado, 1327

de lagarto, 571

Maria, 718

de Maria, 1322

de Mayo, 71.1

de miel, 879

de papa, 636

de sal, 998

de San Juan, 436

santo, 539

de tinta, 520

de vaca, 380
Panal, 920
Panama, 677, 687

hats, 130
Pandanaceae, 66
Pandanus, 66
Pandorea, 1124
Panicum, 83

axillare, 78

barbinode, 84

campylostachyum, 93

colonum, 75

costaricense, 83

INDEX

1601

Panicum divaricatum, 79

fuscum, 83

pollens, 78

Pittieri, 93

procerrimum, 79

rhizophorum, 79

ruscifolium, 79

Sloanii, 80

sorghoideum, 80
Pankea insignis, 850
Panopsis, 401
Pansy, 716
Papa, 1096

del aire, 178

caribe, 178

de venado, 175

voladora, 178
Papamiel, 768, 1069
Papaturra, 1069
Papaturro, 414

agrio, 787

bianco, 413

rastrero, 1550
Papaver, 462
Papaveraceae, 461
Papaya, 734, 735

cimarrona, 461

family, 734

de mico, 735

de monte, 734
Papayillo, 734

de venado, 735
Papayo, 858
Papelillo, 1517

macho, 1484
Papilionatae, 488, 523
Para, 84

rubber tree, 611
Parabesleria costaricensis, 1155

triflora, 1156
Paragiiita china, 668
Paraiso, 581
Paran, 627
Parathesis, 895
Pariana, 85
Parietaria, 393
Parkinsonia, 521
Parmentiera, 1124
Parosela, 549
Parra, 655

rosa, 494
Parsley, 865
Partridge berry, 1301
Pasacarne, 471, 472
Pashtu, 91
Pasionaria, 727
Pasito, 660
Paspalum, 86

maculatum, 87

Pittieri, 86

Purpusii, 71

Passiflora, 727

dichthyophylla, 728, 731

fuscinata, 733

lunata, 728
Passifloraceae, 727
Passion-flower, 727

family, 727
Paste, 1400
Pastora, 610
Pata de gallo, 1224
Pataiste, 687
Pataste, 687
Paterno, 498
Patillo, 531
Pato, 145
Patosia, 168
Paullinia, 641

Austin-Smithii, 1558
Pava, 851

Pavilla, 543, 851, 1004, 1005
Pavo, 851
Pavon, 1225

amarillo, 1225
Pavoncillo, 1053, 1193, 1225, 1413

rojo, 1033
Pavonia, 671
Peach, 483
Peanut, 524
Pear, 483
Pectis, 1503
Pedaliaceae, 1132
Pedilanthus, 617
Pegapega, 523
Peine de mico, 656, 1126
Peiranisia guatemalensis, 515

Tonduzii, 518

verbenensis, 519

Williamsii, 519
Pejiballe, 122
Peijbaye, 121
Pelargonium, 560
Pelexia, 270

Hoffmannii, 286
Pelliciera, 702
Pelo de angel, 492

de raton, 106
Peltastes, 939
Peltostigma, 568
Pennisetum, 88
Pensamiento, 716
Pentaclethra, 505

macroloba, 1555
Pentadema nervosa, 1166
Pentagonia, 1338
Pentstemon, 1109
Pepenance, 409
Peperomia, 306

adscendens, 323

alata, 313

arifolia var. acutifolia, 310

Austini, 1543

1602 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Peperomia carthaginensis, 317

caulibarbis, var. jimenesana, 316

circinata, 312

defrenata, 1544

delicatissima var venusta, 1544

dendrophila, 311

emarginella, 312

galioides var. longifolia, 307

Garrapatilla, 1544

glabella var. barbulata, 316

glabriramea, 315

hernandifolia var. ciliifera, 310

hirsutum var. subsessilifolium, 330

hispidula var. barbensis, 308

hispidum var. Olfersianum, 330

lanceolato-peltata, 307, 327

longebacca, 1545

longifolia, 327

macrocarpa, 329

maculosa, 321

magnoliifolia var. parvifolia, 322

Manueli, 1544

melanostigma, 316

multiplinervium, 331

muscicola, 318

muscotecta, 1545

nudinodis, 1545

nummularifolia, 324

obtusifolia, 321

Oerstedii, 331

ovato-peltata, 325

oxystachya, 320

pendula, 311

penicillata, var. m-agnifolia, 311

petiolaris, 311

praecox, 1545

puberula, 327

Quirosi, 1545

quotifolia, 1545

reflexa var. angustifolia, 323
var. pallida, 310
var. subemarginulata, 327

rhombea, 306

schizostachya, 325

serpens, 325

sessilifolia, 325

setosispica, 1546

variegata, 321
Pepinillo, 1054, 1402
Pepino, 1390, 1392, 1402

mango, 1087
Pepper family, 306

grass, 464
Peppermint, 1024
Pera, 483
Perebea, 390
Pereilema, 89
Perejil, 865
Pereskia, 756
Peristeria, 270
Perlas de oriente, 189

Pernettia, 877

ciliaris var. alpina, 874
Perrotetia, 633
Persea, 457

Austin-Smithii, 1552
Persimmon, 913
Pescatorea, 270
Petastoma, 1125

Tonduzianum, 1127
Petera, 73
Petipoa, 525
Petiveria, 426
Petrea, 1011
Petroselinum, 865
Petunia, 1067
Pfaffia, 422
Phaedranassa, 177
Pharus, 89
Phaseolus, 550
Phenax, 393
Philadelphia, 474
Philibertia crassifolia, 953

reflexa, 954
Philodendron, 140

Cooperi, 142
Philoxerus, 422
Phinaea, 1185
Phlox family, 974
Phoebe, 459

insularis, 455
Phoenix dactylifera, 123
Pholidostachys, 123
Phoradendron, 404

flavescens, 403
Phragmipedium, 270
Phragmites, 89
Phrygium Warscewiczii, 194
Phthirusa, 406
Phyllanthus, 617

leptobotryosus, 1551

micrandrus, 1557

Pittieri, 1557
Phyllocactiis Bradei, 753

cartagensis, 753

costaricensis, 754

grandilobus, 753

latifrons, 754

lepidocarpus, 754

macrocarpus, 754

oxypetalus, 754

Pittieri, 754
Phyllonoma, 474
Physalis, 1067
Physosiphon, 271
Physurus calophyllus, 230

claviger, 230

Lehmannii, 230

nigrescens, 230

fridaa;, 230

vesicifer, 231
Phytolacca, 427
Phytolaccaceae, 426

INDEX

1603

Picamano, 654
Pica-pica, 547
Pichichinchio, 1086
Pichichio, 1086
Pickerel-weed, 167

family, 166
Pico de pajaro, 516

de pato, 145
Picramnia, 572
Pie de mino, 617

de paloma, 71
Pigweed, 419

family, 417
Pijibay, 122
Pilea, 394

deltoidea, 395

hyalina, 1549

Lundii, 396

phenacoides, 1548

serpyllacea, 396
Pilii-tso, 1307
Pilon, 611
Pimenta, 777
Pina, 145
Pina, 149

de palo, 148
Pinanona, 140
Pine, 65

family, 65
Pineapple, 149

family, 148
Pinelia pumilio, 237
Pinguicula, 1187
Pino, 65, 306

de Australia, 306
Pinuela, 149, 150

casera, 150

de garrobo, 150

de mi co, 150
Pinus, 65
Pipas, 115
Piper, 329

Piper aequale var. elliptico-lanceolatum,
342

angustifolium, 336

Austini, 1546

var. aequilaterum, 1546

Biolleyi, 363

Bredemeyeri, 356

Burenii, 354

concinnum, 338

confusum, 336

dichotomum, 348

dilatatum var. leplocladum, 347

discophorum, 357

Dombeyanum, 367

elongatum, 336

geniculatum var. longepetiolatum, 348

yibbifolium, 340

glabrifolium, 356

globosum, 334

hirsutum var. carpinterae, 347

var. longepilosum, 337

var. magnifolium, 342

var. pollens, 365

var. pallescens, 340, 358, 366

var. Tonduzii, 366
Hostmannianum, 333
laevifolium, 363
lanceaefolium, 356
lanceolatum, 334
lanuginosum, 368
lineatum, 348
Morale, 362
marginatum, 359
mariquitense, 358
medium, 357, 365
mollicomum, 368
mombachanum, 338
nemorense, 358
nobile var. minus, 352
nudicaule, 369
obliquum, 349
pachystachyon, 346
papantlense, 341
percome, 1546
persicariaefolium, 348
phthinotrichon, 334
plantagineum, 341

pseudo-Lindenii var. magnifolium, 348
pseudovelutinum var. flavescens, 343
psilocladum, 334
pulchrum var. copeyanum, 338

var. costaricense, 338
salinasanum var. subscabrifolium, 362

var. verbenanum, 368
san-luisense, 1547
san-rafaelense, 1547
sarapiquinum, 368
sepium, 334

var. glabrum, 334

var. guacimonum, 345
sin^wZare, 340
smilacifolium, 357
sitftwargtnense, 370
subpeltatum, ,367
tablazosense, 363
tapantiense, 1547

tiliaefolium var. paulownifolium, 353
iwrrioipawttm, 355

var. magnifolium, 355
varablancanum, 1547
zarceroense, 1548
Piperaceae, 306
Pipewort, 147
family, 147
Piptadenia, 505
Piptocarpha, 1505

sea;an(7ttZam, 1471
Piqueria, 1505
Piriqueta, 726
Piriquitoya, 191
Pir-ku, 332

1604 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Piro, 150
Pis, 1391, 1404
Pisabed, 516
Pisonia, 425
Pissi, 1307
Pistia, 142
Pisup, 110
Pita, 129, 148

floja, 148

Pitahaya, 750, 752
Pitcairnia, 154
Pithecellobium, 506
Pithecoctenium, 1125
Pithecolobium, 505

adinocephalum, 490

Englesingii, 506

longepedatum, 491

Vahlianum, 507
Pitilla, 92
Pito, 539

Pittier, Henry, 49
Pittiera, 1402
Pittierella, 208
Pixbae, 122
Pixbay, 122
Plantaginaceae, 1263
Plantago, 1263
Plantain, 185, 1263

family, 1263

Platanillo, 182, 183, 185, 190, 191, 192,
193, 465, 1033

de monte, 753
Platano, 185
Plato nacional, 1404
Platymiscum, 553
Platystele, 271

bulbinella, 274
Pleiostachya, 195
Pleonotoma, 1126
Pleuropetalum, 422

Standleyi, 1551
Pleurothallis, 271

Acostaei, 280

Alexandrae, 284

bifalcis, 282

biflora, 276

Brenesii, 276

calerae, 277

cingens, 276

Cooperi, 275

costaricensis, 273

cucullata, 282

dichotoma, 275

divexa, 1542

dryadum, 277

erhartiiflora, 274

glomerata, 282

hamata, 272

homalanthoides, 277

lanceola, 1542

Lankesteri, 283

lyroglossa, 278

megachlamys, 284

melicoides, 277

membraniflora, 1542

myrtillus, 273

nemorum, 277

pauciflora, 281

peraltensis, 272

peregrina, 275

pilosissima, 287

Pittieri, 284

Poasensis, 275

polyliria, 276

Schlechteriana, 273

Schulzeana, 277

triangulabia, 1542

Urbaniana, 1542

Wercklei, 282
Plocosperma, 920
Plum, 482
Pluma de la reina, 920

Venus, 165
Plumbaginaceae, 903
Plumbago, 903

family, 903
Plumeria, 939
Plumeriopsis Ahouai, 940
Poa, 89
Pochote, 679
Pococa, 727
Podachaenium, 1506
Podocarpus, 64
Podostemonaceae, 471
Pogonia nitida, 304
Pogonopus, 1339
Poikilacanthus, 1243
Poinciana, 519

pulcherrima, 513
Poincianella eriostachys, 513
Poinsettia, 610

Oerstediana, 609
Poiretia, 553
Pokeweed, 427

family, 426
Pokori, 336
Pok-pog i-ku, 1404
Polakowskia, 1403
Polakowsky, Helmut, 48, 1403
Polanisia, 466
Polemoniaceae, 974
Polianthes, 177
Polycarpaea, 430
Polycycnis, 285
Polygala, 594
Polygalaceae, 592
Polygonaceae, 413
Polygonum, 415

aviculare, 1550
Polymnia, 1507
Polypogon, 90

Polypremum procumbens, 920
Polystachya, 285
Polythysania parviflora, 1146

INDEX

1605

Pomegranate, 762

family, 762
Pondweed, 66

family, 66
Ponera, 285

albida, 289

bilineata, 289

mesocopis, 290
Pong-uo, 149
Pontederia, 167
Pontederiaceae, 166
Ponthieya, 286

gradlispica, 1543

Tuerckheimii, 1543
Poolum, 713
Poppy, 462

family, 461
Poro, 538, 539, 540

Colorado, 538

de montana, 540
Porophyllum, 1507
Poroporo family, 713
Porphyrospatha, 143

Hoffmannii, 144
Portulaca, 429
Portulacaceae, 429
Posoqueria, 1340

obliquinervia, 1378
Potalia, 921
Potamogeton, 66
Potamogetonaceae, 66
Potato, 1096

family, 1035
Pothomorphe peltata, 353

umbellata, 367
Poulsenia, 391
Pourouma, 391
Pouzolzia, 396
Pozolillo, 639
Prestonia, 940
Prickly pear, 755
Primrose family, 902
Primulaceae, 902
Pringamosca, 736
Pringamoza, 615, 736
Prioria, 521
Priva, 1012
Privet, 919
Prockia, 723

Proclesia veraguensis, 873
Prosopis, 509
Proteaceae, 401
Protea family, 401
Protium, 575
Protopine, 462
Prun, 381
Prunella, 1025
Primus, 482
Psammisia, 877

costaricensis, 876

rhododelphis, 881
Pseudechinolaena, 90

Pseudelephantopus, 1508
Pseuderanthemum, 1244
Pseudocalymma, 1127
Pseudocentrum, 286
Pseudoctomeria, 271
Pseudolmedia, 391
Pseudorhipsalis acuminata, 1560

himantoclada, 758
Psidium, 777
Psittacanthus, 406
Psychotria, 1341

angustiflora, 1346

anomothyrsa, 1354

compressicaulis, 1354

crebrinervia, 1346

flexuosa, 1357

glauca, 1358

longicollis, 1353

microdesmia, 1363

Morae, 1359

nicaraguensis, 1354

pendula, 1357

pinularis, 1355

subsessilis, 1351
Pterichis, 286
Pterocarpus, 554
Pterolepis, 837

Oerstedii, 841
Pudreoreja, 967, 969, 1566

de playa, 967
Puipute, 718, 725, 918
Pukuri tsa-ora, 183
Pulchea odorata, 1506
Pulguera, 550
Pulque, 175
Pumpkin, 1391
Punica, 762
Punicaceae, 762
Punjuba racemiflora, 508
Purca, 1507
Puri, 679
Purra, 794
Purslane, 429

family, 429
Putarrf, 172
Puta vieja, 504
Puya, 154
Pycreus elegantulus, 98

flavescens, 97

helvus, 98

lagunetto, 98

melanostachyiis, 98

propinquus, 98
Pyrenoglyphis, 124
Pyrolaceae, 868
Pyrostegia, 1127
Pyrus communis, 483

Quamoclit, 973

Quararibea, 683

Quassia, 573

Quelite, 427, 429, 1391, 1404

1606 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Quercus, 374
Quesito, 670
Quiebrahacha, 1517
Quiebra-muelas, 438

-piedras, 761

-plato, 530, 531
Quimbolillo, 525
Quina, 452, 1289, 1323, 1370

amarga, 606
Quince, 479
Quinine, 1283
Quiqui cirri, 915
Quira, 553
Quirigiiillo, 682
Quirihuillo, 682
Quiros Calvo, Manuel, 54
Quirri, 381
Quisjoche, 978
Quitirri, 1469, 1533

Quizarra, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456,
457, 459, 460

amarillo, 456, 459

barcino, 455

copalchf, 603

hediondo, 453

lantisco, 456

quina, 452

Rabano, 465

picante, 470
Rabo de chancho, 418, 1078

de iguana, 685

de puerco, 685

de raton, 550
Raddia, 90
Radicula, 465
Radish, 465
Raicilla, 1249
Raigra, 78, 81
Raigras, 81
Raiz, 1404

del toro, 686
Ramon, 392
Ramonia, 235

pulchella, 236
Randia, 1364

calycosa, 1366
Rangay, 685
Rangayo, 1379
Ranunculaceae, 434
Ranunculus, 435
Rapanea, 898
Raphanus, 465
Raphia, 124
Raspa, 691

-canilla, 1555

-guacal, 690, 691

-lengua, 718, 720
Raspberries, 483
Raton, 402, 898

cimarr6n, 1560

Ratoncillo, 402, 898

bianco, 898
Rauwolfia, 941

canescens, 1566

hirsuta, 1566
Ravenala, 186
Ravenia, 568
Ravnia, 1368
Razisea, 1247
Rehdera, 1013
Reina del baile, 754

de la noche, 1055
Reineckia triandra, 127
Reinhardtia, 124
Relbunium, 1368
Renealmia, 189
Rensonia, 1508
Repollo, 463
Reseda, 470, 762
Resedaceae, 470
Resina, 914
Restrepia, 287

prorepens, 281

Reichenbachiana, 275

ujarensis, 284
Reynoldsia americana, 857
Rhabdadenia, 943
Rhamnaceae, 650
Rhamnus, 652
Rheedia, 709
Rheum, 614
Rhipsalis, 757

acuminata, 1560

Biolleyi, 750
Rhizophora, 766
Rhizophoraceae, 765
Rhododendron, 878
Rhodospatha, 143
Rhoeo, 165
Rhubarb, 614
Rhus, 626

costaricensis, 1557

terebinthifolia var. pilosissima, 1557
Rhynchanthera, 837
Rhynchosia, 554, 1555

pyramidalis, 1555
Rhytidophyllum Humboldtii, 1157

Oerstedii, 1157
Rhytiglossa candelariae, 1227

microphylla, 1227
Ribes, 475
Rice, 82
Richardia, 1369
Ricinocarpus costaricensis, 598

irazuensis, 599
Ricinus, 619

Riedelia Warszemczii, 879
Rinorea, 715
Rivea, 973

campanulata, 974
Rivina, 427
Robinsonella, 674

INDEX

1607

Roble, 376, 377

bianco, 1130

negro, 375, 377

de sabana, 1130
Rock rose family, 712
Rodriguezia, 287

inconspicua, 238

leochilina, 259
Rolandra, 1509
Rollinia, 444
Romero, 1025
Rondeletia, 1369

rufescens, 1373

rugosa, 1370

stachyoidea, 1371
Ronron, 625
Rosa, 483

de Castilla, 483

de Jamaica, 668
Rosaceae, 476
Rose, 483

family, 476

geranium, 560
Rosemary, 1025
Rosenbergia Aschersoniana, 974

gracilis, 975
Rosmarinus, 1025
Rottboellia, 90
Roupala, 401
Rourea, 486
Royal jasmine, 919
Roystonea, 125
Rru, 127
Rruk, 478
Rru-rruga, 578
Rubber, 381
Rubiaceae, 1264
Rubus, 483
Ruda, 568
Rudgea, 1373
Rudillo, 1525
Rue, 568

family, 564
Ruellia, 1248
Ruibarbillo, 415
Ruibarbo, 416, 614
Rukra, 95
Rumex, 415
Rumfordia, 1509
Runkra, 578
Ruprechtia, 416
Rush, 167

family, 167
Russelia, 1109
Rustia, 1375
Ruta, 568
Rutaceae, 564
Ruyschia, 699
Rynchospora, 103

barbata, 1539

perrigida, 106
Rytilix granularis, 77

Saat-kra, 111
Sabadilla, 170
Sabal, 126
Sabiaceae, 647
Sabia family, 647
Sabicea, 1375
Sacatinta, 1224, 1225
Saccharum, 90
Sage, 1026
Sageretia, 652
Sagittaria, 67
Sagu, 195
Sahinillo, 138
St. John's bread, 521
St. Johnswort, 707
Sakira-kani, 375
Salacia, 635
Salamo, 1277
Saldanhaea, 1128
Salicaceae, 371
Salix, 371
Salmea, 1510
Salta-afuera, 1510
Salvia, 920, 921, 1025

inaequilatera, 1026

menthiformis, 1027

micrantha, 1031

officinalis, 1026

polystachya, 1027

purpurea, 1027
Samanea Saman, 508
Sambucus, 1381
Samolus, 902
San, 145

Miguel, 788, 789, 790

Miguel bianco, 789

Rafael, 1516, 1538
Sandalo, 515
Sandbox tree, 612
Sandbur, 72
Sandia, 1389

cimarrona, 728
Sandillita, 1402
Sandpaper tree, 690
Sangre, 554

de drago, 540, 554
Sangregado, 554
Sanicula, 864
Sansevieria, 170
Santa Lucia, 1428, 1430, 1470

Maria, 353, 703, 814, 818
Santo Domingo, 1434
Saparon, 688
Sapayo, 1391
Sapindaceae, 637
Sapindus, 643
Sapium, 619
Sapodilla, 905

family, 903
Saponin, 644
Sapotaceae, 903
Sapote, 481, 723

1608 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Sapranthus, 445
Saracha, 1067
Saragundi, 517
Saragundin, 517
Sarcinanthus utilis, 130
Sarcoglottis, 287
Sarcorhachis anomala, 365

naranjoana, 349
Sarsaparilla, 171

family, 171
Sartalillo, 572

Sassafridium veraguense, 457
Satyria, 878
Sauce, 372
Sauco, 1381, 1382
Saui, 499
Saurauia, 691

Sauroglossum nigricans, 294
Sauvagesia, 695
Savila, 168
Saxifragaceae, 472
Saxifrage family, 472
Scabiosa, 1385
Scaphosepalum, 288
Scaphyglottis, 289
Scarvo, 688
Scelochilus, 290
Schaefferia, 633
Scheelea, 126
Schefflera Pittieri, 1563

systyla, 858
Scherzer, Carl, 47
Schinus, 627
Schistocarpha, 1511
Schizocardia, 867
Schizolobium, 522
Schlegelia, 1128

Schlumbergia Donnellsmithii, 152
Schnella Standleyi, 511

Storkii, 512

Schoenocaulon officinale, 170
Schoepfia, 409

Schreberi, 1550
Schomburgkia, 290
Schrankia, 510
Schultesia, 929
Schwackaea, 838
Schwenkia, 1069
Sciadodendron, 857
Sciaphila, 67
Sciodaphyllum, 857

chartaceum, 1562
Scirpus, 104
Scleranthus, 431
Scleria, 105
Sclerocarpus, 1512
Sclerothrix, 737
Scoparia, 1110
Scrophulariaceae, 1099
Scutellaria, 1032
Sebastiania, 621
Sebe-srut, 964

Sechium, 1403
Securidaca, 596
Sedge family, 95
Selenicereus Wercklei, 752
Senecio, 1512

arborescens, 1515

Berlandieri, 1516

eriocephalus, 1455

ledifolius, 1513

multivenius var. oliganthus, 1516
Senegalia acanthophylla, 488
Senites mexicana, 95
Sepalosaccus, 291
Sera, 107
Sere, 705

Sericographis tinctoria, 1225
Sericotheca fissa, 481
Seri-de-ua, 180
Serin-gro, 481
Serjania, 644
Sero, 110
Serraja, 1520
Serrajilla, 1520
Seru, 381
Serung-uo, 381
Sesame, 1132
Sesamum, 1132
Sesbania, 556
Seso vegetal, 638
Sessea Hoffmanniana, 747
Sesuvium, 428
Setaria, 91
Setilla, 72
Se-uak, 1404
Seui, 496, 499, 778
Sha, 1041
Shanuo, 735
Shepherd's-purse, 463
Sherardia, 1376
Sherebo, 118
Shigvo, 735
Shin-kra, 118
Shinleaf family, 868
Shir, 110, 117
Shkin, 603
Shkir-ko, 587
Shko, 616
Shku, 616
Shkua, 116
Shkuar-bon, 788
Shkui-sho, 666
Shkur, 1501
Shku-sh6, 504
Sho, 441
Shoe, 112
Shon-guo, 713
Shori, 778
Shorka-kra, 814
Shoro, 495
Shos-ri, 441
Shro-nemo, 111
Shrongo, 112

INDEX

1609

Shru, 709
Shta-kuo-gro, 514
Shuib-kra, 778
Shum-gin, 685
Shup, 122
Shure, 778
Si, 118

-agua, 115
Sia-kra, 115
Sibthorpia, 1110
Sickingia, 1376

myriantha, 1321
Sicydium, 1404
Sicyos, 1405
Sida, 674
Sideroxylon, 911
Siempreviva, 421, 471, 901
Sierra, 898
Sievekingia, 291
Sigesbeckia, 1519
Siggers, Paul V., 62
Sigmatostalix, 291
Sigua amarillo, 452
Sii-kra, 619
Silencio, 920
Silene, 432
Sflico, 1539
Silk Oak, 401
Simaba, 573
Simaruba, 574

family, 571
Simarubaceae, 571
Simpatica, 1037
Simsia, 1519
Sinclairia Pittieri, 1490

polyantha, 1490

Tonduzii, 1490
Sing-uo-gro, 457
Sinkra, 553
Siparuna, 448
Siphocampylus, 1417

coleoides, 1406

discolor, 1412

Gutierrezii, 1411

Regelii, 1411

thysanopetalus, 1411
Sipia, 514
Sirbi, 592
Sirisir, 655
Sisymbrium, 465
Sisyrinchium, 181
Si-tebu, 118
Siuta, 111
Skar-ub, 688
Skub, 110

Skutchia caudata, 621, 1548
Sloanea, 661

hyptoides, 1559
Smartweed, 415

family, 413
Smilacaceae, 171
Smilacina, 170

Smilax, 171

Smith, John Donnell, 51

Lyman B., 148
Snapdragon, 1101
So, 713
Soapberry, 643

family, 637
Soap substitute, 644
Sobralia, 292

undatocarinata, 1543
Socratea, 127

Socratesia melaslomoides, 872
Sodiroa Andreana, 153
Solanaceae, 1035
Solandra, 1069
Solanum, 1070

aculeatissimum, 1078

callicarpifolium, 1097

diversifolium, 1088

Eduardi, 1098

erythrotrichum, 1091

glutinosum var. irazuense, 1085

Hartwegii, 1085

heteroclitum, 1059

incomptum, 1569

lentum, 1060

madrense, 1081

mitratum, 1062

Mortonianum, 1568

niidum, 1089

olivaeforme, 1089

Seaforthianum, 1569

synantherum, 1062

verrucosum, 1086
Solenidium Endresii, 259
Solenocentrum, 293
Solenophora, 1186
Solis Rojas, Fernando, 54
Solitaria, 414
Sombrerillo, 862
Sombrerito, 863
Sombrero chino, 1006
Sommera, 1377
Sonchus, 1520
Soncoya, 441
Sontol, 74
Sonzapote, 481

Sophoclesia cordifolia var. oophylla, 880
Sor, 112

Sorghastrum, 91
Sorghum, 91
Sornia, 1204, 1214
Sor6, 77, 381
Sorosi, 1402
Sorror-bo, 91
Sotacaballo, 507, 579
Soterre", 1007

bianco, 1007
Souroubea, 700
Spananthe, 865
Spanish cedar, 577
Sparattanthelium, 460

1610 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Sparganophorus Vaillantii, 1523
Spartina, 92
Spathacanthus, 1257
Spathiphyllum, 143
Spathodea, 1129
Spearmint, 1024
Speedwell, 1112
Spermacoce, 1378
Sphacele alpina, 1023
Sphenoclea, 1418
Sphyrospermum, 880
Spigelia, 922
Spilanthes, 1520
Spinach, 417
Spinacia, 417
Spiraea, 485

argentea, 481
Spiranthes, 294

Bradei, 288

Smithii, 288

Tonduzii, 301
Spirodela, 146
Spondias, 627
Sponia, 378
Sporobolus, 92
Sprekelia, 177
Spurge, 607

family, 598
Squash, 1391
Sran-ua, 1396
Srin-gro, 712
Srot-kra, 409
Stachys, 1034
Stachytarpheta, 1013
Stanhopea, 295

costaricensis, 1543

ecornuta, 1543
Staphyleaceae, 635
Star-apple, 907
Stelis, 295

Acostaei, 299

Albertii, 298

Alfaroi, 299

Alfredii, 299

Amparoana, 298

barbae, 298

barbata, 298

Bradei, 298

Brenesii, 298

breris, 299

bryophila, 298

cascajalensis, 298

cinerea, 298

coiloglossa, 299

costaricensis, 298

cuspidilabia, 297

cyclopetala, 298

distantiflora, 297

elliptica, 296

fractiflexa, 300

glandulosa, 297

inconspicua, 297

Jimenezii, 296

lancilabris, 277

leptophylla, 296

longicmpis, 298

micragrostis, 297

microstigma, 298

microtis, 298

minutiflora, 296

wira&iiks, 300

nutantiflora, 297

obscurata, 298

planipetala, 1543

platycardia, 298

praesecta, 297

propinqua, 297

ramonensis, 299

rhodochila, 298

sarcodantha, 295

Skutchii, 1543

violascens, 297
Stellaria, 432
Stellilabium, 300
Stemmadenia, 943
Stemodia, 1111
Stenanthus heterophyllus, 1164

sanguinolentus, 1168

serratus, 1169

squarrosus, 1168
Stenolobium stans, 1131
Stenophyllus, 106
Stenoptera costaricensis, 232
Stenorrhynchus, 300
Stenospermation, 144
Stenotaphrum, 92
Sterculia, 687
Sterculiaceae, 684
Steriphoma, 466
Stevia, 1522
Stictocardia, 974
Stigmaphyllon, 590
Stipa, 93

Storax family, 913
Stork, H. E., 52
Strawberry, 480
Straw-flower, 1482
Streblacanthus, 1258

chirripensis, 1203
Streptochaeta, 93
Streptogyne, 93
Stromanthe, 196
Struchium, 1523
Struthanthus, 407
Strychnine, 922
Strychnos, 922
Stryphnodendron, 510
Stsa, 669
Stylogyne, 899
Stylosanthes, 556
Styracaceae, 913
Styrax, 913
Su, 126
Suara, 735

INDEX

1611

Suba-kra, 122
Suep, 553
Sugar-cane, 90
Sulfato, 521
Sultana, 650
Sunflower, 1482
Sun-gi, 685
Sunoji-ku, 83
Supa, 122
Supara, 846
Surd, 1383, 1561
Surak, 149
SurSm-kra, 1017
Surikkuo, 110
Suri-kri, 541
Surra, 769, 1277, 1561
Surtuba, 119
Suru, 780, 1404
Surubre, 108
Sururu, 685
Sutuh, 457
Suuma, 122
Suuri, 124
Suurun, 116
Suutu, 457
Swartzia, 522
Sweet alyssum, 465

potato, 964

violet, 716
Sweetia, 556
Swietenia, 581
Sydow, H., 52
Symbolanthus, 929
Symphonia, 709

Symphyllanthus Donnell-Smithii, 597
Symplocaceae, 915
Symplocos, 915

Bradei, 1564
Synadenium, 621
Syncephalantha, 1523
Synechanthus, 127
Synedrella, 1524
Syngonanthus, 147
Syngonium, 144

Schottianum, 143
Syntherisma sanguinalis, 75
Systeloglossum, 301

Taa-kra, 191
Tabaco, 416, 1066

de monte, 416
Tabacon, 132, 416
Tabaquillo, 397, 462, 994, 1517
Tabebuia, 1129

sessifolia, 1120
Tabernaemontana, 945

Alfari, 943

Donnell-Smithii, 944

grandiflora, 944
Taca, 1396
Tacaco, 1396, 1403
Tacamahaca, 575

Tacaquillo, 1393
Taetsia, 170
Tagetes, 1524
Talauma, 439
Talcacao, 564
Tali, 578
Talinum, 429
Talisia, 647
Tamarindo, 520, 522
Tamarindus, 522
Tanaecium, 1130

Zetekii, 1123
Tangerine, 567
Tapaculo, 735
Tapate, 1055
Tapirira, 628
Taraxacum, 1526
Targua, 602, 603, 605, 606

bianco, 606

Colorado, 603
Tatzica, 616

Tauroceras spadicigerum, 490
Taxaceae, 64
Tea family, 701
Teasel family, 1385
Tebe-kra, 660
Tecoma, 1131
Tecomaria, 1132
Te de limon, 74
Telegrafo, 1108
Telipogon, 301

ampliflorus, 1543

setosus, 1543
Tema, 521
Tempate, 613
Tempisque, 909, 912
Tepalon, 80, 84
Tephrosia, 556
Tequila, 175
Teramnus, 557
Terciopelo, 420, 663

de Santa Maria, 813
Teresa, 1370, 1372
Terminalia, 769

chiriquensis, 1561
Terneritos, 471
Ternstroemia, 703
Teros-ue, 1086
Terre", 606
Tessaria, 1526
Tetracera, 690
Tetragamestus, 302

gracilis, 289
Tetragastris, 574
Tetramerium, 1260
Tetrapteris, 591
Tetrastylis, 753
Tetrathylacium, 723
Tetrorchidium, 621

euryphyllum, 1557
Teucrium inflatum, 1035

vesicarium, 1035

1612 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Thalia, 196
Thalictrum, 435
Theaceae, 701
Thecophyllum, 155
Themistoclesia pterocarpa, 872
Theobroma, 687
Theophrasta Biborrama, 900
Theophrastaceae, 900
Thevetia, 947

peruviana, 1566
Thibaudia, 881
Thistle, 1442
Thornbera robusta, 550
Thouinia, 647
Thouinidium, 647
Thrasya, 93
Thuja, 66
Thunbergia, 1261
Thymelaeaceae, 759
Thyrsacanthus flagellum, 1242
Tibi-kah, 542
Tibouchina, 839

paludicola, 838
Tiesh, 1041
Tigridia, 182
Tigiiilote, 980
Tiliaceae, 656
Tillandsia, 157

Aschersoniana, 159

Benthamiana var. Andrieuxii, 157

Bradeana, 158

caespitosa, 160

castaneo-bulbosa, 159

costaricana, 158

costaricensis, 158

cryptantha, 158

cucaensis, 159

digitata, 159

gladioliflora, 161

melanopus, 159, 160

monobotrya, 160

orthiantha, 157

palmana, 160

paniculata, 160

polystachya, 161

Purpusii, 161

spuria, 158

subsecunda, 162

Tonduziana, 157

Urbaniana, 158

variegata, 158

vestita, 160

viminalis, 162
Timbolillo, 525
Tinantia, 165
Tinta, 427
Tinus cuspidata, 886

/MSCO, 896

iaens, 899

nigropunctala, 891
Tiquisque, 145
Tiriguro, 560

Tirra, 377, 1383
Tis, 145
Tispa, 705
Tithonia, 1527
Tlacaco, 1403
Tococa, 841
Tocoyena, 1378
Toluifera, 548
Tomate, 1063, 1064

cimarron, 1053
Tomatillo, 1061, 1064
Tomato, 1063
Tonduz, Adolfo, 50, 948
Tonduzia, 948

longifolio, 1566

parvifolia, 1566
Tonina, 147
Tonka bean, 537
Tontanea canescens, 1284

hispidula, 1284
Topobea, 842

micrantha, 827
Tora, 1500, 1506, 1507, 1530

blanca, 1506
Torchwood family, 574
Torenia, 1112
Torete, 445
Torilla, 1530
Torito, 1543
Tornasol, 1481
Tornillo, 131, 686
Toronja, 566, 567
Torres Rojas, Ruben, 53, 59
Torrubia, 426
Torsalo, 953

Torulinium confertum, 97
Touch-me-not-family, 650
Tounatea costaricensis, 522
Tournefortia, 988

obscura, 990

peruviana, 993
Tourrettia, 1132
Tovaria, 466
Tovariaceae, 466
Tovomita, 710
Tovomitopsis, 710
Trachypogon, 93
Tradescantia, 165
Tragia, 621
Trar-kro, 409
Traveler's tree, 186
Trebol, 558, 561

bianco, 558
Trema, 378
Trencilla, 559
Tres de la tarde, 668
Trianthema, 429
Tribulus maximus, 564
Trichachne, 93
Trichanthera, 1262
Trichilia, 582
Trichocentrum, 303

INDEX

1613

Trichodrymonia congesta, 1159
Tricholaena, 93
Trichopilia, 303
Trichostigma, 428
Tridax, 1528
Trifolium, 558
Trigo, 94
Trigonia, 591

family, 591
Trigoniaceae, 591
Trigonidium, 303
Triniochloa, 94
Triodon angulatum, 1293
Triolena, 844
Triphasia, 568
Triphora, 304
Triplaris, 416
Tripsacum, 94
Triquetraque, 1128
Triquilo, 72
Trisetum, 94
Tristan, Fidel, 53
Tristicha, 472
Triticum, 94
Triton) a, 182
Triumfetta, 663
Triuridaceae, 67
Triuris, 67
Trixis, 1528
Trizeuxis, 304
Trokro, 669

Trompa de chancho, 177
Trompillo, 1271
Tropaeolaceae, 563
Tropaeolum, 563
Trophis, 392

chorizantha, 621, 1548
Tropidia, 304

Trumpet-vine family, 1113
Tsa, 441
Tsebuk-kra, 666
Tselido, 180
Tsepa, 112
Tshep, 709
Tshian-ko, 1021
Tshicordias, 1508
Tshina, 567

-ri, 567

-ue, 567
Tshu-tsha, 504
Tshutshu-kara, 575
Tsini, 381
Tsiru, 688

-kuru, 688
Tskirik, 592
Tsoe-ib-kra, 496
Tso-uo, 441
Tsuakra, 110, 117
Tsua-ua, 1404
Tsugi-kar, 548
Tsu-kra, 613, 761
Tsus-kra, 1307

Tu, 180
Tuberose, 177
Tucuico, 886, 892, 893
Tucuiquillo, 896
Tucuso, 129, 130
Tue, 180
Tuete, 1533

bianco, 1533
Tule, 66, 101

balsa, 66

Tulipan, 169, 462, 1055
Tulip tree, 1129
Tuna, 129, 754, 755, 756
Tunica del Nazareno, 1481
Tunilla, 752
Tupa costaricana, 1416
Turbina corymbosa, 973
Turiman, 521
Turner a, 726

family, 726
Turneraceae, 726
Turnips, 463
Turpinia, 635
Turru, 771
Turrusi, 771
Turvara, 86
Tus, 116
Tush-bo, 780
Tussacia, 1186
Tu-ua, 1067
Typha, 66
Typhaceae, 66

Ua-kra, 107
Udshir, 685
Uerba, 688
Ugni Oerstedii, 111
U-gurok, 499
Ui, 613
Uirba, 73
Uirub, 689
Uisiro, 441
Uis-ub, 689
Uizcoyal, 110
Uka, 73, 77
Ukakul, 77
Ukakur, 77
U-kra, 107
Ule, 380, 381
Ulex, 558
Uli-kamo, 1063
Ulmaceae, 377
Ulmus, 377
Uluk, 578
Umbelliferae, 858
Una de gato, 684

de tigre, 425, 548
Uncaria, 1379
Uncinia, 106
Ung-cah, 616
Uniola, 94
United Fruit Company, 61

1614 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Unka-gua, 490
Unkah, 616
Uraa-kra, 127
Uragoga emetica, 1249

Phoenicia, 1279

pulchra var. irazuensis, 1337

pulvinigera, 1359
Urari, 923

Urbanisol aristatus, 1528
Urena, 676
Urera, 397
Urodibe, 409
Urospatha, 145
Urostigma costaricanum, 386

eugeniifolium, 386

intramarginale, 383

ovale, 387

sapidum, 387
Urruca, 583
Urtica, 398

verrucosa, 397
Urticaceae, 392
Uru, 126
Uruk, 578
Urvillea, 647
Utricularia, 1187
Uva, 655

espin, 475

de playa, 414
Uvito, 899

Vaccinium, 882

pachyphyllum, 874
Vachellia Farnesiana, 489
Vainilla, 304, 515, 1131
Valeriana, 1383
Valerianaceae, 1383
Valerian family, 1383
Valerioa, 1098
Valeric, Manuel, 54
Valerio Rodriguez, Juvenal, 53, 60
Vallesia, 948
Valota insularis, 93

Pittieri, 93
Valverde, Isabel, 61
Vandellia, 1112
Vara blanca, 378, 1462, 1514

de San Jose, 665
Varilla negra, 983
Veconcibea, 622
Velvet bean, 548
Venadera, 437
Ventanilla, 140
Veratrin, 170
Verbena, 920, 1014, 1015, 1029

family, 993
Verbenaceae, 993
Verbesina, 1529
Verdolaga, 429
Vernonia, 1531

bullata, 1532

Deppeana, 1533

mollis, 1532

pacchensis, 1533

remotiflora var. tricholepis, 1531

Salvinae, 1533

Schiedeana, 1534

tortuosa, 1534
Veronica, 1112
Viborrana, 900, 950
Viburnum, 1382
Vicia, 558
Victoria regia, 433
Vigna, 558
Viguiera, 1534

acuminata, 1503

macrophylla, 1503
Villaresia, 636
Vinca rosea, 933
Vincetpxicum, 957
Ving siguah, 186
Vinuela, 668
Viola, 715
Violaceae, 713
Violet, 715

family, 713
Violeta, 715, 716
Virola, 447

guatemalensis, 1551
Visco, 402
Viscum, 402
Vismia, 711
Vitaceae, 650
Vitis, 655

rhombifolia, 654

sicy aides, 654

trifoliata, 654
Vochysia, 592

family, 591
Vochysiaceae, 591
Volador, 461
Volcan, 1098, 1569
Voyria simplex, 927
Vriesia, 161

Schlechtendalii var. alba, 157

Wagner, Moritz, 47
Walnut family, 372
Waltheria, 689
Wandering Jew, 166
Warrea, 305
Warscewicz, 47
Warscewiczella, 305
Warscewiczia, 1379
Watercress, 465
Water hyacinth, 166

lettuce, 142

Starwort family, 622

vines, 691

Waterleaf family, 976
Waterlily, 433

family, 432
Watermelon, 1389

INDEX

1615

Watsonamra Alfaroana, 1338

Donnell-Smithii, 1339

Wendlandi, 1339
Watsonia, 182
Weberocereus Biolleyi, 750

Tunilla, 752
Wedelia, 1535
Weinmannia, 476
Welfia, 128
Wenderothia bicarinata, 527

villosa, 527

Wendland, Hermann, 48
Werckle, Carlos, 50
Wercklea, 677

insignis, 1559

lutea, 1560

Werckleocereus Tonduzii, 751
Wheat, 94
White clover, 558
Wigandia, 977
Wild calabash. 1124

coffee, 1340
Willow, 371

family, 371
Winter's bark, 438
Wissadula, 678
Wittia costaricensis, 758
Wittmackia, 162
Wood rush, 168

Xanthosoma, 145

Hoffmannii, 146
Xanthoxalis vulcanicola, 562
Xerococcus, 1380
Ximenia, 409
Xiphidium, 174
Xylobium, 305
Xylopia, 446
Xylosma, 724

Seemannii, 1560
Xyridaceae, 146
Xyris, 146

Yab, 112
Yahal, 690
Yam, 178

family, 178
Yampf, 180
Yarrow, 1428
Yas, 458
Yaya, 456

Yellow-eyed grass family, 146
Yema de huevo, 1281
Yerbabuena, 1024
Yerba elefante, 88

de hierro, 89

de mora, 1068

de San Carlos, 1023
Yerbamora, 1087
Yew family, 64
Yolillo, 122, 124
Yoro, 701

Yos, 619, 620
Yuca, 616

amarga, 616

dulce, 616
Yucca, 171

Yuquilla, 189, 195, 1416
Yute, 657

Zacate amargo, 71

de caballo, 86

estrella, 98

gordura, 81

de Guinea, 84

de Honduras, 79

jacintillo, 98

de limon, 74

de listen, 89

de mula, 91

de Para, 84

de rat6n, 82, 89

de seda, 81, 93
Zacaton, 100
Zachino, 513
Zamia, 63
Zanahorria, 860
Zanga, 185
Zannichellia, 1539
Zantedeschia, 146
Zanthoxylum, 569
Zapatero, 611
Zapatilla, 617
Zapote, 907

bianco, 907

ingerto, 907
Zapotillo, 479, 907, 910

de la reina, 529
Zarza, 685
Zarzamora, 483, 484
Zarzaparrilla, 171
Zbin-kor-ga, 1434
Zea, 94
Zebrina, 166

Zeledon, Dona Amparo de, 51
Zephyranthes, 178
Zeugites, 95
Zexmenia, 1535
Zingiber, 190
Zingiberaceae, 187
Zinnia, 1537
Zinowiewia, 634

costaricensis, 1558

integerrima, 1558
Zizyphus, 652
Zompopo, 655
Zopilote, 852

Zorillo, 402, 570, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1053,
1096, 1097, 1307

amarillo, 1335

bianco, 402, 1409

Colorado, 1306

real, 1307

1616 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVIII

Zornia, 559 Zygia longifolia, 507

Zorro, 625 Zygocactus, 758

Zrok, 553 Zygopetalum Burtii, 238

Zuelania, 725 discolor, 305

Zuji, 666 Wendlandii, 305

Zuli, 185 Zygophyllaceae, 564

Zurf, 107 Zygostates costaricensis, 269

THE LIBRARY Of THE

fMR 15 1939

«

V.

FLORA OF COSTA RICA

BY

PAUL C. STANDLEY

CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

THE LI3RARY OF THE

DEC 2 4 1938

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XVIII, PART IV

NOVKMBKK .10, i"

PUBLICATION 429

/rt»?

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

30112018135431