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SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION 
UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


FROM  THE 


United  States  National  Herbarium 

Volume  22,  Part  5 


FLORA  OF  GLACIER  NATIONAL  PARK 
MONTANA 


By  PAUL  C.  STANDLEY 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1931 


SMITHSONIAN     INSTITUTION 
UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


FROM  THE 


United  States  National  Herbarium 

Volume  22,  Part  ^ 


FLORA  OF  GLACIER  NATIONAL  PARK 

MONTANA 


By  PAUL  C.  STANDLEY 


iiian)rv9 

"IVDIWVJ.f>3 


WASHINGTON 
\        GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1921 


Si 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


PREFACE. 


Among  the  many  thousands  of  persons  who  visit  the  national 
parks  each  year  a  large  nmnber  are  deeply  interested  in  the  plant 
life,  including  not  only  the  wealth  of  conspicuous  flowering  plants 
but  the  trees  of  the  forest  also.  All  the  national  parks  offer  excep- 
tional opportunity  for  the  study  and  enjoyment  of  primeval  vege- 
tation, and  in  this  respect  none  of  them  perhaps  is  better  provided 
with  attractive  and  refreshing  material  than  Glacier  National  Park, 
Montana.  The  present  paper  has  been  written  for  the  purpose  of  ena- 
bling visitors  to  this  park  to  become  more  familiar  with  its  wild  plants 
and  to  derive  greater  enjoyment  from  them.  This  publication  will 
be  useful  not  only  in  Glacier  Park  but  elsewhere  in  the  mountains  of 
Idaho,  Alberta,  and  British  Columbia.  Most  of  the  common  plants 
of  Yellowstone  National  Park  occur  also  in  Glacier  Park.  The  present 
flora  will  be  found  helpful  therefore  to  travelers  in  the  Yellowstone 
region. 

Frederick  V.  Coville, 
Curator  of  the  United  States  Natiojial  Herbarium. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 235 

General  features  of  the  flora 236 

Life  7.ones 238 

Transition  Zone 239 

Canadian  Zone 241 

Hudsonian  Zone 245 

Arctic-Alpine  Zone 247 

Scope  and  plan  of  the  flora 249 

Earlier  botanical  exploration 251 

Acknowledgments 253 

Bibliography     253 

Systematic  treatment .  255 

Key  to  the  families 255 

Annotated  catalogue  of  species    . 263 

Index IX 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Following  page. 
Plate  33.  View  south  from  the  Garden  Wall,  showing  the  mountains  of  the 

west  slope 438 

34.  View  southeast  from  Iceberg  Tiake 438 

35.  Swiftciurent  Valley     438 

36.  Pond  near  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott 438 

37.  View  from  a  point  near  Granite  Park;  Heavens  Peak  at  the  right  .  .  438 

38.  A.  Limber  pine  {Pinus  flexilis)  on  Altyn  Peak.     B.  Dense  forest  ^ 

of  hemlock  and  giant  cedar  near  Lake  McDonald 438 

39.  Mountain  side  below  Sperry  Chalets 438 

40.  A.  Shore  of  Lake  McDonald.     B.  Sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake  .  .  438 

41.  View  on  the  trail  to  Piegan  Pass 438 

42.  A.  Dwarfed  trees  at  Swiftcurrent  Pass.     B.  Meadow  near  Granite 

Park 438 

43.  Ptarmigan  Lake 438 

*  .  44.  A.  Lake  Ellen  Wilson  and  Gunsight  Pass.     B.  An  Arctic-Alpine 

rock  slide 438 

45.  A.  Fir  clubmoss  {Lyco-podiuvi  selago).     B.  Stiff  clubmoss  (Li/ropo- 

dium  annotinum) 438 

46.  A.  Running-pine  (Lycopodium,  clavatum).   B.  Queencup  {Clintonia 

unifiora) 438 

47.  A.  Western  yew   {Taxus   brevifolia).     B.  Ladies'-tresses   (Ibidium 

romanzoffianum) 438 

48.  A.  FuTTple  clevasitis  {Clematis  Columbiana) .     B.  White  dryad  (Dryas 

octopetala) 438 

49.  A.  Alpine    bistort    {Polygonum,    viviparum).     B.  Spiny    currant 

{Ribes  lacustre) 438 

50.  A.  Red  raspberry  {Rubus  strigos^is).     B.  Blue  phacelia  {Phacelia 

lyallii) 438 

51.  A.  Canada  buffaloberry  {Lepargyrea  canadensis).     B.  Cow  parsnip 

{Heracleum  lanalum)  . 438 

52.  A.  Rough  aster  {Aster  conspicuus).     B.  Showy  fleabane  (Erigeron 

salsuginosii^s) 438 

VII 


wew  Vs.. 


FLORA  OF  GLACIEE  NATIONAL  PARK,  MONTANA. 


By  Paxtl  C.  Standley. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Glacier  National  Park  lies  in  northwestern  Montana  along  tlie 
main  range  of  the  Rockies.  It  embraces  an  area  of  1,534  square 
miles,  nearly  all  of  which  consists  of  masses  of  high  mountains. 
On  the  north  it  adjoins  British  Columbia  and  Alberta;  eastward 
stretch  the  prairies  of  the  Blackfoot  Indian  Reservation,  and  to  the 
west  lie  the  mountains  and  heavy  forests  of  the  Flathead  Valley. 
The  Continental  Divide  runs  along  the  crest  of  the  chief  mountain 
ridge.  The  drainage  of  the  west  (Pacific)  slope  of  the  park  is  conse- 
quently into  the  Columbia  River,  while  on  the  east  (Atlantic)  slope 
it  is  partly  to  Hudson  Bay  and  partly  to  the  Missouri  River.  From 
one  point,  Triple  Divide  Peak,  the  drainage  is  partly  into  each  of  the 
three  systems.  The  highest  peaks  of  the  region  reach  an  altitude  of 
but  little  more  than  3,000  meters  (10,000  feet),  but  the  elevation  of 
the  surrounding  country  is  comparatively  low  (950  meters  on  the 
west  slope  and  1,440  meters  on  the  east  slope),  so  that  the  mountains 
are  quite  as  imposing  in  appearance  as  many  of  those  in  the  southern 
Rockies  which  have  a  much  greater  elevation. 

The  rocks  of  the  park  are  stratified  and  of  Algonkian  age.     They 
consist  chiefly  of  shale,  limestone,  sandstone,  and  argillite,  their  pre- 
vailing colors  being  rich  reds  and  dull  greens.     In  many  places  the 
stratification  is  very  regular  and  certain  strata  can  be  traced  with  the 
_^eye  for  many  miles,  but  in  other  places  the  strata  are  folded  and  con- 
torted in  an  interesting  fashion.     Besides  the  stratified  rocks,  a  con- 
^     spicuous  feature  is  an  intrusion  of  diorite — an  igneous  rock — which 
J     can  be  followed  for  a  long  distance  along  the  Garden  Wall  as  a  well- 
-       marked  band  of  black. 

^  The  whole  region  of  the  park  is  extremely  rugged  (see  plate  33),  the 
9  mountains  usually  having  sharp  summits  and  precipitous  sides.  The 
main  ridge  is  broken  only  infrequently  by  passes,  whose  altitudes 
range  from  1,800  to  about  2,100  meters.  The  slopes  of  the  mountain 
masses  have  been  plowed  by  ancient  glaciers,  and  numerous  lateral 
valleys  have  been  cut,  along  which  streams  now  run.  In  many  of  the 
valleys  lie  large  or  small  lakes  whose  waters  are  wonderfully  trans- 
parent and  beautifully  colored  in  blue  or  green.     Fed  directly  by 

235 


236  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

streams  from  the  snow  fields  and  present  glaciers,  the  water  of  these 
lakes  is  ice  cold.  High  up  on  the  peaks,  in  glacier  basins,  are  often 
found  miniature  jewel-like  lakes  of  intense  colors,  freqviently  sur- 
rounded by  the  ice  walls  of  the  glaciers  themselves.  Most  spectac- 
ular of  them  is  Iceberg  Lake,  on  the  east  slope,  which  all  summer  long 
is  full  of  huge  blocks  of  floating  ice  which  have  broken  off  from  the 
overhanging  glacier.  In  some  of  these  small  alpine  lakes  the  water 
is  milky  white  from  the  particles  of  rock,  finely  ground  by  glaciers, 
held  in  suspension. 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  park  is  found  in  the  glaciers 
which  have  given  it  its  name.  These  lie  in  depressions  at  the  head 
of  some  valley  or  hang  high  up  on  steep  rock  slopes.  None  of  them 
are  very  large — Blackfoot  Glacier  is  about  three  miles  wide — but  there 
are  over  60  of  them  in  the  park.  Each  one  possesses  all  or  most  of 
the  features  of  the  largest  glaciers,  and  in  a  small  glacier  one  can  see  the 
processes  of  glacial  action  much  more  readily  than  in  a  large  one. 
Streams  of  water  flow  away  from  each  of  these  ice  masses,  often  falling 
abruptly  over  high  cUffs,  carrying  down  chunks  of  ice  and  rock  which 
are  heard  constantly  crashing  upon  the  rocks  below.  The  streams 
themselves,  which  abound  everywhere  in  the  park,  are  one  of  its 
many  attractive  features. 

To  most  people  another  source  of  interest  is  the  profusion  of  animal 
life.^  Deer,  elk,  moose,  mountain  sheep  and  goats,  bears,  and  many 
smaller  animals  are  found  in  varying  abundance.  Sheep  and  goats 
are  particularly  plentiful  and  may  be  seen  by  the  visitor  in  any  of  the 
higher  regions,  sometimes  even  in  the  vicinity  of  the  hotels  and 
chalets.  The  streams  and  lakes  are  well  stocked  with  trout  and  other 
fishes. 

The  winters  are  long  in  northern  Montana.  Snow  falls  by  middle 
September  or  even  earlier;  indeed,  at  high  altitudes,  it  frequently 
falls  even  in  midsummer.  At  low  elevations  it  remains  until  late  in 
the  season.  In  1919,  although  the  snowfall  had  been  extremely  light 
the  previous  winter,  numerous  snow  banks  remained  at  middle  or  even 
at  low  altitudes  the  first  of  July.  Because  of  the  short  summers,  the 
tourist  season  is  limited;  it  extends  from  June  15  to  September  15. 

GENERAL    FEATURES    OF    THE    FLORA. 

All  the  national  parks  of  the  West  possess  many  attractions  for 
anyone  interested  in  plants,  whether  from  the  esthetic  or  from  the 
scientific  standpoint,  and  for  the  study  of  plants  none  offers  greater 
advantages  than  Glacier  Park.  The  flora  is  rich  in  number  of 
species,  and  the  vegetation  is  luxuriantly  developed.     All  through 

*  See  Wild  animals  of  Glacier  Park:  The  mammals,  by  Vernon  Bailey;  The  birds, 
by  Florence  Merriam  Bailey.  Department  of  the  Interior,  National  Park  Ser^dce. 
11)18. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  237 

the  summer  there  is  a  lavish  display  of  color,  which  attains  its 
climax  about  the  first  of  July.  The  flowers  follow  close  upon  the 
retreating  snow  banks,  and  thus  even  when  they  are  somewhat 
faded  at  lower  altitudes  they  may  be  seen  in  all  their  vernal 
freshness  on  the  high  slopes.  The  growing  season  is  so  brief  that 
plants  must  bloom  and  fruit  quickly.  At  high  altitudes,  and  to 
some  extent  at  middle  ones,  there  are  no  "spring,"  "sumLmer,"  or 
"fall"  flowers,  for  nearly  all  plants  are  in  bloom  at  once,  asters  and 
goldenrod  mingling  with  violets,  springbeauties,  and  anemones.  At 
low  altitudes,  however,  there  are  marked  differences  between  the 
spring  and  autumn  floras. 

The  flora  of  Glacier  Park  is  in  general  typical  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region,  but  like  that  of  any  restricted  area  it  shows 
certain  special  characteristics.  The  Continental  Divide,  which 
traverses  the  park,  is  to  a  certain  extent  a  barrier  to  plant  migra- 
tion, and  there  are  noticeable  differences  between  the  plants  of  the 
east  and  west  slopes.  The  differences  are  most  conspicuous  in  the 
case  of  the  trees,  and  will  be  discussed  in  detail  further  on.  In 
general,  the  flora  of  the  east  slope  is  like  that  of  the  central  Rockies, 
while  the  flora  of  the  west  slope  shows  a  marked  relationship  to 
that  of  the  northern  Pacific  coast.  It  is  noteworthy  that  a  large 
number  of  coastal  species  reach  the  eastern  limit  of  their  range 
(in  the  United  States  at  least)  in  Glacier  Park.  Many  char- 
acteristic plants  of  the  mountains  of  Alberta  and  British  Columbia 
reach  their  southern  limit  in  this  region,  and  several  such  plants 
collected  in  Glacier  Park  have  not  been  found  elsewhere  in  the 
United  States.  Of  course,  more  thorough  exploration  of  the 
mountains  of  western  Montana  may  show  that  some  of  these  have 
a  wider  range  than  is  known  at  the  present  time. 

The  forests  of  the  park  are  of  chief  interest  to  those  who  come 
from  the  East.  Like  all  western  forests,  they  are  composed  almost 
wholly  of  coniferous  trees  belonging  to  a  comparatively  small 
number  of  species.  The  only  broad-leafed  tree  which  occurs  in 
much  abundance  is  the  aspen.  The  forests  of  the  east  slope  are 
only  moderately  heavy,  but  those  of  the  west  slope,  especially 
about  Lake  McDonald,  are  very  dense  and  are  composed  of  large 
trees.  The  forests  of  the  west  slope  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  although  they  are  not  so  extensive  or  luxuriant. 

Since  there  is  practically  no  cultivated  land  inside  the  park,  few 
introduced  plants  are  to  be  expected,  and  in  the  present  list  there 
are  included  only  61  species  of  foreign  origin.  Most  of  these  have 
been  found  only  about  Belton  and  the  east  entrance,  where  they 
have  become  established  along  the  railroad.  A  few  foreign  plants  are 
thoroughly  naturalized  in  the  park,  however,  and  some  are  abundant, 
such  as  timothy,  sheep  sorrel,  fanweed,  red,  white,  and  alsike  clover. 


238  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

and  the  common  thistle  (Cirsium  lanceolatum) .  None  of  these, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  the  thistle  on  the  west  slope,  is 
sufficiently  plentiful  to  constitute  a  prominent  element  of  the  flora. 

LIFE    ZONES. 

In  the  study  of  the  vegetation  of  any  region  it  soon  becomes 
apparent  that  many  of  the  species  are  restricted  in  their  distribu- 
tion. Some  plants,  of  course,  gi*ow  only  in  water  or  in  wet  soil, 
and  others  only  in  dry  or  well-drained  situations,  but  most  species 
are  not  generally  distributed  even  when  such  habitats  are  disre- 
garded. In  the  mountains,  as  one  ascends  the  slopes,  it  is  noted 
that  the  character  of  the  vegetation  changes,  either  gradually  or 
abruptly,  certain  plants  disappearing  and  new  ones  taking  their 
places.  Very  few  plants  that  grow  on  mountain  tops  grow  also  in 
the  foothills  or  valleys  or  on  the  plains.  In  general,  it  is  found 
that  the  vegetation  is  divided  roughly  into  belts  or  zones,  which 
are  sometimes  well  marked,  but  often  of  indefinite  limitation.  As 
a  general  rule  the  trees  and  shiaibs  are  more  definitely  distributed 
in  belts  than  are  the  herbaceous  plants.  This  zonal  distribution  of 
plants  is  the  result  of  varying  conditions  with  regard  to  temperature 
and  moisture,  as  influenced  by  exposure  and  elevation.  Moisture 
and  especially  temperature  vary  greatly  at  different  elevations,  and 
each  plant  reaches  its  best  development  at  the  elevation  at  which 
conditions  are  most  fully  suited  to  its  growth. 

After  studying  the  broader  aspects  of  the  distribution  of  plants 
and  animals,  botanists  and  zoologists  have  evolved  a  general  classi- 
fication of  regions  into  life  zones,  each  of  which  occupies  a  wide 
geographic  area.  For  North  America  these  zones  have  been  worked 
out  with  great  care,  and  a  knowledge  of  the  characteristics  of  each 
is  desirable  in  the  study  of  the  flora  of  any  region,  especially  a 
mountainous  one.  In  regions  of  little  variation  in  elevation  a  single 
zone  often  continues  without  interruption  for  hundreds  of  miles, 
but  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  one  may  often  pass  through  three  or 
four  different  zones  in  a  half  day's  walk. 

The  life  zones,  of  course,  are  not  always  sharply  marked;  indeed, 
more  often  they  are  not,  but  their  general  features  can  usually  be 
recognized,  and  the  more  familiar  one  becomes  with  a  certain  region 
the  more  apparent  are  the  broader  features  of  the  zonal  division. 
If  temperature  and  moisture  were  uniform  at  a  given  altitude, 
probably  the  so-called  zones  would  be  sharply  marked,  but  this  is 
obviously  not  the  case.  On  northward  slopes  there  is  less  evapora- 
tion and  consequently  more  moisture,  and  also  the  temperature  is 
somewhat  lower  at  a  given  altitude  than  on  a  sunny  slope;  on  a 
southward  slope  the  conditions  vary  in  the  opposite  direction.  As  a 
consequence,  plants  of  high  altitudes  are  often  found  at  compara- 


STANDLEY — ^FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  239 

lively  low  elevations  on  northward  slopes,  and  plants  of  low  altitudes 
at  high  elevations  on  sunny  slopes.  In  Glacier  Park  the  snow  banks 
remain  on  northward  slopes  all  through  the  summer  at  rather  low 
elevations,  and  about  them  one  finds  many  plants  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  alpine  meadows.  On  exposed  southward  slopes  above 
timber  line  one  often  comes  unexpectedly  upon  plants  which  ordi- 
narily grow  far  below  upon  the  plains  or  foothills. 

The  greater  number  of  the  plant  species,  except  those  which  grow 
upon  the  prairie  or  the  highest  summits  and  rock  slides,  range 
through  two  zones,  but  some  are  more  widely  dispereed,  and  a  few 
are  found  nearly  everywhere.  The  following  list  includes  those 
species  which  are  found  at  almost  all  altitudes,  the  zone  names  in 
parentheses  indicating  the  region  in  which  each  is  most  abundant, 
if  it  is  noticeably  more  abundant  anywhere : 

Zygadenus  elegans  (Hudsonian). 

Allium  cernuum  (Canadian). 

Eryihronium  grandiflorum  (Hudsonian). 

Ranunculus  reptans  (Canadian). 

Pamassia  Jlmbriata  (Hudsonian). 

Saxifraga  hronchialis. 

Heuchera  glabella. 

PotentiUa  fruticosa  (Hudsonian). 

Astragalus  alpinus  (Arc tic- Alpine). 

Hedysarum  sulphurescens  (Hudsonian). 

Linum  lewisii. 

Epilohium  latifolium  (Hudsonian,  Aj-c tic-Alpine). 

Dodecaiheon  pauciflorum  (Hudsonian). 

Galium  horeale. 

Campanula  rotuvdifolia. 

Aster  meritus  (Hudsonian,  Ai"c tic-Alpine). 

Achillea  lanulosa. 

Gaillardia  aristata  (Transition). 

It  will  be  noticed  that  these  are  all  herl^aceous  plants,  and  only  a 

few  of  them  are  divided  by  any  author  into  two  or  more  species. 

The  life  zones  represented  in  Glacier  Park  ^  are  four — Transition, 

Canadian,  Hudsonian,  and  Arctic-Alpine  (see  plate  34).     These  are 

discussed  below. 

TRANSITION  ZONE. 

On  the  east  slope  of  the  park  this  zone  is  well  represented,  for  it 
includes  all  the  plains,  part  of  the  foothills,  and  the  low  valleys  (see 
plate  35),  and  in  warmer,  exposed  places  it  extends  up  to  an  alti- 
tude of  about  1,350  meters.     In  this  part  of  the  Rockies  the  Transi- 

'  A  map  showing  the  distribution  of  the  life  zones  in  the  park  is  included  in  the 
"Wild  Animals  of  Glacier  Park,"  by  Vernon  Bailey. 


240 


CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL.   HERBARIUM. 


tion  Zone  is  typically  a  plains  belt,  but  in  the  southern  Rockies  it 
usually  occupies  the  jniddle  slopes  of  the  mountains,  at  much  greater 
altitudes.  On  the  west  slope  of  the  park  it  is  poorly  represented; 
there  are  traces  of  it  about  Belton,  as  indicated  by  the  presence  of 
yellow  pine  and  western  red  cedar,  together  with  a  few  characteristic 
herbaceous  species.  Along  the  North  Fork  of  the  Flathead,  on  the 
west  boundary  of  the  park,  the  yellow  pines  are  said  to  be  more 
abundant,  and  the  Transition  Zone  better  developed.  This  latter 
area  was  not  visited  by  the  writer. 

The  only  trees  characteristic  of  the  Transition  Zone  are  the  yellow 
pine  and  red  cedar,  and  these  are  not  present  on  the  east  slope. 
The  common  shrubs  are  the  creeping  cedar,  water  birch,  white 
clematis,  bush  cinquefoil,  wild  rose  (Rosa  hourgeauviana) ,  choke- 
cherry,  serviceberry,  silverberry,  a  snowberry  (SympJioricarpos 
ocddentalis),  and  sagebrush.  Of  these,  the  creeping  cedar,  bush 
cinquefoil,  chokecherry,  and  serviceberry  extend  also  into  the 
Canadian  Zone.  The  following  list  includes  the  more  common  and 
characteristic  herbaceous  plants.  Those  marked  with  an  asterisk 
extend  also  into  the  Canadian  Zone. 


Typha  latifolia. 
Sagittaria  cuneata. 
Alisma  brevipes. 
Distichlis  spicata. 
Agropyron  smithii. 
Allium  nuttallii. 
Iris  missouriensis. 
Comandra  pallida. 
Rumex  mexicanus. 
Dondia  depressa. 
Atriplex  hastata. 
Chenopodium  humile. 
Chenopodium  salinum. 
Pulsatilla  liidoviciana. 
Halerpestes  cymbalaria. 
Physaria  didymocarpa. 
Lesquerella  spathulata. 
Potentilla  anserina. 
Potentilla  pennsylvanica 
Potentilla  hippiana. 
Thermo psis  rhombifolia 
Lupinus  tenellus.* 
Astragalus  miser. 
Astragalus  goniatus. 
Astragalus  drummondii 
Astragalus  carolinianus. 
Oxytropis  defiexa. 
Oxytropis  gracilis.* 


Oxytropis  splendens. 
Mentzelia  dispersa. 
Gaura  cocdnea. 
Taraxia  brevijlora. 
Pachylophus  caespitosus. 
Hippuris  vulgaris. 
Zizia  cor  data. 
Bupleurum  americanum. 
Gentiana  affinis. 
Navarretia  viinima. 
Lithospermum  ruderale. 
Allocarya  calif ornica. 
Oreocarya  glomerata. 
Pentstemon  nitidus. 
Orthocarpus  luteus. 
Pyrrocoma  lanceolata. 
Grindelia  perennis. 
Aster  campestris. 
Aster  crassulus. 
Erigeron  caespitosus. 
Helianthus  subrhomboideus . 
Artemisia  frigida . 
Artemisia  biennis. 
Madia  glomerata. 
Gaillardia  aristata.* 
Arnica  foliosa. 
Cirsium  undulatum. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  241 

The  Transition  Zone  is  moderately  well  differentiated  from  the 
Canadian,  but  there  are  certain  complications.  The  prairie,  of  course, 
is  purely  Transition,  but  in  the  foothills  and  low  valleys  it  is  often 
impossible  to  tell  whether  a  given  area  is  more  typically  Transition  or 
Canadian.  The  lower  open  slopes  are  usually  without  any  Canadian 
intrusion,  but  on  the  higher  rocky  slopes,  like  those  of  Altyn  Peak, 
plants  of  the  two  zones  are  intermingled.  In  fact,  about  snow  banks 
upon  such  slopes  Arctic-Alpine  plants  grow  in  close  proximity  with 
Transition  ones.  Sometimes  patches  of  apparently  Transition  vege- 
tation occur  at  high  altitudes,  as  at  Cracker  Lake.  On  the  other  hand, 
Canadian  vegetation,  characterized  by  a  heavy,  growth  of  trees,  often 
extends  to  low  altitudes,  especially  along  streams. 

The  species  of  the  Transition  Zone  are  mostly  ones  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  wide  areas  of  the  Great  Plains.  Many  of  them  extend 
eastward  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Texas.  The  species  of  this 
zone  are  most  easily  studied  at  the  east  entrance,  at  St.  Mary,  and 
just  below  Lake  McDermott. 

The  most  interesting  portion  of  the  zone,  as  represented  in  the 
Glacier  Park  region,  is  found  on  the  prairie  about  the  east  entrance. 
The  plains  here  are  broken  by  deep  canyons,  with  precipitous  banks 
composed  of  crumbling  shale.  Several  of  these  canyons  are  within  a 
few  minutes'  walk  of  the  Glacier  Park  Hotel,  but  from  a  short  distance 
one  would  never  guess  their  existence,  for  the  landscape  appears  to 
consist  of  a  continuous  expanse  of  rolling  prairie  On  the  shale 
slopes  anumber  of  species  are  found  which  are  rare  or  absent  elsewhere. 
Of  greater  interest,  however,  are  the  small  ponds  and  marshy  spots 
scattered  all  over  the  prarie.  In  1919  all  these  places  were  quite 
dry,  but  in  a  year  of  moderate  rainfall  they  must  be  full  of  water  or  at 
least  wet  throughout  the  season.  Umbach  collected  here  a  number 
of  water  plants  not  found  by  the  writer;  in  1919  there  was  no  water 
in  which  they  might  grow.  But  in  such  an  abnormally  dry  season 
these  spots  supported  a  large  number  of  plants  found  nowhere  else, 
like  Typha,  Sagittaria,  Alisma,  Rumex  maritimus,  Polygonum  muhl- 
enhergii,  PotentiUa  anserina,  Taraxia,  BoisduvaUia,  Hippuris,  Gen- 
tiana  affinis,  Navarretia,  AUocarya,  and  Orthocarpus.  In  many  of 
these  depressions  the  soil  is  strongly  alkaline,  and  there  are  found  a 
a  few  halophilous  plants,  such  as  DisticJilis  spicata,  Dondia  depressa, 
Atriplex  Jiastata,  dhenopodium  humile,  and  Halerpestes  cymhalaria. 

CANADIAN  ZONE. 

The  Canadian  Zone  covers  by  far  the  largest  portion  of  the  park, 
for  it  includes  all  the  timbered  portion  except  a  narrow  belt  just 
below  timber  line  (see  pis.  37,  38,  B) .  It  extends  from  practically  the 
base  of  the  mountains  (1,440  meters  on  the  east  slope  and  950  meters 
on  the  west  slope)  up  to  an  elevation  of  1,800  to  2,100  meters,  accord- 


242  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

ing  to  exposure.  Within  this  area,  too,  are  found  a  larger  number  of 
species  than  in  any  of  the  other  zones.  The  trees  of  the  east  slope  are 
the  alpine  fir,  Douglas  fir,  spruces,  limber  pme,  lodgepole  pine,  cotton- 
wood,  and  aspen;  but  of  these,  the  limber  pine  and  cottonwood  do 
not  occur  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be  an  important  element  of  the 
forest.  On  the  west  slope  are  found  the  same  trees,  but  in  addition  the 
great  silver  fir,  hemlock,  western  white  pine,  larch,  giant  cedar,  and 
canoe  birch.  The  chief  shrubs  of  the  Canadian  Zone  are  the  following : 
Ground  juniper,  yew  (west  slope  only) ,  numerous  species  of  willows, 
alders,  purple  clematis,  Oregon  grape,  gooseberry,  currants,  ninebark 
(west  slope),  white  meadowsweet,  red  raspberry,  black  raspberry 
(west  slope),  thimbleberry,  mountain-spray,  several  species  of  wild 
rose,  chokecherry,  pin  cherry,  mountain-ash,  black  hawthorn  (often 
a  tree  on  the  west  slope),  servicebeny,  buckthorn,  maple  (often  a 
small  tree),  mountain  lover,  deerbrush,  Canada  buffaloberry,  devil's- 
club  (west  slope),  red-osier  dogwood,  Labrador  tea  (west  slope), 
menziesia,  whortleberries,  elderberry,  twinberries,  snowberry,  and 
highbush  cranberry  (west  slope).  The  following  is  a  list  of  some 
of  the  more  characteristic  herbaceous  plants  of  the  zone.  Those 
marked  with  an  asterisk  extend  also  into  other  zones  in  more  or  less 
abundance. 

Xerophyllum  te^ax*  Aralia  nudicauUs. 

Veratrum  viride.  .  Heracleum  lanatum* 

Clintonia  uniflom.  Sanicula  marilandica. 

Disporum  spp.  Angelica  lyallii. 

Streptopm  amplexifolius*  Cornus  stolonifera. 

Claytonia  parvifolia.  Pyrola  a^arifolia* 

Arenariaformosa*  Chimaphila  umhellata  occidentalis. 

Actaea  rubra.  Galium  triflorum. 

Thalictrum  megacarpuvi*  Galium  trifidum. 

Nymphaea  polysepala.  Linnaea  borealis. 

Cardamine  breweri.  Hieracium  albifiorum. 

Tiarella  xinifoliata*  Prenanthes  sagittata. 

Fragaria  spp.  Aster  conspicuus. 

Lupinus  sericeus*  Aster  sayianus. 

Lupinus  tenellus*  Aster  engelmannii* 

Geranium  viscossisimum.  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata. 

Sphaeralcea  rivularis.  Anaphalis  margaritacea. 

Viola  canadensis.  Adenocaulon  bicolor. 

Viola  orbiculata.  Arnica  latifolia. 

Epilobium  angusti/olium.  Senecio  triangularis.* 

Epilobium  adenocaulon. 

The  timbered  portions  of  the  Canadian  Zone  are  easily  recognized 
by  the  characteristic  tree  species,  with  the  accompanying  herbaceous 
plants;  but  the  open  slopes  are  not  so  easily  classified,  since  there 
is  often  a  puzzling  admixture  of  Transition  and  Hudsonian  species. 
As  remarked  above,  Canadian  plants  extend  far  down  along  the 
streams.     In  this  connection  one  fact  should  be  noted:    Running 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  243 

water  plays  a  more  or  less  important  part  in  plant  dissemination  in 
mountain  regions,  for  the  streams  often  bring  down  seeds  from 
alpine  slopes  even  to  the  plains,  and  the  plants  thus  propagated 
frequently  thrive  at  low  altitudes.  Epiloiium  latifoliiim  is  certainly 
a  typical  plant  of  alpine  meadows  and  rock  slides,  but  it  is  found  in 
Jiiany  places  along  streams  at  low  altitudes,  often  in  considerable 
abundance  and  in  greater  luxm-iance  than  at  high  altitudes.  Along 
the  creek  at  St.  Mary  Dry  as  drummondii  is  more  abundant  and  Jnore 
vigorous  than  above  timber  line,  yet  it  is  evident  to  any  botanist 
that  the  plant  is  there  only  by  accident.  Along  the  creek  at  the 
east  entrance  stra}^  plants  of  many  alpine  species  may  be  foimd. 

Tliere  is  a  conspicuous  difference  between  the  forests  of  the- east 
and  west  slopes  of  the  park.  As  indicated  above,  there  are  several 
important  timber  trees  which  grow  only  on  the  west  slope,  although 
there  are  none  peculiar  to  the  east  slope.  Moreover,  on  the  west 
slope  the  timber  is  much  denser  and  the  trees  are  larger  (see  pi.  38,  B). 
The  general  appearance  of  the  forest  is  very  different  on  the  two 
slopes,  the  differences  becoming  conspicuous  just  as  soon  as  one 
crosses  the  continental  divide.  The  greater  development  on  the 
west  slope  is  due  presumably  to  the  greater  amount  of  rainfall  in 
that  region,  and  probably  also  to  the  lower  elevation. 

It  is  rather  remarkable  that  while  the  differences  between  the 
forests  of  the  two  slopes  are  so  strongly  marked,  there  are  no  pro- 
portionate differences  in  the  case  of  the  herbaceous  and  shrubby 
vegetation.  The  predominating  species  of  the  herbs  and  shrubs 
are  largely  the  same,  and  the  differences  in  the  general  appearance  of 
the  vegetation  are  mostly  such  as  are  to  be  expected  as  a  consequence 
of  the  differences  in  forest  density.  On  the  west  slope  the  forest  is 
in  many  places  so  dense  that  there  is  scarcely  any  herbaceous  vegeta- 
tion, but  on  the  east  slope  there  is  always  a  luxuriant  growth  of 
herbaceous  plants. 

The  following  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants  are  chiefly  or  entirely 
confined  to  the  west  slope:  Taxus  hrevifolia,  Scheuchzeria  palustris, 
Lysichiton  T<:amchatcensis,  Tiillium  ovatum,  NympJiaea  polysepala, 
Drosera  rotundifolia  and  D.  longifolia,  Opulaster  malvaceus,  Potentilla 
palustris,  Ruhus  leucodermis,  Rosa  gymnocarpa,  Aralia  nudicaulis, 
Echinopanax  horridum,  Cicuta  hulhifera,  Ledum  glandulosurn,  Vac- 
cinium  canadense,  Melampyrum  lineare,  and  Viburnum  paucijiormn. 
Most  of  these  are  species  which  are  typical  of  the  Pacific  slope,  but 
their  total  does  not  form  an  important  percentage  of  the  whole 
herbaceous  vegetation.  In  the  case  of  the  trees  of  the  Canadian 
Zone  over  40  per  cent  of  the  species  are  found  only  on  the  west 
slope,  and  it  might  be  expected  that  an  equal  proportion  of  the 
herbaceous  species  would  be  similarly  restricted.  On  the  east  slope 
of  the  park  the  writer  collected  many  species  of  herbaceous  plants 
2048— 'i'O 2 


244  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

(but  no  important  ones)  which  he  did  not  find  on  the  west  slope, 
but  it  is  probable  that  this  is  due  to  the  less  aniount  of  time  spent 
in  the  latter  region,  and  to  the  lateness  of  the  season  at  which  the 
collections  were  made.  On  the  plains  east  of  the  park  (Transition 
Zone)  there  are  many  species  of  plants  not  found  on  the  west  slope, 
because  there  is  no  similar  area  in  the  latter  region. 

On  both  slopes  of  the  park  it  is  apparent  that  the  vegetation  of 
the  Canadian  Zone  is  not  homogeneous,  and  that  there  is  a  marked 
difference  between  the  lower  and  upper  portions.  On  the  west 
slope  the  great  silver  fir,  hemlock,  western  white  pine,  larch,  giant  cedar, 
aspen,  cotton  wood,  and  canoe  birch  are  found  only  at  lower  levels. 
These,  it  may  be  noted,  include  all  the  Pacific  coast  species.  The  larch 
extends  higher  up,  perhaps,  than  any  of  the  others.  It  is  at  the  low 
altitudes  that  the  forest  is  most  dense;  higher  up  the  timber  is  thinner, 
and  spruces  and  alpine  fir  are  more  abundant.  Around  Lake 
McDonald  the  lodgepole  pine,  which  is  so  abundant  on  the  east  slope, 
is  not  very  common,  and  its  place  is  taken  largely  by  the  larch. 

On  the  east  slope  the  lower  part  of  the  Canadian  Zone  is  timbered 
chiefly  with  lodgepole  pine,  which  often  forms  extensive,  dense, 
nearly  pure  stands,  and  with  aspens.  There  is  some  admixture  of 
Cottonwood,  Douglas  fir,  and  limber  pine,  and  frequently  of  other 
trees.  In  some  places  there  are  areas  covered  almost  exclusively^ 
with  Douglas  fir,  and  the  aspen  forms  extensive  groves,  especially 
along  the  automobile  road.  On  the  higher  slopes  the  trees  are 
chiefly  alpine  fir,  spruces,  and  Douglas  fir.  There  is  a  pronounced 
difference  also  in  the  herbaceous  vegetation  of  the  two  belts  of  this 
zone. 

There  are  numerous  special  localities  in  the  Canadian  Zone  which 
are  of  particular  interest  botanically.  Along  the  streams  are  many 
swampy  thickets,  where  water-loving  plants  abound.  Most  of  the 
larger  lakes  lie  in  this  zone,  but  their  flora  is  rather  meager.  In 
most  of  thern.  the  water  seems  to  be  too  cold  for  the  growth  of  water 
plants,  but  in  St.  Mary  and  McDonald  lakes  several  pondweeds 
grow  in  some  quantity.  On  the  west  slope  there  are  small  lakes 
only  a  few  acres  in  extent  where  pondweeds,  yellow  pondlily, 
bur-reeds,  bladdervvort,  and  other  water  plants  are  plentiful.  In 
slow  stretches  of  the  streams  pondweeds,  Callitriche,  bur-reeds, 
water  buttercups,  and  other  plants  are  often  found. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  localities  in  the  Many  Glacier  region 
is  a  bit  of  deep  swampy  woods  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek,  shortly 
below  the  falls  (see  pi.  36).  This  area  is  difE.cult  to  explore  because 
of  fallen  logs,  beaver  dams,  and  bogs,  but  it  yields  many  plants 
that  locally  are  rare,  such  as  Cornus  canadensis,  Habenaria  ohtusata, 
Pyrola  minor,  and  MiteUa  nuda.  Farther  down  the  stream,  close 
to  the  automobile  road,  is  a  boggy  meadow,  in  whose  center  rises  a 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  245 

large  spring  of  cold  water,  from  which  a  good-sized  stream  flows  to 
the  creek.  The  coldness  of  the  water  must  have  a  decided  influence 
upon  the  vegetation,  for  here,  surrounded  chiefly  by  Transition 
vegetation,  are  found  such  plants  as  Eriophorum  chamissonis,  Carex 
gynocrates,  Salix  Candida,  Pinguicula  vulgaris,  Petasites  sagittata,  and 
several  others  which  are  commonly  found  only  at  much  higher 
altitudes.  Just  above  the  edge  of  the  road  along  the  side  of  Altyn 
Peak,  on  an  open  slope,  is  a  small  bog  carpeted  by  deep  moss  and 
filled  with  scrub  birch.  In  it  there  are  hundreds  of  plants  of 
Botrychium  virginia7ium,  growing  with  other  species  that  are  scarce 
in  this  region.  Dozens  of  similar  spots  of  exceptional  interest  might 
be  mentioned. 

One  of  the  most  distinctive  botanical  features  of  the  park  is  the 
large  sphagnum  bogs  about  Fish  and  Johns  lakes  (see  pi.  40,  B), 
on  the  west  slope,  and  a  visit  to  these  localities,  which  are  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  head  of  Lake  McDonald,  will  richly  repay 
anyone  searching  for  the  less  common  plants.  These  bogs  are 
similar  to  many  that  are  found  in  the  eastern  and  northern  States. 
They  have  a  dense  covering  of  different  species  of  Sphagnum,  through 
which  one's  feet  sink  into  water.  Some  of  the  sphagnum  masses 
extend  out  into  the  lake,  and  many  of  them  are  merely  floating 
upon  the  water,  so  that  they  will  not  support  any  considerable 
weight.  The  sphagnum  belt  is  only  a  few  yards  wide,  and  is 
bordered  by  a  thicket  of  shrubs,  which  gradually  encroaches  upon 
the  bog.  In  and  at  the  edge  of  the  sphagnum  grow  such  plants  as 
Lycopodium  selago,  L.  annotinum,  L.  clavatum,  and  L.  complanatum, 
Dryopteris  cristata,  Scheuchzeria  palustris,  Eriophorum  chamissonis, 
Carex  diandra,  C.  limosa,  C.  huxhaumii,  and  C.  lasiocarpa,  Juncus 
iiliformis,  Ihidium  romanzoffianum,  Drosera  rotundifolia  and  D. 
longifolia,  PotentiUa  palustris,  Cicuta  hulhifera,  and  Kalmia  micro- 
phylla.  Most  of  these  are  species  which  are  not  found  elsewhere  in 
Glacier  Park. 

HUDSONIAN  ZONE. 

The  Hudsonian  Zone  is  the  least  clearly  defined  of  all  the  zones 
represented  in  the  park.  It  is  stated  by  competent  authorities  that 
in  some  regions  this  zone  is  well  marked,  but  the  writer  has  never  seen 
such  a  locality.  In  Glacier  Park,  as  in  many  other  places,  it  is  an 
ill-defined  belt  which  forms  a  sort  of  transition  between  the  Canadian 
and  Arctic- Alpine  zones,  and  its  vegetation  consists  of  a  mixture  of 
species  which  are  characteristic  of  those  areas.  It  embraces  a  rather 
narrow  belt  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  timbered  slopes,  covered  with 
small,  often  stunted  trees  and  shrubs,  which  are  often  widely  spaced, 
with  open  meadows  between  them  (see  pis.  41,  42).     The  Hudsonian 


246  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Zone  seems  to  include  also  some  of  the  meadows  above  the  timber, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  sharp  line  here.  Sometimes  the 
heavy  timber  of  the  Canadian  Zone  borders  directly  upon  alpine 
meadows,  without  any  intervening  transitional  zone. 

The  characteristic  trees  of  the  Hudsonian  Zone  are  the  alpine  fir 
and  whitebark  pine,  but  the  fir,  of  course,  grows  also  at  lower 
altitudes.  Douglas  fir  and  limber  pine  sometimes  grow  about 
timber  line,  and  the  alpine  larch  grows  here  if  anywhere  in  the 
park.  At  the  upper  limit  of  timber  the  wind  blows  violently  much 
of  the  time,  and  for  most  of  the  year  the  ground  is  covered  with 
snow,  so  that  trees  find  existence  difficult;  consequently,  most  of 
them  are  stunted  or  twisted,  and  many  are  mere  shrubs.  Frequently 
they  are  bent  down  by  the  wind  and  snow,  their  trunks  lying  flat 
upon  the  ground.  In  such  cases  their  branching  is  abnormally 
dense,  and  these  stunted  trees  often  form  impenetrable  thickets. 

The  principal  shrubs  of  the  zone  are  willows  (Salix  vestita),  green 
alder,  spiny  currant,  pink  meadowsweet,  red  raspberry,  mountain- 
agh,  menziesia,  Rocky  Mountain  laurel,  red  and  white  heather, 
whortleberries  (Vaccinium  membranaceum  and  V.  scoparium),  and 
elderberry.  The  laurel  and  heathers  are  practically  confined  to  this 
zone,  but  the  other  shrubs  are  more  widely  distributed. 

The  herbaceous  vegetation  is  rather  varied,  and  because  of  abun- 
dant moisture  it  is  remarkably  luxuriant.  Here  are  found  more 
lavish  displays  of  color  than  at  any  other  level,  and  the  meadows  are 
often  an  indescribable  riot  of  color.  The  flower  displays  endure 
longer  here  than  elsewhere,  for  snow  banks  lie  until  the  end  of  the  sum- 
mer, and  as  they  melt  new  beds  of  flowers  are  coming  continuously . 
into  bloom.  The  following  list  indicates  the  characteristic  herbaceous 
plants  of  the  Hudsonian  Zone: 

Phleuvi  alpinum.  Viola  glabella. 

Xerophyllum  tenax.  Angelica  dawsoni.* 

Tofieldia  inUrmedia.  Gaultheria  huviifusa.* 

Streptopus  amplexi/olius.  Dodecatheon  paucifiorum. 

Polygonum  bistortoidcs.  Gentiana  calycosa.* 

Silene  multicaulis.  Romanzoffia  sitchensis. 

Trollius  albiflorus.  Lappula  diffusa. 

Aquilegia  flavescens.  Mimulus  lewisii. 

Thalictrum  megacarpum.  Castilleja  spp. 

Delphinium  depauperatum.*  Pedicularis  groenlandica. 

Pulsatilla  omdentalis.*  Pedicularis  bracteosa. 

Tiarella  unifoliata.  Valeriana  sitchensis. 

Sibbaldia  procumbens.  Aster  engelmannii. 

Hypericum  scouleri.  Erigeron  salsuginosus.* 

Antennaria  racemosa.  Senecio  rnegacephalus.* 

Arnica  spp.  Senecio  ovinus. 
Senecio  triangularis. 


STANDLEY — FLOKA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  247 

The  species  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  nearly  or  altogether  con- 
fined to  this  belt,  while  the  others  are  abundant  elsewhere  as  well. 
It  is  evident  that  very  few  species  are  peculiar  to  the  Hudsonian 
Zone. 

The  flora  of  the  zone  is  much  the  same  wherever  it  is  found,  and 
there  are  no  localities  in  it  of  exceptional  interest.  The  plants  can  be 
studied  easily  at  Granite  Park,  Iceberg  Lake,  Sexton  Glacier,  Gun- 
sight  Lake,  Sperry  Chalets,  and  many  other  localities. 

ARCTIC-ALPINE  ZONE. 

The  Arctic-Alpine  Zone  includes  all  vegetation  above  the  Hudso- 
nian, and  covers  all  the  slopes  above  1,800  to  2,100  meters  (see  pis. 
43,  44).  In  mountain  regions  in  general  the  plants  of  this  zone  are 
found  only  about  the  higher  summits,  but  in  Arctic  regions  the  same 
species  grow  at  sea  level.  The  species  are  more  widely  distributed 
than  those  of  any  other  division  and  m9,ny  of  the  characteristic  plants 
of  the  higher  levels  of  Glacier  Park  are  found  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Vegetation  extends  to  the  summits  of  some  of  the  peaks  of  Glacier 
Park,  but  on  others  it  ceases  far  below  the  summits.  In  places  plants 
grow  close  to  the  sides  of  the  glaciers  and  snow  banks,  but  often  there 
are  wide  stretches  of  rocks  and  gravel  upon  which  no  vegetation 
exists. 

It  is  impossible,  as  stated  above,  to  draw  a  sharp  line  between  the 
Hudsonian  and  Arctic-Alpine  zones.  The  latter  region  is  composed 
of  wet  meadows,  of  rocky  slopes  of  loose  stones  with  a  large  amount 
of  soil  between  them,  of  areas  of  exposed  rock  in  place,  and  of  great 
sUdes  of  loose  rock  in  which  there  is  little  or  no  soil.  In  the  meadows 
especially  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  zone  is  represented,  for 
here  truly  Arctic  species  are  associated  with  those  of  lower  altitudes. 
On  rock  slides  and  on  exposed  summits  the  flora  is  decidedly  different, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  purely  Arctic.  Just  as  soon  as  one 
leaves  the  meadows  and  begins  to  climb  a  rock  slide,  an  abrupt 
change  in  the  flora  is  apparent,  yet  it  is  hardly  possible  to  restrict  the 
Arctic-Alpine  Zone  to  these  slides  and  to  the  exposed  summits. 

There  are  no  trees  in  the  zone,  of  course,  but  there  are  dwarfed 
shrubs,  especially  low  willows,  which  frequently  form  dense  bushy 
masses  of  considerable  extent.  At  Cracker  and  Iceberg  lakes  wil- 
lows are  particularly  abundant.  Most  of  them  are  shrubs  30  to  60 
cm.  in  height,  but  there  are  also  smaller  species,  some  of  which  creep 
closely  along  the  ground.  Scrub  birch  sometimes  grows  on  high  slopes, 
also  bush  cinquefoil;  and  the  heathers  grow  here  as  well  as  in  the 
Hudsonian  Zone.  Two  species  of  Dryas  are  common,  but  in  spite  of 
their  woody  -stems  they  resemble  herbs  much  more  than  shrubs. 


248 


CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 


The  herbaceous  plants  are  rather  numerous,  as  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing list.  The  species  marked  with  an  asterisk  grow  only  on  rock 
slides  and  in  the  most  exposed  places. 


Phleum  alpinum. 
Tojieldia  palustris. 
Eriogonum  depressum. 
Eriogonum  androsaceum* 
Rumex  acetosa. 
Oxyria  digyna. 
Polygonum  viviparuvi. 
Claytonia  megarrhiza.* 
Claytonia  lanceolata. 
Silene  acaulis. 
Lychnis  apetala.* 
Cerastium  alpinum.* 
Stellaria  americana.* 
Stellaria  laeta. 
Sagina  saginoides. 
Arenaria  nuttallii* 
Arenaria  formosa. 
Arenaria  rossii* 
Trollius  albifloru^. 
Aquilegia  jonesit* 
Anemone  parvijlora. 
Papavcr  pygmaeum* 
Draba  glacialis. 
Draba  andina* 
Draba  oligosperma.* 
Draba  crassifolia. 
Smelowskia  americana. 
Arabis  lyallii. 
Parnassia  kotzebv£i.* 
Sedum  integrifolium. 


Saxifraga  rhomboidea. 
Saxifraga  oppositifolia.* 
Saxifraga  adscendens. 
Saxifraga  rivularis. 
Saxifraga  lyallii. 
Leptarrhena  pyrolifolia. 
Potentilla  nivea.* 
Potentilla  glaucophylla. 
Lupinus  minimus. 
Astragalus  bourgovii. 
Oxytropis  alpicola. 
Oxytropis  parryi.* 
Epilobium  alpinum. 
Epilobium  anagallidifolium. 
Polemonium  viscosum.* 
Phacelia  lyallii. 
Myosotis  alpestris. 
Pentstemon  ellipticus. 
Veronica  wormskjoldii. 
Castilleja  ocddentalis. 
Pedicularis  contorta. 
Crepis  nana.* 
Solidago  ciliosa. 
Erigeron  lanatvs.* 
Erigeron  unalaschkensis. 
Erigeron  jucundus. 
Arnica  alpina. 
Arnica  tomentosa.* 
Senecio  conterminus.* 
Senecio  fremontii. 


Not  all  the  species  listed  are  confined  to  this  zone,  but  most  of 
them  are  so  limited.  Few  of  them  are  found  below  the  Hudsonian 
Zone,  except  under  abnormal  conditions. 

Most  of  the  plants  of  the  Arctic-Alpine  Zone  may  be  found  in  any 
locality  above  timber  line.  The  majority  are  widely  dispersed  in 
this  belt,  but  some  are  of  local  occurrence.  On  rock  slides  (see 
pi.  44,  B)  the  mdividuals  are  not  numerous,  and  they  are  often  half 
hidden  under  the  rocks;  consequently  one  occasionally  stmnbles 
upon  a  single  individual  of  a  given  species,  but  searches  m  vain  for  a 
second  one.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  plants  can  grow  on  the  rock 
slides,  where  there  is  no  soil  visible  and  where  the  rocks  are  rolling 
downward  almost  constantly.  Most  of  the  plants  fomid  in  such 
places  have  remarkably  long  roots,  and  in  many  instances  the  roots 
are  very  elastic,  so  that  a  plant  is  not  easily  torn  up  or  broken  off 
if  a  rock  rolls  over  it. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  249 

The  Aixtic-Alpiiie  Zone  may  be  studied  easily  at  Iceberg  Lake, 
Cracker  Lake,  Ptarmigan  Lake,  Sexton  Glacier,  Gunsight  Pass, 
Swiftcurrent  Pass,  Sperry  Glacier,  and  at  various  other  easily  acces- 
sible localities.  Frequently,  also,  patches  of  Arctic-Alpine  vegeta- 
tion are  found  at  middle  or  even  rather  low  altitudes,  especially 
where  the  snow  lies  late  in  the  summer.  On  the  rock  slides  above 
Many  Glacier  Hotel,  which  may  be  reached  m  half  an  hour  by  an 
easy  climb,  one  may  find  most  of  the  plants  that  grow  on  the  rock 
slides  above  Cracker  Lake;  and  on  the  slopes  of  Altyn  Peak,  above 
Many  Glacier  Chalets,  many  alpine  species  are  represented. 

SCOPE  AND  PLAN  OF  THE  FLORA. 

The  present  list  is  intended  to  include  all  the  species  of  flowering 
plants,  ferns,  and  fern  allies  which  have  been  found  in  the  park. 
The  number  listed  is  955.  With  more  thorough  exploration  the 
list  undoubtedly  will  be  greatly  increased,  for  no  part  of  the 
region  has  been  thoroughly  explored  botanically,  and  the  greater 
portion  of  the  park  has  not  even  been  visited  by  a  botanist.  The 
number  of  species  still  to  be  discovered  can  not  be  expected  to  be 
proportional  to  the  area  which  remains  unexplored,  for  most  of  the 
common  plants  of  the  park  are  included  m  this  catalogue.  Although 
the  flora  is  only  imperfectly  knowTi,  it  seems  worth  while  to  place  on 
record  our  present  knowledge  of  it,  for  the  region  affords  botanical 
features  of  exceptional  interest.  The  published  flora  will  be  found 
useful  not  only  in  Glacier  Park,  but  in  many  parts  of  western  Mon- 
tana and  in  adjacent  Alberta  and  British  Columbia. 

The  list  of  species  here  presented  is  the  result  chiefly  of  field  work 
conducted  by  the  author  during  July,  August,  and  wSeptember,  1919, 
under  cooperation  of  the  National  Park  Service  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior  and  the  United  States  National  Museum.  The  explora- 
tion was  conducted  primarily  in  order  to  obtain  data  for  a  popular 
account  of  the  plants  of  the  park,  which  is  to  be  published  soon  by 
the  National  Park  Service  for  the  use  of  visitors  to  the  region.  It 
was  therefore  necessar}^  to  give  chief  attention  to  those  portions  of 
the  park  most  visited  by  tourists,  and  it  was  found  that  the  investi- 
gation of  these  areas  required  the  whole  time  available  for  field  work. 
The  writer  visited  all  the  localities  generally  seen  by  toiu-ists,  and 
covered  most  of  the  trails  on  foot.  The  larger  part  of  the  summer 
was  spent  on  the  east  slope,  with  headquarters  at  Many  Glacier 
Hotel,  the  most  centrally  located  of  all  the  hotels  and  camps.  The 
Many  Glacier  region  was  explored  rather  thoroughly,  and  its  flora 
and  that  of  the  region  about  the  east  entrance  are  now  better 
known  botanically  than  any  other  portions  of  the  park.  Although 
the  writer  was  able  to  spend  only  three  weeks  on  the  west  slope,  and 
those  in  late  summer,  it  was  possible  nevertheless  to  cover  all  the 


250  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

trails,  since  they  are  not  nearly  so  extensive  as  those  of  the  east  side 
of  the  park. 

Besides  the  work  done  inside  the  park  proper,  extensive  collections 
were  made  also  at  the  "east  entrance"  (Glacier  Park  station  on  the 
Great  Northern  Railroad,  formerly  known  as  Midvale),  and  at 
Belton,  the  west  entrance.  The  plants  collected  at  these  localities 
are  listed  here,  for  it  is  probable  that  nearly  all  are  found  also  within 
the  actual  park  boundaries.  Certainly  those  found  at  Belton  must 
be,  that  station  being  separated  from  the  park  only  by  one  of  the 
forks  of  the  Flathead  River.  The  east  entrance  is  farther  removed 
from  the  park;  yet  nearly  all  of  even  the  typical  prairie  species  of 
that  region  must  be  expected  to  cross  the  boundaries  on  the  foothills 
or  along  the  low  stream  valleys.  At  any  rate,  it  is  desirable  that 
the  floras  of  these  two  localities  should  be  included,  for  many  visitors 
spend  considerable  time  at  one  or  both  stations,  which  are  for 
practical  purposes  a  part  of  the  park. 

The  summer  of  1919  was  not  a  favorable  season  for  botanical 
work  in  northwestern  Montana,  since  it  was  the  third  of  a  series  of 
dry  years;  practically  no  rain  fell  during  the  summer,  and  the 
snowfall  of  the  preceding  winter  was  exceptionally  light.  As  early 
as  the  first  of  July  the  vegetation  upon  the  prairies  was  almost  as 
dry  as  tinder,  and  on  the  foothills  conditions  were  not  much  better. 
Even  in  the  heavy  forest  the  ground  became  very  dry  by  mid- 
summer, and  the  plants  drooped  and  withered.  At  high  altitudes, 
where  the  snowfall  is  heavier  and  evaporation  less  rapid,  plants 
were  probably  nearly  as  luxuriant  as  in  normal  seasons.  While 
the  dry  season  increased  the  comfort  of  travelers  in  the  park,  it 
was  most  imfavorable  for  the  growth  of  plants.  Probably  most  of 
the  species  of  the  region  were  represented  during  the  season  by 
growing  plants,  but  some  of  them  withered  so  early  that  the  writer 
did  not  see  them.  On  account  of  the  dryness  of  the  summer  it 
may  be  that  the  habitats  of  some  of  the  species  have  been  indicated 
as  more  arid  than  they  would  be  in  a  normal  season.  In  the 
Rockies  the  amount  of  moisture  in  a  given  locality  varies  so  much 
from  month  to  month  or  even"  from  week  to  week  that  it  may  be 
described  at  one  time  as  ''dry"  and  with  equal  correctness  at 
another  season  as  ''wet."  The  writer  has  often  had  occasion  to 
note  this  in  labeling  or  working  over  a  summer's  collection,  for 
sometimes  a  plant  collected  in  midsummer  during  the  rainy  season 
was,  according  to  the  notes,  collected  on  a  "wet  grassy  slope," 
while  a  less  mature  plant  from  exactly  the  same  hillside,  but  collected 
early  in  the  summer,  might  be  noted  as  coming  from  a  "dry  "slope. 

Keys  for  the  identification  of  the  genera  and  species  accompany 
the  present  catalogue  of  species,  and  there  is  also  an  artificial  key 
to  the  families,  based  so  far  as  possible  upon  leaf  characters  and 


STANDEE Y FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  251 

upon  those  flower  characters  that  can  be  seen  easily.  The  descrip- 
tive notes  under  each  species  are  brief,  and  are  intended  only  to 
supplement  the  characters  indicated  by  the  keys.  It  has  been  the 
purpose  throughout  to  use  only  such  technical  terms  as  could  not  be 
avoided  except  by  the  sacrifice  of  accuracy.  A  few  synonyms 
have  been  inserted  in  parentheses.  They  are  cited  chiefly  in  the 
case  of  plants  for  which  two  generic  names  are  in  use  by  botanists 
who  follow  different  systems  of  nomenclature.  The  names  of 
Rydberg's  Flora  of  the  Eocky  Moimtains  have  been  listed  when 
they  differ  from  those  employed  here. 

EARLIER  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION. 

All  the  species  here  enumerated  were  collected  by  the  writer  in 
1919,  unless  otherwise  indicated.  The  only  exception  is  in  the 
case  of  the  grasses;  no  attempt  was  made  to  ooUect  these,  and 
only  a  few  specimens  were  obtained.  Aside  from  the  writer's 
coUections  there  are  in  the  United  States  National  Herbarium 
probably  less  than  a  thousand. specimens  from  Glacier  Park.  Several 
previous  collections  have  been  made  in  the  region,  but  only  a  few  of 
them  are  represented  here. 

The  most  important  earlier  collection  in  the  National  Herbarium 
is  that  obtained  by  L.  M.  Umbach,  of  Northwestern  College,  Naper- 
viUe,  Illinois,  in  ^1901.  Umbach's  coUections  were  obtained  chiefly 
at  the  east  entrance  (Midvale),  Momit  Henry,  Bel  ton,  and  Sperry 
Glacier.  His  specimens  from  the  east  entrance  have  been  par- 
ticularly valuable  in  the  preparation  of  this  list,  for  the  season  of 
1901  was  undoubtedly  a  favorable  one,  and  he  obtained  a  con- 
siderable number  of  species  not  found  there  by  the  writer. 

In  1897  Mr.  R.  S.  Williams,  now  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  was  a  member  of  the  party  which  surveyed  the  west  boundary 
of  the  Blackfoot  Indian  Reservation,  and  was  in  the  region  from 
late  June  until  late  September.  Mr.  Williams  was  interested  chiefly 
in  mosses,  but  he  collected  flowering  plants  also.  In  earlier  years 
he  made  large  collections  of  plants  about  Columbia  Falls,  and  some 
on  the  west  slope  of  Glacier  Park.  Columbia  Falls  is  only  about 
12  miles  west  of  Belton,  but  many  of  the  plants  collected  there 
have  not  yet  been  found  in  Glacier  Park.  The  writer  has  not 
deemed  it  advisable  to  list  them,  but  it  is  probable  that  most  of 
them  wiU  be  found  on  the  west  slope,  at  least  along  the  North  Fork 
of  the  Flathead. 

In  July,  1898,  Prof.  J.  M.  Holzinger,  of  Winona,  Minnesota,  col- 
lected about  the  head  of  Lake  McDonald.  He  also  was  interested 
chiefly  in  mosses,  but  he  made  a  small  collection  of  flowering  plants, 
which  is  in  the  National  Herbarium. 


252  CONTRIBUTIOISrS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

In  1900  Dr.  David  Griffiths,  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  in  company  with  Mr.  E.  F,  Lange,  visited  western  Mon- 
tana for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  grasses.  He  spent  about  a  week 
at  Summit,  a  station  on  the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  on  the  south 
boundary  of  the  park.  He  collected  grasses  here  and  at  other  stations 
in  the  vicinity. 

In  1901  Dr.  Stuart  Weller,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  was 
paleontologist  of  a  party  sent  out  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  to  determine  the  condition  of  the  international  boundary 
monuments,  and  to  secure  information  regarding  the  geology  of  the 
region  traversed.  Doctor  Weller  obtained  a  small  collection  of 
plants,  some  of  which  are  not  otherwise  known  from  the  region.  All 
those  seen  by  the  writer  are  from  the  northern  portion  of  the  east 
slope. 

In  the  same  year  Mr.  F.  K.  Vreeland,  an  electrical  engineer  of  New 
York  City,  made  a  rather  extensive  collection  on  the  west  slope,  in  the 
region  of  McDonald  and  Camas  lakes.  The  plants  were  determined 
at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  by  Dr.  P.  A.  Rydberg,  and  a  partial 
set  of  them  is  in  the  National  Herbarium.  Several  species  were 
described  as  new  by  Doctor  Rydberg  from  this  collection. 

In  1914  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
spent  three  weeks  in  Glacier  Park,  collecting  grasses.  The  list  of 
grasses  presented  here  is  based  chiefly  upon  lus  collections.  In  addi- 
tion he  obtained  a  considerable  series  of  other  plants, 

Mr.  Vernon  Bailey,  of  the  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey,  Department 
of  Agriculture,  made  a  small  collection  of  plants  in  the  park  in  1917, 
while  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  his  report  upon  tlie  mammals. 

Mrs.  Otto  Thompson,  of  Glacier  Park  station,  has  presented  to 
the  National  Museum  two  small  collections  of  the  early  spring  plants, 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  east  entrance.  These  contain  some  species 
not  otherwise  known  from  the  region. 

The  collections  enumerated  above  are  the  only  ones  in  the  National 
Herbarium  from  Glacier  Park,  but  several  others  have  been  made  in 
the  region.  Mr.  Marcus  E.  Jones,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  collected 
in  the  park,  chiefly  at  Sperry  Glacier,  and  he  has  published  a  list  of  the 
species  obtained  (see  bibliography).  Mr.  John  G.  Jack,  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  made  a  collection  of  trees  and  shrubs  at  St.  Mary  Lake  in 
September,  1918.  Others  who  have  collected  in  the  park  are  Miss 
Gertrude  P.  Norton;  Prof.  M.  J.  Elrod,  of  the  University  of  Montana; 
Mr.  M.  P.  Somes,  of  Kalispell,  Montana;  and  Mr.  Titus  Ulke, 

There  should  not  be  omitted,  also,  the  tourists,  some  of  them 
amateur  botanists  of  no  mean  ability,  who  every  year  preserve  dried 
specimens  of  the  plants  whose  acquaintance  they  make  here  for 
the  first  time.     There  must  be  dozens,  if  not  hundreds,  of  such  herba- 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  253 

ria  scattered  about  the  United  States,  some  of  which  in  the  course  of 
time  will  doubtless  pass  into  the  possession  of  the  larger  botanical 
institutions. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The  field  investigation  of  which  this  publication  is  a  result  was 
performed  under  the  direction  of  the  National  Park  Service,  and  the 
officials  of  that  ofHce  have  facilitated  the  work  in  every  possible  man- 
ner. To  Mr.  W.  W.  Payne,  superintendent  of  Glacier  Park,  and  to 
several  of  the  park  rangers,  the  writer  is  particularly^  indebted  for 
assistance  while  in  the  field.  Acknowledgments  aie  due  also  to  Mr. 
H.  A.  Noble,  of  the  Glacier  Park  Hotel  Co. ;  to  Mr.  Roe  Emery,  of  the 
Glacier  Park  Transportation  Co.;  and  to  Mr.  J.  E.  Lewis,  of  the 
Glacier  Hotel,  all  of  whom  aided  materially  in  the  successful  prose- 
cution of  the  field  work.  Many  of  the  employees  of  the  hotel  and 
transportation  companies  also  rendered  important  assistance  in  many 
ways. 

The  late  Miss  Gertrude  Norton,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  contributed  a 
large  amount  of  information  regarding  the  plants  of  Montana,  much 
of  which  is  published  here.  Through  her  long  field  work  in  Montana 
Miss  Norton  had  gained  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  plants,  espe- 
cially the  orchids,  and  she  shared  this  knowledge  generously  with 
visitors  to  the  park. 

The  writer  is  deeply  indebted  to  those  who  have  assisted  directly 
in  preparing  the  accompanying  account  of  the  Glacier  Park  flora. 
Mrs.  Agnes  Chase,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
has  prepared  the  account  of  the  grasses;  Mr.  C.  R.  Ball,  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  that  of  the  willows;  and  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Mac- 
kenzie, of  New  York  City,  the  treatment  of  the  genus  Carex.  Prof. 
J.  H.  Schaffner,  of  Ohio  State  University,  has  furnished  the  key  to 
the  species  of  Equisetum. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Very  little  has  been  published  upon  the  flora  of  Glacier  Park,  and 
the  following  list  is  believed  to  include  practically  all  the  botanical 
literature  relating  to  the  region.  Strangely  enough,  over  half  of  the 
papers  deal  partly  or  exclusively  with  the  lower  cryptogams. 

Bailey,  Vernon.  Wild  animals  of  Glacier  National  Park. — The  mammals,  with  notes 
on  physiography  and  life  zones,  by  Vernon  Bailey;  The  biids,  by  Florence 
Merriam  Bailey.  Pp.  1-210,  pi.  1-37,  J.  1-94.  Published  by  the  Department 
of  the  Interior,  National  Park  Service,  Washington,  1918. 

Includes  a  detailed  account  of  the  life  zones,  with  copious  references  to  plants;  also  a  colored  map 
showing  the  distribution  of  the  life  zones  of  the  park. 

Britton,  E.  G.,  and  R.  S.  Williams.  A  new  species  of  Mniuvi  from  Idaho  and 
Montana.     BryologistS:  G-7.     1900. 

Mnium  nudum,  based  partly  on  material  from  Glacier  Park. 


254  CONTRIBUTIONS  EKOM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Eaton,    W.    P.     "Wild    flowers    of    Glacier    Park.     New    Country    Life    32':  36-38. 
ill.     1917. 

Fitzpatrick,  T.  J.     The  fern  flora  of  Montana.     Fern  Bull.  12:  97-101.     1904. 
Several  species  are  reported  from  Glacier  Park. 

Graff,    P.   W.     Unreported   ferns  from  Montana.     Bull.   Torrey  Club  47:  125-129. 
1920. 

Two  species  reported  from  Glacier  Park. 

Grout,  A.  J.     Two  new  varieties  of  Brachythecium.    Bryologist  4:  48.     1901. 
Both  from  Glacier  Park. 

Holzinger,  J.  M.     Grimmia  mollis  B.  &  S.  in  the  United  States.     Fern  Bull.  2:  27. 

1899. 

The  species  reported  from  Sperry  Glacier. 

Grimmia  manniae  and  Grimmia  holzingeri.     Bryologist  4 :  10-12.     1901. 


A  new  species  described  from  Sperry  Glacier. 

-  A  new  Hypnum  from  Montana.     Bryologist  4:  12.     1901. 
H.  bestii,  from  Lake  McPonald. 

-  On  Limnobium  bestii  Ren.  &  Bryhn.     Bryologist  4:  22-24.  pi.  3.     1901. 
A  species  of  Glacier  Park. 

-  A  puzzling  moss  from  northwestern  Montana.     Bryologist  5:  26-27.     1902. 


Amhlystigium  montanae  Bryhn,  a  new  species  from  Lake  McDonald. 

Jones,  M.  E.    Montana  botany  notes.    Bull.  Univ.  Mont.  Biol.  Ser.  16,  pp.  1-75, 
pi.  1-5.     1910. 

Contains  an  extensive  list  of  flowering  plants  of  northwestern  Montana,  about  195  of  which  are 
reported  de^nitely  from  Glacier  Park.  A  list  of  190  species  of  mosses  from  the  park  is  included, 
most  of  them  collected  by  Holzinger.  Of  hepatics,  25  species  are  enumerated,  and  of  lichens  3 
species. 

Montana  botany  notes.     Contr.  West.  Bot.  14:  43-47.     1912. 


Reports  54  mosses,  11  hepatics,  24  lichens,  7  fungi,  and  19  higher  plants  from  Glacier  Park. 
Maxon,    W.    R.     Notes    on   American    ferns. — XV.    Amer.    Fern   Journ.    10:  1-4. 
1920. 

Includes  notes  upon  two  Glacier  Park  species. 

McClintock,    Walter.     Medizinal-    und    Nutzpflanzen    der    Schwarzfuss-Indianer. 
Zeitschrift  fur  Ethnologie  41 :  273-279.     1909. 

Most  of  the  notes  in  the  present  publication  with  regard  to  Blackfoot  uses  of  plants  are  taken -from 
this  paper. 

Rydberg,  P.  A.     Catalogue  of  the  flora  of  Montana  and  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park.     Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  1,  pp.  i-xi+1-492.  map.     1900. 
Only  a  few  species  are  listed  from  Glacier  Park. 

Studies  on  the  Rocky  Mountain  flora.— XVII.     Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:  35-50. 

1907. 

Castilleja  vreelandii  and  C.  ampUflora  described  from  Glacier  Park. 

Studies    on   the    Rocky   Mountain    flora.— XXI.      Bull.    Torrey    Club    37: 


127-148.     1910. 

Aster  umbachii  described  from  Glacier  Park. 


—    Flora  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  adjacent  plains.     Pp.  i-xii+ 1-1110. 

1917. 

This  is  the  only  descriptive  manual  which  includes  all  the  plants  of  the  park. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  255 

Standley,  P.  C.     Sphagnum  in  Glacier  National  Park,  Montana.     Bryologist  23:  5-6. 
1920. 

Five  species  reported. 

• Rusts  of  Glacier  National  Park,  Montana.     Mycologia  12:  143-148.     1920. 


Sixty-one  species  listed. 

• Ferns  of  Glacier  National   Park,  Montana.  Amer.    Fern   Journ.  10:  97-110. 

1921. 

A  popular  account  of  the  common  plants  of  the  park. 

Williams,  R.  S.     A  preliminary  list  of  Montana  mosses.     Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard,  2: 
351-380.  pi.  34-39.     1902. 

Numerous  species  are  listed  from  Glacier  Park. 

SYSTEMATIC  TREATMENT. 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 

I.  Pteridophyta.    Ferns  and  Fern  Allies. 

Plants  without  true  flowers,  reproducing  by  spores  (no  embryo  being  formed);  fern- 
like,  mosslike,  or  rushlike  plants. 

Stems  hollow,  jointed,  grooved;  leaves  reduced  to  toothed  sheaths  surrounding  the 

joints EQUISETACEAE  (p.  268). 

Stems  neither  hollow,  jointed,  nor  grooved;  leaves  never  reduced  to  sheaths. 
Leaves  small  (1  cm.  long  or  less),  very  numerous,  sessile,  awl-shaped  or  bractlike,  4 
to  many-ranked;  plants  more  or  less  mosslike. 
Plants  depressed  or  short-creeping,  3  to  5  cm.  high  or  less;  stems  slender,  not 
over  3  mm.  thick  (including  the  leaves);  spores  of  2  kinds,  megaspores  and 

microspores SELAGINELLACEAE  (p.  271). 

Plants  tall  or  wide-creeping,  often  more  than  10  cm.  high;  stems  (including  the 
leaves)  often  much  more  than  3  mm.  in  diameter;  spores  all  alike. 

LYCOPODIACEAE  (p.  270). 
Leaves  much  larger,  few,  neither  awl-shaped  nor  scalelike,  stalked,  clustered  or 
solitary;  plants  not  mosslike. 
Sporangia  (spore  cases)  large,  borne  in  a  stalked  terminal  spike  or  loose  panicle, 

the  sterile  blade  entire  or  several  times  divided. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  (p.  263). 
Sporangia  very  small,  borne  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  back  of  ordinary  foliage  leaves 

POLYPODIACEAE  (p.  264). 

II.  Spermatopbyta.    Flowering  Plants. 

Plants  with  true  flowers,  reproducing  by  seeds,  these  containing  an  embryo. 

I.  Trees  and  Shrubs. 

Leaves  needle-like,  linear,  or  scalelike,  evergreen  (except  in  Larix);  fruit  a  cone  or  a 
berry. 

Fruit  a  cone  or  a  nearly  dry  bluish  berry PINACEAE  (p.  273). 

Fruit  a  juicy  red  berry TAXACEAE  (p.  272). 

Leaves  neither  needle-like  nor  scalelike  (except  in  one  small  parasitic  plant),  rarely 
linear,  but  the  fruit  then  a  capsule. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Plants  parasitic  upon  evergreen  trees,  very  small  (5  to  10  cm.  liigh). 

LORANTHACEAE  (p.  438). 


256  CONTEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Plants  not  parasitic. 

Plants  climbing;  leaves  of  three  or  more  leaflets Clematis  (p.  339). 

Plants  erect,  never  climbing;  leaves  simple  or  compound. 
Leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  or  composed  of  several  leaflets. 
Leaves  evergreen,  thick  and  leathery,  with  small  low  teeth;  flowers  very 
small,  green,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

CELASTRACEAE  (p.  375). 
Leaves  deciduous,  thin,  with  coarse  teeth,  or  often  lobed  or  compound; 
flowers  various. 

Petals  distinct;  fruit  dry,  winged ACERACEAE  (p.  375). 

Petals  united ;  fmit  fleshy,  not  winged  .  .  .  CAPRIFOLIACEAE(p.  412). 
Leaves  entire. 
Leaves  covered  beneath  with  silvery  and  brownish  scales;  corolla  none,  the 

flowers  greenish  yellow;  fruit  red,  juicy Lepargyrea  (p.  378). 

Leaves  somewhat  hairy  or  glabrous,  never  scaly;  corolla  present,  never 
yellow;  fruit  never  red. 
Fruit  a  capsule;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  glaucous  beneath;  corolla 

10  to  15  mm.  wide,  bluish  purple Kalmia  (p.  390)- 

Fruit  juicy;  leaves  deciduous,  thin,  green;  corolla  5  mm.  wide  or  less, 
white  or  pink. 
Leaves  acute;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  flat-topped  clusters. 

Cornus  (p.  387) 
I  eaves  very  obtuse;  flowers  pink,  clustered  in  the  leaf  axils. 

Symphoricarpos  (p.  413) 
Leaves  alternate. 
Stems  armed  with  spines  or  prickles. 
Leaves  compound,  composed  of  3  or  more  leaflets  ....  ROSACEAE  (p.  358'i. 
Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Leaves  very  large  (20  to  60  cm.  wide),  covered  with  prickles  on  the  under  side. 

Echinopanax  (p.  383). 
Leaves  small,  not  prickly. 
Leaves  as  broad  as  long  or  broader;  stems  with  short  slender  prickles; 
flowers  in  racemes,  never  white  .  .  .  GROSSULARIACEAE  (p.  357). 
Leaves  longer  than  broad;  stems  with  long  stout  spines;  flowers  in  flat- 
topped  clusters,  white Crataegus  (p.  366). 

Stems  never  with  spines  or  prickles. 

Leaves  compound,  composed  of  5  or  more  leaflets. 
Leaflets  with  spiny  teeth,  evergreen;    flowers  in  racemes;    fruit  blue. 

BERBERIDACEAE  (p.  344). 
Leaflets  never  with  spiny  teeth,  deciduous;    flowers  not  in  racemes;    fruit 
not  blue. 
Flowers  white ;  fruit  juicy;  leaflets  3  to  6  cm.  long  .  .  .  Sorbus  (p.  366). 
Flowers  yellow;  fruit  dry;  leaflets  2  cm.  long  or  less  .  .  Potentilla  (p.  359). 
Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 
Leaves  covered  with  silvery  scales  on  both  surfaces  .  .  .  Elaeagnus  (p.  378). 
Leaves  never  with  silvery  scales  on  both  surfaces. 
Leaves  entire. 

Flowers  in  catldns;    leaves  usually  with  stipules Salix  (p.  319). 

Flowers  not  in  catkins;  leaves  without  stipules. 

Flowers  in  dense  heads  surrounded  by  small  bracts;  leaves  white- 
hairy   Artemisia  (p.  432). 

Flowers  never  in  heads;  leaves  not  white-hairy  .  ERICACEAE  (p.  390). 


STANDLEY- — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  257 

Leaves  from  finely  toothed  to  lobed. 
Flowers  green,  without  a  corolla,  in  catkins;   fruit  sometimes  conelike. 

Fruit  conelike;  seeds  not  hairy BETULACEAE  (p.  324). 

Fruit  a  small  capsule;   seeds  each  with  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

SALIC  ACE  AE  (p.  317). 
Flowers  not  green,  with  a  corolla,  never  in  catkins;    fruit  not  conelike. 
Leaves  conspicuously  lobed,  about  as  broad  as  long. 

Petals  1.5  to  3  cm.  long;  fruit  like  a  raspberry  .  .  .  Rubus  (p.  364). 
Petals  less  than  5  mm.  long;  fruit  like  a  currant  .  .  Ribes  (p.  357). 
Leaves  toothed  but  never  lobed. 
Corolla  of  united  petals;   fruit  juicy,  with  minute  seeds. 

VACCINIACEAE  (p.  392). 
Corolla  of  distinct  petals;    fruit  dry,  or  sometimes  juicy,  but  with 
large  or  rather  large  seeds. 
Fruit  juicy,  containing  a  single  seed  .  AMYGDALACEAE  (p.  367). 
Fruit  dry  or,  if  juicy,  containing  2  or  more  seeds. 

Flowers  in  racetnes!  fruit  juicy Amelanchier  (p.  366). 

Flowers  not  in  racemes;   fruit  dry  or  juicy. 

Stamens  4  or  5;   fruit  dry  or  juicy:   flowers  green  or  white. 

RHAMNACEAE  (p.  375). 
Stamens  15  or  more;   fruit  dry;   flowers  white  or  pink. 

ROSACEAE  (p.  358). 
II.  Herbaceous  Plants. 

Plants  grasses  or  resembling  grasses;   corolla  green  or  brownish  or  none. 
Flowers  not  inclosed  by  husklike  scales,  composed  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals;   fruit  a 

capsule,  containing  3  or  more  seeds JTJNCACEAE  (p.  305). 

Flowers  inclosed  by  husklike  scales,  without  a  proper  calyx  or  corolla;    fruit 
1-seeded,  not  opening. 
Leaves  in  2  ranks  on  the  stems;    stems  round  or  somewhat  flattened,  usually 
hollow;  leaf  sheaths  usually  split;  flowers  with  2  bracts,  one  above  and  one 

below POACEAE  (p.  280). 

Leaves  in  3  ranks;    stems  round  or  usually  3-angled;    leaf  sheaths  not  split; 

flowers  with  only  one  bract,  this  below CYPERACEAE  (p.  294). 

Plants  not  grasslike;    leaves  sometimes  resembling  grass  leaves  but  the  plants  then 
with  colored  flowers. 
A.  Leaves  composed  of  6  or  more  leaflets,  or  else  lobed  to  the  midrib.     , 
Plants  floating  on  or  submerged  in  water. 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  white Batrachium.  (p.  341). 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled ;  flowers  green  or  yellow. 
Leaves  witli  small  bladders;   corolla  yellow,  spurred,  of  united  petals. 

Utricularia  (p.  410). 
Leaves  without  bladders;   corolla  of  minute  distinct  greenish  petals  or  none. 

Myriophyllum  (p.  382). 
Plants  not  growing  in  water. 
Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads,  the  head  surrounded  by  bracts  and  often 

resembling  a  single  flower ASTERACEAE  (p.  419). 

Flowers  not  in  a  dense  head  surrounded  by  bracts. 

Leaves  opposite,  or  else  all  borne  at  the  base  of  the  naked  stem. 
Flower-bearing  stems  naked,  the  leaves  all  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Leaflets  3,  entire;    corolla  of  united  petals. 

MENYANTHACEAE  (p.  395). 
Leaflets  more  than  3,  toothed  or  lobed;   corolla  of  distinct  petals. 
Flowers  solitary  on  the  stems;   fruit  a  capsule;   leaves  many. 

PAPAVERACEAE  (p.  344). 


258  CONTKIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Flowers  in  lunbels;  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  1  or  2  ...  .  Aralia  (p.  383). 
Flower-bearing  stems  leafy. 

Plants   hairy;  corolla   of   distinct   petals  .  .  GERANIACEAE  (p.  374). 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so;    corolla  of  united  petals. 

VALERIANACEAE  (p.  413). 
Leaves  alternate,  the  stems  leafy. 
Corolla  of  united  petals. 
Capsule  3-celled ;  flowers  not  in  1-sided  racemes. 

POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  396). 
Capsule    1-celled;     flowers   mostly    in    l-sided    racemes,    these    often 

clustered HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  397). 

Corolla  of  distinct  petals,  or  sometimes  wanting. 
Flower  shaped  like  that  of  a  bean  or  pea;   fruit  a  legiune. 

FAB  ACE  AE  (p.  367). 
Flower  not  like  that  of  a  bean  or  pea;  fruit  not  a  legume. 
Flowers  in  umbels;    fruit  of  2  united  carpels,  these  separating  at 

maturity * APIACEAE  (p.  383). 

Flowers  not  in  umbels;    fruit  not  of  2  carpels. 
Petals  4;  flowers  in  racemes;  fruit  a  pod,  this  splitting  into  2  parts. 
Petals  unlike,  one  of  them  spurred;  leaves  divided  into  numerous 

narrow  lobes rUMARIACEAE  (p.  344). 

Petals  all  alike,  not  spurred;  leaves  of  few,  mostly  broad  leaflets. 

Leaflets  3,  attached  at  the  end  of  the  petiole,  entire;    petals 

about  1  cm.  long,  purplish  .  .  CAPPARIDACEAE  (p.  352). 

Leaflets  more  than  3,  some  attached  along  the  sides  of  the 

petiole,  usually  toothed;    petals  smaller. 

BRASSICACEAE  (p.  344). 
Petals  5  or  more  or  wanting;  flowers  not  in  racemes;  fruit  various. 
Stamens  5  or  10;  flowers  white  or  pink. 

SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  353). 
Stamens  15  or  more;  flowers  of  various  colors. 
Leaves  without  stioules;    sepals  distinct;    petals  often  absent. 

RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  338). 
Leaves  with  stipules;  sepals  more  or  less  united ;  petals  present, 

ROSACEAE  (p.  358). 
A  A .  Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed,  sometimes  lobed  but  not  lobed  to  the  midrib. 
Plants  floating  on  or  submerged  in  water. 

Plants  very  small,  1  cm.  long  or  less,  without  leaves,  floating  and  not  attached. 

LEMNACEAE  (p.  304). 
Plants  many  times  larger,  with  leaves,  attached  to  the  bottoms  of  streams  or 
lakes. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  6  to  12 Hippuris  (p.  383). 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  not  whorled. 
Leaves  cordate  at  the  base,  15  to  20  cm.  wide  or  larger;   flowers  yellow,  6 

to  10  cm.  broad NYMPHAEACEAE  (p.  338). 

Leaves  not  cordate,  much  smaller;   flowers  small  and  green. 

Flowers  in  globose  heads SPARGANIACEAE  (p.  277). 

Flowers  not  in  heads. 

Leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long;    flowers  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;    leaves 
opposite;  fruit  not  beaked  ....  CALLITRICHACEAE  (p.  375). 
Leaves  usually  much  longer;  flowers  in  spikes,  or  sometimes  sessile  in 
the  leaf  axils  but  the  fruit  then  beaked. 

POTAMOGETONACEAE  (p.  278). 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  259 

Plants  not  floating  on  or  submerged  in  water     B,  BB. 

B.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorl ed  (a  few  of  the  uppermost  sometimes  alternate);  sterna 

leafy. 
Leaves  toothed  or  lobed. 

Stems  Avith  slender  stinging  hairs;  flowers  green,  in  cymes  .  .  TJS,TICACEAE(p.326). 
Stems  without  stinging  hairs;  flowers  colored  or,  if  green,  not  in  cymes. 
Flowers  in  a  dense  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts,  the  whole  resembling 

a  flower;  stems  not  prostrate ASTERACEAE  (p.  419). 

Flowers  not  in  a  head  surrounded  by  bracts;  stems  sometimes  prostrate. 
Corolla  none  or  of  distinct  petals. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed GERANIACEAE  (p.  374). 

Leaves  merely  toothed. 

Corollanone;stemsprostrate;  juice  milky  .  .  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  374). 
Corolla  present,  white,  green,  pink,  or  purple;  stems  not  prostrate;  juice 
not  milky. 
Leaves  thin,  not  evergreen;  petals  2  or  5  .  .  .  ONAGRACEAE  (p.  378). 

Leaves  leathery,  evergreen ;  petals  5 PYROLACEAE  (p.  388). 

Corolla  of  united  petals. 
Leaves  thick,  evergreen;  stems  prostrate;  flowers  2  at  the  end  of  a  slender 

stalk Linnaea  (p.  412). 

Leaves  thin,  not  evergreen;  stems  usually  erect;  flowers  not  in  twos. 

Fruit  a  capsule;  corolla  2-lipped     ....  SCROPHTJLARIACEAE  (p.  403). 
Fruit  of  4  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  corolla  2-lipped  or  regular. 

Stems  prostrate;  leaves  lobed       VERBENACEAE  (p.  401). 

Stems  erect  or  nearly  so;  leaves  toothed  ....  MENTHACEAE  (p.  401). 
Leaves  entire. 
Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  more,  or  else  a  single  pair  on  the  stem. 
Leaves  2  on  each  stem. 
Petals  3,  very  unlike,  green;  leaves  oval,  rounded,  or  kidney-shaped. 

Ophrys  (p.  315). 

Petals  5,  all  alike,  pink;  leaves  lanceolate Claytonia  (p.  333). 

Leaves  3  or  more  on  each  stem. 

Flowers  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;  leaves  6  to  12  in  a  whorl  .  .  .  Hippuris  (p.  383). 
Flowers  not  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;  leaves  3  to  6  in  a  whorl. 

Stems  bearing  numerous  whorls  of  leaves RUBIACEAE  (p.  411). 

Stems  bearing  a  single  whorl  of  leaves. 
Flowers  in  a  dense  head  surrounded  by  4  white  petal -like  bracts;  leaves 

4  to  6 Cornus  (p.  387). 

Flower  1  on  each  stem,  with  3  distinct  petals;  leaves  3  .  .  Trillium  (p.  314). 
Leaves  opposite  by  twos,  several  pairs  on  each  stem. 

Plants  parasitic  upon  the  branches  of  trees LORANTHACEAE  (p.  438). 

Plants  growing  on  the  ground. 
Corolla  of  distinct  petals  or  none. 

Leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy CRASSITLACEAE  (p.  352). 

Leaves  thin,  not  fleshy. 

Petals  yellow;  leaves  with  black  dots  ....  HYPERICACEAE  (p.  376). 
Petals  never  yellow;  leaves  not  black-dotted. 
Calyx  and  corolla  absent;  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

CALLITRICHACEAE  (p.  375). 
Calyx  and  usually  a  corolla  present;  flowers  not  sessUe  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves. 
Calyx  borne  on  top  of  the  ovary  and  fruit;  petals  2  or  4. 

ONAGRACEAE  (p.  378). 
2048—21 3 


260  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   NATION.\L   HERBARIUM. 

Calyx  borne  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  inclosing  the  capsule;  petals 

usually  5 SILENACEAE  (p.  333). 

Corolla  of  united  petals. 
Fruit  of  2  long  pods;  juice  milky. 
Pods  glabrous;  corolla  bell-shaped;  flowers  in  cymes. 

APOCYNACEAE  (p.  395). 
Pods  woolly;  corolla  flat,  with  reflexed  lobes;  flowers  in  umbels. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE  (p.  395). 
Fruit  not  of  2  pods;  juice  not  milky. 
Corolla  2-lipped. 
Fruit  of  4  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  corolla  purple. 

Prunella  (p.  402). 
Fruit  a  capsule;  corolla  variously  colored. 

SCROPKULAEIACEAE  (p.  403). 
Corolla  not  2-lipped,  the  lobes  all  alike. 

Capsule  1-celled;  corolla  15  to  40  mm.  long,  blue,  purple,  or  lavender. 

GENTIANACEAE  (p.  394). 
Capsule  3-celled;  corolla  3  to  IS  mm.  long,  white  or  purplish. 

POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  396). 
BB.  Leaves  alternate  or  else  all  borne  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  the  stems  often  naked 

(one  or  two  pairs  of  the  lowest  leaves  rarely  opposite). 
Leaves  evidently  parallel-veined;  petals  and  sepals,  when  present,  3  each  (in  a  few 
plants  the  leaves  are  net-veined,  but  these  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  3 
petals). 

Flowers  sessile  in  dense  globose  heads SPARGANIACEAE  (p.  277). 

Flowers  not  sessile  in  globose  heads. 
Flowers  sessile  in  dense  cylindric  spikes,  the  lower  part  of  the  spike  brown  and 
velvety;  plants  about  a  meter  high,  with  spongy  linear  leaves. 

TYPHACEAE  (p.  277). 
Flowers  not  as  above;  plants  various  in  habit. 

Flowers  sessUe  in  a  spike,  this  surrounded  bj'  a  yellow  hood-shaped  corolla-like 
spathe,  the  whole  appealing  like  a  single  flower;  leaves  all  basal,  7  to  25  cm. 

wide AKACEAE  (p.  304). 

Flowers  never  in  a  sessile  spike  surrounded  by  a  spathe;  leaves  various. 
Fruit  a  head  of  numerous  small  achenes;  petals  white;  leaves  arrow-shaped  or 

ovate ALISMACEAE  (p.  279). 

Fruit  not  a  head  of  achenes;  petals  variously  colored;  leaves  various  but 
never  arrow-shaped . 
Petals  unlike,  one  of  them  very  different  from  the  other  two. 

ORCKIBACEAE  (p.  314). 
Petals  all  alike. 
Fruit  of  3  to  6  distinct  pods;  flowers  in  loose  racemes,  the  petals  white. 

SCHEFCHZERIACEAE  (p.  279). 
Fruit  never  of  distinct  pods;  flowers  various. 
Petals  (blue)  and  sepals  borne  at  the  top  of  the  ovary;  leaves  with 
their  edges  turned  to  the  stem;  stamens  3;  fruit  dry. 

miDACEAE  (p.  314). 
Petals  and  sepals  borne  at  the  base  of  the  ovary;  leaves  usually  with 
one  face  turned  to  the  stem;  stamens  6;  fruit  dry  or  juicy. 

LILIACEAE  (p.  308). 


STANDLFA' — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  261 

Leaves  net- veined;  sepals  (always  present)  and  petals  (often  absent)  usually  4  or  5 
each  (leaves  rarely  appearing  to  be  parallel-veined,  but  such  plants  never  with 
3  petals). 
Plants  without  any  green  coloring;  leaves  all  rediiced  to  scales. 

MONOTROPACEAE  (p.  389). 
Plants  with  green  leaves. 
C.  Stems  naked,  the  leaves  all  at  the  base  of  the  flower-bearing  stem  (a  whorl  of 
leaflike  bracts  sometimes  present  at  the  base  of  the  flowers  in  Eriogonum, 
a  single  small  leaflike  bract  sometimes  present  on  the  stem  in  Farnassia). 
Flowers  in  a  dense  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts;  fruit  an  achene, 
usually  with  a  tuft  of  bristles  at  the  top. 
Juice  milky;  flowers  all  with  strap-shaped  corollas. 

CICHORIACEAE  (p.  414). 
Juice  not  milky;  only  the  outer  flowers  of  the  head  with  strap-shaped  (ray) 

corollas     ASTERACEAE  (p.  419). 

Flowers  not  in  a  head  surrounded  by  bracts  or,  if  sometimes  appearing  to  be 
80,  the  perianth  of  distinct  sepals;  fruit  never  an  achene  with  a  tuft  of 
bristles. 
Leaves  covered  with  long  gland-tipped  hairs;  flowers  in  racemes. 

DROSERACEAE  (p.  352). 
Leaves  without  gland-tipped  hairs;  flowers  various. 
Flowers  in  dense  cylindric  spikes;  leaves  with  3  or  more  ribs. 

PLANTAGINACEAE  (p.  411). 
Flowers  not  in  spikes;  leaves  not  ribbed. 
Corolla  of  united  petals. 
Flower  one  on  each  stem. 

Corolla  spurred,  purple;  leaves  sessile Pmgiiicula(p.  410). 

Corolla  not  spurred,  white;  leaves  slender-petioled, 

LimoseUa  (p.  406). 
Flowers  more  than  one  on  each  stem. 
Flowers  in  umbels;  leaves  longer  than  broad. 

PRIMULACEAE  (p.  393). 
Flowei-s  not  in  umbels;  leaves  as  broad  as  long. 

Romanzoffia  (p.  398). 
Corolla  of  distinct  petals,  or  the  flower  without  petals  but  with  distinct 
colored  sepals. 
Petals  none,  the  flowers  with  6  sepals;  flowers  in  clusters  surrounded 

by  an  involucre  of  united  bracts Eriogonum  (p.  32*6) . 

Petals  present;  sepals  4,  5,  8,  or  10;  flowers  not  in  a  cluster  surrounded 
by  an  involucre. 
Petals  and  sepals  8  or  10  each;  leaves  wMte-woolly  beneath. 

Dryas  (p.  362)  . 
Petals  and  sepals  4  or  5  each;  leaves  not  white-woolly  beneath. 
Petals  and  sepals  each  4,  inserted  at  tlie  top  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 

ONAGRACEAE  (p.  378). 
Petals  and  sepals  each  5,  not  inserted  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  and 
fruit. 
Fruit  of  numerous  achenes;  petals  yellow. 

RANTJNCULACEAE  (p.  338). 
Fruit  a  capsule;  petals  variously  colored. 
Petals  yellow  or  violet,  one  of  them  spiured  at  the  base. 

VIOLACEAE  (p.  377) 
Petals  white,  greenish,  or  pink,  none  of  them  spurred. 


262  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  usually  finely  toothed;  stamens 
10;  capsule  5-celled ;  flowers  one  or  several  on  each  stem. 

PYROLACEAE  (p.  388). 
Leaves  thin,  not  evergreen,  entire;  stamens  5,  with  clusters 
of  sterile  stamens  between  them;  flower  one  on  each  stem. 
PARNASSIACEAE  (p.  353). 
CC.  Stems  leafy,  usually  with  2  or  more  leaves. 
Flowers  in  heads  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts,  the  whole  resembling 
a  single  flower  (goldenrod,  aster,  dandelion,  etc.). 
Juice  milky;  flowers  all  with  strap-shaped  (ray)  corollas. 

CICHORIACEAE  (p.  414). 
Juice  not  milky;  only  the  outer  flowers  of  the  head,  if  any,  with  strap-shaped 

corollas ASTERACEAE  (p.  419). 

Flowers  not  in  heads  surrounded  by  bracts. 
Corolla  of  united  petals. 

Stems  creeping,  not  twining;  corolla  about  3  mm.  long;  fruit  fleshy. 

Gaultheria  (p.  391). 
Stems  erect  or  rarely  prostrate  and  trailing;  corolla  usually  larger;  fruit  dry. 
Fruit  of  4  nutlets;  leaves  entire;  corolla  regular. 

BORAGINACEAE  (p.  399). 
Fruit  a  capsule;  leaves  entire,  toothed ,  or  lobed ;  corolla  regular  or  2-lipped . 
Corolla  2-lipped  or  saucer-shaped  .  .  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  403). 
Corolla  neither  2-lipped  nor  saucer-shaped. 
Stamens  protruding  from  the  corolla;  leaves  entire  or  lobed. 

Phacelia  (p.  398), 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla;  leaves  entire  or  toothed. 
Leaves  with  2  lobes  at  base,  oblong  or  ovate;  seeds  4. 

CONVOLVULACEAE  (p.  396). 
Leaves  without  lobes,  mostly  linear;  seeds  3  or  many. 
Leaves  entire;  corolla  tubular,  about  1  cm.  long,  pink  or  pale 

purple,  not  drooping Collomia  (p.  397). 

Leaves  finely  toothed;  corolla  bell-shaped,  15  to  20  cm.  long, 
blue  or  bluish  purple,  drooping. 

CAMPANULACEAE  (p.  414). 
Corolla  of  distinct  petals  or  often  wanting,  the  calyx  sometimes  corolla-like. 
Petals  none,  the  calyx  sometimes  corolla-like. 
Calyx  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  ovary,  white;  leaves  entire. 
'  SANTALACEAE  (p.  326). 

Calyx  not  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  ovary,  variously  colored;  leaves 
entire,  toothed,  or  lobed. 
Fruit  a  head  of  numerous  hairy  achenes;  sepals  petal-like. 

Anemone  (p.  343). 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  a  single  achene;  sepals  various. 
Fruit  containing  2  or  more  seeds;  leaves  toothed  or  lobed. 

Flowers  in  spikes;  leaves  woolly Synthyris  (p.  407). 

Flowers  in  racemes;  leaves  not  woolly Lepidium(p.  345). 

Fruit  1-seeded;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed. 
Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules;  fruit  often  3-angled. 

POLYGONACEAE  (p.  326). 

Leaves  without  stipules;  fruit  never  3-angled. 

Fruit  opening  by  a  lid;  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  with  sharp 

spiny  tips;  leaves  entire  .  .  .  AMARANTHACEAE  (p.  332). 

Fruit  not  opening  by  a  lid;  bractsrarely  with  sharp  tips;  leaves 

entire,  toothed,  or  lobed  .  .  CHENOPODXACEAE  (p.  330). 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  263 

Petals  present. 
Petals  unlike,  one  of  them  with  a  spur  at  the  base. 

VIOLACEAE  (p.  377). 
Petals  all  alike  or  nearly  so,  none  of  them  spurred. 

Sepals  2;  leaves  fleshy PORTULACACEAE(p.332). 

Sepals  4  or  more  or  none;  leaves  fleshy  or  thin. 

Petals  blue;  leaves  entire LINACEAE  (p.  374). 

Petals  not  blue;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed. 
Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  glabrous;  fruit  of  4  or  5  small  pods. 

CRASSULACEAE  (p.  352). 
Leaves  thin,  not  fleshy,  often  hairj^;  fruit  various. 
Sepals  and  petals  each  4. 

Sepals  inserted  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 

ONAGRACEAE  (p.  378). 
Sepals  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 

BRASSICACEAE  (p.  344). 
Sepals  and  petals  each  5  or  more. 

Flowers  in  umbels;  leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

APIACEAE  (p.  383). 
Flowers  not  in  umbels;  leaves  various. 
Sepals  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  fruit. 

LOASACEAE  (p.  -378). 
Sepals  inserted  at  the  base  or  at  the  side  of  the  fruit. 
Sepals  distinct.     Fruit  of  numerous  achenes  or  of  several. 

pods RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  338). 

Sepals  united  at  the  base. 
Fruit  composed  of  numerous  sections  shaped  like  those 
of  an  orange,  covered  with  long  stiff  hairs;  petals 
2  to  2.5  cm.  long;  stamens  united  into  a  column. 
MALVACEAE  (p.  376). 
Fruit  of  2  to  4  small,  distinct  or  united  pods,  not  long- 
hairy;  petals  1  cm.  long  or  less;  stamens  distinct. 
SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  353). 

ANNOTATED  CATALOGUE  OF  SPECIES. 

1.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.     Adder's-tongue  Family. 

1.  BOTRYCHIUM  Swartz. 

Plants  with  erect  rootstocks  and  1  or  sometimes  2  leaves;  roots  fleshy;  leaves  not 
coiled  in  bud,  composed  of  a  sterile  blade  and  one  or  more  stalked  spore-bearing 
panicles;  sporangia  (spore  cases)  capsule-like,  opening  by  2  valves. 

SterUe  blade  once  pinnate,  the  segments  fan -shaped,  entire  or  lobed  .  1.  B.  lunaria. 
Sterile  blade  3  to  5  times  divided,  the  segments  lanceolate  to  ovate,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Sterile  blade  sessile,  thin 2.  B.  virginianum  europaeum. 

Sterile  blade  stalked,  very  fleshy 3.  B.  silaifolium. 

1.  Botrychium  lunaria  (L.)  Swartz.  Moonwort.  Rare;  a  few  isolated  plants 
found  on  grassy  slopes,  on  mossy  banks,  and  in  bogs  about  Lake  McDermott  and 
Sun  Camp;  plentiful  on  the  moraine  at  Grinnell  Glacier.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo., 
N.  Y.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  the  Old  World. — Plants  5  to  15  cm.  high;  sterile  blade 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  5  to  15  divisions,  these  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy,  the  veins 
all  radiating  from  the  base  and  repeatedly  forking. 

The  plants  are  probably  of  rather  frequent  occurrence,  but  they  are  so  small  and 
80  hidden  by  grasses  and  other  plants  that  it  is  difficult  to  find  them. 


264  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HEKBAEIUM. 

2.  Botrychiuin  virginianum  europaeum  Angstr.  Grapeferx.  Rare;  in  wooded 
swamps  or  in  deep  moist  woods  at  low  altitudes;  abundant  in  an  open  mossy  bog 
below  Lake  McDennott.  The  species  widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.;  also  in  tropi- 
cal Amer.  and  in  the  Old  World. — Plants  10  to  50  cm.  high;  sterile  blade  broadly 
triangular. 

In  woods  the  leaves  are  deep  green,  but  in  the  open  they  are  yellowish  green. 
The  plants  vary  greatly  in  size.  Only  a  few  isolated  individuals  were  found  by  the 
writer  about  Lake  McDermott,  except  in  one  bog,  where  in  the  thick  moss  under 
scrub  birches  there  were  hundreds  of  plants. 

3.  BotrycMum  silailolium  Presl.  Leathery  grapefern.  Rare;  in  a  wet  thicket 
below  Lake  McDermott,  and  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and 
Mont.;  Wis.  to  Ont.,  Que.,  and  Pa. — Plants  10  to  50  cm.  high;  sterile  blade  broadly 
triangular,  thick  and  hea\'ys  dark  green. 

The  sterile  blades  persist  for  one  or  two  years,  and  the  species  may  be  recognized 
easily  by  this  fact. 

2.  POLYPODIACEAE.     Polypody  Family. 

Plants  consisting  of  a  rhizome  and  leaves,  the  leaves  coiled  in  bud ;  leaves  simple, 
or  compound  and  composed  of  leaflet-like  pinnae;  sporangia  borne  on  the  lower 
surfaces  or  along  the  margins  of  the  leaves  in  clusters  (sori);  sori  naked  or  with  a 
special  covering  (indusium). 

Leaves  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  entire.     Sori  dotlike,  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf. 

1.  POLYPODroM. 
Leaves  compound,  composed  of  few  or  numerous  pinnae. 
Sori  borne  along  the  margin  of  the  leaf  and  protected  at  first  by  the  inrolled  margin. 

Sori  distinct;  leaf  stalk  divided  above  into  2  branches 2.  ADIANTTJM. 

Sori  not  distinct,  forming  a  continuous  line  about  the  margin;    leaf  stalk  not 
2-b  ranched. 

Leaves  large,  20  to  CO  cm.  wide  or  larger,  solitary 3.  PTERIDITJM. 

Leaves  small,  usually  less  than  10  cm.  wide,  commonly  tufted. 

Leaf  stalks  green  or  pale  brown 4.  CRYPTO  GRAMMA. 

Leaf  stalks  dark  brown  or  nearly  black 6.  CHEILANTHES. 

Sori  borne  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf,  not  at  the  margin. 
Sori  linear  or  oblong,  straight  or  curved. 
Leaves  small,  4  to  15  cm.  long,  once  pinnate;  sori  straight  .  .  6.  ASPLENIXTM. 
Leaves  large,  25  to  100  cm.  long  or  even  larger,  2  or  3  times  pinnate;  sori  curved. 

7.  ATHYRroM. 
Sori  rounded  and  dotlike. 
Indusiiun  attached  by  the  middle  beneath  the  sori  or  at  one  side. 
Indusium  attached  by  the  middle,  split  into  lobes;    leaves  with  minute 

stalked  glands 10.  WOODSIA. 

Indusiiun  attached  by  one  side,  not  lobed;   leaves  without  glands. 

11.  FIUX. 
Indusium  attached  by  the  middle  or  by  one  side  and  spreading  above  the 
sorus,  or  the  indusium  sometimes  wanting. 
Indusium  wanting. 
Leaves  much  longer  than  broad,  in  dense  clumps,  from  a  very  thick 

rootstock 7.  ATHYRIUM. 

Leaves  about  as  broad  as  long,  arising  singly  from  a  slender  creeping 

rootstock 9.  DRYOPTERIS. 

Indusium  present. 


STANDLEY — ^FLOEA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  265 

Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped;  indusium  round, 
attached  by  the  center 8.  POLYSTICHTJM. 

Leaves  thin,  not  remaining  green  through  the  winter,  the  teeth  scarcely 
or  not  at  all  bristle-tipped;  indusium  kidney-shaped,  attached  by  its 
base 9.  DRYOPTERIS. 

1.  POLYPODIUM  L. 

1.  Polypodium  hesperium  Maxon.  Western  polypody.  Occasional  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  on  shaded  mossy  rocks;  more  common  on  the  east  slope.  Yukon 
to  Calif.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. — Rootstocks  slender,  creeping;  leaves  7  to 
20  cm.  long,  the  lobes  blunt,  the  stalks  straw-colored;  sori  large,  rounded,  without  an 
indusium,  borne  on  the  lower  leaf  surface. 

The  rootstocks  are  sweet  and  have  the  flavor  of  licorice. 

2.  ADIANTUM  L. 

1.  Adiantum  pedatum  aleuticum  Rupr.  Maidenhair.  Infrequent;  chiefly  above 
timber  line,  in  crevices  of  cliffs  or  in  soil  at  the  foot  of  cliffs.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Utah, 
and  Mont.;  also  in  Que. — LeaA^es  glabrous,  composed  of  niunerous  small  thin  fan- 
shaped  leaflets;  leaf  stalk  very  slender,  brittle,  dark  chestnut-brown;  sori  at  first 
covered  by  the  reflexed  lobes  of  the  leaflets. 

In  many  regions  the  maidenhair  grows  in  rich  woods,  but  in  Glacier  Park  it  is 
seldom  found  except  upon  cliffs. 

3.  PTERIDItTM  Scop. 

1.  Pteridlum  aquiliaum  pubescens  Underw.  Bracken.  Common  and  often 
abundant  up  to  timber  line;  on  open  slopes  or  in  dry  or  moist  woods;  sometimes  in 
swampy  thickets.  Alaska  to  Mex. ^Rootstocks  slender,  creeping;  leafstalks  slender, 
pale,  the  leaves  coarse  and  firm,  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  divided  into  numer 
ous  narrow  pinnules,  these  entire  or  lobed . 

One  of  the  most  common  ferns  of  the  park,  often  densely  covering  considerable 
areas.  On  the  west  slope  in  wet  places  the  plants  get  to  be  1.5  meters  high  or  even 
larger.  In  open  places  the  leaves  are  frequently  very  pubescent,  but  in  moist  woods 
they  are  greener  and  nearly  glabrous;  in  autiunn  they  turn  brown  or  bright  yellow. 
The  young  stems  were  eaten  by  some  of  the  western  Indians. 

4.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br. 

Leaves  much  divided,  glabrous,  tufted,  the  sterile  and  fertile  ones  unlike,  the 
ertile  ones  taller  and  with  narrower  divisions;  sori  marginal  but  extending  down  along 
the  veins. 

Leaves  thin  and  delicate,  the  divisions  of  the  sterile  ones  ovate  to  fan-shaped;  leaf 

stalks  brown  or  brownish  below  or  throughout 1.  C.  stelleri. 

Leaves  firm,  the  divisions  of  the  sterile  ones  ovate-oblong;  leaf  stalks  straw-colored. 

2.  C.  acrostlchoides. 

1.  Cryptogramma  stelleri  (Gmel.)  Prantl.  Cupfbrake.  Occasional  in  crevices  of 
wet  cliffs  above  timber  line;  abundant  on  wet  mossy  rocks  at  Baring  Falls.  Alaska 
to  Lab.,  Pa.,  Colo.,  and  Wash.;  also  in  Asia. — Rootstocks  slender,  creeping;  leaves 
pale  green,  usually  10  cm.  long  or  shorter,  2  or  3  times  divided,  the  pinnules  finely 
toothed. 

At  Baring  Falls  the  plants  densely  cover  the  overhanging  cliffs  in  the  spray  of  the 
falls;  at  high  altitudes  they  are  smaller  and  poorly  developed.  They  usually  have  a 
pale,  sickly  appearance,  and  are  not  at  all  conspicuous. 

2.  Cr3T)togramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.  Parsley  fern.  Common  on  cliffs  and 
rock  slides  at  middle  and  high  altitudes.     Calif,  to  N.  Mex.,  Sask.,  L.  Huron,  and 


266  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

northward. — Leaves  in  large  dense  tufts,  bright  green,  the  fertile  ones  10  to  30  cm.  high, 
long-stalked,  3  or  4  times  divided. 

Sometimes  associated  with  C.  stelleri  on  cliffs  above  timber  line,  but  more  common 
on  dry  cliffs  or  on  rocks  slides  at  middle  elevations. 

5.  CHEILANTHES  Swartz. 

Plants  small;  leaves  2  or  3  times  divided,  with  small  pinnules. 

Leaves  glabrous,  the  fertile  and  sterile  ones  somewhat  dissimilar  ,  .  .  1.  C.  siliquosa. 
Leaves  hairy  and  chaffy  on  the  lower  surface,  the  fertile  and  sterile  ones  alike. 

2.  C.  gracillima. 

1.  Cheilanthes  siliquosa  Maxon.  Pod  fern.  Rare;  on  dry  open  rocky  slope  near 
Many  Glacier  Chalets;  reported  from  the  Lake  McDonald  region.  B.  C.  to  Calif., 
Wyo.,  and  Utah;  also  in  Que.  and  Ont.  {Pellaea  densa  Hook.) — Plants  densely  tufted, 
with  slender  wiry  leaf  stalks;  leaves  6  to  20  cm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong-triangular,  3 
times  pinnate,  with  very  numerous  pinnules;  fertile  pinnules  linear,  with  reflexed 
margins. 

The  fertile  pinnules  resemble  the  pods  of  some  plants  of  the  mustard  family. 

2.  Cheilanthes  gracillima  D.  C.  Eaton.  Lace  pern.  Frequent  on  dry  cliffs  at 
middle  altitudes,  extending  to  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Mont.,  Nov.,  and  Calif. — Leaves 
forming  large  or  small  tufts,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  narrowly  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  bi- 
pinnate;  pinnules  covered  beneath  with  branched  scalelike  hairs. 

Plentiful  on  cliffs  just  below  Sperry  Chalets  and  near  Many  Glacier  Chalets,  as  well 
as  in  various  other  localities.  This  fern  has  been  reported  from  the  park  as  C.  feei 
Moore,  a  species  not  known  to  occur  in  the  region. 

6.  ASPLENIUM  L. 

1.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.  Green  spleenwort.  Scarce;  on  moist  cliffs  above 
timber  line.  Alaska  to  Ore.,  Wyo.,  Vt.,  and  Newf.— Leaves  tufted,  4  to  15  cm.  long, 
bright  green;  pinnae  4  to  9  mm.  long,  rhombic,  obtuse,  with  crenate  margins. 

An  inconspicuous  fern,  more  plentiful  at  Cracker  Lake  than  at  any  other  place  at 
which  it  was  observed  by  the  writer. 

7,  ATHYRITJM  Roth. 

Plants  large;  leaves  often  densely  tufted,  2  or  3  times  pinnate. 

Indusium  none;  sori  rounded;  plants  usually  forming  large  and  very  dense  clumps. 

1.  A.  americanum. 
Indusium  present  and  conspicuous;  sori  linear,  curved;  plants  not  in  dense  clumps. 

2.  A.  filix-foemina. 

1.  Athyrium  americanum  (Butters)  Maxon.  Alpine  lady  fern.  Abundant  in 
some  localities  above  timber  line;  in  moist  meadows,  along  brooks,  on  rock  slides,  or 
rarely  in  crevices  of  cliffs.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. ;  also  in  Que.  (A.  alpestre 
of  American  authors.) — Rootstocks  short;  leaves  erect,  25  to  60  cm.  high,  pale  yellowish 
green,  oblong-lanceolate,  2  or  3  times  pinnate;  pinnules  lobed  or  cut,  the  lobes  sharply 
toothed. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  of  our  ferns.  The  dense  clumps  are  30  to  100  cm.  broad,  and 
the  leaves  are  so  crowded  that  there  scarcely  seems  to  be  room  for  one  more.  The 
clumps  are  usually  isolated  from  other  tall  vegetation,  and  they  always  have  a  fresh 
appearance.  The  leaves  have  a  slight  balsamic  odor.  The  most  abundant  display  of 
this  fern  is  on  the  slopes  below  Sperry  Glacier,  but  it  is  plentiful  near  Grinnell  Glacier 
and  above  Lake  Ellen  Wilson .  In  the  last  locality  there  are  many  clumps  on  the  slides 
formed  of  bright  red  argillite  rocks,  and  the  combination  of  colore  is  very  pleasing. 

2.  Athyrium  filix-foemina  (L.)  Roth.  Lady  fern.  Abundant  nearly  everywhere 
in  wooded  portions  of  the  park;  most  plentiful  in  deep  moist  woods,  but  found  also 
in  thickets  or  on  open  slopes,  and  frequently  above  timber  line.     Western  N.  Amer., 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  267 

Eur.,  and  Asia.  (Asplenium  filix-foemina  Bernh.)— Rootstock  short-creeping;  leaves 
in  small  clusters,  0.4  to  1.5  meters  long,  green,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate;  leaf  stalks 
straw-colored  or  brownish,  chaffy;  pinnules  cut  or  lobed,  the  lobes  often  toothed. 

This  is  by  far  our  most  abundant  fern,  being  found  almost  everywhere  in  the  woods; 
on  moist  open  slopes  it  often  forms  large  dense  patches  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other 
plants .  It  is  so  extremely  abundant  that  one  soon  tii-es  of  it.  The  leaves  vary  greatly 
in  width;  in  exposed  places  they  are  usually  stiffly  erect,  but  in  deep  shade  they  are 
more  spreading.  In  late  summer  they  are  much  discolored  with  dark  spots.  The 
Bori  vary  in  shape,  being  sometimes  only  slightly  curved  and  in  other  cases  nearly 

circular. 

8.  POLYSTICHUM  Roth. 

Plants  large  or  small,  the  leaves  tufted  at  the  end  of  a  thick  rootstock;  leaf  stalks 
very  chaffy;  sori  large,  with  a  conspicuous  indusium. 

Leaves  once  pinnate,  the  pinnae  1  to  5  cm.  long 1.  P.  lonchitis. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate,  the  pinnae  4  to  10  cm.  long 2.  P.  andersoni. 

1.  Polystichum  lonchitis  (L.)  Roth.  Holly  fern.  Frequent  in  moist  woods  at 
middle  altitudes  and  under  shrubs  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Alta., 
N.  S.,  and  Greenl.— Leaves  tufted,  10  to  40  cm.  long,  erect  or  spreading,  the  stalks 
covered  with  light  brown  scales;  pinnae  dark  green,  closely  toothed,  with  spine- 
tipped  teeth;  son  borne  chiefly  or  wholly  on  the  upper  pinnae. 

Although  the  holly  fern  is  widely  distributed  in  the  park  it  is  rarely  plentiful,  and 
the  plants  are  mostly  scattered.  They  vary  greatly  in  size,  those  above  timber  line 
often  being  much  reduced.     They  are  found  occasionally  in  crevices  of  cliffs. 

2.  Polystichum  andersoni  Hopkins.  Bristle  fern.  Rare;  in  moist  alder  thickets 
at  Grinnell  Lake  and  along  the  upper  trail  from  Many  Glacier  Hotel  to  Piegan  Pass. 
B.  C,  Wash.,  and  Mont.— Leaves  tufted,  erect,  35  to  75  cm.  long;  leaf  stalks  very 
chaffy;  rachis  of  the  leaf  bearing  a  bud  near  the  tip;  pinnules  with  bristle- tipped 
teeth. 

This  is  a  handsome  plant,  and  one  of  the  rarest  of  North  American  ferns. 

9.  DRYOPTERIS  Adans. 
Plants  large  or  small;  leaves  solitary  or  tufted,  2  or  more  times  divided. 
Rootstocks  very  slender,  long  and  creeping;  leaves  solitary,  broadly  triangular,  about 
as  broad  as  long  or  broader;  leaf  stalk  not  chaffy,  slender;  indusium  none. 

1,  D.  lirmaeana. 
Rootstocks  very  thick,  short;  leaves  tufted  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock,  much  longer 
than  broad,  not  triangular;  leaf  stalks  very  chaffy,  stout;  indusium  present. 

Leaves  3  times  pinnate  or  lobed.     Indusia  very  small 2.  D.  dilatata. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate. 
Pinnae  triangular-oblong  or  triangular-ovate;  scales  at  the  base  of  the  leaf  stalk 

ovate-oblong 3.  D.  cristata. 

Pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  broad  base;  scales  lance-linear,  long-pointed. 

4.  D.  filix-mas. 

1.  Dryopteris  linnaeana  C.  Chr.  Oak  fern.  Common  nearly  everywhere  in  deep 
woods;  in  some  localities  very  abundant.  Alaska  to  Greenl.,  Va.,  Minn.,  Ariz.,  and 
Oreg.;  also  in  Eur.  (TMypteris  dryopteris  Slosson;  Phegopteris  dryopteris  F6e; 
Dryopteris  dryopteris  Christ.)— Leaves  thin,  10  to  25  cm.  wide,  divided  into  3  nearly 
equal  parts,  these  once  or  twice  pinnate,  the  segments  oblong,  entire  or  toothed. 

In  some  places  this  fern  covers  large  mossy  banks  with  its  graceful  fronds;  it  is 
often  associated  with  the  lady  fern  and  male  fern.  This  species  has  been  incorrectly 
reported  from  the  park  as  Phegopteris  polypodioides  F6e. 


268  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

2.  Dryopteris  dilatata  (Hoffm.)  Underw.  Wood  pern.  Frequent  in  moist  woods 
and  in  alder  thickets;  sometimes  about  sphagnum  bogs.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Mont., 
N.  C,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  (Aspidium  spinulosum  dilatatum  Hook.) — Leaves 
loosely  tufted,  25  to  90  cm.  high,  pale  green,  triangular-ovate  to  broadly  oblong; 
pinnules  with  short-pointed  teeth. 

Usually  associated  with  the  lady  fern  and  male  fern.  The  plants  are  mostly 
scattered,  but  in  some  localities  they  are  abundant. 

3.  Dryopteris  cristata  (L.)  A.  Gray.  Crested  shieldfern.  Rare;  under  bushes 
at  edge  of  sphagnum  bog,  Johns  Lake.  Idaho  to  Nebr.,  Va.,  and  Newf.  {Aspidium 
cristatum  Swartz.) — Leaves  densely  tufted,  25  to  60  cm.  long,  the  fertile  ones  much 
longer  than  the  sterile  ones;  scales  of  the  leaf  stalk  pale  brown;  segments  of  the  leaf 
broad,  oblong  or  triangular-oblong,  obtuse,  finely  toothed. 

4.  Dryopteris  filix-mas  (L.)  Schott.  Male  fern.  Frequent  in  moist  woods; 
sometimes  on  moist,  open  or  brushy  slopes,  or  even  on  rock  slides;  occasionally 
found  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  S.  Dak.,  Vt.,  and  Newf.;  southern 
Calif.;  also  in  Eur.  (Aspidium  filix-mas  Swartz.) — Leaves  tufted,  deep  green,  rather 
firm,  25  to  100  cm.  long,  broadly  oblong-lanceolate;  pinnules  toothed,  especially  at 
the  apex. 

Usually  associated  with  the  lady  fern;  a  fine,  handsome  plant,  the  fronds  usually 
stiffly  erect. 

10.  WOODSIA  R.  Br.     Woodsia. 

Leaves  densely  tufted,  often  forming  large  clumps,  rather  stiff,  erect,  pinnate,  the 
pinnae  deeply  lobed  and  toothed. 

Leaves  with  flat  jointed  whitish  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  .  .  .  1.  W.  scopulina. 
Leaves  without  jointed  hairs 2.  W.  oregana. 

1.  Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.  Frequent  on  cliffs  and  rock  slides.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr.;  Que.  and  N.  C. — Leaves  10  to  30  cm.  long,  lanceolate; 
pinnae  oblong-ovate. 

2.  Woodsia  oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.  East  entrance,  on  rocky  hills,  Uvibach.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Ariz.,  Sask.,  and  Que.— Leaves  10  to  25  cm.  long,  lance-oblong;  pinnae 
triangular-oblong. 

11.  FILIX  Adans. 

1.  Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Gilib.  Brittle  fern.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  on 
cliffs  or  mossy  banks.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  in  the  Old  World. 
{Cystopteris  fragilis  Bernh.) — Leaves  few,  soft  and  lax,  10  to  30  cm.  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2  or  3  times  pinnate;  pinnae  ovate  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  lobed  or 
toothed. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  all  ferns.  The  leaf  stalks  are  very  brittle. 
The  brittle  fern  often  grows  with  Woodsia,  but  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  thin 
leaves,  which  are  often  pendent.  The  leaves,  too,  do  not  endure  dry  weather  like 
those  of  Woodsia,  but  turn  yellow  and  shrivel. 

3.  EQTJISETACEAE.     Horsetail  Family. 

1.  EQUISETUM  L.     Horsetail. 

Rushlike  plants,  simple  or  with  whorled  branches,  with  rootstocks,  the  stems 
hollow,  jointed,  with  toothed  sheaths  at  the  nodes;  spores  borne  in  a  terminal  cone 
composed  of  shieldlike  bracts. — The  stems  are  roughened  with  a  gritlike  silex.  They 
were  formerly  much  used  for  scouring,  hence  the  name  scouring-rush,  which  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  plants. 

The  following  key  to  the  species  has  been  furnished  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Schaffner. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  269 

Cones  with  a  rigid  point;  aerial  stems  evergreen. 
Sheath  segments  and  deciduous  teeth  well  differentiated;   stems  usually  tall  and 
rigid,  usually  many-grooved;    central  cavity  of  the  interuodes  large. 
Ridges  of  the  stem  with  one  row  of  tubercles;  sheath  segments  without  a  central 
groove  or  sometimes  with  a  minute  groove,  normally  tricarinate. 

1.  E.  praealtum. 
Ridges  of  the  stem  with  two  rows  of  tubercles;    sheath  segments  with  a  deep 

central  groove,  normally  quadricarinate 2.  E.  hyemale. 

Sheath  segments  and  teeth  not  sharply  differentiated,  the  base  of  the  teeth  usually 
persistent,  but  the  bristle  tip  deciduous;  stems  low  and  slender,  tufted,  usually 
with  10  or  fewer  grooves,  the  central  cavity  only  one-half  to  one-third  the 

diameter  of  the  internode 3.  E.  variegatum. 

Cones  rounded  at  the  top  or  merely  acute,  not  with  a  rigid  point;  aerial  stems  annual. 

not  surviving  the  winter. 

Aerial  stems  all  green  and  essentially  alike. 

Fertile  stems  usually  not  branched,  or  the  branches  minute  at  time  of  maturing 

of  the  spores,  very  smooth,  with  cross  bands  of  silex;   sheaths  elongate  and 

dilated  above,  green,  with  a  narrow  black  band  at  the  top;  plants  of  dry  or 

ordinary  wet  soil 4-  E.  kansanum. 

Fertile  stems  branched,  usually  witli  numerous  whorls  of  bran  ekes;    plants  of 
wet  soil,  or  growing  in  water. 
Sheaths  usually  appressed;   stems  45  to  90  cm.  high,  usually  many -grooved, 

with  a  large  central  cavity  in  the  internode 5.  E.  fluviatile. 

Sheaths  loose  and  somewhat  dilated;    stems  15  to  45  cm.  high,  slender,  5  to 
15-grooved. 
Central  cavity  of  the  internode  very  small;    cones  well  developed. 

6.  E.  palustre. 
Central  cavity  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  internode;   cones  hnperfectly 

developed     7-  E.  litorale. 

Aerial  stems  of  two  kinds,  the  sterile  shoots  green  and  much  branched,  the  fertile 
ones  brown  and,  at  least  at  first,  with  little  or  no  chlorophyll. 
Fertile  shoots  withering  after  the  shedding  of  the  spores,  very  rarely  producing 

branches 8.  E.  arvense. 

Fertile  shoots  producing  compound  branches  after  maturity  of  the  spores,  only 
the  tips  withering 9-  E.  sylvaticum. 

1.  Equisetum  praealtum  Raf.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  -^rillow  thickets  or 
on  rocky  lake  shores.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  La.,  and  Ohio.— Stems  stout,  50  to  90  cm.  high, 
with  a  large  central  cavity,  very  rough;  sheaths  ashy  or  black  in  age,  usually  with  a 
black  ring  around  the  limb  and  a  second  one  at  the  base,  not  dilated  except  when 
young;  cones  large  and  thick. 

2.  Equisetum  hyemale  L.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  swamps  or  wet  thickets; 
sometimes  on  open,  well-drained  banks.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur., 
and  Asia.— Stems  stout,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  very  rough,  with  a  large  central  cavity; 
sheaths  close,  ashy  or  black,  usually  black-banded. 

3.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  Common,  especially  at  middle  altitudes  and 
above  timber  line;  about  pools,  on  lake  shores,  along  streams,  and  in  wet  meadows 
or  thickets,  often  in  sand  or  gravel.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur. 
and  Asia.— Stems  slender,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  2  to  4  mm.  thick,  tufted;  sheaths  loose, 
the  teeth  black,  with  a  broad  white  border. 

This  species  is  particularly  abundant  in  meadows  above  or  near  timber  line,  and 
often  forms  dense,  almost  pure  stands  of  decumbent  or  ascending  stems.  Frequently 
it  grows  up  to  the  very  edges  of  the  snow  banks.  Occasionally  it  is  found  in  culti- 
vated ground  at  low  altitudes. 


270        coNTKiBUTioisrs  FKOM  THE  :n^ational  herbakium. 

4.  Equisetum  kansanuin  J.  H.  Schaffner.  Found  only  at  the  foot  of  Sherburne 
Lake,  along  a  small  gully  in  aspen  woods.  Mont,  to  Utah  and  Mo.— yStems  30  to  50 
cm.  high,  rough,  with  a  large  central  cavity;  cones  1  to  2.5  cm.  long. 

5.  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  marshes, 
bogs,  or  swamps;  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Fish  Lake.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Wyo.,  N.  Y., 
and  Newf.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems  smooth,  bright  green,  the  central  cavity 
very  large. 

The  stems  are  weak  and  sometimes  procumbent.  In  the  marshes  along  Swift- 
current  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott  this  species  is  very  abundant,  growing  in 
shallow  water  and  forming  dense  pure  stands,  which  at  a  short  distance  are  strikingly 
suggestive  of  the  similar  colonies  of  Scirpus  occidenialis  found  about  the  east  entrance. 

6.  Equisetum  palustre  L.  Apparently  rare;  a  few  plants  at  Bel  ton,  in  sand  along 
the  river.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  Conn.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — 
Stems  slender,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  bright  green,  much  branched,  deeply  grooved, 
the  branches  slender,  simple. 

7.  Equisetum  litorale  Kuehlwein,  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  ground  or 
swampy  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Pa.  and  N.  B.;  also  in  Eur. — Stems  erect  or  decumbent, 
20  to  40  cm.  high,  much  branched,  deeply  grooved;  sheaths  with  dark  brown  teeth; 
branches  3  to  5-angled. 

This  form  is  now  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  E.  fluviatile  and  E.  arvense. 
Some  of  the  material  referred  here  may  consist  of  sterile  shoots  of  E.  arvense  with 
abortive  cones. 

8.  Equisetum  arvense  L.  Common  and  often  abundant,  at  all  altitudes  except 
the  highest;  in  wet  meadows  or  thickets  or  along  streams  or  lake  shores;  frequent  on 
rocky  slopes  or  in  wet  gravelly  soil  above  timber  line.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. , 
Eur.,  and  Asia. — Sterile  stems  10  to  30  cm.  high,  much  branched,  bright  green, 
6  to  20-grooved,  deeply  furrowed;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  stems  with  about  12  teeth. 

The  fertUe  stems  develop  in  early  spring.  In  late  summer  the  buds  that  produce 
them  may  be  found  about  the  bases  of  the  sterile  stems.  Some  of  the  plants  above 
timber  line,  especially  near  snow  banks,  are  nearly  prostrate  and  are  very  sparsely 
branched.  This  species  is  common  about  the  east  entrance,  extending  out  upon  the 
prairie.  It  thrives  particularly  well  upon  railroad  embankments,  where  dense 
patches  grow  from  dry  gravel  and  cinders. 

9.  Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.  Rare  on  the  east  slope  and  found  only  in  a  boggy 
place  in  woods  at  the  edge  of  Lake  Josephine;  occasional  on  the  west  slope  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  boggy  places  in  woods.  Alaska  to  B.  C,  Va.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Eur. 
and  Asia. — Stems  10  to  40  cm.  high,  8  to  14-ridged,  3  to  4  mm.  thick,  the  branches 
compound  and  feathery,  bright  green;  cones  long-stalked. 

This  is  very  different  in  appearance  from  our  other  species,  and  it  is  the  only  one 
which  is  at  all  attractive  in  appearance.    The  plants  often  form  dense  tangled  masses. 

4.  LYCOPODIACEAE.     Clubmoss  Family. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM  L.    Clubmoss, 

Low  plants  with  leafy,  simple  or  branched  stems;  leaves  small,  resembling  those 
of  cedar  or  juniper;  spores  in  sporangia,  or  spore  cases,  these  borne  in  the  axils  of 
ordinary  leaves  or  in  yellowish  club-shaped  spikes  of  reduced  leaves. 

Sporangia  borne  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves.    Leaves  rather  closely  appressed. 

1.  L.  selago. 
Sporangia  borne  in  club-shaped  spikes  composed  of  much  reduced  leaves. 
Fruit  spikes  not  stalked. 
Leaves  arranged  in  4  rows  on  the  branches,  bluish  green,  closely  appressed. 

2.  L.  alpinum. 


STANDLEY — ^FLOKA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  271 

Leaves  in  6  or  8  rows,  never  bluish  green,  spreading. 
Erect  branches  of  plants  treelike,  with  numerous  small  branches. 

3.  L.  obscurum. 
Erect  branches  of  plants  not  treelike,  with  a  few  large  branches. 

4.  L.  annotiuum. 
Fruit  spikes  on  stalks  2  cm.  long  or  longer. 
Leaves  arranged  in  4  rows,  closely  appressed  to  the  stem,  the  branches  thus 

appearing  slender  and  flattened     5.  L.  complanatum. 

Leaves  in  many  rows,  rather  loose,  the  branches  rounded     .  .  .  6.  L.  clavatum. 

1.  Lycopodium  selago  L.  Fir  clubmoss.  Plate  45,  A.  Under  bushes  at 
Sperry  Glacier  and  Gunsight  Pass;  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  N.  Amer.  and  Eur. — Stems  erect,  simple  or  sparsely  branched,  10  to  20 
cm.  high;  leaves  hollow  at  the  base. 

Essentially  an  alpine  species. 

2.  Lycopodium  alpinum  L.  Alpine  ground-cedar.  Under  whortleberry  bushes 
along  the  edge  of  a  rock  slide  at  Snyder  Lake.  Alaska  and  B.  C.  to  Que.  and  Greenl.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — ^Main  stems  creeping,  the  aerial  branches  3  to  10  cm.  high, 
branched. 

A  rare  species,  apparently;  known  in  the  United  States  only  from  this  locality. 
The  pale  glaucous  branches  are  strikingly  like  those  of  creeping  cedar  (Juniperus 
prostrata).     In  habit  the  plant  is  much  like  L.  complanatum. 

3.  Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Ground-pine.  In  moss  in  deep  woods  at  Belton. 
Alaska  to  Wash.,  Ind.,  Newf.  and  N.  C. — Main  stems  creeping  under  the  ground,  the 
aerial  branches  erect,  bushy,  10  to  20  cm.  high;  leaves  dark  green,  twisted. 

4.  Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  Stiff  clubmoss.  Plate  45,  B.  Common  in 
deep  moist  woods,  but  more  abundant  on  the  west  slope.  Alaska  to  Oreg. ,  Colo. ,  Greenl. , 
and  Pa. — Main  stems  creeping  above  ground,  leafy;  aerial  branches  erect,  5  to  30 
cm.  high,  simple  or  forked;  spikes  one  to  several. 

This  is  the  only  clubmoss  which  is  common  on  the  east  slope,  and  it  is  not  certain 
that  any  other  species  occurs  there.  The  plants  usually  form  large  mats  of  loosely 
tangled  branches.    Many  of  the  plants  are  sterile. 

5.  Lycopodium  complanatum  L.  Ground-cedar.  Common  on  the  west  slope 
at  low  altitudes,  in  deep  moist  woods;  reported  from  Gunsight  Lake.  Alaska  to 
Wash.,  Lab.,  and  N.  Y.;  also  in  Eur. — Main  stems  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  the  aerial  branches  pale  green,  4  to  25  cm.  high,  forking. 

The  plants  are  very  slender  and  creep  widely  over  the  ground;  the  branches  are 
often  much  twisted. 

6.  Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Running-pine.  Plate  46,  A.  Johns  Lake,  about 
the  edge  of  sphagnum  bog.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Newf.,  and  N.  C;  also  in  Eur.  and 
Asia. — Main  stems  creeping  over  the  ground,  leafy;  aerial  branches  rather  thick,  5 
to  20  cm.  high,  branched,  densely  covered  with  soft  leaves;  leaves  mostly  bristle- 
tipped. 

Our  form  is  L.  clavatum  monostachyon  Hook.  &  Grev. 

5.  SELAGINELLACEAE.     Selaginella  Family. 

1.  SELAGINELLA  Beauv. 

Low  perennial  plants  with  branching  stems;  leaves  4  to  6-ranked,  very  small, 
imbricate,  appressed;  spores  borne  in  sporangia  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaflike  bracts. — 
No  species  of  the  genus  were  seen  on  the  west  slope,  but  they  are  found  almost  every- 
where on  the  east  slope.    The  plants  curl  up  in  dry  weather  and  lose  their  color,  but 


272  CONTKIBUTIOIsrS   FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

soon  after  a  rain  they  become  bright  green.     The  well-known  resurrection  plant  is  a 

species  of  this  genus  which  grows  in  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Stems  laxly  cespitose,  with  numerous  elongate  ascending  cordlike  branches. 

1.  S.  wallacei. 
Stems  densely  cespitose,  the  branches  short  and  congested. 

Plants  bronze-green;  apical  bristle  stout,  yellowish  throughout  .  .  .  2.  S.  standleyi. 

Plants  ashy-green;  apical  bristle  white,  at  least  above  the  base. 
Apical  bristle  0.3  to  0.5  mm.  long,  white  from  a  yellowish  base  .  3.  S.  montanensis. 
Apical  bristle  0.6  to  1.5  mm.  long,  white  throughout 4.  S.  densa. 

1.  Selaginella  wallacei  Hieron.  Common  or  abundant  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
and  middle  altitudes  and  sometimes  above  timber  line,  on  open,  grassy  or  rocky 
slopes,  on  dry  hilltops,  and  in  dry  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Stems  3  to 
10  cm.  long,  loosely  branched;  leaves  pale  green  at  first,  yellowish  when  dry,  linear- 
oblong,  2.5  mm.  long  or  shorter,  with  7  to  12  cilia  on  each  side;  fertile  spikes  1.5  cm. 
long  or  shorter. 

2.  Selaginella  standleyi  Maxon.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  moist  open  rocky 
slopes.  Alta.  and  Mont. — Stems  prostrate,  6  cm.  long,  or  less,  pinnately  branched; 
leaves  dull  green,  oblong-linear,  2.1  to  2.5  mm.  long,  with  10  to  14  cilia  on  each  side; 
fertile  spikes  7  to  11  mm.  long. 

3.  Selaginella  montanensis  Hieron.  Frequent  at  all  altitudes,  often  occurring 
above  timber  line;  on  open  rocky  slopes  or  bare  rocks  or  in  moist  alpine  meadows. 
B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Colo. — Stems  prostrate,  short-creeping,  3  to  10  cm. 
long;  leaves  pale  glaucous  when  young,  yellowish  cinerascent  in  age,  linear-oblong, 
with  6  to  9  cilia  on  each  side. 

4.  Selaginella  densa  Rydb.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  especially  on  prairie. 
B.  C.  to  Utah  and  N.  Mex. — Stems  usually  short  and  densely  tufted;  leaves  pale 
green  at  first,  dark  grayish  in  age,  linear-oblong,  2  to  3.5  mm.  long,  with  5  to  12  cilia 
on  each  side;  spikes  1  to  3  cm.  long. 

On  the  dry  rocky  fiats  at  St.  Mary  this  is  one  of  the  most  common  plants,  densely 
covering  large  patches  of  ground.  The  bristles  of  the  apical  leaves  form  conspicu- 
ous soft  white  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

6.  TAXACEAE.     Yew  Family. 

1.  TAXTJS  L. 

1.  Taxus  brevifolia  Nutt.  Western  yew.  Plate  47,  A.  Common  on  the  west 
slope,  at  low  and  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Usually  a  shrub,  1 
to  4  meters  high,  but  sometimes  a  small  tree,  the  branches  spreading  from  the  base 
and  often  procumbent;  bark  brownish  and  smooth,  or  on  old  branches  pui-plish  and 
flaky;  leaves  2-ranked,  spreading,  linear,  sharp-pointed,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  yellowish 
green;  fruit  red,  fleshy,  cuplike,  nearly  inclosing  the  large  naked  seed. 

This  species  reaches  the  eastern  limit  of  its  range  in  Glacier  Park.  It  is  one  of  the 
characteristic  shrubs  of  the  west  slope,  growing  only  in  the  heavier  forest,  where  it 
often  fonns  dense  thickets,  with  young  hemlocks.  In  its  foliage  the  plant  closely 
resembles  tlie  firs  and  spruces,  but  the  fleshy  fruit  and  small  size,  as  well  as  the 
peculiar  green  of  the  leaves,  enable  one  to  distinguish  it  readily.  The  fruit  is  sweet 
and  rather  insipid.  It  is  not  advisable  to  eat  much  of  it,  for  the  yews  hai^e  the  repu- 
tation of  being  poisonous.  Their  poisonous  properties  are  not  well  understood,  how- 
ever, and  in  many  localities  the  trees  are  considered  quite  harmless,  stock  sometimes 
eating  the  branches  with  impunity.     The  fruit,  too,  is  eaten  by  birds. 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  273 

7.  PINACEAE.     Pine  Family. 

Trees  or  slirubs;  leaves  evergreen  (except  in  Larix),  needle-shaped,  scalelike,  or 
awl-sbaped;  stamens  several  together,  subtended  by  a  bract,  forming  catkins;  fruit  a 
dry  cone  or  often  fleshy  and  berry-like. 

Leaves  scalelike  or  awl-shaped,  1  cm.  long  or  smaller,  opposite  or  whorled. 

Fruit  a  small  dry  cone;  branchlets  flattened;  a  large  tree 7.  THUJA. 

Fruit  berry-like;  branchlets  not  flattened;  small  trees  or  low  shrubs. 

8.  JUNIPEaUS. 
Leaves  linear  or  needle-like,  usually  much  more  than  1  cm .  long,  clustered  or  alternate. 
Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  or  more. 
Leaves  2  to  5  in  a  cluster,  evergreen,  the  cluster  surrounded  by  a  sheath  at  the 

base;  cones  not  with  projecting  scales 1.  PINTJS. 

Leaves  15  to  40  in  a  cluster,  deciduous,  the  cluster  without  a  sheath;  cones  with 

scales  projecting  from  between  the  hard  bracts 2.  LARIX. 

Leaves  attached  singly  to  the  branches. 
Leaves  sharp-pointed,  4-angled  or  rounded.     Cones  drooping,  not  falling  apart  at 
maturity;  branches  (from  which  the  leaves  have  fallen)  very  rough;  bark 

rough 3.  PICEA. 

Leaves  blunt,  fiat. 
Ijeaves  sessile;  cones  erect,  falling  apart  at  maturity;  bark  smooth,  with  resin 

blisters 4.  ABIES. 

Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk;  cones  drooping,  not  falling 
apart;  bark  very  rough. 
Leaves  mostly  2  to  3  cm.  long,  green;  branchlets  smooth;  cones  5  to  10  cm. 

long,  with  projecting  3-lobed  bracts 6.  PSEUDOTSUGA. 

Leaves  mostly  1  to  2  cm.  long,  whitish  beneath;  branchlets  rough  with  the 
leaf  bases  left  by  the  fallen  leaves;  cones  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  without 
projecting  bracts 6.  TSUGA. 

1.  PINUS  L.     Pine. 

Large  trees,  or  near  timber  line  often  only  shrubs,  usuallj''  with  rough  bark;  leaves 
long,  needle-like;  flowers  appearing  very  early  in  spring;  cones  not  maturing  until 
the  second  season. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  or  3;  cone  scales  with  short  sharp  spinelike  tips. 

Leaves  8  to  20  cm.  long;  cones  6  to  15  cm.  long 1.  P.  ponderosa. 

Leaves  3  to  G  cm.  long;  cones  3  to  4  cm.  long 2.  P.  contorta  murrayana. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  5;  cone  scales  without  spinelike  tips. 
Bark  whitish;  low  stunted  tree  or  shrub,  found  only  about  timber  line;  cones 

5  to  8  cm.  long;  leaves  4  to  6  cm.  long 3.  P.  albicaulis. 

Bark  brown  or  blackish;  usually  large  trees,  most  common  far  below  timber  line; 
cones  8  to  25  cm.  long. 
Tree  low,  with  a  heavy  trunk  and  large  top;  cones  not  stalked,  spreaaing, 
7  to  20  cm.  long,  only  about  twice  as  long  as  thick;  leaves  3.5  to  7  cm.  long. 

4.  P.  flexilis. 
Tree  very  tall  and  slender,  with  a  small  top;  cones  distinctly  stalked,  drooping^ 
15  to  25  cm.  long,  several  times  as  long  as  thick;  leaves  5  to  10  cm.  long. 

5.  P.  monticola. 

1.  Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl.  Western  yellow  pine.  A  few  scattered  trees  about 
Lake  McDonald;  forming  stands  along  the  North  Fork  of  the  Flathead  at  low  eleva- 
tions. B.  C.  to  S.  Dak.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mex.  (P.  scopulorum  Lemmon.) — Large 
tree  with  tall  heavy  trunk  covered  with  large  reddish  scales,  the  crown  usually 
large  but  narrow;  cones  spreading. 


274  CONTKIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   jSTATIOlSrAL,   HERBARIUM. 

The  yellow  pine  is  one  of  the  common  trees  of  the  Rockies,  and  its  scarcity  about 
Glacier  Park  is  due  only  to  the  high  elevation  of  most  of  the  country.  It  is  one  of 
the  important  Iximber  trees  of  the  West. 

2.  Pinus  contorta  murrayana  (Balf.)  Engelm.  Lodgepole  pine.  Very  abundant 
on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes  and  frequent  at  middle  elevations;  less  common 
on  the  west  slope,  but  widely  distributed.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Sask. 
(P.  murrayana  Balf.) — Small  or  large  tree,  the  trunk  covered  with  reddish  brown 
scales,  the  top  broad  or  narrow. 

At  low  altitudes  on  the  east  slope  this  often  forms  dense  pure  stands,  but  at  higher 
altitudes,  and  everywhere  on  the  west  slope,  the  trees  are  mixed  with  spruce,  fir, 
and  Douglas  fir.  The  seedlings  soon  spring  up  abundantly  in  burnt-over  areas,  and 
the  species  is  therefore  a  valuable  means  of  reforestation.  Lodgepole  pine,  however, 
has  few  attractive  characteristics,  and  often  seems  more  like  a  weed  than  a  forest 
tree.  No  one  who  attempts  to  cross  one  of  the  slopes  which  are  covered  with  fallen 
logs  and  a  thick  stand  of  the  young  trees  will  ever  afterward  be  able  to  see  anything 
attractive  about  this  pine.  One  striking  feature  of  the  tree  is  found  in  the  fact  that 
the  cones  persist  upon  the  branches  for  a  long  time,  even  after  the  trees  are  dead. 
In  heavy  timber  the  trunks  are  very  tall  and  slender,  and  in  the  wind  they  sway  in 
an  alarming  fashion.  Indeed,  the  trees  often  do  fall  over  and  lodge  against  other 
trees,  and  it  is  this  fact  that  has  suggested  the  name  "lodgepole." 

3.  Pinus  albicaulis  Engelm.  Whitebark  pine.  Plate  38,  A.  Common  about 
timber  line,  associated  with  alpine  fir.  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Wyo.  {Apinus 
albicaulis  Rydb.) — Low  tree  or  more  often  a  shrub,  the  branches  often  prostrate 
upon  the  ground;  bark  only  slightly  fissured  or  smooth;  cones  purplish,  not  stalked, 
remaining  closed  when  mature. 

The  species  is  confined  to  a  narrow  belt  about  timber  line. 

4.  Pinus  flexilis  James.  Limber  pine.  Occasional  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  usually 
on  exposed  slopes  or  mountain  tops.  Alta.  to  Calif,  and  Tex.  {Apinus  flexilis 
Rydb.) — Heavy  tree,  usually  ]  J  to  15  meters  high,  with  rough  bark. 

In  some  localities  the  limber  pine  forms  small  groves,  but  usually  it  is  associated 
with  other  trees.  Some  very  large  trees  grow  about  Granite  Park.  In  exposed  places 
the  trees  are  often  lopsided,  and  frequently  the  trunks  are  deformed.  On  the  slopes 
above  Many  Glacier  Chalets  there  are  numerous  dwarfed  and  gnarled  individuals 
that  suggest  the  trees  which  are  artificially  dwarfed  by  Japanese  gardeners.  About 
Sun  Camp  the  limber  pine  grows  with  the  lodgepole  pine,  and  one  scarcely  recognizes 
that  there  are  two  species  until  the  number  of  leaves  in  a  cluster  is  noticed.  This 
tree  is  often  known  in  the  West  as  white  pine. 

6.  Pinus  monticola  Dougl.  Western  white  pine.  Common  on  the  west  slope 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  mixed  with  other  trees.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. 
(Strobus  monticola  Rydb.) — Trunk  often  30  meters  high,  covered  with  brown  or 
grayish  purple  bark  broken  into  small  blocks;  crown  short  and  narrow;  leaves 
bluish  green . 

This  is  by  far  the  finest  pine  of  the  park,  and  the  clean,  slender,  symmetric  trunks 
have  a  very  attractive  appearance.  The  handsome  cones  are  abundant  on  the 
ground  along  the  trails,  and  often  appear  to  be  strangely  out  of  place,  for  the  tops  of 
the  trees  are  so  high  above  one's  head  that  they  are  not  noticed.  The  tree  reaches 
the  eastern  limit  of  its  range  in  Glacier  Park. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  275 

2.  LABEC  Adaus.     Larch. 

Large  or  small  trees  with  rough  bark;  leaves  resembling  those  of  pines,  but  shorter, 
3oft,  and  deciduous;    cones  short-stalked  or  sessile;    seeds  winged. 

Branchlets  glabrous  or  nearly  so 1.  L.  occidentalis. 

Branchlets  very  hairy 2.  L.  lyallii. 

1.  Larix  occidentalis  Nutt.  Western  larch.  Abundant  on  the  west  slope,  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Mont. — Large  tree,  often  30  meters 
high  or  more;  bark  bright  reddish  brown,  deeply  furrowed  at  the  base  of  the  trunk, 
but  only  slightly  furrowed  above;   leaves  3  to  5  cm.  long;  cones  3  to  4  cm.  long. 

Often  known  as  tamarack.  Western  larch  appears  to  be  absent  on  the  east  slope, 
but  soon  after  crossing  the  pass,  along  the  railroad,  it  becomes  a  conspicuous  feature 
of  the  lansdcape.  About  Bel  ton  it  is  the  most  abundant  tree,  and  it  is  common  all 
about  Lake  McDonald  and  well  up  toward  Sperry  Chalets.  It  reproduces  abund- 
antly, and  in  many  places  the  young  trees  form  dense,  almost  impenetrable 
thickets.  The  leaves  turn  bright  yellow  in  late  summer.  The  wood  is  valuable  for 
lumber.    The  species  reaches  the  eastern  limit  of  its  range  in  Glacier  Park. 

2.  Larix  lyallii  Pari.  Alpine  larch.  Said  to  grow  in  a  few  places  about  timber 
line,  but  not  seen  by  the  writer.  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Mont. — A  small,  often 
stunted  tree,  with  slightly  furrowed  bark;  leaves  3  to  4  cm.  long;  cones  4  to  5  cm. 
long. 

3.  PICE  A  Link.    Spruce. 

Large  trees  with  dark  rough  bark  and  narrow  crowns;  leaves  pointing  in  all  direc- 
tions, stiff;  cones  maturing  the  first  season,  the  scales  thin;  seeds  with  thin  wings. 

Twigs  glabrous 1.  P.  canadensis. 

Twigs  finely  hairy 2.  P.  engelmanni. 

1.  Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P.  White  spruce.  Frequent  at  middle  alti- 
tudes. Alaska  to  Lab.,  N.  C,  Wis.,  Wyo.,  and  B.  C. — Tree  10  to  20  meters  high, 
with  dark  scaly  bark;  leaves  bluish  green,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  curved;  cones  3  to  5 
cm.  long,  the  scales  entire  or  finely  toothed. 

2.  Picea  engelmanni  (Parry)  Engelm.  Engelmann  spruce.  Common,  especially 
on  the  east  slope,  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Yukon  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. — 
Large  tree,  often  25  to  30  meters  high,  with  a  narrow  pyramidal  crown  composed  of 
short  branches;  bark  dark  purplish  brown,  with  small  loose  scales;  leaves  2  to  3  cm. 
long,  bluish  green;   cones  3  to  6  cm.  long. 

Engelmann  spruce  is  usually  associated  with  fir  and  Douglas  fir,  but  occasionally 
it  forms  almost  pure  stands.     It  is  a  very  handsome  tree. 

4.  ABIES  Hill.     Fir. 

Large  or  small  trees;  leaves  lea^'ing  rounded  scars  on  the  twigs,  each  leaf  with  2 
longitudinal  resin  ducts  and  a  solitary  fibro-vascular  bundle;  cones  maturing  the 
first  year;  seeds  winged. — The  trees  of  this  genus  are  often  known  as  balsam  firs. 

Leaves  of  the  lowest  branches  arranged  in  2  rows  (on  two  sides  of  the  twigs),  usually 
notched  at  the  end;  resin  ducts  of  the  leaves  (as  seen  in  cross  section)  close  to 

the  epidermis  on  the  lower  side 1.  A.  grandis. 

Leaves  more  or  less  crowded  on  the  upper  sides  of  the  twigs,  not  notched  at  the  end ; 
resin  ducts  within  the  soft  tissue  of  the  leaf,  remote  from  the  epidennis. 

2.  A.  lasiocarpa. 
1.  Abies  grandis  Lindl.     Great  silver  fir.     Occasional  on  the  west  slope  at  low 
altitudes.     B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — Large  tree,  often  50  to  75  meters  high; 
twigs  finely  hairy  or  glabrous;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  beneath;' 
cones  5  to  10  cm.  long. 
2048—21 4 


276  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

2.  Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Alpine  fir.  Common  about  timber  line,  and 
on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes;  infrequent  on  the  west  slope.  Alaska  to  Oreg., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Tree,  often  30  meters  high,  at  timber  line  stunted  and  usually 
a  shrub,  often  with  long  prostrate  branches;  trunk  short,  the  crown  (at  low  altitudes) 
long,  narrow,  and  pointed;  leaves  blue-green,  2.5  to  4  cm.  long;  cones  5  to  10  cm* 
long,  purplish. 

Associated  on  the  east  slope  with  spruces  and  Douglas  fir.  The  firs  are  easily 
recognized  in  the  heavy  timber  by  their  smooth,  pale  bark,  all  our  other  evergi-een 
trees  (except  whitebark  pine)  having  rough,  dark  bark. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  resin  for  incense  in  their  ceremonials,  for  perfume, 
for  poultices  in  the  treatment  of  fevers  and  colds,  and,  when  mixed  with  grease,  as 
hair  oil. 

5.  PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr. 

1.  Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw.  Douglas  tir.  Common  in  the  forested 
areas  of  both  slopes,  nearly  throughout  the  timber  belt.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Mex. 
(P.  taxifolia  Britton.) — A  large  tree  with  heavy  trunk  covered  with  deeply  furrowed, 
dark  brown  bark;  crown  pyramidal  and  sharp-pointed  or  sometimes  broad  and 
rounded;  lower  branches  often  drooping  and  with  long  pendent  side  branches;  cones 
maturing  the  first  year. 

Sometinaes  known  as  red  fir  or  Douglas  spruce.  Excepting  only  the  giant  sequoias 
of  California,  this  is  the  largest  tree  of  the  United  States,  but  in  Glacier  Park  the 
trees  do  not  attain  the  size  of  those  which  grow  in  the  humid  regions  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  In  some  places  within  the  park  there  are  large  trees,  especially  about  St. 
Mary,  where  there  are  dense  stands.  Near  timber  line  Douglas  fir  is  often  stunted  and 
shrubby,  but  these  low  shrubs  are  sometimes  loaded  with  cones.  A  striking  feature 
of  this  tree  is  its  habit  of  bearing  cones  on  the  lower  as  well  as  on  the  upper  branches ; 
in  the  firs  and  spruces  the  cones  are  borne  only  near  the  top  of  the  tree.  Very  young 
plants  at  low  altitudes  sometimes  bear  cones.  In  late  summer  cones  cut  from  the 
trees  by  squirrels  are  plentiful  on  the  ground. 

6.  TSUGA  Carr. 

1.  Tsuga  heterophylla  (Raf.)  Sarg.  Western  hemlock.  Abundant  on  the  west 
slope  at  low  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Large  tree  with  gradually  tapering 
trunk,  covered  with  dark  brown,  somewhat  reddish,  ridged  bark;  crown  usually 
narrow  and  pointed,  the  branches  with  slender  drooping  branchlets;  leaves  soft, 
apparently  2-ranked ;  cones  maturing  the  first  year. 

The  tree  reaches  the  eastern  limit  of  its  range  here.  It  grows  mixed  with  giant 
cedar,  white  pine,  Douglas  fir,  and  larch.  Seedlings  are  abundant  in  the  heavy 
forest  and  often  form  dense  underbrush  in  association  with  the  yew. 

7.  THUJA  L. 

1.  Thuja  plicata  Don.  Giant  cedar.  Abundant  on  the  west  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes about  Lake  McDonald;  isolated  trees  are  said  to  occur  on  the  east  slope,  and 
the  writer  found  seedlings  near  Sun  Camp.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Large  tree, 
sometimes  50  meters  high;  bark  reddish  brown,  shallowly  furrowed,  easily  separating 
into  long  shreds;  lower  branches  drooping;  leaves  scalelike,  4-ranked,  about  3  mm. 
long;  cones  about  12  mm.  long. 

The  dense  stands  of  giant  cedar  at  the  head  of  Lake  McDonald  are  one  of  the  finest 

sights  of  the  park.     The  graceful  branches  suggest  the  fronds  of  some  giant  fern. 

On  young  trees  and  on  the  smaller  branches  the  bark  is  quite  smooth.     Small  saplings 

often  bear  cones.     Giant  cedar  is  sometimes  known  as  arbor- vitae;  the  cultivated 

*  arbor- vitae  is  a  closely  related  species  of  eastern  North  America. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  277 

8.  JUNIPERUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  scalelike  or  awl-shaped,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3;  pistillate 
and  staminate  flowers  home  on  the  same  or  separate  plants;  cones  berry -like,  with 
resinous  flesh. 

Plants  trees  or  large  erect  shrubs.     Leaves  .scalelike,  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

1.  J.  scopulorum. 
Plants  low,  spreading  or  creeping  shrubs. 

Leaves  scalelike,  1  to  1.5  mm.  long,  opposite,  appressed  to  the  branchlets. 

2.  J.  horizontalis. 
Leaves  awl-shaped,  5  to  10  mm.  long,  in  whorls  of  3,  spreading  .  .  3.  J.  sibirica. 

1.  Juniperus  scopulorum  Sarg.  Western  red  cedar.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes 
on  the  west  slope,  in  rocky  places.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.  {Sabina 
scopulonim  Rydb.)— Small  tree  or  shrub,  with  fissured  brown  bark  and  rounded  or 
pointed  crown;  leaves  opposite;  fruit  dark  blue. 

Small  ti"ees  grow  along  the  river  at  Belton. 

2.  Juniperus  horizontalis  Moench.  Creeping  cedar.  Common  on  the  east  slope 
in  open  places  up  to  timber  line  or  even  above.  B.  C.  to  Wyo.,  Minn.,  N.  Y.,  and 
X.  S.  {Sabina  horizontalis  Rydb.)— Prostrate  shrub,  often  forming  great  mats; 
leaves  .green  or  bluish;   fruit  dark  blue,  1  to  3-seeded. 

This  species  is  most  abundant  at  low  altitudes;  at  St.  Mary  it  forms  great  carpets 
over  the  flats,  the  branches  usually  lying  close  against  the  ground.  On  shale  slopes 
of  a  canyon  near  the  east  entrance  two  forms  of  this  plant  were  observed,  one  with 
bright  green  leaves,  the  other  with  bluish  leaves.  At  a  short  distance  the  difference 
in  color  was  very  striking. 

3.  Juniperus  sibirica  Burgsd.  Ground  juniper.  Common  in  woods  or  on  open 
slopes  up  to,  and  sometimes  above,  timber  line;  most  abundant  on  the  east  slope- 
Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Y.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Asia. — Prostrate  or  spreading  shrub,  some, 
times  a  meter  high,  usually  forming  broad  clumps  or  carpets;  leaves  sharp-pointed, 
twisted  at  the  base,  white  on  the  upper  surface;   fruit  pale  blue,  1  to  3-seeded. 

Perhaps  only  a  form  of  /.  communis  L.  On  exposed  slopes,  at  either  high  or  low 
elevations,  the  plants  are  often  prostrate,  and  form  extensive  slippery  mats  over 
which  it  is  difficult  to  climb.     Groimd  juniper  frequently  grows  with  creeping  cedar. 

8.  TYPHACEAE.     Cat-tail  Family. 

1.  TYPHA  L. 

1.  Typha  latifolia  L.  Cat-tail  In  small  ponds  or  pools  about  the  east  entrance. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  in  the  Old  World. — Plants  perennial,  usually 
about  a  meter  high;  leaves  linear,  5  to  25  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  spongy;  flowers  small, 
consisting  of  stamens  and  a  pistil  surrounded  by  bristles,  crowded  in  a  very  dense, 
cylindric  spike;  staminate  flowers  borne  in  the  upper  part  of  the  spike,  the  dark 
brown  pistillate  flowers  in  the  lower  part. 

9.  SPARGANIACEAE.     Bur-reed  Family. 

1.  SPARGANTCTM  L.     Bur-reed. 

Glabrous  perennial  aquatic  plants  with  rootstocks;  leaves  linear;  flowers  green,  in 
dense  spheric  heads,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  ones  in  separate  heads;  fruit  nutlike, 
containing  1  or  2  seeds. 

Leaves  mostly  5  to  10  mm.  wide;    fruit  heads  about  2  cm  wide;    fruit  gradually 

tapering  into  a  beak 1.  S.  multipedunculatum. 

Leaves  3  to  4  mm.  wide;  heads  about  1.5  cm.  wide;   fruit  abruptly  beaked. 

2.  S.  angustifolium. 


278  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

1.  Sparganium  multipedunculatum  (Morong)  Rydb.  Occasional  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  about  ponds.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Ont. — Leaves  20  to  50  cm.  long; 
fruit  heads  2  to  6,  the  lower  ones  stalked. 

2.  Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
lakes,  ponds,  or  slow-flowing  streams.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  Newf. — 
Plants  slender,  the  leaves  usually  floating,  30  to  60  cm.  long;  fruit  heads  2  to  4, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  one  stalked. 

10.  POTAMOGETONACEAE.     Pondweed  Family. 

Aquatic  perennials  with  slender,  usually  branched  stems;  leaves  broad  or  narrow; 
flowers  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  clusters  or  spikes;  petals  and  sepals  none;  fruit 
a  small  achene  or  drupelet. 

Leaves  opposite;   flowers  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;   fruit  with  a  long  slender  beak. 

1.  ZANNICHELLIA. 
Leaves  alternate;  flowers  in  spikes;  fruit  with  a  very  short  beak. 

2.  POTAMOGETON. 
1.  ZANNICHELLIA  L. 

1.  Zaunichellia  palustris  L.  Horned  pondweed.  Collected  in  pools  at  east 
entrance  by  Umbach.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  the  Old  World. — Stems 
very  slender,  submerged;  leaves  threadlike,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  0.5  mm.  wide  or  less, 
1-nerv^ed;  fruit  2  to  6  mm.  long. 

2.  POTAMOGETON  L.     Pondweed. 

Leaves  often  of  two  kinds,  some  floating  and  some  submerged,  with  stipules. — It 
is  probable  that  several  other  species  besides  those  listed  below  occur  in  the  park, 
for  the  writer  was  unable  to  make  very  extensive  collections.  The  water  in  many 
of  the  lakes  appears  to  be  too  cold  for  the  growth  of  the  plants,  but  they  are  plentiful 
in  Lake  McDonald  and  St.  Mary  Lake. 
Plants  with  both  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

Floating  leaves  mostly  1.5  to  4  cm.  long 1.  P.  heterophylltis. 

Floating  leaves  mostly  5  to  12  cm.  long. 

Submerged  leaves  without  blades 2.  P.  natans. 

Submerged  leaves  with  large  blades 3.  P.  amplifolius. 

Plants  -nith  submerged  leaves  only. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  many-nerved,  8  to  30  mm.  wide. 

Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  not  clasping 4.  P.  lucens. 

Leaves  clasping 5.  P.  richardsonii. 

Leaves  linear  or  threadlike,  few-nerved,  3  mm.  wide  or  less. 
Stipules  free  from  the  petioles  and  blades. 

Leaves  with  2  glands  at  the  base,  1  to  1.5  mm.  wide 6.  P.  pusillus. 

Leaves  without  glands,  2  to  4  mm.  wide 7.  P.  compressus. 

Stipules  united  with  the  bases  of  the  leaves. 

Leaves  linear,  about  1  mm.  wide 8.  P.  interior. 

Leaves  threadlike,  0.5  mm.  wide  or  less 9.  P.  pectinatus. 

1.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Fish  Lake.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Fla.,  and  Lab.; 
also  in  Eur. — Floating  leaves  oval,  green,  9  to  19-nerved;  submerged  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  2  to  12  mm.  wide. 

2.  Potamogeton  natans  L.  Small  pond  along  trail  to  Avalanche  Lake.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Floating  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  5  to  10  cm. 
long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  usually  subcordate  at  base,  thick,  21  to  29-nerved. 

3.  Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.  Fish  Lake.  B.  C.  to  N.  B.  and  Ga. — 
Floating  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  usually  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  6  to  15 
cm.  long;  submerged  leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  ruffled,  thin. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  279 

The  plants  are  abundant  in  Fish  Lake,  in  shallow  or  deep  water,  and  some  of  the 
stems  must  be  several  meters  long. 

4.  Potamogeton  lucens  L.  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott;  pools  at 
St.  Mary.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  Eur.^ — Plants  reddish  or  brownish; 
leaves  6  to  15  cm.  long,  1  to  4  cm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  thin. 

6.  Potamogeton  richardsonii  (A.  Benn.)  Rydb.  Pond  near  east  entrance, 
Umhach.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  Del.,  and  N.  Y. — Leaves  lanceolate,  5  to  10  cm. 
long,  acute  or  acuminate,  13  to  23-nerved,  thin. 

6.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  Eur. — Stems  very  slender;  leaves  2  to  10  cm.  long, 
1  or  3-nerved. 

7.  Potamogeton  compressus  L.  Fish  Lake.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  B.; 
also  in  Eur. — Stems  slender,  flattened;  leaves  thin,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  3-nerved. 

8.  Potamogeton  interior  Rydb.  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott, 
Mont,  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ont. — Stems  slender,  much  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves 
3  to  15  cm.  long,  1-nerved. 

9.  Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  Ponds  at  east  entrance,  Umhach.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  N.  Amer.  and  Eur. — Stems  much  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  3  to  15 
cm.  long,  very  slender. 

11.  SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.     Scheuchzeria  Family. 

1.  SCHEUCHZERIA  L. 

1.  Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  In  sphagnum  bogs  at  Jolxns  and  Ksh  lakes,  and 
probably  elsewhere  on  the  west  slope.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia. — Glabrous  perennial,  10  to  25  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  10  to  30  cm. 
long;  flowers  white,  the  6  segments  about  3  mm.  long;  stamens  6;  fruit  of  3  to  6 
spreading  pods  about  5  mm.  long. 

12.  ALISMACEAE.     Waterplantain  Family. 

Glabrous  perennials  with  naked  stems;  leaves  long-petioled,  parallel-veined  but 
with  numerous  cross  veins;  flowers  white,  long-stalked,  whorl ed,  in  racemes  or 
panicles;  petals  3;  fruit  of  numerous  achenes. 

Leaves  arrow-shaped,  with  sharp  lobes  at  the  base;  achenes  in  several  series  on  a 

convex  receptacle     1.    SAGITTARIA. 

Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  never  with  lobes;  achenes  in  a  ring  on  a  flat  receptacle. 

2.  ALISMA. 
1.  SAGITTARIA  L. 

1.  Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheld.  Arrowhead.  Low  places  on  prairie  at  east  entrance. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  Dak.,  Conn.,  and  Me.— Plants  20  to  40  cm.  high,  with 
spongy  stems  and  petioles;  leaves  6  to  15  cm.  long,  with  2  long  basal  lobes;  flowers 
in  racemes,  the  lower  ones  pistillate,  the  upper  ones  staminate;  petals  about  1  cm. 
long;  fruit  heads  1  to  1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  achenes  with  a  short  beak. 

2.  ALISMA  L. 

1.  Alisma  brevipes  Greene.  Waterplantain.  Low  places  on  prairie  at  east 
entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  Dak.,  and  N.  S.— Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high; 
leaves  5  to  15  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base;  petals  5  to 
6  mm.  long;  fruit  heads  5  to  7  mm.  broad. 

This  may  be  the  same  as  the  Old  W'orld  A.  plantago-aquatica  L.  The  common 
plant  of  eastern  North  America  is  a  distinct  species. 


280  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

13.  POACEAE.     Grass  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  round  or  flattened,  jointed  stems  (culms),  closed 
at  the  nodes  and  hollow  between  them;  leaves  parallel-veined,  2-ranked,  consisting 
of  a  sheath,  enveloping  the  culm  like  a  split  tube,  and  a  blade,  usually  linear;  flowers 
minute,  arranged  in  spikelets,  these  consisting  of  a  series  of  2-ranked  bracts,  the 
lower  pair  {glumes)  empty,  the  others  (lemmas)  bearing  the  minute  flowers  surrounded 
by  a  second  2-nerved  bract  (palca)  in  their  axils  (lemma,  palea,  and  flower  termed 
the  floret);  spikelets  with  1  to  many  florets,  borne  in  spikes  or  panicles. — The  lemmas 
are  variously  modified.  They  may  contain  no  flower  (lieing  ster'ile)  or  may  be  greatly 
reduced.  The  palea,  also,  is  sometimes  reduced  or  obsolete.  The  cultivated  grains — 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and  corn,  as  well  as  bluegrass  and  timothy^ — belong  to  this 
family. 

Spikelets  ovate,  blunt,  nearly  sessile,  subtended  by  bristles,  borne  in  a  compact 

epikelike  panicle 1.  CHAETOCHLOA. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  compressed,  not  subtended  by  bristles.     (In  the  barlej^-grasses 

the  bristles  are  the  glumes,  that  is,  part  of  the  spikelet  itself.) 

Spikelets  absolutely  sessile  on  the  axis,  forming  spikes  (the  rudimentary  spikelets 

in  Hordeum  pedicellate,  but  the  central  fertile  spikelet  sessile). 

Spikes  several,  racemose  on  a  main  axis  and  appressed  to  it;  spikelets  small,  flat, 

somewliat  heart-shaped,  bome  on  one  side  of  the  axis;  sheaths  not  auricled. 

17.  BECKMANNIA. 

Spikes  solitary;  spikelets  bome  on  opposite  sides  of  the  axis,  they,  or  their  parts, 

pointed  or  awned;   sheaths  with  a  pair  of  spreading  auricles  at  the  summit. 

Axis  disjointing  with  the  spikelets  attached;    spikelets  bome  3  together,  the 

central  one  1-flowered,  fertile,  the  lateral  ones  reduced  to  awns,  pedicellate. 

28.  HORDETJM. 
Axis  not  disjointing;    spikelets  3  to  8-flowered,  all  sessile. 

Spikelets  bome  2  or  3  together  (or  the  upper  and  lower  ones  of  the  spike 

sometimes  solitary) 29.  ELYMUS. 

Spikelets  borne  singly. 

Plants  annual;  glumes  ovate 27.  TEITICUM. 

Plants  perennial;    glumes  narrowly  lanceolate  or  subulate. 

26.  AGROPYRON. 
Spikelets  on  long  or  short  pedicels,  often  in  spikelike  panicles  but  never  in  one- 
sided spikes  or  on  opposite  sides  of  the  main  axis. 
Fertile  floret  with  a  pair  of  sterile  or  rudimentary  florets  below  and  falling  with  it. 
Panicle  contracted,  dense;    sterile  florets  reduced  to  minute  obscure  lemmas; 

plant  odorless 2.  PHALARIS. 

Panicle  open;  sterile  florets  as  large  as  the  fertile  one;  plant  strongly  fragrant. 

3.  TORRESIA. 
Fertile  florets  with  no  sterile  florets  below  them,  sometimes  with  sterile  florets 
above. 
Spikelets  1-flowered. 
Lemma  indurate,  the  nerves  obscure,  awned  from  the  tip,  the  awn  much 
longer  than  the  body. 
Awn  twisted;  base  of  floret  sharp-pointed;  flowering  culms  erect,  leafy. 

4.  STIPA. 
Awn  not  twisted;  base  of  floret  blunt;  flowering  culms  decumbent,  naked, 
the  sheaths  bladeless,  the  sterile  shoots  erect,  with  long  blades. 

5.  ORYZOPSIS. 
Lemma  membranaceous,  awnleas  or  minutely  awn-tipped  or  awned  from  the 
back. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  281 

Panicles  cylindric  or  nearly  so,  dei^se,  spikelike.     Glumes  exceeding  the 
florets. 
Glumes  awn-tipped,  stiffly  ciliate  on  the  keel;    panicle  harsh  to  the 

touch     7.  PHLEUM. 

Glumes  not  awn-tipped,   silky-ciliate  on  the  keel;    panicle  soft  and 

silky  to  the  touch 8.  ALOPECURUS. 

Panicles  open  or  contracted,  but  not  subcylindric. 
Glumes  shorter  than  the  floret.     Panicle  very  slender,  contracted ;  plants 

low  and  wiry 6.  MITHLENBERGIA. 

Glumes  as  long  as  the  floret  or  exceeding  it. 

Spikelets  falling  entire;    panicle  open,   drooping.     Florets  without 

silky  hairs  at  base 9.  CINNA. 

Spikelets  not  falling  entire,  the  florets  falling  from  the  persistent  glumes. 
Florets  without  silky  hairs  at  base  or  with  very  obscure  ones. 

10.  AGROSTIS. 
Florets  with  copious  silky  hairs  at  base;    lemmas  awned  from  the 

back 11.  CALAMAGROSTIS. 

Spikelets  2  to  many-flowered. 
Glumes  equaling  or  exceeding  all  the  florets;   lemmas  awned  from  the  back 
or  from  l)etween  the  teeth  of  the  prominently  2-toothed  apex  (the  awn 
often  obsolete  in  Trisetum  wolfii). 
Spikelets  not  over  8  mm.  long;  awn  delicate. 
Lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  dentate  at  the  broad  summit  .  12.  AIRA. 
Lemmas  keeled  on  the  back,  the  apex  acute,  2-toothed . 

13.  TRISETUM. 
Spikelets  12  mm.  or  more  long;  awns  stouter. 

Spikelets  about  3  cm.  long;  lemmas  over  12  mm.  long,  awned  from  the 

back,  the  awn  not  flattened 15.  AVENA. 

Spikelets  mostly  12  to  15  mm.  long;  lemmas  not  over  8  mm.  long,  awned 
from  between  two  long  teeth,  the  awn  flattened  and  twisted  below. 

16.  DANTHONIA. 
Glumes  not  exceeding  the  lowest  floret;  lemmas  awnless  or  awned  from  the 
apex  or  from  just  below  it. 
Lemmas  broad  at  the  summit,  the  nerves  not  converging  at  the  apex, 
Spikelets  2-flowered;  lemmas  prominently  3-nerved. 

18.  CATABROSA. 
Spikelets  4  to  8-flowered;  lemmas  5  to  7-nerved. 

Lemmas  indistinctly  nerved 23.  PUCCINELLIA. 

Lemmas  very  strongly  nerved 22.  PANICTJLARIA. 

Lemmas  acute,  pointed  or  awned,  the  nerves  converging  toward  the  apex, 
liemmas  keeled  on  the  back,  awnless. 
Spikelets  10  to  15  mm.  long;  lemmas  firm,  finely  and  obscurely  many- 
nerved;  plants  dioecious 20.  DISTICHLIS. 

Spikelets   mostly   less   than   8   mm.    long;  lemmas   membranaceous, 
5-nerv'ed;  spikelets  perfect. 
Second   glume  noticeably  larger  than   the   first;  culm   pubescent 
below  the  panicle;  blades  not  boat-shaped  at -the  tip. 

14.  KOELERIA; 
Second  glume  scarcely  larger  than  the  first;  culm  not  pubescent. 

blades  boat-shaped  at  the  tip     21.  POA. 

Lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  or  slightly  keeled  toward  the  summit 
only,  awned  or  awnless. 


282  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

Glumes  papery;  lemmae  firm,  Bcarious-margined ;  upper  florets  sterile, 
folded   together,   forming  a  club-sliaped   rudiment  behind   the 

uppermost  palea 19,  MELICA. 

Glumes  not  papery;  upper  florets  similar  to  the  others. 

Lemmas  entire,  awned  from  the  tip  or  pointed  .  .  24.  FESTUCA. 
Lemmas  awned  or  awn-tipped  from  a  minutely  2-toothed  apex. 

25.  BROMUS. 
1.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn. 

1.  Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.  Green  foxtail.  Dry  gravel  bank,  Belton, 
only  one  or  two  plants  seen.  Native  of  Eur.;  natumlized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants 
annual,  30  to  50  cm.  tall,  with  flat  blades  about  1  cm.  wide  and  a  single  dense  green 
bristly  head  3  to  10  cm.  long. 

2.  PHALARIS  L.     Canary  grass. 

1.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  East  entrance,  in  wet  soil.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  N.  J., 
and  N.  S.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Plants  perennial,  with  running  rootstocks,  pale 
green,  1  meter  or  more  tall,  the  culms  simple,  with  drooping  blades  1  to  2  cm.  broad, 
and  a  pale  dense  narrow  panicle  8  to  15  cm.  long;  spikelets  flattened,  the  glumes 
keeled  and  abruptly  pointed,  the  hard,  shining,  flat,  minutely  pubescent  fruits 
readily  shelling  out. 

3.  TORRESIA  Ruiz  &  Pav. 

1.  Torresia  odorata  (L.)  Hitchc.  Vanilla  grass.  Meadows  about  the  east 
entrance,  and  doubtless  elsewhere.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia.  (Hkrochloa  odorata  Wahl.;  Savaslana  odorata  Scribn.)- — Plants 
perennial,  with  brownish  rootstocks,  growing  in  small  colonies,  the  simple  culms 
30  to  50  cm.  tall,  with  soft  flat  blades  and  an  open  panicle  5  to  8  cm.  long  -with 
spreading  or  drooping  branches  and  broad,  shining,  pale  bronze  spikelets. 

Known  also  as  holy  grass,  Seneca  grass,  and  sweetgrass.  The  entire  plant  is 
fragrant,  even  when  dry.  The  fragrant  grass  baskets  woven  by  the  Indians  are 
made  from  this  species.  The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  grass  as  incense  in  some 
of  their  ceremonials,  and  a  decoction  of  it  was  employed  as  a  hair  tonic.  The 
Sweetgrass  Hills,  which  lie  east  of  the  park,  derive  their  name  from  the  plant. 

4,  STIPA  L.    Porcupine  grass. 

Erect  perennial  bunchgrasses  with  simple  culms,  narrow  blades,  and  terminal 
panicles;  glumes  thin;  longer  than  the  body  of  the  terete  (nearly  cylindric)  floret; 
awn  3  to  5  times  as  long  as  the  body,  twice  bent. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping 1,  S.  richardsonii. 

Panicle  narrow,  the  short  branches  erect. 

Sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat 2.  S.  viridula. 

Sheaths  not  hairy  at  the  throat 3.  S.  nelsonii. 

1,  Stipa  richardsonii  Liuk.  At  St.  Mary  Lake  and  doubtless  elsewhere  at  low 
altitudes.  Alta.  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak. — Leaves  involute,  rough,  10  to  15  cm.  long, 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  slender,  nearly  naked  culms;  panicles  10  to  20  cm.  long, 
the  long  capillary  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  with  bronze-purple  spikelets  on  capillary 
pedicels  borne  toward  the  ends. 

2,  Stipa  viridula  Trin.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  cliffs  or 
open  slopes,  Mont,  to  Utah,  Kans.,  and  Sask. — Plants  0.6  to  1  meter  tall,  leafj' 
throughout,  the  blades  rough,  more  or  less  involute,  20  to  40  cm.  long;  panicle  pale 
and  shining,  15  to  30  cm.  long,  about  2  cm.  wide,  rather  densely  flowered;  glumes 
8  to  10  mm.  long;  body  of  the  floret  usually  5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  awn  3  to  4  cm.  long. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  283 

3.  Stipa  nelsonii  Scribn.  Reported  from  Blackfoot  Glacier.  Alta.  to  Utah, 
Colo.,  and  Sask. — Closely  related  to  S.  viridula,  on  the  average  taller,  with  emooth,. 
slightly  broader  blades,  and  slightly  larger  spikelets. 

5,  ORYZOPSIS  Michx.     Mountain  rice. 

1.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  Belton,  in  thin  woods  or  on  rocky  slopes.  B.  C. 
to  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  N.  S.— Perennial  with  erect  sterile  shoots  bearing  elongate  flat 
rough  blades  5  to  10  mm.  wide,  and  nearly  naked,  inconspicuous,  simple  flowering 
culms  20  to  30  cm.  long,  nearly  prostrate  on  the  ground;  panicle  narrow;  spikelets 
Ijlump,  the  awn  about  12  mm.  long,  readily  falling  from  the  body  of  the  floret. 

In  habit  the  plants  resemble  species  of  Carex. 

6,  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb. 

1.  Muhlenbergia  squarrosa  (Trin.)  Rydb.  On  prairie  at  east  entrance,  especially 
in  low  alkaline  places  about  ponds.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Plants  tufted 
and  producing  running  rootstocks;  culms  15  to  20  cm.  tall,  wiry,  the  blades  short 
and  spreading;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  lemma  tipped  with  a  minute  awn. 

7.  PHLEUM  L. 
Perennials  with  simple  erect  culms,  flat  blades,  and  compact  spikelike  panicles. 

Panicles  cylindric,  mostly  more  than  5  cm.  long;  culms  swollen  at  base. 

1.  A.  pratense. 
Panicles  ovate-cylindric,  rarely  over  3  cm.  long;   culms  not  swollen  at  base. 

2.  A.  alpinum. 

1.  Phleum  pratense  L.  Timothy.  Common  at  low  altitudes  and  in  many  places 
abundant,  in  woods  and  on  open  slopes;  often  found  high  up  along  the  trails.  Native 
of  Eur.;  cultivated  and  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Culms  30  to  80  cm.  tall;  panicles 
commonly  8  to  10  cm.  long,  5  to  7  mm.  thick. 

2.  Phleum  alpinum  L.  Mountain  timothy.  Common  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows;  sometimes  in  wet  places  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex., 
N.  H.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Culms  15  to  30  cm.  tall;  panicles  commonly 
2.5  to  3  cm.  long,  10  to  12  mm.  thick  in  the  middle. 

The  most  common  grass  of  alpine  meadows. 

8.  ALOPECURTJS  L.     Marsh  foxtail. 

Weak-stemmed  perennials,  growing  in  moist  ground;  culms  simple;  blades  flat, 
lax;  panicle  very  dense;  spikelets  falling  entire. 

Panicle  2  to  4  mm.  thick 1.  A.  aristulatus. 

Panicle  7  to  9  mm.  thick 2.  A.  alpinus. 

1.  Alopecunis  aristulatus  Michx.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  boggy  meadows 
and  about  ponds.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Pa.,  and  Me. — Plants  commonly  in  tufts;  culms 
15  to  25  cm.  long,  decumbent  at  the  base,  the  nodes  geniculate;  panicles  pale  and 
shining;   spikelets  long-silky  on  the  keel. 

2.  Alopecurus  alpinus  J.  E.  Smith.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
chiefly  on  prairie  or  moist  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Utah,  Colo.,  Alta.,  and  Lab.;  also 
in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {A.  occidentalis  Scribn.  &  Tweedy.) — Plants  single  or  lew  together; 
culms  25  to  70  cm.  tall,  nearly  erect;  panicles  gray  or  drab;  spikelets  long-silky  all 
over. 


284  CONTRIBUTIOiSrS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HEEBAEIUM. 

9.   CINNA  L. 

1.  Cinna  latifolia  (TrcAdr.)  Griseb.  Reedgeass.  Common  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  meadows.  B.  €.  to  Utah,  N.  C,  and  Newf.;  also  in 
Eur.— Plants  perennial,  with  simple  erect  culms,  1  meter  or  more  tall,  flat  blades 
1  to  1.5  cm.  wide,  and  handsome  drooping  panicles  20  to  30  cm.  long,  the  spikelets 
3  to  4  mm.  long,  falling  entire. 

10.  AGROSTIS  L.     Bentgrass. 

Plants  perennial,  with  simple  culms,  flat  blades,  and  open  or  contracted  panicles 
of  V-shaped  spikelets,  2  to  4  mm.  long,  the  glumes  persistent  after  the  fall  of  the 
florets. 

Floret  nearly  equaling  the  glumes.     Palea  developed 1.  A.  thurheriana. 

Floret  noticeably  shorter  than  the  glumes. 

Plants  producing  running  rootstocks;  palea  well  developed    ....  2.  A.  palustris. 
Plants  without  rootstocks;  palea  obsolete. 

Panicle  dense,  its  branches  verticillate,  with  short  branchlets  spikelet-bearing 

to  the  base  in  their  axils 3.  A.  exarata. 

Panicle  loose  and  open,  the  branches  naked  at  the  base. 
Panicle  very  diffuse,  the  lower  branches  commonly  10  cm.  or  more  long. 

4.  A.  hiemalis. 
Panicle  open  but  not  diffuse,  the  lower  branches  rarely  over  5  cm.  long. 

4a.  A.  hiemalis  geminata. 

1.  Agrostis  thurberiana  Hitchc.  At  middle  altitudes  and  above  timber  line,  in 
moist  soil.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont. — Plants  tufted,  rather  lax,  the  delicate 
culms  20  to  40  cm.  tall,  the  soft  blades  mostly  clustered  at  the  base;  panicles  5  to  8 
cm.  long,  loosely  flowered,  the  branches  and  branchlets  flexuous,  divaricate. 

2.  Agrostis  palustris  Huds.  Redtop.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  or  moist 
8oil,ofteniD  sphagnum  bogs.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  partly  or  wholly  natu- 
ralized; often  cultivated  as  a  meadow  or  pasture  grass;  also  in  Eiu".  (A.  alba  of 
American  authors.) — Plants  relatively  stout  the  culm^  mostly  50  cm.  or  more 
tall:  blades  rough,  3  to  6  mm.  wide;  panicle  pyiamidal,  mostly  purple  and  10  to 
20  cm.  long,  the  rather  closely  flowered  branches  in  distant  fascicles  on  the  main 
axis ,  the  branchlets  spreading  in  flower  but  contracted  at  maturity. 

3.  Agrostis  exarata  Trin.  Chiefly  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  but  sometimes 
about  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  moist  woods  or  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr.;  also  in  Siberia.  {A.  grandis  Trin.;  A.  asperifolia  Trin.) — Plants 
tufted,  often  rather  stout,  30  to  75  cm.  tall;  blades  rough,  2  to  5  mm.  wide;  panicle 
yellowish  green,  narrow,  10  to  20  cm.  long,  the  short,  densely  flowered  branches 
crowded  in  whorls,  the  lower  distant,  the  upper  close  together;  glumes  long-pointed. 

Plants  at  high  altitudes  are  often  low  and  delicate,  Avith  less  densely  flowered 
panicles. 

4.  Agrostis  hiemalis  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  Tickle  grass.  Common  nearly  everywhere 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets  or  in  meadows.  Alaska  to 
Mex.,  Fla.,  and  Lab. — Plants  tufted,  leafy  at  the  base,  30  to  50  cm.  tall;  blades 
mostly  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  culms  slender,  brittle;  panicles  often  nearly  half  the 
entire  height  of  the  plant  and  about  as  broad  as  long,  the  few  capillary  branches 
widely  spreading,  spikelet-bearing  toward  the  ends  only. 

At  maturity  the  panicles  break  away  and  roll  before  the  wind,  scattering  the  seed. 

4a.  Agrostis  hiemalis  geminata  (Trin.)  Hitchc.  Granite  Park,  on  moist  rocky 
slopes,  and  doubtless  elsewhere.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Colo.  {A.  geminata  Trin.) — 
Plants  mostly  not  over  20  cm.  tall;  panicles  less  diffuse  than  in  the  species,  the 
lemmas  often  awned  from  the  back. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  285 

11.  CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.     Reedgrasp. 

Erect  perennialg  resembling  Agrostis,  distinguished  from  that  genus  by  the  tuft 
of  silky  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  floret,  by  the  well-developed  palea,  and  by  the 
development  of  a  rachilla  joint  in  the  form  of  a  little  bristle  back  of  the  palea;  lemma 
always  awned  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back. 

Awn  about  t-svice  as  long  as  the  glumes,  geniculate.     Panicles  contracted,  densely 
flowered;  glumes  5  to  6  mm.  long. 
Blades  coarse,   4   to  5  mm.   wide;  sheaths  mostly   overlapping;  spikelets  short- 

pediceled 1.  C.  purpurascens. 

Blades  2  to   3   mm.    wide,    subinvolute;  sheaths  not  overlapping;  most   of  the 

spikelets  on  pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes 2.  C.  vaseyi. 

Awn  scarcely  exceeding  the  glumes  or  included  in  them. 

Panicle  loose  and  nodding 6.  C.  canadensis. 

Panicle  contracted,  rather  densely  flowered. 
Leaves  densely  pubescent  at  the  junction  of  sheath  and  blade;  awn  geniculate, 
protruding  sidewise  from  the  glumes;  hairs  at  base  of  floret  less  than  half  as 

long  as  the  lemma     " 3.  C.  rubescens. 

Leaves  glabrous  at  the  junction  of  sheath  and  blade;  awn  straight,  not  protruding 
sidewise;  hairs  at  base  of  floret  copious,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

Blades  rough,  firm,  2  to  7  mm.  wide 4.  C.  inexpansa. 

Blades  smooth,  soft,  not  over  3  mm.  wide 5.  C.  neglecta. 

1.  Calamagrostis  purpurascens  R.  Br.  Found  at  all  altitudes,  on  shaded  banks, 
rocky  slopes,  or  cliffs.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Greenl.- — Plants  in  small 
tufts,  20  to  30  cm.  tall,  rather  stout,  the  base  of  the  culms  clothed  with  old  weather- 
worn leaves;  panicle  purplish,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  1  to  1.5  cm.  thick. 

2.  Calamagrostis  vaseyi  Beal.  Collected  on  trail  to  Sperry  Glacier  by  Holzinger. 
Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont. — Plants  in  tufts,  the  knotty  base  with  numerous  leafy 
shoots,  the  culms  sometimes  spreading  and  geniculate  below;  panicle  mostly  tawny 
or  pale,  less  dense  than  in  P.  -purpurascens. 

3.  Calamagrostis  rubescens  Buckl.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  thin  woods 
or  on  open  slopes  or  rocks.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  Calif. — Plants  in  small 
tufts,  50  to  90  cm.  tall,  with  numerous  long  rough  blades  2  to  5  mm.  wide,  and  pale 
or  purplish,  shining  panicles  10  to  15  cm.  long;  glumes  glabrous,  acuminate. 

4.  Calamagrostis  inexpansa  A.  Gray.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  woods.  B.  C. 
and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  Y. — Plants  single  or  few  together,  often  with 
running  rootstocks;  culms  0.7  to  1  meter  or  more  tall;  blades  elongate,  involute 
toward  the  very  rough  ends;  panicles  mostly  tawny  and  12  to  20  cm.  long;  glumes 
scabrous,  abruptly  acute. 

5.  Calamagrostis  neglecta  (Ehrh.)  Gaertn.  Collected  in  clearings  at  Summit  by 
Griffiths.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Wis.,  Me.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. — Plants  more  slender 
than  in  C.  inetpansa,  and  not  so  tall,  the  foliage  smooth  and  softer,  the  panicles  on 
the  average  smaller. 

6.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  sometimes  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  swamps.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  C,  and  Newf . — Plants  tufted  and  with  running  rootstocks,  the  numerous 
rough  elongate  blades  4  to  6  mm.  wide;  panicle  15  to  30  cm.  long,  about  one-third  as 
wide,  the  capillary  branches  drooping;  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  floret  copious  and  as 
long  as  the  lemma;  awn  inconspicuous. 


286  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

12.  AIRA  L.     Hairgrass. 

Erect  perennial  bunchgrasses  with  slender  simple  culms  and  shining  few-flowered 
spikelets,  the  florets  awned  from  the  back  below  the  middle. 

Panicles  long  and  narrow;  blades  filiform 1.  A.  elongata. 

Panicle  open,  commonly  nearly  or  quite  as  wide  as  long;   blades  not  fiUform. 

Blades  firm,  folded,  mostly  2  to  4  mm.  wide 2.  A.  caespitosa. 

Blades  soft,  flat,  5  to  10  mm.  wide 3.  A.  atropurpurea. 

1.  Aira  elongata  Hook.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows  or  on  open 
slopes.  B.  C.  to  Ariz,  and  Wyo.  (Deschampsia  elongata  Monro.) — Plants  30  to  60  cm- 
tall,  the  loose  narrow  panicle  being  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  entire  height  of  the 
plant;   spikelets  commonly  purple-tinged;  awns  exceeding  the  glumes. 

2.  Aira  caespitosa  L.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  meadows,  on  stream  or  lake 
banks,  or  on  open  hillsides.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Newf.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia.  (Deschampsia  caespitosa  Beauv.) — Plants  20  to  60  cm.  tall,  often 
forming  dense  cushions,  the  spreading  leaves  mostly  crowded  toward  the  base  of  the 
culms;  panicles  with  spreading  capillary  branches  in  distant  fascicles;  spikelets 
from  pale  to  piu-plish  bronze;  awns  inconspicuous. 

3.  Aira  atropurpurea  Wahl.  At  middle  and  high  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  open 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  (Deschampsia  atro- 
purpurea Scheele.) — Plants  30  to  50  cm.  tall,  with  abundant  soft  green  foliage  and 
drooping  panicles,  the  piirplish  spikelets  5  mm.  long,  the  bent  awns  about  reaching 
the  apex  of  the  glumes. 

13.  TRISETUM  Pers. 

Erect  perennials  resembling  Aira,  the  spikelets  as  in  that  genus,  but  the  lemmas 
keeled,  awned  from  the  back  above  the  middle  (the  awn  obsolete  in  one  species)  and 
2- toothed  at  the  acute  apex. 

Panicles  loose,  drooping  or  nodding;   blades  elongate,  lax,  8  to  15  mm.  wide.    Awns 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

Panicle  branches  capillary,  drooping,  5  to  10  cm.  long 1.  T.  cernuum. 

Panicle  branches  slender  but  rather  stiffly  ascending 2.  T.  canescens. 

Panicles  mostly  dense  (if  rather  loose,  the  awns  nearly  obsolete),  erect;  blades  rarely 
over  5  mm.  mde. 

Awns  minute  or  obsolete 3.  T.  wolfii. 

Awns  conspicuous 4.  T.  spicatum. 

1.  Trisetum  cernuum  Trin.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and 
Mont.— A  woodland  grass,  often  1  meter  tall,  with  drooping  scabrous  blades;  panicle 
branches  spikelet-bearing  toward  the  ends  only;  spikelets  about  1  cm.  long,  excluding 
the  spreading  awns;  rachilla  joints  half  as  long  as  the  florets. 

2.  Trisetum  canescens  Buckl.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  damp  or  rocky 
woods.  B.  C.  and  Mont,  to  Calif. — A  woodland  grass  resembling  the  preceding,  but 
the  leaves  softly  pubescent,  the  panicle  more  densely  flowered,  the  stiff er  panicle 
branches  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base,  the  rachilla  joints  short,  bringing  the 
florets  close  together  in  the  spikelet. 

3.  Trisetum  wolfii  Vasey.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows  or  moist 
woods  or  on  open  slopes.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.  (Graphephonim  wolfii 
Vasey.) — Plants  tufted,  50  to  90  cm.  tall,  leafy,  the  panicles  mostly  dense  but  not 
spikelike,  the  awns  minute  or  obsolete. 

4.  Trisetum  spicatum  (L.)  Richt.  Very  common  above  timber  line  in  meadows; 
sometimes  also  at  middle  elevations.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.- 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Plants  densely  tufted,  15  to  50  cm.  tall,  the  foliage  relatively 
scant  and  crowded  toward  the  base,  commonly  grayish-velvety,  the  panicles  dense^ 
spikelike,  the  awns  spreading. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  287 

14.  KOELERIA  Pers. 

1.  Eoeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Junegrass.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
chiefly  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Tex.,  and  111.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {K. 
gracilis  Pers.) — An  erect  perennial  bunchgi'ass,  25  to  40  cm.  tall;  leaves  mostly 
confined  to  the  lower  half  of  the  slender  simple  culms,  the  blades  narrow,  mostly 
flat;   panicle  5  to  10  cm.  long,  dense,  spikelike,  shining. 

This  grass  resembles  species  of  Poa,  even  to  having  blades  boat-shaped  at  the  tip 
as  in  that  genus.  It  may  be  distinguished  by  the  sharp-pointed,  indistinctly  nerved 
lemmas  and  the  shining  white  hyaline  paleas.    An  important  forage  grass. 

15.  AVENA  L. 

1.  Avena  sativa  L.  Oats.  Scattered  plants  in  waste  ground  and  along  the  railroad 
at  Belton  and  east  entrance.  Native  of  the  Old  World;  widely  cultivated  and  often 
escaping. — The  cultivated  oat,  readily  recognized  by  its  open  panicle  of  large  V-shaped 
drooping  spikelets,  comes  up  where  stock  has  been  fed.  Under  cultivation  the  awns 
are  much  reduced,  but  they  are  usually  well  developed  in  plants  growing  spon- 
taneously. 

16.  DANTHONIA  DC. 

Tufted  perennials  with  narrow  blades  and  rather  small  panicles  of  relatively  large 
spikelets. 

Culms  bearing  a  single  spikelet  (sometimes  a  second  partly  developed  one  on  an 

appressed  pedicel  below) 1.  D.  unispicata. 

Culms  bearing  panicles  of  few  to  several  spikelets. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  divergent;  spikelets  few 2.  D.  americana. 

Panicles  narrow,  dense;  spikelets  several 3.  D.  intermedia. 

1.  Danthonia  unispicata  Munro.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes  on  the  east  slope, 
on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Wis. — Plants  in  dense  tufts,  mostly  less  than 
20  cm.  tall,  the  culms  somewhat  spreading;  sheaths  conspicuously  pilose;  spikelet  12 
to  15  mm.  long. 

2.  Danthonia  americana  Scribn.  Meadows  at  the  east  entrance,  Umbach.  B.  C. 
to  Calif,  and  Wyo.;  also  in  Chile. — Plants  in  dense  tufts  or  cushions,  25  to  70  cm. 
tall;  sheaths  pilose;  panicles  of  2  to  5  mostly  purple  spikelets  on  divergent  pedicels. 

3.  Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey.  Found  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  on  plains  or  open 
slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Que.— Plants  tufted,  30  to  70  cm.  tall;  sheaths 
glabrous;  spikelets  5  to  10  or  more  on  erect  pedicels  and  crowded  in  a  narrow,  purple 
or  pale,  glistening  panicle. 

17.  BECKMANNIA  Host. 

1.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  Slough  grass.  Common  at  low  alti- 
tudes, along  streams  or  in  swampy  ground.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ont.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — An  erect,  rather  stout,  glabrous  annual,  with  flat  blades  and 
numerous  short  erect  spikes  on  an  elongate  axis;  spikelets  flattened,  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  in  outline,  overlapping. 

18.  CATABROSA  Beauv. 

1.  Catabrosa  aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.  East  entrance,  about  pools.  Alaska  to  Colo., 
Que.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — A  semiaquatic  perennial,  20  to  30  cm.  tall, 
with  creeping  base,  soft  flat  blades,  and  open  panicles  of  brown  spikelets  tipped 
with  white. 


288  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

19.  MELICA  L. 

Rather  tall  perennials  with  simple  culms,  narrow  flat  blades,  and  open  or  narrow 
panicles;  spikelets  relatively  large,  the  glumes  thin,  the  lemmas  firm,  with  strong 
nerves. 

Lemmas  awned  from  a  2-toothed  apex;  panicle  branches  long  and  divergent;  culms 

not  thickened  at  base 4.  M.  smithii. 

Lemmas  awnless;  panicle  branches  ascending;  culms  with  a  cormlike  base. 

Spikelets  narrow;  lemmas  acuminate 3.  M.  subiilata. 

Spikelets  broad;  lemmas  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute. 

Pedicels  capillary,  flexuous 1.  M.  spectabilis. 

Pedicels  stouter,  appressed 2.  M.  bella. 

1.  Melica  spectabilis  Scribn.  Onion  grass.  At  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows 
or  thin  woods.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Culms  tall  and  slender,  from  an 
onion-shaped  base;  panicle  nodding,  the  beautiful  bronze-purple  spikelets  about  12 
mm.  long. 

2.  Melica  bella  Piper.  West  slope,  in  meadows  at  middle  altitudes.  Wash,  and 
Oreg.  to  Colo,  and  Alta. — Plants  resembling  the  preceding,  but  not  so  tall,  the  culm 
bases  less  thickened,  the  panicles  stiffer,  and  the  spikelets  somewhat  smaller. 

3.  Melica  subulata  (Griseb.)  Scribn.  At  low  altitudes,  in  thin  woods  or  on  open 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Culms  commonly  1  meter  tall,  the  base  a  little 
thickened;  panicles  elongate,  the  stiff  branches  ascending,  the  pale  spikelets  on 
short  erect  pedicels. 

4.  Melica  smithii  (Porter)  Yasey.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods.  Wash, 
and  Oreg.  to  Wyo.  and  Mich. — A  tall  slender  woodland  grass  with  lax  blades  and 
few-flowered,  very  open,  nodding  panicles. 

20.  DISTICHLIS  Raf. 

1.  Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene.  Saltgrass.  East  entri^nce,  frequent  in  alkali 
spots  about  dried-up  pools  on  prairie.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. — A  low, 
rather  pale,  sod-forming  perennial,  with  numerous  stiff  spreading  blades  and  narrow 
compact  panicles  of  smooth  spikelets,  the  pistillate  shorter  and  broader  than  the 
staminate. 

21.  POA  L.     Bluegrass. 

Slender  grasses  with  simple,  mostly  erect  culms,  narrow  blades  ^nth  boat-shaped 
tips,  and  open  or  compact  panicles  of  relatively  small  spikelets. 

Plants  annual,  low    1.  P.  annua. 

Plants  perennial. 
Plants  producing  rootstocks  and  forming  a  sod. 

Culms  conspicuously  flattened,  wiry;  panicle  rather  narrow  and  compact. 

2.  P.  compressa. 
Culms  terete  or  nearly  so;  panicle  open. 
Spikelets  mostly  less  than  6  mm.  long;  lemmas  pubescent  on  the  nerves  and 

with  a  cottony  tuft  at  base 3.  P.  pratensis. 

Spikelets  mostly  8  to  10  mm.  long;  lemmas  glabrous  on  the  nerv^es  and  not 

cottony  at  base 4.  P.  wheeleri. 

Plants  not  producing  rootstocks;  bunchgrasses. 
Lemmas  pubescent  on  the  nerves  and  sometimes  cottony  at  base. 

Lemmas  cottony  at  base  (with  a  few  long  fine  crinkly  hairs)  distinct  from  the 
pubescence  of  the  nerves. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  289 

Plants  slender  and  lax,  growing  in  mossy  bogs,  the  culms  simple  or  few  in 
a  tuft;  sheaths  slightly  retrose-scabrous;  panicle  open,  the  few  branches 
slender  and  drooping,  bearing  spikelets  toward  the  ends. 

5.  P.  leptoeoma. 
Plants  erect  and   firm,   sometimes  decumbent  at  base;  sheaths  glabrous; 
panicle  erect  or  nodding,  much  branched. 
Culms  erect  at  base,  the  sheaths  terete;  panicles  usually  averaging  less 

than  10  cm.  long     6.   P.  crocata. 

Culms  decumbent  at  base,  the  lower  sheaths  compressed -keeled;  panicle 

often  30  cm.  long,  usually  over  10  cm.  long 7.  P.  palustris. 

Lemmas  not  cottony  at  base,  though  the  pubescence  on  the  nerves  may  be 

more  dense  toward  the  base    8.  P.  alpina. 

Lemmas  not  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  sometimes  pubescent  all  over  the  lower 
part  of  the  back. 
Lemmas  glabrous;  panicle  narrow  and  compact,  almost  spikelike. 

9.  P.  epilis. 
Lemmas  pubescent  on  the  lower  part,  convex  on  the  back;  panicle  rather  open. 

Culms  spreading  and  loosely  decumbent  at  base 10.  P.  gracillima. 

Culms  erect  at  base. 
Leaves  mostly  basal,  a  reduced  blade  about  the  middle  of  the  slender 

naked  culm;  blades  folded     11.  P.  sandbergii. 

Leaves  scattered  along  the  tall  culm;  blades  flat 12.  P.  lucida. 

1.  Poa  annua  L.  Annual  bluegrass.  Open  places  along  McDonald  Creek. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Plants  in  tufts  or  mats,  with  glossy 
green  foliage  and  small  pale  open  panicles. 

Blooming  earlier  than  any  other  grass  in  the  region. 

2.  Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  bluegrass.  About  Belton  and  the  east  entrance, 
in  waste  ground;  adventive.  Widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.;  native  of  Eur.  and 
Asia. — Plants  bluish  green,  with  flat  culms  and  rather  scant  foliage;  spikelets  green, 
with  bronze  tips. 

3.  Poa  pratensis  L.  Kentucky  bluegrass.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, in  meadows  or  thin  woods;  planted  for  lawns  at  Belton  and  elsewhere.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia;  in  N.  Amer.,  at  least  in  part,  naturalized 
from  Eur. — Plants  leafy,  the  culms  30  to  70  mm.  tall;  panicles  pyramidal,  nearly  as 
broad  as  long,  the  lower  branches  mostly  in  fives. 

4.  Poa  wheeleri  Vasey.  Belton,  in  open  woods.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Alta. — Plants 
resembling  the  preceding,  on  the  average  taller  and  coarser,  with  larger  panicle,  its 
lower  branches  mostly  in  twos. 

6.  Poa  leptoeoma  Trin.  Above  or  near  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  woods  or  on 
open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Wash,  and  Colo. — Plants  in  loose  tufts,  with  weak  culms, 
soft  blades,  and  few-flowered,  very  open  panicles. 

6.  Poa  crocata  Michx.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  meadows. 
Alaska  to  Ariz.,  Mont.,  and  Lab. — Plants  in  dense  tufts,  the  rather  wiry  culms  40  to 
75  cm.  tall,  the  rather  small  purplish  spikelets  on  short  divergent  pedicels,  giving  the 
panicle  a  delicate  lacy  aspect. 

7.  Poa  palustris  L.  East  entrance,  in  aspen  thicket.  Widely  distributed  in 
N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.  (P.  triflora  Gilib.) — ^Culms  commonly  70  to  100  cm.  tall, 
often  decumbent  at  base;  blades  somewhat  scabrous;  panicles  nodding,  with  slender 
branches  in  distant  fascicles,  the  small  spikelets  commonly  bronze  or  golden. 

8.  Poa  alpina  L.  Common,  chiefly  above  timber  line,  but  sometimes  at  low  or 
middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  meadows  or  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Que., 
and    Greenl.;  also  in   Eur.   and    Asia. — Plants  densely   tufted,   commonly  with   a 


290  CONTRIBUTIONS  FEOM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

cushion  of  soft  foliage  at  base,  the  short  blades  spreading;  panicles  rather  densely 
flowered,  the  broad  spikelets  commoDly  purple  or  bronze. 

9.  Poa  epilis  Scribn.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Mont. — Plants  pale,  in  dense  leafy  tufts,  the  blades  narrow,  flexuous,  folded, 
rough;  panicles  dense,  pale,  and  shining. 

10.  Poa  gracillima  Vasey.  Frequent  above  or  near  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Plants  in  loose  bunches  with  a  mass  of 
spreading  foliage  at  the  base,  the  culms  commonly  25  to  40  cm.  tall,  the  pale  purple- 
tinged  spikelets  6  to  10  mm.  long. 

11.  Poa  sandbergii  Vasey.  At  high  and  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows  or  on  rocky 
slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Plants  in  small  dense  tufts,  often  purplish 
at  base,  the  leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  the  short  blades  commonly  curled,  the  flexuous 
panicles  mostly  5  to  8  cm.  long,  the  spikelets  ashy-purple. 

12.  Poa  lucida  Vasey.  Belton,  in  open  gravelly  soil.  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and 
S.  Dak. — Plants  in  dense  tufts,  with  slightly  scabrous  blades  and  narrow  pale  shining 
panicles,  the  short  erect  branches  spikelet-bearing  from  near  the  base. 

22.  PANICULAKIA  Fabr. 

Tall  marsh  grasses  with  flat  blades  and  open  panicles,  the  spikelets  with  short  thin 
glumes  and  strongly  nerved,  obtuse  lemmas. 

Spikelets  linear,  12  mm.  or  more  long,  pale 1.  P.  borealis. 

Spikelets  oval,  not  over  6  mm.  long,  dark  green  or  purple. 

Lemmas  with  5  prominent  nerves,  the  summit  white  and  delicate. 

2.  P.  pauciflora. 
Lemmas  with  7  prominent  nerves,  only  the  very  tip  delicate. 

Blades  mostly  3  to  7  mm.  wide    3.  P.  nervata. 

Blades  8  to  10  mm.  wide 4.  P.  nervata  elata. 

1.  Panicularia  borealis  Nash.  Bog  at  Johns  Lake,  Vreeland.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Me.  {Glyceria  borealis  Batchelder.) — Culms  commonly  1  meter 
tall,  rather  thick  and  lush;  blades  ascending,  5  to  8  mm.  wide;  panicle  20  to  40  cm. 
long,  the  rather  few  slender  branches  stiffly  ascending  or  spreading,  the  spikelets 
short-pediceled  toward  their  ends. 

2.  Panicularia  pauciflora  (Presl)  Kuntze.  At  low  altitudes,  in  swamps  or  along 
streams.  B.  C.  to  CaUf.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.  {Glyceria pauciflora'Presl.) — Plants  rather 
fltout,  40  to  80  cm.  taU,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  rough  spreading  blades  8  to  12  mm. 
wide,  and  nodding  many-flowered  panicles  with  flexuous  branches;  spikelets  4  to  6 
mm.  long,  the  white  summits  of  the  lemmas  contrasting  with  the  green  or  purple 
body, 

3.  Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze.  At  low  altitudes,  in  wet  soil.  Alaska  to 
Mex.,  Fla.,  and  Lab.  (Glyceria  nervata  Trin.) — Culms  60  to  100  cm.  tall,  often  in 
large  clumps;  blades  spreading;  panicles  drooping;  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

4.  Panicularia  nervata  elata  (Nash)  Piper.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  wet 
soil.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.  (Glyceria  elata  Hitchc.) — Plants  on  the  average 
taller  than  in  the  preceding,  vsrith  broader  laxer  blades  and  larger  panicle,  the 
spikelets  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

23.  PUCCINELLIA  Pari. 

1.  PuccineUia  nuttalliana  (Schult.)  Hitchc.  East  entrance,  in  low  alkali  spots  on 
prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak. — A  tufted  slender  perennial  with 
narrow  blades  and  a  relatively  large,  erect  panicle  with  slender  stiff  flexuous  spread- 
ing branches  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  grayish  purple,  4  to  7  mm.  long. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  291 

24.  FESTUCA  L.     Fescue. 

Perennials  (in  this  region),  commonly  tufted,  with  narrow  blades  and  open  or 
contracted  panicles. 

Plants  with  stout  rootstocks.     Lemmas  awnless 1.  F.  conflnis. 

Plants  tufted,  without  rootstocks  (dark  red  rootstocks  sometimes  developed  in  no.  3). 

Blades  flat,  broad,  and   thin 2.  F.  subulata. 

Blades  narrow  or  involute,  usually  rather  stiff. 
Blades  smooth. 

Culms  slender  and  decumbent  at  the  reddish  base;  blades  not  filiform. 

3.  F.  rubra. 

Culms  not  decumbent  and  red  at  base;  blades  filiform. 

Plants  50  cm.  or  more  tall 4.  F.  occidentalis. 

Plants  mostly  less  than  20  cm.  tall 6.  F.  brachyphylla. 

Blades  very  rough. 

Lemmas  awnless,  6  to  7  mm.  long;   blades  not  filiform  ....  6.  F.  scabrella. 
Lemmas  awned;  blades  filiform. 

Plants  usually  40  cm.  or  more  tall;   blades  15  to  25  cm.  long. 

7.  F.  idahoensis. 
Plants  usually  less  than  30  cm.  tall;   blades  5  to  10  cm.  long. 

8.  F.  saximontaua. 

1.  Festuca  confinis  Vasey.  Hills  at  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Oreg.  and  Calif,  to 
Colo,  and  Mont. — Plants  in  large  clumps,  50  to  80  cm.  tall,  relatively  stout,  with  firm 
fiat  blades  and  narrow,  rather  compact,  pale  panicles;  glumes  thin  and  shining; 
lemmas  very  scabrous. 

2.  Festuca  subulata  Bong.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods.  Alaska 
to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — A  slender  lax  woodland  grass,  with  soft  blades  and  open 
drooping  panicle;  spikelets  about  1  cm.  long,  excluding  the  slender  awns,  these  as 
long  as  the  body  of  the  lemma. 

3.  Festuca  rubra  L.  Granite  Park,  on  open  moist  rocky  slope,  and  doubtless 
elsewhere.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Va.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Plants  in 
loose  clumps,  the  basal  sheaths  commonly  shredded;  culms  usually  40  to  50  cm.  tall; 
panicles  somewhat  nodding,  the  slender  branches  spreading,  rather  compactly 
flowered  toward  the  ends;   spikelets  dull  or  grayish  purple,  short-awned. 

4.  Festuca  occidentalis  Hook.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  thin 
woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — Culms  50  to  75  cm.  tall, 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  laxly  spreading  filiform  blades  at  base;  panicles  open,  nodding, 
the  long-awned  spikelets  borne  toward  the  ends  of  the  few  slender  branches. 

5.  Festuca  brachyphylla  Schult.  Above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rocky 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Vt.,  and  Greenl. — Plants  in  dense  tufts  or  cusliions, 
the  leaves  crowded  at  the  base;  panicles  narrow,  mostly  rather  compact,  the  spikelets 
fihort-awned. 

6.  Festuca  scabrella  Torr.  Grassy  slopes,  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Mont. — Plants  densely  tufted,  pale,  the  blades  elongate,  rather  wiry; 
panicles  nodding,  the  branches  ascending. 

7.  Festuca  idahoensis  Elmer.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  prairie 
or  open  slopes.  Idaho  and  Mont. — Culms  few  together,  from  a  dense  tuft  of  rough, 
laxly  spreading,  filiform  blades;   panicles  loose,  nodding;  spikelets  short-awned. 

Resembles  no.  4,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the  very  rough  blades. 

8.  Festuca  saximontana  Rydb.  Rocky  slopes  about  Lake  McDermott.  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Mich. — In  dense  tufts  or  cushions;  like  the  preceding,  but  culms  and 
blades  usually  less  than  half  as  tall;   panicles  narrow,  the  spikelets  smaller. 

2048—20 5 


292  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

25.  BROMIJS  L.     Brome  grass. 

Erect  annuals  or  perennials,  with  flat  blades  and  several  to  many-flowered,  rela- 
tively large  spikelets,  borne  in  open  or  narrow  panicles. 
Plants  annual,  introduced  weeds. 
Culms  in  low  tufts;  spikelets  long-awned. 

Spikelets  villous 1.  B.  tectorum. 

Spikelets  glabrous  or  nearly  so la.  B.  tectorum  nudus. 

Culms  50  cm.  or  more  tall;  spikelets  short-awned 2.  B.  secalinus. 

Plants  perennial,  native  except  no.  5. 

Spikelets  strongly  flattened,  the  glumes  compressed -keeled. 

Lemmas  glabrous  or  scabrous  only 3.  B.  polyanthus. 

Lemmas  pubescent 4,  B.  marginatus. 

Spikelets  not  flattened,  the  glumes  convex. 
Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

Lemmas  glabrous,  mostly  awnless     6.  B.  inermis. 

Lemmas  pubescent  on  the  margin,  short-awned 6.  B.  pumpellianus. 

Plants  without  rootstocks. 

Ligule  prominent,  3  to  5  mm.  long 7.  B.  vulgaris. 

Ligule  obscure,  about  1  mm.  long 8.  B.  richardsonii. 

1.  Bromus  tectorum  L.  Belton,  in  waste  ground.  Native  of  Eur.;  widely 
naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  often  in  extensive  colonies,  softly  pubescent,  with 
conspicuously  drooping  panicles  of  narrowly  V-shaped,  long-awned  spikelets. 

Young  plants  rather  handsome  but  becoming  unsightly  in  age;  the  awned  florets 
injurious  to  grazing  animals. 

la.  Bromus  tectorum  nudus  Klett  &  Richt.  East  entrance,  on  open  slopes. 
Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  less  pubescent  than  in  the  species, 
the  spikelets  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

This  and  the  typical  form  are  very  common  in  the  park  at  low  altitudes,  in  culti- 
vated or  waste  ground  and  on  open  slopes. 

2.  Bromus  secalinus  L.  Chess  or  cheat.  Belton,  in  gravelly  open  ground. 
Native  of  Eur.;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.,  especially  in  grain  fields. — Plants 
glabrous;  panicles  nodding,  mth  rather  heavy  plump  glabrous  spikelets. 

3.  Bromus  polyanthus  Scribn.  At  middle  altitudes,  in  woods.  Oreg.  to  N.  Mex. 
and  Mont. — Plants  tufted,  leafy,  commonly  1  meter  or  more  tall,  with  flat  lax  blades 
and  narrow,  rather  stiff  panicles;  lemmas  with  shining  yellowish  margins  and 
short  awns. 

4.  Bromus  marginatus  Nees.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or 
on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Aiiz.,  and  Alta. — Plants  in  small  tufts,  60  to  100  cm. 
tall,  with  elongate  blades,  5  to  12  mm.  wide,  and  rather  stiff  panicles,  the  purplish 
short-awned  spikelets  2. .5  to  4.5  cm.  long. 

5.  Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  East  entrance,  on  dry  bank.  Native  of  Eur.;  adven- 
tive  in  N.  Amer. — Culms  commonly  1  meter  or  more  tall,  with  glabrous  leaves  and 
many-flowered  panicles,  the  numerous  branches  whorled  and  ascending,  the  spikelets 
loosely  flowered,  rather  soft,  oblong,  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

6.  Bromus  pumpellianus  Scribn.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  sometimes  about 
timber  line,  on  prairie  or  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak. — Culms  50  to 
100  cm.  tall,  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  narrow,  the  fascicled  branches 
often  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spikelets  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

7.  Bromus  vulgaris  (Hook.)  Shear.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on 
open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — A  slender,  yellowish  green,  woodland 
grass  with  softly  pubescent  leaves  and  nodding  panicles,  the  spikelets  pubescent 
and  with  slender  awns. 


STANDLEY — ^FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  293 

8.  Bromus  richardsonii  Link.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or 
meadows.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Sask.— Plants  rather  robust,  1  meter  or  more  tall; 
blades  elongate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  panicles  drooping,  the  slender  flexuous 
branches  fascicled;  spikelets  2  to  3  cm.  long,  on  flexuous  pedicels. 

26.  AGROPYRON  Gaertn.     Wheatgrass. 
Erect  perennials  with  simple  culms  and  slender,  mostly  erect  spikes. 
Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  forming  a  tough  sod. 

Lemmas  pubescent     1.  A.  dasystachyum. 

Lemmas  glabrous 2.  A.  smithii. 

Plants  without  rootstocks;  bunchgrasses. 
Blades,  or  most  of  them,  involute. 

Lemmas  awned 3.  A.  spicatum. 

Lemmas  awnless     4.  A.  inerme. 

Blades  flat  or  involute-pointed  only. 

Spikelets  awned 5.  A.  caninum. 

Spikelets  awnless. 

Spikes  slender,  the  spikelets  rather  distant,  green 6.  A.  tenerum. 

Spikes  relatively  short  and  thick,  the  spikelets  closely  overlapping,  usually 
\dolet-tinged     7.  A.  violaceum. 

1.  Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.  Collected  at  Summit  by  Griffiths. 
Idaho  to  Sask.  and  Wis.— Culms  50  to  100  cm.  tall,  with  narrow,  commonly  somewhat 
involute  blades,  and  grayish  spikes  8  to  15  cm.  long;  lemmas  awnless. 

2.  Agropyron  smithii  Rydb.  Colorado  bluestem.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope 
at  low  or  middle  altitudes,  on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Ariz.,  Tex.,  and 
Mo.— Culms  40  to  100  cm.  tall,  rather  wiry;  blades  fii-m,  more  or  less  involute; 
spikes  10  to  15  cm.  long,  the  spikelets  overlapping,  the  lemmas  firm,  sharp-pointed. 

3.  Agropyron  spicatum  (Pursh)  Scribn.  &  Smith.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  praiiie.  Yukon  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mich.— Culms  in 
dense  tufts,  slender,  wiry;  blades  usually  elongate;  spike  slender,  the  axis  some- 
times flexuous;  lemmas  with  a  divergent  awn  1.5  to  3  cm.  long. 

4.  Agropyron  Inerme  (Scribn.  &  Smith)  Rydb.  Granite  Park,  on  open  rocky 
slopes.  B.  C.  to  Utah  and  Wyo.— Plants  resembling  the  preceding,  but  the  lemmas 
blunt  or  with  an  occasional  one  awned. 

5.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  on  prairie  or 
open  slopes  or  in  woods.  Calif,  to  N.  Mex.,  Mich.,  and  N.  S.;  also  in  Eur.— Culms 
60  to  100  cm.  tall,  often  rather  robust;  blades  3  to  8  mm.  wide;  spike  sometimes 
elongate,  usually  dense,  often  somewhat  1-sided  because  of  the  twisting  of  the  axis; 
awns  slender,  10  to  25  cm.  long. 

6.  Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  in 
woods.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Minn.— Plants  commonly  in  large  clumps,  GO 
to  100  cm.  tall;  blades  3  to  6  mm.  wide;  spike  slender,  mostly  15  to  20  cm.  long,  often 
nodding  at  the  summit. 

7.  Agropyron  violaceum  (Hornem.)  Lange.  Frequent,  chiefly  above  timber  line, 
but  also  in  exposed  places  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  Nebr.,  N.  Y.,  and 
Greenl.— Culms  mostly  less  than  60  cm.  tall,  often  geniculate  at  base;  blades  rela- 
tively thin;  spike  mostly  short  and  thick,  with  crowded,  rather  soft  spikelets. 

27.  TRITICUM  L. 

1.  Triticum  aestivum  L.  Wheat.  East  entrance,  along  the  railroad,  both  the 
bearded  and  beardless  forms  collected.  Native  of  the  Old  World;  cultivated  and 
sometimes  escaping.— An  erect  annual,  forming  stools,  50  to  100  cm.  tall,  with  flat 
blades  and  thick  stiff  spikes,  the  broad  plump  spikelets  awned  or  awnless. 


294  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

28.  HORDEUM  L.     Barley  grass. 

Perennial  bunchgrasses  (in  this  region)  with  flat  blades  and  dense  bristly  spikes, 
the  axis  readily  disjointing. 

Awns  4  to  6  cm.  long 1-  H.  jubatum. 

Awns  about  1  cm.  long  or  less 2.  H.  nodosum. 

1.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Squirreltail.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
in  meadows  or  prairie.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Tex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab. — Culms  erect  or 
spreading,  30  to  50  cm.  tall,  with  pale  nodding  spikes  5  to  10  cm.  long,  the  slender 
awns  widely  spreading. 

2.  Hordeum  nodosum  L.  East  entrance,  on  wet  prairie.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and 
Tex.;  also  in  Eur.— Culms  often  geniculate  at  base,  30  to  60  cm.  tall,  with  slender 
spikes  3  to  10  cm.  long  and  scarcely  1  cm.  wide. 

29.  ELYMUS  L.     Wild  rye. 

Tall,  erect,  rather  coarse  perennials  with  flat  blades  and  bristly  spikes,  the  axis 
not  disjointing. 
Spikelets  awnless.     Glumes  subulate. 

Plants  with  long  creeping  rootstocks;    spike  relatively  loose,  some  of  the  joints 
with  a  single  spikelet 1-  E.  triticoides. 

Plants  without  rootstocks  or  with  very  short  ones;  spike  dense,  with  2  to  4  spikelets 

at  a  joint 2.  E.  condensatus 

Spikelets  awned. 

Awns  erect  or  nearly  so 3.  E.  glaucus; 

Awns  strongly  divergent 4.  E.  canadensis. 

1.  Elymus  triticoides  Buckl.  Reported  by  Jones  from  Blackfoot  Glacier.  Wash. 
to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Culms  rather  wiry;   blades  involute  toward  the  apex 

spike  mostly  8  to  15  cm.  long;  lemmas  commonly  brownish,  very  smooth. 

2.  Elymus  condensatus  Presl.  East  entrance,  on  prairie  and  open  slopes.  B.  C. 
to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr.— Plants  in  large  clumps,  robust;  blades  elongate,  5  to 
12  mm.  mde;  spikes  12  to  20  cm.  long,  15  to  20  mm.  thick;  lemmas  pale,  more  or 
less  scabrous. 

3.  Elymus  glaucus  Buckl.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  open  slopes,  in  woods, 
or  along  streams.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mich.— Culms  often  geniculate  at 
base;  blades  lax,  spreading;  spike  erect  or  nearly  so,  the  slender  awns  1  to  2  cm. 
long. 

4.  Elymus  canadensis  L.  Belton,  in  low  flat- woods,  scarce.  B.  C.  to  N.  Hex., 
Ga.,  and  N.  S.— Culms  in  large  clumps;  blades  rather  thick;  spikes  drooping,  often 
grayish,  the  flexuous  divergent  awns  2  to  4  cm.  long. 

14.  CYPERACEAE.     Sedge  Family. 

Grasslike  perennials  with  usually  solid  stems;  leaves  3-ranked,  narrow  (sometimes 
reduced  to  a  sheath),  the  sheaths  close;  flowers  small,  in  spikelets;  perianth  of 
bristles  or  sacklike;  fruit  an  achene.— The  species  of  this  family  are  difficult  to 
distinguish,  but  in  Glacier  Park  they  are  not  numerous,  except  in  the  genus  Carex. 

Achene  inclosed  in  a  sacklike  perianth  (perigynium) 5.  CAREX. 

Achenes  not  inclosed,  the  perianth  consisting  of  bristles. 
Bristles  of  the  perianth  very  long  (much  longer  than  the  scales)  and  silky,  white  or 

brown     1-  ERIOPHORTTM. 

Bristles  very  short  and  inconspicuous. 

Stem  with  only  one  spikelet,  not  leafy     2.  ELEOCHARIS. 

Stem  with  few  or  many  spikelets,  often  leafy. 

Stems  hollow;  spikelets  flat,  linear,  the  scales  2-ranked   ...  3.  DULICHIUM. 
Stems  solid;  spikelets  not  flattened,  broad,  the  scales  spirally  arranged. 

4.  SCIRPTIS. 


STANDLEY — ^FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  295 

1.  ERIOPHORTJM  L.     Cottongrass. 

Glabrous  perennials;  leaves  linear,  the  stem  leaves  often  reduced  to  sheaths; 
spikelets  1  or  few,  the  scales  spirally  arranged;  perianth  of  6  scales,  but  these  divided 
into  numerous  long,  soft,  white  or  brownish  bristles;  achenes  narrow,  3-angled. 

Spikelet  one  on  each  stem      1-  E.  chamissonis. 

Spikelets  several 2.  E.  angustifolium. 

1.  Eriophorum  chamissonis  Mey.  Bog  below  Lake  McDermott;  sphagnum  bogs 
on  the  west  slope.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  N.  B.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems 
20  to  60  cm.  high,  slender;  bristles  usually  brownish,  about  2  cm.  long. 

The  silky  heads  are  very  handsome  and  conspicuous. 

2.  Eriophorum  angustifolium  Roth.  Wet  meadow  below  Grinnell  Glacier.  Alaska 
to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  111.,  and  Newf.— Plants  slender,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  3  to  6 
mm.  wide;  bracts  often  blackish;  bristles  white  or  brownish. 

2.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.     Spikerush. 

Glabrous  perennials;  leaves  represented  only  by  sheaths;  spikelet  1,  erect,  the 
scales  spirally  arranged;  perianth  of  few  bristles;  achene  3-angled  or  lenticular,  the 
base  of  the  style  persistent  as  a  tubercle. 

Achene  whitish,  with  longitudinal  ribs 1-  E.  acicularis. 

Achene  yellow  or  brownish,  not  ribbed. 

Style  branches  2;  stems  1.5  to  2  mm.  thick 2.  E.  palustris. 

Style  branches  3;  stemsabout  0.5  mm.  thick 3.  E.  tenuis. 

1.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Low  open  ground,  east  entrance. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.— Stems  very  slender,  2  to  15  cm. 
high;  spikelets  3  to  6  mm.  long,  the  scales  brownish. 

The  plants  often  form  dense  mats. 

2.  Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Occasional  at  low  or  rarely  at 
middle  altitudes,  in  wet  soil.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.— 
Plants  rather  stout,  15  to  60  cm.  high,  green  or  somewhat  glaucous;  spikelets  6  to  20 
mm.  long,  the  scales  purplish  brown;  achene  yellowish,  with  a  large  tubercle. 

3.  Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schult.  Wet  meadow  below  Grinnell  Glacier.  Sask . 
to  Colo.,  Fla.,  and  N.  S.— Stems  5  to  30  cm.  high,  green;  spikelets  3  to  10  mm.  long; 
achenes  yellowish  brown,  roughened,  with  a  small  tubercle. 

3.  DULICHIUM  L.  Rich. 

1.  Duliohium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Sphagnum  bogs  on  the  west  slope. 
B.  G.  to  Tex.,  Fla.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Centr.  Amer.— Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high, 
with  rootstocks  and  slender  hollow  leafy  stems;  leaves  linear,  2  to  8  cm.  long, 
spreading;  spikelets  12  to  20  mm.  long,  in  axillary  spikes. 

4.  SCIRPXJS  L. 

Glabrous  perennials;  leaves  linear,   often   reduced   to  sheaths;  spikelets  few   or 

many,  clustered,  ovoid,  the  scales  spirally  arranged;  perianth  of  few  bristles. 

Stems  3-angled,  leafy;  spikelets  very  numerous,  in  large  umbels  .  1.  S.  microcarpus. 

Stems  round,  not  leafy;  spikelets  few,  in  a  loose  cluster,  this  appearing  to  rise  from 

the  side  of  the  stem  near  the  top 2.  S.  occidentalis. 

1.  Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.  Banks  at  Johns  Lake;  low  places  about  east 
entrance.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Conn.,  and  Newf.— Plants  0.5  to  1  meter  high; 
leaves  long,  rough-edged;  spikelets  greenish,  3  to  4  mm.  long,  in  dense  clusters,  these 
arranged  in  umbels;  achenes  wliitish. 

2.  Scirpus  occidentalis  (S.  Wats.)  Chase.  Bulrush.  About  ponds  on  prairie  at 
east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Mo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Newf.— Stems  about  a 
meter  high,  dark  green,  soft  and  spongy;  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  base 
of  the  stem;  spikelets  6  to  15  mm.  long,  brown. 


296  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM, 

6.  CAREX  L.     Sedge. 

(Contributed  by  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Mackenzie.) 

Perennials;  culms  mostly  triangular;  leaves  3-ranked;  plants  monoecious  or  some- 
times dioecious;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  glumes;  spikes  pistillate  or  staminate- 
or  partly  both  with  the  pistillate  flowers  either  at  the  top  or  bottom  of  the  spikes: 
perianth  none;  staminate  flowers  of  3  (rarely  2)  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform; 
pistillate  flowers  of  a  single  pistil,  with  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas;  achenes  triangular 
or  lenticular,  completely  surrounded  by  the  perigynium. 

I.  Spike  solitary. 
Stigmas  2;  achenes  lenticular. 
Plants  very  densely  cespitose;  si^ikes  staminate  at  top;  perigynia  appressed. 

1.  C.  hepburnii. 
Plants  with  slender  elongate  rootstocks;  spikes  usually  pistillate  or  staminate; 

perigynia  widely  spreading  at  maturity 4.  C.  gynocrates. 

Stigmas  3 ;  achenes  triangular. 
Perigynia    widely    spreading    or    reflexed    at    maturity,  conspicuously    stipitate; 
pistillate  scales  deciduous. 
Plants  densely  cespitose;  leaf  blades  involute,  1  mm.  wide;  staminate  flowers 

few;  perigynia  erect  until  full  maturity 2.  C.  pyrenaica. 

Plants  short-stoloniferous;  leaf  blades  flat,   1.5  mm.  wide  or  more;  staminate 

flowers  conspicuous;  perigynia  early  deflexed 3.  C.  nigricans. 

Perigynia  appressed  or  ascending,  little  if  at  all  stipitate;  pistUlate  scales  per- 
sistent. 
Spikes  staminate  at  top. 
Perigynia  short-beaked;  leaf  blades  acicular. 

Perigynia  glabrous,  the  upper  half  empty 1.  C.  hepburnii. 

Perigynia  puberulent,  nearly  filled  by  the  achene 29.  C.  filifolia. 

Perigynia  beakless  or  very  nearly  so;  leaf  blades  not  acicular. 
Perigynia  rounded  at  apex,  many-nerved;  scales  not  chartaceous. 

27.  C.  leptalea. 
Perigynia    not    rounded    at    apex,    2-ribbed,    otherwise    nerveless;  scales 

chartaceous      28.  C.  geyeri. 

Spikes  entirely  staminate  or  entirely  pistillate,  the  culms  dioecious. 

Perigynia  strongly  pubescent 30.  C.  scirpoidea. 

Perigynia  glabrous 36.  C.  parryana. 

II.  Spikes  more  than  one. 

A.  Stigmas  2;  achenes  lenticular. 

B.  Lateral  spikes  short,  sessile,  the  terminal  spike  pistillate  at  top  or  bottom,  or 

throughout. 

C.  Perigynia  not  white-puncticulate. 

Plants  with  long-creeping  rootstocks,  the  culms  arising  one  or  few  together;  spikes 
staminate  at  top  or  throughout. 
Sheaths  white-hyaline  opposite  the  blades. 

Rootstocks  slender,  light  brownish;  culms  obtusely  triangular,  normally  smooth; 
heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so;  perigynia  strongly  nerved  ventrally. 

6.  C.  douglasii. 
Rootstocks  stout,   blackish;  culms  sharply  triangular,  normally  rough  above; 
heads  not  dioecious;  perigynia  nerveless  or  nearly  so  ventrally. 

6.  C.  praegracilis. 

Sheaths  green-striate  opposite  the  blades  nearly  to  the  mouth.     Heads  not  dioecious; 

perigynia  strongly  striate  ventrally 7.  C.  sartwellii. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  297 

Plants  cespitose,  the  rootstocks  short;   spikes  stamiuate  at  top  or  bottom. 
Spikes  staminate  at  top. 
Spikes  not  very  numerous,  capitate;   perigynia  4  to  5  mm.  long,  plano-convex, 

green,  at  least  on  margin 8.  C.  hcodii. 

Spikes  very  numerous,  in  a  compound  head;    perigynia  2  to  2.75  mm.  long. 

unequally  biconvex,  brown,  shining 9.  C  diandra. 

Spikes  (at  least  the  terminal  one)  staminate  at  bottom. 
Perigynia  at  most  sharp-margined. 
PerigjTiia  spreading  at  maturity. 
Perigynia  broadest  in  middle,  the  beak  sparingly  serrulate;   culms  weak. 

10.  C.  laeviculmis, 
Perigynia  broadest  near  base,  the  beak  strongly  serrulate;    culms  stiff. 

11.  C.  interior. 

Perigynia  appressed 12.  C  leptopoda. 

Perigynia  narrowly  to  strongly  wing-margined,  the  beak  serrulate. 

Bracts  conspicuous,  exceeding  the  head 13.  C.  athrostachya. 

Bracts  not  conspicuous,  shorter  than  the  head. 

Scales  about  the  length  of  the  perigynia  and  of  the  same  vndih  above  and 
concealing  them. 
Perigynia  with  beak  not  hyaline  at  tip,  flattened  and  serrulate  nearly  to  tip. 

14.  C.  aenea. 

Perigynia  with  beak  hyaline  at  tip,  the  tip  terete  and  little  if  at  all  serrulate. 

Culms  and  head  stiff  and  rigid;   culms  10  to  30  cm.  high,  in  large  stools. 

16.  C.  phaeocephala. 
Culms  in  clumps,  slender;    head  flexuous  or  moniliform. 

Scales  tinged  with  light  reddish  brown 17.  C.  praticola. 

Scales  tinged  with  chestnut  brown 18.  C.piperi. 

Scales  shorter  than  perigynia  and  narrower  above,  the  upper  part  of  the 
perigynia  conspicuous  in  the  spikes. 

Perigynia  with  beak  flat  and  serrulate  to  tip 15-  C.  bebbii. 

Perigynia  with  tip  of  beak  terete  and  little  if  at  all  serrulate. 

Perigynia  thin  and  flattened,  except  where  distended  by  achene. 
Perigynia  3.5  to  5  mm.  long,  appressed;  culms  tall,  20  to  70  cm.  high. 

19.  C.  festivella. 
Perigynia  4.5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  beaks  conspicuously  spreading; 

culms  low,  10  to  40  cm.  high 20.  C.  nubicola. 

Perigynia  strongly  plano-convex,  thick. 

Spikes  densely  capitate;    perigynia  with  beak  obliquely  cut,  dark- 
tipped  21.  C.  pachystachya. 

Spikes  not  capitate;    perigynia  with  beak  bidentate,  reddish-lipped. 

22.  C.  preslii. 
CC.  Perigynia  white-puncticulate. 
Spikes  staminate  at  top;  perigynia  1  to  5  to  a  spike,  unequally  biconvex. 

23.  C.  disperma. 

Spikes  s'.aminate  at  bottom;  perigynia  more  numerous,  plano-convex. 

Perigynia  broadest  near  middle;    beak  short,  smooth  or  moderately  serrulate. 
Spikes  closely  approximate;    scales  strongly  tinged  with  reddish  brown;  peri- 
gynia with  beak  smooth  or  essentially  so 24.  C.  lachenalii. 

Spikes  not  closely  approximate,  the  lower  spikes  separated;  scales  little  if  at  all 
tinged  with  reddish  brown;    perigynia  with  beak  usually  more   or  less 

serrulate 25.  C.  canescens. 

Perigynia  ovate,  broadest  near  the  base;  beak  conspicuous,  strongly  serrulate. 

26.  C.  arcta. 


298  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL.  HERBARIUM. 

BB.  Lateral  spikes  elongate,  more  or  less  peduncled;   terminal  spike  or  spikes  nor- 
mally staminate. 

Culms  3  to  40  cm.  high;   pistillate  spikes  4  to  20-flowered;   perigynia  golden-yellow 

and  translucent  at  maturity 32.  C.  aurea. 

Culms  20  to  140  cm.  high;    pistillate  spikes  many-flowered;    perigynia  not  golden- 
yellow  and  not  translucent  at  maturity. 
Perigynia  green  or  straw-colored,  dull;    style  jointed  with  achene. 
Perigynia  with  beak  not  bidentate. 

Perigynia  conspicuously  nerved;  leaf  blades  1  to  3  mm.  wide;  stolons  absent. 

45,  C.  kelloggii. 
Perigynia  nerveless  ventrally  or  nearly  so;   leaf  blades  4  to  8  mm.  wide;   long 

horizontal  stolons  present 46.  C.  substricta. 

Perigynia  with  beak  markedly  bidentate  and  with  body  strongly  ribbed. 

47.  C.  nebraskensis. 
Perigynia  tinged  with  yellowish  brown,  shining;   style  continuous  with  achene. 

52.  C.  miliaris. 
AA.  Stigmas  3;  achenes  triangular. 
Perigynia  hairy. 

Culms  5  to  25  cm.  high;   pistillate  spikes  few-flowered;   perigynia  2-ribbed,  other- 
wise nerveless 31.  C.  rossii. 

Culms  60  to  90  cm.  high;  pistillate  spikes  many-flowered;  perigynia  many-nerved. 

Leaf  blades  flat,  more  than  2  mm.  wide 48.  C.  lanuginosa. 

Leaf  blades  involute,  2  mm.  wide  or  less 49.  C.  lasiocarpa. 

Perigynia  not  hairy. 

Bract  of  lowest  pistillate  spike  sheatliing. 
Pistillate  spikes  drooping,  on  capillary  peduncles,  2  to  12-flowered ;  perigynia  not 

bidentate     33.  C.  capillaris. 

Pistillate  spikes  erect,  many-flowered;  perigynia  bidentate. 

Perigynia  2  to  3  mm.  long,  the  beak  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  body. 

50.  C.  viridula. 
Perigynia  4  to  6  mm.  long,  the  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body  ...  51.  C.  flava. 
Bract  of  lowest  pistillate  spike  not  sheathing. 
D.  Perigynia  with  beak  entire  or  shallowly  bidentate  with  very  short  teeth, 
Perigynia  glaucous-green. 

Pistillate  spikes  drooping;  plants  loosely  long-stoloniferous;  terminal  spike 

staminate 34.  C.  limosa. 

Spikes  erect,  the  terminal  pistillate  at  top;  culms  densely  tufted,  sending 

forth  long  horizontal  stolons 35.  C.  buxbaumii, 

Perigynia  not  glaucous-green. 
Terminal  spike  in  some  plants  pistillate  and  linear-cylindric  or  staminate 

only  at  apex,  in  others  staminate 36.  C,  parryana. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  or  pistillate  at  top  and  staminate  below;  not 
pistillate  and  linear-cylindric. 
Terminal  spike  staminate. 
Culms  few-leaved,  purplish-tinged  at  base,  the  lower  leaves  reduced  to 

bladeless  sheaths 37.  C.  podocarpa. 

Culms  many-leaved,  clothed  at  base  with  dried -up  leaves  of  previous 
year,  not  purplish- tinged  at  base. 

Perigynia  flat 38.  C.  tolmiei. 

Perigynia  round  in  cross  section,  many-nerved    .  .  39.  C.  raynoldsii. 
Terminal  spike  pistillate  at  top  and  staminate  below. 

Perigynia  small,  2.5  mm.  long  or  less,  triangular  in  cross  section. 

40.  C.  halleri. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  299 

Perigynia  larger,  2.5  to  5  mm.  long,  compressed  or  subtriangular. 

Spikes  contiguous,  sessile  or  short-ped uncled,  forming  a  dense  head. 
Culms  stiff,  erect;  scales  with  conspicuous  white  hyaline  apex  and 

upper  margins 41.  C.  albo-nigra. 

Spikes  not  contiguous,  the  lowest  spike  (or  spikes)  strongly  peduncled, 
usually  distant,  erect  or  nodding. 
Spikes  3  to  5,  not  oblong-cylindric;  walls  of  perigynia  not  papery; 
perigynia  2.5  to  4.5  mm.  long,  dull  green  to  brownish  black, 
nerveless  ventrally  or  obscurely  nerved ;  scales  about  the  length 
of  the  perigynia. 
Perigynia  slightly  inflated  and  subtriangular,  not  strongly  com- 
pressed     42.  C.  atrosquama. 

Perigynia  strongly  compressed 43.  C.  chalciolepis. 

Spikes    6    to    10,    oblong-cylindric;  walls    of     perigynia    papery; 

perigynia  5  mm.  long,  light  green,  finely  3-nerved  ventrally; 

scales  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia    ...  44.  C.  mertensii. 

DD.  Perigynia  deeply  bidentate  with  stiff  slender  teeth. 

Perigynia   ascending;  rootstocks  short-creeping;  lower  sheaths  more   or  less 

strongly  filamentose;  culms  sharply  triangular  above  leaves. 

53.  C.  vesicaria. 

Perigynia  spreading  at  maturity;  plants  cespitose  and   sending  forth  long 

horizontal  stolons;  lower  sheaths  not  filamentose;  culms  bluntly  triangular 

above  leaves     54.  C.  rostrata. 

1.  Carex  hepburnii  Boott.  On  a  wind-swept  rocky  summit  above  Sexton  Glacier. 
Alta.  to  Colo.,  Wash.,  and  southeastern  Alaska.— Culms  2  to  15  cm.  high;  leaf  blades 
acicular;  spike  5  to  12  mm.  long;  perigynia  3  to  4  mm.  long,  elliptic-ovate,  mem- 
branaceous, stipitate,  the  beak  hyaline-tipped . 

2.  Carex  pyrenaica  Wahl.  Frequent  on  rocky  alpine  slopes.  Mack,  to  Colo., 
Oreg.,  and  southeastern  Alaska;  also  in  Eurasia.— Culms  3  to  20  cm.  high,  slender, 
wiry;  leaves  2  or  3  to  a  culm;  spike  5  to  20  mm.  long;  scales  chestnut-tinged;  peri- 
gynia 3  to  4  mm.  long,  obscurely  triangular,  long-beaked,  the  beak  obliquely  cut. 

3.  Carex  nigricans  C.  A.  Meyer.  Abundant  in  wet  meadows  above  timber  line; 
sometimes  in  meadows  at  lower  altitudes,  as  at  Grinnell  Lake  and  below  Granite 
Park.  Alta.  to  Colo.,  Calif.,  and  Alaska.— Culms  5  to  20  cm.  high,  stiff,  firm;  leaves 
4  to  9  to  a  culm;  spike  8  to  15  mm.  long;  scales  tinged  with  dark  brown;  perigynia 
4  mm.  long,  obscurely  triangular,  long-beaked,  the  beak  obliquely  cut. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  plants  in  alpine  meadows,  often  forming  large  pure 
stands.  To  a  large  extent  it  replaces  the  grasses  that  commonly  compose  the  alpine 
meadows  farther  south  in  the  Rockies. 

4.  Carex  gynocrates  Wormskj.  In  a  marsh  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake 
McDermott;  abundant  in  this  one  locality,  growing  with  Petasites  sagittata,  Eriopho- 
rum,  etc.  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Colo.;  also  in  Siberia.— 
Culms  10  to  30  cm.  high,  smooth;  leaf  blades  filiform;  spike  bractless,  5  to  15  mm. 
long;  perigynia  3  mm.  long,  biconvex,  sub  coriaceous,  strongly  beaked,  the  apex 
hyaline. 

5.  Carex  douglasii  Boott.  Plains  near  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Man.  to  B.  C, 
south  to  Nebr.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif.— Culms  6  to  30  cm.  liigh;  leaf  blades  1  to  2.5  mm. 
wide;  spikes  oblong-elliptic,  aggregate  in  an  oblong-ovoid  head;  perigynia  concealed 
by  scales,  lanceolate,  4  mm.  long. 

6.  Carex  praegracilis  W.  Boott.  On  a  dry  gravelly  slope  along  the  railroad  near 
Belton.  Man.  to  Yukon  and  B.  C,  south  to  Kans.,  Mex.,  and  southern  Calif.  (C. 
marcida  Boott).— Culms  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1.5  to  3  nun.  wide;  spikes 
ovoid;  perigynia  nearly  concealed  by  scales,  blackish  in  age,  3  to  4  mm.  long,  1.5 
mm.  wide. 


300  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

7.  Carex  sartwellii  Dewey.  Frequent  in  wet  open  places  about  the  east  entrance. 
N.  Y.  to  Mont.,  south  to  111.  and  Colo. — Culms  40  to  70  cm.  high,  rough  above;  leaf 
blades  2.5  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  densely  aggregate  in  an  oblong  head;  perigynia  2.5 
to  4  mm.  long,  very  short-beaked. 

8.  Carex  hoodii  Boott.  On  shaded  cliffs  near  Many  Glacier  Hotel;  in  deep  damp 
woods  at  Sun  Camp.  Alta.  to  B.  C,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Densely  cespitose; 
culms  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1.5  to  3.5  mm.  wide;  head  1  to  2  cm.  long; 
perigynia  ascending,  serrulate  to  middle,  4  to  5  mm.  long,  margined  above,  sharply 
bidentate. 

9.  Carex  diandra  Schrank.  Common  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake.  N.  S.  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Pa.,  Colo.,  and  in  the  mountains  to  southern  Calif. ;  also  in  Eurasia. — • 
Culms  loosely  cespitose,  slender,  30  to  70  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1  to  2.5  mm.  wide; 
head  2.5  to  5  cm.  long,  not  interrupted,  compound;  perigynia  not  concealed  by  scales, 
coriaceous,  conspicuously  rough-beaked. 

10.  Carex  laeviculmis  Meinshaus.  In  a  low  thicket  along  Snyder  Creek.  Alaska 
to  Mont.,  south  to  Calif.;  also  in  Siberia. — Culms  30  to  70  cm.  high,  weak;  leaf  blades 
1.5  to  2  mm.  wide,  flat,  soft;  spikes  3  to  8,  with  3  to  10  perigynia;  scales  with  sharply 
defined  green  midvein;   perigynia  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  the  beak  slightly  bidentate. 

11.  Carex  interior  Bailey.  Marsh  near  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott. 
Me.  to  B.  C,  south  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  nortliem  Mex.,  and  Calif. — Culms  20  to  40  cm.  high, 
stiff,  slender,  mry;  leaf  blades  1  to  2  mm.  wide;  spikes  2  to  4,  approximate;  scales 
very  obtuse,  with  light  center;  perigynia  ovoid,  2.5  mm.  long,  abruptly  short-beaked, 

he  teeth  short. 

12.  Carex  leptopoda  Mackenz.  Common  in  deep  woods  and  on  lake  shores  at 
middle  altitudes;  sometimes  on  open  slopes,  and  occasionally  found  above  timber 
line.  B.  C.  to  Mont,  and  Calif. — Rootstocks  slender,  elongate;  culms  slender,  30  to 
75  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2.5  to  5  mm.  wide;  spikes  4  to  7,  narrow,  approximate; 
scales  short;  perigynia  3.5  to  4.5  mm.  long,  substipitate,  the  beak  shallowly  bidentate. 

13.  Carex  athrostachya  Olney.  Swales  near  east  entrance,  Umhach.  Sask.  to 
Yukon,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Culms  5  to  30  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1.5  to  2.5  mm, 
wide;  spikes  4  to  15,  densely  aggregate;  perigynia  exceeding  scales,  lanceolate-ovate. 
3  to  4  mm.  long,  slenderly  beaked,  hyaline  at  orifice. 

14.  Carex  aenea  Fernald.  Low  thicket  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake 
McDermott.  Lab.  to  Yukon,  south  to  Conn.,  Mont.,  and  B.  C— Culms  40  to  90 
cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2.5  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  3  to  12  in  a  flexuous  head;  scales 
light  brownish,  hyaline-margined;  perigynia  ascending,  ovate,  4  mm.  long. 

15.  Carex  bebbii  Olney.  On  sandbar  along  Lake  McDonald  near  Lewis's.  Newf. 
to  B.  C,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Mont. — Culms  20  to  80  cm.  high,  rough  beneath  head; 
leaf  blades  2  to  4.5  mm.  wide;  spikes  5  to  10,  closely  aggregate;  perigynia  brownish, 
ascending,  ovate,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

16.  Carex  phaeocephala  Piper.  Frequent  on  open  rocky  slopes  at  middle  and 
high  altitudes.  Alta.  to  southeastern  Alaska,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Leaf  blades 
1.5  to  2  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  involute;  spikes  2  to  5  (7),  aggregate;  scales  reddish 
brown,  strongly  hyaline-margined;  perigynia  ascending,  oblong-ovate,  obscurely 
nerved  ventrally,  short-beaked. 

17.  Carex  praticola  Rydb.  In  dense  moist  woods  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below 
Lake  McDermott;  in  low  aspen  thickets  about  the  east  entrance.  Greenl.  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Me.,  Colo.,  and  northern  Calif. — Culms  25  to  60  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1  to  2 
mm.  wide;  spikes  2  to  6;  scales  shining;  perigynia  appressed,  ovate-lanceolate, 
4.5  to  6.5  mm.  long,  nerveless  ventrally,  short-beaked. 

18.  Carex  piperi  Mackenz.  Fields  near  east  entrance,  Umhach.  B.  C.  to  Alta., 
south  to  Wyo.  and  Oreg. — Culms  30  to  80  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2  to  3.5  mm.  wide, 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  301 

spikes  3  to  9;  scales  sMuing;  perigynia  appressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  4  to  5  mm.  long, 
nearly  nerveless  ventrally,  rather  short-beaked. 

19.  Carex  festivella  Mackenz.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  nearly  all  altitudes; 
in  moist  woods  or  thickets  or  on  high  open  slopes.  Alta.  to  B.  C,  south  to  N.  Mex., 
Ariz.,  and  Calif.— Leaf  blades  2.5  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  3  to  8,  densely  aggregate; 
scales  ovate,  dark  reddish  brown;  perigynia  numerous,  lightly  nerved  ventrally,  the 
beak  one-third  the  length  of  body. 

20.  Carex  nubicola  Mackenz.  Abundant  in  meadows  and  on  rocky  slopes  above 
timber  line.  Alta.  to  Wash.,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif.— Leaf  blades  2  to  3  mm.  wide; 
spikes  4  to  7,  densely  aggregate;  scales  ovate,  blackish;  perigynia  15  to  30,  ovate, 
nerveless  ventrally,  abruptly  beaked,  the  beak  half  the  length  of  body. 

21.  Carex  pachystachya  Cham.  On  a  moist  shaded  bank  at  the  east  entrance. 
Alaska  to  Alta.,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif.— Culms  30  to  80  cm.  high;  leaf  blades 
2  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  4  to  8;  scales  narrowly  hyaline-margined;  perigynia  3.5  to  4 
mm.  long,  ovate,  nerveless  ventrally,  the  beak  half  the  length  of  body. 

22.  Carex  preslii  Steud.  Common  in  deep  woods  at  middle  altitudes,  and  on 
rocky  slopes  and  in  meadows  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Mont,  and  Oreg.— Culms 
25  to  75  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1.5  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  3  to  8,  well  defined;  scales 
reddish  brown,  narrowly  margined;  perigynia  ovate,  3.5  mm.  long,  abruptly  beaked, 
the  beak  1  mm.  long. 

'  23.  Carex  disperma  Dewey.  Frequent  at  low  or  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs,  swampy 
woods,  or  wet  thickets;  abundant  in  some  localities  and  forming  dense  mats  of  loosely 
interlaced  leaves  and  stems.  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Calif.;  also  in  Eurasia.— In  large  clumps  but  rootstocks  slender;  culms  weak,  15  to 
60  cm.  liigh;  leaf  blades  1  to  1.5  mm.  wide;  perigynia  elliptic-ovoid,  2  mm.  long, 
finely  nerved,  the  minute  beak  smooth. 

24.  Carex  lachenalii  Schkuhr.  Moist  meadow  at  Sperry  Glacier.  Greenl.  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Mont.;  also  in  Eurasia.— Culms  stiff,  erect,  7  to  40  cm.  high,  rough 
above;  leaf  blades  1  to  3  mm.  wide;  spikes  2  to  6,  the  terminal  strongly  tapering; 
perigynia  2  to  3.5  mm.  long,  several-nerved,  abruptly  short-beaked. 

25.  Carex  canescens  L.  Open  bog  near  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott. 
Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Va.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Eurasia,  S.  Amer.,  and  Australia.— 
In  large  clumps,  the  culms  25  to  80  cm.  high,  slender;  leaf  blades  2  to  4  mm.  wide, 
glaucous;  spikes  4  to  9,  many-flowered;  perigynia  appressed-ascending,  1.8  to  2.8 
mm.  long,  faintly  few-nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire  or  emarginate. 

26.  Carex  arcta  Boott.  Abundant  in  a  wet  thicket  at  the  upper  end  of  Lake 
McDonald.  N.  B.  to  B.  C,  south  to  N.  Y.,  Mont.,  and  northern  Calif.— Culms  15 
to  80  cm.  liigh;  leaf  blades  2  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  5  to  15,  many-flowered,  aggregate; 
perigynia  2  to  3  mm.  long,  many-nerved,  ascending  or  somewhat  spreading. 

27.  Carex  leptalea  Wahl.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
in  bogs,  marshes,  or  low  thickets.  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Colo.,  and 
northern  Calif.— Densely  tufted;  culms  20  to  60  cm.  high,  very  slender;  leaf  blades 
0.5  to  1.25  mm.  wide;  spikes  4  to  15  mm.  long;  perigynia  2.5  to  4.25  mm.  long,  oblong- 
elliptic,  membranaceous. 

28.  Carex  geyeri  Boott.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope,  at  middle  altitudes,  or  above 
timber  line,  on  open  gravelly  slopes.  Alta.  to  Wash.,  south  to  Colo.,  Utah,  and 
northern  Calif.— Rootstock  woody,  elongate;  culms  up  to  35  cm.  high,  very  rough, 
leaf  blades  thick,  2  to  3.5  mm.  wide;  perigynia  1  to  3.6  mm.  long,  obtusely  triangular, 
very  minutely  beaked. 

29.  Carex  filifolia  Nutt.  Hills  near  east  entrance.  Sask.  to  Yukon,  south  to  Tex.. 
N.  Mex.,  and  Wash.- Densely  cespitose,  the  culms  8  to  30  cm.  high;  spike  1  to  2  cm . 


302  COlSTTRIBUTIOISrS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

long,  with  5  to  10  perigynia;  scales  strongly  bright  white  margined;  perigynia  3  mm. 
long,  obovoid-globose,  rounded  on  the  angles. 

30.  Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  Near  a  snow  bank  on  Altyn  Mountain;  wet  mossy 
cliffs  at  Baring  Falls.  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Mont.,  and  B.  C. — 
Rootstocks  creeping;  culms  20  to  35  cm.  liigh,  purplish  at  base;  spikes  1.5  to  3  cm. 
long;   scales  ciliate;   perigynia  3  mm.  long,  flattened-triangular,  short-beaked. 

31.  Carex  rossii  Boott.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes,  in  deep 
woods  or  in  wet  meadows.  Mich,  to  Yukon,  south  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Rootstocks 
stout;  culms  5  to  25  cm.  high,  wiry;  leaf  blades  1  to  2.5  mm.  wide;  staminate  spike 
conspicuous,  3  to  10  mm.  long;  perigynia  3.25  to  4.5  mm.  long,  strongly  stipitate,  the 
beak  deeply  bidentate. 

32.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.  At  low  and  middle  altitudes  in  moist  soil,  usually  at  the 
edge  of  water;  infrequent.  Newf.  to  Yukon,  south  to  Conn.,  Mich.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Calif. — Leaf  blades  2  to  4  mm.  wide;  bracts  sheathing;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  5,  on 
erect  exserted  peduncles;  scales  usually  reddish  brown  tinged;  perigynia  ascending, 
broadly  oval,  2  mm.  wide,  many-nerved,  subumbonate. 

33.  Carex  capillaris  L.  Occasional  on  open  rocky  slopes  just  below  Sperry  Glacier. 
Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  H.,  Mich.,  Colo.,  and  Nev.;  also  in  Eurasia. — Culms  5 
to  60  cm.  high,  slender;  leaf  blades  1  to  2  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4;  scales 
broadly  hyaline-margined;  perigynia  ovoid,  appressed,  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  the  beak 
slender,  conic. 

34.  Carex  Umosa  L.  Abundant  in  sphagnum  bogs  at  Johns  and  Fish  lakes.  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  Mont.,  and  Wash.;  also  in  Eurasia.— Culms  15  to  60 
cm.  high,  sharply  triangular;  leaf  blades  glaucous,  1.5  to  3  mm.  wide;  pistillate 
spikes  8  to  30-flowered;  scales  acute  or  short-cuspidate;  perigynia  broadly  ovate, 
flattened,  2-edged,  2.5  mm.  long,  several-nerved. 

36.  Carex  buxbaumii  Wahl.  Boggy  meadow  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake 
McDermott;  abundant  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake.  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Ga.,  Ark.,  Colo.,  and  Calif.;  also  in  Eurasia. — Culms  20  to  90  cm.  high,  strongly 
reddish  purple  at  base;  lower  sheaths  filamentose;  leaf  blades  2  to  4  mm.  wide; 
scales  awned;  perigynia  numerous,  shorter  than  scales,  3  to  4  mm.  long,  lightly 
many-nerved. 

36.  Carex  parryana  Dewey.  Open  rocky  slope  at  Gunsight  Pass.  Hudson  Bay  to 
Alta.,  south  to  N.  Dak.  and  Colo.^Stoloniferous;  culms  10  to  35  cm.  high;  leaf 
blades  2.5  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  1  to  5,  approximate;  perigynia  2.5  mm.  long,  flattened 
and  sharp-edged,  the  beak  minute,  bidentulate. 

37.  Carex  podocarpa  R.  Br.  Abundant  in  moist  meadows  and  on  rocky  slopes 
above  timber  line;  occasionally  found  on  moist  rocky  slopes  at  lower  altitudes. 
Northern  Alaska,  south  to  Mont,  and  Idaho.— Rootstocks  stout;  culms  20  to  40  cm. 
high,  slender;  leaf  blades  2  to  4  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong,  drooping;  pistillate  scales  brownish  black,  the  midvein  nearly  obsolete; 
perigynia  ovate,  flat,  nerveless,  4  mm.  long;  achenes  stipitate. 

38.  Carex  tolmiei  Boott.  Abundant  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  and  on  rocky 
slopes.  Alta.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Wyo.  and  Wash. — Rootstocks  tough,  densely  matted; 
culms  25  to  50  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2.5  to  4.5  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  3  to  6, 
spreading,  oblong;  pistillate  scales  with  conspicuous  midvein;  perigynia  flat,  3  mm. 
long;  achenes  short-stipitate. 

Both  this  and  C.  podocarpa  are  common  in  all  the  alpine  meadows,  and  they  are 
very  conspicuous  because  of  their  handsome  dark  spikes. 

39.  Carex  raynoldsii  Dewey.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  in  woods  or  thickets,  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes,  and  on  open  slopes  above  timber  line.  Alta.  to  Wash., 
south  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Rootstocks  stout;    culms  20  to  40  cm.  high;    leaf  blades 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  303 

3  to  8  mm.  wide;   pistillate  spikes  2  to  3,  erect,  oblong;   scales  blackish,  with  light 
mid  vein;   perigynia  4.5  mm.  long,  oblong-oval,  the  short  beak  bidentate. 

40.  Carex  halleri  Gunn.  Edge  of  a  pool  in  marsh  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below 
Lake  McDermott.  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ont.  and  N.  Mex.;  also  in  Eurasia.— 
Culms  15  to  60  cm.  high,  slender;  leaf  blades  1  to  3  mm.  wide;  spikes  2  to  4,  clustered, 
erect,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  closely  8  to  25-flowered;  scales  black;  perigynia 
minutely  bidentate. 

41.  Carex  albo-nigra  Mackenz.  Mount  Henry,  Umbach.  Mont,  to  Colo.,  Ariz., 
and  Utah.— Culms  15  to  30  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  3  mm.  wide;  spikes  usually  3, 
closely  8  to  15-flowered;  mid  vein  of  scales  nearly  obsolete;  perigynia  blackish,  3  mm. 
long,  minutely  roughened. 

42.  Carex  atrosquama  Mackenz.  Occasional  on  the  moraine  of  Grinnell  Glacier. 
Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Mont,  and  Idaho.— Culms  30  to  45  cm.  high,  slender;  leaf  blades 
25  to  35  mm.  wide;  spikes  3  or  4,  oblong,  densely  15  to  30-flowered;  scales  black, 
with  obsolete  midvein;  perigynia  3.25  mm.  long,  olive-green,  abruptly  and  minutely 
beaked. 

43.  Carex  chalciolepis  Holm.  In  marsh  at  Grinnell  Lake.  Mont,  to  Nev.,  south 
to  Colo,  and  Ariz.— Culms  20  to  70  cm.  high,  slender;  leaf  blades  3  to  6  mm.  wide; 
spikes  2  to  4,  the  lateral  ones  ovoid,  rather  short-peduncled;  scales  very  thin,  copper- 
brown,  the  midvein  indistinct;  perigynia  3  to  4  mm.  long,  obovate,  shorter  than  the 
scales,  granular-roughened;  achenes  short-stipitate. 

44.  Carex  mertensii  Prescott.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or 
thickets;  sometimes  found  on  open  slopes  above  timber  line.  A  handsome  species, 
ranging  from  Alaska  to  Mont,  and  northern  Calif  .—Culms  30  to  100  cm.  high,  sharply 
triangular,  rough;  leaf  blades  4  to  7  mm.  wide;  spikes  1  to  4  cm.  long;  scales  acute, 
with  light  midvein;  perigynia  numerous,  appressed,  tapering  at  apex,  minutely 
beaked. 

45.  Carex  kelloggii  W.  Boott.  Common  at  middle  altitudes,  in  wet  meadows  or 
marshes  or  along  streams;  also  in  subalpine  meadows.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  east  to  Mont, 
and  Colo.— Culms  30  to  70  cm.  high,  slender;  staminate  spike  usually  one;  pistillate 
spikes  3  to  5,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  linear,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide;  scales 
with  broad  light-colored  center;  perigynia  light  green,  2.5  mm.  long,  strongly 
stipitate. 

46.  Carex  substricta  (Kukenth.)  Mackenz.  In  willow  thickets  or  low  open  places 
about  the  east  entrance;  in  boggy  meadows  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake 
McDermott.  Me.  to  Sask.  and  Mont.,  south  to  N.  Y.  and  Nebr.— Culms  60  to  140 
cm.  high;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  sessile  or  short-peduncled, 
linear,  2  to  7  cm.  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide;  scales  with  broad  light-colored  center; 
perigynia  3  mm.  long,  obovate,  stipitate. 

47.  Carex  nebraskensis  Dewey.  About  a  dried-up  pool  near  the  east  entrance. 
S.  Dak.  to  Kans.,  west  to  Calif,  and  B.  C— Culms  25  to  100  cm.  high;  leaf  blades 
4  to  8  mm.  wide,  flat;  staminate  spikes  1  or  2;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  5,  sessile  or 
short-peduncled;  scales  with  light  midvein;  perigynia  3  to  3.5  mm.  long. 

48.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  In  low  open  ground,  or  in  low  thickets,  about 
St.  Mary  and  the  east  entrance.  N.  S.  to  B.  C,  south  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Calif.— Stoloniferous;  culms  60  to  90  cm.  high,  rough  above,  reddened  and  filamentose 
at  base;  staminate  spikes  1  to  3;  pistillate  spikes  1  to  3,  1  to  5  cm.  long;  scales  sharp- 
pointed;  perigynia  ovoid,  the  beak  strongly  bidentate. 

49.  Carex  lasiocarpa  Ehrh.  Abundant  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Fish  Lake.  Newf.  to 
B.  C,  south  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  and  Colo.;  also  in  Eurasia.— Stoloniferous;  culms  60  to  90 
cm.  liigh,  smooth,  strongly  reddened  and  filamentose  at  base;  staminate  spikes  1  to  3; 
pistillate' spikes  1  to  3,  1  to  5  cm.  long;  scales  sharp-pointed;  perigynia  oval-ovoid, 
the  beak  sharply  bidentate. 


304  CONTEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HEEBAEIUM. 

50.  Carex  viridula  Michx.  On  the  rocky  beach  of  Lake  St.  Mary  at  Sun  Camp. 
Newf.  to  southeastern  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Colo.,  and  northern  Calif. — Culms  7  to 
40  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  1.5  to  3  mm.  wide;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
pistillate  spikes  2  to  10,  aggregate  or  the  lower  separate;  scales  much  shorter  than  the 
perigynia,  the  latter  wliite-tipped. 

51.  Carex  flava  L.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  lake  shores  or  stream 
banks  or  in  bogs.  Newf.  to  southeastern  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Mont.,  and 
B.  C. — Culms  15  to  60  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2  to  5  mm.  wide;  yellowish  green; 
staminate  spike  sessile  or  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1  to  4,  the  lower  separate;  scales 
strongly  reddish-tinged;  perigynia  reddish-tipped. 

52.  Carex  miliaris  Michx.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs  or  low 
thickets  and  meadows,  or  along  streams;  sometimes  in  meadows  above  timber  line. 
Lab.  to  B.  C,  south  to  Me.  and  Mont. — Rootstocks  creeping;  culms  30  to  60  cm. 
tall,  smooth;  leaf  blades  2  mm.  wide;  staminate  spikes  1  or  2;  pistillate  spikes  1  to  3, 
oblong-cylindric;  perigynia  faintly  nerved,  scarcely  inflated,  2  to  3  mm.  long, 
exceeding  the  scales,  the  beak  entire  or  nearly  so. 

63.  Carex  vesicaria  L.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs  or  low 
thickets,  or  on  brushy  hillsides.  Que.  to  B.  C,  south  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Calif. — 
Culms  30  to  90  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  3  to  6  mm.  wide;  staminate  spikes  2  to  4, 
pistillate  spikes  1  to  3,  oblong-cylindric,  2.5  to  7  cm.  long;  scales  sharp-pointed; 
perigynia  5  to  8  mm.  long,  yellowish  green. 

54.  Carex  rostrata  Stokes.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  low  thickets, 
wet  meadows,  marshes,  or  sphagnum  bogs.  Lab.  to  northern  Alaska,  south  to  Del., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. — Culms  stout,  30  to  120  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  2  to  12  mm.  wide; 
staminate  spikes  2  to  4;  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  cylindric,  5  to  15  cm.  long;  scales 
sharp-pointed;  perigynia  ovoid,  yellowish,  4  to  8  mm.  long. 

Very  abundant  in  some  localities.  Near  the  east  entrance  there  are  extensive 
meadows  which  are  cut  for  hay  that  are  covered  almost  exclusively  with  this  sedge. 
The  plants  are  large  and  coarse,  and  often  form  great  tufts  in  bogs. 

15.  ARACEAE.     Arum  Family. 
1.  LYSICHITON  Schott. 

1.  Lysichiton  kamtschatcensis  Schott.  Western  skunkcabbage.  In  de^p 
swamps  at  low  altitudes  on  the  west  slope;  flowering  in  spring.  Alaska  to  Calif, 
and  Mont.;  also  in  eastern  Asia. — Plants  glabrous,  succulent;  leaves  elHptic  to 
lance-oblong,  30  to  50  cm.  long,  acute;  flowers  small,  in  a  dense  clublike  spike, 
this  surrounded  by  a  large  lemon-yellow  corolla-like  spathe. 

The  eastern  skunkcabbage  {Spathyema  foetidum)  belongs  to  this  family.  False 
hellebore  (species  of  Veratrum)  is  sometimes  known  as  skunkcabbage  in  the  West. 

16.  lEMNACEAE.     Duckweed  Family. 

1.  LEMNA  L.     Duckweed. 

Plants  floating  on  water,  consisting  of  a  thallus-like  frond,  without  leaves,  each 
frond   with  a  slender  rootlet;  flowers  minute,  borne  on  the  upper  side  of  the  frond. 

Frond  oblong,  5  to  10  mm.  long 1.  L.  trisulca. 

Frond  oval  or  rounded,  2  to  3  mm.  long 2.  L.  minor. 

1.  Lemna  trisulca  L.  Collected  in  ponds  at  east  entrance  by  Umbach.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  Asia,  and  Australia. — Plants  bright  green,  submerged 
or  floating,  several  plants  usually  attached  to  each  other. 

2.  Lemna  minor  L.  Collected  in  ponds  at  east  entrance  by  Umbach.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  Asia,  and  Australia. — Fronds  floating,  solitary  or  a 
few  together. 


STANDLEY — FLOKA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  305 

17.  JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family. 

Grasslike  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with,  narrow  leaves;  flowers  small,  green  or 
brown;  sepals  and  petals  each  3,  scalelike;  stamens  6  or  3;  fruit  a  1  or  3-celled 
capsule,  containing  3  to  many  seeds. 

Plants  glabrous;  leaf  sheaths  open;  seeds  numerous 1.  JTJNCUS. 

Plants  hairy,  at  least  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves;  leaf  sheaths  closed;  seeds  3. 

2.  JTJNCOIDES. 
1.  JUNCUS  L.     Rush. 

Leaves  flat  or  terete;  flowers  in  heads,  cymes,  or  panicles,  each  flower  with  a  bract 
and  sometimes  2  bractlets  at  the  base;  stamens  6  or  3;  capsule  1  or  3-celled;  seeds 
often  with  tail-like  appendages  at  the  ends. 

Lowest  bract  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem, 
the  inflorescence  apparently  lateral. 
Seeds  with  a  tail-like  appendage  at  each  end;  flowers  1  to  5. 
Capsule  acute;  lowest  bract  usually  twice  as  long  as  the  inflorescence  or  longer; 

upper  leaf  sheaths  usually  with  blades 1.  J.  parryi. 

Capsule  obtuse  or  shallowly  notched;  bract  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  longer  than  the 
inflorescence;  leaf  sheaths  without  blades,  merely  bristle-pointed. 

2.  J.  drummondii. 
Seeds  without  tail -like  appendages;  flowers  often  more  numerous. 

Sepals  and  petals  green  or  straw-colored 3.  J.  filiformis. 

Sepals  with  a  dark  brown  stripe  on  each  side  of  the  midrib 4.  J.  baltlcus. 

Lowest  bract  not  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  the  stem  or,  if  so,  channeled  on  the 

upper  side. 

Flowers  not  in  heads,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence;  leaves 

flat,  with  their  faces  turned  to  the  stem. 

Plants  annual,  branched,  usually  5  to  15  cm.  high;  inflorescence  more  than 

half  the  height  of  the  plant;  capsule  rounded  at  the  apex  ...  5.  J.  bufonius. 

Plants  perennial,  simple,  tufted,  usually  25  to  50  cm.  high;  inflorescence  very 

short,  less  than  one-tenth  the  height  of  the  plant;  capsule  notched  at  the 

apex 6.  J.  confusus. 

Flowers  in  dense  heads;  leaves  various. 
Leaves  compressed,  inserted  with  one  edge  toward  the  stem. 

Stamens  6;  ligule  of  the  sheath  usually  produced  into  small  auricles. 

7.  J.  saximontanus. 

Stamens  3;  ligule  without  auricles 8.  J.  ensifolius. 

Leaves  terete,  or  flat,  but  with  one  face  turned  toward  the  stem. 
Leaves  flat,  not  hollow,  inserted  -with  one  face  toward  the  stem,  without  cross 
partitions. 

Seeds  with  tail-like  appendages     9.  J.  regelii. 

Seeds  not  appendaged 10.  J.  longistylis. 

Leaves  terete  or  channeled  on  the  upper  surface,  hollow,  provided  inside  with 
cross  partitions. 
Leaves  channeled  along  the  upper  side. 

Heads  2  to  5,  about  6  mm.  broad;  sepals  pale  bro-wTi   ....  11.  J.  alpinus. 
Head  1,  8  to  12  mm.  broad;  sepals  very  dark  brown. 

«  12.  J.  mertensianus. 

Leaves  channeled  along  the  upper  side. 

Capsule  6  to  9  mm.  long;  stems  usually  leafy,  about  1.5  mm.  thick. 

13.  J.  castaneus. 
Capsule  3  to  5  mm.  long;  stems  naked  or  leafy  only  at  the  base,  less  than 
1  mm.  thick. 


306  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Capsule  notched  at  the  apex;  lowest  bract  at  the  base  of  the  head  usually 
prolonged  into  a  short  terete  blade;  sepals  dark  purple  or  dark  brown. 

14.  J.  biglumis. 

Capsule  obtuse;  lowest  bract  without  a  blade;  sepals  cream-colored  in 
flower,  in  age  sometimes  reddish 15.  J.  triglumis. 

1.  Juncus  parryi  Engelm.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  wet  meadows  or  on 
open  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Plants  10  to  35  cm.  high, 
densely  tufted;   leaf  sheaths  loose,  brown,  the  blades  2  to  5  cm.  long;   sepals  brown, 

5  to  7  mm.  long;  capsule  yellowish  brown,  6  to  7  mm.  long.. 

2.  Juncus  drummondii  E.  Mey.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rocky  slopes;  sometimes  in  moist  woods  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N. 
Mex.,  and  Alta. — Plants  10  to  35  cm.  high,  usually  densely  tufted;  sheaths  close, 
pale  brown,  the  blades  bristle-like,  3  to  10  mm.  long;  sepals  5  to  7  mm.  long,  dark 
brown  but  green  along  the  keel;   capsule  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

3.  Juncus  filiformis  L.  Sandbar  at  edge  of  Lake  McDonald;  abundant  in  sphag- 
num bog  at  Fish  Lake.  Wash,  to  Utah,  Pa.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — 
Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  very  slender,  often  in  dense  tufts;  leaves  reduced  to  pale 
brown  sheaths;   lowest  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  often  longer  than  the  stem;  flowers 

6  to  10,  in  a  loose  cluster;   sepals  2.5  to  3.5  mm.  long;   capsule  obovoid,  very  obtuse, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

4.  Juncus  balticus  Willd.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  marshes 
or  wet  tliickets,  sometimes  on  open  slopes,  often  about  low  places  on  prairie.  Alaska 
to  Calif.,  Mo.,  Pa.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (/.  ater  Rydb.) — Stems  slender, 
20  to  60  cm.  high,  rising  at  intervals  from  a  stout  creeping  rootstock;  leaves  reduced 
to  loose  brownish  sheaths;  sepals  3  to  4  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acute;  capsule  narrowly 
ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

6.  Juncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  rush.  Low  muddy  places  about  east  entrance. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  in  the  other  continents. — Plants  slender,  much 
branched  from  the  base;  leaves  0.5  to  1  mm.  wide;  sepals  4  to  6  mm.  long,  green  with 
thin  white  margins;    capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

6.  Juncus  confusus  Coville.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes,  in 
woods  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Nebr. — Stems  very  slender;  leaves 
less  than  1  mm.  wide,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  stem;  sepals  about  4  mm.  long, 
green,  with  a  narrow  bro\vn  stripe  on  each  side  and  with  broad  thin  wliitish  margins; 
capsule  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  pale  brown. 

7.  Juncus  saximontanus  A.  Nels.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist  or  wet  woods 
or  thickets  or  in  mossy  bogs.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — -Stems  leafy,  20  to 
50  cm.  high,  rising  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  iris-like,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  with 
interior  cross  partitions;  heads  2  to  10  (rarely  only  1),  usually  about  1  cm.  wide; 
sepals  dark. brown,  about  3  mm.  long;  capsule  obtuse,  short-beaked,  about  as  long 
as  the  sepals. 

8.  Juncus  ensifolius  Wikstr.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs  or 
along  streams  and  lakes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Alta. — Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high, 
from  thick  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  iris-like,  5  to  30  cm.  long,  3  to  6  mm.  wide; 
heads  usually  2  or  more,  about  1  cm.  broad;  sepals  dark  brown,  3  mm.  long;  capsule 
usually  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

9.  Juncus  regelii  Buchenau.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  on  wet  slopes  or  along  streams  and  lakes.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Utah  and 
Mont. — Stems  leafy,  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  5  to  20  cm.  long,  1  to  3  mm.  wide; 
heads  1  to  3;  sepals  4  to  5  mm.  long,  green,  with  broad,  dark  brown  margins;  capsule 
very  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

10.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet 
thickets.     Alta.  to  Calif.,  Mex.,  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  slender, 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  307 

leafy;  leaves  1.5  to  3  mm.  wide;  heads  1  to  5,  1  cm.  broad  or  larger;  sepals  5  to  6  mm. 
long,  brown,  with  thin  pale  margins;  capsule  brown,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
11.  Juncus  alpinus  Vill.  Occasional  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  wet  meadows 
or  sphagnum  bogs.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Nebr.,  Pa.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — 
Stems  leafy,  15  to  30  cm.  high,  from  stout  rootstocks;  leaves  0.5  to  1  mm.  thick; 
heads  3  to  12-flowered;  sepals  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  obtuse;  capsule  brownish,  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

•  12.  Juncus  mertensianus  Bong.  Abundant  above  and  near  timber  line,  in  wet 
meadows  or  on  rock  slides;  sometimes  at  middle  or  even  low  altitudes,  in  moist 
woods  or  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Stems  10  to  30  cm- 
high,  from  thick  rootstocks;  leaves  about  1  mm.  thick;  sepals  about  4  mm.  long; 
capsule  dark  brown,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtuse  or  shallowly  notched. 

13.  Juncus  castaneus  J.  E.  Smith.  Open  rocky  slope,  Gunsight  Pass.  Alaska 
to  N.  Mex.,  Newf.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  stout,  10  iso  30  cm. 
high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  1  to  2  mm.  thick,  3  to  10  cm.  long;  heads  1  to  3, 
3  to  12-fiowered ;  sepals  brown  or  dark  brown,  4  to  7  mm.  long;  capsule  dark  brown, 
acute,  often  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

14.  Juncus  biglumis  L.  Open  rocky  slope,  Gunsight  Pass.  Alaska  to  Mont,  and 
Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  2.5  to  10  cm.  high,  loosely  tufted,  very 
slender;  leaves  2  to  5  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  thick;  head  1,  1  to  4-flowered;  sepals 
3  to  3.5  mm.  long;  capsule  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Apparently  the  species  has  not  been  reported  before  from  the  United  States. 

15.  Juncus  triglumis  L.  Iceberg  Lake,  in  wet  meadow  near  snow  banks.  Alaska 
to  N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  very  slender,  5  to  15 
cm.  high,  loosely  tufted;  leaves  1  to  5  cm.  long,  0.5  to  1  mm.  tliick;  head  1,  1  to 
5-flowered;  sepals  3  to  4  mm.  long;  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

2.  JUNCOIDES  Adans.     Woodrush. 

Perennials;  leaves  fiat,  hairy  on  the  margins,  at  least  at  the  base;  flowers  in  loose 
panicles  or  in  dense  spikelike  clusters,  each  flower  -with  bractlets  at  the  base,  these 
usually  toothed  or  lobed;  stamens  6;  capsule  1-celled;  seeds  not  tailed. 
Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  headlike  or  spikelike  clusters. 

Flowers  in  1  to  3  dense  spikelike  clusters,  these  nodding;  sepals  dark  brown. 

1.  J.  spicatum. 
Flowers  in  several  long-stalked  spikes,  these  forming  a  corymb ;  sepals  straw-colored 

or  pale  brown      2.  J.  campestre. 

Flowers,  at  least  many  of  them,  solitary  and  slender-pediceled,  forming  a  loose  panicle. 

Sepals  and  capsule  pale  green ;  leaves  thin,  shining 3.  J.  parviflorum. 

Sepals  and  capsule  dark  brown;  leaves  thick,  dull. 
Panicle  drooping;  seeds  constricted  at  each  end;  sepals  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

4.  J.  piperi. 
Panicle  erect;  seeds  not  constricted;  sepals  about  3  mm.  long  .  .  5.  J.  glabratum. 

1.  Juncoides  spicatum  (L.)  Kuntze.  Common  above  timber  line  in  meadows  or 
on  rocky  slopes;  occasional  at  middle  or  even  low  altitudes  on  open  slopes  or  in  moist 
woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and 
Asia.  {Luzula  spicata  DC)— Stems  slender,  tufted,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  with  1  to  3 
leaves;  leaves  1  to  6  mm.  wide;  inflorescence  1  to  4  cm.  long;  sepals  with  thin  pale 
margins;  capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

2.  Juncoides  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.  Belton,  in  thin  dry  woods.  "Widely  dis- 
tributed in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.  (J.  comosum  Sheldon;  Luzula  campestris 
DC.)— Stems  15  to  40  cm.  high,  tufted;  leaves  2  to  6  mm.  wide;  spikes  6  to  7  mm. 
thick;  sepals  2  to  3  mm.  long;  capsule  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals;  seeds  with  a  pale 
spongy  appendage  at  one  end. 

2048—20 6 


308  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

3.  Juncoides  parviflorum  (Ehrli.)  Coville.  Common  at  middle  altitudes  in  moist 
woods  or  thickets;  sometimes  on  rock  slides  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Greenl.  {Luzula  parviflora  Desv.  ) — Stems  solitary  or  tufted, 
30  to  70  cm.  high,  with  2  to  5  leaves;  leaves  3  to  10  mm.  wide,  bright  green;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  panicles  or  2  or  3  together;  sepals  1.5  to  2  mm.  long;  capsule  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  brown. 

4.  Juncoides  piperi  Coville.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  rocky  slopes  or  rock 
slides;  also  at  east  entrance,  in  ^villow  thicket.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont. — Stem* 
20  to  40  cm.  high,  densely  tufted;  leaves  2  to  6  mm.  wide,  the  basal  ones  short, 
about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  stem;  capsule  equaling  or  slightly  longer  than  the 
sepals;  seeds  yellow. 

6.  Juncoides  glabratum  (Hoppe)  Sheldon.  Common  and  often  abundant  above 
or  near  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Wash,  and  Mont.; 
also  in  Eur.  {Luzula  glahrata  Desv.) — Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high,  tufted;  leaves  4  to 
10  mm.  wide,  3  to  10  cm.  long;  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  some  places  this  species  is  very  abundant  and  forms  extensive  pure  stands. 

18.  IILIACEAE.     Lily  Family. 

Perennial  plants,  sometimes  with  bulbs;  leaves  parallel-veined;  flowers  large  or 
small,'  wdth  3  sepals  and  3  petals;  stamens  6;  fruit  dry  or  juicy. — The  cultivated 
lilies,  hyacinths,  and  daffodils  and  many  other  showy  plants  belong  to  this  family. 
Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  \vith  parallel  sides,  many  times  longer  than  wide  (hollow 
in  one  species  of  Allium);  fruit  dry. 
Flowers  1  to  3;  petals  bearded  inside,  yellowish  white    .  .  13.  CALOCHORTUS- 
Flowers  more  than  3,  often  very  numerous;  petals  not  bearded. 

Flowers  in  umbels;  plants  with  an  onion  odor 6.  ALLIUM. 

Flowers  in  dense  or  slender  racemes;  plants  never  with  an  onion  odor. 

Petals  purplish  blue,  about  2  cm.  long 8.   QUAMASIA. 

Petals  never  blue,  much  less  than  2  cm.  long. 
Leaves  very  numerous,  tough,  rough-edged;  stems  usually  about  a  meter 

high 1.  XEROPHYLLITM. 

Leaves  few,  succulent  and  easily  broken,  smooth-edged;  stems  usually  less 
than  50  cm.  high. 
Flowers  drooping,  bronze  and  greenish  yellow  ...  2.  STENANTHIITM. 
Flowers  not  drooping,  wliite,  yellowish  white,  or  greenish  white. 

Leaves  with  their  edges  turned  toward  the  stem;  plants  with  rootstocks. 

3.  TOFIELDIA. 
Leaves  with  their  sides  facing  the  stem;  plants  with  bulbs. 

4.  ZYGADENUS. 
Leaves  not  linear,  lanceolate  or  broader,  not  more  than  5  times  as  long  as  -nide,  the 
sides  curved,  not  parallel;  fruit  often  juicy. 
Stems  not  leafy. 

Flowers  yellow;  fruit  a  dry  3-angled  capsule 7.  ERYTHRONIUM. 

Flowers  white;  fruit  juicy,  dark  blue 9.  CLINTONIA 

Stems  leafy. 

Flower  one  on  each  stem. 

Flowers  erect,  pink  or  white;  leaves  ovate 14.  TRILLIUM 

Flowers  recurved,  yellow;  leaves  oblong 16.  FRITILLARIA, 

Flowers  several  or  numerous  on  each  stem. 
Flowers  green;   fruit  dry;    plants  usually  a  meter  high  or  more,  the  stems  not 
branched 6.  VERATRUM- 


STANDLEY- 


-FLORA  or  GLACIER  PARK.  309 


Flowers  white  or  yellowish;  fruit  juicy;  plants  usually  much  less  than  a  meter 
high,  the  stems  often  branched. 
Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles  at  the  ends  of  the  stems,  wliite;    stems  not 

branched 10-  VAGNERA. 

Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or  solitary  or  clustered  in  the 
leaf  axils;  stems  nearly  always  branched. 
Flowers  greenish  white,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  leaves  pale  on  the  under 

gide 11-  STREPTOPTJS. 

Flowers  yellow  or  greenish  yellow,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches; 
leaves  green 12.  DISPORTJM. 

1.  XEROPHYLLTJM  Michx. 
1.  Xerophyllum  tenax  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Beargrass.  Common  at  middle  altitudes, 
in  thin  or  dense  woods  or  on  open  slopes;  frequent  in  meadows  just  above  timber  line, 
and  occasional  in  woods  at  low  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— Plants  glabrous, 
0.5  to  1.5  meters  high,  with  thick  woody  rootstocks,  the  stem  simple,  leafy;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  narrowly  linear,  20  to  40  cm.  long,  green  above,  whitish  underneath; 
flowers  creamy  white,  long-stalked,  in  dense  racemes;   petals  5  to  8  mm.  long;   fruit 

a  small  capsule. 

Known  also  as  squawgrass,  basket  grass,  or  bearpaw;  there  is  no  apparent  explana- 
tion of  the  name  beargrass.  This  is  ^\^th  little  doubt  the  finest  and  most  striking 
flower  of  the  park,  and  it  receives  more  attention  than  any  other.  In  many  places, 
especially  near  timber  line,  it  often  forms  great  patches  which  are  almost  a  solid  mass 
of  the  stately  plumelike  racemes  (see  pi.  41).  One  of  these  fields  is  a  sight  long  to  be 
remembered,  and  one  which  can  be  found  only  in  the  mountains  of  the  Northwest. 
The  beargrass  reaches  the  eastern  limit  of  its  range  in  Glacier  Park.  It  is  said  that 
during  some  seasons  only  a  few  plants  bloom,  wliile  during  others  flowering  plants 
abound  everywhere.  The  plants  bloom  for  a  long  time,  beginning  at  the  lowest 
altitudes;  in  1919  a  fine  patch  of  them  was  in  flower  just  below  Sperry  Chalets  m 
early  September,  when  snow  fell.  When  the  plants  begin  to  bloom  the  racemes  are 
globose,  but  as  flowering  proceeds  they  elongate  and  the  pedicels  finally  stand  erect. 
The  flowers  have  a  rather  strong  odor,  which  some  people  consider  unpleasant.  The 
sterile  plants  often  form  dense  mats  on  steep  slopes,  and  the  leaves  are  so  slippery 
that  it  is  diflficult  to  climb  over  them.  The  leaves  are  very  tough,  and  they  have 
rough  edges  almost  as  sharp  as  a  knife;  they  were  formerly  employed  by  some  of  the 
northwestern  Indians  for  making  baskets.  The  specimens  of  Xerophyllum  from 
Glacier  Park  are  about  intermediate  in  size  of  flowers  between  X.  tenax  and  X. 
douglasii  S.  Wats.     It  seems  very  doubtful  whether  the  latter  is  a  distinct  species. 

2.  STENANTHIUM  (A.  Gray)  Kunth. 
1.  Stenanthium  occidentale  A.  Gray.  Bronzebells.  Frequent,  but  seldom 
very  abundant,  at  nearly  all  altitudes;  on  open  slopes,  in  woods,  or  in  alpine  meadows; 
seen  on  the  west  slope  only  at  high  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Mont.,  and  Alta. 
(Stenanthella  occidentalis  Rydb.)-Plants  20  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous,  with 
bulbs;  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,  usually  10  to  20  cm.  long;  flowers  drooping,  m 
racem'es  or  panicles,  pale  yellow  within,  greenish  yellow  or  more  often  bronze  out- 
side; petals  about  1  cm.  long,  their  tips  spreading  or  recurved;   capsule  about  2 

cm.  long. 

The  plant  is  inconspicuous  and  often  hidden  among  grasses  or  sedges.  It  grows 
usually  in  moist  places,  but  plants  were  found  on  dry  open  slopes  at  the  east  entrance. 
Plants  collected  in  a  deep  swamp  had  leaves  as  much  as  4.5  cm.  wide.  The  flowers 
have  a  characteristic  spicy  odor. 


310  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

3.  TOFIELDIA  Huds.     Bog-asphodel. 

Plants  witli  short  rootstocks;  leaves  linear;  flowers  small,  white,  in  dense  recemes, 
each  flower  with  3  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx;  petals  without  glands,  persisting 
on  the  fruit;  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule. 
Stem  very  sticky  above  with  short  gland -tipped  hairs;  flower  stem  leafy. 

1.  T.  intermedia. 
Stem  glabrous;  flower  stem  naked     2.  T.  palustris. 

1.  Tofieldia  intermedia  Rydb.  Large  bog-asphodel.  Abundant  in  wet  meadows 
and  along  brooks  above  timber  line;  occasionally  found  in  cool  wet  places  at  lower 
altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Sask.— Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high,  often  tinged 
with  purple;  leaves  5  to  20  cm.  long,  2  to  5  mm.  wide;  petals  4  to  5  mm.  long;  capsule 
5  mm.  long. 

Some  plants  in  exposed  places  are  only  2.5  to  5  cm.  high.  Bog-asphodel  is  con- 
spicuous in  flower,  "or  when  bearing  its  showy  purplish  capsules. 

2.  Tofieldia  palustris  Huds.  Small  bog-asphodel.  Frequent  about  Gunsight 
Pass,  in  rocky  places  along  brooks.  Alaska,  B.  C,  and  Mont,  to  Minn.,  Que.,  and 
Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. — Stems  4  to  15  cm.  high;  leaves  all  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
2  to  10  cm.  long. 

Rydberg,  in  the  Flora  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  apparently  does  not  report  this 
species  from  the  western  United  States,  but  it  has  been  reported  from  Glacier  Park 
previously  by  Jones. 

4.  ZYGADENUS  Michx. 

Plants  glabrous,  with  bulbs;  leaves  linear,  mostly  basal;  flowers  in  racemes  or 
panicles,  stalked;  petals  and  sepals  each  with  a  gland  at  the  base;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Petals  6  to  8  mm.  long 1.  Z.  elegans. 

Petals  4  to  5  mm.  long 2.  Z.  paniculatus. 

1.  Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh.  Poison  camas.  Common,  especially  at  high  and 
middle  altitudes;  apparently  rather  scarce  on  the  west  slope;  in  woods,  bogs,  or 
moist  meadows,  sometimes  on  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Nev.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak. 
(Z.  alpinus  Blankinship;  Anticlea  alpina  Heller;  A.  elegans  Rydb.) — Plants  usually 
10  to  40  cm.  high,  often  forming  dense  clumps,  the  stems  naked  or  leafy  only  at  the 
base;  leaves  6  to  25  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish  white  or  pale  greenish  yellow,  in 
racemes  or  panicles. 

The  plants  are  poisonous -to  stock.  They  are  most  abundant  above  timber  line. 
Plants  of  alpine  localities  (Z.  alpinus  Blankinship)  are  not  as  tall  as  those  of  low 
altitudes,  and  their  flowers  are  often  slightly  smaller,  but  they  grade  insensibly  into 
the  larger  form.  Plants  growing  along  the  creek  at  St.  Mary  were  90  cm.  high  and 
had  remarkably  large  panicles.     The  petals  and  sepals  persist  in  fruit. 

2.  Zygadenus  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  S.  Wats.  Death  camas.  Collected  on  plains 
at  east  entrance  by  Umbach.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mont.  (Toxicoscordion 
paniculatum  Rydb.) — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  20  to  40  cm.  long,  5  to  10 
mm.  wide-;  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  yellowish  white. 

The  plant  is  poisonous  if  eaten. 

5.  VERATB.UM  L. 

1.  Veratrum  viride  Ait.  False  hellebore.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in 
woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Mont.  (V.  eschschoUzianum  Rydb.) — 
Stems  1  to  2  meters  high,  from  thick  rootstocks,  somewhat  hairy;  leaves  numerous, 
10  to  30  cm.  long,  oblong  to  oval,  sessile  and  sheathing  at  the  base,  with  numerous 
conspicuous  parallel  veins;  flowers  panicled,  the  branches  of  the  panicle  drooping; 
petals  8  to  10  mm.  long,  without  glands. 

A  very  conspicuous  plant,  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  sometimes  erroneously 
known  as  skunkcabbage.     In  1919  very  few  individuals  were  seen  in  flower.     The 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  311 

leaves  are  often  badly  eaten  by  insects.  The  plant  is  said  to  be  poisonous  to  stock. 
The  powdered  roots  of  some  species  of  Veratruni  are  used  in  insect  powder,  but  the 
drug  hellebore  is  obtained  from  a  plant  of  the  buttercup  family.  Small  pieces  of 
the  dried  roots  of  false  hellebore  were  snuffed  up  the  nose  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians 
as  a  remedy  for  headache. 

6.  ALLIUM  L.     Onion. 

Plants  glabrous,  from  bulbs,  with  a  characteristic  odor;  flowers  in  umbels,  the 
umbel  with  thin  papery  bracts  at  the  base;  fruit  a  small  capsule. — The  cultivated 
onions,  garlic,  and  leek  belong  to  the  genus. 

Leaves  hollow;  petals  about  1  cm.  long 1.  A.  sibiricum. 

Leaves  flat,  not  hollow;  petals  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

Flowers  all  or  mostly  replaced  by  bulblets 2.  A.  fibrosum. 

Flowers  not  replaced  by  bulblets. 
Umbel  recurved;  outer  bulb  coats  not  separating  into  fibers  ...  3.  A.  cernuum. 
Umbel  erect;  outer  bulb  coats  separating  into  fibers 4.  A.  nuttallii. 

1.  Allium  sibiricum  L.  Purple  onion.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes  and  just 
above  timber  line;  occasionally  found  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist  meadows  or  in 
woods.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Me.— Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves 
10  to  20  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-colored  or  purplish  pink,  in  large  dense  umbels. 

A  very  handsome  plant,  often  forming  dense  patches.  As  in  other  species,  the 
sepals  and  petals  persist  in  fruit.     The  billbs  have  an  extremely  hot  taste. 

2.  Allium  fibrosum  Rydb.  On  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on 
open  hillsides  or  in  aspen  woods;  rare.  Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Wyo. — Plants  20  to  30 
cm.  high,  slender;  bulbs  with  fibrous  coats;  petals  6  to  7  mm.  long,  but  all  or  most 
of  the  flowers  replaced  by  small  bulbs. 

3.  Allium  cernuum  Roth.  Nodding  onion.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in 
woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.,  W.  Va.,  and  N.  Y. 
(A.  recurvatura  Rydb.) — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  often  in  clumps;  leaves  10  to  20  cm. 
long.,  2  to  5  mm.  wide;  petals  pale  or  deep  pink,  5  mm.  long,  obtuse. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  ate  the  bulbs  raw,  and  used  them  for  flavoring  soups,  etc. 

4.  Allium  nuttallii  S.Wats.  Dry  open  hillside  near  foot  of  Sherburne  Lake.  Idaho 
to  Ariz.,  Ivans.,  and  S.  Dak.- — Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  from  large  bulbs;  leaves  10  to 
15  cm.  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide;  petals  4  to  6  mm.  long,  acute,  pink  or  white. 

7.  ERYTHEONIUM  L. 

1.  Erythronium  grandiflorum  Pursh.  Glacier  lily.  Common  nearly  everywhere 
on  the  east  slope  in  open  places  or  on  brushy  hillsides;  on  the  west  slope  found  chiefly 
at  middle  and  high  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Wyo.  and  Mont. — Plants  glabrous, 
with  bulbs;  stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  1  to  5-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oval,  sharp- 
pointed,  10  to  20  cm.  long;  petals  yellow,  3  to  5  cm.  long;  fruit  a  3-angled  capsule,  3 
to  4  cm.  long. 

Sometimes  known  as  adder's-tongue  or  dog-tooth  violet.  Few  flowers  of  the  park 
attract  as  much  attention  as  this,  and  few  are  as  showy.  Tourists  get  the  impression 
that  the  plant  grows  only  above  timber  line,  for  this  is  the  only  place  where  it  is  in 
flower  during  the  tourist  season,  but  in  early  spring  the  plant  is  common  on  the  foothills 
of  the  east  slope.  It  may  be  found  in  blossom  all  summer  at  high  altitudes,  the  plants 
coming  into  flower  very  promptly  as  the  snow  melts;  indeed,  they  are  in  bloom  right 
up  to  the  edges  of  the  snow  banks.  The  finest  and  most  persistent  display  of  the 
flowers  in  summer  is  at  Iceberg  Lake,  but  they  are  found  in  most  similar  situations. 
The  petals  usually  hang  on  the  flower  for  some  time  after  they  have  withered.  The 
bulbs  are  dug  and  eaten  by  bears.  Specimens  of  Erythronium  from  Glacier  Park  have 
been  determined  as  E.  obtusatum  Goodding,  but  they  do  not  appear  essentially  differ- 
ent from  typical  E.  grandiflorum. 


312  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

8.  QUAMASIA  Raf. 

1.  Quamasia  quamash  (Pursh)  Coville.  Camas.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in 
woods,  swamps,  bogs,  or  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont. — Plants  glabrous, 
30  to  60  cm.  high,  from  bulbs;  leaves  bcsal,  linear,  20  to  40  cm.  long;  flowers  deep 
purplish  blue,  in  loose  racemes;  petals  about  2  cm.  long,  narrow;  capsule  3-angled, 
1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

The  word  "camas"  is  much  used  in  the  geographic  names  of  the  region.  The  bulbs 
were  formerly  employed  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest.  The  Blackfoot 
Indians  usually  dug  them  in  early  or  late  summer  after  the  flowers  had  fallen.  The 
bulbs  were  baked  by  placing  them  in  a  deep  hole  in  the  ground  with  leaves  and  gi-ass 
and  heated  stones,  and  above  them  a  fire  was  kept  burning.  It  is  said  that  two  days 
and  nights  were  necessary  for  cooking  them  thoroughly. 

9.  CLINTONIA  Raf. 

1.  Clintonia  uniflora  (Schult.)  Kunth.  Queencup.  Plate  46,  B.  Common  and 
often  abundant  at  low  and  middle  altitudes;  usually  in  deep  moist  woods,  but  some- 
times in  open  places.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Plants  from  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks;  stem  naked,  1  or  rarely  2-flowered;  leaves  2  to  5,  usually  3,  oblanceolate,  10 
to  20  cm.  long,  with  long  scattered  hairs;  flowers  pure  white,  about  2  cm.  broad;  fruit 
subglobose,  nearly  1  cm.  long,  deep  Prussian  blue. 

One  of  the  handsomest  flowers  of  the  region.  The  plants  often  form  great  mats  of 
dark  green  leaves,  which  are  thickly  studded  with  the  starlike  flowers.  The  fruit,  too, 
is  handsome,  and  particularly  striking  because  of  its  unusual  color;  it  is  nearly  flavor- 
less, and  falls  from  the  stalk  easily.  The  flowers,  unfortunately,  last  only  a  short  time, 
and  most  of  them  have  disappeared  by  midsummer. 

10.  VAGNERA  Adans.     False  Solomon's-seal. 

Plants  with  rootstocks  and  with  simple  leafy  stems;  leaves  broad,  conspicuously 
parallel-veined;  flowers  small,  white  or  yellowish  white;  fruit  a  globose  berry. 

Flowers  in  simple  racemes. 

Leaves  usually  folded,  pale,  ascending;  flowers  short-stalked  ....  1.  V.  stellata. 

Leaves  flat,  green,  spreading;  flowers  long-stalked 2.  V.  sessilifolia. 

Flowers  in  panicles. 

Leaves  clasping,  acute 3.  V.  amplexicculis. 

Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  narrow  petiole,  long-pointed. 

4.  V.  raceu'.osa. 

1.  Vagnera  stellata  (L.)  Morong.  Star  Solomon's-seal.  Frequent,  especially  on 
the  east  slope,  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  swamps  or  moist  woods.  Alaska  to 
Colo.,  Va.,  and  Newf.  (Smilacina  stellata  Desf.) — Plants  15  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  2  to  8  cm.  long,  sessile,  minutely  hairy  beneath;  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long; 
fruit  green,  with  3  dark  stripes,  turning  black. 

2.  Vagnera  sessilifolia  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
moist  woods  or  thickets.  Yukon  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont.  (Smilacina  sessilifolia 
Nutt.) — Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate,  5  to  12  cm. 
long,  minutely  hairy  beneath;  petals  6  mm.  long;  fruit  5  to  8  mm.  in  diameter,  red 
when  ripe. 

This  is  closely  related  to  V.  stellata,  and  it  is  rather  doubtful  whether  it  is  a  distinct 
species. 

3.  Vagnera  amplexicaulis  (Nutt.)  Morong.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  sometimes  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex. , 
and  Alta.  (Smilacina  amplexicaulis  Nutt.) — Plants  25  to  60  cm.  liigh,  finely  hairy; 
leaves  mostly  ovate,  6  to  15  cm.  long,  green  and  often  shining;  petals  2  mm.  long; 
fruit  5  to  6  mm.  in  diameter,  at  first  green  with  dark  red  or  purple  dots,  becoming  red. 

The  plants  often  form  dense  patches. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  313 

4.  Vagnera  racemosa  (L.)  Morong.  Occasional  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
moist  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  Ga.,  and  N.  S.  (Smiladna  racemosa  Deaf.)— 
Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  finely  hairy;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  6  to  12  cm.  long, 
green;   petals  2  mm.  long;   fruit  similar  to  that  of  V.  amplexicaulis. 

11.  STREPTOPTJS  Michx. 

1.  Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Twisted-stalk.  Common  everywhere  in 
moist  or  wet  woods  or  thickets;  frequent  about  bushes  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to 
Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  C,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.— Plants  glabrous,  30  to  100  cm.  high, 
from  rootstocks;  stems  branched;  leaves  ovate,  5  to  12  cm.  long,  clasping,  con- 
spicuously parallel-veined;  petals  8  to  12  mm.  long,  greenish  white,  with  spreading 
tips;  fruit  bright  red,  oval,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

When  in  flower  the  plant  is  not  conspicuous,  but  when  loaded  with  the  handsome 
fruit  it  is  very  striking.  The  fruits  are  pendent  below  the  leaves  on  slender  stalks, 
and  they  are  most  conspicuous  on  slopes  above  the  trails,  where  they  are  not  hidden 
by  the  leaves.  The  slender  flower  stalks  are  abruptly  bent,  hence  the  name  "  twisted- 
etalk."  The  stems  are  commonly  branched,  but  plants  above  timber  line  frequently 
have  simple  stems.    The  fruit  is  insipid  and  inedible.    The  leaves  turn  pale  yellow 

in  autumn.  ^  ,.  ,       -r, 

12.  DISPORUM  Salisb.     Fairybells. 

Plants  branched,  vnih.  rootstocks, ' finely  hairy;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oval, 
sharp-pointed,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  conspicuously  parallel- veined ,  sessile  or  clasping; 
flowers  yellowish  white,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long;   fruit  juicy. 
Fruit  usually  broader  than  long,  somewhat  lobed,  roughened  with  fine  wartlike 

projections;  stigma  3-parted 1-  D.  trachycarpum. 

Fruit  longer  than  broad,  not  lobed,  narrowed  to  each  end,  smooth;  stigma  not  parted. 

2.  D.  oreganum. 

1.  Disporum  trachycarpum  S.  Wats.  Rough  fairybells.  Common  in  moist  or 
wet  woods  and  thickets  at  low  and  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Man.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Ariz.— Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  mth  few  branches;  fruit  about  1  cm.  thick. 

The  fruit  is  short-stalked  and  hidden  beneath  the  leaves;  at  first  it  is  yellow  but  it 
30on  turns  orange  and  then  deep  red.  WTien  ripe  it  is  very  handsome,  with  a  velvety 
appearance,  and  suggests  a  strawberry. 

2.  Disporum  oreganum  (S.  Wats.)  W.  Mill.  Smooth  fairybells.  Frequent  in 
the  same  situations  as  the  last  species.  ■  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— Much  like  the  last 
species  except  in  form  of  fruit,  the  two  usually  growing  together  and  equally  common; 
fruit  about  1  cm.  long,  usually  somewhat  sluning,  turning  lemon-yellow  and  finally 
orange-red.  .      .    . 

The  fruit  is  scarcely  as  handsome  as  that  of  D.  trachycarpum.     In  both  species  it  is 

nearly  flavorless. 

13.  CALOCHORTUS  Pursh. 

1.  Calochortus  elegans  Lindl.  Mariposa  lily.  Frequent  on  open  slopes,  in 
meadows,  or  sometimes  in  woods,  at  nearly  all  elevations.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Utah, 
and  Mont.— Plants  glabrous,  10  to  20  cm.  high,  from  bulbs;  leaf  one,  10  to  20  cm. 
long,  2  to  10  mm.  wide;  petals  12  to  20  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  much  larger 
than  the  sepals,  with  a  gland  inside  near  the  base;  fruit  a  3-angled  capsule  about 
2  cm.  long. 

The  flowers  open  early  in  the  season  and  do  not  last  long.  The  plants  are  usually 
scattered  among  grasses,  and  the  delicate  flowers  suggest  butterflies  hovering  over 
the  meadows,  a  fact  which  doubtless  suggested  to  the  Spanish  settlers  of  California 
the  name  '  mariposa"  (the  Spanish  word  for  butterfly).  The  species  of  Calochortus 
are  most  abundant  on  the  Pacific  coast;    many  of  them  are  in  cultivation. 


314  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

14.  TRILLIUM  L. 

1.  Trillium  ovatum  Pursh.  Wake-robin.  Frequent  on  the  west  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods, or  in  swamps.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo,,  and  Mont. — 
Plants  20  to  40  cm.  high,  glabrous,  with  rootstocks;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  7  to  12  cm. 
long,  sharp-pointed;  flower  long-stalked,  the  3  petals  pink  or  white,  turning  purplish; 
fruit  a  juicy  berry. 

In  late  summer  the  leaves  turn  pale  and  wither. 

15.  FRITILLARIA  L. 

1.  Fritillaria  pudica  (Pursh)  Spreng.  Yellow-bell.  East  entrance,  Mrs.  Olio 
Thompson.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont.  {Ochrocodon  pudicus  Rydb.). — Plants 
glabrous,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  from  scaly  buds;  leaves  3  to  10  cm.  long,  blunt;  flowers 
12  to  20  mm.  long;  capsule  3  to  4  cm.  long. 

The  plant  flowers  in  spring. 

19.  IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks;  leaves  narrow,  their  edges  turned  toward  the 
stem;  sepals  and  petals  each  3,  colored;  stamens  3;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Flowers  10  to  12  mm.  long,  the  sepals  and  petals  alike;  leaves  1  to  3  mm.  wide. 

1.   SISYRINCHIUM. 
Flowers  6  to  8  cm.  long,  the  sepals  and  petals  very  unlike;  leaves  5  to  10  mm.  wide. 

2.  IRIS. 
1.  SISYRINCHIUM  L. 

1.  Sisyrinchium  mucronatum  Michx.  Blue-eyed  grass.  A  few  plants  found 
near  a  snow  bank  on  Altyn  Peak,  and  in  a  wet  meadow  below  Lake  McDermott. 
Alta.  and  Mont,  to  Md.  and  Ont. — Plants  grasslike,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  glabrous,  the 
stem  leafy,  narrowly  winged;  flowers  few,  purplish  blue;  capsule  globose. 

2.  IRIS  L. 

1.  Iris  missouriensis  Nutt.  Blue  flag.  Among  aspens  and  in  low  places  on 
the  prairie  near  the  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak. — Plants 
glabrous,  20  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  10  to  40  cm.  long,  sharp-pointed,  sword -shap ed ; 
flowers  few,  pale  blue,  the  sepals  recurved,  the  petals  erect;  capsule  about  4  cm. 
long,  6-ridged. 

A  very  handsome  plant  which,  unfortunately,  probably  does  not  grow  within  the 
limits  of  the  park. 

20.  ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchis  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  more  or  less  succulent;  leaves  entire;  flowers  solitary  or  in  spikes 
or  racemes,  very  irregular;  sepals  3;  petals  3,  the  2  lateral  ones  alike,  the  middle 
one  (lip)  usually  very  different,  sometimes  with  a  long  or  short  spur  at  the  base; 
stamens  3,  but  1  or  2  of  them  abortive;  fruit  a  capsule,  containing  very  numerous 
small  seeds. — All  of  our  species  gi'ow  upon  the  ground. 
Plants  without  any  green  coloring;  leaves  all  reduced  to  bracts. 

1.  CORALLORHIZA. 
Plants  green;  leaves  present. 

Leaves  2,  opposite  at  about  the  middle  of  the  stem 2.  OPHRYS. 

Leaves  1  to  many,  some  or  all  of  them  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  the  stem  leaves 
alternate. 
Lip  petal  15  to  20  mm.  long. 

Leaf  1,  at  the  base  of  the  stem 3.  CYTHEREA. 

Leaves  nunaerous,  scattered  along  the  stem 4.  SERAPIAS.. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  315 

Lip  petal  10  mm.  long  or  usually  shorter;  leaves  1  to  many. 
Flower  stem  finely  hairy,  especially  above,  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  leaves 
green  blotched  with  silvery  white,  forming  a  flat  rosette  at  the  base  of  the 

stem 5.  PEEAMIUM. 

Flower  stems  glabrous;  leaves  not  blotched,  not  in  a  rosette. 

Flower  spikes  twisted,  the  flowers  in  3  longitudinal  rows    ...  6.  IBIDIUM. 
Flower  si^ikes  not  twisted,  the  flowers  not  in  rows    ....  7.  HABENARIA. 

1.  CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.     Coralroot. 

Plants  glabrous,  purplish  or  yello^vish,  with  coral-like  roots;  leaves  reduced  to 
scales;  flowers  in  spikes;  lip  with  2  lobes  or  teeth  below  the  middle,  the  spur  very 
small. 

Lip  yellowish  or  whitish,  not  spotted ;  plants  yellowish 1.  C.  innata. 

Lip  purple  or  with  purple  spots;  plants  purplish. 

Lip  purple;  stamen  column  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals 2.  C.  mertensiana. 

Lip  white  -with  purple  spots;  column  half  as  long  as  the  petals   .  .  3.  C.  multiflora. 

1.  CorallorMza  innata  R.Br.  Woods  at  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Alaska  to  Colo., 
Ga.,  and  N.  S.;  also  in  Eur.  (C.  corallorrhiza  Karst.) — Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high, 
3  to  12-flowered;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  about  1  cm.  long;  spur  very  small;  capsule 
8  to  12  mm.  long. 

2.  Corallorliiza  mertensiana  Bong.  Occasional  at  middle  altitudes,  in  deep  woods. 
Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Plants  20  to  40  cm.  high,  stout,  often  in  small  colonies; 
flowers  10  to  20,  the  spur  conspicuous;  capsule  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

3.  Corallorhiza  multiflora  Nutt.  Occasional  in  deep  moist  woods  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Fla.,  and  N.  S. — Plants  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  high; 
flowers  10  to  30,  about  1.5  cm.  long;  capsule  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

2.    OPHRYS    L.       TWAYBLADE. 

Plants  low,  with  rootstocks;  leaves  2,  large  and  broad,  opposite  near  the  middle  ol 
the  stem;  flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes. 
Lip   narrow,   deeply   cleft,   the  lobes  acute,  linear-lanceolate;    leaves  as    broad   as 

long 1.  O.  cordata. 

Lip  notched  at  the  apex,  the  short  lobes  rounded;  leaves  usually  longer  than  broad. 

Lips  about  5  mm.  long,  not  clawed 2.  O.  caurina. 

Lip  8  to  9  mm.  long,  short-clawed 3.    O.  convallarioides. 

1.  Ophrys  cordata  L.  Heartleap  twayblade.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at 
middle  or  low  altitudes,  in  deep  moist  woods.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  Mich.,  N.  J., 
and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (0.  nephrophylla  Ptydb.;  Listera  cordata  R.  Br.) — 
Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  above;  leaves  rounded- 
reniform,  2  to  4  cm.  wide;  flowers  green,  the  lip  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

2.  Ophrys  caurina  (Piper)  Rydb.  Small  twayblade.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope 
at  middle  altitudes,  in  deep  moist  woods.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Mont.  {Listera  caurina 
Piper. )^Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  finely  glandular-hairy  above;  leaves  rounded  to 
broadly  ovate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  sometimes  acutish;  flowers  greenish. 

3.  Ophrys  convallarioides  (Swartz)  W.  F.  Wight.  Large  twayblade.  Common  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs,  swamps,  or  deep  moist  woods.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
Mich.,  Vt.,  and  N.  S.  {Listera  convallarioides  Torr.) — Stems  slender,  10  to  25  cm.  high, 
finely  glandular-hairy  above;  leaves  rounded  or  oval,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex;  flowers  pale  green. 


316  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

3.  CYTHEREA  Salisb. 

1.  Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.  Calypso.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes  in  moist 
woods.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Mich.,  Me.,  and  Lab.  {Calypso  bulbosa  Oakes.) — 
Plants  glabrous,  the  stem  naked,  5  to  15  cm.  high,  from  a  bulblike  base;  leaf  1,  rounded, 
2  to  5  cm.  long;  flowers  variegated,  the  sepals  and  petals  10  to  15  mm.  long,  magenta, 
the  lip  15  to  20  mm.  long,  yellow-hairy  within. 

Sometimes  known  as  Venus'-slipper.     The  plants  flower  early  in  the  season. 

4.  SERAPIAS  L. 

1.  Serapias  gigantea  (Dougl.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Helleborine.  Collected  by  Vreeland 
in  meadow  near  Lake  McDonald.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Tex.,  and  Mont.  {Epipactis  gigantea 
Dougl.) — Stem  very  leafy,  from  a  rootstock,  30  to  70  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  with  numerous  conspicuous  parallel 
veins;  flowers  3  to  10,  in  a  leafy  raceme,  greenish,  with  purple  veins;  lip  1.5  to  1.8 
cm.  long,  not  spurred;  capsule  1.5  cm.  long. 

5.  PERAMIUM  Salisb. 

1.  Peramium  decipiens  (Hook.)  Piper.  Rattlesnake-plantain.  Frequent  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  H.,  and  Que. — 
Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  covered  above  with  fine  glandular  hairs;  leaves  mostly  at  the 
base  of  the  stem,  forming  a  rosette  or  sometimes  erect,  lance-ovate,  4  to  6  cm.  long, 
sharp-pointed,  blotched  \\ith  pale  green;  flowers  7  to  9  mm.  long,  greenish  white, 
in  a  one-sided  spike. 

The  dead  stems  often  persist  for  one  or  two  years. 

6.  IBIDIUM  Salisb. 

1.  Ibidium  romanzoffianum  (Chana.)  House.  Lady's-tresses.  Plate  47,  B. 
Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  thickets;  in  sphagnum  bogs  on  the 
west  slope.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  Newf.  (/.  stridum  House;  Spiranthes 
romanzoffiana  Cham.) — Plants  stout,  glabrous,  15  to  30  cm.  high,  from  fleshy  roots,  the 
stems  leafy;  leaves  linear,  5  to  15  cm.  long;  flowers  6  to  8  mm.  long,  in  dense  3-angled 
spikes,  white,  sweet-scented;  lip  not  spurred. 

7.  HABENARIA  Willd.     Bog-orchis. 

Plants  glabrous,  with  1  to  many  leaves,  the  roots  fleshy;  flowers  green  or  white,  in 
racemes. 
Leaves  1  or  2,  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Leaf  1;  spur  about  as  long  as  the  lip      1.  H.  obtusata. 

Leaves  2;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  lip  or  longer 2.  H.  orbiculata. 

Leaves  several  or  numerous,  always  more  than  2. 

Lip  3-toothed  at  the  apex 3.  H.  bracteata. 

Lip  entire. 
Leaves  all  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  usually  withering  before  the  opening 

of  the  flowers 4.  H.    unalaschensis. 

Leaves  scattered  along  the  stem,  remaining  green. 

Flowers  white;  lip  broadened  at  the  base 5.  H.  dilatata. 

Flowers  green;  lip  linear. 

Spur  sacklike,  much  shorter  than  the  lip 6.  H.  stricta. 

Spur  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip 7.  H.  sparsiflora. 

1.  Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards.  One-leaf  bog-orchis.  Found  only  on 
mossy  banks  in  wet  woods  along  S'wiftcurrent  Creek  just  below  Lake  McDermott. 
Alaska  to  Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Newf.  (Lysiella  obtusata  Rydb.) — Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high, 
slender;  leaf  obovate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  obtuse;  spike  loosely  flowered,  2  to  5  cm. long, 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  317 

the  flowers  greenish,  1  cm.  long;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  spur  slender,  longer  than 
the  lip. 

2.  Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Two-leaf  bog-orchis.  Occasional  on  the 
west  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  deep  moist  woods,  the  plants  mostly  solitary  and 
scattered.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Minn.,  N.  C,  and  Newf.  {Lysias  orbiculata  Rj'db.) — ■ 
Stems  .30  to  50  cm.  high,  stout;  leaves  rounded  or  oval,  8  to  15  cm.  long,  rounded  at 
the  apex;  flowers  greenish,  in  a  loose  raceme;  lip  linear,  12  to  15  mm.  long. 

3.  Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  Wet  woods  at  east  entrance,  Umbach; 
Duck  Lake,  Weller.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.,  N.  C,  and  N.  B.;  also  in  Asia.  (Coeloglossum 
bracteatum  Pari.) — Stems  stout,  15  to  50  cm.  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  oval  to 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  5  to  12  cm.  long;  raceme  dense,  leafy-bracted ;  flowers 
greenish;  lip  6  to  8  mm.  long,  the  spur  less  than  half  as  long. 

4.  Habenaria  unalaschensis  (Spreng.)  S.  Wats.  Wood-orchis.  Open  brushy 
slopes  or  in  woods,  about  the  foot  of  Lake  McDermott.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Mont.  {Piperia  unalaschensis  Rydb.)- — Stems  slender,  20  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblanceolate,  6  to  15  cm.  long,  the  stem  bracted  above;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  long 
loose  spike,  gi'eenish  white,  8  to  10  mm.  long;  lip  oblong,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
spur. 

5.  Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Hook.  White  bog-orchis.  Common  at  nearly  all 
altitudes,  in  wet  woods  or  tliickets,  in  bogs,  or  on  moist  open  slopes.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Nebr.,  N.  Y.,  and  Lab.  {Limnorchis  dilatata  Rydb.) — Stems  stout, 
20  to  70  cm.  high,  hollow,  very  leafy;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  6  to  20  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acute;  spikes  long  and  dense;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  long,  very  fragrant. 

A  handsome  plant,  abundant  in  many  places,  and  blooming  for  a  long  time. 

6.  Habenaria  stricta  (Lindl.)  S.  Wats.  Green  bog-orchis.  Common  at  nearly 
all  altitudes,  in  bogs,  wet  woods,  or  thickets,  or  on  wet  open  slopes.  Alaska  to 
N.  Mex.  and  Alta.  {Limnorchis  stricta  Rydb.;  L.  viridijiora  Rydb.) — Stems  stout 
or  slender,  20  to  80  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  5  to  12  cm. 
long,  obtuse  or  acute;  spikes  usually  long  and  loose;  flowers  green,  odorless,  12  to  14 
mm.  long. 

7.  Habenaria  sparsiflora  S.  Wats.  A  few  plants  at  Belton,  in  sandy  thicket  along 
river.  Oreg.  to  Mont.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif.  {Limnorchis  ensifolia  Rydb.;  L.  laxijiora 
Rydb.) — Stems  30  to  40  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  8  to  12 
cm.  long;  flowers  about  12  mm.  long,  greenish. 

21.  SALICACEAE.     Willow  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  toothed,  with  stipules;  flowers  small, 
greenish,  in  catkins,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants;  sepals 
and  petals  none,  represented  only  by  a  disk  or  by  glands;  fruit  a  capsule;  seeds  each 
with  a  tuft  of  white  hairs. 
Bractlets  of  the   catkins  lobed;  stamens   usually   more   than    10;  leaves   ovate   to 

rounded 1.  POPULXIS. 

Bractlets  entire  or  minutely  toothed;  stamens  usually  2,  sometimes  as  many  as  7; 

leaves  usually  narrow 2.  SALIX. 

1.  POPTILUS  L. 

Large  or  small  trees,  or  sometimes  shrubs;  buds  usually  resinous;  flowers  appearing 
in  early  spring. 

Petioles  flattened ;  leaves  about  as  broad  as  long;  bark  smooth   .  .  1.  P.  tremuloides. 
Petioles  not  flattened;  leaves  longer  than  broad;  bark  furrowed,  at  least  on  mature 
trees. 

Capsule  hairy 2.    P.  trichocarpa. 

Capsule  glabrous 3.  P.  hastata. 


318  COlSTTRIBUTIOZsrS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

1.  Populus  tremuloides  Miclix.  Aspen.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  usually 
forming  dense  pure  stands.  Alaska  to  Mex.,  Tenn.,  and  Newf.— Slender  small  tree, 
or  often  only  a  shrub;  bark  thin,  smooth,  whitish  or  pale  green;  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  rounded,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  pale  green,  finely  toothed. 

Known  also  as  quaking  aspen  and  often  locally  as  "quaking  asp."  The  leaves 
are  often  deformed  by  galls;  in  autumn  they  turn  yellow.  The  aspen  is  very 
abundant  along  the  automobile  road  on  the  east  side  of  the  park,  often  in  dense 
stands,  but  it  does  not  extend  far  up  the  slopes.  In  exposed  places  the  plants  are 
shrubby  and  often  prostrate,  probably  as  a  result  of  heavy  snowfall.  Aspens  seem 
to  be  absent  about  the  head  of  Lake  McDonald,  but  they  are  abundant  about  Belton. 
According  to  the  writer's  experience — and  his  observations  have  been  confirmed  by 
those  of  other  persons — this  tree  is  seldom  found  in  fruit.  If  a  cut  is  made  in  the 
smooth  bark  a  scar  is  formed  which  remains  throughout  the  life  of  the  tree,  but  in 
Glacier  Park  visitors  seem  unaware  of  the  possibility  of  leaving  a  permanent  record 
of  their  visit  upon  the  aspen  trunks,  and  verj^  few  trees  thus  disfigured  were  noticed. 
In  New  Mexico  the  writer  has  often  marveled  at  the  great  number  of  trees  upon 
which  people  have  cut  their  names  or  initials  with  dates  and  various  designs.  There, 
even  in  the  most  remote  places,  often  almost  every  tree  is  thus  marked,  until  one 
wonders  if  the  whole  population  has  conducted  a  concerted  campaign  for  the  purpose. 
Trees  are  often  found  upon  which  the  inscriptions  are  30  years  old  or  more. 

The  aspen  is  one  of  the  first  trees  to  spring  up  on  burned  or  cut-over  areas,  and  it  is 
thus  important  in  reforestation.  The  reason  for  its  rapid  appearance  in  such  places 
is,  of  course,  the  form  of  the  seeds,  which  are  scattered  by  the  wind.  The  wide 
dissemination  of  the  tree  perhaps  indicates  that  seeds  are  borne  in  greater  profusion 
than  casual  observations  would  indicate.     Aspen  wood  is  useful  for  making  paper. 

2.  Populus  trichocarpa  Torr.  &  Gray.  Black  Cottonwood.  Common  on  the  east 
slope,  at  low  altitudes,  usually  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Large  or 
small  tree;  bark  on  young  trees  and  on  younger  branches  smooth  and  resembling 
that  of  the  aspen,  on  old  trunks  deeply  furrowed,  white,  with  a  soft  chalky  appear- 
ance, in  old  age  sometimes  blackish;  leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate  to  lance- 
ovate,  6  to  12  cm.  long  (on  sprouts  often  much  larger),  acute,  finely  toothed,  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  pale  beneath,  usually  hairy  when  young  but  soon  glabrous. 

3.  Populus  hastata  Dode.  Western  balsam  poplar.  Common  on  the  west 
slope  at  low  altitudes,  along  water  or  in  woods.  Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — ^Like 
P.  trichocarpa^  and  differing  only  in  the  glabrous  fruit. 

It  seems  rather  doubtful  whether  this  is  a  distinct  species.  The  writer  is  unable 
to  give  any  information  concerning  the  distribution  and  relative  abundance  of  these 
two  species  (if  they  are  species)  in  the  park.  It  was  taken  for  granted  that  only  one 
species  was  represented  until  study  of  the  collections  in  Washington  revealed  the 
presence  of  two.  When  the  writer  \isited  the  park,  the  fruiting  catkins  had  all 
fallen,  but  they  were  found,  of  course,  under  the  trees.  With  leaf  specimens  alone 
it  is  impossible  to  determine  which  species  is  represented.  Only  two  specimens  of 
fruit  were  secured;  one  from  the  east  entrance  is  P.  trichocarpa,  and  one  from  Lake 
McDonald  is  P.  hastata.  Whether  one  species  is  confined  to  the  east  and  one  to  the 
west  slope,  or  whether  the  two  grow  together,  it  is  impossible  to  say  without  further 
field  study. 

The  cottonwoods  are  usually  associated  with  other  trees,  especially  aspens,  but 
sometimes  they  form  small  pure  stands.  The  trees  on  the  west  slope  are  often  thickly 
covered  with  lichens.  Some  trees  have  leaves  almost  as  narrow  as  those  of  P.  angusti- 
folia,  and  the  leaves  of  small  seedlings  appear  to  be  narrow  always.  Cottonwoods 
seem  to  have  great  vitaUty,  and  the  writer  noticed  some  logs  that  had  been  cut  at 
least  a  year  before  which  were  sending  out  sprouts. 


STANDLEY— FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  319 

2.  SALIX  L.     Willow. 
(Contributed  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Ball.) 

Plants  perennial,  low  and  spreading  to  taller  and  erect,  shrubs  or  small  trees;  bark 
bitter;   bud  scales  single;   leaves  alternate,  usually  with  stipules;   flowers  of  the  two 
sexes  on  different  plants,  in  sessile  or  leafy-peduncled  catkins,  appearing  before  or 
with  or  after  the  leaves;  flower  scales  yellow,  brown,  or  black,  entire  or  occasionally 
shallowly  toothed  at  apex;   fruit  a  dry,  glabrous  or  pubescent  capsule,  lanceolate  to 
lanceolate-ovoid,  of  2  valves  recurving  at  maturity;   seeds  minute,  with  a  dense  tuft 
of  long  silky  hairs  at  the  base;  stamens  usually  2  (3  to  8  in  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3). 
Scales  pale  yellow,  deciduous.     Styles  about  0.3  to  0.5  mm.  long;    leaves  .linear- 
lanceolate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  more  than  5  cm.  long. 
Leaves  closely  and  finely  toothed;    petioles  distinct;    catkins  solitary;    stamens 
3  to  8. 
Petioles  glandular  at  upper  end;   capsules  6  to  9  mm.  long. 

Flowers  in  early  summer;  leaves  green  beneath 1.  S.  caudata. 

Flowers  in  late  summer;  leaves  white  beneath 2.  S.  serissima. 

Petioles  never  glandular;  capsules  4  to  5  mm.  long 3.  S.  amygdaloides. 

Leaves  remotely  and  irregularly  toothed;    petioles  gradually  merging  into  leaf 
blades;  catkins  often  in  pairs;  stamens  2. 
Leaves  linear,  light  green  or  gray-green;    teeth  few  to  numerous,  long,  slender, 

sharp;  capsules  short-pediceled 4.  S.  interior. 

Leaves  narrowly  elliptic,  dark  green;  capsules  sessile  or  subsessile. 

5.  S.  melanopsis. 
Scales  brownish,  at  least  at  the  tip  (yellow  in  Nos.  13,  14,  and  20,  but  then  persistent, 
and  the  leaves  and  capsules  hairy). 
Capsules  glabrous.     Catkins  appearing  with  the  leaves. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous;    styles  about  0.5  mm. 
long. 
Leaves  glaucous  beneath. 

Leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long;  pedicels  1  mm.  long 6.  S.  farrae. 

Leaves  mostly  5  to  7  cm.  long;   pedicels  2  to  4  mm.  long 

7.  S.  mackenziana. 

Leaves  green  beneath 8.  S.  pseudomyrsinites. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate  to  oval,   acute  or  obtuse;    styles 
1  to  2  mm.  long. 

Leaves  glabrous.     Catkins  nearly  sessile 9.  S.  pseudomonticola. 

Leaves  tomentose. 
Catkins  on  leafy  peduncles;   styles  about  1  mm.  long    .  .  10.  S.  commutata. 

Catkins  sessile;  styles  about  2  mm.  long 11.  S.  barrattiana. 

Capsules  hairy. 

Styles  elongate,  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 
Leaves  more  or  less  woolly  on  both  sides. 
Plants  ascending  or  erect,  0.2  to  2  meters  high. 
Styles  1.5  to  2.5  mm.  long;   catkins  large,  sessile  .  ...  11.  S.  barrattiana. 
Styles  1  to  1.5  mm.  long;  catkins  leafy-peduncled. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  white-woolly  on  both  sides. 

12.  S.  Candida. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  elliptic-oblong,  2  to  6  cm.  long. 

Catkins  1  to  1.5  cm.  long;  leaves  and  twigs  yellow-woolly. 

13.  S.  brachycarpa. 
Catkins  1.5  to  5  cm.  long;  leaves  gray-woolly,  glaucous  beneath. 

14.  S.  glaucops  glabrescens. 


320  CONTPJBUTIOIS^S   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Plants  low,  creeping,  alpine,  less  than  10  cm.  high. 

Leaves  pale  beneath 15.  S.  petrophila. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath     16.  S.  anglorum. 

Leaves  densely  silvery -silky  beneath.     Capsules  silvery-silky. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  pubescent;  styles  0.8  to  1.5  mm.  long; 

twdgs  often  pruinose     17.  S.  subcoerulea. 

Leaves  obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  tomentose;  style  0.5  to  1  mm.  long;  twigs 

never  pruinose      18.  S.  drummondiana. 

Styles  short,  obsolete  or  only  0.2  to  0.3  mm.  long. 

Plants  erect  shrubs,  mostly  tall;  capsules  slender,  6  to  10  mm.  long,  on  pedicels 
1  to  5  mm.  long. 
Catkins  dense,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  scales  black,  densely  silky  with  long 

hairs;  stigmas  long,  slender 19.  S.  scouleriana. 

Catkins  loose,  leafy-peduncled ;  scales  yellowish,  thinly  hairy;  stigmas  very 
short. 
Leaves  elliptic-oval,  strongly  net-veined  beneath. 

Leaves  more  or  less  tomentose     20.  S.  bebbiana. 

Leaves  glabrate 20a.  S.  bebbiana  perrostrata. 

Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  not  net-veined  beneath   ...  21.  S.  geyeriana. 
Plants  low  or  creeping  alpine  shrubs;  capsules  ovate,  3  to  5  mm.  long,  sessile. 
Plants  ascending,  0.3  to  1  meter  tall;  leaves  long-hairy  beneath. 

Leaves  thick,  broadly  oval;  capsules  somewhat  pointed    .  .  22.  S.  vestita. 

Leaves  thinner,  narrower;  capsules  blunter 22a.  S.  vestita  erecta. 

Plants  creeping,  5  to  10  cm.  tall;  leaves  glabrous  beneath. 
Leaves  roundish-oval,  glaucous  beneath. 

Blades  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long;  aments  usually  many-flowered. 

23.  S.  saximontana. 

Blades  7  to  12  mm.  long;  aments  usually  few-flowered   .  .  24.  S.  nivalis. 

Leaves  narrowly  elliptic,  green  beneath 25.  S.  cascadensis. 

1.  Salix  caudata  (Nutt.)  Heller.  Pare;  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  thickets.  Moun- 
tain streams  from  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Calif.— Stems  few,  3  to  5  meters 
high;  twigs  chestnut,  sliining;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate,  6  to  13  cm. 
long,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  point;  catkins  stout,  1.2  to  2  cm.  wide,  2  to  5  cm. 
long,  becoming  3  to  6  cm.  long  in  fruit;  capsules  thin-walled,  6  to  7  mm.  long, 
yellowish. 

2.  Salix  serissima  (Bailey)  Femald.  In  cold  bog  about  spring  near  Swiftcurrent 
Creek  below  Lake  McDermott.  East  of  the  Divide,  in  southern  Alta.  and  northern 
Mont,  (the  only  other  Montana  specimen  collected  near  Chouteau),  eastward  to 
northern  Ohio,  N.  Eng.,  and  Lower  Can.  — Plant  similar  to  the  last;  leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  only  short-pointed  at  the  apex;  capsules  thick-walled, 
7  to  9  mm.  long,  shining,  olive-brown  or  darker. 

Remarkable  for  its  flowering  in  midsummer  or  later  and  producing  fruit  in  late 
summer  and  autumn. 

3.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anderss.  Peachleaf  willow.  Belton,  in  thicket  along 
the  river.  Along  streams  at  low  elevations,  east  of  the  Cascades  from  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
east  to  northwest  Tex.,  central  N.  Y.,  and  Que. — Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  yellowish 
green;  twigs  slender,  yello-ndsh,  often  drooping;  petioles  1  to  2  cm.  long,  slender, 
twisted;  leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  5  to  12  cm.  long,  long-pointed; 
catkins  about  1  cm.  wide,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4  to  7  cm.  long  in 
fruit;  pedicels  2  mm.  long,  slender. 

4.  Salix  interior  Rowlee.  Sandbar  willow.  East  entrance,  along  the  edge  of 
Two  Medicine  Creek,  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  shale  slide.  Alaska  to  Idaho  and  N.  Mex., 
eastward  to  La.,  Del.,  and  N.  B.;  not  common  west  of  the  Divide,  but  abundant  in 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  321 

the  Central  States. — -Bright  green,  clustered  shrub,  1  to  5  meters  high;  twigs  reddish; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute  at  both  ends,  5  to  12  cm.  long,  2  to  12 
mm.  wide,  pure  green  on  both  sides,  glabrate  when  mature,  often  thinly  villous 
with  long  white  hairs  when  young;  catkins  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches;  capsules 
5  to  8  (mostly  7)  mm.  long,  glabrous  when  mature;  pedicels  0.5  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

Forms  with  very  narrow  leaves,  somewhat  grayish  rather  than  bright  green,  and 
with  numerous  long  slender  teeth,  represent  5.  longifolia  tenerrima  Henderson,  which 
Schneider  makes  a  variety  of  S.  exigua  Nutt.,  but  states  that  he  is  doubtful  as  to 
what  specimens  should  be  referred  to  this  variety  and  what  to  S.  longifolia  pedicellata 
Anderes.     They  require  further  study, 

5.  Salix  melanopsis  Nutt.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  on  rocky  slopes,  in  low 
thickets,  or  on  stream  and  lake  banks.  Alta.  to  Idaho  and  west  to  Calif,  and  B.  C. — 
Dark  green  clustered  shrub,  1  to  5  meters  high;  twigs  brownish;  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  elliptic,  acute,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  6  to  15  mm.  wide,  usually  subentire,  sometimes 
with  sharp  slender  teeth,  deep  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  green  or  subglaucous 
and  often  thinly  hairy  beneath  (in  the  park  and  northward  a  form  with  leaves  rather 
densely  shining-hairy  on  both  sides  occurs  rather  commonly);  catkins  on  short  leafy 
branches;  capsules  glabrous,  nearly  sessile,  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

6.  Salix  farrae  Ball.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes  or  about  timber 
line;  in  bogs  or  wet  meadows.  Rocky  Alts,  of  southern  Alta.  and  B.  C.  and  northern 
Mont. — Small  shrub,  probably  30  to  60  cm.  high;  twigs  red  or  the  youngest  reddish 
yellow,  shining;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  elliptic  or  broadly  lanceolate,  usually  widest 
just  above  the  middle,  acute  or  abruptly  short-acuminate  at  apex,  3  to  5  cm.  long, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  glaucousandrather  finely  net- veined  beneath  at  maturity;  capsule 
4  to  5  mm.  long;  pedicels  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

7.  Salix  mackenziana  (Hook.)  Barratt.  Belton,  on  brushy  rocky  slope.  Sask.  to 
Wyo.,  Calif.,  and  B.  C. — Shrub  2  to  4  meters  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  or  the  lower 
narrowly  obovate,  sometimes  lanceolate,  acute  to  short-acuminate,  4  to  7  or  10  cm. 
long,  subentire  to  finely  toothed;  capsules  4  to  5  mm.  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  mm.  long, 
2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  scales. 

8.  Salix  pseudomyrsinites  Anderss.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
wet  thickets  or  along  streams.  Sask.  to  N.  Mex.,  Calif.,  and  Wash. — Shrub  1  to  3 
meters  high;  twigs  short,  diverging,  shining;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  to  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  thick,  coarsely  net-veined  beneath,  subentire  to  sharply 
gland -toothed,  dark  green  on  both  sides;  catkins  2  to  3  cm.  long;  capsules  4  to  5  mm. 
long;  pedicels  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

9.  Salix  pseudomonticola  Ball.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  or  middle 
altitudes;  rarely  found  above  timber  line,  on  rock  slides;  usually  in  wet  woods  or 
thickets.  Sask.  and  Alta,  to  northern  Wyo. — Shrub  1  to  3  meters  high;  twigs  stoutish, 
shining;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate  (young obovate),  4  to  6  or  8  cm.  long,  1.5  to  3 
cm.  wide,  rounded  to  subcordate  at  base,  acute  to  abruptly  short-acuminate  at  apex, 
rather  coarsely  wavy-toothed  or  subentire;  catkins  3  to  7  cm.  long,  nearly  sessile; 
capsules  6  to  8  mm.  long;  pedicels  1  to  1.5  mm.  long;  styles  about  1  mm.  long. 

10.  Salix  commutata  Bebb.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  wet  meadows  or  on 
open  rocky  slopes;  one  of  the  characteristic  plants  of  alpine  meadows.  Alaska  to 
northern  Wyo.  and  Calif. — Shrub  1  to  3  meters  high;  twigs  tomentose;  leaves  elliptic 
to  broadly  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so,  cuspidate  at 
apex,  green  and  tomentose  on  both  sides,  becoming  glabrate  with  age;  catkins  short, 
2  to  3  or  4  cm.  long,  on  leafy  peduncles  2  to  4  cm.  long;  capsules  5  to  7  mm.  long; 
pedicels  about  1  mm.  long. 

11.  Salix  barrattiana  Hook.  Gunsight  Pass,  on  rock  slide.  High  elevations  in 
the  Rocky  and  Selkirk  Mts.  of  Alta.  and  B.  C;  not  before  collected  in  the  U.  S. — 


322  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Shrub  0.5  to  1.5  meters  high;  twigs  stout,  short,  with  wrinkled  bark,  the  younger  more 
or  less  gray-woolly;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
at  apex,  acutish  to  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  base,  entire  or  with  a  few  glandular 
teeth,  usually  densely  clothed  with  long  gray  hairs,  becoming  somewhat  glabrate  in 
age,  4  to  7  cm.  long,  1  to  2  cm.  wide;  catkins  stout,  sessile,  on  old  wood,  4  to  7  cm. 
long;  capsules  densely  hairy,  7  to  9  mm.  long,  subsessile,  bearing  a  style  1.5  to  2.5  mm. 
long. 

The  specimen  collected  in  the  park  was  only  30  to  GO  cm.  high  and  differs  from  typical 
material  in  the  shorter  and  relatively  broader,  elliptic-oval  leaves,  2  to  4  cm.  long, 
and  aments  (one)  only  4  cm.  long.  A  similar  collection  has  been  made  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Park  at  Banff,  Alberta. 

12.  Salix  Candida  Fluegge.  Sageleaf  willow.  In  a  cold  bog  about  a  spring 
near  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake  McDermott.  Alta.  south  to  Wyo.  and  eastward 
to  N.  J.  and  Newf.,  in  cold  bogs  and  swamps. — Shrub  0.2  to  1  meter  high;  young  twigs 
white-woolly;  leaves  linear  to  oblong  or  narrowly  oblanceolate,  the  margins  inrolled, 
entire,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  densely  white-woolly  beneath,  thinly  so  above;  catkins  1  to  3 
cm.  long,  on  short  leafy  peduncles;  capsules  subsessile,  white-woolly,  6  to  8  mm. 
long;  style  reddish,  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

13.  Salix  brachycarpa  Nutt.  Occasional  above  timber  line  and  in  some  localities 
abundant;  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides  or  in  wet  meadows;  also  in  an  open  mossy  bog 
along  Appekunny  Creek.  Sask.  and  Alta.  to  southern  Colo.,  west  to  Utah,  eastern 
Oreg.,  and  B.  C.  (S.  stricta  Rydb.) — Alpine  shrub  0.2  to  1  meter  high;  young  twigs 
woolly;  leaves  elliptic-oblong  or  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  obovate,  2  to  3.5  cm  long, 
cutish  at  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  base,  yellowish  green  on  both  sides,  somewhat  woolly 
above,  densely  yellowish-woolly  beneath,  sometimes  becoming  glabrate,  entire; 
catkins  numerous,  roundish  to  oblong,  0.5  to  2  cm.  long;  capsules  ovoid-lanceolate, 
5  to  7  mm.  long,  subsessile,  woolly;  styles  1  to  1.5  long. 

14.  Salix  glaucops  glabrescens  Anderss.  Frequent  above  or  near  timber  line,  in 
meadows,  on  gravelly  slopes,  or  in  moist  woods;  also  in  thicket  along  Swiftcurrent 
Creek  below  I-ake  McDermott.  Yukon  and  Alaska  south  to  N.  Mex.  and  west  to 
Utah  and  Idaho.  {S.  glauca glabrescens  C.  Schneid.;  S.  pseudolapponum  Seem.) — Sub- 
alpine  shrub,  0.4  to  1.5  meters  high;  twigs  shining  brown,  the  bark  separating  in  gray 
papery  flakes;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  obovate-oblong,  entire, 
3  to  6  cm.  long,  thinly  gray-woolly  to  glabrate  on  both  sides,  glaucous  beneath,  often 
drying  dark;  catkins  2  to  5  cm.  long,  on  leafy  peduncles  2  to  3  cm.  long;  scales  yellowish 
throughout  or  brownish  at  the  tip;  capsules  gray-woolly,  6  to  8  mm.  long;  pedicel  and 
style  each  about  1  mm.  long. 

15.  Salix  petrophila  Rydb.  Abundant  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rocky 
slopes;  a  characteristic  plant  of  alpine  meadows,  frequently  forming  large  dense 
mats.  Alta.  and  B.  C,  south  to  northern  N.  Mex.  and  west  to  Calif,  and  eastern 
Oreg. — Stems  creeping;  branches  erect,  5  to  10  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  broadly 
elliptic  and  acutish  to  narrowly  obovate  and  often  obtuse,  entire,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long, 
deep  green  above,  pale  and  rather  strongly  veined  beneath,  sparingly  hairy  to 
glabrous,  petioles  slender,  yellow;  catkins  1  to  3  or  4  cm.  long,  on  short  leafy  branches; 
capsules  lanceolate,  sessile,  gray-woolly,  4  to  6  mm.  long;   style  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

16a.  Salix  anglorum  araioclada  C.  Schneid.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  wet 
meadows  or  on  rocky  slopes.  Rocky  and  Selkirk  Mts.,  northern  Mont,  to  B.  C.  and 
Alta.,  also  eastern  Que. — Plant  prostrate;  branches  yellowish  to  purplish;  leaves 
thin,  papery,  oval,  elliptic,  ovate-elliptic,  or  obovate-elliptic,  usually  obtuse  at 
apex,  entire,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  1  to  3  cm.  wide,  usually  glabrous  at  maturity,  deep 
green  above,  glaucous  beneath;  catkins  on  leafy  branches  3  to  4  cm.  long,  the  pistillate 
3  to  5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule  7  to  8  mm.  long,  subsessile,  gray-woolly;  style  15 
mm.  long. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  323 

16b.  Salix  anglorum  kophophylla  C.  Schneid.  Habitat  of  the  last,  often  in  the 
highest,  most  exposed  places.  Cited  by  Schneider  only  from  eastern  Que.  and  Newf . — 
Ae  the  last  but  the  leaves  thicker,  broadly  elliptic  to  roundish,  more  strongly  nerved, 
and  more  densely  glaucous  beneath. 

17.  Salix  subcoerula  Piper.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  all  altitudes;  along 
streams,  in  wet  thickets,  or  on  high  slopes;  scarce  on  the  west  slope,  apparently,  and 
noted  only  at  Avalanche  Lake.  Alta.  and  B.  C,  south  to  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. — 
Shrub  1  to  3  meters  high;  twigs  glabrous,  usually  covered  with  a  bluish  powder; 
leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  3  to  6  or  8 
cm.  long,  0.8  to  2.5  cm.  wide,  entire  or  subcrenulate,  green  and  sparsely  pubescent 
above,  densely  silvery-pubescent  with  short  appressed  shining  hairs  beneath;  catkins 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  pistillate  2  to  4  cm.  long;    scales  brown  or  black;    capsules 

4  to  5  mm.  long,  subsessile  or  on  pedicels  0.5  to  1  mm.  long;  style  1  to  1.5  mm.  long. 

18.  Salix  drummondiana  Barratt.  '  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  and 
sometimes  found  above  timber  line;  in  thickets  or  meadows,  on  moist  slopes,  or 
along  streams.  Rocky  and  Selkirk  Mts.  of  Alta.  and  B.  C.  and  northwestern  Mont. — 
Shrub  1  to  3  (?)  meters  high;  young  twigs  mostly  pubescent  or  woolly,  not  bluish- 
powdery;  leaves  obovate,  obovate-oblong,  or  elliptic-oblanceolate,  entire,  broadly 
acute  to  obtuse  at  apex,  3  to  6  or  8  cm.  long,  1.5  to  3  cm.  wide,  densely  silvery-woolly 
beneath  with  a  thick  mat  of  tangled  hairs,  thinly  so  above;  catkins  as  in  No.  17; 
capsules  5  to  6  mm.  long,  silvery-woolly;  pedicels  0.5  to  1.5  mm.  long;  style  0.5  to  1 
mm.  long. 

19.  Salix  scoulerlana  Barratt.  Frequent  at  low  and  sometimes  at  middle  altitudes, 
in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  along  streams,  or  on  rather  dry,  thinly  wooded  hillsides; 
on  the  west  slope  frequently  a  small  slender  isolated  tree;  the  only  species  of  the 
park,  apparently,  which  ever  attains  the  dimensions  of  a  tree.  Alta.  to  N.  Mex. 
and  west  to  the  coast.— Shrub  or  small  tree,  2  to  4  meters  high;  twigs  glabrate  to 
densely  woolly;  leaves  obovate  to  broadly  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  mostly  abruptly 
pointed  at  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  entire  or  shallowly  crenulate,  dark  green  and 
glabrate  above,  glaucous,  net-veined,  and  often  densely  tomentose  beneath;  catkins 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  pistillate  3  to  5  cm.  long;  scales 
obovate  or  oblanceolate,  black,  covered  with  long  shining  hairs;  capsules  beaked,  7  to  9 
mm. long,  gray-woolly;  pedicelslto  2  mm. long;  stylesshort;  stigmas  aboutl mm. long. 

20.  Salix  bebbiana  Sarg.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  swamps,  along  streams, 
or  on  brushy  slopes.  Across  the  continent  to  Alaska,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. — A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  2  to  5  meters  high;  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate  to  obovate-oval,  entire 
or  somewhat  crenulate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  1  to  2.5  cm.  wide,  dull  green  above,  paler  to 
subglaucous  and  coarsely  net-veined  beneath,  more  or  less  gray-woolly  on  both 
sides,  especially  beneath;  catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves,  the  staminate 
subsessile,  1  to  2' cm.  long,  yellow,  the  pistillate  (on  peduncles  0.5  to  2  cm.  long)  2  to 

5  cm.  long,  very  lax  in  fruit;   scales  yellowish,  oblong,  2  mm.  long;   capsules  6  to  10 
mm.  long,  thinly  pubescent,  on  slender  pedicels  2  to  5  mm.  long. 

20a.  Salix  bebbiana  perrostrata  (Rydb.)  C.  Schneid.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in 
the  same  situations  as  the  species.  Throughout  the  Rocky  Mts. — Differs  in  the  smaller 
and  thinner,  elliptic  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  acute  at  both  ends,  2  to  3.5  cm.  long, 
glabrous  or  glabrate  on  both  sides,  and  more  finely  net-veined  on  the  lower  surface. 

21.  Salix  geyeriana  Andersa.  Belton,  on  a  dry  brushy  slope.  Mont,  to  Colo.,  west 
to  the  coast. — Shrub  1  to  3  meters  high;  twigs  glabrous,  leafy,  black  with  a  bluish 
powdery  bloom;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate  or  narrowly  elliptic,  very  acute  at  both 
ends,  2  to  4  or  6  cm.  long,  entire,  dark  green  above,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath, 
thinly  to  densely  silky-hairy  on  both  sides;  catkins  on  short  leafy  peduncles, 
roundish,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  1  to  1.3  cm.  wide;  capsules  5  to  7  mm.  long,  pubescent,  on 
stoutish  pedicels  about  2  mm.  long. 

2048—21 7 


324  CONTKIBUTIONS  FBOM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

22.  Salix  vestita  Pursh.  Cracker  Lake  and  switchbacks  near  Swiftcurrent  Pass, 
on  rocky  slopes.  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Mont,  and  eastern  Oreg.;  also  Lab.,  Newf., 
Anticosti,  and  the  Gasp^  Peninsula  of  Que. — Ascending  shrub,  0.2  to  1  meter  high; 
leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  obovate-oblong  or  suborbicular,  rounded  to  retuse  at  the 
apex,  3  to  5  or  6  cm.  long,  2  to  4  cm.  wide,  thick,  deep  green  and  glabrous  above, 
clothed  beneath  with  long  white  silky  hairs,  especially  on  midrib  and  veins;  catkins 
on  short  villous  peduncles,  slender,  2  to  3  or  4  cm.  long;  capsules  ovoid-conic,  pointed, 
4  to  5  cm.  long. 

A  very  handsome  shrub  because  of  the  striking  contrast  in  the  leaves  between  the 
bright  green,  netted  upper  surface  and  the  silvery-silky  under  surface. 

22a.  Salix  vestita  erecta  Anderss.  Abundant  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  and 
on  rock  slides;  one  of  the  most  characteristic  plants  of  alpine  situations,  frequently 
forming  large  dense  patches. — More  erect,  -with  narrower,  more  pointed  leaves,  longer 
catkins,  and  more  ovoid -ellipsoid,  blunter  capsules. 

23.  Salix  saximontana  Rydb.  Gunsight  Pass,  on  rock  slides  and  rocky  slopes. 
Alpine  summits,  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Nev.  and  N.  Mex. — Prostrate,  3  to  6  cm.  high; 
leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  broadly  oval,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  entire,  1.5  to  3 
cm.  long,  1  to  2  cm.  wide,  glabrous  on  both  sides;  catkins  several  to  many-flowered, 
1  to  1.5  cm.  long;  capsules  ovoid,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

24.  Salix  nivalis  Hook.  Above  timber  line,  Siyeh  Pass  and  Boundary  Peak 
(B.  C),  2,280  to  2,400  meters  elevation,  collected  by  Vernon  Bailey,  August,  1917. 
Alpine  summits,  Alta.  and  Mont,  and  westward. — Scarcely  2  cm.  high;  leaves  as  the 
last  but  only  7  to  12  mm.  long  and  4  to  8  mm.  wide;  catkins  few-flowered,  less  than 
1  cm.  long;  capsules  2.5  to  3  mm.  long. 

25.  Salix  cascadensis  Cockerell.  Sexton  Glacier,  abundant  on  rocky  slope. 
Alpine  summits,  Wyo.  and  Mont,  to  Wash.     {S.  tener a  Anderas.) — Prostrate,  creeping, 

3  to  5  cm.  high;  leaves  narrowly  elliptic  to  subobovate,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends, 
deep  green  and  shining  on  both  sides,  glabrous,  strongly  veined,  8  to  15  mm.  long, 

4  to  8  mm.  wide;  catkins  subglobose,  5  to  20-flowered,  7  to  20  mm.  long;  capsules 
sessUe,  4  to  5  mm.  long,  gray-tomentose. 

22.  BETTJLACEAE.     Birch  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed;  flowers  staminate 
and  pistillate,  the  staminate  ones  in  slender  drooping  catkins;  pistillate  flowers  in 
short  catkins,  these  becoming  conelike,  inclosing  the  small  nutlike  or  seedlike  fruits. 

Conelike  pistillate  catkins  falling  apart  when  mature,  their  bracts  3-lobed. 

1.  BETULA. 
Conelike  pistillate  catkins  not  falling  apart,  their  bracts  not  lobed    ...  2.  ALNITS. 

1.  BETULA  L.     Birch. 
Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  stalked,  small  or  large;  fruit  narrowly  or  broadly  winged. 
Leaves  1  to  2.5  cm.  long,  rounded  at  the  tip,  the  teeth  rounded   .  .  1.  B.  glandulosa. 
Leaves  mostly  3  to  10  cm.  long,  usually  sharp-pointed,  the  teeth  sharp. 

Bark  not  separating  into  layers;  twigs  densely  covered  vsdth  glands,  not  hairy; 

leaves  mostly  less  than  5  cm.  long 2.  B.  fontinalis. 

Bark  separating  into  thin  layers;  twigs  hairy  and  often  glandular;  leaves  mostly 
5  to  10  cm.  long. 
Bark  white  or  yellowish  white;  twigs  usually  not  glandular    .  .  3.  B.  papyrifera. 

Bark  reddish  brown;  tvngs  glandular 4.  B.  occidentalis. 

1.  Betula  glandulosa  Michx.  Scrub  birch.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  nearly 
all  altitudes,  in  bogs,  along  streams,  or  on  alpine  slopes.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Minn., 
Me.,  and  Greenl.- — Shrub,  usually  1  to  2  meters  high,  with  reddish  brown,  very 
glandular  branchlets;  leaves  rounded,  short-stalked,  glabrous;  cones  1  to  2  cm.  long, 
the  fruit  with  a  narrow  wing. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  325 

The  shrub  is  abundant  in  some  places,  but  the  stations  are  scattered  and  often 
isolated.  Above  timber  line  the  plants  are  sometimes  spreading  and  only  30  to  60 
cm.  high. 

2.  Betula  fontinalis  Sarg.  Water  birch.  Along  creek  near  St.  Mary,  and 
probably  elsewhere.  Yukon  to  Utah,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr.— Shrub  or  small  tree  with 
very  sticky  twigs,  the  bark  reddish  brown;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  some- 
what cordate  at  the  base,  nearly  glabrous,  coarsely  toothed;  cones  2  to  3  cm.  long, 
the  fruit  broadly  winged. 

Most  of  the  plants  of  St.  Mary  are  only  1  to  1.5  meters  high. 

3.  Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.  Canoe  birch.  Common  on  the  west  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  along  streams  or  lake  shores,  or  often  on  rocky  hillsides.  Alaska 
to  Colo.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab. — Small  or  large  tree  with  chalky  white  or,  on  young  trees, 
yellowish  white  bark;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  slender-stalked,  obtuse 
to  subcordate  at  base,  long  or  short-pointed,  finely  hair>'  beneath  or  nearly  glabrous; 
cones  2  to  4  cm.  long;  fruit  very  broadly  winged. 

Many  of  the  trees  about  Lake  McDonald  are  very  large;  they  are  often  densely 
covered  with  lichens.  The  bark  of  this  species  was  formerly  much  used  by  the 
Indians  for  making  canoes.  The  wood  is  often  employed  in  the  manufacture  o£ 
paper.  The  canoe  birch  is  a  very  handsome  tree,  its  wliite  bark  contrasting  strongly 
with  that  of  other  trees  with  which  it  is  associated.  It  is  said  to  grow  in  a  few  places 
on  the  east  slope  of  the  park,  but  this  is  doubtful. 

4.  Betula  occidentalis  Hook.  Western  birch.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at 
low  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Mont. — Small  or  medium-sized  tree  with  finely 
hairy  twigs;  leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  somewhat  hairy  beneath, 
long-pointed;  cones  3  to  4  cm.  long. 

2.  ALNUS  Hill.     Alder. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  smooth,  close,  reddish  brown  bark;  leaves  slender- 
stalked  ;  fruit  with  or  without  a  wing. 

Fruit  winged;  twigs  with  resin  dots,  not  hairy 1.  A.  sinuata. 

Fruit  not  winged ;  twigs  not  resinous,  finely  hairy 2.  A.  tenuifolia. 

1.  Alnus  sinuata  (Regel)  Rydb.  Green  alder.  Common  at  high  and  middle 
altitudes,  and  occasionally,  especially  on  the  west  slope,  at  low  altitudes;  along 
streams  or  lake  shores,  in  moist  woods,  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Wyo., 
and  Alta. — Shrub,  1  to  2  meters  high,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  bright  green,  acute  or  obtuse,  thin,  closely  and  sharply 
toothed,  scarcely  at  all  lobed,  nearly  glabrous,  but  with  tufts  of  hairs  beneath  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins;  cones  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

This  species  often  forms  extensive,  dense,  nearly  impenetrable  thickets  on  slopes 
at  middle  or  high  elevations.  The  stems  are  usually  bent  down,  probably  as  a  result 
of  the  weight  of  overlying  snow.  It  is  only  at  low  altitudes  that  this  alder  gets  to  be 
a  small  tree. 

2.  Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Mountain  alder.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  along 
streams  or  in  wet  places.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mont.— Shrub,  1  to  4 
meters  high;  leaves  oval  or  broadly  ovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  thick,  rather  dull  green, 
shallowly  lobed  and  with  broad  teeth,  somewhat  hairy  beneath;  cones  1  to  2  cm.  long. 

This  species  nearly  always  grows  at  lower  altitudes  than  A.  sinuata,  but  sometimes 
the  two  are  found  together.  The  Blackfoot  Indians  employed  the  tough  bark  for 
making  stirrups,  which  were  covered  with  rawhide.  They  also  used  a  hot  decoction 
of  the  bark  as  drink  for  the  treatment  of  scrofula.  Their  name  for  the  plant  is  "red 
mouth  bush,"  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  when  the  bark  is  chewed  the  saliva  is 
colored  red. 


326  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL.  HERBARIUM. 

23.  URTICACEAE.     Nettle  Family. 

1.  TTRTICA  L.     Nettle. 

Perennials,  with  stinging  hairs;  leaves  opposite,  stalked,  toothed,  with  stipules; 
flowers  very  small,  green,  in  panicles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  sepals  4;  petals  none; 
fruit  a  small  green  achene. 
Sterna  densely  bristly;  petioles  usually  shorter  than  the  breadth  of  the  leaves. 

1.  U,  dioica. 

Stems  with  few  scattered  bristles;  petioles  usually  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the 

leaves 2.  U.  lyallii. 

1.  Urtica  dioica  L.  Open  slopes  at  east  entrance  and  Belton.  Native  of  Eur.; 
naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Stems  30  to  80  cm.  high,  stout;  leaves  ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed, 

2.  Urtica  lyallii  S.  Wats.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods 
or  thickets;  sometimes  found  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Wyo.,  Conn., 
and  Newf.  (U.  cardiophylla  Rydb.;  U.  viridis  Rydb.) — Stems  slender,  0.5  to  1.5 
meters  high,  nearly  glabrous  except  for  the  bristles;  leaves  lance-oblong  to  ovate 
or  heart-shaped,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  thin,  coarsely  toothed. 

The  hairs  sting  the  skin  very  painfully,  and  their  effects  sometimes  last  for 
several  days. 

24.  SANTALACEAE.     Sandalwood  Family. 

1.  COMANDRA  Nutt. 

1.  Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  Bastard  toadflax.  Common  on  open  rocky  slopes 
or  on  prairie  at  low  and  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Man.,  Ariz.,  and  Tex. — Glabrous 
perennial,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  small,  alternate,  sessile,  glaucous,  entire;  flowers 
small,  white,  in  cymes;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  none;  fruit  drupelike. 

25.  POIYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  (leaves  mostly  at  the  base  of  the 
stem  in  some  groups);  flowers  small,  with  3  to  6  sepals  and  no  petals;  stamens  4  to  8; 
fruit  small,  dry,  1-seeded,  3-angled  or  flattened. 

Leaves  without  stipules;  flowers  in  small  clusters,  each  cluster  surrounded  by  a  calyx- 
like involucre  of  united  bracts;  stamens  9 1.  ERIOGONUM. 

Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules;  flowers  not  in  clusters  surrounded  by  involucres; 
stamens  4  to  8. 

Sepals  5;  stigmas  not  brushlike     2.  POLYGONUM. 

Sepals  4  or  6;  stigmas  brushlike. 

Sepals  6;  fruit  3-angled;  leaves  not  kidney-shaped     3.  RUMEX. 

Sepals  4;  fruit  flattened ;  leaves  mostly  kidney-shaped 4.  OXYRIA. 

1.  ERIOGONUM  Michx. 

Perennials;  leaves  entire,  basal,  the  stem  'sometimes  bearing  a  whorl  of  leaves 
below  the  flowers;  flowers  small,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  united  bracts,  the 
involucres  in  heads  or  umbels. 

Sepals  hairy,  at  least  at  the  base. 
Flowers  bright  yellow;  stems  10  to  30  cm.  high;  sepals  hairy  almost  all  over. 

1.  E.  piperi. 
Flowers  yellowish  white;  stems  2  to  10  cm.  high;  sepals  hairy  only  at  the  base. 

2.  E.  androsaceum. 
Sepals  not  hairy. 

Involucres  in  umbels;  leaves  green  on  the  upper  side 3.  E.  subalpinum. 

Involucres  in  one  head;  leaves  densely  and  closely  white-woolly  on  both  sides. 

4.  E.  depressnm. 


STANDLEY FLOKA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  327 

1.  Eriogonum  piperi  Greene.  Sulphur-plant.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes  on 
the  east  slope,  on  open  rocky  hillsides;  abundant  on  rock  slides  above  timber  line. 
Wash,  to  Wyo.  and  Mont. — Plants  usually  forming  dense  clumps;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
stalked,  obtuse,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  densely  woolly  beneath,  green  and  thinly  silky  on 
the  upper  surface;  involucres  in  a  large  umbel;  sepals  about  5  mm.  long,  often 
becoming  deep  red  in  age. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  this  is  more  than  a  mere  form  of  E.  flavum  Nutt. 

2.  Eriogonum  androsaceum  Benth.  On  rock  slides  and  exposed  summits  above 
timber  line,  rare  in  most  places;  occasionally  found  in  exposed  places  at  low  altitudes. 
B.  C,  Alta.,  and  Mont. — Often  forming  dense  mats;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  epatulate, 
1  to  2  cm.  long,  densely  woolly  or  becoming  green  on  the  upper  surface;  involucres 
in  a  small  umbel;  flowers  4  to  5  mm.  long,  sometimes  tinged  with  pink. 

3.  Eriogonum  subalpinum  Greene.  Umbrella-plant.  Common  on  the  east  slope 
at  nearly  all  altitudes,  on  open  hillsides  or  in  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  Colo.,  and 
Alta.— Plants  15  to  40  cm.  high,  usually  forming  loose  patches;  leaves  elliptic,  ovate> 
or  obovate,  1.5  to  5  cm.  long,  green  on  the  upper  side  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  densely 
white-woolly  beneath;  flowers  greenish  white  or  tinged  with  pink,  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

4.  Eriogonum  depressum  (Blankinship)  Rydb.  Silver-plant.  Common  on  the 
east  slope  at  high  and  middle  altitudes,  on  rock  slides  or  open  rocky  hillsides.  Greg,  to 
Mont.— Plants  5  to  15  cm.  high,  usually  forming  small  dense  mats;  leaves  rounded  or 
broadly  ovate,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  white,  long-stalked;  flowers  3  to  4  mm.  long,  yellowish 
white,  often  tinged  with  pink. 

The  name  "silver-plant"  was  applied  to  this  and  related  species  by  prospectors 
because  the  plant  was  believed  to  indicate  the  presence  of  silver  deposits. 

2.  POLYGONUM  L. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  sometimes  growing  in  water;  leaves  alternate,  entire;  flowers 
solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  spikes. 

Stems  climbing;  leaves  triangular,  with  lobes  at  the  base 1.  P.  convolvulus. 

Stems  not  climbing;  leaves  never  triangular. 

Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  not  bracted,  white  or  deep  pink. 
Flowers  deep  pink;  stems  very  leafy,  often  branched  and  bearing  several  spikes. 

Leaves  acute,  with  fine  appressed  hairs      2.  P.  muhlenbergii. 

Leaves  obtuse,  glabrous 3.  P.  amphibium. 

Flowers  white ;  stems  with  small  leaves,  not  branched . 

Spikes  10  to  15  mm.  thick,  without  bulblets 4.  P.  bistortoides. 

Spikes  5  to  6  mm.  thick,  bearing  bulblets  below 5.    P.  viviparum. 

Flowers  mostly  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sometimes  in  spikes  but  then  with  leaflike 
bracts  at  the  base  of  the  flowers,  greenish. 
Flowers  bent  downward  in  fruit. 

Lower  leaves  oval  or  rounded 6.  P.  austinae. 

Lower  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate. 

Flowers  1".5  to  2  mm.  long;  leaves  all  linear 7.  P.  engelmannii. 

Flowers  3  to  4  mm.  long;  leaves  linear  or  more  often  lanceolate. 

8.  P.  douglasil. 
Flowers  erect,  never  bent  downward. 
Flowers  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  stems,  the  inflorescence  spikelike;  bracts 

with  broad  white  margins 9.  P.  polygaloides. 

Flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  bracts  without  white 
margins. 

Stems  red,  slender,  wiiy,  not  ridged 10.  P.  minimum. 

Stems  pale  green,  stout,  ridged. 
Stems  usually  prostrate;  sepals  with  white  or  pink  edges. 

11.  P.  aviculare. 


328  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Stems  erect;  sepals  with  yellowish  green  edges. 
Leaves  oval  or  rounded,  the  upper  ones  not  reduced  .  12.  P.  achoreum. 
Leaves  oblong,  the  upper  ones  smaller  than  the  lower  ones. 

13.  P.  ramosissimum. 

1.  Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Wild  buckwheat.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in 
waste  ground  or  on  open  slopes.  Native  of  Eur. ;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.  (Bil' 
derdykia  convolvulus  Dum.) — Slender  glabrous  annual;  leaves  2  to  6  cm.  long,  slender- 
stalked,  acute;  flowers  greenish  white,  in  short  loose  racemes. 

2.  Polygonum  muhlenbergii(Meisn.)  S.Wats.  Water  smartweed.  East  entrance, 
about  ponds  on  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Va.,  and  Me.  {Persicaria  muhlenbergii  Small.) — 
Stout  perennial,  30  to  70  cm.  high,  the  stems  rooting  below;  leaves  lanceolate, 
stalked,  5  to  15  cm.  long;  spikes  3  to  8  cm.  long. 

3.  Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Collected  in  lake 'near  Bel  ton  by  Umbach.  Alaska 
to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  Que.  {Persicaria  cocdnea  Greene.) — Usually  floating  in  water; 
leaves  oblong,  slender-stalked,  3  to  10  cm.  long;  spikes  1  to  3  cm.  long. 

4.  Polygonum  bistortoides  Pursh.  Bistort.  Common  in  moist  meadows  above 
timber  line,  rarely  found  in  moist  places  at  lower  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Mont.  (Bistorta  bistortoides  Small.) — Perennial  with  thick  rootstocks,  15  to  40 
cm.  high,  glabrous;  basal  leaves  long-stalked,  oblong,  6  to  15  cm.  long,  pale  on  the 
lower  surface;  spikes  1  to  5  cm.  long;  stamens  projecting  beyong  the  sepals. 

The  flowers  are  showy  but  they  do  not  last  long.  The  plants  usually  grow  among 
grasses  and  sedges.     The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  roots  in  soups  and  stews. 

5.  Polygonum  viviparum  L.  Alpine  bistort.  Plate  49,  A.  Frequent  above 
timber  line,  in  meadows  and  on  rock  slides;  occasionally  found  in  moist  places  at 
middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eiu-.  and  Asia. 
{Bistorta  vivipara  S.  F.  Gray.) — Plants  glabrous,  10  to  15  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong, 
slender-stalked,  2  to  8  cm.  long,  obtuse;  spikes  2  to  7  cm.  long,  the  lower  flowers  re- 
placed by  small  green  bulblets. 

6.  Polygonum  austinae  Greene.  East  entrance,  in  gravel  along  creek.  Alta.  to 
Wyo.  and  Calif . — Annual,  5  to  15  cm.  high,  slender,  branched  from  the  base;  leaves 
5  to  15  mm.  long,  bright  green;  flowers  green,  mostly  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  bracts 
very  small. 

7.  Polygonum  engelmannii  Greene.  Dry  brushy  hillside  near  Sun  Camp.  B.  C.  to 
Colo. — Erect  annual,  5  to  30  cm.  high,  densely  branched  from  the  base,  very  slender; 
leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long,  the  upper  ones  very  small;  sepals  green,  with  whitish  edges. 

8.  Polygonum  douglasii  Greene.  PVequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods 
or  on  open  or  brushy  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Vt.— Erect  annual, 
15  to  40  cm.  high,  slender;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long;  sepals  green,  with  white  or  pink 
edges. 

9.  Polygonum  polygaloides  Meisn.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  dry  open  hillsides.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Wyo.  and  Mont. — Erect  annual,  4  to  12 
cm.  high,  very  slender;  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  cm.  long;  flowers  2  mm.  long,  white  or 
pinkish. 

10.  Polygonum  minimum  S.  Wats.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes  and  sometimes 
above  timber  line,  on  open  slopes  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Mont.— Slender  annual,  3  to  15  cm.  high,  usually  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  oval 
or  obovate,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  bright  green;  flowers  1.5  to  2  mm.  long,  the  sepals  green, 
with  pinkish  edges. 

11.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knotweed.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry 
slopes  or  on  prairie;  often  extending  well  up  along  the  trails.  Native  of  Eur.  and 
Asia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.  —Plants  bluish  green,  much  branched,  usually 
prostrate  but  sometimes  erect  when  young  or  when  growing  among  other  plants; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  5  to  25  mm.  long,  obtuse;  flowers  2  to  3  mm.  long. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  329 

Plants  found  about  dried-up  ponds  near  the  east  entrance  are  noteworthy  because 
of  their  very  narrow,  appressed  leaves. 

12.  Polygonum  achoreum  Blake.  Occasional  about  St.  Mary  and  the  east  entrance, 
on  dry  open  slopes  or  along  roadsides.  Mont,  to  Que. — Plants  15  to  30  cm.  high, 
branched,  glabrous;  leaves  1  to  2  cm,  long,  rounded  at  the  apex;  flowers  3  mm.  long. 

13.  Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  Tall  knotweed.  Along  the  railroad 
near  Belton;  probably  introduced.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  N.  Mex.,  and  111. — ^Annual,  20 
to  50  cm.  high,  branched,  glabrous,  yellowish  green;  leaves  1  to  3  cm.  long;  flowers 
3  mm.  long. 

3.  RTJMEX  L.    Dock. 

Perennials  or  annuals,  usually  with  thick  roots  or  with  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate; 
flowers  small,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  ones  sometimes  on  different  plants;  sepals 
6,  the  3  inner  ones  sometimes  with  a  seedlike  tubercle  on  the  back. 
Inner  sepals  deeply  toothed  or  lobed. 
Lower  leaves  notched  at  the  base,  broadly  ovate;  only  one  of  the  inner  sepals  with 

a  tubercle;  stems  usually  unbranched 1.  R.  obtusifolius. 

Lower  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  lanceolate;  all  the  inner  sepals  with  tubercles; 

stems  much  branched 2.  R.  maritimus. 

Inner  sepals  not  toothed  or  lobed,  or  very  minutely  toothed. 
Inner  sepals  each  with  a  tubercle  on  the  back. 
Leaves  dark  green,  wavy  or  ruffled;    inner  sepals  minutely  toothed  in  fruit. 

3.  R.  crlspus. 

Leaves  pale  gi'een,  flat;  inner  sepals  entire 4.  R.  mexicanus. 

Inner  sepals  without  tubercles. 
Sepals  in  fruit  5  to  6  mm.  wide;  leaves  without  acid  flavor;  flowers  all  perfect. 

6.  R.  occidentalls. 
Sepals  3  mm.  wide  or  less;    leaves  with  acid  flavor;    staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  on  separate  plants. 
Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  without  lobes  or  auricles  .  .  .  6.   R.  paucifolius. 
Leaves  with  auricles  or  lobes  at  the  base . 
Sepals  not  enlarged  in  fruit,  the  fruit  projecting  beyond  them. 

7.  R.  acetosella. 
Sepals  enlarged  in  fruit,  much  longer  than  the  fruit 8.  R.  acetosa. 

1.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bitter  dock.  A  few  plants  near  the  chalets  at  St. 
Mary.  Native  of  Eur.;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  0.5  to  1  meter  high, 
with  thick  roots;  basal  leaves  15  to  30  cm.  long;  sepals  green,  in  fruit  5  mm.  long, 
lobed  about  half  way  to  the  base,  one  of  them  with  a  tubercle. 

2.  Rumex  maritimus  L.  Goldex  dock.  East  entrance,  about  dried-up  pools  on 
prairie;  scarce.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  C,  and  N.  B.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Annual, 
30  to  60  cm.  high,  finely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  3  to  15  cm.  long,  stalked; 
sepals  green,  about  2  mm.  long,  lobed  nearly  to  the  base,  with  1  to  3  bristle-like  lobes. 

3.  Rumex  crlspus  L.  Yellow  dock.  Rather  rare,  in  thickets  or  waste  ground  at 
low  altitudes,  sometimes  extending  high  up  along  trails.  Native  of  Eur.;  widely 
naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  with  thick  yellow  roots; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  15  to  30  cm.  long,  cordate  to  acute  at  base;  sepals  green, 
3  to  5  mm.  long. 

The  leaves  are  often  cooked  and  eaten  as  "greens." 

4.  Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn.  Pale  dock.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet 
open  ground  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Mex.,  Mo.,  and  Lab. — Glabrous  perennial,  30  to 
70  cm.  high,  usually  branched  and  often  forming  dense  clumps;  leaves  lanceolate, 
5  to  15  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  base;  sepals  green,  about  5  mm.  long. 


330  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

6.  Bumex  occidentalis  S.  Wats.  Mountain  dock.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope 
at  low  altitudes,  in  bogs  or  wet  thickets.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  Dak.,  and 
Lab. — Glabrous  perennial,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  with  simple  stems;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  10  to  30  cm.  long,  usually  cordate  at  base;  flowers  in  a  narrow  dense 
panicle;  sepals  reddish  or  purplish  in  fruit. 

6.  Rumex  paucifolius  Nutt.  Collected  at  east  entrance  by  Umbach.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta. — Glabrous  perennial,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  with  simple  stems; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  3  to  10  cm.  long;  flowers  usually  tinged  with  red. 

7.  Rumex  acetosella  L.  Sheep  sorrel.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  open  places 
or  in  woods;  often  extending  high  up  along  the  trails.  Native  of  Eur.;  widely 
naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Perennial,  10  to  60  cm.  high,  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
often  much  branched  from  the  base,  slender;  leaves  3  to  10  cm.  long,  most  of  them 
with  2  spreading  lobes  at  the  base;  flowers  about  1  mm.  long,  usually  deep  red  or 
purplish. 

In  some  places  very  abundant  and  forming  dense  patches. 

8.  Rumex  acetosa  L.  Sour  dock.  Frequent  above  timber  line  on  rock  slides; 
sometimes  in  wet  meadows  at  low  and  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Mont.;  also  in 
Eur.,  and  naturali2:ed  in  eastern  N.  Amer. — Glabrous  perennial,  0.2  to  1  meter  high, 
with  short  rootstocks;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  usually  cordate  at  the 
base,  the  stem  leaves  clasping;  sepals  tinged  with  red. 

In  many  books  the  statement  is  made  that  this  species  is  wholly  adventive  in 
North  America,  but  it  is  certainly  native  in  Montana,  and  doubtless  also  in  Alaska 
and  western  Canada. 

4.  OXYRIA  Hill. 

1.  Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Hill.  Mountain  sorrel.  Abundant  above  timber  line,  on 
slopes  or  rock  slides;  occasionally  found  at  middle  elevations,  and  scattered  plants 
occur  about  the  east  entrance.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Alta.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Perennial,  5  to  30  cm.  high,  often  forming  dense  clumps; 
leaves  mostly  at  base  of  stem,  long-stalked,  kidney-shaped,  1  to  3  cm.  broad;  flowers 
panicled,  green  tinged  with  red,  the  4  sepals  4  to  6  mm.  wide. 

A  characteristic  plant  of  alpine  rock  slides,  conspicuous  because  of  the  red  coloring 
of  the  flowers.  The  succulent  leaves  have  a  pleasant  acid  flavor;  they  can  be  used 
in  salads  and  sandwiches.  Ptarmigan  are  fond  of  the  flowers,  and  many  of  the  plants 
are  cropped  by  animals,  presumably  sheep  and  goats. 

26.  CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family. 

Annual  herbs  with  succulent  leaves;  flowers  small,  greenish,  the  calyx  of  2  to  5 
sepals;  corolla  none;  fruit  small,  1-seeded. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  opposite;  fruit  inclosed  by  2  green  bracts. 

1.  ATRIPLEX. 
Leaves  all  alternate;  fruit  not  inclosed  by  bracts. 
Leaves  linear,  never  white-mealy  or  toothed. 

Leaves  with  spiny  tips;  calyx  winged  in  fruit 2.  SALSOLA. 

Leaves  never  with  spiny  tips;  calyx  not  winged 3.  DONDIA. 

Leaves  much  broader  than  linear  or,  if  narrow,  white-mealy,  often  toothed. 

Sepal  1 4.  MONOLEPIS. 

Sepals  3  to  5 5.  CHENOPODIUM. 

1.  ATRIPLEX  L. 

1.  Atriplex  hastata  L.  A  few  plants  found  in  low  alkaline  spots  on  prairie  at  the 
east  entrance.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Annual,  10  to  50 
cm.  high,  with  scurfy  pubescence;  leaves  triangular,  fleshy,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  toothed; 
flowers  very  small,  green,  in  spikes. 

The  plants  found  by  the  writer  were  depauperate,  and  only  5  to  15  cm.  high. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  331 

2.  SALSOLA  L. 

1    Salsola  pestifer  A.  Nels.     Russian  thistle.    A  few  plants  in  waste  ground 

about  Belton  and  the  east  entrance.    Native  of  Eur.;  introduced  as  a  weed  in 

N    Amer  —Annual,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  usually  forming  dense  bushy  clumps;  leaves 

linear,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  spine-tipped,  glabrous;  flowers  small,  green,  in  the  leaf  axils; 

calyx  winged  in  fruit.  j      t     ^-i. 

In  many  parts  of  the  West  tliis  is  an  abundant  and  troublesome  weed.  In  the 
plains  region  of  Montana  it  is  very  common,  and  east  of  the  park  one  sees  many  fields 
BO  densely  covered  with  the  Russian  thistle  that  they  appear  to  have  been  deliberately 
seeded  mth  the  plant.  In  autumn  and  winter  when  the  plants  are  dead  they  are 
rolled  about  by  the  wind  as  "tumbleweeds,"  and  it  is  thus  that  the  seeds  are 
scattered  so  efficiently.     The  dry  plants  are  often  lodged  in  great  masses  along  wire 

TPT1CG3 

3.  DONDIA  Adans. 

1  Dondia  depressa  (Pursh)  Britton.  Abundant  at  east  entrance  in  low  alkaline 
places  on  prairie.  Sask.  to  Nev.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Kans.  (D.  ereda  A.  Nels.;  Suaeda 
depressa  S.  Wats.)— Glabrous  annual,  erect  or  spreading,  very  fleshy;  leaves  linear, 
alternate,  1  to  2  cm.  long;  flowers  green,  borne  in  the  leaf  axils. 

The  plants  are  usually  purplish  red,  and  form  dense  carpets. 

4.  MONOLEPIS  Schrad. 

1.  Monolepis  nuttalliana  (Schult.)  Greene.    Poverty-weed.     Occasional  on  the 

east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  open  hillsides  or  in  thickets.    Wash,  to  Calif     Tex., 

and  Minn  —Annual,     10  to  30  cm.  high,  branched  from  the  base,  nearly  glabrous; 

leaves  alternate,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  lobed  and  often  toothed;  flowers  in  small  clusters  in 

the  leaf  axils.  ^„^.,^,-,T-.ir  t 

5.  CHENOPODIUM  L. 

Annuals,  with  mealy  or  glandular  pubescence;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed,  or 
lobed;  flowers  very  small,  greenish,  in  spikes  or  dense  clusters;  sepals  3  to  5. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed,  finely  glandular-hairy,  sweet-scented 1-  C.  botrys. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed,  neither  glandular-hairy  nor  sweet-scented. 
Seed  standing  erect  inside  the  calyx. 

Leaves  white-mealy  beneath;  calyx  green,  not  fleshy 2.  C.  salmum. 

Leaves  green,  not  mealy;  calyx  becoming  red  and  fleshy. 

Plants  low,  spreading,  very  fleshy;  flowers  in  short  spikes  in  the  axils  of  the 
,  .  .  3.  C.  humile. 

leaves 

Plants  tall  (30  to  60  cm.),  erect,  not  very  fleshy;  flowers  in  rounded  clusters  in 

the  axils  of  the  leaves *•  C-  capitatum. 

Seed  lying  crosswise  in  the  calyx. 
Pericarp  (outer  coat  of  the  fruit)  easily  separating  from  the  shining  seed. 

Leaves  Hnear  or  nan-owly  lanceolate 5.  C.  leptophyllum. 

Leaves  Aombic-ovate 6.  C  atrovirens. 

Pericarp  not  separating  from  the  seed. 

Clay X  closed  over  the  fruit  at  maturity ''•  C.  album. 

Calyx  open  and  exposing  the  fruit 8.  C.  hians. 

1  Chenopodium  botrys  L.  Jerusalem  oak.  Occasional  along  railroad  at  Belton. 
Native  of  Eur.;  adventive  in  N.  Amer  .-Plants  10  to  40  cm.  high,  branched,  finely 
viscid-hairy;  leaves  1  to  5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters. 

2  Chenopodium  salinum  Standi.  Frequent  about  east  entrance,  on  open  slopes 
or  about  dried-up  pools  on  prairie.  Oreg.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Nebr.-Plants  usually 
prostrate,  much  branched;  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  ovate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  toothed; 
flowers  in  short  spikes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Doubtfully  distinct  from  C.  glaucum  L.,  of  the  Old  World. 


832  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

3.  Chenopodium  humile  Hook.  Alkau  elite.  East  entrance,  in  low  alkaline 
places.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Nebr.— Plants  much  branched,  often  conspicuously 
tinged  with  red;  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  spatulate,  1  to  3  cm.  long. 

4.  Chenopodium  capltatum  (L.)  Aschers.  Strawberry  blite.  East  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  rare  and  perhaps  introduced.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  in 
Eur.  and  Asia.  (Blitum  capitatum  L.)— Plants  pale  green,  glabrous,  simple  or 
branched;  leaves  triangular  to  lanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  toothed;  flower  clusters 
in  fruit  fleshy  and  bright  red,  suggesting  strawberries. 

5.  Chenopodium  leptophyllum  Nutt.  Open  slopes  or  low  places  at  east  entrance. 
B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mo.;  also  on  the  Atlantic  coast.— Plants  erect,  branched, 
30  to  70  cm.  high,  white-mealy;  leaves  short-petioled,  1  to  5  cm.  long,  entire  or  with 
a  few  teeth;  flowers  in  panicled  spikes. 

6.  Chenopodium  atrovirens  Rydb.  East  entrance,  on  dry  banks.  Mont,  to  Nov.— 
Plants  erect,  green,  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  long-petioled,  1  to  3  cm. 
long,  toothed. 

7.  Chenopodium  album  L.  Lamb's-quarters.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in 
waste  or  cultivated  ground  or  on  open  or  brushy  slopes;  often  extending  high  up 
along  the  trails.  Native  of  Eur.;  widely  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer.— Plants 
branched,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  usually  white-mealy,  sometimes  green;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  rhombic-ovate,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  slender-petioled. 

Some  of  the  specimens  are  very  green  and  might  be  referred  to  C.  payanum 
Reichenb.,  but  that  is  probably  only  a  form  of  C.  album. 

8.  Chenopodium  hians  Standi.  Along  trail  at  head  of  Lake  McDonald.  Mont, 
to  N.  Mex.— Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  white-mealy;  leaves  oblong  to  rhombic-ovate, 
1  to  3  cm.  long,  entire  or  toothed,  short-petioled. 

27.  AMAEANTHACEAE.     Pigweed  Family. 

1.  AMARANTHITS  L. 

Annuals;  leaves  alternate,  entire;  flowers  very  small,  green,  in  panicled  spikes  or 
in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  sepals  3  to  5;  petals  none;  flowers  each  with 
3  spine-pointed  bracts  at  the  base;  fruit  small,  1-seeded,  dry,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Flowers  in  long  dense  spikes  at  the  top  of  the  plant 1.  A.  retroflexus. 

Flowers  in  small  dense  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Plants  erect;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  about  0.8  mm.  broad. 

2.  A.  graecizans. 

Plants  prostrate;  bracts  only  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  about  1.5  mm. 

broad 3.  A.  blitoides. 

1.  Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Pigweed.  A  few  plants  along  the  railroad  at 
Belton;  introduced.  Widely  distributed  in  the  U.  S.  and  southern  Can.— Plants 
erect,  0.3  to  1  meter  high  or  often  larger,  somewhat  hairy;  leaves  ovate,  3  to  10  cm. 
long,  slender-petioled,  obtuse. 

2.  Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumbleweed.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground,  Belton 
and  east  entrance;  infrequent.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.  and  Eur.— Plants 
much  branched,  20  to  60  cm.  high,  the  stems  pale;  leaves  mostly  spatulate,  1  to  4 
cm.  long. 

3.  Amaranthus  blitoides  S.  Wats.  Waste  or  cultivated  ground,  Belton  and  east 
entrance;  infrequent.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Tex.,  and  Minn.— Stems  stout,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  much  branched,  forming  circular  mats;  leaves  mostly  spatulate,  1  to  3 
cm.  long. 

28.  POKTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family. 

Plants  succulent,  annual  or  perennial;  leaves  entire,  opposite  or  alternate;  sepals 
2;  petals  4  or  5  or  sometimes  more;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals;  fruit  a  small  capsule. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  333 

Stem  with  2  small  opposite  linear  bractlike  leaves;  capsule  opening  around  the  base, 
the  top  coming  off  like  a  cap;  petals  6  to  8 1.  OREOBEOMA. 

Stem  with  numerous  leaves,  or  with  2  broad  leaves;  capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  3 
valves;  petals  5 2-   CLAYTONIA. 

1.  OREOBROMA  Howell. 

1.  Oreobroma  pygmaea  (A.  Gray)  Howell.    Breadroot.    East  entrance,  on  creek 

bank,  Umbach.    Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.— Stems  2  to  5  cm.  high,  clustered, 

from  a  thick  fleshy  root,  1-flowered;  leaves  linear,  2  to  7  cm.  long;  petals  pink  or  white, 

8  to  10  mm.  long. 

2.  CLAYTONIA  L.     Springbeauty. 

Glabrous  annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate;  flowers  in  racemes. 

Stem  leaves  2,  opposite. 

Plants  with  long  thick  taproots;  basal  leaves  numerous,  obtuse  .  1.  C.  megarrhiza. 

Plants  with  rounded  tuber-like  roots;  basal  leaf  1,  acute 2.  C.  lanceolata. 

Stem  leaves  numerous,  alternate. 

Leaves  spatulate;  plants  perennial 3.  C.  parvifolia. 

Leaves  linear;  plants  annual 4.  C.  linearis. 

1.  Claytonia  megarrhiza  (A.  Gray)  Parry.  Alpine  springbeauty.  Frequent  above 
timber  line,  on  high  rock  slides  and  rocky  slopes.  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  N.  Mex.— 
Stems  3  to  10  cm.  long,  in  a  dense  tuft;  basal  leaves  spatulate  or  rounded,  1  to  3  cm. 
long,  on  very  long  broad  petioles;  petals  6  to  8  mm.  long,  pink  or  white. 

The  leaves  and  stems  are  usually  tinged  with  red.    The  roots  are  very  elastic. 

2.  Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh.  Frequent  in  meadows  above  timber  line;  also  in 
aspen  tliickets  at  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Sask.— Stems  5  to  20  cm. 
high;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  sessile;  petals  white  or 
pink,  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

The  plants  bloom  only  a  short  time  and  are  not  conspicuous.  The  tuberous  roots 
were  dug  in  the  spring  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians,  boiled,  and  eaten. 

3.  Claytonia  parvifolia  Moc.  Pink  springbeauty.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  extending  up  to  timber  line,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets  or  along  brooks. 
Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont.  {Naiocrene  parvifolia  Rydb.)— Stems  slender,  10  to  30  cm. 
long,  ascending;  leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long,  the  lower  ones  petioled;  petals  pink,  8  to  10 
mm.  long,  notched. 

The  plants  produce  small  green  bulblets  in  the  leaf  axils. 

4.  Claytonia  linearis  Dougl.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist 
thickets  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.  {Montiastrum  lineare 
Rydb.)— Stems  slender,  5  to  25  cm.  high,  branched;  leaves  1  to  5  mm.  long;  seeds 
black  and  shining. 

The  flowers  are  seen  only  in  spring. 

29.   SILENACEAE.     Pink  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves;  flowers  most  often  in  cymes; 
sepals  4  or  5,  distinct  or  united;  petals  4  or  5,  sometimes  wanting;  fruit  a  capsule,  con- 
taining few  or  many  seeds.— The  name  Caryophyllaceae  is  often  used  for  the  family. 
The  cultivated  pinks  and  carnations  belong  to  the  group. 
Sepals  united;  petals  clawed. 

Styles  5;  capsule  with  10  teeth     1-  LYCHNIS. 

Styles  3;  capsule  with  6  teeth 2.  SILENE. 

Sepals  distinct;  petals  not  clawed. 
Petals  deeply  2-lobed ;  capsule  with  twice  as  many  valves  or  teeth  as  styles. 
Capsule  long,  cylindric,  often  curved,  opening  with  10  teeth  at  the  apex;  styles  5. 

3.  CEEASTIUM. 
\ 


334  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Capsule  short,  ovoid  or  oblong,  not  curved,  usually  opening  with  6  valves;  styles 

usually  3      4.  STELLARIA. 

Petals  entire  or  shallowly  notched,  sometimes  none;  capsule  with  as  many  (entire 
or  2-cleft)  valves  as  styles. 
Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them;  petals  shorter  than  the 

sepals      5.  SAGINA. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals  or,  if  of  the  same  number,  opposite  them;  petals  usu- 
ally much  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Seeds  with  a  small  appendage;  flowers  mostly  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  leaves 

oval  or  elliptic 6.  MOEHRINGIA. 

Seeds  not  appendaged;  flowers  mostly  in  cymes;  leaves  usually  linear. 

7.  ARENARIA. 

1.  LYCHNIS  L. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  with  viscid  pubescence;  calyx  often  inflated,  10-nerved, 
5-toothed;  petals  small  or  large;  stamens  10. 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  plants  0.6  to  1  meter  high 1.  L.  alba. 

Petals  not  exserted  from  the  calyx;  plants  5  to  20  cm.  high 2.  L.  apetala. 

1.  Lychnis  alba  Mill.  White  campion.  Scattered  plants  found  in  several  places. 
Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  stout,  branched,  very 
viscid;  leaves  ovate  to  lance-oblong;  petals  white;  calyx  becoming  very  large  in  fruit. 

Several  large  plants  grew  in  the  flower  beds  at  the  Glacier  Park  Hotel  in  1919,  and 
they  were  rather  showy.  The  flowers  open  in  the  evening  and  close  in  the  forenoon; 
some  of  them  are  pistillate  and  others  staminate. 

2.  Lychnis  apetala  L.  Bladder  campion.  Occasional  above  timber  line  on  the 
highest  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Utah,  Colo..  Lab.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. 
(Wahlbergella  apetala  Fries.) — Perennial,  branched,  finely  hairy  and  \dscid;  leaves 
linear,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  long-stalked,  nodding;  calyx  bladder- 
like, purplish,  12  to  15  mm.  long;  petals  very  small. 

An  uncommon  but  attractive  little  plant,  whose  inflated  purple-striped  calyces 

suggest  Chinese  lanterns. 

2.  SILENE  L. 

Perennials;   leaves  narrow;   flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes;   calyx  \vith  short  lobes, 
10-nerved;  petals  5,  with  an  appendage  at  the  upper  end  of  the  claw;  styles  3. 
Plants  almost  stemless,  rarely  more  than  5  cm.  high;   petals  pink  or  purple;   leaves 

5  to  15  mm.  long 1,  S.  acaulis. 

Plants  15  to  40  cm.  high;   petals  white  or  nearly  so;   leaves  30  to  80  mm.  long. 

2.  S.  multicaulis. 

1.  Silene  acaulis  L.  Carpet  pink.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or 
on  rock  slides;  rarely  found  on  open  slopes  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Ariz., 
N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Plants  forming  very  dense  mats  10  to  60 
cm.  wide;  leaves  linear;  flowers  solitary  on  short  erect  stems;  calyx  5  to  6  mm.  long; 
petals  merely  notched. 

A  beautiful  plant,  the  mats  densely  covered  with  the  bright  flowers.  The  flowers, 
unfortunately,  last  only  a  short  time. 

2.  Silene  multicaulis  Nutt.  Catchfly.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in  woods 
or  meadows  or  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Stems 
tufted,  very  sticky;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate;  calyx  1.5  cm.  long;  petals  2  to  2.5 
cm.  long  (including  the  claw),  2-lobed. 

The  flowers  are  rather  showy;  they  open  in  the  evening  and  close  in  the  forenoon. 
Sometimes  they  are  tinged  with  pink. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  335 

3.  CERASTIUM     L.    Mouse-ear  chickweed. 

Perennials,  ^\-ith  viscid  pubescence;  flowers  in  cymes;  petals  white;  stamens  10; 
capsule  opening  by  10  small  teeth. 

Leaves  linear,  acute 1-  C.  strictum. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Petals  scarcely  if  at  alllonger  than  the  sepals 2.  C.  vulgatum. 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Sepals  7  to  8  mm.  long;  petals  about  10  mm.  long 3.  C.  alpinum. 

Sepals  4  to  5  mm.  long;  petals  6  to  8  mm.  long 4.  C.  beeringianum. 

1.  Cerastium  strictum  L.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes  but  most  abundant 
above  timber  line,  in  moist  meadows,  woods,  or  thickets,  or  on  open  slopes  or  rock 
elides.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  tufted, 
10  to  30  cm.  long,  finely  hairy;  leaves  1  to  2  cm.  long;  sepals  about  5  mm.  long; 
petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Perhaps  only  a  form  of  C.  arvense  L. 
f  2.  Cerastium  vulgatum  L.     Frequent  on  the  west  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  gardens 
or  waste  ground  and  along  trails.     Native  of  Eur.  and  Asia;  adventive  in  N.  Amer.— 
Stems  ascending,  10  to  30  cm.  long;  leaves  1  to  3  cm.  long;  sepals  5  mm.  long. 

3.  Cerastium  alpinum  L.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  rocky  slopes  and  rock 
slides.  Alaska  to  Mont.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  ascending, 
10  to  20  cm.  long;  leaves  0.5  to  2  cm.  long;  cymes  2  or  3-flowered  or  the  flowers  often 
solitary. 

4.  Cerastium  beeringianum  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  At  nearly  all  altitudes,  but  most 
abundant  above  timber  line,  in  meadows,  on  rock  slides,  or  along  streams  and  lakes. 
Alaska  to  Ariz.,  Alta.,  and  Que.— Stems  clustered,  ascending,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  very 
viscid ;  leaves  0.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

This  species  is  doubtfully  distinct  from  C.  alpinum. 

4.  STELLARIA  L.    Chickweed. 
Annuals  or  perennials,  glabrous  or  pubescent;    leaves  broad  or  narrow;    sepals  5; 
petals  5  or  wanting,  deeply  2-lobed,  white. 

Plants  with  fine  gland-tipped  hairs 1-  S.  americana. 

Plants  without  gland-tipped  hairs,  usually  glabrous. 
Bracts  of  the  inflorescence,  at  least  the  uppermost,  scarious,  whitish. 

Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  slightly  longer 2.  S.  longipes. 

Petals  minute  or  none. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  pedicels  reflexed  in  age 3.  S.  umbellata. 

Leaves  linear;  pedicels  ascending 4.  S.  alpestris. 

Bracts  all  green,  never  scarious. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  more  than  4  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Petals  minute  or  usually  none 5.  S.  borealls. 

Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Leaves  bluish  green;  plants  less  than  10  cm.  high 6.  S.  laeta. 

Leaves  bright  green;   plants  usually  more  than  10  cm.  high. 

7.  S.  crassifolia. 
Leaves  lance-ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  less  than  4  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Leaves  long-petioled • 8.  S.  media. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Sepals  acute , 9-  S.  crispa. 

Sepals  obtuse 10.  S.  obtusa. 


336  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

1.  Stellaria  ameiicana  (Porter)  Standi.  Frequent  on  rock  slides  and  exposed 
rocky  slopes  above  timber  line;  occasionally  found  on  rocky  slopes  at  middle  alti- 
tudes, especially  near  snow  banks.  Mont.  (AJsine  americana  Rydb.)^Stems  very 
leafy,  forming  loose  prostrate  mats;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  usually 
obtuse;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals. 

The  plant  is  extremely  viscid  when  fresh. 

2.  Stellaria  longipes  Goldie.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
moist  meadows  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.  (Alsine  longipes 
Coville.) — Perennial,  with  slender,  usually  erect  stems;  leaves  linear,  1  to  3  cm. 
long,  often  shining,  acute;  flowers  on  long  slender  stalks;  calyx  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

3.  Stellaria  umbellata  Turcz.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes; 
sometimes  in  woods  at  middle  altitudes.  Oreg.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Mont.;  also  in  Asia, 
(Alsine  baicalensis  Coville.) — Stems  very  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  5  to  20  cm. 
high;  leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long,  acute;  sepals  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  capsule. 

4.  Stellaria  alpestris  Fries.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  bogs. 
Alta.  to  Colo,  and  Ont. ;  also  in  Eur.  (Alsine  alpestris  Pi.ydb . )^Stems  very  slender, 
20  to  40  cm.  high,  glabrous,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  2  to  6  cm.  long,  acute;  sepals 
3  mm.  long. 

5.  Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  Frequent  at  low  and  rarely  at  middle  altitudes,  in 
damp  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.  (Alsine  borealis 
Britton.) — Stems  slender,  15  to  40  cm.  long,  erect  or  sometimes  procumbent, 
glabrous;  leaves  1  to  4  cm.  long;  flowers  slender-stalked;  sepals  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

6.  Stellaria  laeta  Richards.  Blue  chickweed.  Open  rocky  slopes  near  Piegan 
Pass.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  N.  Mex.  (Alsine  laeta  Rydb.) — Stems  very  leafy,  tufted; 
leaves  1  to  2  cm.  long,  acute;  flowers  mostly  solita-rj-  in  the  leaf  axils;  petals  about 
5  mm.  long. 

The  plant  is  very  different  from  the  other  species  in  its  pale  bluish  leaves. 

7.  Stellaria  crassifolia  Ehrh.  Wet  thicket  near  St.  Mary.  Alta.  to  Colo.,  Pa., 
and  Lab.  (Alsine  crassifolia  Britton.) — Stems  very  slender,  15  to  30  cm.  long, 
glaibrous;  leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  petals  slightly  longer 
than  the  acute  sepals. 

8.  Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyrill.  Common  cecickweed.  Abundant  about  Lewis's. 
Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer.  (Alsine  media  L.) — Annual, 
with  slender  prostrate  stems;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  5  to  20  mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse, 
thin;  sepals  minutely  glandular-hairy;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

9.  Stellaria  crispa  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in  moist 
woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta.  (Alsine 
crispa  Holzinger.) — Stems  very  slender,  prostrate,  10  to  30  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate, 
5  to  20  mm.  long,  acute;  petals  minute  or  none. 

10.  Stellaria  obtusa  Engelm.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes  and  sometimes  above 
timber  line,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Alta.  (Alsine 
obtusa  Rose.) — Stems  slender,  10  to  20  cm.  long,  prostrate,  forming  dense  mats, 
glabrous;  leaves  4  to  10  mm.  long,  acute;  petals  none  or  minute. 

6.  SAGINA  L. 

1.  Sagina  saginoides  (L.)  Britton.  Pearlwort.  Frequent  at  all  altitudes  but 
most  common  at  middle  elevations,  on  moist  banks  or  slopes  or  in  woods,  often  along 
banks  of  streams  and  lakes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia. — Slender  perennial,  2  to  8  cm.  high,  loosely  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly 
bo;  leaves  filiform,  5  to  12  mm.  long;  flowers  on  slender  stalks  in  the  leaf  axils;  sepals 
1.5  to  2  mm.  long,  very  obtuse;  petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  white. 


STANDLEY — FLOKA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  337 

6.  MOEHRINGIA  L. 

1.  Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.  Frequent  at  low  or  sometimes  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {Arenaria  lateriflora  L.)— Perennial;  stems  slender,  10  to  20 
cm.  long,  tufted,  minutely  hairy;  leaves  oval  to  oblong,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  mostly 
obtuse;  flowers  while,  axillary  or  in  cymes;  sepals  obtuse;  petals  4  to  5  mm.  long, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  black  and  shining,  with  a  small  pale  appendage. 

7,  ARENARIA  L.     Sandwort. 

Perennials,  often  tufted  or  matted;  leaves  linear  or  needle-like;  flowers  in  cymes 
or  often  solitary;  petals  5,  white;  stamens  10;  capsule  opening  by  3  valves,  these 
often  2-cleft. 

Stems  glabrous 1.  A.  rossii. 

Stems  finely  glandular-hairy. 
Sepals  acute. 
Sepals  3  mm.  long,  3-nerved;  petals  usually  longer  than  the  sepals. 

2.  A.  propinqua. 
Sepals4to5mm.  long,  1-nerved;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  .  .  3.  A.  nutt&llii. 
Sepals  obtuse. 
Leaves  mostly  2  to  10  cm.  long;  stems  usually  with  numerous  flowers;  valves  of 

the  capsule  2-lobed 4-  A.  formosa. 

Leaves  2  to  6  mm.  long;  stems  with  1  to  4  flowers;  valves  of  the  capsule  entire. 
Sepals  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent;  capsule  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

6.  A.  sajanensis. 
Sepals  with  short  but  slender  gland-tipped  hairs;  capsule  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

6.  A.  laricifolia. 

1.  Arenaria  rossii  (Richards.)  R.  Br.  Common  above  timber  line,  especially  on 
rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Wash,  and  Colo.  (Alsinopsis  rossii  Rydb.)— Stems  1  to  5  cm. 
high,  tufted;  leaves  4  to  8  mm.  long,  linear;  flowers  usually  solitary;  sepals  3  mm. 
long,  acute. 

2.  Arenaria  propinqua  Richards.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  especially 
above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  moist  thickets,  along  creek  beds,  or  on  open  slopes 
or  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mack.  (Alsinopsis  propinqua  Rydb.)— 
Stems  3  to  10  cm.  high,  very  slender,  loosely  branched  and  tufted;  leaves  very 
slender,  5  to  10  mm.  long. 

3.  Arenaria  nuttalUi  Pax.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  rock  slides  or  exposed 
summits  or  in  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta.  (Alsinopsis  occidentalis 
Heller.)— Stems  10  to  15  cm.  high,  loosely  matted;  leaves  ascending,  sharp-pointed, 
6  to  12  mm.  long,  very  viscid. 

4.  Arenaria  formosa  Fisch.  Grass  sandwort.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes 
but  most  abundant  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Alta.— Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  densely  tufted;  leaves 
grasslike,  mostly  basal;    petals  6  to  9  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

A  rather  conspicuous  plant. 

5.  Arenaria  sajanensis  Willd.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rock 
slides.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Ariz.,  Alta.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Asia.— Stems  2  to  5 
cm.  high,  usually  forming  dense  mats;  petals  equaling  or  slightly  longer  than  the 
sepals;  seeds  not  beaked. 

6.  Arenaria  laricifolia  L.  Frequent  at  high  and  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows  or 
on  rock  slides  or  open  slopes;  sometimes  found  at  low  altitudes  in  exposed  places 
Yukon  to  Oreg.  and  Wyo. ;  also  in  Eur.  and  A.sia.    (Alsinopsis  laricifolia  Heller.)— Stems 


338  CONTKIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL,  HERBARIUM. 

2  to  10  cm.  high,  usually  forming  dense,  hxrge  or  small  mats;   petals  longer  than  the 
sepals;  seeds  with  a  thick  beak. 

Some  of  our  material  may  be  referable  to  A.  obtusiloba  (Rydh.)Ferna\d,  but  the 
differences  between  the  two  species  are  not  clearly  defined. 

30.  NYMPHAEACEAE.     Waterlily  Family. 
1.  NYMPHAEA  L. 

1.  Nymphaea  polysepala  (Engelm.)  Greene.  Yellow  pondlily.  In  small  lakes 
on  the  west  slope.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak. — Perennial  with  very  thick 
rootstocks;  leaves  long-petioled,  floating,  oval,  20  to  40  cm  long,  cordate  at  base; 
flowers  long-stalked,  green  and  yellow,  tinged  with  red;  sepals  6  to  12,  the  petals 
very  small;  fruit  a  leathery  berry,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  containing  numerous  brown  seeds. 

The  plants  grow  in  shallow  or  deep  water,  and  the  petioles  and  peduncles  are  often 
very  long.  The  seeds,  under  the  name  of  "wokas,"  are  much  used  for  food  by  some 
of  the  Indians  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

31.  EANUNCUIACEAE.     Buttercup  Family. 

Hferbs  or  climbing  shrubs;  leaves  usually  alternate,  simple  or  compound;  flowers 
regular  or  irregular;  sepals  3  to  15,  usually  green  but  often  colored  and  petal-like; 
petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  wanting;  stamens  usually  numerous,  rarely  5;  fruit 
dry  or  fleshy. 

Plants  climbing  shrubs;  leaves  opposite 1.  CLEMATIS. 

Plants  herbs,  never  climbing;  leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  in  racemes,  blue  or  white. 

Petals  white,  not  spurred;  fruit  a  white  or  red  berry 2.  ACTAEA. 

Petals  blue,  some  of  them  with  spurs;  fruit  of  dry  pods    ...  3.  DELPHINIUM. 
Flowers  not  in  racemes,  of  various  colors. 
Fruit  of  several  pods,  each  containing  several  seeds. 
Flowers  with  spurs,  yellow  or  blue;  leaves  with  numerous  leaflets. 

4.  AQTJILEGIA. 

Flowers  not  spurred,  white;  leaves  with  few  divisions 5.  TROLLIXJS. 

Fruit  a  head  of  few  or  many  (1-seeded)  achenes. 
Plants  submerged  in  water;   leaves  all  divided  into  threadlike  lobes. 

7.  BATRACHIUM. 
Plants  not  growing  in  water  or,  if  so,  the  leaves  not  divided  into  narrow  lobes. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear;  stems  naked 6.  MYOSURTIS. 

Leaves  not  linear;  stems  usually  leafy  or  with  bracts. 
Petals  and  sepals  present;  petals  yellow. 
Achenes  with  longitudinal  ribs;    stems  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints; 

leaves  with  small  rounded  teeth 8.  HALERPESTES. 

Achenes  not  ribbed;  stems  neither  creeping  nor  rooting  or,  if  so,  either 

entire  or  sharply  toothed 9.  RANUNCULTJS. 

Petals  none,  but  the  sepals  often  resembling  petals;  sepals  never  yellow. 

Achenes  few,  not  hairy;    flower  stems  not  bearing  a  pair  or  whorl  of 

leaves  below  the  flowers;  sepals  greenish    ...  10.  THALICTRTIM. 

Achenes  many,  hairy;  flower  stems  with  a  pair  or  whorl  of  leaves  below 

the  flowers;  sepals  white  to  blue  or  purple. 

Achenes  with  long  hairy  tails  in  fruit;  sepals  2  to  3.5  cm.  long. 

11.  PULSATILLA. 
Achenes  not  tailed ;  sepals  less  than  2  cm.  long  ...  12.  ANEMONE. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GL.ACIEB  PAKK.  339 

1.  CLEMATIS  L. 

Somewhat  woody  vines;  leaves  opposite,  composed  of  3  to  7  leaflets;  flowers  solitary 
or  panicled;  sepals  4,  petal-like;  petals  very  small  or  usually  wanting;  fruit  a  head  of 
achenes,  each  achene  with  a  long  hairy  tail. 

Sepals  white,  about  1  cm.  long;  leaflets  5  or  7,  toothed 1.  C  ligusticifolia. 

Sepals  purple,  3  to  5  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  entire 2.  C.  columblana. 

1.  Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  White  clematis.  At  low  altitudes  on  rocky 
banks  or  hillsides;  scarce.    B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak.-Low  vine;  leaflets 

3  to  6  cm.  long,  with  appressed  hairs;  flowers  in  loose  panicles;  tails  of  the  achenes 

4  to  5  cm.  long. 

2.  Clematis  columbiana  (Nutt.)  Torr.  &  Gray.  Purple  clematis.  Plate  48,  A. 
Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  aspen  thickets  or  moist  woods.  B.  C.  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Alta.  {Atragene  columbiana  Nutt.)— Low  vine;  leaflets  3  to  10 
cm.  long,  thin,  sharp-pointed,  usually  entire;  sepals  sharp-pointed. 

A  showy  and  attractive  plant,  but  it  blooms  too  early  in  the  season  to  be  seen  by 
many  visitors  to  the  park.  The  Blackfoot  name  for  the  purple  clematis  is  "ghost's 
lariat,"  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  the  slender,  tough  stems  catch  people's  feet  and  trip 

them  unexpectedly. 

2.  ACTAEA  L. 

1.  Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Baneberry.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
usually  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Newf.— 
Perennial,  with  thick  rootstocks,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
large,  composed  of  numerous  lobed  and  toothed  thin  leaflets  5  to  10  cm.  long;  flowers 
white,  the  petals  2  to  3  mm.  long;  stamens  numerous,  white,  much  longer  than  the 
petals;  fruit  berrylike,  with  several  seeds. 

The  flowers  are  inconspicuous,  but  the  fruiting  plants  are  very  showy  and  handsome. 
The  fruit  is  remarkably  variable,  and  because  of  this  fact  some  authors  would  divide 
the  Glacier  Park  material  into  three  species.  The  typical  form  has  bright  red  fruit,  10 
to  12  mm.  long.  A.  rubra  neglecta  (Gillman)  Robinson  {A.  eburnea  Rydb.)  has  white 
fruit  which  appears  as  if  made  of  china.  The  forms  with  red  and  with  white  fruit  are 
about  equallv  common  and  grow  together;  the  plants  differ  in  no  other  respects,  and  can 
scarcely  be  considered  distinct  species.  One  plant  was  noticed  by  the  writer  in  which 
the  upper  fruits  of  the  raceme  were  bright  red,  while  the  lower  ones  were  almost  white, 
with  a  faint  tinge  of  pink.  The  fruit  varies  also  in  size,  and  A.  arguta  Nutt.  is  a  form 
with  globose  fruit  only  5  to  6  mm.  long.  This  form  is  often  found  with  the  large- 
truited  plants,  and  does  not  appear  to  be  of  systematic  importance.  The  smaller 
Irttits  are  most  commonly  red,  but  not  infrequently  white. 

According  to  McClintock,  the  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  boiled  roots  as  a  remedy 

lor  coughs  and  colds. 

3.  DELPHINIUM  L.     Larkspur. 

Erect  perennials  with  simple  stems;  leaves  long-petioled,  divided  into  numerous 
narrow  lobes;  flowers  large,  blue,  in  racemes;  sepals  petal-like,  one  of  them  produced 
into  a  long  spur;  petals  2  or  4,  small;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  of  3  or  4  pods. 

Roots  tuber-like;  sepals  about  1  cm.  long;  pods  usually  about  1  cm.  long. 

1.  D.  depauperatum. 

Roots  thick,  clustered,  not  tuber-like;  sepals  about  1.5  cm.  long;  pods  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

2.  D.  bicolor. 

1.  Delphinium  depauperatum  Nutt.  Frequent  in  meadows  just  above  timber  line. 
Wash  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont.— Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  finely  hairy  above;  stem 
leaves  numerous,  about  3  cm.  long,  divided  into  narrow  lobes,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
hairy;  flowers  few,  dark  blue,  about  1  cm.  long;  petals  whitish;  pods  glabrous  or 
finely  hairy. 

2048—21 8 


340  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

One  of  the  conspicuous  plants  of  alpine  meadows,  but  seldom  occurring  in  great 
abundance. 

2.  Delphinium  bicolor  Nutt.  East  entrance,  on  prairie,  Umbach.  Waslj.  to  Utah 
and  Sask. — Stems  stout,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy,  at  least  above;  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  wide, 
finely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  deep  blue,  1.5  cm.  long;  petals  yellowish  or 
whitish;  pods  hairy  or  glabrous. 

4.  AQUILEGIA  L.     Columbine. 

Perennials  with  thick  roots;  stems  often  branched,  bearing  1  or  numerous  flowers; 
leaves  with  numerous  lobed  leaflets;  sepals  5,  petal-like;  petals  5,  each  with  a  long 
spur  at  the  base;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  of  5  pods. — Red  columbine  has  been 
reported  from  the  region,  but  probably  does  not  occur  here. 

Flowers  yellow;  stems  several-flowered     1.  A.  flavescens. 

Flowers  blue;  stems  usually  1-flowered     2.  A.  jonesii. 

1.  Aqullegia  fl.avescens  S.  Wats.  Yellow  columbine.  Common  above  and  near 
timber  liae,  in  meadows,  or  on  rocky  slopes  or  rock  slides;  occasionally  found  at  middle 
elevations  in  woods.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Stems  20  to  60  cm.  high, 
usually  in  clumps;  leaflets  1  to  4  cm.  long,  3-lobed;  sepals  usually  sulphur-yellow,  but 
sometimes  very  pale  or  occasionally  salmon-pink;  petals  pale  yellow,  5  to  8  mm.  long; 
spurs  1  to  1.5  cm.  long;  pods  about  2  cm.  long. 

A  very  handsome  plant.  The  flowers  vary  greatly  in  size,  and  there  are  numerous 
color  forms. 

2.  Aqullegia  jonesii  Parry.  Blue  columbine.  Frequent  on  the  highest  rock 
slides  and  on  exposed  rocky  alpine  slopes.  Alta.  to  Wyo. — Plants  5  to  10  cm.  high, 
finely  pubescent;  leaves  basal,  1  to  5  cm.  wide,  the  leaflets  glaucous,  small  and  crowded ; 
flower  erect,  the  sepals  1.5  cm.  long;  spurs  8  to  10  mm.  long;  pods  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

A  showy  plant  whose  flowers  last  only  a  short  time. 

2a.  Aqullegia  jonesii  elatior  Standi.,  subsp.  nov.  Similar  in  general  appearance  to 
A.  jonesii,  but  the  stems  taller,  10  to  20  cm.  high,  usually  1-flowered  but  occa- 
sionally 2-flowered,  naked  or  often  leafy-bracted;  leaves  7  to  12  cm.  high,  the 
leaflets  somewhat  larger  than  in  the  species,  not  crowded;  flowers  like  those  of 
the  species,  the  petals  often  white. 

Type  in  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium,  no.  1025123,  collected  on  a  rock  slide  above 
Cracker  Lake,  Glacier  National  Park,  Montana,  altitude  1,920  meters,  July  15,  1919, 
by  P.  C.  Standley  (no.  15765).  Also  collected  on  rock  slide  above  Iceberg  Lake. 
July  26,  1919  (no.  16407). 

This  grows  with  typical  A.  jonesii,  and  at  first  glance  it  appears  quite  distinct. 
While  in  the  field  it  was  presumed  that  two  species  of  blue  columbine  were  repre- 
sented in  Glacier  Park,  but  close  examination  of  the  specimens  secured  does  not 
reveal  any  constant  differences  between  the  two  forms.  A.  jonesii  elatior  is  a  larger, 
greener,  less  pubescent  plant  than  A.  jonesii,  and  has  larger  leaves  whose  leaflets  are 
not  crowded  as  in  that  species.  It  seems  best  to  regard  it  as  only  a  form  of  A.  jonesii, 
a  view  confirmed  by  Mr.  Edwin  B.  Payson,  who  has  examined  the  material. 

5.  TEOLLIUS  L. 

1.  TroUius  albiflorus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  Globeflower.  Common  above  and  near 
timber  line,  in  wet  meadows;  often  about  snow  banks.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Color 
and  Alta. — Glabrous  perennial,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  with  rootstocks;  stems  leafy,  1  or 
few-flowered;  leaves  parted  and  lobed,  4  to  8  cm.  long;  sepals  5  to  7,  white;  petal, 
linear,  3  to  5  mm.  long;  fruit  of  10  to  20  pods  about  1  cm.  long. 

One  of  the  characteristic  plants  of  alpine  meadows,  springing  up  quickly  after 
snow  leaves  the  ground,  the  stems  sometimes  even  pushing  up  through  thin  snow. 
The  flowers  are  conspicuous,  but  they  are  of  a  dirty  white  color  and  not  particularly 
attractive. 


STANDLEY FLOEA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  341 

6.  MYOSURUS  L. 

1.  Myosunis  lepturus  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  Mousetail.  Plains  at  east  entrance, 
Umbach.  Annual,  3  to  10  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  basal,  threadlike,  2  to  4  cm. 
long;  stems  1-flowered;  sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  top,  about  2  mm.  long;  petals  greenish 
yellow,  very  small;  fruit  a  slender  spike  of  small  beaked  achenes. 

7.  BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray.     Water  buttercup. 

Perennials,  growing  in  water;  stems  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  much  divided 
into  threadlike  lobes;  flowers  small,  solitary;  petals  5,  white;  fruit  a  head  of  small 
wrinkled  achenes. 

Petals  broadly  obovate,  5  to  7  mm.  long;  stamens  numerous 1.  B.  flaccidum. 

Petals  oblong-obovate,  3  to  5  mm.  long;  stamens  5  to  12 2.  B.  drouetii. 

1.  Batrachium  flaccidum  (Pers.)  Rupr.  Snyder  Lake  and  Swiftcurrent  Creek. 
Wash,  to  Calif.,  N.  C,  and  Lab.— Stems  slender,  glabrous;  leaves  1.5  to  3  cm.  long: 
achenes  finely  hairy. 

2.  Batrachium  drouetii  (Schultz)  Nyman.  Frequent  in  ponds  and  pools.  Widely 
distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.— Plants  slender,  glabrous;  leaves  1  to  2 
cm.  long;  head  of  achenes  globose,  4  mm.  thick. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  not  well  understood,  and  the  differences  between 
them  are  imperfectly  distinguishable. 

8.  HALERPESTES  Greene. 

1.  Halerpestes  cymbalaria  (Pursh)  Greene.  Alkali  buttercup.  Frequent  about 
east  entrance  in  low  places  on  prairie,  sometimes  in  alkaline  spots.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Mex.  and  S.  Amer.  {Ranunculus  cymbalaria 
Pursh.)— Perennial  with  long  slender  runners;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped, 
glabrous,  0.5  to  3  cm.  long,  mth  low  rounded  teeth;  flower  stems  2  to  10  cm.  long, 
1  to  7-flowered;  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long,  yellow;  fruit  heads  longer  than  broad. 

9.  RANUNCULUS  L.     Buttercup. 

Perennials  with  fleshy-fibrous  roots;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  compound;  flowers 
solitary  or  in  cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  yellow;  fruit  a  head  of  achenes. 

Leaves  all  entire 1.  R.  reptans. 

Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  divided. 

Plants  creeping,  the  stems  rooting  at  the  joints,  growing  on  mud  or  at  the  edge  of 

water     2.  R.  purshii. 

Plants  not  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints. 

Lowest  leaves  compound,  divided  into  3  or  more  leaflets. 

Stems  glabrous 3.  R.  oreganus. 

Stems  very  hairy 4-  R-  macounii. 

Lowest  leaves  toothed  or  lobed  but  never  divided  to  the  base. 
Achenes  with  a  hooked  beak.     Stems  with  long  spreading  hairs. 

6.  R.  bongardl. 
Achenes  with  a  straight  beak  or  none. 
Achenes  finely  hairy;  lowest  leaves  with  rounded  teeth,  not  lobed. 

6.  R.  inamoenus. 
Achenes  glabrous;  lowest  leaves  lobed. 

Petals  5  to  6  mm.  long V.  R.  alpeopMlus. 

Petals  8  to  12  mm.  long. 
Head  of  achenes  somewhat  oblong,  longer  than  broad   .  .  8.  R.  saxicola. 
Head  of  achenes  globose 9-  R-  suksdorfii. 


342  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

1.  Banunculus  reptans  L.  Creeping  buttercup.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in 
mud  or  sand  along  streams  and  lakes;  also  abundant  on  wet  slopes  at  Swiftcurrent 
Pass.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab. — Stems  creeping,  slender,  glabrous,  5  to 
30  cm.  long;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  petals  2  to  4  mm.  long; 
fruit  heads  globose. 

2.  Ranunculus  pursMi  Richards.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
about  pools  or  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Ont.,  and  N.  S.  {R.  limosus  Nutt.)— 
Stems  glabrous  or  hairy;  leaves  1  to  2  cm.  wide,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  narrow; 
petals  4  to  5  mm.  long;   fruit  heads  globose,  aboiit  5  mm.  long. 

The  typical  form  is  glabrous;  the  hairy  form  is  R.  limosus  Nutt.,  but  there  seem  to 
be  no  constant  differences  between  the  two.     Both  are  found  in  the  park. 

3.  Ranunculus  oreganus  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  Wooded  swamp  below  Lake  McDer- 
mott.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont. — Stems  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaflets  deeply 
lobed  and  toothed;   petals  5  to  7  mm.  long;   achenes  glabrous. 

4.  Ranunculus  macounii  Britton.  Occasional  at  low  and  sometimes  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  wet  woods  or  thickets  or  about  pools  on  prairie.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.,  Iowa, 
and  Ont. — Stems  20  to  60  cm.  long,  erect  or  decumbent,  branched;  leaflets  hairy, 
lobed  and  toothed,  3  to  8  cm.  long;  petals  5  to  7  mm.  long;  fruit  heads  globose. 

5.  Ranunculus  bongardi  Greene.  Frequent  at  low  and  sometimes  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Oreg.  arid  Colo. — Stems  erect,  30 
to  60  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  3  to  10  cm,  wide,  deeply  lobed  and  toothed;  petals 
slightly  longer  than  the  sepals;  achenes  flattened,  sometimes  hairy  when  young. 

6.  Ranunculus  inamoenus  Greene.  East  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  open  hillsides 
or  along  streams;  scarce.  Idaho  and  Mont,  to  N.  Mex. — Stems  stout,  20  to  30  cm. 
high;  basal  leaves  rounded  or  fan-shaped,  toothed,  or  some  of  them  lobed,  the  upper 
leaves  deeply  lobed;   petals  5  to  6  mm.  long;  head  of  achenes  oblong. 

7.  Ranunculus  alpeophilus  A.  Nels.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or 
on  rocky  slopes  or  rock  slides.  Idaho  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high, 
glabrous,  mostly  1-flowered;  leaves  1.5  to  4  cm.  wide,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
head  of  achenes  oblong. 

8.  Ranunculus  saxicola  Rydb.  Occasional  on  rocky  slopes  above  timber  line. 
Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  Utah.  (R.  ramidosus  Jones). — Stems  glabrous,  10  to  15  cm.  high; 
lower  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  wide,  lobed,  the  lobes  usually  acutish;  stem  leaves  often 
lobed  to  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow. 

9.  Ranunculus  suksdorfii  A.  Gray.  On  moist  cliffs  at  Cracker  Lake.  Wash,  to 
Alta.  and  Mont. — Stems  glabrous,  about  10  cm.  high,  usually  1-flowered;  basal  leaves 
1.5  to  3  cm.  wide,  lobed,  the  lobes  acutish;  stem  leaves  3  or  5-cleft,  with  narrow  lobes. 

The  last  three  species  are  closely  related,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  are  dis- 
tinct. They  are  showy  plants  which  are  often  abundant  and  conspicuous  in  alpine 
localities,  frequently  flowering  up  to  the  very  edges  of  the  snow  banks. 

10.  THALICTRUM  L.     Meadow-rue. 

Tall  perennials  with  rootstocks  and  yellow  roots,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  com- 
posed of  numerous  broad,  toothed  or  lobed,  stalked  leaflets;  petioles  with  dilated 
sheathing  bases;  flowers  greenish;  sepals  4  or  5;  petals  none;  stamens  numerous, 
long  and  conspicuous;   fruit  of  several  ribbed  achenes. 

Achenes  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  broad,  2.5  to  3.5  mm.  wide  .  1.  T.  megacarpum. 
Achenes  about  4  times  as  long  as  broad,  2  mm.  wide 2.  T.  occidentale. 

1.  Thalictrum  megacarpum  Torr.  Common  nearly  everywhere  except  on  prairie 
and  at  the  highest  altitudes,  usually  in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  sometimes  in  meadows 
or  on  open  slopes.  Idaho  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Stems  30  to  80  cm.  high;  leaflets  thin, 
1.5  to  6  cm.  wide,  pale  beneath;   achenes  6  to  8  mm.  long. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  343 

The  leaves  are  graceful  and  handsome,  and  in  a  vague  way  suggest  those  of  the 
maidenhair  fern,  with  which  the  plant  is  frequently  confused  in  the  West;  in  autumn 
they  turn  yellow.  The  flowers  are  not  conspicuous.  Our  material  is  rather  variable,, 
and  some  of  it  might  be  referred  to  T.  coluvibianum  Rydb. 

2.  Thalictrum  occidentale  A.  Gray.  Avalanche  Lake,  on  brushy  slopes.  B.  C. 
to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Alta.— Stems  50  to  80  cm.  high;  leaflets  1.5  to  5.5  cm.  wide, 
3-lobed  and  with  rounded  teeth;  achenes  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

11.  PULSATILLA  Adans. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  borne  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  divided  into  numerous 
narrow  lobes;  stem  bearing  3  whorled  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves;  flowers  usually  1 
to  a  stem,  with  5  to  7  colored  sepals  and  no  petals;  fruit  of  numerous  achenes,  each 
with  a  long  hairy  tail. 

Flowers  purple  or  bluish;  bracts  sessile 1-  P.  ludoviciana. 

Flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple;  bracts  short-stalked. 

2.  P.  occidentalis. 

1.  Pulsatilla  ludoviciana  (Nutt.)  Heller.  Pasque-flower.  Frequent  on  the 
east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  praiiie  or  open  hillsides.  B.C.  and  Wash,  to  Tex.  and 
Ill._Stem8  10  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  very  hairy,  5  to  10  cm.  long;  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  2.5  to  3.5  cm.  long. 

The  plants  bloom  in  spring. 

2.  Pulsatilla  occidentalis  (S.  Wats.)  Freyn.  Chalice-flower.  Frequent  in  a 
few  places  above  limber  line,  in  low  meadows;  also  at  Grinnell  Lake.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  Mont.,  and  Alta.  (Anemone  occidentalis  S.  Wats.)— Stems  short  at  flowering 
time,  but  becoming  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  pinnately  divided 
into  numerous  lobes,  green,  thinly  hairy;  sepals  2  to  2.5  cm.  long;  tails  of  the  fruit 
silky,  bent  downward  in  fniit,  the  head  of  fruit  broad  above  and  narrow  below. 

The  plants  bloom  early,  but  they  are  very  handsome  even  in  fruit.  The  soft, 
silky  heads  are  most  attractive. 

12.  ANEMONE  L.     Anemone. 

Perennials  with  rootstocks;  leaves  basal,  deeply  lobed  or  parted;  stem  bearing  3 
leaflike  bracts;  flowers  few  or  solitary;  sepals  4  or  more,  usually  5,  petal-like;  petals 
none;  fruit  a  head  of  woolly  achenes. 
Leaves  divided  into  3  broad  wedge-shaped  leaflets,  these  toothed  or  with  few  short 

broad  lobes !•  A-  parviflora. 

Leaves  2  to  4  times  divided  into  numerous  narrow  Icl^es. 

Leaves  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  obtuse;  style  2  to  3  mm.  long  .  2.  A.  tetonensis. 

Leaves  hairy,  the  lobes  acute:  style  1  to  2  mm.  long 3.  A.  globosa. 

1.  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.  Northern  anemone.  Frequent  above  timber 
line,  in  meadows  or  on  rocky  slopes;  also  in  cold  bog  below  Lake  McDermott.  Alaska 
to  Colo.,  Ont.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Asia.— Stems  slender,  5  to  20  cm.  high;  1-flowered; 
leaflets  1  to  2  cm.  long,  thinly  hairy  beneath ;  sepals  8  to  12  mm.  long,  white  or  tinged 
with  blue 

2  Anemone  tetonensis  Porter.  Alpine  anemone.  Frequent  above  timber  line, 
in  meadows  and  on  rock  slides.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Wyo.  and  Alta.-Stems  10  to  20 
cm.  high,  mostly  1-flowered;  leaves  1.5  to  3  cm.  long;  sepals  6  to  12.  mm.  long,  bluish 
white  or  pale  blue;  fruit  heads  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

3.  Anemone  globosa  Nutt.  Common  western  anemone.  Common  above  timljer 
line  in  meadows  or  on  rock  slides;  sometimes  at  low  or  middle  elevations,  in  meadows 
or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  S.  Dak.-Stems  15  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy, 
1  to  3-flowered;  leaves  3  to  5  cm.  long;  sepals  6  to  12  mm.  long,  yellowish  withm,  blue 
or  purplish  outside;  fruit  heads  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 


344  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

32.  BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family. 
1.  BERBERIS  L. 

The  cultivated  barberry  belongs  to  this  genus. 

1.  Berberis  repens  Lindl.  Oregon  grape.  Common  in  woods  and  thickets  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Alta.,  Calif.,  and  N.  Mex. — Small  shrub,  usually 
about  30  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  3  to  7,  leathery,  the  teeth  with  bristly  tips; 
flowers  yellow,  in  racemes;  fruit  blue,  very  juicy,  sour,  containing  few  large  seeds. 

The  leaves  persist  throughout  the  winter;  in  autumn  they  are  handsomely  tinted 
with  red  or  purple.  The  flowers  appear  in  spring.  The  fruit  is  edible  but  too  sour 
to  be  very  pleasant;  it  is  often  used  for  making  jelly.  A  closely  related  species  of 
Oregon  grape  is  the  State  flower  of  Oregon.  The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  a  decoction 
of  the  roots  as  a  remedy  for  stomach  affections  and  for  hemorrhages. 

33.  PAPAVERACEAE.     Poppy  Family. 
1.  PAPAVER  L.     Poppy. 

The  cultivated  poppies,  one  of  which  furnishes  opium,  belong  to  this  genus. 

1.  Papaver  pygmaeum  Rydb.  Alpine  poppy.  On  high  alpine  summits  and  rock 
slides;  abundant  at  Piegan  Pass  and  Sexton  Glacier,  and  occasional  elsewhere.  B.C., 
Alta.,  and  Mont. — Plants  small,  tufted;  leaves  fonning  a  dense  cluster,  deeply  lobed; 
flowers  solitary  on  slender  stalks  3  to  6  cm.  high;  sepals  2;  petals  4,  scarcely  1  cm.  long, 
orange,  with  a  pale  yellow  spot  at  the  base. 

A  very  small  plant,  with  little  resemblance  in  general  appearance  to  the  common 
poppies.     It  is  found  only  in  the  highest  and  most  exposed  situations. 

34.  FUMARIACEAE.     Fumitory  Family. 

1.  CAPNOIDES  Adans. 

Annuals  or  bienniaFs,  with  succulent  stems;  leaves  alternate,  bipinnately  dissected; 
flowers  in  racemes;  petals  4,  one  of  the  outer  ones  spurred  at  the  base;  fruit  a  long 
narrow  pod. 

Flowers  yellow ;  plants  ascending,  30  cm.  high  or  less 1.  C.  aureum. 

Flowers  purplish  pink;  plants  erect,  usually  30  to  60  cm.  high  .  2.  C.  sempervirens. 

1.  Capnoides  aureum  (^Willd.)  Kuntze.  Yellow  corydalis.  On  gravelly,  open 
or  brushy  hillsides  at  low  altitudes  on  the  east  slope;  occasional.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Pa., 
and  N.  S.  {Corydalis  aurea  Willd.) — Plants  much  branched  from  the  base,  green; 
flowers  12  to  15  mm.  long,  rather  showy;  pods  2  to  3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick;  seeds 
black  and  shining. 

2.  Capnoides  sempervirens  (L.)  Borkh.  Pink  corydalis.  In  thin  woods  at  low 
or  middle  altitudes;  rare.  Alaska  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C.  and  N.  S.  {Corydalis  semper- 
virens Pers.) — Plants  branched  above,  pale  green;  flowers  12  to  15  mm.  long;  pods  3  to 
4  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  thick. 

36.  BRASSICACEAE.     Mustard  Family. 

Herbs,  often  with  pungent  juice ;  leaves  alternate ;  flowers  regular,  mostly  in  racemes; 
sepals  4;  petals  4;  stamens  usually  6;  fruit  a  2-celled  pod. — The  name  Cruciferae  is 
often  used  for  the  family. 
Leaves  not  lobed,  entire  or  toothed. 
Pods  conspicuously  flattened. 

Pods  notched  at  the  upper  end,  with  a  wing  around  the  edge  ...  2.  THLASPI. 
Pods  neither  notched  nor  winged. 

Pods  short,  rounded  to  linear-oblong;  flowers  white  or  yellow   .  .  17.  DRABA. 
Pods  long,  linear;  flowers  white,  pink,  or  purple 18.  ARABIS. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  345 

Pods  not  flattened . 

Pods  linear,  many  times  longer  than  thick. 

Plants  glabrous;  leaves  broad,  pale,  entire 12.  CONRINGIA. 

Plants  with  fine  appressed  hairs;  leaves  narrow,  green,  often  toothed. 

13.  CHEmiNIA. 
Pods  less  than  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Pods  inflated  and  bladder-like,  constricted  in  the  middle  ...  5.  PHYSAB.IA. 
Pods  not  inflated  and  bladder-like. 
Plants  gray  with  a  close  covering  of  fine  branched  hairs,  low,  usually  less  than 

15  cm.  high 6.  LESQTJERELLA. 

Plants  green,  with  coarse  hairs,  tall,  usually  30  to  60  cm.  high. 

7.  CAMELINA. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  deeply  lobed  or  divided. 
Pods  about  as  broad  as  long,  flattened. 

Pods  3-cornered 3.  BURSA. 

Pods  rounded 1.  LEPIDITIM, 

Pods  decidedly  longer  than  broad,  or  rarely  short  but  then  not  flattened. 
Flowers  white. 

Plants  densely  and  finely  white-hairy;  pods  lanceolate 4.  SMELOWSKIA. 

Plants  green,  slightly  if  at  all  hairy;  pods  linear. 

Sides  of  the  ripe  pods  recurving  as  the  pod  opens;  plants  growing  in  wet  soil. 

16.  CARD  AMINE. 
Sides  of  the  pod  remaining  straight  after  the  opening  of  the  pod;    plants 

mostly  growing  in  dry  soil 18.  ARABIS. 

Flowers  yellow. 
Pod  with  a  long  (5  to  15  mm.)  distinct  beak;  upper  leaves  usually  not  lobed. 

15.  BRASSICA. 
Pods  not  beaked,  or  the  beak  very  short  (2  to  3  mm.);   upper  leaves  usually 
lobed. 

Pods  4-angled ;  plants  glabrous 14.  CAMPE. 

Pods  not  4-angled ;  plants  glabrous  or  hairy. 
Hairs  of  the  stems  branched ;   leaves  twice  divided  into  numerous  small 

narrow  lobes 11.  SOPHIA. 

Hairs  of  the  stem  simple;    leaves  once  lobed,  the  lobes  often  large  and 
broad. 

Pods  less  than  2  cm.  long 8.  RADICULA. 

Pods  3  to  10  cm.  long. 

Pods  7  to  10  cm.  long;  stem  with  spreading  hairs 9.  NORTA. 

Pods  3  to  4  cm.  long;  stem  with  minute  appressed  hairs. 

10.  DIPLOTAXIS. 
1.  LEPIDITIM  L. 

1.  Lepidium  densiflorum  Schrad.  PepperCxRASs.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in 
waste  or  cultivated  ground  or  on  open  slopes;  apparently  introduced.  Yukon  to 
N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Vt. — Annual,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  branched  above,  finely  hairy; 
basal  leaves  lobed,  the  stem  leaves  narrow,  toothed;  petals  minute  or  wanting;  pod 
flat,  rounded,  3  mm.  long,  notched  at  the  apex. 

2.  THLASPI  L. 

1.  TMaspi  arvense  L.  Fanweed.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  especially  on  the  east 
slope,  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground  or  on  prairie.  Native  of  Eur. ;  introduced  as  a 
weed  in  N.  Amer. — Glabrous  annual,  10  to  50  cm.  high;  stem  leaves  oblong,  toothed, 
clasping;  flowers  white,  in  long  racemes,  long-stalked;  petals  4  mm.  long;  pods 
flat,  rounded,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  broadly  winged,  notched  at  the  top. 

In  cultivated  ground  this  is  often  very  abundant.  Soon  after  flowering  the  plants 
turn  yellow,  and  they  are  then  conspicuous,  even  at  a  distance.    In  some  parts  of 


346  COXTKIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

the  Northwest  the  name  "Jim  Hill  weed"  is  applied  to  the  species,  the  ranchmen 
having  associated  its  appearance  with  the  building  of  the  Great  Korthern  Railroad. 

3.  BURSA  Weber. 

1.  Bursa  bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Weber.  Shepherd's-puese.  Frequent  at  low  alti- 
tudes, in  cultivated,  waste,  or  dry  ground.  Native  of  Eur.  and  Asia;  naturalized 
as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer.  {CapseUa  bursa-pastoris  Medic.) — Anmial,  the  pubescence  of 
fine  branched  hairs;  leaves  on  the  stem  and  also  forming  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the 
stem,  deeply  lobed  or  toothed,  the  stem  leaves  clasping;  flowers  white;  petals  2  mm. 
long;   fruit  flat,  triangular,  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

4.  SMELOWSKIA  C.  A.  Mey. 

1.  Smelowskia  americana  Rydb.  Wild  candytuft.  Common  above  timber  line 
on  rock  slides  or  open  slopes;  rarely  found  on  open  slopes  at  middle  altitudes.  Idaho 
and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Perennial,  10  to  20  cm.  high,  forming  dense  tufts,  densely  covered 
with  fine  white  branched  hairs;  leaves  divided  into  narrow  lobes;  flowers  white; 
pods  lanceolate  or  oblong,  7  to  12  mm.  long. 

A  very  handsome  plant,  which  remains  in  flower  only  a  short  time. 

6.  PHYSARIA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Physaria  did3miocarpa  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  Double  bladderpod.  On  shale 
slopes  of  canyons  near  east  entrance.  Alta.  and  Sask.  to  Colo. — Perennial,  5  to  15 
cm.  high,  forming  small  clumps;  basal  leaves  broadly  obovate,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  entire 
or  somewhat  toothed,  densely  covered  with  fine  white  branched  hairs;  petals  yellow, 
8  to  12  mm.  long;  pod  7  to  15  mm.  broad,  constricted  at  the  middle,  composed  of  2 
bladder-like  cells. 

McClintock  states  that  the  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  roots  as  a  remedy  for  sore 
throat  and  for  pains  in  the  stomach,  and  a  decoction  of  the  plant  to  reduce  swellings. 

6.  LESQUERELLA  S.  Wats. 

1.  Lesquerella  spathulata  Rydb.  Bladderpod.  Occasional  about  the  east 
entrance,  on  shale  slopes  or  dry  hillsides.  Man.  to  Mont,  and  Utah. — Perennial,  3 
to  12  cm.  high,  densely  covered  with  fine  white  stellate  hairs;  basal  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  2  to  3  cm.  long,  entire;  petals  yellow,  7  to  8  mm.  long;  pod  egg-shaped,  5  mm. 
long. 

7.  CAMELINA  Crantz. 

1.  Camelina  microcarpa  Andrzej.  False  flax.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at 
low  altitudes,  in  waste  ground  or  on  open  hillsides.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in 
N.  Amer. — Annual,  30  to  70  cm.  high,  the  stem  finely  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate, 
clasping;  petals  3  to  4  mm.  long,  yellowish;  pod  inflated,  pear-shaped,  4  to  8  mm. 
long. 

8.  RADICTJLA  Hill.     Yellowcress. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  growing  in  wet  soil;  leaves  pinnately  lobed;  petals  yellow; 
pods  terete,  cylindric  or  almost  globose. 

Pods  slender-cylindric,  8  to  12  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  thick,  usually  somewhat  curved. 

1.  R.  curvisiliqua. 
Pods  oval  or  oblong,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  1.5  to  2  mm.  thick  not  curved. 
Pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  pods;  plants  spreading,  the  stems  10  to  25  cm.  long. 

2.  R.  lyrata. 
Pedicels  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  pods,  sometimes  longer;    plants  usually 

erect  and  30  to  60  cm.  high 3.  R.  terrestris. 

1.  Radicula  curvisiliqua  (Hook.)  Greene.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  in  moist  meadows  or  about  pools.     Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Wyo.  and  Mont. — 


STANDLEY — FLOKA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  347 

Annual  or  biennial,  10  to  40  cm.  high,  erect  or  spreading,  glabrous  or  nearly  bo;  petals 
2.5  mm.  long. 

2.  Radicula  lyrata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  East  entrance,  about  pools.  Wash,  to  Calif. 
Colo.,  and  Mont. — Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so;   petals  about  1  mm.  long;   pedicels 

1  to  3  mm.  long. 

3.  Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  thickets  or 
about  pools.  Alaska  to  Mex.,  Ga.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (R.  terrestris 
Woot.  &  Standi. )^Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  60  to  90  cm.  high;   petals 

2  mm.  long. 

9.  NORTA  Adans. 

1.  Norta  altissima  (L.)  Britton.  Tumble  mustard.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes, 
in  waste  ground  or  on  open  slopes.  Native  of  Eur. ;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. 
{Sisymbrium  aliissimum  L.) — Annual,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  much  branched,  hairy 
below;  leaves  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong;  petals  yellowish  white,  6  to  8 
mm.  long;  pods  slender,  cylindric,  7  to  10  cm.  long. 

10.  DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

1.  Diplotaxis  erucoides  (L.)  DC.  Along  railroad  at  east  entrance.  Native  of  Eur. — 
Annual,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  branched;  leaves  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  toothed 
or  lobed;  petals  pale  yellow,  6  to  mm.  long;  pods  short-beaked. 

This  species  is  of  rare  occurrence  in  the  United  States,  and  it  is  not  reported  in 
any  of  the  manuals.     It  seems  to  be  fairly  well  established  at  this  locality. 

11.  SOPHIA  Adans.    Tansy  mustard. 

Annuals  or  biennials,  the  pubescence  of  fine  branched  hairs;  leaves  2  or  3  times 
lobed,  with  small  lobes;  petals  small,  yellow;  pods  slender,  cylindric  or  club-shaped. 

Pedicels  erect 1.  S.  hartwegiana. 

Pedicels  ascending  or  spreading. 
Pods  somewhat  club-shaped,  5  to  10  mm.  long;  seeds  in  2  rows  .  2.  S.  intermedia. 
Pods  linear,  usually  10  to  20  mm.  long;  seeds  in  1  row. 

Pods  15  to  20  mm.  long 3.  S.  parviflora. 

Pods  10  to  15  mm.  long. 

Stems  densely  covered  with  fine  branched  hairs,  not  glandular  .  4.  S.  gracilis. 
Stems  with  few  or  no  branched  hairs  but  with  fine  gland-tipped  hairs. 

5.  S.  calif ornica. 

1.  Sophia  hartwegiana  (Fourn.)  Greene.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes, in  aspen  woods  or  by  roadsides.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Minn. — Stems  0.4  to  1  meter 
high,  covered  with  fine  branched  hairs;  petals  2  to  3  mm.  long;  pods  6  to  12  mm.  long, 
linear  or  club-shaped. 

2.  Sophia  intermedia  Rydb.  Open  banks,  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo., 
Tenn.,  and  Mich. — Plants  green,  glabrate;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals. 

3.  Sophia  parviflora  (Lam.)  Standi.  Thin  woods  about  Belton;  scarce.  Native  of 
Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.  (S.  sophia  Britton;  Sisymbrium  sopMa  L.;  Sisym- 
brium parviflorum  Lam.) — Plants  30  to  80  cm.  high,  grayish;  petals  yellowish;  pods  1 
mm.  thick.   ' 

4.  Sophia  gracilis  Rydb.  East  entrance,  frequent  on  open  slopes.  Wash,  to  Mack, 
and  Colo. — Leaves  grayish,  divided  into  very  small,  narrow  lobes;  petals  2  mm.  long; 
pods  1  mm.  thick. 

5.  Sophia  califomica  (Torr.  &  Gray)  Rydb.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes  and  often 
above  timber  line,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.^ — Plants 
slender,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  green;  petals  bright  yellow,  3  mm.  long. 


348  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

12.  CONEINGIA  Link. 

1.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dum.    Haee's-ear  mustard.     Occasional  at  low  alti- 

itudes,  chiefly  n  waste  ground.    Native  of  Eur.;  occasionally  naturalized  as  a  weed 

in  N.  Amer. — Glabrous  annual,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  oval,  4  to  10  cm.  long, 

entire,  clasping,  very  pale;  petals  white,  8  mm.  long;  pod  4-angled,  8  to  10  cm.  long, 

about  2  mm.  thick. 

13.  CHEIRINIA  Link.    Wild  wallflower. 

Annuals  or  biennials,  with  leafy  stems;  pubescence  of  small,  appressed,  gray,  2  or 
3-branched  hairs;  petals  yellow;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-angled. 
Petals  4  to  5  mm.  long;  pods  2  to  3  cm.  long;  plants  green    .  .  1.  C.  cheiranthoides. 
Petals  8  to  10  mm.  long;  pods  mostly  3.5  to  5  cm.  long;  plants  grayish. 

2.  C.  inconspicua. 

1.  Cheirinia  cheiianthoides  (L.)  Link.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes, in  meadows  or  on  open  hillsides.  Alaska  to  Utah,  N.  C,  and  Newf. 
(Erysimum  cheiranthoides  h.) — Plants  branched,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or 
lanceolate,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed;  petals  bright  yellow. 

2.  Cheirinia  inconspicua  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.     Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low 

altitudes,  in  meadows  or  on  open  hillsides.    B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Minn. — Stems  30  to  60 

cm.  high,  often  branched;  leaves  mostly  linear,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed;  petals 

pale  yellow. 

14.  CAMPE  Dulac. 

1.  Campeortlioceras  (Ledeb.)  Heller.  Wintercress.  Occasional  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  B .  C.  to  Colo,  and  Mont. ;  also  in  Eur. ,  and  natu- 
ralized in  eastern  N.  Amer.  (C.  americana  Cockerell;  Barbarea  americana  Rydb.) — 
Plants  biennial,  30  to  50  cm.  high,  stout,  glabrous;  leaves  pinnately  lobed,  with 
broad  rounded  lobes;  petals  yellow,  2  to  4  mm.  long;  pods  2  to  3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick, 

somewhat  4-angled . 

15.  BRASSICA  L.    Mustard. 

Annuals  with  leafy  stems;  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  lobed;  petals  yellow; 
pods  long,  cylindric,  beaked. 
Stems  hairy,  at  least  below;  beak  of  the  pod  usually  10  to  15  mm.  long,  containing  a 

seed  in  the  lower  part 1.  B.  arvensis. 

Stems  usually  glabrous;  beak  4  to  7  mm.  long,  seedless 2.  B.  juncea. 

1.  Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Kuntze.  Charlock.  Occasional  at  Beltou  and  east 
entrance,  in  waste  ground.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.  (Sinapis 
arvensis  L.). — Stems  stout,  branched,  30  to  70  cm.  high;  upper  leaves  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, toothed;  petals  about  8  mm.  long;  pods  3  to  4  cm.  long. 

2.  Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Coss.  Indian  mustard.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at 
low  altitudes,  in  waste  ground.  Native  of  Asia;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  0.3 
to  1  meter  high,  branched,  often  glaucous;  leaves  mostly  lobed;  petals  8  to  10  mm. 
long;  pods  3  to  5  cm.  long. 

16.  CARDAMINE  L.     Bittercress. 

Perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  pinnate;  petals  white;  pods  long,  narrow, 
flattened. 
Petals  usually  5  to  6  mm.  long;  leaflets  usually  3  to  7,  some  of  them  rounded. 

1.  C.  breweri. 
Petals  2  to  3  mm.  long;  leaflets  5  to  15,  most  of  them  oblong  or  oblanceolate. 

2.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

1.  Cardamine  breweri  S.  Wats.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  wet 
woods  or  thickets,  or  marshes,  or  along  streams.    B,  C.  to  Calif.   Wvo..  and  Mont. — 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  349 

Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high,  aucculent;  leaflets  mostly  1  to  4  cm.  wide;  pods  2  to  3.5  cm. 
long,  1.5  mm.  wide. 

2.  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  woods  or 
thickets  or  along  streams  or  lakes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  Fla.,  and  Newf. — Stems  15 
to  40  cm.  high,  branched ;  leaflets  mostly  less  than  1  cm.  wide,  often  lobed  or  toothed; 
pods  2  to  3  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide. 

17.  DBABA  L.     Whitlowgrass. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  the  pubescence,  if  any,  mostly  of  branched  hairs;  leaves 
entire  or  toothed,  often  all  basal;  petals  white  or  yellow;  pods  short,  linear  or  oblong, 
flat. 

Plants  annuals  or  winter  annuals;  style  none. 
Pods  finely  hairy. 

Pedicels  equaling  or  longer  than  the  pods;  stems  leafy 1.  D.  nemorosa. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  pods;  stems  naked  or  with  few  small  leaves. 

2.  D.  praealta. 
Pods  glabrous. 

Stems  leafy;  pods  usually  8  to  15  mm.  long 3.  D.  nitida. 

Stems  naked;  pods  mostly  6  to  8  mm.  long 4.  D.  crassifolia. 

Plants  perennial;  style  present  except  in  one  species. 
Stems  leafy;  plants  usually  15  to  40  cm.  high. 

Petals  white 6.  D.  cana. 

Petals  yellow 6.  D.  aurea. 

Stems  naked;  stems  usually  less  than  10  cm.  high. 
Pods  densely  hairy. 

Pods  nearly  or  fully  twice  as  long  as  wide 7.  D.  densifolia. 

Pods  nearly  as  wide  as  long 8.  D.  andina. 

Pods  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs  near  the  margins. 

Pods  nearly  as  wide  as  long 9.  D.  oligosperma. 

Pods  twice  as  long  as  wide  or  longer. 

Style  none 10.  D.  fladnizensls. 

Style  present. 

Petals  yellow 11.  D.  glacialis. 

Petals  wliite. 

Pods  twisted;  leaves  with  fine  branched  hairs    ...  12.  D.  lonchocarpa. 
Pods  not  twisted ;  leaves  with  unbranched  hairs  on  the  margins. 

13.  D.  oreibata. 

1.  Draba  nemorosa  L.  Moist  woods  below  Lake  McDermott.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Nev., 
Colo.,  and  Mich.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  slender,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  usually  toothed;  petals  pale  yellow,  2  to  3  mm.  long;  pods  7  to  15  mm. 
long,  2  mm.  ■wide. 

2.  Draba  praealta  Greene.  Rocky  slopes  near  or  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  and 
Alta.  to  Wyo. — Stems  slender,  10  to  20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late,  with  fine  branched  hairs,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  petals  white,  2  to  3  mm.  long;  pods  1  cm. 
long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide. 

3.  Draba  nitida  Greene.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes,  in  moist 
woods  or  on  open  banks.  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Colo. — Stems  slender,  10  to  30 
cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  hairy  beneath;  petals  yellow,  2 
mm.  long;  pods  2  mm.  wide. 

4.  Draba  crassifolia  Graham.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rocky  slopes.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Lab.,  and  Greenl. — Stems  slender,  2  to  12  cm.  high; 
basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  5  to  15  mm.  long;  petals  2  mm.  long,  pale  yellow  or  nearly 
white;  pods  2  mm.  wide. 


350  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

6.  Draba  cana  Rydb.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes 
and  sometimes  above  timber  line,  in  woods  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to 
N.  Mex. — Stems  stout,  branched,  at  least  at  the  base;  finely  hairy;  leaves  mostly 
lanceolate  or  ovate;  petals  3  mm.  long;  pods  6  to  8  mm.  long,  finely  hairy,  usually 
twisted . 

6.  Draba  aurea  Vahl.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes  and  some- 
times above  timber  line,  in  woods  or  on  open  hillsides.  Alaska  to  Ariz.,  Lab.,  and 
Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. — Stems  stout,  finely  hairy;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  2 
cm.  long;  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long;  pods  10  to  12  mm.  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide,  finely 
hairy,  usually  twisted. 

7.  Draba  densifolia  Nutt.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  chiefly  on  rock  slides. 
Alaska  to  Wyo. — Plants  densely  tufted ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  5  to  10  mm.  long,  hairy, 
crowded  and  overlapping;  stems  1  to  5  cm.  high;  petals  yellow,  4  to  5  mm.  long; 
pods  5  to  8  ram.  long,  3  to  4  mm.  wide. 

8.  Draba  andina  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  on  rock  slides  or 
exposed  summits,  sometimes  about  snow  banks  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Alta. 
to  Wyo.  and  Utah.— Plants  very  densely  tufted;  leaves  5  mm.  long,  hairy,  densely 
crowded  and  overlapping;  stems  1  to  3  cm.  high;  petals  yellow,  4  to  5  mm.  long; 
pods  3  to  4  mm.  long,  2.5  to  3  mm.  wide. 

9.  Draba  oligosperma  Hook.  Hills  at  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Alaska  to  Calif, 
and  Utah. — Plants  densely  tufted;  leaves  linear,  5  to  10  mm.  long,  crowded;  stems 
2  to  8  cm.  high;  petals  pale  yellow,  4  to  5  mm.  long;  pods  about  4  mm.  long  and  3 
mm.  wide. 

10.  Draba  fladnizensis  Wulf.  Open  rocky  slope  at  Gunsight  Pass.  Alaska  to 
Colo.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. — Stems  slender,  5  to  12  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblanceolate,  1  cm.  long  or  shorter,  nearly  glabrous;  petals  white,  3  mm.  long;  pods 
4  to  6  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide. 

11.  Draba  glacialis  Adams.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  on  cliffs  or  open  rocky 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Wyo.  and  Greenl. — Stems  5  to  15  cm.  high,  densely  tufted;  leaves 
mostly  linear,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  finely  hairy;  petals  yellow,  5  mm.  long;  pods  6  to  10 
mm.  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide. 

12.  Draba  lonchocarpa  Rydb.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  on  moraines  and 
rock  slides.  B.  C,  Wash.,  Mont.,  and  Alta.^ — Plants  slender,  tufted,  5  to  10  cm.  high; 
leaves  spatulate,  3  to  10  mm.  long;  petals  white,  2  mm.  long;  pods  8  to  12  mm.  long, 
1.5  mm.  wide. 

13.  Draba  oreibata  Macbr.  &  Payson.  Occasional  on  open  rocky  slopes  about 
timber  li  ne,  or  in  exposed  places  at  lower  altitudes.     Idaho,  Utah,  and  Mont. — Plants 

tufted,  3  to  10  cm.  high;    leaves  narrowly  oblong,  4  to  10  mm.  long;    petals  white, 
2  to  3  mm.  long;  pods  7  to  10  mm.  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide. 

18.  ARABIS  L.     RocKCRESS. 

Perennials  or  biennials,  glabrous  or  hairy,  the  hairs  usually  branched;  leaves  entire 
or  toothed,  rarely  lobed;  petals  white,  pink,  or  purple;  pods  long,  linear,  flat. 

Basal  leaves  deeply  lobed 1.  A.  ambigua. 

Basal  leaves  entire  or  toothed. 
Pods  spreading  or  reflexed. 
Pedicels  abruptly  reflexed. 

Pods  nearly  2  mm.  wide;   petals  G  to  8  mm.  long;   stem  leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate   2.  A.  retrofracta. 

Pods  less  than  1.5  mm.  wide;   petals  5  to  6  mm.  long;   stem  leaves  linear. 

3.  A.  lignipes. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  351 

Pedicels  spreading  or  ascending. 

Pods  3  to  4  cm.  long;  plants  usually  10  to  20  cm.  high    ....  4.  A.  lemmonii. 

Pods  4  to  8  cm.  long;  plants  usually  30  to  50  cm.  high 6.  A.  bourgovii. 

Pods  erect  or  strongly  ascending. 
Basal  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high;  pods  5  to  8  cm.  long 6.  A.  drummondii. 

Stems  usually  10  to  20  cm.  high;  pods  4  to  5  cm.  long 7.  A.  lyallii. 

Basal  leaves  covered  with  coarse  hairs. 

Stem  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base;  plants  10  to  20  cm.  high  .  .  8.  A.  nuttallii. 
Stem  leaves  clasping;  plants  mostly  30  to  60  cm.  high. 

Pods  about  1  mm.  wide,  flat;  leaves  green,  the  stem  leaves  usually  toothed. 

9.  A.  hirsuta. 

Pods  2  mm.  wide,  somewhat  4-angled;  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  the  stem 

leaves  usually  entire 10.  A.  glabra. 

1.  Arabis  ambigua  DC.  Rock  slide  above  Many  Glacier  Hotel.  Alaska  to  Wash, 
and  Mont.— Stems  tufted,  15  to  30  cm.  high,  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem 
leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  petals  white,  6  mm.  long;  pods 
erect,  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

2.  Arabis  retrofracta  Graham.  Thin  woods  at  base  of  Altyn  Peak.  B.  C.  to  Calif., 
Utah,  and  Nebr.— Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  with  branched  hairs;  stem  leaves  clasping, 
entire,  glabrous;  petals  white  or  pinkish, 

3.  Arabis  lignipes  A.Nels.  Dry  rocky  slopes,  Altyn  Peak.  Idaho,  Mont.,  and 
,Vyo.— Stems  30  to  50  cm.  high,  finely  hairy  below;  stem  leaves  finely  hairy,  clasping; 
petals  white  or  purplish. 

4.  Arabis  lemmonii  S.  Wats.  Gray  rockcress.  Common  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows  or  on  rock  slides;  sometimes  about  snow  banks  at  middle  elevations;  also 
on  exposed  slopes  at  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— Stems  slender,  usually 
several;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  clasping,  the  basal  leaves  covered  with  fine 
branched  gray  hairs;  petals  purple,  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

6.  Arabis  bourgovii  Rydb.     Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes 
and  sometimes  near  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  low  thickets  or  on  open  rocky  hillsides. 
Alaska  to  Man.,  Wyo.,  and  Idaho.— Stems  slender,  often  numerous;  basal  leaves  oblan 
ceolate,  finely  hairy;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  clasping;  petals  pink,  6  to  8  mm.  long; 
pods  2  mm.  wide. 

6.  Arabis  drummondii  A.  Gray.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  but  most  com- 
mon above  timber  line,  in  woods  or  meadows  or  on  rock  slides  or  open  slopes.  Yukon 
to  Utah  and  N.  Mex.— Stems  several  or  solitary;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  clasping, 
glabrous,  glaucous,  entire;  petals  6  to  10  inm.  long,  varying  from  white  to  purple; 
pods  1.5  to  2  mm.  wide. 

7.  Arabis  lyallii  S.  Wats.  Purple  rockcress.  Common  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows  and  on  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— Stems  usually  clustered, 
glabrous;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  usually  clasping,  green,  entire,  glabrous;  petals 
purple,  7  to  s'mm.  long;  pods  2  mm.  wide. 

A  showy  and  handsome  plant,  which  remains  in  flower  only  a  short  time. 

8.  Arabis  nuttallii  Robinson.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  but  most  common 
above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  woods  or  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides.  Wash,  to 
Utah  and  Mont.— Stems  clustered,  slender,  hairy  below;  petals  white,  4  to  6  mm.  long; 
pods  1  to  3  cm.  long. 

9.  Arabis  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  or  middle  altitudes, 
in  woods,  thickets,  or  meadows  or  on  open  hillsides.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Ga.,  and  N.  B. ; 
also  in  Eur.     (.4.  ovata  Poir.)— Stems  solitary  or  few,  stout,  often  purplish,  hairy; 


352  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  clasping,  2  to  6  cm.  long;  petals  white,  4  to  5  mm» 
long;  pods  4  to  6  cm.  long,  erect. 

10.  Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bemh.  East  entrance  and  Belton,  in  thickets  or  on  open 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Pa.,  and  Que.;  also  in  Eur.  {Turritis  glabra  L.) — Stems 
stout,  hairy  below;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  2  to  12  cm.  long,  glabrous,  clasping; 
petals  white,  3  mm.  long;  pods  erect,  4  to  10  cm.  long. 

36.   CAPPARIDACEAE.     Caper  Family. 
1.   CLEOME  L. 

1.  Cleome  serrulata  Pursh.  Rocky  Mountain  beeplant.  Along  the  railroad 
near  the  east  entrance;  apparently  introduced;  abundant  farther  east  on  the  plains. 
Oreg.  to  Sask.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz.  {Peritoma  serrulatum  DC.) — Glabrous  annual,  0.5 
to  1  meter  high;  leaves  palmate,  stalked;  leaflets  3,  entire,  oblanceolate;  flowers  pur- 
ple; petals  4,  about  1  cm.  long;  fruit  a  long  slender  stalked  pod. 

The  plant  has  a  disagreeable  odor;  its  flowers  are  showy. 

37.  DROSERACEAE.     Sundew  Family. 

1.  DROSERA  L. 

Small  perennials;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette,  entire,  stalked,  covered  \nth  slender 
gland-tipped  hairs;  flowers  small,  white,  in  a  raceme;  petals  usually  5. — The  sundews 
are  of  great  interest  because  of  their  carnivorous  habits.  The  glands  of  the  leaves 
exude  a  sticky  fluid,  by  which  insects  are  entrapped,  to  be  digested  and  used  as  food 
by  the  plants. 

Leaves  rounded,  as  broad  as  long 1.  D.  rotundifolia. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  broad 2.  D.  longifolia. 

1.  Drosera  rotundifolia  L.  Common  sundew.  Sphagnum  bogs  at  Johns  and  Fish 
lakes,  and  doubtless  in  similar  places  elsewhere.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Leaves  6  to  10  mm.  wide;  stems  6  to  20  cm.  high;  petals  4  mm. 
long;  capsules  5  mm.  long. 

The  plants  are  not  at  all  conspicuous  and  are  half  hidden  in  .the  sphagnum.  The 
leaves  and  stems  are  more  or  less  tinged  with  red. 

2.  Drosera  longifolia  L.  Narrowleaf  sundew.  Abundant  in  sphagnum  bog 
about  Fish  Lake.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Ont.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Leaves 
1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  4  to  5  mm.  wide;  stems  5  to  20  cm.  high;  petals  5  mm.  long. 

38.  CRASSULACEAE.     Stonecrop  Family. 
1.  SEDUM  L.     Stonecrop. 

Perennial  herbs  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  narrow,  fleshy,  entire  or  toothed;  flowers 
in  cymes;  sepals  4  or  5;  petals  4  or  5;  stamens  8  or  10;  fruit  of  4  or  5  small  pods. 

Petals  dark  purple     1.  S.  integrifolium. 

Petals  bright  yellow.  . 

Leaves  terete  or  nearly  so,  narrow  at  the  base;  plants  without  bulblets. 

2.  S.  stenopetalum. 

Leaves  flattened,  broadened  at  the  base;  flowers  partly  replaced  by  small  plants  or 

bulblets 3.  S.  douglasii. 

'  1.  Sedum  integrifolium  (Raf.)  A.  Nels.  Red  orpine.  Common  above  or  near 
timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Colo.  (Rhodiola  integnfolia 
Raf.) — Stems  clustered,  very  stout,  about  10  cm.  high;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  sometimes  toothed;  petals  about  3  mm.  long. 

A  rather  showy  plant,  especially  in  late  summer,  when  the  pods  and  leaves  are 
usually  red  or  purple. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  353 

2.  Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh.  Yellow  stonecrop.  At  nearly  all  altitudes, 
but  most  common  above  timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes.  Alta.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Nebr. — Stems  6  to  15  cm.  liigb,  tufted;  leaves  mostly  basal,  linear,  6  to  12  mm. 
long;  petals  linear-lanceolate,  6  to  7  mm.  long;  pods  4  mm.  long. 

A  handsome  plant,  which  remains  in  flower  a  long  time. 

3.  Sedum  douglasii  Hook.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  open  rocky 
elopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Stems  10  to  20  cm.  liigh;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
1  to  2  cm.  long;  petals  6  to  10  mm.  long;  pods  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

Nearly  all  the  flowers  are  replaced  by  diminutive  plants  or  bulblets,  which  fall 
from  the  stems  if  touched,  and  presumably  develop  into  new  plants. 

39.  PARNASSIACEAE.     Parnassia  Family. 

1.  PARNASSIA  L. 

Glabrous  erect  perennials;  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  the  flower 
stems  1-flowered,  naked  or  with  a  single  bract;  flowers  white;  petals  5,  conspicuously 
veined;  stamens  5,  with  a  fascicle  of  sterile  stamens  between  each  pair;  fruit  a 
1-celled  capsule. 

Petals  fringed  on  the  sides  toward  the  base 1.  P.  fimbriata. 

Petals  not  fringed . 

Petals  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals,  3-veined;  capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals; 

bract  none  or  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem 2.  P.  kotzebuei. 

Petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  often  much  longer,  5  to  9-veined;  capsule  less  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  bract  present,  borne  near  the  middle  of  the  stem. 
Petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sterile  stamens  usually  9  to  15  in  each 

fascicle     3.  P.  palustris. 

Petals  only  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals;  stamens  usually  7  to  9  in  each 
fascicle 4.  P.  montanensis. 

1.  Parnassia  fimbriata  Konig.  Fringed  parnassia.  Common  at  all  altitudes 
except  the  very  highest,  along  streams,  in  bogs,  or  in  wet  meadows.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Plants  usually  in  dense  clumps,  20  to  40  cm.  high; 
leaves  kidney-shaped,  2  to  4  cm.  wide;  petals  about  8  mm.  long. 

The  flowers  are  very  showy  and  graceful.  Above  timber  line  the  petals  are  often 
only  6  mm.  long. 

2.  Parnassia  kotzebuei  Cham.  Alpine  parnassia.  Edge  of  a  brook  at  Grinnell 
Glacier;  liigh  rock  slide  above  Lake  McDermott.  Alaska  to  Wyo.,  Que.,  and 
Greenl. — Leaves  broadlj''  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  1  to  2  cm.  long;  stems 
about  10  cm.  high;  petals  about  5  mm.  long. 

3.  Parnassia  palustris  L.  Meadow  parnassia.  In  a  wet  thicket  at  St.  Mary. 
Alaska  to  Wyo.,  Que.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Leaves  heart-shaped,  1  to  3 
cm.  wide;  stems  10  to  30  cm.  high;  petals  8  to  12  mm.  long. 

4.  Parnassia  montanensis  Fern.  &  Rydb.  Montana  parnassia.  Edge  of  creek 
near  east  entrance;  open  bog  below  Lake  McDermott.  B.  C.  to  Sask.  and  Mont. — 
Leaves  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  1  to  2  cm.  wide;  stems  15  to  20  cm.  high; 
petals  8  to  10  mm.  long. 

40.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  usually  alternate,  often  all  borne  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
simple  or  compound;  sepals  5;  petals  5  oi  none,  small;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals;  fruit  a  capsule  or  of  2  or  more  small  pods. 
Flowers  in  loose  racemes;  petals  lobed. 

Leaves  divided  to  the  base;  rootstocks  with  bulblets    ...  1.  LITHOPHRAGMA. 

Leaves  shallowly  lobed;  rootstocks  without  bulblets 2.  MITELLA. 


354  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

Flowers  not  in  racemes;  petals  entire. 
Stamens  5. 

Lowest  leaves  divided  to  the  base  into  3  lobes 3.  HEMIEVA. 

Lowest  leaves  (like  the  upper  ones)  shallowly  lobed  or  toothed. 

Rootstocks  with  bulblets;  flower  stems  leafy;  flowers  in  a  loose  open  panicle. 

4.  SUKSDOEFIA. 
Rootstocks  without  bulblets;  flower  stems  not  leafy;  flowers  in  a  dense  spilie- 

like  panicle 5.  HETTCHEEA. 

Stamens  10. 
Fruit  1-celled;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  panicle. 

6.  TIARELLA. 

Fruit  2-celled;  leaves  and  flowers  various. 

Leaves  leathery;  fruit  of  2  distinct  pods     7.  LEPTARRHENA. 

Leaves  thin  or  fleshy,  not  leathery;  fruit  of  2  united  pods    .  8.  SAXIFRAGA. 

1.  LITHOPHRAGMA  Nutt. 

1.  Lithophragma  parviflora  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Woodland  star.  East  entrance,  in 
woods,  Umbach.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  slender,  10  to  30  cm. 
high,  leafy,  somewhat  hairy;  lobes  of  the  leaves  again  lobed,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  flowers 
few,  the  petals  white,  7  to  8  mm.  long,  3  or  5-cleft;  stamens  10. 

2.  MITELLA  L.     Miterwort. 

Perennials  with  rootstocks;  leaves  basal,  long-petioled,  heart-shaped  or  kidney- 
Bhaped,  shallowly  toothed  and  lobed;  petals  5  or  none;  stamens  5  or  10. — The  capsule 
opens  widely  and  exposes  the  black  seeds  which  lie  within,  like  eggs  in  a  nest. 

Petals  3-cleft  near  the  apex,  white  or  purplish;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals. 

1.  M.  violacea. 
Petals  pinnately  lobed,  greenish  or  yellowish;   stamens  5  or  10. 

Stamens  10;  rootstocks  very  slender 2.  M.  nuda. 

Stamens  5;  rootstocks  short  and  thick. 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals 3.  M.  pentandra. 

Stamens  opposite  the  sepals 4.  M.  breweri. 

1.  Mitella  violacea  Rydb.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  all  altitudes,  on  open 
slopes  or  cliffs  or  in  moist  woods.  Mont.  {Ozomelis  violacea  Rydb.) — Rootstocks 
thick;  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  shallowly  lobed,  hairy;  flower  stems  slender,  10  to  30 
cm.  high;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

2.  Mitella  nuda  L.  Mossy  banks  in  swampy  woods  below  Lake  McDermott. 
B.  C.  and  Mont,  to  Lab.;  also  in  Asia. — Plants  producing  long  runners;  leaves  2  to 
5  cm.  wide,  only  slightly  lobed,  hairy;  stems  5  to  20  cm.  high. 

3.  Mitella  pentandra  Hook.  Common  at  middle  and  high  altitudes,  on  open 
elopes  or  in  meadows  or  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.  (Pectianthia 
pentandra  Rydb.) — Leaves  3  to  8  cm.  wide,  very  shallowly  lobed,  sparsely  short- 
hairy;    stems  10  to  40  cm.  high;    petals  with  threadlike  lobes. 

4.  Mitella  breweri  A.  Gray.  Common  above  and  near  timber  line,  in  woods  or  on 
open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Mont.,  and  Alta.  (Pectianthia  breweri  Rydb.) — Leaves 
4  to  7  cm.  wide,  shallowly  lobed,  slightly  hairy;  stems  10  to  30  cm.  high;  flowers 
green. 

3.  HEMIEVA  Raf. 

1.  Hemieva  ranunculifolia  (Hook.)  Raf.  On  moist  cliffs  or  damp  rocky  slopes; 
Altyn  Peak,  Grinnell  Glacier,  Baring  Falls.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — 
Plants  with  bulblike  rootstocks,  10  to  20  cm.  high,  with  scattered  gland-tipped  hairs; 
basal  leaves  stalked,  1  to  2.5  cm.  long,  divided  to  the  base  into  3  broad  lobes,  these 
3  or  4-lobed;  upper  leaves  3-lobed;  flowers  in  a  loose  panicle;  petals  white,  short- 
clawed,  persisting  in  fruit. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  355 

4.  SUKSDORFIA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Suksdorfia  violacea  A.  Gray.     Wet  mossy  cliffs  at  Baring  Falls.     Wash,  and 

Oreg.  to  Mont. — Plants  10  to  20  cm.  high,  with  bulblet-bearing  rootstocks,  somewhat 

glandular-hairy;    lower  leaves  kidney-shaped,  1  to  3  cm.  wide,  with  rounded  teeth; 

upper  leaves  2  to  4-toothed  at  the  tip;  flowers  few,  panicled;  petals  pink,  5  to  7  mm. 

long,  clawed. 

5.  HEUCHERA  L.     Alumroot. 

Perennials  with  thick  rootstocks;  leaves  basal,  slender-petioled,  rounded  or  kidney- 
shaped,  shallowly  or  deeply  lobed;  flowers  in  spikelike  panicles,  on  naked  stalks; 
petals  entire;   stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals;    capsule  2-beaked. 

Flowers  3  to  4  mm.  long;   leaves  lobed  nearly  halfway  to  the  base. 

1.  H.  flabellifolia. 
Flowers  about  7  mm.  long;  leaves  shallowly  lobed 2.  H.  glabella. 

1.  Heuchera  flabellifolia  Rydb.  Hills  at  east  entrance,  and  on  Mt.  Henry, 
Umbach.  Alta.  to  Wyo.— Stems  20  to  30  cm.  high,  finely  glandular-hairy;  leaves 
1.5  to  3  cm.  wide,  glandular;  flowers  greenish. 

2.  Heuchera  glabella  Torr.  &  Gray.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  usually  on 
cliffs  or  rocks,  sometimes  on  open  slopes,  in  dry  woods  or  alpine  meadows,  or  on 
prairie.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont,  and  Alta. — Leaves  long-stalked,  rounded  or 
heart-shaped,  2  to  5  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  shallow  lobes  and  teeth; 
flower  stalk  20  to  50  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  yellowish  white. 

In  dry  weather  or  in  late  summer  the  leaves  turn  bronze  or  deep  red.     The  flowers 

are  rather  handsome.     The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  macerated  plant  as  a  remedy 

for  sores  and  swellings. 

6.  TIARELLA  L. 

1.  Tiarella  unifoliata  Hook.  Lacefi.ower.  Common  or  abundant  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods;  sometimes  at  low  altitudes  and  in  meadows  above  timber 
line.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— Perennial  %\ith  thick  rootstocks;  stems  15  to  40  cm. 
high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  1  to  4  leaves;  basal  leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly 
heart-shaped,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  3  or  5-lobed  and  toothed,  finely  hairy;  flowers  white, 
in  narrow  panicles;  stamens  10,  longer  than  the  petals. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous  plants  of  moist  woods,  forming  dense  banks  all  along 
the  trails.  The  flowers  are  very  delicate  and  give  the  effect  of  a  cloud  of  mist  above 
the  masses  of  deep  green  leaves;   they  last  almost  all  summer. 

7.  LEPTARRHENA  R.  Br. 

1.  Leptarrhena  pyrolifolia  (Don)  R.  Br.  Leatherleaf  saxifrage.  Abundant 
above  timber  line,  in  wet  meadows  or  on  rocky  slopes,  often  along  brooks.  Alaska 
to  Wash,  and  Mont.— Plants  10  to  20  cm.  high,  from  a  short  thick  leafy  base;  leaves 
mostly  at  base  of  stem,  oblong,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  thick  and  leathery,  toothed,  deep 
green  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  beneath;  flower  stalk  bearing  1  or  2 
leaves,  the  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle;  petals  white,  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  persisting  in 
fruit. 

A  handsome  plant,  often  forming  great  mats.     The  fruit  is  tinged  with  red  or  purple. 

8.  SAXIFRAGA  L.     Saxifrage. 
Perennials  with  naked  or  leafy  stems;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed;  flowers 
mostly  in  cymes,  sometimes  solitary;  petals  entire;  stamens  10;  fruit  2-celled. 

Leaves  entire. 

Leaves  opposite,  obtuse;  flowers  solitary,  purple     1-  S.  oppositifolia. 

Leaves  alternate,  acute;  flowers  in  cymes,  wliite     2.  S.  bronchialis. 

2048—21 9 


356  CONTEIBUTIO:NiS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Leaves  toothed  or  lobed. 
Stems  leafy. 
Leaves  longer  than  broad,  3-tootlied  or  with  3  narrow  lobes. 

Basal  leaves  entire  or  3-toothed 3.  S.  adscendens. 

Basal  leaves  deeply  3-lobed 4.  S.  caespitosa. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  long  or  broader,  with  3  or  more  broad  lobes. 

Flowers,  except  the  uppermost  one,  replaced  by  bulblets;  stems  finely  and 

densely  viscid-hairy 5.  S.  cernua. 

Flowers  not  replaced  by  bulblets;  stems  nearly  glabrous  ....  6.  S.  rivularis. 
Stems  naked . 
Leaves  and  petioles  glabrous. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  long  or  broader,  somewhat  cordate  at  base  ...  7.  S.  arguta. 

Leaves  mostly  longer  than  broad,  narrowed  at  base 8.  S.  lyallii. 

Leaves  and  petioles  finely  or  coarsely  hairy. 
Leaves  kidney-shaped,  as  broad  as  long,  deeply  cordate  at  base. 

9.  S.  mertensiana. 
Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  spatulate,  longer  than  broad,  narrowed  at  base. 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  dense  clusters,  the  inflorescence  without  bulblets. 

10.  S,  rhomboidea. 
Flowers  slender-stalked,  in  loose  cymes,  often  replaced  by  bulblets. 

11.  S.  brunoniana. 

1.  Saxifraga  oppositifolia  L.  Purple  saxifrage.  On  moraine  at  Grinnell  Glacier. 
Alaska  to  Wyo.,  Vt.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {Antiphylla  oppositifolia 
Fourr.) Plants  with  leafy  stems,  forming  dense  mats;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 

3  to  5  mm.  long,  densely  crowded,  hairy  on  the  margins;  flower  stalks  1  to  3  cm.  long, 
1-flowered;  petals  8  to  9  mm.  long. 

Very  showy  when  in  flower. 

2.  Saxifraga  bronchialis  L.  Common  saxifrage.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes, 
on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides,  sometimes  even  on  prairie.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia.  {S.  austromontana  Wiegand;  Leptasea  austromontana  Small.)— Plants 
5  to  15  cm.  high,  forming  dense  mats;  leaves  lanceolate,  5  to  12  mm.  long,  spine- 
tipped,  hairy  on  the  margins,  crowded  and  overlapping;  petals  about  5  mm.  long, 
white;  with  dark  red  dots. 

In  dry  places  the  leaves  are  often  purplish;  they  are  disagreeably  prickly. 

3.  Saxifraga  adscendens  L.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  rocky  slopes.  B.  C. 
and  Alta.  to  Colo.;  also  in  Eur.  {Muscaria  adscendens  Small.) — Plants  3  to  10  cm. 
high,  not  tufted,  very  viscid;  leaves  mostly  basal,  4  to  10  mm.  long,  wedge-shaped; 
petals  3  mm.  long,  white.  ^ 

An  inconspicuous  plant,  easily  overlooked . 

4.  Saxifraga  caespitosa  L.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  rock  slides  or  moist 
cliffs.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  {Muscaria  caespitosa 
Haw.)— Plants  2  to  10  cm.  high,  often  matted,  finely  glandular-hairy;  leaves  5  to  15 
mm.  long;  flower  stalks  1  to  3-flowered;  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long,  white. 

6.  Saxifraga  cernua  L.  Occasional  on  alpine  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex., 
Lab.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  usually  solitary,,  erect,  8  to  15 
cm.  high;  leaves  kidney-shaped,  1  to  2  cm.  wide,  shallowly  5  or  7-lobed;  petals 
white,  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

6.  Saxifraga  rivularis  L.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  moist 
cliffs.  Alaska  to  Wyo.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Plants  2  to  10 
cm.  high,  very  slender,  loosely  matted;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  kidney-shaped, 

4  to  10  mm.  broad,  with  3  or  5  broad  lobes;  petals  white,  3  to  5  mm.  long. 

Specimens  from  Sperry  Glacier,  reported  as  .S.  dehilis  Engelm.,  a  closely  related 
species,  are  Romanzoffia  sitchensis  Bong. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  357 

7.  Saxifraga  arguta  Don.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  shady  mossy  banks. 
B.  0.  and  Mont,  to  N.  Mex.  and  Calif.  {Micranthes  arguta  Small.)— Stems  20  to  40 
cm.  hi^h,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  loosely  branched  above;  leaves  long-petioled,  rounded 
or  kidney-shaped,  3  to  8  cm.  wide,  coarsely  toothed;  petals  3  mm.  long,  white,  with  2 
yellow  spots  below  the  middle. 

8.  Saxifraga  lyallii  Engl.  Redstem  saxifrage.  Common  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows  or  on  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Mont.  {Mia-anthes  lyallii  Small.) — Stems 
10  to  25  cm.  high,  usually  purple  or  red,  glabrous;  leaves  fan-shaped,  2  to  4  cm.  long, 
coarsely  toothed;  cymes  open  and  loosely  flowered;  petals  3  to  4  mm.  long,  white, 
with  2  yellow  spots  below  the  middle. 

In  wet  alpine  meadows,  especially  along  brooks,  this  saxifrage  is  often  abundant 
and  forms  dense  carpets.  The  purplish  stems  and  bright  green  leaves  are  most 
attractive. 

9.  Saxifraga  mertensiana  Bong.  Frequent  above  or  near  timber  line,  on  wet 
cliffs;  sometimes  on  cliffs  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont.  (Heterisia 
mertensiana  Small.)— Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  brittle,  loosely  hairy;  leaves  2  to  6 
cm.  wide,  shallowly  lobed,  the  lobes  3-toothed;  inflorescence  loosely  branched,  often 
with  bulblets;  petals  white,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

10.  Saxifraga  rhomboidea  Greene.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rocky  slopes;  sometimes  about  snow  banks  at  middle  altitudes.  Mont,  to  N.  Mex. 
(Micranthes  rhomboidea  Small.)— Stems  10  to  25  cm.  high;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette, 
oblong  or  ovate,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  with  low  obtuse  teeth,  the  petioles  short  and  winged; 
petals  3  to  4  mm.  long,  white. 

11.  Saxifraga  brunoniana  Bong.  Frequent  above  or  near  timber  line,  on  cliffs  or 
open  slopes;  sometimes  on  cliffs  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Oreg.  and  Colo- 
(Spatularia  brunoniana  Small;  S.  vreelandii  Small. )-"Plants  10  to  40  cm.  high,  very 
viscid;  leaves  spatulate,  2  to  8  cm.  long,  toothed;  flowers  mostly  replaced  by  green 
bulblets;  petals  white,  3.5  to  5  mm.  long. 

41.  GROSSULARIACEAE.     Gooseberry  Family. 

Fruit  black,  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  pedicels  jointed  below  the  flowers  .  1.  RIBES. 
Fruit  wine-red,  glabrous;  pedicels  not  jointed     2.  GROSSULARIA. 

1.  RIBES  L. 

Plants  spiny  or  unarmed;  leaves  alternate,  broad;  flowers  in  racemes;  sepals  and 
petals  each  5;  stamens  5;  fruit  a  juicy  berry.— The  cultivated  currants  belong  to 
this  genus. 
Plants  without  spines  or  bristles;  stems  and  leaves  covered  with  fine  sticky  hairs. 

1.  R.  viscosisslmum. 
Plants  usually  with  spines  or  bristles  or  both;  stems  and  leaves  not  viscid-hairy. 

2.  R.  lacustre. 

1.  Ribes  viseosissimum  Pursh.  Sticky  currant.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  usually  in  thin  woods.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.— Shrub,  a  meter 
high  or  less;  leaves  rounded,  kidney-shaped,  5  to  8  cm.  wide,  shallowly  lobed;  flowers 
few,  greenish,  about  14  mm.  long;  fruit  covered  with  short  gland-tipped  hairs. 

This  shrub  is  nowhere  abundant,  and  usually  only  one  or  two  plants  are  found  in  a 
place.  The  leaves  are  so  sticky  that  it  is  unpleasant  to  handle  them,  and  they  catch 
and  hold  dust. 

2.  Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  Spiny  currant.  Plate  49,  B.  Common  up  to 
timber  line,  usually  in  woods' or  along  cliffs.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and 
Newf.  (Lirnnohotryn  lacustris  Rydb.;  Ribes  lacustre  parvuhim  A.  Gray.)— Shrub, 
0.6  to  1.5  meters  high,  very  spiny  and  prickly;  leaves  glabrous,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  with 
obtuse  lobes,  often  shining;  flowers  greenish  or  purplish. 


358         co>:tpjbutions  from  the  national  herbarium. 

Abundant  in  many  places;  a  characteristic  shrub  about  alpine  meadows.  The 
fruit  is  sour  and  somewhat  bitter.     The  flowers  last  a  long  time. 

2.  GROSSULARIA  Mill. 

1.  Grossularia  inermis  (Rydb.)  Coville  &  Britton.  Wild  gooseberry.  Common 
in  woods  and  thickets  at  low  and  middle  altitudes;  often  associated  with  aspens. 
B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Calif.  {Ribes  inerme  Rydb.)— Shrub,  a  meter  high  or 
less,  with  few  or  no  spines;  leaves  glabrous,  lobed;  flowers  5  to  6  mm.  long,  greenish 
and  inconspicuous;  sepals  and  petals  each  5;  stamens  5. 

The  fruit,  which  is  borne  in  abundance,  is  of  good  flavor  when  ripe.  Wild  goose- 
berries are  very  abundant  in  the  thickets  along  Swiftcurrent  Creek  below  Lake 
McDermott. 

42.  ROSACEAE.  Rose  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple  or  compound,   alternate,   usually  with  stipules; 
sepals  usually  5;  petals  as  many  as  the  sepals;  stamens  usually  many,  most  commonly 
20;  fruit  dry  or  fleshy. 
Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed;  plants  with  woody  stems. 

Plants  prostrate,  forming  mats;  petals  8  to  10;  fruit  of  achenes  with  long  hairy 

tails     8-  CRYAS. 

Plants  erect  shrubs;  petals  5;  fruit  not  of  tailed  achenes. 

Leaves  large,  10  to  20  cm.  broad ;  fruit  like  a  raspberry 11.  RUBTJS. 

Leaves  small,  much  less  than  10  cm.  broad;  fruit  dry. 

Flowers  in  pointed  panicles;  fruit  of  small  achenes    ...  3.  SERICOTHECA. 
Flowers  in  flat-topped  corymbs;  fruit  of  small  pods. 

Leaves  lobed;   fruit  of   2    pods 1.  OPTJLASTER. 

Leaves  toothed  but  not  lobed;  fruit  usually  of  5  pods    ....  2.  SPIRAEA. 
Leaves  compound,  composed  of  3  or  more  leaflets. 

Plants  shrubby,  sometimes  armed  with  prickles  or  bristles. 

Plants  neither  prickly  nor  bristly;  flowers  yellow 4.  POTENTILLA. 

Plants  prickly  or  bristly  or  both;  flowers  white  or  pink. 

Flowers  white;  fruit  like  a  raspberry  or  blackberry 11.  RTJBTJS. 

Flowers  pink;  fruit  red,  smooth  outside,  open  at  the  top,  containing  numerous 

seedlike  achenes  on  the  inside 12.  ROSA. 

Plants  herbaceous,  unarmed. 
.Leaflets  3  or  5,  all  attached  at  the  end  of  the  leaf  stalk. 

Plants  with  runners  or  long  creeping  stems;  petals  white;  fruit  juicy. 
Leaflets  3;  fruit  red  and  fleshy,  bearing  the  seedlike  achenes  on  the  out- 
side         6.  FRAGARIA. 

Leaflets  5;  fruit  of  a  few  small  distinct  1-seeded  drupes    ....  11.  RUBUS. 
Plants  without  runners;  petals  yellow;  fruit  dry. 

Stamens  5;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals;  plants  10  cm.  high  or  smaller. 

7.   SIBBALDIA. 
Stamens  usually  20;  petals  commonly  much  longer  than  the  sepals;  plants 

usually  much  more  than  10  cm.  high 4.  POTENTILLA. 

Leaflets  5  or  usually  more,  some  of  them  attached  along  the  side  of  the  leaf  stalk. 
Achenes  tailed  or  beaked  in  age. 

Achenes  with  hooked  beaks 9-  GETJM. 

Achenes  with  slender  hairy  tails 10.  SIEVERSIA. 

Achenes  neither  tailed  nor  beaked. 

Style  borne  near  the  top  of  the  achene;  petals  bright  yellow  or  rarely  purple; 

plants  not  sticky 4-  POTENTILLA. 

Style  borne  near  the  base  of  the  achene;  petals  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white; 
plants  with  fine  sticky  hairs 5.  DRYMOCALLIS. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  359 

1.  OPUL ASTER  Medic. 

1.  Opulaster  malvaceus  (Greene)  Kuntze.  Ninebark.  Belton,  in  woods  or  on 
open  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Utah,  and  Mont.  (Pkysocarpus  malvaceus 
Kuntze.) — Shrub,  about  a  meter  higli,  with  loose  shredded  bark;  leaves  2  to  6  cm. 
wide,  stalked,  rounded,  3  or  5rlobed  and  with  rounded  teeth,  glabrous  or  with 
branched  hairs;  flowers  white,  in  dense  flat-topped  clusters;  petals  about  5  mm. 
long;   fruit  of  2  pods  about  5  mm.  long. 

A  handsome  shrub  when  in  flower. 

2.  SPIRAEA  L. 

Shrubs  with  toothed  leaves;  flowers  in  flat-topped  panicles,  smoll;  fruit  of  5  small 
pods. 

Flowers  deep  reddish  pink 1.  S.  densiflora. 

Flowers  white 2.  S.  lucida. 

1.  Spiraea  densiflora  Nutt.  Pink  meadowsweet.  Common  just  above  timber 
line  in  wet  meadows  or  on  open  slopes,  also  in  open  or  brushy  places  at  middle  altitudes. 
B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — Slender  shrub,  0.5  to  1.5  meters  high,  with  reddish 
brown  branches;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  bright  green,  toothed  above 
the  middle,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;   panicles  narrow,  dense;   petals  1.5  mm.  long. 

A  showy  shrub,  with  very  sweet-scented  flowers,  which  last  only  a  short  time. 
Their  fragrance  is  often  noticeable  before  the  plants  themselves  are  seen. 

2.  Spiraea  lucida  Dougl.  White  meadowsweet.  Common  at  lowland  middle 
altitudes,  among  aspens,  in  thin  woods,  or  on  open  slopes,  sometimes  extending  up 
to  or  even  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Sask. — Low  shrub,  30  to  60 
cm.  high,  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  2  t(^  6  cm.  long,  glabrous^ 
rather  pale,  coarsely  toothed;    petals  2  mm.  long. 

The  flowers  are  nearly  odorless;   they  last  a  long  time. 

3.  SERICOTHECA  Raf. 

1.  Sericotiieca  discolor  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Mountain-spray.  Frequent  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  especially  on  the  west  slope,  in  thin  woods  or  on  open  rocky  hill- 
sides; abundant  about  Sun  Camp;  rare  in  the  Many  Glacier  region.  B.  C.  to  Calif, 
and  Mont. — Slender  shrub,  1  to  2  meters  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  toothed,  4  to  10 
cm.  long,  hairy;  flowers  creamy  wliite,  in  dense  pointed  panicles  10  to  20  cm.  long; 
petals  1.5  to  2  mm.  long;   fruit  of  small  hairy  achenes  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

A  handsome  shrub,  which  remains  in  flower  nearly  all  summer.  The  fiowers'are 
slightly  fragmnt. 

4.  POTENTILLA  L.     Cinquefoil. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  compound,  with  3  or  more  digitate  or  pinnate  leaflets; 
flowers  in  cymes  or  rarely  solitary;  petals  yellow  or  sometimes  purple;  stamens 
usually  20;  fruit  of  small  achenes. 

Plants  shrubby 1.  P.  fruticosa. 

Plants  herbaceous. 
Leaflets  3. 
Cymes  very  leafy;    leaflets  green  on  both  sides;    plants  not  tufted. 

2.  P.  monspeliensis. 
Cymes  not  leafy;    leaflets  white-woolly  beneath;    plants  in  dense  tufts  or  mats. 

9.  P.  nivea. 
Leaflets  5  or  more. 

Leaves  pinnate,  some  of  the  leaflets  attached  along  the  sides  of  the  petiole. 

Plants  with  long  runners;    flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves  on  the 

runners 16.  P.  anserina. 


360         coxtributioj^s  from  the  national  herbarium. 

Plants  without  runners;  flowers  in  cy^es. 

Petals  purple 17.  P.  palustris. 

Petals  yellow. 

Leaflets  almost  equally  white-hairy  on  both  surfaces  .  ...  3.  P.  hippiana. 
Leaflets  green  on  the  upper  surface. 
Leaflets  toothed;   style  longer  than  the  mature  achene,  slender. 

4.  P.  pulcherrima. 
Leaflets  deeply  lobed ;    style  not  longer  than  the  achene,  thickened  ut 
the  base. 

Leaflets  7  to  15,  grayish  beneath 6.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

Leaflets  usually  5,  white  beneath 6.  P.  platyloba. 

Leaves  digitate,  the  leaflets  all  attached  at  the  end  of  the  petiole. 
Leaflets  not  at  all  woolly  beneath,  the  pubescence  of  straight  hairs. 

Leaflets  nearly  glabrous 7.  P.  glaucophylla. 

Leaflets  densely  hairy  on  one  or  both  surfaces 8.  P.  nuttallii. 

Leaflets  with  woolly  matted  hairs  on  the  lower  surface. 
Leaflets  5,  1  to  2  cm.  long;    plants  10  to  15  cm.  high. 

10.  P.  quinquefolia. 
Leaflets  more  than  5  in  most  of  the  leaves,  usually  more  than  3  cm.  long; 

plants  commonly  20  to  60  cm.  high. 
Leaflets  divided  more  than  halfway  to  the  margin  into  narrow  lobes. 

11.  P.  blaschkeana. 
Leaflets  toothed  or  lobed  less  than  halfway  to  the  margin. 

Leaflets  shallowly  t<-othed,  with  rounded  or  obtuse  teeth. 

12.  P.  filipes. 
Leaflets  deeply  tcothed,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong,  often  acutish  teeth. 

Petioles  with  loosely  spreading  hairs 13.  P.  gracilis. 

Petioles  with  appressed  or  ascending  hairs. 

Inflorescence  dense,  leafy;  leaflets  white  beneath  .  14.  P.  dichroa. 

Inflorescence   loose   and   open,    not  leafy;     leaflets   grayish   green 

beneath 15.  P.  viridescens. 

1.  Potentilla  fruticosa  L.  Bush  cinquefoil.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes, 
chiefly  on  open  slopes  or  in  meadows;  abundant  in  low  places  on  prairie.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (Dasiphora  fruticosa  Rydb.) — 
Densely  branched  shrub,  0.3  to  1  meter  high,  with  shredded  bark;  leaves  pinnate, 
the  leaflets  3  to  7,  silky-hairy,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  entire;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small 
clusters,  1.5  to  3  cm.  broad. 

A  conspicuous  shrub  when  covered  with  the  bright  yellow  flowers.  Above  timber 
line  the  plants  are  sometimes  prostrate.  One  plant  was  noticed  which  had  creamy 
white  flowers. 

2.  Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  meadows, 
woods,  or  thickets,  or  on  slopes,  sometimes  in  sphagnum  bops.  Widely  distributed 
in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Plants  biennial,  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  hiph,  very  leafy, 
loosely  hairy;  leaflets  3  to  7  cm.  long,  toothed;  petals  slightly  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

3.  Potentilla  hippiana  Lehm.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
prairie  or  open  hillsides.  Alta.  and  Sask.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. — Stems  stout,  20  to 
50  cm.  high;  leaflets  7  to  11,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed;  petals  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

4.  Potentilla  pulcherrima  Lehm.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  middle  altitudes 
or  above  timber  line,  on  open  hillsides.  Alta.  and  Sask.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Utah. — 
Stems  25  to  50  cm.  high,  hairy;  leaflets  5  or  7,  1.5  to  6  cm.  long,  white-woolly  beneath, 
the  lower  leaflets  smaller  than  the  others;    petals  5  to  7  mm.  long. 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  361 

5.  Potentilla  pennsylvanica  L.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  on  prairie  or  open  slopes. 
Yukon  to  B.  C,  N.  Mex.,  and  Kans— Stems  stout,  30  to  00  cm.  high;  leaflets  1  to  7 
cm.  long,  with  linear  or  oblong  lobes;  petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
•  6.  Potentilla  platyloba  Rydb.  St.  Mary,  on  rocky  flats.  Alta.  to  Colo.— Stems 
stout,  30  to  50  cm.  high;  leaflets  2  to  6  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  beneath;  petals 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

7.  Potentilla  glaucophylla  Lehm.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rocky  slopes  or  rock  slides;  sometimes  at  middle  u  Uudes,  on  moist  open  slopes. 
B.  C.  to  Sask.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Utah.— Stems  slender,  10  to  50  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous; 
leaflets  1  to  5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  green;  petals  6  to  10  mm.  long. 

8.  Potentilla  nuttallii  Lehm.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, in  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Sask.— 
Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high,  hairy;  leaflets  3  to  10  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed;  petals  6 
to  8  mm.  lone. 

9.  Potentilla  nivea  L.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  on  rocky  slopes;  sometimes 
about  snow  banks  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in 
Eur.  and  Asia.— Plants  densely  tufted,  10  to  20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal,  the 
leaflets  1  to  2  cm.  long,  obovate,  green  above,  white  beneath,  deeply  toothed;  flowers 

1  to  6,  12  to  15  mm.  broad. 

10.  Potentilla  quinquefolia  Rydb.  Exposed  summits,  Mt.  Henry  and  Sexton 
Glacier.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Sask.— Plants  densely  matted;  leaflets  deeply  toothed, 
green  above,  white  beneath;   petals  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

11.  Potentilla  blaschkeana  Turcz.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  thickets  or  on 
prairie  or  open  slopes.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  Calif.-Stems  40  to  60  cm.  high, 
silky -hairy;  leaflets  4  to  9  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  beneath;  petals  7  to  10  mm. 
long. 

12.  Potentilla  filipes  Rydb.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
thickets  or  on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Man.— Stems  stout,  20 
to  50  cm.  high,  silky-hairy;  leaflets  2  to  6  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  beneath; 
petals  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

13  Potentilla  gracilis  Dougl.  Occasional  at  low  or  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or 
on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Mont.-Stems  30  to  70  cm.  high,  hairy;  leaflets 
3  to  6  cm.  long,  green  above,  whitish  beneath;  petals  nearly  1  cm.  long. 

14.  Potentilla  dichroa  Rydb.  Dry  rocky  hilltop  near  foot  of  Lake  McDermott. 
Oreg.  to  Utah  and  Mont.— Stems  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  densely  white-hairy;  leaflets 

2  to  6  cm.  long,  green  above,  white  beneath;  petals  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

15.  Potentilla  viridescens  Rydb.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
thickets  or  on  prairie.  Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  Man.— Stems  stout,  30  to  60  cm.  high, 
silky-hairy;  leaflets  3  to  5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed;  petals  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals. 

16.  Potentilla  anserina  L.  Silverweed.  In  thickets  and  about  low  places  on 
prairie  at  east  entrance.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.  {Argentma 
anserina  Rydb.)— Leaflets  9  to  31,  obovate  or  oval,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  white-silky  beneath;  petals  rounded,  7  to  10  mm.  long,  yellow. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  employed  the  root  as  a  remedy  for  diarrhea.  Potentilla 
anserina  concolor  Seringe  {Argentina  argeiitea  Rydb.)  is  a  form  v.'ith  leaflets  densely 
silvery-silky  on  both  surfaces.  It  grows  with  the  typical  form,  and  is  found  about 
the  east  entrance. 

17.  Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  Marshlocks.  Sphagnum  bogs  on  the  west 
slope.     Alaska  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.     {Comarum  palustre  L.)-Perennial, 


362  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

20  to  40  cm.  high,  slightly  hairy,  with  long  rootstocks;  leaflets  5  or  7,  oval  or  elliptic, 

5  to  8  cm.  long,  pale  beneath;  calyx  enlarging  in  fruit  and  becoming  purplish;  petals 

about  half  as  long  as  the  sepals;  fruit  of  achenes  on  a  receptacle,  this  becoming  large 

and  spongy. 

5.  DRYMOCALLIS  Fourr. 

Perennial  herbs  with  viscid  pubescence;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  broad,  deeply 
toothed;  flowers  in  cymes;  petals  cream-colored  or  pale  yellow;  fruit  of  numerous 
small  achenes. 

Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  plants  usually  30  to  60  cm.  high    .  1.  D.  glandulosa. 
Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals;  plants  usually  15  to  20  cm.  high. 

2.  D.  pseudorupestris. 

1.  Drymocallis  glandulosa  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex., 
and  S.  Dak. — Plants  very  hairy  and  viscid;  leaflets  7  or  9,  green,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long, 
coarsely  toothed  and  often  lobed. 

2.  Drymocallis  pseudorupestris  Rydb.  Frequent  at  middle  and  high  altitudes, 
on  open  rocky  slopes  or  rock  slides,  sometimes  in  woods.  Alta.  to  Idaho  and  Wyo. — 
Plants  hairy  and  viscid,  usually  tufted ;  leaflets  7  or  9,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  flowers  1.5  to  2 

cm.  broad. 

6.  FRAGARIA  L.     Strawberry. 

Perennial,  with  long  runners;  leaves  basal,  the  3  leaflets  broad,  toothed;  petals 
white,  obtuse;  fruit  of  numerous  seedlike  achenes  on  a  fleshy  red  receptacle. 
Plants  green,  not  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  leaflets  usually  acute    ....  1.  F.  bracteata. 
Plants  pale  and  somewhat  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  leaflets  rounded  or  obtuse. 

Hairs  of  the  petioles  appressed     2.  F.  glauca. 

Hairs  of  the  petioles  spreading 3.  F.  platypetala. 

1.  Fragaria  bracteata  Heller.  Frequent,  especially  on  the  west  slope,  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mont. — 
Pubescence  mostly  of  spreading  hairs;  leaflets  thin,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  pale  beneath; 
petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

2.  Fragaria  glauca  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
sometimes  near  timber  line,  in  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex. 
and  S.  Dak. — Leaflets  rather  thick,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  silky-hairy 
beneath  or  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  1.5  to  2  cm.  broad. 

3.  Fragaria  platypetala  Rydb.  Occasional  in  woods  or  thickets  at  middle  altitudes, 
and  sometimes  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — Leaflets 
rather  thick,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  silky-hairy  beneath;  flowers  1.5  to  2  cm.  broad. 

7.  SIBBALDIA  L. 

1.  Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  and  on  rock 
slides;  occasionally  found  at  lower  altitudes,  a  few  plants  even  at  the  east  entrance. 
Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Perennial 
with  short  rootstocks,  10  cm.  high  or  less,  somewhat  hairy;  leaves  slender-stalked, 
the  3  narrow  leaflets  1  to  3  cm.  long,  3  to  5-toothed  near  the  end;  flowers  few,  in 
dense  cymes;  petals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  fruit  of  small  achenes. 

The  plant  often  forms  dense  carpets  in  alpine  meadows. 

8.  DRYAS  L.     Dryad.  '  , 

Low  prostrate  shrubs,  forming  dense  mats;  leaves  petioled,  with  low  rounded 
teeth,  thick  and  leathery,  white-woolly  beneath;  flowers  solitary  on  naked  stems; 
Sepals  and  petals  each  8  or  10;  fruit  of  numerous  achenes,  each  with  a  long  hairy  tail. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  363 

Petals  white,  spreading;  leaves  broadly  rounded  or  notched  at  the  base. 

1.  D.  octopetala. 
Petals  yellow,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base  .  .  2.  D.  drummondii. 

1.  Dryas  octopetala  L.  White  dryad.  Plate  48,  B.  Common  above  timber  line, 
on  rocky  slopes  and  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Colo.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. 
and  Asia. — Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  6  to  20  mm.  long,  green  and  nearly  glabrous  on 
the  upper  surface;  stems  5  to  15  cm.  long;  calyx  black-hairy;  petals  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

A  handsome  plant,  whose  flowers  soon  fade.  It  appears  to  be  more  abundant  at 
Piegan  Pass  than  elsewhere,  and  in  some  alpine  localities  it  is  rare  or  absent. 

2.  Dryas  drummondii  Richards.  Yellow  dryad.  Occasional  above  timber  line, 
on  rock  slides  or  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Mont.,  and  Que. — Leaves  1  to  3  cm. 
long,  green  on  the  upper  surface;  stems  5  to  15  cm.  high;  calyx  black-hairy;  petals 
about  1  cm.  long. 

This  plant,  strangely  enough,  is  abimdant  on  rocky  flats  along  the  creek  at  St. 
Mary,  and  grows  more  luxuriantly  there  than  at  high  altitudes.  Evidently  the  seeds 
have  been  carried  dowTi  by  water. 

9.  GEUM  L.     AvENS. 

Perennial  hairy  herbs  with  rootstocks;  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  much 
larger  than  the  others;  flowers  in  cymes;  fruit  of  numerous  achenes,  each  with  a 
hooked  beak. — The  achenes  adhere  readily  to  clothing  by  means  of  their  beaks. 

Sepals  ascending,  deep  red;  petals  pinkish  or  pale  yellow 1.  G.  rivale. 

Sepals  reflexed,  green;  petals  bright  yellow. 
Lower  part  of  the  style  glandular;  petals  narrowed  at  the  base. 

2.  G.  macrophyllum. 
Lower  joint  of  the  style  hairy  but  not  glandular;  petals  rounded  at  the  base. 

3.  G.  strictum. 

1.  Geum  rivale  L.  Purple  avens.  Swampy  woods  below  Lake  McDermott. 
B.  C.  to  N.  Hex.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems  30  to  80  cm.  high, 
hairy;  terminal  leaflet  4  to  10  cm.  long,  often  broader  than  long,  lobed  and  toothed; 
petals  clawed,  7  to  10  mm.  long. 

2.  Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.  Yellow  avens.  Common  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  in  bogs,  or  on  brushy  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
Mont.,  N.  H.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Asia.— Plants  30  to  80  cm.  high,  very  hairy;  leaflets 
5  to  15,  the  terminal  one  5  to  10  cm.  wdde,  lobed  and  toothed;  petals  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

3.  Geum  strictum  Soland.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
meadc^-s  or  swamps.  B.  C.  to  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  Newf. — Stems  40  to  80  cm.  high, 
hairy;  leaflets  5  to  9  or  more,  toothed  and  often  deeply  lobed;  stem  leaves  usually 
with  3  leaflets;  petals  5  to  8  mm.  long;  fruit  heads  about  1.5  cm.  thick. 

10.  SIEVERSIA  Willd. 

Perennial  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks;  leaves  mostly  basal,  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
deeply  lobed ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes;  fruit  of  numerous  achenes,  these  sometimes 
with  hairy  tails. 

Leaflets  nearly  glabrous;  petals  yellow;  tails  of  the  achenes  glabrous. 

1.  S.  turbinata. 

Leaflets  densely  hairy;  petals  pinkish;  tails  of  the  achenes  hairy   ....  2.  S.  ciliata. 

1.  Sieversia   turbinata    (Rydb.)    Greene.     Piegan    Pass,    on   open    rocky   slopes. 

Mont,  to  Nev.  and  N.  Mex.     (Acomastylis  turbinata  Greene.)- — Plants  5  to  20  cm. 

high,  densely  tufted;  leaflets  11  to  31,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  narrow;  petals  6  to  8 

mm.  long. 


364  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

2.  Sieversia  ciliata  (Pursh)  Don.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex. — Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high, 
few-flowered;  leaves  10  to  20  cm.  long;  leaflets  9  to  19;  petals  slightly  longer  than 
the  sepals. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  are  said  to  have  used  a  decoction  of  the  plant  as  a  remedy 
for  sore  eyes. 

11.  RTJBUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  often  prickly  or  bristly;  leaves  compound  and  pinnate  or  digitate, 
or  sometimes  simple;  flowers  in  corymbs  or  racemes,  rarely  solitary;  stamens 
numerous;  petals  white;  fruit  of  few  or  many  small  fleshy  drupes,  these  united  or 
distinct. 

Leaves  simple,  lobed;  stems  unarmed 1.  R.  parviflorus. 

Leaves  compound,  with  3  or  more  leaflets;  stems  often  prickly  or  bristly. 

Stems  herbaceous,  unarmed,  creeping;  leaflets  5,  digitate 2.  B.  pedatus. 

Stems  woody,  armed  with  prickles  or  bristles;  leaflets  various. 

Stems  prostrate,  armed  ^\^.th  recurved  prickles;  leaves  digitate,  and  often  again 
pinnate,  the  leaflets  deeply  lobed;  fruit  a  blackberry    .  .  .  3.  R.  laciniatus. 
Stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  with  straight  prickles  or  bristles;  leaves  mostly  pinnate, 
the  3  leaflets  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed;  fruit  a  raspberrj'. 

Fruit  red;  stems  bristly  and  with  gland-tipped  hairs 4.  R.  strigosus. 

Fruit  purplish  black;  stems  prickly,  glabrous  ........  5.  R.  leucodermis. 

1.  Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Thimbleberry.  Common  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, usually  in  dense  woods,  sometimes  extending  to  timber  line.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ont.  (Rubacer  parviflorum  Rydb.) — Shrub,  0.5  to  1  meter  high, 
finely  hairy;  leaves  maple-like,  5  to  30  cm.  wide,  3  or  5-lobed;  flowers  panicled; 
petals  rounded  or  oval,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long;  fruit  like  a  raspberry,  pale  red,  1.5  to  2  cm. 
broad. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  plants  of  deep  moist  woods,  often  covering  almost 
solidly  many  acres  of  ground.  The  large  flowers  are  conspicuous.  The  fruit  is  soft 
and  collapses  when  picked;  it  is  rather  dry  and  of  poor  flavor.  It  hangs  on  the 
bushes  a  long  time  and  often  sours. 

2.  Rubus  pedatus  Smith.  Seen  by  the  writer  only  on  the  Avalanche  Lake  trail, 
on  mossy  banks  in  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Mont.,  and  Alta.— Stems  very 
slender,  creeping;  the  flowering  branches  short;  leaflets  thin,  1  to  5  cm.  long, 
irregularly  toothed;    flowers  solitary;  fruit  of  1  to  5  loose  red  drupelets. 

In  general  appearance  the  plant  bears  little  resemblance  to  a  raspberry  or  black- 
berry.    The  fruit  is  of  good  flavor,  but  it  is  too  small  to  be  edible. 

3.  Rubus  laciniatus  Willd.  Cutleaf  blackberry.  A  few  plants  in  thin  woods 
at  Lewis's.— Stems  long  and  slender,  very  prickly;  leaflets  5,  each  one  deeply  lobed 
or  more  often  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets,  green,  nearly  glabrous;  petals  about  1  cm. 
long;  fruit  black,  globose,  12  to  15  mm.  in  diameter. 

Doubtless  escaped  from  cultivation  here.  The  native  region  of  this  species  is  not 
definitely  known;  it  is  often  cultivated  and  has  become  naturalized  on  the  Pacific 
coast. 

4.  Rubus  strigosus  Michx.  Red  raspberry.  Plate  50,  A.  Common  at  middle 
altitudes,  and  sometimes  at  low  altitudes  or  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  C,  and  Lab.  (R.  melanolasius  Focke.) — Shrub,  usually  0.5  to  1  meter 
high,  the  stems  brown  or  yellowish,  often  glaucous,  very  bristly;  leaflets  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute,  green  above,  closely  white-woolly  beneath;  petals  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

The  fruit  is  of  good  flavor,  but  the  seeds  are  very  large.  On  rock  slides  the  plants 
(as  shown  in  the  plate)  are  often  only  10  to  15  cm.  high,  but  such  small  plants  often 
fruit  abundantlv. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  365 

5    Rubus  leucodermis    Dougl.      Black     raspberry.     Frequent     about      Lake 

McDonald,  usually  in  rather  thin  woods.     B.  0.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont.-Stenis 

^bout  a  meter  high,  glaucous,  prickly;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  white 

beneath;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

The  fruit  is  of  good  flavor. 

12.  ROSA  L.     Rose. 

Shrubs,  usually  armed  with  prickles;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  toothed;  flowers 
larc^e  solitary  ©/clustered,  the  petals  pink;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  red  or  orange, 
consisting  of  a  thickened  fleshv  wall  (hypanthium),  with  numerous  seedlike  achenes 
on  the  inside.— The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  a  drink  made  from  the  roots  as  a  remedy 
for  diarrhea.  Doubtless  they,  like  other  American  Indians,  ate  the  fruits,  at  least 
in  times  of  famine. 

-Sepals  early  falling  from  the  fruit 1-  R-  fymnocarpa. 

:Sepals  remaining  upon  the  top  of  the  fruit. 

Stems  without  a  pair  of  prickles  just  below  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

Fruit  pear-shaped,  with  a  distinct  neck 2.  R.  acicularis. 

Fruit  globose,  almost  without  a  neck 3.  R.  bourgeauiana. 

Stems  usually  with  a  pair  of  prickles  just  below  the  base  of  each  petiole. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary;  fruit  usually  about  1.5  cm.  thick   ....  4.  R.  nutkana. 
Flowers  mostly  clustered;  fruit  usually  1  cm.  thick  or  less. 

Fruit  pear-shaped,  with  a  distinct  neck 5.  R.  pynfera. 

Fruit  globose,  the  neck  usually  none. 

Petioles  with  fine  glands  and  glandular  hairs 6.  R.  fendlen. 

Petioles  without  glands. ' 

Leaflets  glabrous  beneath  or  nearly  so 7.  R.  woodsu. 

Leaflets  finely  pubescent  beneath 8.  R.  ultramontana. 

1  Rosa  gymnocarpa  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  west  slope  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, in  thin  or  deep  woods.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont.-Slender  shrub,  usually  about 
60  cm.  high,  armed  with  slender  straight  prickles;  leaflets  5  or  7,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  thm, 
•glabrous;  flowers  solitary;  petals  1  to  2  cm.  long;  fruit  8  to  10  mm.  long. 

A  rather  handsome  shrub  when  in  fruit.  The  berry-like  fruit  is  different  m 
appearance  from  that  of  our  other  roses. 

2  Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.  Occasional  on  the  west  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  lake 
shores  and  brushv  hillsides.  Alaska  to  Wyo.,  Mich.,  and  N.  Y.-About  1  meter 
high;  leaflets  3  to  9,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long,  pale  beneath  and  finely  hairy;  petals  2  to  2.5 
cm.  long;  fruit  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

3.  Rosa  bourgeauiana  Crep.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or 
thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Ont.— Usually  0.5  to  1  meter  high, 
with  very  numerous  straight  prickles;  leaflets  mostly  5  or  7,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  pale 
beneath  and  finely  pubescent;  petals  2  to  2.5  cm.  long;  fruit  1  to  1.5  cm.  thick. 

The  most  common  rose  of  the  park. 

4.  Rosa  nutkana  Presl.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  thickets  or  along  moist 
cliffs.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Wyo.— Usually  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  armed  with  straight 
prickles;  leaflets  5  to  9,  1.5  to  5  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous;  petals  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

6.  Rosa  pyrifera  Rydb.  Low  thickets  about  Lake  McDonald.  Wash,  to  Calif., 
Wyo.,  and  Mont.— Plants  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  armed  with  a  few  straight  prickles; 
leaflets  5  or  7,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  pale  beneath  and  finely  hairy;  petals  about  2  cm.  long; 
fruit  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

About  Bel  ton  there  is  a  curious  form  of  this  species  with  wholly  unarmed  stems. 

6.  Rosa  fendleri  Crep.  Belton,  in  thin  woods.  Mont,  to  Ariz.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
S.  Dak.— About  a  meter  high,  armed  with  slender  straight  prickles;  leaflets  5  or  7, 
1  to  3  cm.  long,  glandular  beneath;  petals  about  1.5  cm.  long. 


366  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE    NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

7.  Rosa  woodsii  Lindl.  East  entrance,  on  shale  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and 
N.  Dak. — Slender  slirub,  about  60  cm.  high,  armed  with  slender  straight  prickles; 
leaflets  5  or  7,  1  to  2  cm.  long;  fruit  8  to  10  mm.  thick. 

8.  Rosa  nltramontana  (S.  Wats.)  Heller.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low- 
altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets.  Oreg.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Slender  shrub,  about 
60  cm.  high,  armed  with  slender  straight  prickles;  leaflets  5  or  7,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long; 
petals  about  1.5  cm.  long;  fruit  8  to  10  mm.  thick. 

43.  MALACEAE.     Apple  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnate;  petals 
5,  wliite;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  fleshy,  somewhat  resembling  a  small  apple. — 
The  cultivated  apples,  pears,  and  quinces  belong  to  this  family. 

Leaves  pinnate,  with  numerous  leaflets     1.  SORBUS. 

Leaves  merely  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed. 

Branches  armed  with  stout  spines;  leaves  usually  somewhat  lobed;  flowers  in 

corymbs      2.  CRATAEGUS. 

Branches  unarmed ;  leaves  toothed  but  not  at  all  lobed ;  flowers  in  racemes. 

3.  AMELANCHIER. 
1.  SORBUS  L.     Mountain-ash. 

Unarmed  shrubs;   leaflets  toothed;   flowers  in  dense  cymes;   fruit  very  sour. 
Leaflets  very  acute,  toothed  to  near  the  base;  fruit  red;   calyx  not  glaucous. 

1.  S.  sambucifolia. 

Leaflets  mostly  rounded  or  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  entire  near  the  base; 

fruit  purplish;  calyx  somewhat  glaucous 2.  S.  sitchensis. 

1.  Sorbus  sambucifolia  (Cham.  &  Schlecht.)  Roem.  Frequent  at  low  and  some- 
times at  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Ariz.,  and 
Alta.;  also  in  Siberia.  (S.  scopuUjia  Greene.) — Shrub,  1  to  2  meters  high,  sometimes 
forming  dense  clumps;  leaflets  11  to  13,  elliptic-oblong,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so;   fruit  orange  or  scarlet,  6  to  8  mm.  in  diameter. 

2.  Sorbus  sitchensis  Roem.  Common,  usually  near  and  sometimes  above  timber 
line,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Oreg.  and  Mont.;  also  in  Japan.  {S. 
occidentalis  Greene.) — Shrub,  1  to  2.5  meters  high,  with  few  or  no  branches;  leaflets 
usually  9  or  11,  oval-oblong,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
petals  about  5  mm.  long;   fruit  turning  orange  and  finally  purple,  about  8  mm.  long. 

The  shrub  is  conspicuous  when  covered  with  the  large  clusters  of  handsome  fruit. 
The  flowers  are  sweet-scented.  The  leaves  turn  yellow  in  autumn,  and  even  in 
midsummer  they  are  often  discolored  with  yellow  spots,  due  to  the  presence  of  a  rust. 

2.  CRATAEGUS  L. 

1.  Crataegus  douglasii  Lindl.  Black  hawthorn.  Common  on  the  west  slope- 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  lake  shores  and  along  streams;  occasional  on  the  east 
slope  at  low  altitudes,  sometimes  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Mich. — 
Shrub  or  tree,  1  to  5  meters  high,  armed  with  short  stout  spines;  leaves  stalked, 
ovate  or  oval,  2  to  7  cm.  long,  toothed  and  lobed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers- 
white,  in  small  clusters;  fruit  purplish  black,  juicy. 

The  plants  on  the  east  slope  are  mostly  low  and  stunted;  they  are  rather  abundant 
along  the  shore  at  the  foot  of  St.  Mary  Lake.  The  leaves  often  turn  red  in  late  summer. 
The  fruit  is  edible,  but  of  rather  poor  quality;  it  is  much  more  juicy  than  in  the 
common  eastern  species. 

3.  AMELANCHIER  Medic. 

1.  Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt.  Serviceberry.  Common  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  Yukon  to  Colo.,  Nebr.,  and  Mich. — 
Slender  shrub,  0.5  to  2  meters  high,  nearly  glabrous;   leaves  oval  or  rounded,  2  to  6 


STANDLEY— FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  367 

cm.  long,  toothed;   petals  about  1  cm.  long;  fruit  6  to  10  mm.  long,  purple  or  nearly 
black,  with  a  pale  bloom. 

Known  also  as  juneberry  and  shadbush.  The  flowers  appear  early  in  the  sea- 
son. The  fruit  is  edible  but  of  rather  insipid  flavor;  in  dry  places  it  is  small  and 
almost  mealj'',  but  in  damp  situations  it  is  large  and  very  juicy.  It  was  much  used 
by  the  Indians  of  the  West,  who  often  dried  the  fruit  for  use  in  winter.  Among  the 
Blackfoot  Indians  serviceberries  were  the  most  important  vegetable  food.  They 
were  employed,  either  fresh  or  dried,  in  soups  or  stews.  In  exposed  places  the 
shrubs  are  sometimes  dwarfed  and  prostrate. 

44.  AMYGDALACEAE.     Almond  Family. 

1.  PRUNUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees;    leaves  alternate,   petioled,   finely  toothed;    flowers  white,   in 
racemes  or  corymbs;    sepals  and  petals  each  5;    stamens  15  to  30;    fruit  juicy,  con- 
taining a  single  seedlike  stone. — The  cultivated  plums,  prunes,  and  cherries  belong 
to  this  genus,  and  almonds,  apricots,  and  peaches  are  closely  related. 
Flowers  few,  in  corymbs;   petals  about  7  mm.  long;   leaves  with  rounded  teeth. 

1.  P.  corymbulosa. 

Flowers  numerous,  in  racemes,  these  leafy  at  the  base;    petals  about  5  mm.  long; 

leaves  with  acute  teeth 2.  P.  melanocarpa. 

1.  Prunus  corymbulosa  Rydb.  Pin  cherry.  Common  on  the  west  slope  at  low 
or  middle  altitudes,  on  open  rocky  slopes.  Mont,  and  Wyo. — Shrub,  0.5  to  1.5  meters 
high;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  acute,  glabrous;  flow^ers  3  to  6  in 
each  cluster;  fruit  oval,  red  or  red  and  yellow,  nearly  1  cm.  long. 

In  1919,  probably  because  of  the  dry  season,  few  bushes  bore  any  fruit.  The  fruit 
is  extremely  bitter. 

2.  Prunxis  melanocarpa  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  Chokecherry.  Common  at  low 
altitudes  and  occasional  at  middle  elevations,  usually  on  open  slopes  but  sometimes 
in  woods  or  along  lakes  and  streams.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak. — Shrub, 
0.5  to  2  meters  high  or  (on  the  west  slope)  sometimes  a  small  tree;  leaves  oval  or 
obovate,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  pale  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  fruit 
6  to  8  mm.  long,  red  to  nearly  black. 

The  fruit  is  edible,  but  the  flesh  is  scant  and  the  flavor  is  somewhat  bitter.  Among 
the  Blackfoot  Indians  chokecherries  were  eaten  raw,  and  they  were  added  to  soups, 
or,  pounded  up,  seeds  and  all,  they  were  mixed  with  dried  meat  (pemmican).  The 
bark  was  used  medicinally. 

45.  FABACEAE.     Bean  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  with  3  or  more  leaflets; 
stipules  present;  calyx  of  5  or  4  more  or  less  united  sepals,  often  2-lipped;  corolla 
shaped  like  that  of  a  bean  or  pea;  petals  5,  the  upper  one  (standard)  broader  than  the 
others,  the  2  lateral  ones  (wings)  curved  upward,  the  2  lowest  ones  (keel)  more  or 
less  united;  stamens  usually  10,  sometimes  9;  fruit  a  legume  (more  or  less  like  that 
of  a  bean  or  pea),  1  or  2-celled,  usually  opening  along  both  edges. — The  name 
Leguminosae  is  often  used  for  the  family. 
Leaves  with  3  or  more  leaflets  all  attached  at  the  end  of  the  leaf  stalk. 

Leaflets  5  or  more 1.  LUPINUS. 

Leaflets  3. 

Leaflets  not  toothed;  flowers  yellow;  pod  long  and  narrow.      2.  THEEMOPSIS. 
Leaflets  finely  toothed;  flowers  yellow,  white,  pink,  or  red-purple;  pod  very 
short  and  small. 

Flowers  in  heads     3.  TRIFOLIUM. 

Flowers  (yellow)  in  slender  racemes     4.  MELILOTUS. 


368  COiSTTRIBUTIOISrS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Leaves  with  5  or  more  leaflets,  some  of  them  attached  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf  stalk 
Leaves  with  a  tendril  at  the  end. 

Flowers  purple;  leaflets  green 9.  VICIA. 

Flowers  yellowish  white;  leaflets  pale  on  the  under  side  ...  10.  LATHYRUS. 
Leaves  without  tendrils. 

Leaflets  dotted  with  glands;  fruit  covered  with  hooked  prickles. 

5.   GLYCYBRHIZA 

Leaflets  not  gland-dotted;  fruit  not  prickly. 

Pods  very  flat,  scalloped  along  the  edges.     Flowers  pale  yellow  or  purple. 

6.  HEDYSARTJM. 

Pods  not  scalloped  along  the  edges. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  blunt;  flower  stems  usually  leafy  .  .  7.  ASTRAGALUS. 
Keel  of  the  corolla  shar])-pointed ;  flower  stems  not  leafy.     8.  OXYTROPIS. 

1.  LTJPINTJS  L.     Lupine. 

Perennials,  usually  with  silky  pubescence;  leaves  with  5  to  15  narrow  entire- 
leaflets  attached  at  the  end  of  the  leaf  stalk;  flowers  in  racemes,  usually  blue  oj- 
purple;  pods  flattened,  hairy. , 

Plants  low,  15  cm.  high  or  less;  leaves  all  basal 1.  L.  minimus. 

Plants  taller,  usually  30  to  60  cm.  high,  with  leafy  stems. 
Leaflets  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface. 

Leaflets  flat;  keel  of  the  corolla  hairy  along  the  edges 2.  L.  scheuberae. 

Leaflets  usually  folded;  keel  glabrous 3.  L.  tenellus. 

Leaflets  hairy  on  both  surfaces. 
Hairs  of  the  stem  spreading. 

Hairs  of  the  stem  equal  in  length,  all  short 4.  L.  sericeus. 

Hairs  of  the  stem  of  2  kinds,  part  of  them  long  and  part  short. 

5.  L.  leucophyllus. 
Hairs  of  the  stem  all  appressed. 

Plants  green,  thinly  silky 6.  L.  argenteus. 

Plants  gray  or  whitish,  densely  silky. 

Bracts  of  the  spikes  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  flower  buds. 

7.  L.  fiexuosus. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  buds 8.  L.  leucopsis. 

1.  Lupinus  minimus  Dougl.  Dwarf  lupine.  Open  rocky  slopes  at  Piegan  Pass; 
also  on  exposed  rocky  hilltop  at  east  entrance.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont,  and 
Alta. — Stems  10  to  15  cm.  high,  densely  tufted;  leaflets  5  to  9,  oblanceolate,  5  to  15 
mm.  long,  densely  silky;  racemes  short  and  dense;  corolla  1  cm.  long. 

2.  Lupinus  scheuberae  Rydb.  Frequent  about  east  entrance,  on  open  slopes  or 
in  aspen  thickets.  Mont.,  Wyo.,  and  Utah. — Stems  30  to  70  cm.  high;  leaflets 
about  7,  oblanceolate,  3  to  7  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  corolla  about  12  mm.  long; 
pods  about  2  cm.  long. 

3.  Lupinus  tenellus  Dougl.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  or  even  middle 
altitudes,  on  open  rocky  hillsides  or  along  streams.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Mont. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  much  branched  from  the  base  and  forming  large 
bushy  clumps;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse; 
corolla  10  to  12  mm.  long,  blue  or  purple;  pod  3  to  5-seeded. 

One  plant  found  along  Appekunny  Creek  had  pinkish  white  flowers. 

4.  Lupinus  sericeus  Pursh.  Rocky  slopes  of  Altyn  Peak.  Oreg.  to  Wyo.  and 
S.  Dak. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  much  branched,  whitish-hairy;  leaflets  5  to  10, 
oblanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  acute  orjobtuse;  corolla  blue-purple,  about  12  mm. 
long;  pods  4  to  6-seeded. 

5.  Lupinus  leucophyllus  Dougl.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  or  middle 
altitudes,  on  open  hillsides  or  in  aspen  thickets.     Wash,  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont. — 


STANDLEY FLOEA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  369 

Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  gray-hairy;  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long; 
corolla  10  to  12  mm.  long;  pod  5  or  6-seeded. 

6.  Lupinus  argenteus  Pursh.  Frequent  about  east  entrance  and  Belton,  in  woods 
or  thickets.  Oreg.  and  Calif,  to  Colo,  and  N.  Dak. — Plants  40  to  80  cm.  high,  branched ; 
leaflets  7  or  8,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  flat  or  folded,  2  to  6  cm.  long;  corolla  violet, 
1  cm.  long;  pods  5  or  6-seeded. 

7.  Lupinus  flexuosus  Lindl.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, usually  on  open  hillsides.  Wash,  to  Mont. — Plants  30  to  50  cm.  high,  forming 
dense  bushy  clumps;  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate,  2  to  4  cm.  long;  corolla  about  1 
cm.  long,  violet. 

Our  most  common  and  showy  species. 

8.  Lupinus  leucopsis  Agardh.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  thickets  or  on  open 
slopes.  Wash,  to  Nev.,  Wyo.,  and  Sask.- — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaflets  6  to  12, 
oblanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  corolla  blue,  about  1  cm.  long;  pods  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

2.  THERMOPSIS  R.  Br. 

1.  Thermopsis  rhombifolia  (Nutt.)  Richards.  Yellow  pea.  Open  hillsides  and 
prairie  about  the  east  entrance.  Sask.  to  Nebr.  and  Colo. — Perennial,  with  root- 
stocks,  nearly  glabrous,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  with  large  stipules,  the  3  leaflets 
obovate,  2  to  3  cm.  long,  entire;  flowers  in  racemes,  yellow,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long;  pods 
lender,  spreading,  5  to  6  cm.  long,  with  appressed  hairs. 

3.  TRIFOLITTM  L.     Clover. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  with  3  leaflets,  the  leaflets  flnely  toothed;  flowers 
small,  in  heads;    pod  very  small,  inclosed  by  the  withered  corolla. 

Flowers  yellow;  plants  annual 1.  T.  procumbens. 

Flowers  white,  pink,  or  red-purple;  plants  perennial. 

Heads  not  stalked;  flowers  sessile,  red-purple 2.  T.  pratense. 

Heads  slender-stalked;  flowers  short-stalked,  white  or  pinkish. 

Plants  with  slender  runners,  these  rooting  at  the  joints;   leaflets  notched  at  the 

end 3.  T.  repens. 

Plants  without  runners;    leaflets  usually  rounded  at  the  end. 

4.  T.  hybridum. 

1.  Trifolium  procumbens  L.  Hop  clover.  A  few  plants  along  the  railroad  at 
Belton.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  slender,  with  nearly 
prostrate  stems;  leaflets  obovate,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

2.  Trifolium  pratense  L.  Red  clover.  Common  on  the  west  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes, and  extending  well  up  along  the  trails;  scarce  on  the  east  slope,  but  occasion 
ally  found  at  low  altitudes.  Native  of  Eur. ;  cultivated  and  naturalized  in  N .  Amer. — 
Plants  20  to  50  cm.  high,  somewhat  hairy;  leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  2  to  3  cm.  long, 
often  with  a  purplish  spot  in  the  middle;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Red  clover  is  abundant  in  some  places  about  Belton. 

3.  Trifolium  repens  L.  White  clover.  Common  on  the  west  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes, and  occasional  on  the  east  slope;  often  found  high  up  along  the  trails.  Native 
of  Eur.  and  Asia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Stems  slender,  glabrous;  leaflets 
obovate,  5  to  20  mm.  long,  glabrous;  flowers  7  to  8  mm.  long. 

Very  abundant  in  some  places  about  Belton. 

4.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  clover.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  especially 
on  the  west  slope,  and  extending  well  up  along  the  trails.  Native  of  Eur.;  natural- 
ized in  N.  Amer. — Plants  20  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  1  to 
3  cm.  long;   flowers  7  to  9  mm.  long,  nearly  always  pink. 

This  is  abundant  in  woods  and  along  roads  near  Belton.  On  both  slopes  it  is  more 
common  than  white  clover;  the  two  usually  grow  together. 


370  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

4.  MELILOTUS  Hill. 

1.  Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  Yellow  sweetclover.  A  few  plants  along 
the  railroad  at  Belton.     Native  of  Eur.;   naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Perennial,  0.3  to 

I  meter  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  loosely  branched,  sweet-scented;  leaflets  3, 
oblong  or  obovate,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  finely  toothed;  flowers  yellow,  5  to  7  mm.  long,  in 
loose  racemes;   pod  2.5  to  3.5  mm.  long,  1  or  2-seeded. 

5.   GLYCYRRHIZA  L. 

1.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  Nutt.  Wild  licorice.  Occasional  about  Belton  and  the 
east  entrance,  on  dry  banks  or  along  streams.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and 
Ont. — Perennial,  0.3  to  1  meter  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched;  leaflets  11  to  19, 
oblong,  2  to  3.5  cm.  long,  entire,  gland-dotted;  flowers  12  mm.  long,  yellowish  or 
greenish  white,  in  racemes;    pod  about  1.5  cm.  long,  covered  with  hooked  prickles. 

The  licorice  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  a  species  of  Glycyrrhiza  which  grows  in 
the  Mediterranean  region. 

6.  HEDYSARXJM  L.     Hedysarum. 

Perennials  with  leafy  stems;  leaflets  numerous,  entire;  flowers  in  long  racemes; 
pods  flat,  scalloped  along  both  edges,  not  opening. 
Leaflets  gray,  densely  silky-hairy;  fruit  with  appressed  hairs;  teeth  of  the  calyx 

longer  than  the  tube     1.  H.  cinerascens. 

Leaflets  green,  with  few  scattered  appressed  hairs;  fruit  glabrous;  teeth  of  calyx 
shorter  than  the  tube. 

Flowers  yellowish  white     2.  H.  sulphurescens. 

Flowers  pink  or  purple 3.  H.  americanum. 

1.  Hedysarum  cinerascens  Rydb.  Gray  hedysarum.  Hillsides  at  east  entrance, 
Umbach.  Alta.  to  Utah  and  N.  Dak. — Plants  30  to  50  cm.  high;  leaflets  9  to  15, 
oval,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  obtuse;  corolla  purple,  about  1.5  cm.  long;  pods  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

2.  Hedysarum  sulphurescens  Rydb.  Yellow  hedysarum.  Common  at  nearly 
all  altitudes,  especially  on  the  east  slope,  mostly  on  open  hillsides  or  rock  slides  or 
in  meadows.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Wyo. — Plants  usually  30  to  50  cm.  high,  nearly 
glabrous;  leaflets  11  to  15,  oval  or  oblong,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long; 
pods  8  to  20  mm.  long,  2.5  to  4  mm.  wide. 

A  rather  handsome  plant  when  in  flower,  resembling  some  species  of  Astragalus. 
Above  timber  line  the  plants  are  frequently  only  10  cm.  high. 

3.  Hedysarum  americanum  (Michx.)  Britton.  Purple  hedysarum.  Apparently 
rare;  shale  slide  at  east  entrance;  sandbar  along  lowest  Swiftcurrent  Lake.  Alaska 
to  Wyo.,  Vt.,  and  Lab. — Plants  20  to  50  cm.  high,  in  clumps,  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets 

II  to  21,  oval  or  oblong,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  obtuse;  corolla  12  to  15  mm.  long;  pods  with 
3  to  5  joints. 

7.  ASTRAGALUS  L.     Milkvetch. 

Perennials;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  the  leaflets  entire;  flowers  white,  yellow,  or  purple, 
in  spikes  or  racemes;  pods  very  variable,  flat  or  terete,  thin  or  woody,  sometimes 
inflated . 
Pods  covered  \vith  short  black  hairs. 

Pods  not  flattened  from  the  sides;  leaflets  usually  notched  at  the  apex. 

1.  A.  alpinus. 

Pods  strongly  flattened  from  the  sides;  leaflets  not  notched. 

Corolla  white  or  cream-colored;  pods  long-stalked  in  the  calyx  .  .  2.  A.  macounii. 

Corolla  purple;  pods  nearly  sessile 3.  A.  bourgovii. 

Pods  glabrous  or  with  white  or  gray  hairs. 
Leaflets  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  flowers  white  or  pale  yellow,  sometimes 
tinged  with  purple. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PAEK.  371 

Leaflets  1.5  to  4  mm.  wide. 

Pods  flattened  from  the  sides;  leaflets  obtuse 4.  A.  tenellus. 

Pods  uot  flattened ;  leaflets  notched  at  the  apex 5.  A.  flexuosus. 

Leaflets  5  to  20  mm.  wide. 
Pods  sessile  in  the  calyx,  thick  and  hard,  not  inflated;  flowers  nearly  sessile. 

6.  A.  carolinianus. 
Pods  stalked,  thin,  inflated;  flowers  slender-pediceled    ...  7.  A,  americanus. 
Leaflets  finely  or  coarsely  hairy  on  both  surfaces,  rarely  glabrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  but  the  flowers  then  purple. 
Pods  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaflets  with  loose  spreading  hairs 8.  A.  aboriginum. 

Leaflets  with  appressed  silky  hairs 9.  A.  forwoodii. 

Pods  densely  hairy. 
Leaves  and  stems  with  loose  spreading  hairs;  flowers  pale  yellow. 

10.  A.  drummondii. 
Leaves  and  stems  with  fine  appressed  hairs;  flowers  purple  or  purplish. 

Flowers  6  to  8  mm.  long;  pods  about  8  mm.  long   ....  11.  A.  vexilliflexus. 
Flowers  15  to  20  mm.  long;  pods  10  to  25  mm.  long. 

Pod  about  1  cm.  long,  not  compressed;  leaflets  green,  thinly  silky. 

12.  A.  goniatus. 
Pod  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  compressed;  leaflets  gray,  densely  silky. 

13.  A.  missouriensis. 

1.  Astragalus  alpinus  L.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes  or 
rock  slides;  also  along  creek  at  east  entrance.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  Vt.,  and  Lab.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {Tium  alpinuvi  Rydb.)— Stems  ascending  or  spreading, 
10  to  25  cm.  high,  slender;  leaflets  13  to  25,  oval  or  rounded,  4  to  10  mm.  long,  with 
appressed  hairs  on  one  or  both  surfaces,  usually  shallowly  notched;  flowers  purplish, 
8  to  12  mm.  long;  calyx  black-hairy;  pod  about  1  cm.  long. 

2.  Astragalus  macounii  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes  and  some- 
times above  timber  line,  in  moist  woods  or  tliickets,  along  streams,  or  on  open  slopes. 
B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo.  (Atelophragvia  vmcounii  Rydb.) — Stems  slender,  30  to  60 
cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  9  to  17,  oval  or  oblong,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  glabrous 
on  the  upper  surface;  calyx  black-hairj' ;  corolla  about  8  mm.  long;  pods  1.5  to  2 
cm.  long. 

Above  timber  line  the  plants  are  sometimes  only  10  cm.  high. 

3.  Astragalus  bourgovii  A.  Gray.  Common  above  and  near  timber  line,  in  meadows 
and  on  rock  slides;  sometimes  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes  at  middle  altitudes. 
B.C.  and  Mont,  to  S.  Dak.  {Eomalobus  bourgovii  Rydb.) — Stems  slender,  10  to  30 
cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  densely  tufted;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong,  4  to  10  mm. 
long,  ^vith  sparse  appressed  hairs  on  both  surfaces;  flowers  8  to  10  mm.  long,  in  a  lax 
raceme,  purple  or  violet;  calyx  black-hairy;  pod  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

A  graceful  and  handsome  plant,  often  abundant  in  alpine  meadows. 

4.  Astragalus  tenellus  Pursh.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in 
creek  beds  or  on  open  hillsides.  Yukon  to  Utah  and  Nebr.  (Eomalobus  tenellus 
Britton.)— Stems  stout,  erect,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  tufted;  leaflets  13  to  21,  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong,  8  to  12  mm.  long,  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  about  1  cm.  long,  in  short 
dense  racemes;  pods  8  to  12  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide,  short-stalked. 

5.  Astragalus  flexuosus  Dougl.  Hillsides  at  east  entrance,  Uvibach.  Alta  to 
Utah,  N.  Mex.,  and  Minn.  {Ilomalobus  flexuosus  Rydb.) — Stems  erect  or  ascending, 
30  to  60  cm.  long;  leaflets  13  to  21,  narrowly  oblong,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  nearly  glabrous; 
flowers  about  1  cm.  long,  in  long  loose  racemes;  calyx  white-hairy;  pods  1.5  to  2  cm. 
long,  4  mm.  thick,  with  appressed  hairs. 

2048—21 10 


372  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

6.  Astragalus  carolinianus  L.  Belton,  in  low  woods  and  in  thickets  along  river, 
B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.,  Fla.,  and  Que.  {A.  canadensis  L.) — Stems  stout,  30  to  80  cm.  high; 
leaflets  15  to  25,  oval  to  oblong,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  1.5  cm.  long, 
in  dense  racemes;  pod  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  terete  or  nearly  so,  thick,  glabrous,  long- 
beaked. 

7.  Astragalus  americanus  (Hook.)  Jones.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  alti- 
tudes, in  thickets  and  along  streams.  Yukon  to  Wyo.  and  Que.  {Phaca  americana 
Rydb.)— Stems  stout,  erect,  clustered,  30  to  80  cm.  high;  leaflets  7  to  17,  oval  or 
oblong,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  obtuse;  flowers  yellowish  white,  12  mm.  long,  in  dense 
racemes;  pods  glabrous,  about  2  cm.  long. 

8.  Astragalus  aboriginum  Richards.  Trail  to  Iceberg  Lake,  on  open  bank.  Yukon 
to  Nev.,  Colo.,  and  Sask.  {Atelophragma  aboriginum  Rydb.) — Stems  tufted,  ascend- 
ing, 20  to  30  cm.  long,  short-hairy;  leaflets  9  to  15,  narrowly  oblong,  1  to  2  cm.  long, 
acute  or  obtuse;  flowers  yellowish  white,  1  cm.  long,  in  loose  racemes;  pod  1.5  to  2 
cm.  long,  slender-stalked,  acute. 

9.  Astragalus  forwoodii  S.  Wats.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
open  brushy  hillsides.  Mont.,  Wyo.,  and  S.  Dak.  {Atelophragma  forwoodii  Rydb.) — 
Stems  ascending,  tufted,  10  to  30  cm.  long;  leaflets  9  to  17,  oblong,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long, 
acute  or  obtuse;  flowers  7  to  8  mm.  long,  yellowish  white,  tipped  with  purple,  in 
loose  racemes;   pod  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  slender-stalked. 

10.  Astragalus  drummondii  Dougl.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  open  hillsides.  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Nebr.  {Tium  drummondii  Rydb.)— Stems 
erect,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  stout,  hairy;  leaflets  25  to  31,  oblong,  obtuse,  about  1  cm. 
long;  flowers  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  cream-colored;  pods  2  to  2.5  cm.  long,  slender-stalked. 

11.  Astragalus  vexilliflexus  Sheld.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
prairie  or  open  hillsides,  or  in  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Wyo.  and  Sask.  {Homalohus  vexilli- 
flexus Sheld.)— Stems  slender,  ascending  or  prostrate,  10  to  30  cm.  long,  often  forming 
dense  mats;  leaflets  7  to  11,  oblong,  3  to  12  mm.  long,  densely  covered,  at  least 
beneath,  with  appressed  haii's;  flowers  purplish,  8  mm.  long,  in  loose  racemes;  pod 
about  3  mm.  wide,  sessile. 

12.  Astragalus  goniatus  Nutt.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
open  or  brushy  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Sask.— Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high, 
densely  tufted,  ascending;  leaflets  15  to  21,  oblong,  obtuse,  5  to  12  mm.  long;  flowers 
1.5  cm.  long,  purple,  in  dense  headlike  spikes;  calyx  usually  with  black  hairs;  pod 
about  1  cm.  long,  white-hairy. 

13.  Astragalus  missouriensis  Nutt.  Belton,  on  dry  gravel  bank.  Mont,  to  N.  Mex. 
and  Kans.  {Xylophacos  missouriensis  Rydb.)— Stems  5  to  10  cm.  long,  densely 
clustered;  leaflets  11  to  21,  elliptic  or  obovate,  5  to  15  mm.  long;  flowers  pm-ple,  in  a 
short  dense  raceme;  pod  7  to  8  mm.  mde,  long-beaked. 

8.  OXYTROPIS  DC.     Locoweed. 

Perennials;  leaves  often  all  basal,  with  numerous  leaflets;  flowers  usually  in  dense 
spikes,  purple  or  yellowish  white;  pods  mostly  sessile,  often  partially  2-celled. — 
Some,  at  least,  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  poisonous  to  stock,  causing  temporary 
paralysis  or  sometimes  death. 

Stems  leafy;  pods  drooping 1.  O.  deflexa. 

Stems  naked;  pods  erect. 

Leaflets  whorled 2.  O.  splendens. 

Leaflets  opposite  or  alternate,  not  whorled. 

Flowers  1  to  4,  on  a  stalk  4  cm.  high  or  less 3.  O.  parryi. 

Flowers  usually  more  than  4,  often  very  numerous,  on  a  stalk  5  to  30  cm.  high. 
Leaflets  and  stems  with  numerous  viscid  glands;    corolla  purplish,  at  least 
when  withered 4.  O.  viscida. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  373 

Leaflets  and  stems  without  glands;   corolla  yellowish  white  or  yellow. 

Stems  usually  15  to  20  cm.  high;    calyx  without  black  hairs. 5.  O.  gracilis. 
Stems  usually  less  than  15  cm.  high;  calyx  with  black  hairs. 
Corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long;    flowers  few,  yellowish  white. 

6.  O.  alpicola. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  long;  flowers  numerous,  yellow 7.  O.  spicata. 

1.  Oxytropis  deflexa  (Pall.)  DC.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets. 
Alaska  to  N.  Mex.  and  Idaho;  also  in  Asia.  {Aragallus  deflexus  Heller.) — Stems 
ascending,  10  to  40  cm.  long,  loosely  hairy;  leaflets  25  to  41,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  acute, 
loosely  hairy;  flowers  dirty  white,  tipped  with  blue,  6  to  9  mm.  long,  in  loose 
racemes;  pod  black-hairy. 

2.  Oxytropis  splendens  Dougl.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
open  hillsides  or  flats.  Yukon  to  B.  C,  N.  Mex.,  and  Minn.  {AragaUus  splendens 
Greene;  A.  richardsonii  Greene.)— Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  covered  with  long  loose 
silky  hairs;  leaflets  very  numerous,  8  to  20  mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  flowers 
red-purple,  10  to  15  mm.  long,  in  dense  spikes;  pods  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  densely  hairy. 

3.  Oxytropis  parryi  A.  Gray.  Above  Sexton  Glacier,  on  wdnd-swept  rocky  summit. 
Mont,  to  N.  Mex.  (Aragallus  pairyi  Greene.)— Plants  prostrate  or  nearly  so,  tufted; 
leaflets  11  to  19,  4  to  8  mm.  long,  silky-hairy;  calyx  black-hairj-,  corolla  purple, 
1.5  cm.  long;  pods  12  to  20  mm.  long. 

4.  Oxytropis  viscida  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry 
open  hillsides.  Yukon  to  Nev.  and  Wyo.  {Aragallus  viscidus  Greene;  A.  viscidulus 
Rydb.)— Plants  10  to  15  cm.  high,  forming  dense  clumps,  very  viscid  and  somewhat 
hairy;  leaflets  numerous,  5  to  12  mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  flowers  in  dense  spikes; 
corolla  12  mm.  long;  pods  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  black-hairy. 

5.  Oxytropis  gracilis  (A.  Nels.)  Jones.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  Alta.  to  Idaho  and  S.  Dak.  (Aragallus  gracilis  A. 
Nels.)— Plants  densely  tufted,  thinly  silky-hairy;  leaflets  21  to  31,  1  to  2  cm.  long, 
acute;  flowers  in  dense,  often  long  spikes;  corolla  1.5  cm.  long,  yellowish  white; 
pods  about  2  cm.  long. 

6.  Oxytropis  alpicola  (Rydb.)  Jones.  Common  above  timber  line  in  meadows  or 
on  rock  slides.  B.  C.,'Alta.,  and  Mont.  (Aragallus  alpicola  Rydb.)— Plants  often 
densely  tufted;  leaflets  9  to  17,  5  to  10  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  with  appressed 
silky  hairs. 

7.  Oxytropis  spicata  (Hook.)  Standi.  East  entrance,  on  hillsides,  Umbach. 
Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  S.  Dak.  (Aragallus  spicatus  Rydb.)— Leaflets  oval  or  oblong, 
8  to  20  mm.  long,  usually  obtuse,  thinly  silky;  pods  often  black-haiiy. 

9.  VICIA  L. 

1.  Vicia  americana  Muhl.  Vetch.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  woods  or 
thickets.  B.  C.  to  Ariz.,  Va.,  and  N.  B.— Slender  perennial,  0.3  to  1  meter  high, 
nearly  glabrous,  climbing  by  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  leaves;  leaflets  10  to  14, 
oval  or  oblong,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  entire;  flowers  purple,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  in  racemes; 
pods  flat,  glabrous,  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

10.  LATHYRUS  L. 

1.  Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  Vetchling.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist 
woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Wyo.,  N.  J.,  and  Que.— Slender  perennial,  0.3  to  1 
meter  high,  glabrous,  climbing  by  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  leaves;  leaflets  4  or  G, 
oval,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  entire,  pale  beneath;  flowers  yellowish  white,  1.5  cm.  long, 
5  to  10  in  each  raceme;  pod  flat,  glabrous,  4  cm.  long. 


374  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE    NATIONAL    HERBARIUM. 

46.  GERAK'IACEAE.     Geranium  Family. 

1.  GERANIUM  L. 

Herbs  with  opposite,  deeply  lobed  leaves;  petals  5;  stamens  10;  fruit  of  5  long- 
beaked  1-seeded  carpels,  these  separating  at  maturity,  their  beaks  recoiling.— The 
cultivated  geraniums  do  not  belong  to  this  genus  but  to  a  closely  related  one, 
Pelargonium;  they  are  natives  of  southern  Africa. 

Petalsabout  as  long  as  the  sepals,  pink;  plants  annual  or  biennial  .  .  1.  G.  bicknellii. 
Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  white  or  purple;  plants  perennial. 

Petals  white;  plants  slender,  not  viscid -hairy 2.  G.  richardsonii. 

Petals  pinkish  purple;  plants  stout,  covered  with  very  sticky  hairs. 

3.  G.  viscosissimum. 

1.  Geranium  bicknellii  Britton.  Crane's-bill.  Woods  or  thickets  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes;  scarce.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Utah,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  S. — Plants 
20  to  50  cm.  high,  often  much  branched,  finely  hairy;  flowers  few,  small  and 
inconspicuous. 

This  species  has  the  appearance  of  being  an  introduced  plant,  for  it  is  usually  found 
in  waste  places  or  along  trails. 

2.  Geranium  richardsonii  Fisch.  &  Trautv.  W'hite  geranium.  Frequent  on  the 
east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  usually  in  aspen  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
S.  Dak. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  more  or  less  hairy;  petals  15  to  20  mm.  long. 

The  flowers  are  not  conspicuous. 

3.  Geranium  viscosissimum  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Purple  geranium.  Common  on  the 
east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  chiefly  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
S.  Dak. — Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  very  viscid;  petals  about  2  cm.  long. 

A  handsome  plant  when  in  full  flower.  In  late  summer  the  leaves  are  beauti- 
fully colored  with  red. 

47.  LINACEAE.     Flax  Family. 

1.  LINUM  L. 

Glabrous   erect   annuals   or   perennials;  leaves   alternate,    entire,    sessile;  flowers 
large,  blue,  in  racemes  or  panicles;  petals  5;  stamens  5;  fruit  a  5-celled  capsule. 
Plants  annual;  inner  sepals  with  short  hairs  on  the  margins    .  .  1.  L.  usitatissimum. 
Plants  perennial;  sepals  without  hairs 2.  L.  lewisii. 

1.  Linum  usitatissimum  L.  Flax.  A  few  plants  found  along  the  railroad  at  the 
east  entrance.  Native  of  Eur.;  cultivated  and  frequently  escaping. — Stems  20  to  80 
cm.  high;  leaves  lance-linear,  3-nerved;  petals  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

2.  Linum  lewisii  Pursh.  Wild  flax.  Frequent  in  open  places,  usually  at  low 
altitudes,  but  sometimes  found  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Mex.,  and 
Nebr. — Stems  20  to  60  cm.  high,  branched  from  the  base,  pale  green;  leaves  linear, 
1  to  2  cm-,  long;  petals  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

A  very  showy  plant  with  beautiful  blue  flowers.  The  petals  usually  fall  when 
the  flowers  are  picked.  Wild  flax  belongs  properly  in  the  prairie  region  but,  like 
80  many  other  prairie  plants,  it  is  found  occasionally  above  timber  line,  as  at  Cracker 
Lake. 

48.  EUPHOPtBIACEAE.     Spurge  Family. 

1.  EUPHORBIA  L. 

1.  Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.  Creeping  spurge.  Dry  soil  about  Belton; 
apparently  introduced.  B.  C  to  Mex.,  Mo.,  and  Ont.  (Chamaesyce  glyptosperma 
Small.) — Prostrate  annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  4  to  12  mm. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  375 

long,  finely  toothed;  flowers  very  small,  greenish,  surrounded  by  a  small  involucre, 
borne  in  the  leaf  axils;  fruit  a  3-seeded  capsule  about  2  mm.  thick. 

An  inconspicuous  plant  with  milky  juice.  Some  of  the  related  species  have  a  wide 
reputation  in  the  Southwest  as  a  remedy  for  rattlesnake  bites. 

49.  CALLITRICHACEAE.     Water  Starwort  Family. 

1.  CALLITRICHE  L.     Water  starwort. 

Aquatic   perennials;  leaves  opposite,   entire;  flowers  minute,   sessile  in   the  leaf 
axils;  calyx  and  corolla  none;  stamen  1;  fruit  small,  4-lobed,  leathery. 
Upper  leaves  spatulate,  3-nerved;  flower  with  a  pair  of  bracts  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  palustris. 
Upper  leaves  (like  the  others)  linear,  1-nerved;  flowers  without  bracts. 

2.  C.  autumnalis. 

1.  Callitriche  palustris  L.  East  entrance,  in  pools.  Widely  distributed  in  N. 
and  S.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Stems  usually  floating,  3  to  20  cm.  long;  lower  leaves 
sessile,  linear,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  the  floating  leaves  petioled,  5  to  10  mm.  long;  fruit 
about  1.5  mm.  long. 

2.  Callitriche  autumnalis  L.  Occasional  in  pools  or  sometimes  on  mud.  Oreg.  to 
Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Que.;  also  in  Eur. — Stems  slender,  3  to  20  cm.  long;  leaves  5  to  15 
mm.  long,  notched  at  the  apex;  fruit  1  to  2  mm.  broad. 

50.   CELASTRACEAE.     Bittersweet  Family. 
1.  PACHISTIMA  Raf. 

1.  Pachistima  myrsinites  (Pursh)  Raf.  Mountain  lover.  Abundant  on  the 
west  slope  and  in  some  localities  on  the  east  slope,  usually  in  woods.  B.  C.  to  Calif. 
N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Shrub,  20  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  evergreen,  oval  or 
obovate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  somewhat  toothed;  flowers  small,  green,  clustered  in  the 
leaf  axils;  petals  4;  fruit  a  small  2-celled  capsule. 

Rare  in  the  Many  Glacier  region,  but  the  shrub  grows  in  one  place  along  the  trail 
to  Swiftcurrent  Pass;  plentiful  about  Sun  Camp.  It  is  an  inconspicuous  and 
unattractive  plant,  with  erect  or  sometimes  prostrate  branches. 

51.  ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family. 
1.  ACER  L.     Maple. 

1.  Acer  douglasii  Hook.  Mountain  maple.  Common  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, usually  in  woods  or  thickets,  sometimes  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Shrub,  or  a  small  slender  tree  with  smooth  gray  bark;  leaves 
opposite,  slender-petioled,  3  to  10  cm.  long  and  about  as  broad,  glabrous,  3  or  5-lobed 
and  toothed,  on  young  branches  often  divided  into  3  leaflets;  fruit  of  2  samaras, 
these  3  to  4  cm.  long. 

The  plants  are  very  .variable  in  size  and  in  form  of  the  leaves.  In  exposed  places 
the  plants  are  usually  shrubs,  about  a  meter  high,  forming  large  clumps,  or  small 
trees.  In  woods  they  are  more  often  slender  trees.  The  leaves  are  often  covered 
with  showy,  bright  red  galls.  It  is  doubtful  whether  A.  douglasii  is  more  than  a 
form  of  A.  glabrum  Torr. 

52.  RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family. 

Fruit  juicy;  flowers  green,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves   ....  1.  RHAMNUS. 
Fruit  dry;  flowers  white,  in  panides     2.  CEANOTHUS. 


376  CONTRIBUTIONS   FEOM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBAEIUM. 

1.  RHAMNUS  L. 

1.  Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'lTcr.  Buckthorn.  Common  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, in  woods,  on  open  slopes,  or  in  swamps.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  Me.— 
Shrub,  0.6  to  1.2  meters  high;  leaves  alternate,  oval  or  elliptic,  3  to  8  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acute,  toothed,  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  very  small  and  inconspicuous; 
fruit  black,  3-seeded,  very  bitter. 

A  characteristic  shrub,  often  forming  low  thickets.  The  leaves  turn  yellow  m 
autumn.  The  name  buckthorn  is  not  very  appropriate,  for  the  plant  has  no  thorns. 
A  related  species,  common  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  extending  also  into  Montana 
{Rhamnus  pursMana),  furnishes  the  cascara  sagiada  which  is  used  in  medicine. 

2.  CEANOTHUS  L. 

Low  shrubs  mth    alternate   3-ribbed    leaves;  flowers  small,   in  dense   rounded 
panicles;  petals  5;  capsule  3-celled. 
Leaves  thick,  pale  and  finely  velvety-hairy  on  the  under  surface;  flower  panicles  on 

leafv  stalks 1-  C-  velutinus 

Leaves  thin,  green  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  under  surface;  panicles  often  on  naked 

stalks 2.  C.  sanguineus. 

1  Ceanothus  velutinus  Dougl.  Deerbuush.  Frequent  at  low  or  middle  alti- 
tudes, usually  on  open  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak.-Shrub,  0.6  to  L5 
meters  high,  with  green  twigs;  leaves  4  to  7  cm.  long,  finely  toothed. 

The  leaves  are  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface  and  appear  as  if  varnished.  The 
flowers  appear  early  in  the  season. 

2  Ceanothus  sanguineus  Pursh.  Snowbrush.  Brushy  hillsides  about  Belton. 
Mont,  to  Calif,  and  B.  C— Slender  shrub,  about  a  meter  high;  older  branches  red  or 
purple-   leaves  oval,  rounded  at  the  apex,  finely  toothed. 

This' shrub  is  closely  related  to  the  Xew  Jersey  tea  {Ceanothvs  americanvs)  of  the 
Eastern  States,  whose  leaves  were  used  as  a  substitute  for  Chinese  tea  durir.g  the 
Revolutionary  War. 

53.  MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family. 

The  cultivated  althaea,  hibiscus,  hollyhocks,  okra,  and  cotton  belong  to  the  mallow 
^^°^'^^-  1.-  SPHAERALCEA  St.  Hil. 

1.  Sphaeralcea  rivularis  Dougl.  Wild  hollyhock.  Common  on  the  east  slope, 
chiefly  at  low  altitudes,  in  woods,  especially  among  aspens,  or  at  the  edges  of  streams. 
B  C  "to  Colo  and  S.  Dak.— Coarse  perennial  herb,  0.6  to  1.5  meters  high,  covered 
with  branched  hairs;  leaves  alternate,  5  to  12  cm.  long,  5  or  7-lobed ;  flowers  clustered 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  delicate  pink;  petals  5,  about  2  cm.  long;  fruit 
composed  of  several  cells,  these  falling  apart  like  the  sections  of  an  orange. 

The  flowers  are  very  handsome,  but  they  last  only  a  short  time.  The  fruit  is  cov- 
ered with  stiff  hairs,  which  penetrate  the  skin  easily. 

64.  HYPEEICACEAE.     St.  John's-wort  Family. 
1.  HYPERICUM  L. 

1.  Hypericum  scouleri  Hook.  St.  John's-wort.  Abundant,  chiefly  at  high  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  moist  places;  common  in  alpine  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo., 
and  Mont  -Glabrous  perennial  herb,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  entire, 
sessile,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  black-dotted;  flowers  bright  yellow,  in  cymes;  petals  5,  8  to 
10  mm   long;  stamens  numerous;  fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule. 

The  plants  often  form  dense  clumps,  which  are  covered  with  the  golden  flowers. 
The  buds  are  tinged  with  red. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  377 

55.  VIOLACEAE.     Violet  Family. 

1.  VIOLA  L.     Violet. 

Perennial  herbs,  stemless  or  with  leafy  stems;  flowers  stalked  in  the  leaf  axils; 
petals  5,  the  lowest  one  spurred;   stamens  5;    fruit  a  small  capsule. 

Leaves  acute  at  the  base;  flowers  yellow 1.  V.  linguaefolia. 

Leaves  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base;   flowers  variously  colored. 
Plants  stemless,  sometimes  sending  out  runners. 
Flowers  yellow;    leaves  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex,  dark  green,  usually  lying 

flat  on  the  ground 2.  V.  orbiculata. 

Flowers  white,  lilac,  or  purple;   leaves  often  pointed,  not  dark  green,  erect. 

Plants  with  slender  runners;  petals  white  or  lilac 3.  V.  palustris. 

Plants  without  runners;  petals  purple 4.  V.  nephrophylla. 

Plants  with  short  or  tall  leafy  stems. 
Flowers  purple;  leaves  rounded  or  truncate- at  base. 

Leaves  1  to  3  cm.  long;  seeds  1.5  mm.  long 5.  V.  adunca. 

Leaves  3  to  5  cm.  long;  seeds  2  mm.  long 6.  V.  montanensis. 

Flowers  yellow  or  lavender;  leaves  cordate  at  base. 

Petals  yellow;  leaves  usually  glabrous  beneath 7.  V.  glabella. 

Petals  lavender  inside;  leaves  usually  short-hairy  beneath  on  the  veins. 

8.  V.  canadensis. 

1.  Viola  linguaefolia  Nutt.  East  entrance,  on  canyon  slopes,  Umbach.  Wash,  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.— Plants  with  short  stems;  leaves  mostly  ovate  or  elliptic,  4 
to  S  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  upper  petals  reddish  brown. 

2.  Viola  orbiculata  Geyer.  Evergreen  violet.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  rarely  found  above  timber  line,  usually  in  deep  woods.  B.  C,  Wash., 
Mont.,  and  Alta.— Rootstocks  thick  and  stout;  leaves  rounded,  2  to  4  cm.  wide,  with 
low  rounded  teeth,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  runners  5  to  10  cm.  long,  usually  flower- 
bearing. 

The  leaves  are  of  a  darker  green  than  those  of  most  violets;  they  persist  through  the 

winter. 

3.  Viola  palustris  L.  Marsh  violet.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
swamps  or  wet  thickets;  common  in  sphagnum  bogs.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  H., 
and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Plants  glabrous,  with  slender  rootstocks;  leaves 
heart-shaped  or  rounded,  with  low  teeth;   seeds  dark  brown. 

4.  Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  Purple  violet.  Occasional  in  moist  woods  or  on 
lake  shores.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mcx.,  Wis.,  Conn.,  and  Que.— Plants  with  thick  rootstocks; 
eaves  heart-shaped  or  kidney -shaped,  3  to  6  cm.  wide;  seeds  olive-brown,  2  mm. 
long. 

5.  Viola  adunca  J.  E.  Smith.  Rocky  summit  above  Ptarmigan  Lake;  also  collected 
by  Umbach  on  hills  at  east  entrance.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  N.  H.,  and  Que.— 
Stems  often  very  short;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  finely  hairy;  spur  slender,  5  to  7  mm. 
long. 

6.  Viola  montanensis  Rydb.  East  entrance,  on  hillsides,  Umbach.  Mont,  to 
Colo.— Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  often  finely  hairy. 

Perhaps  only  a  form  of  V.  adunca. 

7.  Viola  glabella  Nutt.  Yellow  violet.  Common  at  middle  altitudes  and  some- 
times above  timber  line,  in  woods  or  on  moist  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and  Mont.— 
Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  mostly  kidney-shaped,  crenate, 
usually  short-pointed;  seeds  nearly  black. 

This  is  the  only  violet  which  is  seen  in  bloom  in  any  abundance  during  the  summer. 
The  plants  often  form  great  beds  on  banks  near  snow  about  timber  line. 


378  COl^TEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

8.  Viola  canadensis  L.  Canada  violet.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in  woods 
or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Ariz..  S.  C,  and  N.  B.— Stems  15  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  finely 
hairy;  leaves  kidney-shaped  or  broadly  heart-shaped,  4  to  10  cm.  vnde,  short-pointed; 
seeds  brown. 

The  Canada  violet  blooms  in  spiing,  but  scattered  plants  blossom  in  late  summer. 

56.  LOASACEAE.     loasa  Family. 

1.  MENTZELIA  L. 

1.  Mentzelia  dispersa  S.  Wats.  Stickleaf.  Prairie  and  dry  banks  at  the  east 
entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Cole,  and  Mex.  {Acrolasia  dispersa  Rydb.)— Annual,  25 
to  40  cm.  high,  densely  branched;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  very 
rough  with  short  hairs;  petals  5,  pale  dull  yellow,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

The  leaves  adhere  tenaciously  to  clothing. 

57.  EIAEAGNACEAE.     Oleaster  Family. 

Shrubs;  pubescence  of  scales  or  of  branched  hairs;  leaves  entire;  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters,  small;  sepals  4;  petals  none;  fruit  drupelike,  1-seeded. 

Leaves  alternate;  stamens  4     1-  ELAEAGNUS. 

Leaves  opposite;  stamens  8 2.  LEPARGYREA. 

1.  ELAEAGNUS  L. 

1.  El'aeagnus  commutata  Bemh.  Silverberry.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  on 
dry  rocky  hillsides,  on  shale  slopes,  or  in  rocky  stream  beds.  Yukon  to  Utah, 
Minn.,  and  Que.  {Elaeagnus  argentea  Pursh.) — Slender  shrub,  0.6  to  2  meters  high, 
with  reddish  brown  bark;  leaves  oblong,  2  to  10  cm.  long,  densely  covered  with 
silvery  scales;  flowers  yellowish  green,  fragrant;  fruit  8  to  12  mm.  long,  covered  with 
silvery  scales. 

There  are  extensive  thickets  of  this  shrub  along  the  creek  at  St.  Mary.  The  fruit 
has  thin,  nearly  dry  flesh,  and  is  not  edible. 

2.  LEPARGYREA  Raf. 

1.  Lepargyrea  canadensis  (L.)  Greene.  Canada  buffaloberry.  Plate  51,  A. 
Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Oreg., 
N.  Mex.,  N.  Y.,  and  Newf.  (Shepherdia  canadensis  Nutt.)— Shrub,  0.6  to  1.5  meters 
high,  densely  branched,  often  forming  broad  clumps;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  green  on 
the  upper  surface,  beneath  silvery-scaly  and  brown-scurfy;  flowers  greenish  yellow; 
fruit  bright  red,  very  juicy. 

When  in  flower,  in  spring,  the  shrub  is  not  conspicuous,  but  in  middle  or  late 
summer,  when  loaded  with  fruit,  it  is  one  of  our  most  showy  and  attractive  plants. 
The  fruit  when  tasted  is  at  first  sour  and  rather  pleasant,  but  after  a  moment  is 
intensely  bitter.  The  common  buffaloberry,  Lepargyrea  argentea  (Nutt.)  Greene, 
grows  along  streams  in  the  plains  region  of  Montana.  Its  fruit  resembles  that  of  the 
Canada  buffaloberry,  but  it  is  edible  and  not  bitter. 

58.  ONAGEACEAE.     Evening-primrose  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  flowers  borne  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  or  arranged  in  racemes;  sepals  4  or  rarely  2;  petals  4  or  2;  fruit  a 
capsule,  or  nutlike. 

Petals  and  sepals  each  2;  fruit  covered  with  small  hooked  hairs    ...  1.  CIRCAEA. 
Petals  and  sepals  each  4;  fruit  without  hooked  hairs. 

Plants  stemless  or  nearly  so,  the  leaves  forming  a  rosette. 

Petals  about  5  mm.  long;  stigma  not  lobed 3.  TARAXIA. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  379 

Petals  1.2  to  4  cm.  long;  stigma  with  4  long  lobes. 

Petals  yellow;  capsule  with  narrowly  mnged  angles 4.  LAVAUXIA. 

Petals  wljite;  capsule  with  2  low  crests  along  each  angle. 

5.  PACHYLOPKUS. 
Plants  with  leafy  stems. 

Seeds  each  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  one  end;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

2.  EPILOBIUM. 
Seeds  glabrous;  leaves  alternate. 
Petals  1.2  to  3  cm.  long,  white  or  yellow. 

Petals  yellow;  stems  hairy 6.  OENOTHERA. 

Petals  white;  stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so 7.  ANOGE.A. 

Petals  1  to  6  mm.  long,  pink  to  purplish  red,  rarely  white. 
Plants  perennial;  petals  4  to  6  mm.  long;  fruit  nutlike,  not  opening. 

8.  GAURA. 
Plants  annual;  petals  1  to  3  mm.  long;  fruit  opening  when  ripe. 

Calyx  with  a  short  tube;  capsules  sessile     9.  BOISDUVALIA. 

Calyx  without  a  tube;  capsules  stalked 10.  GAYOPHYTTJM. 

1.  CIRCAEA  L.     Enchanter's  nightshade. 

Perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  thin; 
flowers  very  small,  white,  in  racemes;  petals  notched,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  fruit 
obovoid,  covered  with  whitish  hooked  hairs. — The  fruits  adhere  to  clothing  readily. 
The  roots  bear  cylindric  watery  tubers. 

Leaves  sharply  toothed,  usually  cordate  at  base 1.  C.  alpina. 

Leaves  entire  or  with  very  short  sinuate  teeth,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base. 

2.  C.  pacifica. 

1.  Circaea  alpina  L.  Occasional  at  low  or  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia.— Stems  weak,  simple,  5  to  20  cm. 
high;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long. 

2.  Circaea  pacifica  Aschers.  &  Magn.  Frequent,  chiefly  at  middle  altitudes,  in 
moist  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Stems  15  to  40  cm.  high, 
weak  and  succulent;  leaves  3  to  6  cm.  long,  thin;  fruit  2  to  3  mm.  long. 

2.  EPILOBIUM  L.     Cottonweed. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  or  toothed;  flowers 
in  racemes  or  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  stamens  8;  fruit  a  long  slender  capsule;  seeds 
with  a  tuft  of  white  hairs  at  the  upper  end. 
Petals  10  to  30  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  beneath;  plants  usually  0.5  to  1.5 

meters  high;  flowers  in  long  naked  racemes 1.  E.  angustifolium. 

Leaves  glaucous;  plants  10  to  40  cm.  high;  flowers  in  short  leafy  racemes. 

2.  E.  latifolium. 
Petals  3  to  7  mm.  long,  notched. 

Plants  annual;  leaves  mostly  linear 3.  E.  adenocladon. 

Plants  perennial;  leaves  broader  than  linear. 

Leaves  with  fine  but  conspicuous  sharp  teeth;  plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  lower 
only  if  stunted . 

Petals  about  7  mm.  long 4.  E.  glandulosum . 

Petals  3  to  5  mm.  long 5.  E.  adenocaulon. 

Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  low  blunt  teeth;  plants  nearly  always  less  than  30 
cm.  high. 
Stems  densely  covered  to  the  base  with  fine  gland-tipped  hairs;  leaves  finely 
hairy     6.  E.  mirabile. 


380  CONTEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Stems  glabrous  below  or  with  minute  curled  or  appressed  hairs;  leaves  mostly 
glabrous. 

Leaves  sessile,  glaucous 7.  E.  platyphyllum. 

Leaves  short-petioled,  green. 

Petals  white 8.  E.  alplnum. 

Petals  purple  or  pink. 
Petals  6  to  7  mm.  long;   plants  with  scaly  underground  shoots. 

9.  E.  hornemannii. 
Petals  4  to  5  mm.  long;    plants  with  short  sterile  leafy  shoots  above 
ground . 

Seeds  smooth;  capsule  long-cylindric 10.  E.  anagallidifolium. 

Seeds  finely  roughened;  capsule  somewhat  club-shaped. 

11.  E.  clavatum. 

1.  Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  Fireweed.  Abundant  at  low  and  middle  alti- 
tudes, chiefly  on  open  slopes,  often  in  woods.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur., 
and  Asia.  {Chamaenerion  angustifolium  Scop.;  C  spicatum  S.  F.  Gray.) — Perennial, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  simple  or  branched;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
5  to  15  cm.  long,  entire;  petal's  rose-purple,  1  to  2  cm.  long;  capsules  5  to  8  cm.  long, 
slender. 

One  of  the  showiest  plants  of  the  park,  often  occurring  in  great  abundance,  and 
continuing  in  flower  for  a  long  time.  There  is  a  particularly  fine  display  along  the 
automobile  road  on  the  east  slope,  and  the  plant  is  nearly  always  abundant  in  burns. 
The  stems,  leaves,  and  capsules  are  soon  brilliantly  tinged  vdth  red  and  jiurple.  The 
name  "fireweed"  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  plant  is  one  of  the  first  to  spring  up  in 
burned-over  areas.  This,  of  course,  happens  because  the  seeds  are  easily  transported 
by  wind.  Fireweed  grows  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  there  it  seldom  forms  such 
wonderful  displays  of  color  as  are  found  in  the  West. 

2.  Epilobium  latifolium  L.  Alpine  fireweed.  Common  above  timber  line,  on 
rocky  slopes  and  rock  slides;  often  found  abundantly  along  streams  at  middle  or  even 
at  low  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Colo.,  S.  Dak.,  Que.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur. 
and  Asia.  ( Chamaenerion  latifolium  Sweet.) — Perennial,  10  to  40  cm.  high,  often  form- 
ing dense  clumps;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  entire,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  covered  with 
fine  hairs;  flowers  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  stems;  petals  rose-purple,  1.5  to  3  cm. 
long;    capsule  5  to  8  mm.  long. 

A  very  beautiful  plant,  but  not  forming  such  extensive  masses  of  color  as  the  com- 
mon fireweed,  with  which  it  frequently  grows.  It  reaches  its  best  development  along 
streams  at  middle  elevations,  where  it  often  forms  great  banks  of  rich  color.  Plants 
collected  at  St.  Mary  are  remarkable  for  their  linear-lanceolate  leaves. 

3.  Epilobium  adenocladon  (Hausskn.)  Rydb.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes  on  open 
or  brushy  slopes  or  sandljars.  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  slender,  20  to  60 
cm.  high,  glabrous  below,  branched;  leaves  mostly  entire,  2  to  4  cm.  long;  petals 
pink  or  purplish,  about  5  mm.  long;  capsule  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  covered  with  fine 
gland-tipped  hairs. 

4.  Epilobium  glandulosum  Lehm.     Occasional  at  middle  altitudes,   on  brushy 
slopes  or  along  brooks.     Alaska  to  Wyo.  and  Sask. — Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high,  mostly 
simple,  finely  pubescent  above;    leaves  lance-ovate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  sessile,  finely  . 
toothed;   petals  purple;   capsules  3  to  6  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent. 

5.  Epilobium  adenocaulon  Hausskn.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
moist  woods  or  thickets.  Yukon  to  Nev.,  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  N.  B.— Stems  30  to  80 
cm.  high,  simple  or  branched,  finely  hairy  above;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  2  to  6 
cm.  long,  usually  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  petals  pink  or  purple;  cap- 
sules 3  to  5  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  381 

6.  Epilobium  mirabile  Trel.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  moist  slopes  or  along 
brooks;  sometimes  about  snow  banks  at  middle  altitudes.  Wash,  and  Mont.— Stems 
10  to  25  cm.  high,  forming  dense  clumps;  leaves  ovate,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  remotely 
toothed;  petals  pink,  about  5  mm.  long;   capsule  2  to  4  cm.  long. 

This  species  has  been  known  pre\dously  only  from  the  original  collection,  from 
Mount  Rainier,  Washington.  A  specimen  collected  in  Glacier  Park  by  Umbach  and 
listed  by  Rydberg  under  E.  palmeri  Hydh.  belongs  here. 

7.  Epilobium  platyphyllum  Rydb.  Occasional  at  low  or  middle  altitudes,  on  moist 
slopes  or  on  lake  beaches  or  sandbars.  ,  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont. — Stems  10 
to  20  cm.  high,  glabrous,  forming  dense  tufts;  leaves  ovate,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  glabrous;  petals  4  to  5  mm.  long,  pink  or  purple;  capsules  glabrous, 
3  to  5  cm.  long. 

8.  Epilobium  alpinum  L.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rocky 
slopes;  frequently  found  at  middle  altitudes,  in  wet  thickets  or  on  moist  cliffs. 
Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems 
slender,  10  to  20  cm.  high,  tufted,  usually  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  1  to  3  cm.  long, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  petals  3  to  5  mm.  long;  capsules  3  to  5  cm.  long. 

9.  Epilobium  hornemannii  Reichenb.  Common  above  or  near  timber  line,  in 
moist  meadows  or  on  slopes;  occasional  in  wet  places  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska 
to  Calif.,  Colo.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Stems  slender, 
10  to  30  cm.  high,  tufted,  finely  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  1.5  to  4  cm. 
long,  obtuse;   capsules  3  to  5  cm.  long,  slender-stalked. 

A  handsome  plant  when  in  full  flower. 

10.  Epilobium  anagallidifoliuni  Lam.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or 
on  rocky  slopes  or  rock  slides;  sometimes  in  wet  places  at  middle  altitudes.  Alaska 
to  Colo.,  Lab.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems  slender,  10  to  15  cm.  high, 
minutely  pubescent,  tufted;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  obtuse,  entire 
or  nearly  so;   capsules  2  to  4  cm.  long,  slender-stalked. 

11.  Epilobium  clavatum  Trel.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
slopes;  sometimes  in  wet  places  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo.— 
Stems  slender,  about  10  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous,  tufted;  leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so;  capsules  2  to  3  cm.  long,  slender-stalked. 

3.  TARAXIA  Nutt. 

1.  Taraxia  breviflora  Nutt.  Low  places  on  prairie  near  east  entrance.  B.  C.  and 
Alta.  to  Utah.  {Oenothera  breviflora  Torr.  &  Gray.)— Steml ess  perennial;  leaves 
spreading  upon  the  ground,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  lobed,  finely  hairy;  petals  yellow, 
5  mm.  long;  capsule  roughened,  1.5  cm.  long. 

4.  LAVAUXIA  Spach' 

1.  Lavauxia  flava  A.  Nels.  East  entrance,  on  prairie,  Umbach.  Wash,  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex..  and  Nebr. — -Stemless  perennial,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
10  to  20  cm.  long,  lobed,  at  least  near  the  base;  flowers  sessile;  petals  1.5  to  2  cm. 
long,  yellow,  turning  pink;  capsule  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

5.  PACHYLOPHUS  Spach. 

1.  Pachylophus  caespitosus  (Nutt.)  Raim.  Prairie  eveninct-primrose.  East 
entrance,  on  shale  slopes  or  prairie.  Sask.  to  Utah,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr.  {Oenothera 
caespitosa  Nutt.) — Perennial,  stemless  or  nearly  so,  forming  dense  tufts,  glabrous; 
leaves  oblanceolate,  10  to  20  cm.  long,  toothed;  petals  3  to  4  cm.  long,  white,  turning 
deep  pink;  capsule  about  3  cm.  long. 

The  flowers  open  in  the  evening  and  close  in  the  morning;  they  are  verj^  showy. 


382  COXTRIBUTIOXS   FEOM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

6.  OENOTHERA  L. 

1.  Oenothera  strigosa  (Rydb.)  Mack.  &  Bush.  Evening-primrose.  Rare;  at  low- 
altitudes,  on  dry  slopes;  perhaps  introduced.  B.  G.  to  Utah,  Kans.,  and  Minn. — 
Plants  biennial,  0.4  to  1  meter  high,  hairy;  leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  5  to  10 
cm.  long,  with  low  teeth;  flowers  sweet-scented,  in  leafy  spikes;  petals  12  to  20  mm. 
long,  pale  yellow;  capsule  2.5  to  3  cm.  long,  cylindric. 

7.  ANOGRA  Spach. 

1.  Anogra  nuttallii  (Sw^eet)  A.  Nels.  East  entrance,  on  dry  bluffs,  Umbach. 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Minn.  (Oenothera  albicaulis  Nutt.) — Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high, 
branched,  with  whitish  stems;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  entire 
or  with  distant  teeth,  finely  hairy  beneath;  flowers  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;  petals 
about  2  cm.  long,  white,  tarning  pink;  capsule  2  to  3  cm.  long,  cylindric. 

8.  GATTRA  L. 

1.  Gaura  coccinea  L.  Butterfly  plant.  Occasional  on  prairie  or  dry  slopes  at 
east  entrance.  Mont,  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mex. — Branched  perennial,  10  to  40  cm.  high, 
hairy;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed; 
flowers  in  slender  spikes;  petals  4  to  6  mm.  long,  pink  or  red;  fruit  4-angled,  nutlikc, 
5  to  7  mm.  long. 

One  of  the  most  characteristic  plants  of  the  Great  Plains  region. 

9.  BOISDU VALLA  Spach. 

1.  Boisduvalia  glabella  (Nutt.)  Spach.  East  entrance,  abundant  about  dried-up 
pools  on  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Sask. — Annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  simple  or 
branched,  finely  hairj'  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  7  to  17  cm.  long, 
acute,  finely  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils;  petals  2  mm.  long, 
pink;  capsule  5  to  7  mm.  long. 

10.  GAYOPHYTUM  Juss. 

Slender  branched  annuals,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  linear,  entire;  flowers 
very  small,  in  the  leaf  axils;  capsule  linear  or  club-shaped. — In  general  appearance 
the  plants  resemble  closely  the  annual  species  of  Epilobium. 

Capsule  several  times  as  long  as  its  stalk 1.  G.  racemosum. 

Capsule  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  its  stalk 2.  G.  intermedium. 

1.  Gayophytum  racemosum  Torr.  &  Gray.  East  entrance,  on  dry  hills,  Umbach. 
Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  1  to  2  cm.  long; 
petals  white  or  pink,  1  mm.  long;  capsules  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

2.  Gayophytum  intermedium  Rydb.  Dry  slopes,  at  east  entrance  and  Summit, 
Umbach.     Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Stems  15  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  1  to  4 

cm.  long;  petals  1.5  to  2.5  mm.  long,  pink,  with  yellow  base;  capsules  5  to  10  mm. 
long. 

59.  HALOEAGIDACEAE.     Water  Milfoil  Family. 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs;  leaves  whorled;  flowers  small,  green,  sessile  in  the  leaf 
axils;  fruit  a  nutlet. 
Leaves  mostly  divided  into  threadlike  lobes;  flowers  with  2  to  4  sepals  and  2  to  4  small 

petals 1.  MYRIOPHYLLTJM. 

Leaves  entire ;  sepals  and  petals  none 2.  HIPPTJRIS. 

1.  MYRIOPHYLLUM  L. 
1.  Myriophyllum     spicatum    L.     Water     milfoil.     East    entrance,     in    ponds, 
Umbach.     Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Kans.,  Conn.,  and   Newf.— Stems  submerged, 
branched;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4  or  5,  1  to  3  cm.  long;  floral  leaves  ovate,  entire  or 
toothed,  very,  small. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  383 

2.  HIPPURIS  L. 

1.  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Mare's-tail.  About  ponds  or  dried-up  pools  on  prairie 
about  the  east  entrance.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — 
Glabrous  perennial,  20  to  70  cm.  high,  with  unbranched  stems;  leaves  in  whorls  of 
■C  to  12,  linear,  acute,  entire;  flowers  very  small,  green,  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils. 

60.  ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family. 

Ginseng  (Panax  quinquefolium  L.)  is  one  of  the  best-known  plants  of  this  family. 
It  is  a  native  of  the  eastern  United  States. 

Plants  shrubby,  armed  with  prickles 1.  ECHINOPANAX. 

Plants  herbaceous,  unarmed 2.  ARALIA. 

1.  ECHINOPANAX  Decaisne  &  Planch. 

1.  Echinopanax  horridum  (J.  E.  Smith)  Decaisne  &  Planch.  Devil's-club.  Com- 
mon on  the  west  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets;  reported  from 
the  east  slope,  but  certainly  rare.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Mont.,  and  Mich.  (Fafsia  horrida 
Benth.  &  Hook.) — Shrub,  1  to  2  meters  high,  the  stems  and  under  siu-faces  of  the 
leaves  covered  with  long  prickles;  leaves  very  large,  lobed  and  toothed;  flowers 
small,  greenish  white,  in  small  umbels  arranged  in  a  panicle;  fruit  bright  red,  juicy, 
not  edible. 

One  of  the  characteristic  shrubs  of  the  west  slope,  often  forming  extensive  and 
almost  impenetrable  thickets.  The  plant  has  a  strong  odor.  The  large  leaves  remind 
one  of  those  of  some  tropical  plants.  The  panicles  of  fruit  are  usually  large,  dense, 
and  very  heavy. 

2.  ARALIA  L. 

1.  Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  sarsaparilla.  Common  at  low  altitudes  on  the 
west  slope,  in  woods  or  on  brushy  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  N.  C,  and  Newf. — Plants 
glabrous,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaf  rising  directly  from  the  rootstock,  composed  of  several 
leaflets,  these  5  to  10  cm.  long,  finely  toothed;  flowers  small,  greenish,  usually  arranged 
in  3  umbels  on  a  naked  stalk;   fruit  purplish  black,  juicy,  not  edible. 

In  autumn  the  leaves  turn  pink  or  deep  red.  The  roc't§tocks  have  properties 
similar  to  those  of  sarsaparilla  and  are  employed  in  medicine.  The  true  sarsaparilla 
of  commerce  is  obtained  from  tropical  American  species  of  Sviilax. 

61.  APIACEAE.     Parsley  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  with  a  strong  odor;'  stems  usually  hollow;  leaves 
alternate,  commonly  compound,  the  petiole  broadened  at  its  base;  flowers  small,  in 
simple  or  compound  umbels,  rarely  in  heads;  sepals  5,  usually  very  small;  petals  5; 
stamens  5;  fruit  of  2  one-seeded  carpels,  these  at  first  attached  to  each  other  but  finally 
separating. — The  names  Umbelliferae  and  Ammiaceae  are  sometimes  used  for  the 
group.  Cultivated  parsley,  carrots,  caraway,  dill,  and  celery  belong  to  this  family. 
The  flowers  are  usually  in  small  umbels  which  are  arranged  in  large  umbels;  at  the 
"base  of  the  large  umbel  there  is  often  an  involucre  of  bracts,  and  at  the  base  of  the 
smaller  umbels  an  involucel  of  bractlets. 

Lowest  (or  all)  leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 

Leaves  all  entire,  pale  green 1.  BTJPLETJRUM. 

Leaves  not  entire,  the  lowest  ones  heart-shaped  and  toothed,  the  upper  ones  com- 
pound (composed  of  several  leaflets) 2.  ZIZIA. 

Lowest  leaves  (like  the  upper  ones)  compound,  composed  of  3  to  many  leaflets. 
Fruit  covered  with  short  hooked  spines;   leaflets  3  or  5,  all  attached  at  the  end  of 

the  leaf  stalk 3.  SANICULA. 

Fruit  not  spiny;   leaflets  3  or  more,  not  all  attached  at  the  end  of  the  leaf  stalk. 
Fruit  linear  or  nearly  so,  several  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Fruit  with  appressed  bristly  hairs  on  the  ribs;   flowers  white. 

4.  OSMORRHIZA. 
Fruit  glabrous;  flowers  pale  yellow     5.  GLYCOSMA. 


384  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Fruit  oblong  to  rounded,  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Ribs  of  the  fruit  not  winged;   flowers  white  or  pink;  plants  glabrous. 
Leaflets,  at  least  those  of  the  upper  leaves,  linear  or  threadlike,  entire. 

6.  CARTJM. 
Leaflets  lanceolate  to  linear,  toothed. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  equal  and  prominent;  leaves  once  pinnate    .  .  7.  SITJM. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  unequal,  those  on  the  back  of  the  carpel  low  and  broad, 

those  on  the  side  prominent  and  thick;   leaves  twice  pinnate  or  2  or 

3  times  ternate 8.  CICTJTA. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit,  at  least  some  of  them,  winged;    flowers  white  or  yellow; 
plants  glabrous  or  hairy. 
Leaflets  10  to  30  cm.  wide,  few;    plants  very  hairy,  usually  a  meter  high  or 

taller 9.  HERACLEUM. 

Leaflets  smaller,  mostly  less   than  5  cm.  wide,  usually  numerous;   plants 
glabrous  or  very  finely  hairy. 

Leaves  once  pinnate;  flowers  yellow 10.  PASTINACA. 

Leaves  2  or  more  times  pinnate  or  ternate;   flowers  yellow  or  white. 

Leaflets  entire;  flowers  yellow 11.  COGSWELLIA. 

Leaflets  toothed  or  lobed;  flowers  yellow  or  white. 

Plants  glabrous;  flowers  yellow  or  white 12.  ANGELICA. 

Plants  finely  hairy,  at  least  on  the  leaves;  flowers  yellow. 
Wings  at  the  edges  of  the  carpels  thin,  not  corky;    leaves  mostly 

small 11.  COGSWELLIA. 

Wings  thick  and  corky;  leaves  broad 13.  LEPTOTAENIA. 

1.  BUPLEURUM  L. 

1.  Bupleurum  americanum  Coult.  &  Rose.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  on  dry  open  hillsides  or  on  dry  or  wet  prairie.  Alaska  to  Wyo.^ — Perennial, 
10  to  30  cm.  high,  glabrous  and  glaucous;  leaves  entire,  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,, 
parallel- veined ;  flowers  yellow;  involucels  of  5  or  more  ovate  bractlets;  fruit  5  mm.. 
long,  somewhat  flattened  from  the  sides,  with  slender  ribs. 

2.  ZIZIA  Koch. 

1.  Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  Koch.  Meadow  parsnip.  Low  meadows  and  prairie 
at  St.  Mary  and  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Utah,  Ga.,  and  Conn. — 
Glabrous  perennial,  20  to  60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  heart-shaped  2  to  8  cm.  long, 
with  rounded  teeth;  stem  leaves  with  3  ovate  or  lanceolate,  toothed  leaflets;  flowers 
yellow;  bracts  none,  the  bractlets  small;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  somewhat  flattened  fromi 
the  sides,  with  slender  ribs. 

3.  SANICULA  L. 

1.  Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Bur  snakeroot.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  especially  on  the  west  slope,  usually  in  wet  thickets.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo.,  Ga.,  and  Newf. — Glabrous  perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  with  rootstocks;  basal 
leaves  long-stalked,  composed  of  3  leaflets,  the  2  outer  ones  deeply  2-lobed;    leaflets 

5  to  8  cm.  long,  cut  and  toothed;   flowers  greenish  yellow,  in  headlike  clusters;   fruit. 

6  to  7  mm.  long,  covered  with  hooked  bristles. 
The  fruits  cling  readily  to  clothing. 

4.  OSMOE.RHIZA  Raf.     Sweet  cicely. 

Perennials  with  thick  strong-scented  roots;  leaves  3-parted,  the  leaflets  thin,  lobed 
or  toothed;  flowers  few,  white,  in  small  umbels;  involucre  wanting  or  of  1  or  2  small 
bracts;  fruit  linear  or  clul)-shaped,  bristly. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  fruit 1.  O.  divaricata. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruit S.  O.  brevipes. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  385 

1.  Osmorrhiza  divaricata  Niitt.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  usually  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  S.  Dak.;  also  in 
Que.— Stems  slender,  20  to  60  cm.  high,  hairy  or  almost  glabrous;  leaflets  2  to  6  cm. 
long,  pubescent;  fruit  12  to  15  mm.  long. 

2.  Osmorrhiza  brevipes  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Suksdorf.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  moist  woods.— Plants  30  to  70  cm.  high,  branched,  hairy;  leaflets  2  to  6 
cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed;  fruit  about  15  mm.  long. 

5.  GLYCOSMA  Nutt. 

1.  Glycosma  occidentalis  Nutt.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets,  especially  in  moist  places;  often  in  wet  meadow? 
above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.— Perennial,  0.5  to  1  meter  high, 
finely  hairy;  leaves  2  or  3  times  divided,  the  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  3  to  10  cm- 
ong,  toothed;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white;  fruit  narrowly  club-shaped, 
12  to  20  mm.  long,  smooth. 

The  plant,  especially  the  root,  has  a  strong  and  characteristic  odor. 

6.  CAHTJM  L. 

Biennials  or  perennials,  glabrous;  leaves  divided  into  linear  or  threadlike  lobes 
or  once  pinnate;  involucres  and  involucels  of  slender  bracts  and  bractlets;  fruit 
glabrous,  somewhat  flattened  from  the  sides. 

Leaves  once  pinnate;  roots  tuberous,  clustered;  fruit  a1:)out  2  mm.  long. 

1.  C.  gairdneri. 

Leaves  3  or  4  times  lolled;  plants  with  a  taproot;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long. 

2.  C.  carui. 

1.  Carum  gairdneri  (Hook.  &  Am.)  A.  Gray.  Yampa.  Occasional  on  the  east 
slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist  meadows  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Max.,  and 
Alta.  (Atenia  gairdneri  Hook.  &  Arn.)— Stems  slender,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  usually 
simple;  leaflets  4  to  12  cm.  long;  flowers  white;  fruit  glabrous. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  plant  as  a  remedy  for  sore  throat,  and  applied  it 
to  swellings  to  reduce  the  inflammation.  They  also  ate  the  roots  raw,  cooked  them 
as  a  vegetable,  and  used  them  for  flavoring  stews. 

2.  Carum  carui  L.  Caraway.  Abundant  at  the  edge  of  cultivated  ground  near 
foot' of  Sherburne  Lake.  Native' of  Eur.;  often  cultivated  and  escaping.— Stems 
30  to  60  cm.  high,  branched;  lobes  of  the  leaves  5  to  20  mm.  long;  flowers  white  or 

pink;  fruit  glabrous. 

^  7.  SIUM  L. 

1.  Slum  cicutaefolium  Gmel.  Water  parsnip.  Swamps  at  low  altitudes  on  the 
west  slope.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Va.,  and  Ne^vf .—Glabrous  perennial,  0.5  to  1  meter 
high;  leaves  pinnate,  the  7  to  15  leaflets  3  to  8  cm.  long,  linear  or  lanceolate,  sharply 
toothed,  the  leaves  of  plants  growing  in  water  sometimes  2  or  3  times  lobed;  flowers 
white,  in  broad  umbels;  bracts  and  bractlets  narrow;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  somewhat 
flattened  from  the  sides,  with  conspicuous  ril)s. 

8.  CICUTA  L. 

Glalirous  perennials  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
toothed;  flowers  white;  bracts  few  or  none;  bractlets  narrow;  fruit  of  2  rounded 
carpels,  with  conspicuous  ribs. 

Leaves  without  bulblets;  leaflets  lanceolate 1-  C.  occidentalis. 

Leaves,  especially  the  upper  ones,  with  small  bulbs  in  the  axils;  leaflets  hnear. 

^  2.  C.  bulbifera. 


386  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

1.  Cicuta  occidentalis  Greene.  Water  hemlock.  Occasional  on  the  west  slope 
at  low  altitudes,  in  swampy  thickets.  Calif,  to  Alta.,  S.  Dak.,  and  N.  Mex. — Plants 
about  1  meter  high,  stout;  leaves  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  5  to  10  cm.  long,  sharply- 
toothed;  fruit  3  mm.  long. 

The  roots  are  poisonous  to  stock  and  to  human  beings. 

2.  Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  Sphagnum  bogs  on  the  west  slope.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Md., 
and  Me. — Plants  slender,  30  to  50  cm.  high,  often  tinged  with  purple;  leaves  2  or  3 
times  divided,  the  leaflets  2  to  5  cm.  long;  fruit  2  mm.  long. 

9.  HERACLEUM  L. 

1.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  parsnip.  Plate  51,  B.  Common  at  nearly 
all  altitudes,  usually  in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  often  in  wet  meadows,  and  some- 
times even  on  high  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  C,  and  Vt. — Coarse 
perennial,  1  to  1.5  meters  high,  very  hairy;  leaves  large,  the  few  leaflets  10  to  30 
cm.  broad,  toothed  and  lobed,  the  petioles  with  dilated  sheaths;  flowers  white,  in 
broad  uml)els,  the  bracts  and  bractlets  linear;  fruit  flat,  about  1  cm.  long,  winged  on 
the  edges,  finely  hairy. 

In  the  park  the  curious  name  of  "sacred  rhubarb"  is  sometimes  applied  to  this 
plant,  especially  by  the  guides.  The  same  name  is  found  also  in  ethnological 
literature,  and  it  is  derived  from  the  fact  that  this  is  a  sacred  plant  of  the  Blackfoot 
Indians  and  is  used  in  some  of  their  ceremonials,  as  in  the  sun  dance,  in  which 
stalks  are  placed  upon  the  altar.  The  plant  certainly  bears  little  resemblance  to 
rhubarb.  In  the  spring  the  Blackfoot  Indians  eat  the  succulent  young  shoots  of  the 
cow  parsnip  after  roasting  them  over  hot  coals.  The  plant  is  an  important  article  of 
food  of  many  of  the  northwestern  Indians. 

10.  PASTINACA  L. 

1.  Pastinaca  satlva  L.  Parsnip.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
in  thickets  or  cultivated  ground.  Native  of  Eur. ;  cultivated  and  often  naturalized. — 
Biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  ovate,  sessile,  2  to  10 
cm.  long,  lobed  and  toothed;  flowers  yellow;  involucre  none;  fruit  flat,  glabrous, 
5  to  7  mm.  long,  winged  along  the  edges. 

11.  COGSWELLIA  Spreng. 

Perennials  with  thick  roots;  leaves  di\-ided  intq  numerous  small  or  large  leaflets; 
bracts  none,  but  bractlets  usually  present;  fruit  strongly  flattened,  the  carpels  winged 
on  the  edges. 

Leaflets  5  to  10  cm.  long,  linear,  entire 1.  C.  triternata. 

Leaflets  less  than  1  cm.  long,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fruit  glabrous,  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  white 2.  C.  macrocarpa. 

Fruit  puberulent,  4  to  5  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow 3.  C.  sandbergii. 

1.  Cogswellia  triternata  (Pursh)  Jones.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope,  at  low  (rarely 
at  middle)  altitudes,  on  dry  open  hillsides  or  in  aspen  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif., 
Wyo.,  and  Alta.— Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high,  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  2  or  3  times 
divided,  pale  green;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  glabrous,  6  to  12  mm.  long,  3  to  4  mm. 
wide. 

2.  Cogswellia  macrocarpa  (Nutt.)  Jones.  East  entrance,  on  dry  open  hillsides. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Sask. — Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high,  purplish,  finely  puberulent, 
branched  from  the  base;  leaves  divided  into  numerous  small  puberulent  leaflets; 
fruit  5  to  7  mm.  wide. 

3.  Cogswellia  sandbergii  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Jones.  Occasional  above  or  shortly 
below  timber  line,  on  open  slopes  or  in  meadows.  B.  C,  Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — 
Stems  10  to  15  cm.  high,  purplish,  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  small,  soon  withering, 
divided  into  very  small,  nearly  glabrous  leaflets;  fruit  about  3  mm.  wide. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  387 

12.  ANGELICA  L.     Angelica. 

Tall  perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  with  3  pinnate  divisions,  the  leaflets 
large,  toothed  or  lobed;  flowers  in  large  umbels;  fruit  flattened,  glabrous,  the  lateral 
ribs  winged. 

Flowers  pale  greenish  yellow;  umbel  with  several  large  toothed  leaflike  bracts  at  the 

base 1.  A,  dawsoni. 

Flowers  white;  umbel  without  bracts  or  with  1  or  2  inconspicuous  ones  .  2.  A.  lyallii. 

1.  Angelica  dawsoni  S.  Wats.  Yellow  angelica.  Frequent  about  timber  line, 
in  meadows  or  moist  woods,  sometimes  in  moist  places  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C, 
Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — Stems  0.3  to  1  meter  high,  rather  slender;  leaflets  lance- 
oblong,  thin,  bright  green,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  sharply  toothed;  umbels  long-stalked; 
fruit  5  mm.  long. 

A  rather  showy  plant  when  in  flower. 

2.  Angelica  lyallii  S.  Wats.  White  angelica.  Common  at  low  and  occasionally 
at  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets  or  along  streams.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
Wyo.,  and  Alta.— Stems  very  stout,  0.5  to  1.5  meters  high;  petioles  with  very  broad 
sheathing  bases;  leaflets  thick,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  2  to  7  cm.  long;  fruit  4  to  6 
mm.  long. 

A  very  showy  plant,  which  blooms  for  a  long  time.  In  general  appearance  it  is 
much  like  Heracleum  lanatum.     The  roots  have  a  strong  odor. 

13.  LEPTOTAENIA  Nutt. 

1.  Leptotaenia  multifida  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes  and  sometimes  near  timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes  or  in  thickets. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta. — Stout  perennial,  30  to  80  cm.  high,  with  glabrous 
stems;  leaves  finely  puberulent,  10  to  30  cm.  wide,  divided  into  numerous  leaflets, 
these  with  deep  linear  lobes;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  flat,  8  to  12  mm.  long,  the  carp?ls 
with  a  narrow  corky  wing  around  the  edge. 

The  plants  bloom  early  in  the  season,  and  the  leaves  soon  turn  yellow.  McClintock 
gives  the  following  uses  of  this  plant  among  the  Blackfoot  Indians:  The  root  was 
used  to  prepare  a  hot  drink,  taken  as  a  tonic  by  people  in  poor  health,  especially  to 
enable  them  to  put  on  flesh;  the  pulverized  roots  were  burned  as  incense;  when 
horses  had  the  distemper  they  were  made  to  inhale  smoke  from  the  burning  plant, 
the  pulverized  plant  was  mixed  with  brains  and  employed  in  tanning. 

62.  CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family. 

1.  COSNUS  L. 

Plants  shrubby;  flowers  in  open  cymes,  not  surrounded  by  an  involucre. 

1.  C.  stolonifeia. 

Plants  herbaceous;  flowers  in  a  dense  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  4  white 

petal-like  bracts     2.  C.  canadensis 

1.  Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Red-osier  dogwood.  Common  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  in  woods  or  swamps  or  on  moist  open  slopes.  Widely  distributed  in 
N.  Amer.  {Svida  instolonea  A.  Nels.) — Shrub,  1  to  2  meters  high;  branches  reddish 
or  purplish  or  sometimes  green;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  opposite,  entire,  acute,  with 
fine  appressed  hairs  on  the  lower  surface;  flowers  small,  white,  in  flat  cymes;  fruit 
white  or  tinged  with  blue,  juicy,  not  edible. 

Very  abundant  in  some  places;  forming  extensive  thickets  along  the  Flathead  at 
Belton.    The  leaves  turn  red  in  autumn. 

2.  Cornus  canadensis  L.  Bunchberry.  Common  at  low  altitudes  on  the  west 
slope,  in  deep  or  thin  woods,  on  brushy  slopes,  etc.;  rare  on  the  east  slope,  but  found 
in  swampy  woods  just  below  Lake  McDermott,  and  probably  elsewhere.     Alaska  to 

2048—21 11 


388  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL.   HERBARIUM. 

Calif.,  Colo.,  N.  J.,  and  Lab.  (ChamaepericUmenum  canadense  Aschers.  &  Graebn.) — 
Stem  5  to  20  cm.  high,  unbranched,  bearing  a  whorl  of  4  to  6  leaves  at  the  top;  leaves 
ovate  or  obovate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  acute,  entire;  flowers  in  a  single  cluster,  small, 
greenish,  the  bracts  large  and  conspicuous;  fruit  a  dense  head  of  small,  bright  red 
drupes. 

A  very  handsome  plant  in  either  flower  or  fruit.  The  flower  head  is  likely  to  be 
taken  for  a  single  flower,  but  close  examination  of  the  center  of  the  "flower"  will 
show  that  it  is  composed  of  numberous  small  flowers.  The  flowering  dogwood  {Cornus 
canadensis  L.)  of  the  eastern  States  is  a  closely  related  tree. 

63.  PYROLACEAE.     Pyrola  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks;  leaves  mostly  basal,  evergreen,  entire  or  toothed; 
flowers  in  racemes  or  corymbs;  sepals  5  or  4;  petals  5  or  4,  waxy;  stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals;   fruit  a  capsule,  containing  numerous  minute  seeds. 

Flower  one  on  each  stem 2.  MONESES. 

Flowers  few  or  numerous . 
Flowers  mostly  in  corymbs;    leaves  oblanceolate,  scattered  along  the  stem;    fila- 

mentshairy 1.  CHIMAPHILA. 

Flowers  in  racemes;    leaves  broadly  ovate  to  rounded  or  kidney-shaped,  crowded 
at  or  near  the  base  of  the  stem;  filaments  glabrous     3.  PYROLA. 

1.  CHIMAPHILA  Pursh. 

1.  CMmaphila  umbellata  occidentalis  (Rydb.)  Blake.  Pipsissewa.  Frequent 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  ^lex.,  and  Mont. 
(C  occidentalis  Rydb.) — Plants  loosely  branched,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  glabrous,  almost 
shrubby;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  mostly  whorled,  4  to  6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  dark 
green,  very  thick  and  leathery,  sharply  toothed;  petals  waxy,  purplish  or  pink,  5  to 
7  mm.  long. 

The  dried  leaves  were  smoked  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians  like  tobacco.  The  flowers 
are  attractive,  but  they  are  open  only  a  short  time.  The  leaves  persist  through  the 
winter. 

2.  MONESES  Salisb. 

1.  Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  A.  Gray.  Wood-nymph.  Occasional  at  middle  alti- 
tudes in  deep  woods  on  mossy  banks.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  N.  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  Greenl.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems  simple,  5  to  12  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  stem,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  short-petioled,  rounded,  8  to  15  mm. 
long,  finely  toothed;  flower  nodding,  saucer-shaped;  petals  8  to  10  mm.  long,  waxy 
white;    anthers  yellow. 

A  very  beautiful  little  plant,  of  infrequent  occurrence  but  often  forming  colonies 
a  meter  broad. 

3.  PYROLA  L.     Pyrola. 

Plants  perennial,  herbaceous,  the  leaves  mostly  basal,  evergreen;  flowers  nodding; 
fruit  a  5-lobed  capsule. — The  name  wintergreen  is  sometimes  applied  to  these  plants, 
but  it  is  inappropriate,  since  the  plants  are  not  closely  related  to  the  true  wintergreen. 

Style  very  short,  almost  wanting ' 1.  P.  minor. 

Style  long  (2  to  5  mm.). 

Leaves  blotched  with  white  on  the  uj)per  surface 2.  P.  picta. 

Leaves  not  blotched. 
Flowers  pink  or  purplish;  leaves  mostly  3.5  to  6  cm.  long. 
Leaves  minutely  toothed  by  the  protruding  ends  of  the  veins,  often  pointed. 

3.  P.  bracteata. 

Leaves  merely  with  low  rounded  teeth  or  entire,  the  ends  of  the  veins  not 

protruding,  the  leaves  rounded  at  the  apex 4.  P.  asarifolia. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  389 

Flowers  white  or  greenish  white;   leaves  mostly  1.5  to  3  cm.  long. 

Leaves  rounded,  dark  green;   petals  about  7  mm.  long;  racemes  not  1-sided. 

5.  P.  chlorantha. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  usually  acutish,  rather  pale  green;   petals  about  4  mm. 

long;  racemes  1-sided 6.  P.  secunda. 

1.  Pyrola  minor  L.  Small  pyrola.  Rare;  at  low,  middle,  or  high  altitudes,  in 
swampy  woods  or  on  moist  banks.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Conn.,  and  Greenl.;  also 
in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (Erxlebena  minor  Rydb.)— Leaves  rounded,  1  to  3  cm.  long, 
petioled,  crenulate;   petals  4  to  5  mm.  long,  white  or  pink. 

2.  Pyrola  picta  Smith.  Spotted  pyrola.  Deep  moist  woods  near  Sun  Camp. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Leaves  oval  or  broadly  ovate,  often  acutish,  2  to  6 
cm.  long,  pale  beneath;   petals  6  mm.  long,  greenish  or  purplish. 

3.  Pjrrola  bracteata  Hook.  Wet  woods  below  Lake  McDermott;  occasional  on  the 
west  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Oreg.  and  Mont.— 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  dark  green,  shining;  petals  7  to  9 
mm.  long. 

Perhaps  only  a  form  of  P.  asarifolia. 

4.  Pyrola  asarifolia  Michx.  Pink  pyrola.  Common  at  low  or  rarely  at  middle 
altitudes,  in  bogs  or  moist  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Minn.,  N.  Y., 
and  N.  S.  (P.  uliginosa  Terr.) — Leaves  3  to  8  cm.  long,  rounded,  often  broader  than 
long,  green  or  dark  green,  usually  shining,  long-petioled ;  petals  5  to  7  mm.  long,  pale 
or  deep  pink. 

This  is  very  abundant  in  some  localities.     The  flov.*ers  last  onlj-  a  short  time. 

5.  Pyrola  chlorantha  Swartz.  Occasional  at  almost  all  altitudes,  in  deep  woods,  or 
under  bushes  about  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Md.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.— 
Leaves  long-petioled,  dull,  1  to  4  cm.  wide. 

6.  Pyrola  secunda  L.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets, 
often  on  banks  or  under  bushes  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Va.,  and  Lab.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {Ramischia  secunda  Garcke.) — Plants  10  to  20  cm.  high,  often 
forming  dense  colonies;  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  finely  toothed;  flowers  usually 
numerous. 

64.  MONOTROPACEAE.     Indian-pipe  Family. 

The  plants  of  this  family  are  saprophytes  (plants  which  live  on  decayed  vegetable 
or  animal  matter),  or  parasites  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants;  they  have  no  green 
coloring  matter  (chlorophyll).  The  leaves  are  reduced  to  scales;  the  petals  are  dis- 
tinct or  united  at  the  base;  the  fruit  is  a  capsule. 

Plants  glabrous;  flower  one  on  each  stem 1.  MONOTROPA. 

Plants  hairy;  flowers  several  or  many. 

Corolla  of  united  petals;    plants  20  to  100  cm.  high,  with  hard  stems;    flowers 
numerous 2.  PTEROSPORA. 

Corolla  of  distinct  petals;   plants  mostly  10  to  20  cm.  high,  with  succulent  stems; 
flowers  few 3.  HYPOPITYS. 

1.  MONOTROPA  L. 

1.  Monotropa  uniflora  L.  Indian-pipe.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes  on  the  west 
slope,  in  deep  moist  woods;  probably  also  on  the  east  slope.  Widely  distributed  in 
N.  Amer.  and  in  Asia.— Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  growing  in  small  clumps, 
white  or  pink;   flower  drooping,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

A  curious  plant  of  striking  appearance;  sometimes  known  as  ghost-plant  or  corpse- 
plant.  The  simple  stem  with  the  recurved  flower  suggests  a  pipe,  hence  the  common 
name.  The  plants  turn  black  after  flowering.  Although  the  flower  is  curved  down- 
ward, the  seed  pod  is  held  erect. 


390  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

2.  PTEROSPOBA  Nutt. 

1.  Pterospora  andromedea  Nutt.  Pinedrops.  Woods  at  Sun  Camp,  and  doubtless 
elsewhere.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Mex.,  Pa.,  and  Que. — Plant  unbranched,  brownish  or 
purplish,  very  sticky;  flowers  whitish,  the  corolla  6  to  8  mm.  long. 

Very  common  in  many  parts  of  the  West,  growing  in  pine  woods. 

3.  HYPOPITYS  Adans. 

1.  Hypopitys  latisquama  Rydb.  Pinesap.  Woods  about  the  east  entrance,  and 
probably  elsewhere.  B.  C.  to  Mont,  and  N.  Mex. — Plant  pink,  finely  hairy  above; 
flowers  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Related  species  are  widely  distributed  in  North  America. 

66.  ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family. 

Shrulis  (sometimes  very  small)  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves;  corolla  of  united 
or  distinct  petals;  fruit  a  cap-sule  or  drupe. 

Leaves  opposite;  corolla  saucer-shaped 1.  KALMIA. 

Leaves  alternate;  corolla  not  saucer-shaped. 

Leaves  linear 2.  PHYLLODOCE. 

Leaves  much  broader  than  linear. 
Plants  erect  shrubs,  0.3  to  2  meters  high;  fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Leaves  evergreen ;  corolla  of  distinct  petals 3.  LEDUM. 

Leaves  deciduous;  corolla  of  united  petals,  urn-shaped     .   .  4.  MENZIESIA. 
Plants  prostrate  or  creeping  shrubs;  fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  capsule  surrounded  by  a 
fleshy  calyx. 
Leaves  rounded;  fruit  a  capsule,  surrounded  by  the  fleshy  calyx. 

5.  GATJLTHERIA. 
Leaves  wedge-shaped  or  obovate;  fruit  a  drupe    .  .  6.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

1.  KALMIA  L. 

1.  Kalmia  microphylla  (Hook.)  Heller.  Rocky  Mountain  laurel.  Common  in 
alpine  meadows;  also  in  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lake.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Alta. — Erect  glal^rous  shrub,  10  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  oval  or 
oblong,  1  to  2.5  cm.  long,  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  beneath;  flowers  bluish 
purple,  10  to  15  mm.  broad. 

A  very  beautiful  plant  when  in  full  flower,  but  the  flowers  last  only  a  short  time. 
At  Johns  Lake  the  plants  are  abundant,  and  they  are  much  larger  than  those 
•found  at  high  altitudes.  The  stamens  of  this  plant  are  of  interest;  there  are  10  of 
them;  at  first  the  anthers  are  held  in  little  pockets  of  the  outspread  corolla,  but  if 
the  corolla  is  struck  gently  the  anthers  are  released  and  the  stamens  stand  erect. 
The  mountain  laurel  of  the  East  {Kalmia  latifoUa  L.)  is  a  related  plant. 

2.  PHYLLODOCE  Salisb. 

Small  erect  shrubs,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  with  densely  leafy  stems;  flowers  slender- 
stalked,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  stamens  10;  fruit  a  small  capsule. 

(brolla  deep  rose,  bell-shaped,  open;   sepals  obtuse 1.  P.  empetrif ormis . 

Corolla  yellowish  white,  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth;  sepals  acute. 

2.  P.  glanduliflora. 

1.  Phyllodoce  empetriformis  (Smith)  Don.  Red  heather.  Frequent  and  often 
abundant  in  meadows  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta. 
{Bryanthus  empetriformis  A.  Gray.) — Leaves  evergreen,  5  to  12  mm.  long,  sessile, 
grooved  on  both  sides;  corolla  6  to  8  mm,  long. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  391 

The  daintiness  and  beautiful  color  of  the  flowers  make  this  one  of  the  finest  plants 
of  the  park.  Great  patches  are  a  conspicuous  feature  of  alpine  meadows,  and  the 
flowers  last  for  some  time.  In  some  meadows  the  red  heather  is  more  abundant, 
and  in  others  the  white  heather.  The  seed  capsules  are  deep  red,  and  they  are 
covered  with  beautiful  golden  resin  dots.  The  European  heathers  (species  of  Erica) 
are  similar  in  appearance  to  this  plant,  and  they  belong  to  the  same  family,  but  none 
of  the  true  heathers  are  natives  of  North  America. 

2.  Phyllodoce  glanduliflora  (Hook.)  Coville.  White  heather.  Common  in 
meadows  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta.  (Bryanthus 
glanduliflorus  A.  Gray.) — Leaves  4  to  8  mm.  long;  corolla  about  8  mm.  long;  flower 
stalks  sticky  with  fine  gland-tipped  hairs. 

This  is  a  far  less  handsome  plant  than  the  red  heather,  and  the  flowers  are  much 
less  conspicuous.  It  is  abundant  at  Sexton  Glacier  and  elsewhere,  but  at  Iceberg 
Lake  and  in  some  other  similar  localities  it  is  rare  or  absent. 

3.  LEDUM  L. 

1.  Ledum  glandulosum  Nutt.  Labrador  tea.  Common  in  woods  about  Belton. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Alta. — Shrub,  0.3  to  1  meter  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 
elliptic  or  oval,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  green  on  the  upper  side,  paler  and  resinous  beneath; 
flowers  white,  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  stems,  slender-stalked;  petals  5,  5  to  7 
mm.  long;  fruit  a  5-celled  capsule,  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

4.  MENZIESIA  Smith. 

1.  Menziesia  glabella  A.  Gray.  Menziesia.  Common  in  all  the  wooded  portions 
of  the  park;  usually  in  woods;  a  characteristic  shrub  of  timber  line,  among  stunted 
pines  and  firs.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Slender  shrub,  0.6  to  2  meters  high, 
often  forming  thickets;  leaves  thin,  pale  green,  elliptic  or  obovate,  3  to  6  cm.  long, 
entire,  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  old  branches;  corolla 
about  8  mm.  long,  urn-shaped,  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with  bronze;  capsule  4-celled. 

The  flowers  are  inconspicuous. 

5.  GAULTHERIA  L. 

1.  Gaultheria  humifusa  (Graham)  Rydb.  Creeping  wintergreen.  Occasional 
in  meadows  above  timber  line;  Iceberg  Lake;  Granite  Park;  Sexton  Glacier.  B.C. 
to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.— Plants  small,  the  slender  stems  creeping  over  the  ground 
and  forming  small  mats;  leaves  1  to  2  cm.  long,  finely  toothed  or  entire,  dark  green; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  white,  3  mm.  long;    fruit  small,  red. 

The  wintergreen  or  checkerberry  {Gaultheria  ■procumhens  L.),  from  which  winter- 
green  oil  is  obtained,  is  a  closely  related  but  larger  plant  of  the  Eastern  States. 

6.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans. 

1.  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  Bearberry.  Abundant  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and 
Lab. — Prostrate  glabrous  shrub;  leaves  obovate,  very  thick,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  nearly 
sessile,  evergreen,  entire;  flowers  white  or  pink,  in  small  clusters;  fruit  bright  red, 
6  to  10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Known  also  as  kinnikinnick.  On  steep  open  slopes  the  plants  form  great  slippery 
carpets  over  which  it  is  difficult  to  climb.  The  fruit  is  very  handsome;  it  ripens  in 
late  summer.  The  plants  of  the  west  slope  seem  to  bear  more  abundant  and  larger  fruit 
than  those  found  on  the  east  side  of  the  park.  The  branches  are  used  in  the  W^est  for 
Christmas  greens,  and  they  make  excellent  camp  beds.  The  fruit  is  mealy  and 
flavorless.  It  was  gathered  for  food  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians,  and  was  eaten  raw,  or 
mashed  in  fat  and  fried.     The  dried  leaves  were  smoked  like  tobacco. 


392  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

66.  VACCINIACEAE.     Blueberry  Family. 

1.  VACCINITJM  T.. 

Slender  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  finely  toothed  or  entire;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  leaf  axils  or  in  racemes;  calyx  lobes  4  or  5;  corolla  urn-shaped  or  bell- 
shaped,  with  5  or  4  short  lobes;  stamens  10  or  8,  the  anthers  usually  with  2  awns  on 
the  back;  fruit  juicy,  with  small  seeds. — -The  name  huckleberry  is  often  applied  to 
plants  of  this  genus  (generally  in  the  Rocky  Mountains),  but  that  name  is  better 
reserved  for  species  of  the  genus  Gaylussacia,  none  of  which  are  found  in  the  West. 
Leaves  very  hairy,  especially  beneath;    flowers  in  short  racemes;    anthers  without 

awns;   leaves  entire 1.   V.  canadense. 

Leaves  glabrous;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  anthers  with  2  awns  on  the  back; 
leaves  finely  toothed. 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse;   young  branches  reddish  or  brownish,  not 

angled 2.  V.  caespitosum. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  rarely  obovate  but  then  acute;   young  branches  green, 
angled . 
Leaves  mostly  3  to  6  cm.  long;   plants  usually  0.6  to  1  meter  high. 

3.  V.  membranaceum. 
Leaves  2.5  cm.  long  or  usually  much  shorter;  plants  15  to  40  cm.  high. 
Fruit  blue  or  bluish  black;    leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded-ovate;    plants 

loosely  branched 4.  V.  myrtillus. 

Fruit  wine-red;    leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate;    plants  with  dense  erect 
branches 5.  V.  scoparium. 

1.  Vacciniuni  canadense  Richards.  Canada  blueberry.  Rather  common  in  dense 
flat-woods  about  Belton.  Mont,  to  111.,  N.  J.,  and  Newf.  (Cyanococciis  canadensis 
Rydb.) — Slender  shrub,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  2  to  4  cm. 
long,  acute;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  4  mm.  long;  fruit  about  5  mm.  in  diameter, 
black,  with  a  dense  pale  bloom. 

This  is  apparently  the  most  western  station  known  for  the  species.  The  fruit  is 
sweet  and  rather  insipid . 

2.  Vaccinium  caespitosum  Michx.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  rarely  found  at 
middle  elevations,  mostly  on  dry  open  slopes  or  even  on  prairie  or  in  thin  woods, 
occasionally  in  deep  moist  woods.  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  N.  H.,  and  Lab. — Densely  branched 
shrub,  10  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  finely  toothed,  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base;  corolla  white  or  pink,  4  to  5  mm.  long;  fruit  at  first  wine-red,  becoming  dark 
blue,  with  a  pale  bloom. 

The  fruit  is  sweet  and  insipid;  it  is  too  small  and  not  sufficiently  abundant  to  be 
edible.  In  1919  very  few  of  the  plants  bore  fruit.  The  plants  often  form  dense 
carpets  on  open  slopes,  and  they  are  conspicuous  in  late  summer  when  the  leaves 
turn  red  or  purplish.  Rydberg  states  that  the  plant  is  alpine  or  subalpine,  and  while 
this  is  true  in  some  regions,  it  is  far  from  being  the  case  in  Glacier  Park.  Here  the 
plant  grows  in  the  Transition  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Canadian  Zone. 

3.  Vaccinium  membranaceum  Dougl.  Tall  whortleberry.  Common  and  often 
abundant  at  middle  altitudes  and  about  timber  line,  in  thin  or  dense  woods,  some- 
times on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Mich.  ( V.  globulare  Rydb.)^Much- 
branched  shrub,  usually  about  60  cm.  high;  leaves  thin,  nearly  sessile,  finely  toothed, 
acute  or  obtuse;  flowers  slender-stalked;  corolla  5  to  6  mm.  long,  white  or  pale  pink, 
fruit  commonly  8  to  10  mm.  in  diameter. 

This  is  the  only  whortleberry  of  the  region  whose  fruit  is  of  importance;  in  many 
places  the  plants  are  abundant  and  the  fruit  can  be  gathered  in  quantity.  The  fruit 
is  of  excellent  quality;  indeed  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is  surpassed  by  that  of  any  other 
species.     It  is  rather  tart  and  very  juicy  and  the  seeds  are  so  small  as  to  be  negligible. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  393 

It  makes  excellent  pies  and  is  still  better  -when  eaten  fresh  with  sugar  and  cream. 
The  fruit  varies  greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  color;  in  moist  woods  it  is  larger,  juicier, 
and  more  tart,  while  in  exposed  places  it  is  small,  dryer,  and  sweeter.  Usually  it  is 
hemispheric,  but  frequently  it  is  pear-shaped.  Commonly  the  fruit  is  purplish  black, 
and  often  it  has  a  bloom,  especially  in  open  places.  Some  plants  bear  wine-red  fruit 
which  seems  to  be  quite  ripe.     In  autumn  the  leaves  turn  deep  red. 

4.  Vaccinium  myrtillus  L.  Low  whortleberry.  Frequent  at  middle  altitudes, 
and  also  about  Belton;  usually  in  deep  woods,  but  occasionally  in  rather  open  places. 
B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Alta.;  also  in  Eur.  {V.  oreophilum  Rydb.) — Usually  about  30 
cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  finely  toothed,  obtuse  or  acutish;  corolla 
about  4  mm.  long;  fruit  5  to  8  mm.  in  diameter. 

The  fruit  is  rather  tart  and  of  good  flavor,  but  the  plants  are  so  small  that  it  is  not 
easily  gathered.  The  branching  in  this  species  is  loose  and  open,  and  quite  unlike 
the  dense  broomlike  habit  of   V.  scoparium. 

6.  Vaccinium  scoparium  Leiberg.  Red  whortleberry.  Usually  about  timber 
line,  but  sometimes  at  middle  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  in  thin  or  dense  woods. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Plants  usually  20  to  30  cm.  high,  with  dense, 
mostly  erect,  broomlike  branches;  leaves  acute,  usually  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  finely 
toothed,  pale  green;  corolla  3  mm.  long,  pink;  fruit  4  to  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

The  fruit  is  of  good  flavor,  but  it  is  too  small  to  be  edible. 

67.  PRIMTJLACEAE.     Primrose  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  basal,  entire  or  toothed;  sepals  4  or  5,  partially 
united;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  and  alternate  with 
them;  fruit  a  1-celled  capsule. 
Corolla  small  (3  to  4  mm.  long),  white,  the  lobes  erect  or  spreading;  stamen.^'  distinct, 

included     1.  ANDiiOSACE. 

Corolla  large  (about  10  mm.  long),  rose-purple,  the  lobes  reflexed;  stamens  united  by 

their  anthers,  standing  above  the  corolla 2.  DODECATHEON. 

1.  ANDROSACE  L. 

Small  annuals;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette,  entire  or  toothed;  flowers  slender-stalked, 
in  umbels. 

Stems  glabrous     1.  A.  subumbellata. 

Stems  minutely  hairy     2.  A.  puberulenta. 

1.  Androsace  subumbellata  (A.  Nels.)  Small.  Occasional  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows  or  on  moist  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex. — Plants  much 
branched  from  the  base,  4  to  7  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  acute; 
umbels  short-stalked  or  sessile;  corolla  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

2.  Androsace  puberulenta  Rydb.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
in  low  meadows  or  on  dry  rocky  slopes.  Yukon  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex. — Plants 
5  to  20  cm.  high,  with  numerous  flower  stems;  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long; 
umbels  long-stalked;  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

2.  DODECATHEON  L. 

Perennials;  leaves  in  basal  rosettes,  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  in  long-stalked 
umbels,  nodding;  capsule  cyLindric. 

Leaves  finely  pubescent 1.  D.  cusickii. 

Leaves  glabrous 2.  D.  pauciflorum . 

1.  Dodecatheon  cusickii  Greene.  East  entrance,  Mrs.  Otto  Thompson.  B.  C.  and 
Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Alta. — Leaves  3  to  7  cm.  long,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse; 
flowers  few,  purple,  with  yellow  throat;  capsule  8  mm.  long. 


394  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

2.  Dodecatheon  pauciflomm  (Durand)  Greene.  Shooting-star.  Frequent  at 
nearly  ail  altitudes,  but  most  common  above  timber  line,  in  moist  woods,  begs,  or 
meadows.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Sask.— Glabrous  perennial,  10  to  40  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  pale  green,  entire,  obtuse;  flowers  few 
or  numerous;  corolla  lobes  about  1  cm.  long;  anthers  4  to  5  mm.  long,  purple,  the 
filaments  yellow;  capsule  10  to  15  mm.  long. 

A  handsome  plant,  often  conspicuous  in  alpine  meadows.  The  flowers  last  only 
a  short  time. 

68.  GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family. 

1.  GENTIANA  L.     Gentian. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite,   entire,  sessile;  flowers  in  the  leaf 
axils  or  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  stems;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed;  corolla  usually  funnel- 
shaped,  5-lobed;  fruit  a  1-celled  capsule. 
Corolla  2  cm.  long  or  shorter. 

Corolla  lobes  obtuse 1.  G.  glauca. 

Corolla  lobes  acute. 

Corolla  with  a  fringed  crown  in  the  throat 2.  G.  acuta. 

Corolla  without  a  crown  in  the  throat 3.  G.  propinqua. 

Corolla  2.5  to  4  cm.  long. 

Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong;  corolla  2.5  to  3  cm.  long;  calyx  lobes  linear  or 

linear-lanceolate 4.  G.  affinis. 

Leaves  usually  very  broadly  ovate;  corolla  commonly  3.5  to  4  cm.  long;  calyx  lobee 
oval  to  oblong 5.  G.  calycosa. 

1.  Gentiana  glauca  Pall.  Reported  from  Sperry  Glacier  by  Jones.  Alaska,  B.  C, 
and  Mont.;  also  in  Asia.  {Dasy Stephana  glauca  Rydb.) — Perennial,  2  to  10  cm.  high, 
glabrous,  with  a  rosette  of  basal  leaves;  stem  leaves  2  or  3  pairs,  oval  or  obovate, 
1  cm.  long;  corolla  blue,  12  to  18  mm.  long. 

2.  Gentiana  acuta  Michx.  Northern  gentian.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  in 
wet  thickets  or  woods  or  in  bogs,  sometimes  on  slopes  above  timber  line.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Me.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {Amarella  scopulorum 
Greene.) — Annual;  stems  slender,  glabrous,  15  to  30  cm.  high,  simple,  leafy;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  corolla  pale  blue  or  lavender. 

3.  Gentiana  propinqua  Richards.  Piegan  Pass,  on  open  rocky  slope.  Alaska, 
B.  C,  Mont.,  and  Alta.;  also  in  Asia.  (Amarella  propinqua  Greene.) — Annual, 
3  to  15  cm.  high,  glabrous,  commonly  l-flowered;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
5  to  12  mm.  long;  corolla  pale  blue,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

4.  Gentiana  affinis  Griseb.  Prairie  gentian.  Low  places  on  prairie  at  east 
entrance.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Sask.  {Dasystephana  affinis  Rydb.) — Plants  usually 
tufted,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  corolla 
blue,  with  a  narrow  tube. 

5.  Gentiana  calycosa  Griseb.  Blue  gentian.  Common  in  meadows  above  timber 
line;  occasionally  found  in  moist  places  at  middle  altitudes.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Wyo., 
and  Mont.  (Dasystephana  calycosa  Rydb.;  D.  obtusiloba  Rydb.) — Stems  10  to  30  cm. 
high,  glabrous,  often  in  small  clumps;  leaves  1  to  3  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at 
the  apex;  flowers  1  or  few,  deep  blue. 

One  of  the  finest  flowers  of  the  park,  frequently  very  abundant  in  alpine  meadows. 
The  flowers  last  a  long  time,  and  the  first  ones  appear  in  early  summer.  Dwarfed 
plants  sometimes  have  corollas  only  3  cm.  long  or  even  shorter.  All  our  material 
belongs  to  Dasystephana  obtusiloba  Rydb.,  the  type  of  which  came  from  the  Sperry 
Glacier  region,  but  there  seem  to  be  no  important  differences  between  this  form  and 
Gentiana  calycosa. 


STANDLEY FI-ORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  395 

69.  MENYANTHACEAE.     Buckbean  Family. 
1.  MENYANTHES  L. 

1.  Menyantlies  trifoliata  L.  Buckbean.  Frequent  in  sphagnum  bogs  on  the 
west  slope.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Pa.,  and  Lab. — Glabrous  perennial  with  thick 
ro3tstocks;  leaves  basal,  long-petioled,  with  3  leaflets,  these  oval  or  elliptic,  5  to  10 
cm.  long,  entire,  fleshy;  flower  stalk  10  to  30  cm.  high,  the  flowers  in  racemes;  corolla 
white  or  pinkish,  1.5  cm.  long,  5-lobed,  loearded  within;  fruit  a  capsule. 

The  thick  fleshy  rootstocks  sometimes  lie  upon  the  surface  of  the  sphagnum. 

•     70.  APOCYIJACEAE.     Dogbane  Family. 

1.  APOCYNTJM  L.     Dogbane. 

Perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice  and  forking  stems;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  in  cymes;  sepals  5;  corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed;  stamens  5;  fruit 
of  2  long  slender  pods. — The  leaves  turn  yellow  in  autumn.  The  plants  are  some- 
times known  as  Indian  hemp.  Their  stems  contain  a  tough  fiber,  from  which  the 
Indians  made  rope,  twine,  etc.  The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  a  decoction  of  the  root 
as  a  laxative;  they  employed  the  decoction  also  as  a  wash  for  the  hair,  to  prevent 
its  falling. 

Corolla  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  greenish  white,  the  loljes  erect. 

1.  A.  cannabinum. 
Corolla  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white  striped  with  pink,  the  loljes 
spreading . 

Leaves  gla])rous 2.  A.  ambigens. 

Leaves  more  or  less  hairy  beneath 3.  A.  pumilum. 

1.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Common  dogbane.  Rocky  river  banks  at  Belton, 
forming  large  patches.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. — Stems  purplish,  0.5  to  1 
meter  high,  glabrous;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  glabrous; 
corolla  3  to  5  mm.  long. 

2.  Apocynum  ambigens  Greene.  Pink  dogbane.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  on  dry  open  slopes;  often  on  talus  slopes.  Wash,  to  N.  Mex.  and  S.  Dak. — 
Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  with  pale  stems,  often  much  branched;  leaves  ovate  to 
rounded,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  green  above,  pale  beneath,  acute  to  rounded  at  the  apex; 
corolla  5  mm.  long,  pale  pink,  with  dark  pink  stripes  inside,  sweet-scented. 

A  handsome   plant,  often   loaded  with  the  delicately  colored  bell-shaped  flowers. 

3.  Apocynum  pumilum  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  open 
slopes  or  in  thin  woods.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont.^Similar  to  A.  ambigens, 
differing  only  in  the  pubescent  leaves;  pods  8  to  14  cm.  long. 

This  is  doubtfully  distinct  from  A.  ambigens,  and  it  is  probable  that  both  are 
merely  forms  of  A.  androsaemifolium  L. 

71.  ASCLEPIADACEAE.     Milkweed  Family. 
1.  ASCLEPIAS  L. 

1.  Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  Milkweed.  Praii'ie  and  open  hillsides  about  the 
east  entrance.  B.  G.  to  Calif.,  Kans.,  and  Minn. — Coarse  perennial,  0.5  to  1  meter 
high,  somewhat  woolly,  with  milky  juice;  leaves  large,  oval,  sessile,  opposite,  entire; 
flowers  purplish  pink,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  showy,  in  umliels;  fruit  a  large  pod,  7  to  10 
cm.  long,  the  numerous  seeds  each  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  long  silky  white  hairs. 

The  young  sprouts  of  some  of  the  closely  similar  species  of  milkweed  in  the  Eastern 
States  are  cooked  like  asparagus.  There  is  a  popular  belief  that  the  milky  juice  will 
destroy  warts. 


396  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

72.   CONVOIVTJIACEAE.     Morning-glory  Family. 

1.  CONVOLVTJLTJS  L. 

1.  Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Bindweed.  Reported  from  Belton  by  Jones. 
Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. — Slender  prostrate  perennial, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ol)long,  1  to  5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  entire,  but  with  a  lobe 
on  each  side  at  the  base;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  corolla  1.5  to  2  cm.  long, 
funnel-shaped,  white  or  pink;  fruit  a  capsule. 

73.  POLEMOmACEAE.     Phlox  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  lobed,  or  pinnate; 
sepals  5,  partly  united;  corolla  5-lobed;  stamens  5,  attached  to  the  corolla  tube;  fruit 
a  3-celled  capsule. 
Leaves  pinnate  or  deeply  lobed. 

Leaves  pinnate,  with  rounded  leaflets;  plants  perennial;  flowers  blue. 

1.  POLEMONITJM. 
Leaves  divided  into  linear  or  threadlike  lobes;  plants  annual;  flowers  white. 

Flowers  sessile;  lobes  of  leaves  stiff,  with  spiny  tips     ...  2.  NAVARRETIA. 
Flowers  slender-stalked;  lobes  of  leaves  thin,  not  spiny- tipped. 

6.  LINANTHUS. 
Leaves  entire. 

Plants  perennial,  forming  dense  mats  or  tufts;  corolla  white,  1  to  1.5  cm.  l)road. 

3.  PHLOX. 
Plants  annual,  not  tufted;  corolla  pink  or  piurplish,  much  less  than  1  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  alternate 4.  COLLOMIA. 

Leaves,  except  the  uppermost,  opposite 5.  MICROSTERIS. 

1.  POLEMONITJM  L. 

Perennials,  more  or  less  hairy;   flowers  in  loose  or  dense  clusters,  blue. 

Leaflets  opposite,  not  sticky;  corolla  7  to  9  mm.  long 1.  P.  parvifolium. 

Leaflets  whorled,  very  sticky;  corolla  15  to  20  mm.  long 2.  P.  viscosum. 

1.  Polemonium  parvifolium  Nutt.  Jacob's-ladder.  Common  at  nearly  all  alti- 
tudes, at  least  on  the  east  slope,  in  woods,  thickets,  or  meadows,  or  on  open  slopes. 
Alta.  to  Wyo.— Plants  10  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  in  dense  clumps;  leaflets  11  to  25  or 
more,  2  to  10  mm.  long. 

2.  Polemonium  viscosum  Nutt.  Skunk-plaxt.  Common  on  rock  slides  above 
timber  line;  sometimes  found  on  moist  rocky  slopes  near  snow  banks  at  middle  alti- 
tudes. Alta.  to  Wyo.  and  Utah. — Plants  5  to  10  cm.  high,  forming  dense  clumps, 
extremely  viscid;  leaflets  numerous,  1  to  4  mm.  long;  flowers  in  a  dense  sticky 
cluster. 

The  plant  has  a  heavy  odor,  which  strongly  suggests  a  skunk ;  because  of  its  stickines.« 
it  is  unpleasant  to  handle.     The  withered  corollas  often  persist  for  some  time. 

2.  NAVARRETIA  Ruiz  &  Pa  v. 

1.  Navarretia  minima  Nutt.  Pincushion  plant.  About  dried-up  pools  on 
prairie  at  east  entrance.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Ariz.,  and  Nebr. — Plants  annual,  1  to  4  cm. 
high,  each  one  forming  dense  rounded  mass;  leaves  divided  into  numerous  slender 
stiff  sharp-pointed  lobes;  flowers  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  stems;  corolla  white,  7 
mm.  long. 

An  inconspicuous  little  plant.  Upon  trying  to  pull  up  the  plants,  one  finds  the 
leaf  lobes  as  prickly  as  pin  points. 


STANDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  397 

3.  PHLOX  L.     Phlox. 

Low  matted  perennials;    leaves  narrow,  entire;    flowers  white  or  bluish,  with  a 
Blender  tube,  mostly  solitary  and  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. — The  various 
kinds  of  cultivated  phlox  belong  to  this  genus. 
Leaves  awl-shaped,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  with  cobwebby  hairs;   corolla  8  to  10  mm. 

long 1.  P.  hoodii. 

Leaves  linear  or  oblong,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  without  cobwebby  hairs  except  sometimes 

at  the  base;  corolla  15  to  18  mm.  long 2.  P.  alyssifolia. 

1.  Phlox  hoodii  Richards.  Dry  exposed  rocky  slopes  near  the  foot  of  Lake 
McDermott  and  on  shale  slides  at  east  entrance.  Yukon  to  Wyo.  and  Nebr. — 
Plants  5  cm.  high  or  less;  leaves  4  to  10  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  the  tube  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

The  plants  flower  in  spring. 

2.  Phlox  alyssifolia  Greene.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry 
rocky  slopes.  Mont,  to  Utah,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak.— Plants  3  to  6  cm.  high;  leaves  5 
to  15  mm.  long,  acute;   corolla  bluish  white,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. 

This,  too,  blooms  in  spring,  but,  as  in  P.  hoodii,  the  shriveled  corollas  often  persist 
in  fruit. 

4.  COLLOMIA  Nutt. 

1.  Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  Occasional  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  open 
slopes,  in  woods,  or  on  gravel  beds  along  streams.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Minn.— Annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  branches,  finely  hairy;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones  broader  and  often  pale  at  the  base; 
flowers  in  dense  leafy  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  stems;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  about 
1  cm.  long,  pinkish. 

The  flowers  are  inconspicuous  and  unattractive. 

5.  MICROSTERIS  Greene. 

1.  Microsteris  gracilis  (Dougl.)  Greene.  Occasional  at  low  or  sometimes  at  middle 
altitudes,  on  dry  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  andMont.  {Giliagracilis  Hook.) — 
Branched  annual,  10  to  40  cm.  high,  with  fine  gland-tipped  hairs,  at  leastabove;  leaves 
mostly  linear,  2  to  6  cm.  long;  flowers  in  the  leaf  axils;  corolla  8  to  12  mm.  long, 
piu-plish,  almost  tubular. 

6.  LINANTHTJS  Benth. 

1.  Linanthus  harknessii  (Curran)  Greene.  East  entrance,  in  fields,  Umbach. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.  (Gilia  harlnessii  Curran.) — Very  slender  glabrous 
annual,  5  to  25  cm.  high,  branched;  leaves  3  or  5-lobed  to  the  base,  the  lobes  narrowly 
linear;  corolla  white,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

74.  HYDROPHYLIACEAE.     Waterleaf  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;   leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules;   flowers 
mostly  in  1-sided  racemes  or  cymes,  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils;  calyx  of  5  united 
sepals;  corolla  5-lobed;  fruit  a  1  or  2-celled  capsule. 
Plants  glabrous;   leaves  kidney-shaped,  1  to  3  cm.  broad,  with  5  to  9  short  rounded 

lobes 1.  EOMANZOFFIA. 

Plants  conspicuously  hairy;  leaves  various  but  never  kidney-shaped,  pinnately  lobed 
or  sometimes  entire. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  included  in  it;  plants  annual;  flowers  solitary. 

2.  NEMOPHILA. 


398  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Stamena  exserted  from  the  corolla;   plants  perennial;   flowers  in  cymes. 

Flowers  blue  or  purple 4.  PHACELIA. 

Flowers  white. 
Leaves,  at  least  most  of  them,  entire,  the  lowest  ones  sometimes  pinnate. 

4.  PHACELIA. 
Leaves  deeply  lobed 3.  HYDROPHYLLUM. 

1.  ROMANZOFFIA  Cham. 

1.  Romanzoffia  sitchensis  Bong.  Mistmaiden.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on 
wet  cliffs;  occasionally  found  on  wet  rocks  at  lower  altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif,  and 
Mont. — Plants  -wdth  bulblike  bases;  leaves  basal,  slender-petioled,  1  to  3  cm.  broad; 
flower  stems  slender,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  often  prostrate,  few-flowered;  corolla  white 
or  tinged  with  pink,  7  to  10  mm.  long;   capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 

A  handsome,  delicate  plant,  closely  resembling  some  of  the  saxifrages. 

2.  NEMOPHILA  Nutt. 

1.  Nemophila  breviflora  A.  Gray.  Collected  by  Holzinger,  somewhere  between 
Lake  McDonald  and  Sperry  Glacier.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Annual, 
branched,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  lobed,  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  5  to  15  mm. 
long,  entire;  corolla  2  to  3  mm.  long,  whitish,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

3.  HYDROPHYLLUM  L. 

1.  Hydrophyllum  capitatum  Dougl.  Waterleaf.  Woods  at  east  entrance 
Umbach.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  finely  hairy; 
leaves  with  5  or  7  obovate  lobes,  these  2  to  5  cm.  long,  lobed;  corolla  7  to  8  mm.  long. 

4.  PHACELIA  Jtiss.     Phacelia. 

Hairy  perennials;  flowers  in  1-sided  racemes  or  cymes;  corolla  bell-shaped,  the 
stamens  exserted. 

Leaves  entire;  corolla  white I.  P.  leucophylla. 

Leaves  lobed;  corolla  purplish  blue. 

Leaves  lobed  about  halfway  to  the  midrib,  green,   nearly  glabrous,   the  lobes 
broad 2.  P.  lyallii. 

Leaves  lobed  to  the  midrib,  gray-silky,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong  .  .  3.  P.  sericea. 

1.  Phacelia  leucophylla  Torr.  White  phacelia.  Common  at  nearly  all  altitudes, 
in  thin  woods  or  on  open  slopes,  but  most  abundant  above  timber  line,  especially  on 
rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Nebr.— Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  in  clumps; 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  elliptic,  5  to  12  cm.  long,  a6ute,  with  conspicuous  veins, 
covered  with  stiff  grayish  hairs;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long,  dirty  white;  calyx 
covered  with  stiff  bristle-like  hairs. 

The  stiff  hairs  penetrate  the  skin  easily. 

2.  Phacelia  lyallii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  Blue  phacelia.  Plate  50,  B.  Common 
above  timber  line,  especially  on  rock  slides.  B.  C,  Idaho,  and  Mont. — Plants  10  to 
20  cm.  high,  usually  in  dense  clumps,  green;  corolla  about  5  mm.  long. 

A  very  showy  plant,  which  remains  in  flower  a  long  time;  it  flowers  rather  late  in 
the  season.     One  plant  found  at  Sexton  Glacier  had  white  flowers. 

3.  Phacelia  sericea  (Graham)  A.  Gray.  Silky  phacelia.  Frequent,  at  least  on 
the  east  slope;  chiefly  at  middle  altitudes,  but  sometimes  above  timber  line  or  at 
low  elevations,  on  open  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.— Plants 
10  to  30  cm.  high,  grayish;  inflorescence  narrow,  dense,  and  spikelike;  corolla  5  to  6 
mm.  long. 

This  blooms  earlier  than  P.  lyallii,  with  which  it  occasionally  gro^vB,  and  it  is  only 
rarely  that  both  are  found  in  flower  in  the  same  locality. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  399 

75.  BORAGINACEAE.     Borage  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  the  pubescence  often  of  stiff  bristle-like  hairs;  leaves 
alternate  or  opposite,  entire;  flowers  regular,  in  1-sided  racemes  or  spikes,  these 
variously  arranged;  calyx  of  5  partly  united  sepals;  corolla  5-lobed;  stamens  5, 
attached  to  the  corolla  tube;  fruit  of  4  nutlets,  inserted  on  a  receptacle. 

Nutlets  with  hooked  prickles,  at  least  on  the  margins 1.  LAPPTJLA. 

Nutlets  unarmed,  or  rarely  with  straight  prickles. 
■  Corolla  blue. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long    ....  2.  MERTENSIA. 
Plants  very  hairy;  corolla  much  less  than  1  cm.  long. 
Plants  densely  tufted,  2  to  8  cm.  high,  white-hairy;  corolla  7  to  9  mm.  -^^dde. 

3.  ERITRICHUM. 
Plants  not  densely  tufted,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  not  white-hairy;  corolla  4  to  6 

mm.  wide 4.  MYOSOTIS. 

Corolla  white  or  yellow. 
Corolla  yellow. 

Plants  covered  with  stiff  sharp  bristle-like  hairs,  biennial,  with  slender  roots, 

never  forming  tufts;  receptacle  conical 5.  AMSINCKIA. 

Plants  with  short,  mostly  appressed  haii's,  perennial,  with  thick  roots,  usually 

forming  dense  tufts;  receptacle  flat 6.  LITHOSPERMUM. 

Corolla  white. 
Pedicels  in  fruit  falling  off  with  the  closed  calyx    ....  7.  CRYPTANTHA. 
Pedicels  and  calyx  not  falling  in  fruit. 

Plants  perennial,  stout,  15  to  30  cm.  high;  calyx  lobes  open  in  fruit;  leaves 

alternate     8.  OREOCARYA. 

Plants  annual,  slender,  usually  less  than  15  cm.  high;  calyx  lobes  nearly 
closed  in  fruit;  leaves  mostly  opposite     9.  ALLOCARYA. 

1.  LAPPTJLA  Moench. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  alternate,  narrow;  flowers  blue,  in  one-sided  racemes; 
corolla  with  very  short  tube;  nutlets  with  barbed  prickles  along  the  edge  and  some- 
times also  on  the  back. 

Racemes  with  leafy  bracts  only  at  the  base;  plants  perennial;  corolla  4  to  10  mm. 

broad . 

Corolla  8  to  10  mm.  broad;  nutlets  with  a  few  prickles  on  the  back  .  .  1.  L.  diffusa. 

Corolla  4  to  6  mm.  broad;  nutlets  without  prickles  on  the  back  .  .  2.  L.  floribunda. 

Racemes  with  small  leaf  like  bracts  along  the  whole  length;  plants  annual;  corolla  2 

mm.  wide  or  less. 

Nutlets  with  a  single  row  of  few  prickles  along  the  edge 3.  L.  occidentalis. 

Nutlets  with  a  double  row  of  very  numerous  prickles  along  the  edge. 

4.  L.  echlnata. 

1.  Lappula  diffusa  (I;ehm.)  Greene.  Bur  forget-me-not.  Common  at  nearly  all 
altitudes,  but  most  abundant  near  or  above  timber  line,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets, 
in  meadows,  and  on  open  slopes  and  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Alta. — 
Plants  rough-hairy,  50  to  80  cm.  high;  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  5  to  20  cm.  long, 
the  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  smaller;  fruit  6  to  7  mm.  wide,  rough  on  the  back 
and  prickly. 

A  handsome  plant  with  very  numerous  pale  blue  flowers  which  resemble  those  of 
the  common  forget-me-not.  It  blooms  soon  after  the  snow  melts,  and  often  forms 
large  dense  patches. 

2.  Lappula  floribunda  (Lehm.)  Greene.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  high  or 
low  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  in  moist  woods.  B.  C.  to  Calif.;  N.  Mex.,  and  Man. — 
Similar  to  L.  difftisa,  except  for  the  smaller  flowers. 


400  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

3.  Lappula  occidentalis  (S.  Wats.)  Greene.  Stickseed.  Occasional  on  the  east 
slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  flats  or  open  slopes.  Wash,  to  N.  Mex.,  Mo.,  and  Sask. — 
Plants  simple  or  branched,  hairy,  15  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate,  oblong,  or 
linear,  1  to  4  cm.  long;  corolla  bright  blue;  fruit  3  mm.  wide. 

The  barbed  prickles  of  this,  as  well  as  of  the  other  species,  enable  the  nutlets  to 
adhere  readily  to  clothing. 

4.  Lappula  echinata  Gilib.  Dry  slope  near  Many  Glacier  Hotel;  along  railroad  at 
Belton,  frequent.  Native  of  Eur. ;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. — Stems  30  to  60, 
cm.  high,  hairy,  branched  above;  leaves  mostly  linear  and  sessile,  1  to  3  cm.  long; 
fruit  3  mm.  broad. 

This  species  is  not  listed  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  Rydberg,  but  it  is  well 
established  at  Belton. 

2.  MERTENSIA  Roth. 

1.  Mertensia  lanceolata  (Pursh)  DC.  Bluebells.  East  entrance,  on  dry  open 
slopes.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  N.  Dak. — Perennial;  stems  clustered,  15  to  40  cm.  high, 
glabrous;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  glabrous  or 
rough-hairy  on  the  upper  surface;  flowers  in  small  panicles;  corolla  blue,  funnel- 
shaped,  with  a  thick  tube. 

3.  ERITRICHUM  Schrad. 

1.  Eritrichum  howardi  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  Alpine  forget-me-not.  Reported  by 
Jones  from  Brown  Pass.  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Wyo. — Densely  tufted  perennial, 
covered  with  appressed  white  hairs;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  mostly  basal;  flowers 
blue,  in  short  racemes;  corolla  7  to  9  mm.  broad. 

4.  MYOSOTIS  L. 

1.  Myosotis  alpestris  Schmidt.  Forget-me-not.  Occasional  above  timber  line, 
in  meadows  or  on  rock  slides.  Alaska  to  Colo.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.- — Plants  per- 
ennial, 10  to  30  cm.  high,  hairy;  leaves  oblanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  flowers  in 
one-sided  racemes,  intense  blue,  4  to  6  mm.  wide;  nutlets  smooth. 

A  beautiful  plant,  closely  related  to  the  cultivated  forget-me-not. 

5.  AMSINCEIA  Lehm. 

1.  Amsinckla  barbata  Greene.  Fiddleneck.  Dry  open  slopes  at  east  entrance, 
perhaps  introduced.  B.  C,  Idaho,  and  Mont. — Annual,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  branched, 
covered  with  bristly  yellowish  hairs;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  3  to  5  cm. 
long,  alternate;  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes;  corolla  bright  yellow,  5  mm.  long. 

The  hairs  are  so  stiff  and  sharp  that  they  penetrate  the  skin  easily. 

6.  LITHOSPERMUM  L. 

1.  Lithospermum  ruderale  Lehm.  Puccoon.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.  {L.  lanceolatum 
Rydb.) — Perennial,  25  to  50  cm.  high,  the  stems  forming  dense  clumps,  hairy;  leaves 
alternate,  linear  or  lanceolate,  3  to  10  cm.  long;  flowers  in  leafy  spikes;  corolla  about 
1  cm.  long,  greenish  yellow. 

The  flowers  appear  early  in  the  season.  The  nutlets  are  pale,  shining,  and  A^ery 
hard. 

7.  CRYPTANTHA  Lehm. 

1.  Cryptantha  affinis  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  East  entrance,  along  railroad,  Umbach. 
Wash,  to  Calif.,  Utah,  and  Mont. — Annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  hairy,  branched; 
leaves  linear,  2  to  3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  one-sided  racemes;  corolla  white,  about  1.5 
mm.  wide. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  401 

8.  OREOCARYA  Greene. 

1.  Oreocarya  glomerata  (Pursh)  Greene.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  on  prairie  or  dry  open  slopes  or  flats.  B.  C.  to  Utah  and  Nebr. — Perennial, 
15  to  30  cm.  high,  very  hairy,  grayish,  stout;  leaves  alternate,  the  basal  ones  spatulate, 
2  to  6  cm.  long,  obtuse;  inflorescence  long,  narrow,  leafy;  corolla  white,  5  to  8  mm. 
wide;  nutlets  narrow,  acute,  slightly  roughened  on  the  back. 

The  plant  is  so  densely  covered  with  stiff  sharp  hairs  that  it  is  almost  as  unpleasant 
to  handle  as  a  nettle. 

9.  ALLOCARYA  Greene. 

Annuals,  much  branched;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  the  others  alternate,  linear; 
flowers  very  small,  in  one-sided  racemes,  leafy-bracted;  corolla  white. 

Plants  covered  with  short  stiff  hairs 1.  A.  californica. 

Plants  nearly  glabrous,  with  only  a  few  inconspicuous  hairs    ....  2.  A.  orthocarpa. 

1.  Allocarya  californica  (Fisch.  &  Mey.)  Greene.  East  entrance,  in  wet  open 
ground  and  about  dried-up  pools  on  prairie.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  Dak. 
(^4.  scopulorum  Greene.) — -Plants  slender,  much  branched  from  the  base,  spreading; 
leaves  1.5  to  4  cm.  long. 

2.  Allocarya  orthocarpa  Greene.  Wet  ground  at  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Mont, 
to  Utah  and  Wyo. — Plants  green,  loosely  branched;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long. 

The  specimens  are  immature  and  the  determination  is  not  certain. 

76.  VERBENACEAE.  Vervain  Family. 
1.  VERBENA  L.     Vervain. 
The  cultivated  verbenas  belong  to  this  genus. 

1.  Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.     Carpet  vervain.     Along  the  railroad  ncc-r  Belton, 
probably  introduced.     B.  C.  to  Calif.,  111.,  and  Fla.— Prostrate  hairy  plant;  leaves 
opposite,  deeply  lobed;    flowers  purplish,  small,  in   dense  spikes;  corolla  5-lobed; 
fruit  of  4  small  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 
An  inconspicuous  weed. 

77.  MENTHACEAE.     Mint  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  often  with  a  strong  odor;  stems  4-angled;  leaves  oppo- 
site, toothed;  corolla  usually  very  irregular  and  2-lipped;  stamens  4  or  2;  fruit 
consisting  of  4  small  nutlets  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

Flowers  in  small  dense  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;   corolla  not  2-lipped,  4  or 
5-toothed . 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so 1.  LYCOPXJS. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4;   plants  finely  hairy 2.  MENTHA. 

Flowers  all  or  mostly  in  spikes  or  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  corolla  2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2;    flowers  2  to  2.5  cm.  long,  in  long-stalked  heads. 

3.  MONARDA. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4;   flowers  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  mostly  iu  spikes. 

Calyx  lobes  very  unequal,  3  of  them  broad  and  large  and  2  narrow  and  small; 

flowers  purple 4.  PRUNELLA. 

Calyx  lobes  not  very  unequal  or,  if  so,  one  of  the  teeth  longer  than  the  other  4; 
flowers  white,  pink,  or  pale  blue. 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so;    one  of  the  calyx  lobes  larger  than  the  other  4; 
corolla  pale  blue,  only  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

5.  MOLD  A  VIC  A. 


402  COXTRIBUTIONS    FROM    THE    jJ^ATIOISTAL,    HERBARIUM. 

Plants  conspicuously  hairy;   calyx  lobes  nearly  alike  in  size;   corolla  white  or 
pink,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Plants  pale  with  a  covering  of  soft  whitish  matted  hairs;  leaves  with  rounded 

teeth;  calyx  15-ribbed 6.  NEPETA. 

Plants  green,  covered  with  spreading  hairs;   leaves  with  sharp  teeth;   calyx 
5  to  lO-ribbed 7.  STACHYS. 

1.  LYCOPTJS  L.     Water  horehound. 

Perennials,  odorless,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  toothed  or  lobed;   flowers  small, 
whitish,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Calyx  teeth  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  nutlets;   leaves  toothed. 

1.  L.  uniflorus. 
Calyx  teeth  very  acute,  longer  than  the  nutlets;   leaves  lobed,  at  least  near  the  base. 

2.  L.  americanus. 

1.  Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes  on  the  west  slope,  in 
sphagnum  bogs  or  swampy  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Va.,  and  Newf.  {L.  communis 
Bickn.) — Plants  slender,  with  long  slender  runners;  rootstocks  thickened  and  tuber- 
like; leaves  sharply  toothed,  2.5  to  6  cm.  long;  corolla  2  to  3  mm.  long. 

2.  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Swamp  at  Belton,  Umbach.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Fla., 
and  Newf. — Stems  mostly  simple,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  often  purplish  below;   leaves  3 

to  8  cm,  long,  petioled. 

2.  MENTHA  L. 

1.  Mentha  canadensis  L.  American  mint.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  low 
meadows  or  swamps  or  along  streams.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  erect 
or  nearly  prostrate,  with  a  strong  odor;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  sharply  toothed; 
flowers  small,  pink. 

The  species  is  a  variable  one,  some  of  whose  forms  are  often  considered  to  be  dis- 
tinct species.     The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  the  leaves  for  making  a  tea  and  for  flavoring 

dried  meat. 

3.  MONARDA  L. 

1.  Monarda  menthaefolia  Benth.  Horsemint.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  on 
dry  open  rocky  slopes  or  in  thin  woods.  Idaho  to  Utah,  Tex.,  and  111. — Plants  30 
to  SO  cm.  high,  finely  and  closely  hairy;  leaves  ovate,  short-stalked,  toothed;  flowers 
rose-colored,  in  large  dense  heads. 

A  showy  plant,  with  a  strong  and  distinctive  odor. 

4.  PRUNELLA  L. 

1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Heal-all.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  usually 
in  woods  or  in  wet  thickets,  along  streams,  etc.;  sometimes  in  sphagnum  bogs. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and  Asia. — Plants  10  to  40  cm.  high,  usually  in 
small  clumps,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  stalked,  entire 
or  with  low  rounded  teeth. 

A  handsome  plant  when  in  full  flower.     Known  also  as  self-heal  or  carpenter-weed. 

5.  MOLDAVICA  Adans. 

1.  Moldavica  parviflora  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Dragonhead.  At  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  usually  along  trails  or  in  waste  places;  rather  scarce  and  perhaps  intro- 
duced. Alaska  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Y. — Annual  or  biennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  often  with  spinelike  tips. 

An  inconspicuous  weedy  plant. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  403 

6.  NEPETA  L. 

1.  Nepeta  cataria  L.  Catnip.  A  few  plants  found  about  the  head  of  Lake 
McDonald.  Native  of  Eur.;  introduced  in  many  parts  of  N.  Amer. — Perennial; 
leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  grayish,  2  to  7  cm.  long,  stalked;  flowers  white  or  pale 
pink. 

7.  STACHYS  L. 

1.  Stachys  scopulorum  Greene.  Hedge-nettle.  About  the  east  entrance,  in 
low  moist  places.  Wash,  to  N.  Mex.  and  Minn. — Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  very 
hairy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  stalked;   flowers  pink. 

78.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers 
irregular;  calyx  of  5  or  4  more  or  less  united  sepals;  corolla  usually  2-lipped;  stamens 
usually  4  or  2,  a  fifth  sterile  one  (without  an  anther)  often  present,  attached  to  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  fruit  a  2-celled  capsule. 

Plants  stemless,  the  leaves  all  rising  from  the  root 6.  LIMOSELLA. 

Plants  with  leafy  stems. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  flowers  tinged  with  red,  pink,  or  yellow,  more  con- 
spicuous than  the  flowers  and  usually  nearly  or  fully  as  long. 

10.  CASTILLEJA. 
Bracts  green,  less  conspicuous  and  usually  much  shorter  than  the  flowers. 
Capsule  notched  at  the  top;  corolla  none;  leaves  with  fine  rounded  teeth. 

9.  SYNTHYRIS. 
Capsule  not  notched;  corolla  present;  leaves  entire,  lobed,  or  toothed. 

Stamens  5;  corolla  yellow  or  white,  not  2-lipped 1.  VERBASCUM, 

Stamens  4;  corolla  of  various  colors,  2-lipped. 

Leaves  toothed  or  lobed 12.  PEDICTJLARIS. 

Leaves  entire. 
Plants  perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  with  a  spur  at  the  base. 

2.  LINARIA. 
Plants  annual,  hairy;  corolla  not  spurred     ...  11.  OPvTHOCARPirS. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed     12.  PEDICTJLARIS. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed . 
Calyx  4-lobed. 

Flowers  white  or  blue;  capsule  notched  at  the  top 8.  VERONICA. 

Flowers  yellow;  capsule  not  notched. 

Leaves  entire;  calyx  not  large  and  inflated  in  fruit. 

14.  MELAMPYRUM. 

Leaves  toothed;  calyx  large  and  inflated  in  fruit    .  .  13.  RHINANTHTJS. 
Calyx  5-lobed,  or  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals. 
Stamens  2;  flowers  less  than  1  cm.  long,  white  or  yellowish  white;  plants  of 

wet  soil .  7.  GRATIOLA. 

Stamens  4  or  5;  flowers  small  or  large;  plants  of  wet  or  dry  soil. 

Corolla  4  to  6  mm.  long  (blue);  plants  annual 3.  COLLINSIA. 

Corolla  1  cm.  long  or  larger;  plants  perennial. 
Calyx  not  angled,  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  stamens  5.  one  of  them 

without  an  anther 4.  PENTSTEMON, 

■    Calyx  angled,  the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes;  stamens  4. 

5.  MIMULUS. 

2048—21 12 


404  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL.   HERBARIUM. 

1.  VERBASCTJM  L. 

Biennials,  more  or  less  hairy;  leaves  alternate;  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  corolla 
flat,  only  slightly  irregular. 

Plants  densely  woolly;  flowers  in  a  long  dense  spike     1.  V.  thapsus. 

Plants  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  in  loose  racemes 2.  V.  blattaria. 

1.  Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Mullen.  One  plant  seen  on  east  slope  on  trail  to 
Iceberg  Lake;  occasional  about  Lake  McDonald,  and  up  to  Sperry  Chalets;  rather 
plentiful  at  Belton.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  1  to  2  meters 
high,  with  a  dense  covering  of  pale  feltlike  hairs;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate, 
10  to  40  cm.  long;  spikes  10  to  50  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  1  to  2  cm.  wide. 

2.  VerUascum  blattaria  L.  Moth  mullen.  A  few  plants  at  Sun  Camp  and  at 
Lewis's.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.— Plants  30  to  80  cm.  high,  green; 
leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed;  flowers  white 
or  yellow,  about  3  cm.  broad. 

2.  LIN  ARIA  L. 

1.  Linaria  vulgaris  Mill.  Butter-and-eggs.  A  few  plants  at  Belton,  Lewis's, 
and  just  below  Sperry  Chalets.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer.- — Glabrous 
perennial,  pale  green,  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  alternate,  linear,  entire,  2  to  5  cm. 
long;  flowers  in  racemes;  corolla  2-lipped,  2  ta  3  cm.  long,  pale  yellow  with  orange 
throat,  the  tube  with  a  spur  at  base;  stamens  4. 

The  plant  has  a  characteristic  odor. 

3.  COLLINSIA  Nutt. 

1.  CoUinsia  parviflora  Dougl.  Bluelips.  Frequent  at  low  and  sometimes  at 
middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Ariz.,  and 
Ont. — Branched  annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  minutely  hairy;  leaves  opposite,  oblong 
to  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  slender-stalked,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  corolla 
pale  blue,  2-lipped,  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

4.  PENTSTEMON  Schmidel.     Beardtongue. 

Perennials  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  opposite,  entire  or  toothed;  flowers  showy,  in 
racemes  or  panicles;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  somewhat  2-lipped,  with  5  lobes; 
fertile  stamens  4,  a  fifth  sterile  one  also  present,  this  often  bearded. 

Corolla  yellowish  white 1.  P.  confertus. 

Corolla  blue  or  purple. 
Corolla  0.8  to  2  cm.  long,  blue. 

Corolla  1  cm.  long  or  shorter,  with,  a  narrow  tube;   calyx  lobes  with  long  slender 

tips 2.  P.  procerus. 

Corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long,  with  a  broad  tube;  calyx  lobes  acute  or  short-pointed. 
Leaves,  at  least  most  of  them,  finely  toothed,  bright  green;  plants  with  glands, 

at  least  on  the  calyx 3.  P.  virens. 

Leaves  all  entire,  glaucous;  plants  glabrous 4.  P.  nitidus. 

Corolla  2.5  to  4  cm.  long,  pale  or  deep  purple. 

Anthers  glabrous;  sterile  stamen  bearded • 5.  P.  erianthera. 

Anthers  woolly;  sterile  stamen  not  bearded. 

Leaves  rounded  to  oblong,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  most  of  them  petioled;    plants 

usually  lees  than  20  cm.  high 6.  P.  ellipticus. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  mostly  sessile;   plants  usually  30  to 
50  em.  high. 

Leaves  glabrous 7.  P.  lyallii. 

Leaves  finely  hair> 8.  P.  linearlfolius. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  405 

1.  Pentstemon  confertus  Dougl.  Yellow  beardtongue.  Common  at  low  alti- 
tudes, in  moist  woods  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes  or  prairie;  sometimes  on  slopes  or 
in  woods  at  middle  altitudes,  and  occasionally  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Calif., 
Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Plants  glabrous,  15  to  50  cm.  high,  often  forming  small  clumps; 
leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  entire;  flowers  in  narrow,  long  or  short 
panicles;   corolla  1  cm.  long. 

Unlike  most  species  of  the  genus,  this  is  a  rather  inconspicuous  plant.  The  corolla 
is  of  a  much  deeper  and  brighter  yellow  when  dried  than  when  fresh. 

2.  Pentstemon  procerus  Dougl.  In  meadows  or  on  prairie  at  east  entrance.  B.C. 
to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Sask. — Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  15  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  4 
to  8  cm.  long,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers  in 
narrow,  short  or  long,  dense  panicles;   corolla  deep  purplish  blue. 

3.  Pentstemon  virens  Pennell.  Blue  beardtongue.  Frequent  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  on  prairie;  occasionally  in  meadows  above  timber 
line.  Alta.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  tufted;  leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  many  of  them  entire;  corolla  deep  blue  or 
purplish  blue. 

A  very  handsome  plant,  which  remains  in  flower  only  a  short  time.  It  occurs 
mostly  in  isolated  tufts,  never  in  great  abundance. 

4.  Pentstemon  nitidus  Dougl.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
prairie  or  open  hillsides.  Wash,  to  Wyo.  and  S.  Dak.— Stems  20  to  30  cm.  high,  often 
in  clumps,  stout;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  thick; 
panicle  narrow,  with  large  rounded-ovate  bracts;   corolla  blue. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians  used  a  decoction  of  the  plant  as  a  remedy  for  cramps  and 
pains  in  the  stomach. 

5.  Pentstemon  erianthera  Pursh.  East  entrance,  on  bluffs,  Umbach.  Wash,  to 
Nev.,  Nebr.,  and  N.  Dak.^Stems  10  to  30  cm.  high,  stout,  hairy;  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  linear,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  finely  hairy,  usually  toothed. 

6.  Pentstemon  ellipticus  Coult.  &  Fish.  Alpine  beardtongue.  Common  above 
timber  line,  chiefly  on  rock  slides;  occasional  at  middle  altitudes,  especially  near 
snow  banks  or  on  open  rocky  slopes.  Alta.,  Mont.,  and  Idaho. — Plants  10  to  20  cm. 
high,  often  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  forming  low  broad  dense  clumps;  stems 
minutely  hairy,  the  calyx  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  flowers  few,  purple,  3  to  3.5  cm. 
long. 

One  of  the  most  showy  plants  of  alpine  rock  slides,  usually  covered  ^vith  large 
handsome  flowers.     The  plants  bloom  for  a  long  time. 

7.  Pentstemon  lyallii  A.  Gray.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes  and  some- 
times near  timber  line,  usually  on  open  rocky  slopes.  B.C.,  Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Alta,. — 
Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  usually  in  dense  clumps;  leaves  finely  toothed;  corolla 
3  to  4  cm.  long,  pale  purple. 

A  showy  plant,  with  flowers  much  like  those  of  P.  ellipticus. 

8.  Pentstemon  linearifolius  Coult.  &  Fish.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
and  middle  altitudes,  on  open  rocky  hillsides  or  shale  slides;  sometimes  on  slopes 
above  timber  line.  Idaho  and  Mont. — Stems  finely  hairy,  in  dense  clumps;  leaves 
finely  toothed  or  entire;   corolla  jDurple  to  purplish  pink. 

Perhaps  only  a  form  of  P.  h/allii;  there  seems  to  be  no  marked  difference  between 
the  two  in  size  of  corolla.     One  plant  collected  at  Cracker  Lake  had  white  flowers. 

5.  MIMTJLTJS  L.     Monkeyflower. 

Plants  usually  perennial,  somewhat  succulent;  leaves  opposite,  shallowly  toothed; 
flowers  large  or  small,  borne  in  the  leaf  axils  or  arranged  in  leafy  racemes;  calyx 
5-lobed,  angled;    corolla  2-lipped;    stamens  4. 


406  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

Corolla  rose-red 1.  M.  lewisii. 

Corolla  yellow. 

Stems  covered  with  long  weak  hairs;    calyx  lobes  nearly  equal  in  length. 

2.  M.  moschatus. 
Stems  glabrous  or  with  minute  hairs;    calyx  lobes  very  unequal. 

Corolla  25  to  30  mm.  long 3.  M.  caespitosus. 

Corolla  5  to  15  mm.  long. 

Calyx  lobes  obtuse;  corolla  8  to  15  mm.  long 4.  M.  glabratus. 

Calyx  lobes  acute;  corolla  5  to  8  mm.  long 5.  M.  hallii. 

1.  Mimulus  lewisii  Pursh.  Red  monkeyflower.  Common  about  timber  line 
and  frequently  found  along  streams  at  middle  elevations;  in  wet  ground,  especially 
along  streams.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Minn. — Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high,  usually 
tufted,  finely  hairy  and  somewhat  viscid;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  4  to  8  cm.  long, 
sharply  toothed;    corolla  3.5  to  5  cm.  long. 

A  showy  plant,  often  growing  in  dense  masses,  especially  along  brooks. 

2.  Mimulus  moschatus  Dougl.  Muskflower.  Infrequent;  near  Sun  Camp 
and  along  Snyder  Creek;  in  wet  thickets  or  along  brooks  in  deep  woods.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Ont. — Stems  slender,  prostrate  or  creeping,  very  viscid;  leaves 
slender-stalked,  ovate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  finely  toothed. 

This  species  is  often  cultivated,  but  it  is  far  from  being  a  showy  plant  in  its  wild 
state. 

3.  Mimulus  caespitosus  Greene.  Yellow  monkeyflower.  Common  above  or 
near  timber  line,  usually  along  brooks  or  on  wet  banks.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Mont. — Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  usually  forming  dense  clumps;  leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  rounded,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  flowers  usually  2  or  3  on 
each  stem;  corolla  bright  yellow,  the  throat  spotted  with  brownish  purple. 

One  of  the  most  handsome  plants  of  the  park,  frequently  occurring  in  the  greatest 
profusion.  In  Rydberg's  Flora  this  is  united  with  M.  langsdorfii  Don,  but  in  size 
and  in  habit  of  growth  it  is  very  unlike  the  common  forms  of  that  species.  The 
plants  of  Glacier  Park  are  quite  uniform  in  size  and  habit. 

4.  Mimulus  glabratus  H.  B.  K.  Baring  Falls,  on  wet  mossy  cliffs.  Mont,  to  111., 
Mex.,  and  S.  Amer.— Stems  long  and  weak,  glabrous,  prostrate  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
rounded,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  sparsely  toothed,  short-stalked;  flowers  few,  in  the  leaf 
axils. 

5.  Mimulus  hallii  Greene.  Baring  Falls,  on  mossy  cliff  in  the  spray  of  the  falls. 
Mont,  to  Colo. — Stems  slender,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  glabrous;  leaves  rounded  or  broadly 
ovate,  0.5  to  1.5  cm.  long,  entire  or  slightly  toothed. 

The  Glacier  Park  plants  are  only  3  to  5  cm.  high  and  are,  therefore,  much  smaller 
than  is  usual  in  the  species.  The  specimens  were  determined  by  Mrs.  A.  L.  Grant  as 
a  depauperate  form  ot  M.  hallii. 

6.  LIMOSELLA  L. 

1.  Limosella  aquatica  L.  Mudwort.  East  entrance,  about  pools,  Umbach.  B.  C. 
to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Annual,  with  slender  runners; 
leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate,  0.5  to  3  cm.  long,  entire,  obtuse,  on  very  long  slender 
petioles;  flowers  solitary  on  slender  stalks;  corolla  white,  2  mm.  long,  5-lobed. 

7.  GRATIOLA  L. 

1.  Gratiola  ebracteata  Benth.  Wet  open  places  at  east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Calif, 
and  Mont. — Annual,  3  to  15  cm.  high,  branched,  nearly  glabrous,  with  stout  succulent 
stems;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  sessile,  entire  or  finely  toothed; 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  stalked;  corolla  yellowish  white,  6  to  8  mm.  long. 


STAIiTDLEY FLORA   OF   GLACIER  PARK.  407 

8.  VERONICA  L.     Speedwell. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  opposite,  entire  or  toothed;  flowers  small,  in  racemes 
or  spikes  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  corolla  flat,  almost  regularly  4-lobed; 
stamens  2;  capsule  flat,  usually  notched  at  the  apex. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  plants  annual    .  1.  V.  peregrina  xalapensis. 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  plants  perennial. 
Racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Leaves  short-petioled,  ovate  to  oblong 2.  V.  americana. 

Leaves  sessile,  linear  or  nearly  so 3.  V.  scutellata. 

Racemes  terminal  (at  the  ends  of  the  stems). 
Racemes  loosely  hairy,  the  flowers  crowded;  leaves  all  sessile;  stems  ei-ect. 

4.  V.  wormskjoldii. 
Racemes  minutely  hairy,  loosely  flowered;  lower  leaves  petioled;  stems  creeping. 

5.  V.  serpyllifolia. 

1.  Veronica  peregrina  xalapensis  (H.  B.  K.)  Penneil.  Purslane  speedwell. 
Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  on  open  slopes,  or  about  ponds 
on  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Mex.  and  Tex.  (V.  xalapensis  H.  B.  K.)— Plants  10  to  30  cm. 
high,  usually  branched,  finely  glandular-hairy;  leaves  linear  to  spatulate,  finely 
toothed,  the  lowest  ones  short-petioled;  corolla  white,  2  to  3  mm.  broad. 

The  typical  form  of  the  species  is  a  native  of  Europe,  and  is  naturalized  in  eastern 
North  America. 

2.  Veronica  americana  Schwein.  American  brooklime.  Common  at  low  and 
sometimes  at  middle  altitudes,  in  wet  woods  or  thickets  or  along  streams  and  lakes, 
sometimes  growing  in  water.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Va.,  and  Newf. — Plants 
usually  branched  and  nearly  prostrate,  glabrous;  leaves  mostly  toothed;  flowers  long- 
stalked;  corolla  blue  or  bluish  white,  4  to  5  mm.  broad. 

3.  Veronica  scutellata  L.  Marsh  speedwell.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet 
thickets  or  about  ponds.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Newf.;  also  in  Eur.  and 
Asia. — Plants  slender,  often  prostrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  finely  toothed  or 
entire;  corolla  6  to  8  mm.  broad,  blue;  capsule  notched  at  both  ends. 

4.  Veronica  wormskjoldii  Roem.  &  Schult.  Alpine  speedwell.  Frequent  in 
meadows  above  timber  line,  sometimes  found  in  wet  places  at  middle  altitudes. 
4.1aska  to  N.  Mex.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  H.,  and  Greenl. — Stems  simple,  10  to  25  cm.  high, 
hairy  above;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  entire  or  with  low  rounded  teeth; 
corolla  deep  blue,  4  to  5  mm.  broad. 

The  flowers  are  rather  attractive,  but  the  plants  are  usually  half  hidden  by  grasses 
and  sedges.     At  Sexton  Glacier  many  plants  with  pink  flowers  are  found. 

5.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-leaf  speedwell.  Frequent  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets  or  along  streams.  Alaska  to  Calif., 
N.  Mex.,  Ga.,  and  Lab. ;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Plants  5  to  15  cm.  high,  with  creeping 
stems;  leaves  oblong  to  rounded,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  entire  or  vdih  low  rounded  teeth; 
corolla  whitish  or  pale  blue,  3  to  4  mm.  broad. 

9.  SYNTHYBIS  Benth. 

1.  Synthyris  wyomingensis  (A.  Nels.)  Heller.  Kittentails.  Occasional  on  the 
east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry  rocky  dopes  or  prairie.  Idaho  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak. 
{Besseya  wyomingensis  Rydb.) — -Perennial,  15  to  30  cm.  high,  with  woolly  pubescence; 
leaves  mostly  basal,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  mth  low  rounded 
teeth;   flowers  in  dense  spikes;   corolla  none;  stamens  2. 

The  flowers  open  early  in  the  season. 


408  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

10.  CASTILLEJA  Mutis.     Indian  paintbrush. 

Perennials,  often  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants;  stems  simple  or  with  a 
few  branches  above;  leaves  sessile,  entire  or  lobed,  those  among  the  flowers  (bracts) 
colored  with  red  or  yellow;  flowers  in  dense  spikes;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
(galea)  long  and  narrow,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed.— The  species  are  poorly  understood, 
and  whether  all  those  listed  below  are  valid  is  doubtful.  The  bracts  exhibit  great 
variation  in  color  in  each  species.  It  seems  probable  to  the  writer  that  the  species 
hybridize  freely.  The  plants,  especially  those  with  red  bracts,  are  very  showy,  and 
they  are  among  the  most  conspicuous  and  abundant  flowers  of  the  park.  In  many 
places  they  are  extremely  abundant  and  offer  an  almost  solid  field  of  color. 
Galea  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  the  lip,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube  or  shorter; 
bracts  tinged  with  yellow. 

Leaves,  at  lease  most  of  them,  lobed 1.  C.  lutea. 

Leaves  entire,  or  only  the  uppermost  lobed. 
Stems  25  to  50  cm.  high;    spikes  only  slightly  hairy,  mostly  with  short  hairs; 

corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long 2.  C.  sulphurea. 

Stems  usually  less  than  20  cm.  high;  spikes  very  hairy,  with  long  whitish  hairs; 

corolla  about  1.8  cm.  long 3.  C.  occidentalis. 

Galea  several  times  longer  than  the  very  short  lip,  usually  at  least  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  corolla  tube;  bracts  tinged  with  red  or  pink,  except  in  occasional  abnormal 
plants. 
Leaves,  at  least  most  of  them,  conspicuously  lobed. 

Corolla  2  to  2.5  cm.  long,  only  slightly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  bracts. 

4.  C.  bradburyi. 

Corolla  about  3  cm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  bracts 5.  C.  ampliflora. 

Leaves  entire,  or  only  the  uppermost  sometimes  lobed. 

Bracts  entire,  obtuse,  broad,  sometimes  3-lobed,  but  then  with  a  broad  obtuse 
middle  lobe. 

Corolla  about  3  cm.  long 6.  C.  rhexifolia. 

Corolla  2  to  2.5  cm.  long 7.  C.  lauta. 

Bracts  lobed,  with  narrow  acute  lobes,  occasionally  entire  but  then  acute. 

Corolla  3.5  to  4  cm.  long 8.  C.  vreelandii. 

Corolla  3  cm.  long  or  shorter. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  long 9.  C.  miniata. 

Corolla  about  3  cm.  long 10.  C.  lancifolia. 

1.  Castilleja  lutea  Heller.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  prairie  or  open  slopes. 
Wash,  to  Mont. — Stems  simple,  20  to  30  cm.  high,  hairy;  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  3  or 
5-ribbed;   corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long;  bracts  pale  sulphur-yellow. 

2.  Castilleja  sulphurea  Rydb.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
prairie  or  open  hillsides.  Mont,  to  Utah,  N.  Mex.,  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  finely  hairy, 
often  bmnched;   leaves  lanceolate,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  3-ribbed. 

3.  Castilleja  occidentalis  Torr.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on 
rock  slides.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo. — Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  simple,  usually  tufted, 
finely  hairy  below;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long;  bracts  pale 
yellow-green  or  sometimes  dirty  pink. 

4.  Castilleja  bradburyi  (Nutt.)  Don.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  thin  woods  or  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and 
Mont. — Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  sometimes  branched,  usually  in  clumps;  leaves 
3-ribbed,  3  to  5  cm.  long,  with  few  linear  lobes;  bracts  scarlet  or  sometimes  orange  or 
bright  yellow. 

The  plants  are  scattered  and  it  is  unusual  to  find  many  in  a  place.  This  is  the  only 
species  of  the  park  which  has  distinctly  scarlet  bracts. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  409 

5.  Castilleja  ampliflora  Rydb.  Occasional  in  woods  or  thickets  at  low  altitudes; 
the  type  was  collected  between  McDonald  and  Camas  lakes.  Mont.^Stems  30  to  40 
cm.  high,  hairy;   leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  hairy;   bracts  crimson. 

6.  Castilleja  rhexifolia  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low,  middle,  and  high  altitudes, 
usually  in  moist  meadows.  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Sask. — Stems  30  to  50  cm.  high, 
simple,  usually  glabrous  below,  hairy  above;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  3  to  5  cm. 
long,  3  or  5-nerved;   bracts  magenta  or  pale  crimson. 

7.  Castilleja  lauta  A.  Nels.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows;  occasionally 
found  in  moist  meadows  at  middle  altitudes.  Oreg.  to  Colo,  and  Mont. — Stems  20 
to  40  cm.  high,  usually  glabrous  below  and  hairy  above,  often  clustered;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  bracts  pale  or  deep  crimson-pink, 
sometimes  pinkish  white  or  yellow-green  tinged  with  pink. 

8.  Castilleja  vreelandii  Rydb.  Occasional  on  the  west  slope  at  low  or  middle 
altitudes;  the  type  was  collected  between  McDonald  and  Camas  lakes.  Wash,  to 
Wyo.  and  Mont. — Stems  40  to  70  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  9  cm.  long,  3  or  5-ribbed. 

9.  Castilleja  miniata  Benth.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  in  meadows,  woods, 
or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Sask. — Stems  40  to  60  cm.  high, 
sometimes  branched  above,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
3  to  7  cm.  long;   bracts  crimson-pink  or  rarely  pale  pink  or  nearly  scarlet. 

10.  Castilleja  lancifolia  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low,  middile,  or  high  altitudes,  in 
meadows  or  thickets  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Alta. — Stems 
usually  solitary,  30  to  70  cm.  high,  sparsely  hairy  or  glabrous,  often  branched  above; 
leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  3  to  6  cm.  long;  bracts  crimson  or  pink,  or  sometimes 
almost  scarlet. 

This  and  the  five  preceding  species  are  alike  in  general  appearance,  and  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  them  in  the  field.  They  grow  together  and  seem  to  be  about  equally 
abundant. 

11.  ORTHOCASPTIS  Nutt. 

1.  Orthocarpus  luteus  Nutt.  Owl-clover.  Low  prairie  at  east  entrance.  B.  C. 
to  Ariz,  and  Nebr. — Annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched,  hairy;  leaves 
alternate,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long,  usually  entire;  flowers  in 
dense  leafy  spikes;   corolla  yellow,  10  to  15  mm.  long,  2-lipped. 

This  was  used  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians  for  dyeing  gopher  skins  red.  The  plant 
was  macerated  and  pressed  firmly  upon  the  skin. 

12.  PEDICTJLARIS  L. 

Erect  perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  toothed  or 
lobed;  flowers  in  spikes;  calyx  2  to  5-lobed;  corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upi)er  li}) 
often  with  a  short  or  long  beak,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed;  stamen.-^  t. 

Leaves  merely  toothed,  not  lobed 1.  P.  racemosa. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  with  a  long  slender  upcurved  beak 2.  P.  groenlandica. 

Upper  lip  with  an  incurved  beak  or  with  none. 
Upper  lip  with  an  incurved  beak;  corolla  white  or  nearly  so   ...  3.  P.  contorta. 
Upper  lip  not  beaked;  corolla  greenish  yellow  or  reddish  green  .  .  4.  P.  bracteosa. 

1.  Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.  At  middle  altitudes  or  near  timber  line,  rather 
scarce;  on  rock  slides  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — 
Stems  30  to  40  cm.  high,  in  clumps;  leaves  lanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long;  corolla  creamy 
white,  12  to  15  mm.  long,  the  upper  lip  with  an  incurved  beak. 

2.  Pedicularis  groenlandica  Retz.  Elephanthead.  Common  above  timber  line, 
in  wet  meadows,  and  often  abundant  in  bogs  or  wet  meadows  at  low  and  middle 


410  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

altitudes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Lab.,  and  Greenl.  (Elephantella  groenlandica 
Rydb.) — Stems  10  to  40  cm.  high,  often  in  clumps;  leaves  5  to  15  cm.  long,  divided 
into  numerous  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes;  spikes  dense,  many-flowered;  corolla  reddish 
purple,  about  1  cm.  long. 

A  rather  conspicuous  plant,  but  soon  out  of  flower.  The  flowers  bear  a  striking 
resemblance  to  an  elephant's  head,  the  long  beak  suggesting  the  trunk  and  two  of  the 
lower  lobes  the  ears . 

3.  Pedicuiaris  contorta  Benth.  Alpine  lousewort.  Frequent  above  timber  line, 
especially  on  rock  slides,  and  occasionally  at  middle  altitudes  on  moist  rocky  slopes. 
B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Mont. — Stems  15  to  30  cm.  high,  in  clumps;  leaves  6  to  12  cm. 
long,  divided  into  numerous  toothed  linear  lobes;  flowers  yellowish  white,  in  dense 
spike.'^,  about  1  cm.  long. 

4.  Pedicuiaris  bracteosa  Benth.  Indian  warrior.  Common  at  nearly  all  alti- 
tudes, in  moist  woods  or  thickets,  in  alpine  meadows,  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.  (P.  montanensis  Rydb.) — Stems  mostly  solitary,  30  to  80 
cm.  high;  leaves  10  to  30  cm.  long,  divided  into  numerous  toothed  lanceolate  lobes; 
flowers  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  in  long  spikes. 

Plants  with  green  corollas  and  others  with  dull  red  ones  are  often  found  together. 
The  latter  form  is  P.  montanensis,  but  it  appears  to  be  only  a  color  form  rather  than  a 

distinct  species. 

13.  RHINANTHUS  L. 

1.  Rliinanthus  crista-galli  L.  Yellow  rattle.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope 
at  low  altitudes,  in  marshes  or  low  thickets.  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Md.,  and  N.  S. — Erect 
annual,  15  to  50  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous,  simple  or  with  few  branches  above;  leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate  to  linear,  toothed,  sessile;  flowers  in  leafy  spikes;  corolla  yellow, 
8  mm.  long;  calyx  enlarging  in  fruit,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  compressed. 

14.  MELAMPYRTJM  L. 

1.  Melampyriim  lineare  Lam.  Cow-wheat.  Frequent  on  the  west  slope  at  low 
and  middle  altitudes,  usually  in  thin  and  rather  dry  woods.  B.  C.  to  Idaho,  N.  C, 
and  N.  S. — Annual,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  minutely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  usually 
with  a  few  slender  branches;  leaves  opposite,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
linear,  entire;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils  or  in  short  leafy  spikes;  corolla  8  to  12 
mm.  long,  whitish,  often  tinged  with  purple,  2-lipped;  capsule  flat. 

79.  PINGUICULACEAE.     Butterwort  Family. 

Perennial  herbs;  flowers  very  irregular;  corolla  of  united  petals,  2-lipped,  the 
corolla  tube  with  a  slender  spur  at  the  base;  stamens  2;  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule. 
Plants  submerged  in  water;  leaves  scattered  along  the  slender  stems,  di\dded  into 

numerous  threadlike  lobes;  sepals  2     1.  TJTRICTJLARIA. 

Plants  growing  in  wet  soil;  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  flower  stalk,  entire; 

sepals  5 2.  PINGTJICULA. 

1.  TJTRICTJLARIA  L. 

1.  TJtricuIaria  minor  L.  Yellow  bladderwort.  Fish  Lake,  and  probably  in 
other  lakes  of  the  west  slope.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  Greenl. — Leaves  bearing 
small  (2  mm.  in  diameter)  bladders;  flowers  few,  in  a  raceme  on  a  slender  stalk; 
corolla  pale  yellow,  4  to  6  mm.  wide. 

2.  PINGTJICULA  L. 

1.  Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.  Butterwort.  Wet  soil  at  low  and  middle  altitudes 
on  the  east  slope;  scarce,  but  abundant  in  some  localities.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Vt., 
and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.— Leaves  elliptic  or  oval,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  stem 
3  to  10  cm.  high,  1 -flowered;  corolla  purple,  about  1  cm.  wide. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  411 

The  leaves  are  very  fleshy;  they  seem  greasy  to  the  touch,  hence  the  name 
butterwort.  On  their  upper  surface  they  produce  a  sticky  secretion  which  entraps 
small  insects  and  digests  them  for  use  as  food  by  the  plant.  The  handsome  flowers 
strongly  suggest  those  of  a  purple  violet. 

80.  PIANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family. 

1.  PLANTAGO  L.     Plantain. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  all  basal,  with  conspicuous  ribs,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed; 
flowers  in  very  dense  spikes,  on  long  naked  stalks;  sepals  4,  slightly  united;  corolla 
4-lobed,  thin  and  papery,  greenish  or  brownish,  often  persistent  in  fruit;  fruit  a  small 
capsule,  Oldening  by  a  caplike  lid. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  5  to  10  cm.  wide  or  even  broader,  abruptly  rounded  at  the  base. 

1.  P.  major. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  1.5  cm.  wide  or  narrower,  long-tapering  at  the  base. 

2.  P.  septata. 

1.  Plantago  major  L.  Common  plantain.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  by  road- 
sides, on  open  slopes,  or  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground .  Widely  distributed  in  temperate 
regions;  native  of  Eur. — Leaves  petioled,  5  to  25  cm.  long,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed, 
glabrous  or  hairy,  5  or  7-ribbed;  spikes  4  to  15  cm.  long;  capsule  about  .S  mm.  long. 

2.  Plantago  septata  Morris.  Plains  at  east  entrance,  Umbach.  Alaska  to  Mont.— 
Leaves  short-petioled,  8  to  12  cm.  long,  entire,  hairy,  5-ribbed;  spikes  3  to  6  cm.  long. 

81.  ETJBIACEAE.     Madder  Family. 

1.  GALIUM  L.     Bedsteaw. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  4-angled  stems;  leaves  whorled,  entire,  narrow; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  cymes  or  panicles;  calyx  none;  corolla  3  or  4-lobed;  stamens  4; 
fruit  of  2  united  rounded  carpels,  dry,  2-seeded. 

Fruit  (and  base  of  the  flower)  glabrous 1.  G.  trifidum. 

Fruit  covered  with  hooked  hairs. 

Leaves  mostly  6  in  a  whorl,  bristle-pointed 2.  G.  triflorum. 

Leaves  usually  4  (sometimes  2)  in  a  whorl,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex. 
Plants  annual;  leaves  1-nerved;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  a.xils. 

3.  G.  bifolium. 
Plants  perennial ;  leaves  3-nerved;  flowers  panicled 4.  G.  boreale. 

1.  Galium  trifidum  L.  Small  bedstraw.  Common,  chiefly  at  low  but  sometimes  at 
middle  altitudes,  in  swamps,  bogs,  or  wet  thickets.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  N.  Y.,  and  Lab. ; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia. — Stems  very  slender,  10  to  40  cm.  long,  weak  and  usually  reclin- 
ing, rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  usually  4  but  sometimes  5  or  6  in  a  whorl,  1-nerved, 
5  to  15  mm.  long,  blunt;  flowers  1  to  3  on  each  peduncle;  corolla  white,  3-lobed,  about 
1.5  mm.  broad. 

2.  Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Sweet-scented  bedstraw.  Common  nearly  every- 
where up  to  timber  line,  in  bogs,  wet  thickets,  or  moist  woods,  sometimes  on  open 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Ala.,  and  Newf. — Stems  weak,  ascending,  30  to  60 
cm.  long,  very  rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  oblanceolate,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  1-ribbed; 
flowers  mostly  3  on  each  peduncle;  corolla  white,  4-lobed. 

3.  Galium  bifolium  S.  Wats.  East  entrance,  in  woods,  Umbach.  B.  C.  to  Calif., 
Colo.,  and  Mont. — Stems  erect,  slender,  10  to  15  cm.  high,  glabrous,  usually  simple; 
leaves  2  to  4  in  a  whorl,  8  to  15  mm.  long.;  flowers  slender-stalked. 

4.  Galium  boreale  L.  Baby's-breath.  Common  at  all  altitudes,  on  open  slopes 
or  rock  slides  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.,  Eur.,  and 
Asia. — Stems  15  to  60  cm.  high,  often  in  dense  clumps,  erect,  stout,  glabrous  or  nearly 


412  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

bo;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl,  linear  or  lanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  flowers  white  or  yellowish 
white,  in  dense  panicles,  sweet-scented;  corolla  4-lobed,  about  3  mm.  broad. 

A  showy  plant,  often  forming  dense  masses.  In  the  park  it  is  sometimes  called  wild 
heliotrope,  because  of  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers,  but  their  odor  does  not  resemble 
that  of  heliotrope. 

82.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trailing  plants  with  opposite  leaves;  petals  united,  the  corolla  5-lobed  and 
often  2-lipped;  stamens  5  or  sometimes  4;  fruit  drupelike  or  a  berry,  or  sometimes  dry. 

Leaves  pinnate,  composed  of  5  or  7  leaflets 1.  SAMBUCUS. 

Leaves  simple,  entire  or  lobed  or  toothed. 

Plants  slender,  trailing  over  the  ground;  stamens  4;  fruit  small,  dry. 

2.  LINNAEA. 
Plants  erect  shrubs;  stamens  5;  fruit  juicy. 

Flowers  white,  in  a  flat-topped  cluster:  leaves  mostly  3-lobed  and  toothed;  fruit 

1-seeded 3.  VIBURNUM. 

Flowers  pink  or  yellow,  clustered  in  the  leaf  axils  or  on  slender  2-flowered  stalks; 
leaves  mostly  entire;  fruit  containing  2  or  more  seeds. 
Flowers  clustered  in  the  leaf  axils;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long,  pink;  fruit  white, 

2-seeded 4.  SYMPHORICARPOS. 

Flowers  2  on  a  slender  stalk;  corolla  about  20  mm.  long,  yellow  or  yellowish; 
fruit  red  or  black,  containing  more  than  2  seeds     5.  LONICERA. 

1.  SAMBUCUS  L. 

1.  Sambucus  melanocarpa  A.  Gray.  Elderberry.  Common,  especially  at 
middle  altitudes,  and  frequently  found  above  timber  line;  in  moist  woods  or  thickets, 
in  meadows,  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Utah. — Shrub, 
1  to  2  meters  high,  often  forming  large  clumps,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaflets  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  toothed;  flowers  sweet-scented,  in  dense  cymes  4  to  6 
cm.  broad;  corolla  creamy  white,  flat;  fruit  black,  about  5  mm.  long,  3  to  5-seeded. 

The  fruit  is  juicy  and  rather  sour,  lut  of  good  flavor.  It  may  be  used  for  pies, 
jam,  etc.     The  stems  contain  a  large  amount  of  pith. 

2.  LINNAEA  L. 

1.  Liunaea  borealis  L.  Twinflower.  Common  on  the  west  slope  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  deep  or  thin  woods  or  on  open  hillsides;  reported  from  the  east 
slope,  but  not  seen  there  by  the  writer.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.,  N.  J.,  and  Greenl.; 
also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  {L.  americana  Forbes.) — Stems  very  slender,  trailing  and  form- 
ing loose  mats,  finely  hairy;  leaves  evergreen,  8  to  15  mm.  long,  rounded,  with  low 
rounded  teeth;  flowers  2,  on  a  long  slender  stalk;  corolla  pink,  1  cm.  long,  funnel- 
shaped. 

A  very  beautiful  and  delicate  plant. 

3.  VIBURNUM  L. 

1.  Viburnum  paucifl.orum  Pylaie.  Highbush  cranberry.  Occasional  on  the 
west  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Colo., 
Pa.,  and  Newf. — Shrub,  about  1  meter  high;  leaves  4  to  10  cm.  broad,  mostly 
subcordate  at  base,  somewhat  hairy;  flower  clusters  1  to  3  cm.  broad;  fruit  red,  about 
1  cm.  long. 

The  fruit  is  sour  but  of  good  flavor.  Where  the  plant  is  abundant  the  fruit  is  often 
gathered  and  cooked,  and  it  may  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries,  which  it 
resembles  in  flavor. 


STANDLEY — FLORA  OF   GLACIER  PARK.  413 

4.  SYMPHORICARPOS  Ludw.     Snowberry. 

Shrubs  with  brown  branches;  leaves  entire,  or  on  young  shoots  often  lobed,  obtuse; 
corolla  bell-shaped;  fruit  white. 

Stamens  not  exserted  from  the  corolla 1.  S.  albus. 

Stamens  shortly  exserted  from  the  corolla 2.  S.  occidentalis. 

1.  Symphoricarpos  albus  (L.)  Blake.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in 
thickets  or  thin  or  deep  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  0.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Va.,  and 
N.  S. — Slender  shrub,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  usually  thin, 
oval  or  rounded,  2  to  5  cm.  long;  corolla  pale  or  deep  pink,  bearded  inside;  fruit 
6  to  10  mm.  long,  pure  white,  not  edible. 

A  handsome  shrub  when  loaded  with  its  fruit;  it  is  often  seen  in  cultivation. 
The  plants  bloom  for  a  long  time,  and  flowers  and  ripe  fruit  are  often  found  on  the 
same  bush. 

2.  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hook.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
in  thickets  or  thin  woods  or  on  prairie  or  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  Mo.,  and 
Mich. — Similar  to  5.  albus,  but  the  leaves  usually  thicker;  corolla  deep  pink. 

5.  LONICERA  L. 

Erect  shrubs;  leaves  entire;  corolla  often  2-lipped;  fruits  2  together,  fleshy. — The 
various  kinds  of  honeysuckle,  many  of  which  are  vines,  belong  to  this  genus. 
Fruit  red;  bracts  at  base  of  flowers  small  and  inconspicuous;  corolla  2-lipped. 

1.  L.  utahensis. 
Fruit  black;  bracts  large  and  leaflike,  at  least  in  fruit;  corolla  almost  regular, 

2.  L.  involucrata. 

1.  Lonicera  utahensis  S.  Wats.  Red  twinberry.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  alti- 
tudes, in  thickets  or  thin  or  deep  woods  or  on  open  slopes;  often  growing  about 
timber  line,  but  most  common  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Utah  and  Mont. 
{Xylosteon  utahense  Howell.) — Shrub,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  glabrous;  leaves  broadly 
oval  or  rounded,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  obtuse,  pale  green;  corolla  pale  yellow,  funnel- 
shaped;  fruits  partly  united,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  bright  red. 

The  fruits  have  an  insipid  flavor;  they  vary  greatly  in  size,  and  those  of  a  pair 
are  usually  very  unequal. 

2.  Lonicera  involucrata  (Richards.)  Banks.  Black  twinberry.  Common  at  low 
and  middle  altitudes  and  often  about  timber  line,  in  deep  or  thin  woods,  along 
streams,  or  on  open  slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Mich.,  and  Que.  (Distegia 
involucrata  Cockerell.) — -Shrub,  about  a  meter  high,  usually  with  few  simple  stems- 
leaves  mostly  ovate,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  hairy,  acute;  bracts  in  fruit  large  and  wine; 
colored;  corolla  yellow,  short-hairy,  the  stamens  slightly  exserted;  fruit  dull  black, 
8  to  10  mm.  long. 

The  shrub  is  conspicuous  in  either  flower  or  fruit,  especially  because  of  the  hand- 
some bracts.  The  fruit  has  an  unpleasant  flavor;  it  falls  easily  and  does  not  remain 
long  upon  the  bushes.    The  shrub  is  known  locally  in  Montana  as  skunkberry, 

83.  VALERIANACEAE.     Valerian  Family. 

1.  VALERIANA  L.     Valerian. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  nearly  glaljrous;  leaves  opposite,  most  of  them  pinnately 
lobed  or  divided;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  in  loose  or  dense  cymes,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  mostly  on  separate  plants;  calyx  developing  into  hairy  bristles; 
corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed;  stamens  usually  3;  fruit  dry,  achene-like. — The  roots 
have  a  strong  peculiar  odor  which  persists  when  they  are  dry. 


414  CONTEIBUTIONS   FKOM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flower  2  to  3  mm.  long;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long. 

1.  V.  septentrionalis. 
Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flower  5  to  8  mm.  long;  fruit  about  6  mm.  long. 

2.  V.  sitchensis. 

1.  Valeriana  septentrionalis  Rydb.  Occasional  on  the  east  elope  at  low  or  middle 
altitudes,  in  thickets  or  woods  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Nev.,  Que.,  and  Lab. — 
Plants  20  to  70  cm.  high;  lowest  leaves  usually  entire,  the  others  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
lanceolate  to  oval,  entire  or  toothed. 

2.  Valeriana  sitchensis  Bong.  Common  in  meadows  above  and  near  timber  line, 
and  occasionally  found  at  middle  or  even  at  low  altitudes,  on  rock  slides,  along 
brooks,  or  in  moist  woods  or  thickets.  Alaska  to  Oreg.,  and  Mont.  (V.  scouleri 
Rydb.) — Plants  30  to  70  cm.  high;  leaflets  3  to  7,  rounded-ovate  to  lanceolate,  2  to  7 
cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed  to  entire;  corolla  white  or  with  a  faint  tinge  of  pink; 
stamens  exserted. 

A  showy  plant  which  blooms  soon  after  the  snow  melts  and  continues  in  flower  for  a 
longtime.  V.  sitchensis  scouleri  (liydh.)  Piper  is  a  form  with  nearly  entire  leaflets, 
but  all  integrades  are  found  between  it  and  the  typical  form,  which  has  coarsely 
toothed  leaflets. 

A  hot  drink  made  from  this  or  other  species  was  employed  by  the  Blackfoot  Indians 
as  a  remedy  for  stomach  affections. 

84.  CAMPAIilULACEAE.     Harebell  Family. 
1.  CAMPANULA  L. 

1.  Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell.  Common  at  all  altitudes,  usually  in  thin 
woods  or  on  open  slopes;  frequent  above  timber  line,  even  on  rock  slides.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  N.  J.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (C  petiolata  A.  DC.) — Perennial, 
10  to  40  cm.  high,  very  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped, 
1  to  3  cm.  long,  toothed,  slender-petioled;  stem  leaves  linear;  flowers  few,  in  racemes, 
slender-stalked,  drooping;  corolla  bell-shaped,  bluish  purple,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long;  fruit 
a  capsule. 

A  very  beautiful  and  graceful  plant,  often  growing  among  grasses.  The  plants 
bloom  all  summer.  Those  of  dry  places  often  have  very  small  corollas,  1  cm.  long  or 
even  shorter.    This  species  is  the  "bluebells  of  Scotland." 

85.  CICHORIACEAE.     Chicory  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  all  at  the 
base  of  the  stem;  flowers  in  heads  as  in  the  Asteraceae,  but  the  flowers  all  with  strap- 
shaped  corollas;  stamens  5,  the  anthers  united  into  a  tube;  fruit  an  achene,  with 
pappus  of  bristles  at  the  apex. — By  some  authors  this  family  is  united  with  the 
Asteraceae. 

Flower  head  one  on  each  stem;  stems  naked. 
Achenes  10-ribbed  or  10-nerved,  smooth;  bracts  unequal  and  overlapping;  flowers 

yellow  or  bronze 1.  AGOSERIS. 

Achenes  4  or  5-ribbed,  rough  with  spinelike  projections,  at  least  near  the  apex; 
main  bracts  equal  in  length,  a  few  much  shorter  ones  present  at  the  base  of  the 

head;  flowers  yellow 2.  LEONTODON. 

Flower  heads  few  to  many  on  each  stem;  stems  leafy. 
Achenes  flattened;  flowers  blue  or  pale  yellow;  leaves  usually  lobed  or  with  spiny 

teeth 3.  LACTUCA. 

Achenes  not  flattened;  flowers  yellow  or  white;  leaves  usually  entire  or  toothed, 
rarely  lobed,  never  with  spiny  teeth     4.  SONCHTJS. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  415 

Pappus  white;  achenes  tapering  toward  the  apex. 
Pappus  bristles  hairy,  dilated  and  chafflike  at  base    ....  5.  PTILOCALAIS. 

Pappus  bristles  not  hairy,  slender  throughout 6.  CREPIS. 

Pappus  yellowish  or  brownish;  achenes  not  tapering. 
Leaves  not  at  all  triangular,  \vithout  lobes  at  the  base;  flowers  white  or  yellow; 

plants  hairy     7.  HIERACITJM. 

Leaves  more  or  less  triangular,  with  lobes  at  the  base;  flowers  white;  plants 
glabrous 8.  PRENANTHES. 

1.  AGOSERIS  Raf.     False  dandelion. 

Perennials  with  naked  stems;  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  entire, 
toothed,  or  lobed;  heads  solitary,  large;  flowers  yellow  or  bronze,  often  turning  pur- 
plish; pappus  of  slender  white  bristles. — It  is  necessary  to  have  mature  achenes  in 
order  to  distinguish  the  species  accurately.  The  species  are  difiicult  to  distinguish, 
and  poorly  understood;  it  is  doubtful  whether  all  those  listed  below  are  valid. 
Beak  of  the  achene  slender,  nearly  or  fully  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  achene,  scarcely 
ridged  at  the  middle;  flowers  often  bronze  or  orange. 

Leaves  finely  hairy     1.  A.  elata. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  with  few  or  numerous  narrow  lobes 2.  A.  graminifolia. 

Leaves  entire  or  slightly  toothed     3.  A.  gracilens. 

Beak  short,  ridged  its  whole  length;  flowers  yellow. 
Leaves  finely  hairy. 
Outer  bracts  mostly  oblong  or  oblong-ovate;  leaves  mostly  entire  .  4.  A.  villosa. 

Outer  bracts  linear-lanceolate;  leaves  mostly  lobed 5.  A.  aspera. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Bracts  glabrous  oft  the  back;  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so 6.  A.  glauca. 

Bracts  hairy  on  the  back;  leaves  linear  or  broader. 
Leaves  acute;  outer  bracts  not  much  broader  than  the  inner  ones;  plants  mostly 

20  to  40  cm.  high     7.  A.  scorzoneraefolia. 

Leaves  obtuse;  outer  bracts  much  broader  than  the  inner  ones;  plants  mostly 
5  to  15  cm.  high 8.  A.  pumila. 

1.  Agoseris  elata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Occasional  about  the  foot  of  Lake  McDermott, 
on  sandbars  or  open  rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Leaves  oblance- 
olate  or  nearly  linear,  lobed  or  toothed  or  some  of  them  entire,  green;  stems  stout, 
30  to  50  cm.  high,  .hairy;  bracts  hairy;  flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  orange. 

2.  Agoseris  graminifolia  Greene.  Frequent  at  middle  and  high  altitudes,  in 
meadows,  on  rocky  slopes,  or  occasionally  in  woods;  sometimes  found  above  timber 
line  on  rock  slides.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Ariz. — Leaves  linear,  green,  usually  very 
numerous;  stems  15  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy  above;  heads  2  cm.  high,  narrow;  flowers 
bronze,  turning  purplish. 

3.  Agoseris  gracilens.  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes  on  the  east 
slope,  on  open  hillsides  or  in  thickets;  sometimes  in  meadows  above  timber  line. 
B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo. — Leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  entire,  green  or  rather  pale, 
obtuse  or  acute;  stems  15  to  50  cm.  high,  hairy  below  the  head;  heads  broad,  about 
2  cm.  high;  flowers  orange  or  bronze,  turning  purplish. 

4.  Agoseris  villosa  Rydb.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low,  middle,  and  high 
altitudes,  on  rock  slides  or  open  slopes  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.C.  and  Alta.  to 
Utah.  (Troximon  villosum  A.  Nels.) — Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  6  to  12  cm. 
long,  pale,  acute;  stems  stout,  10  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy;  heads  broad,  about  2  cm. 
high. 

The  plants  from  alpine  localities  are  rarely  much  over  10  cm.  high. 


416  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

6.  Agoseris  aspera  Rydb.  Open  slopes  at  Iceberg  Lake.  B.  C,  Idaho,  and  Mont. — 
Leaves  4  to  7  cm.  long,  pale;  stems  5  to  12  cm.  high,  hairj^;  heads  10  to  15  cm.  high, 
narrow. 

6.  Agoseris  glauca  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on 
open  hillsides.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak.  (Troximon  glaucum  Nutt.) — 
Leaves  8  to  20  cm.  long,  pale,  narrowed  to  the  tip;  stems  slender,  15  to  30  cm.  high, 
glabrous. 

7.  Agoseris  scorzoneraefolia  (Schrad.)  Greene.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  on  open  hillsides  or  flats;  occasionally  in  alpine  meadows.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
Colo.,  and  S.  Dak. — Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblanceolate,  10  to  25  cm.  long, 
pale  or  green,  entire  or  toothed;  stems  10  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy  or  glabrous;  heads  2 
to  3  cm.  high,  broad. 

8.  Agoseris  pumila  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Exposed  rocky  slope  above  Sexton  Glacier. 
Mont,  to  Colo.  {Troximon  pumilum  Nutt.) — Leaves  3  to  10  cm.  long,  pale,  entire  or 
slightly  toothed ;  stems  mostly  5  to  12  cm.  high,  hairy  or  glabrous;  heads  1.5  cm.  high. 

2.  LEONTODON  L.     Dandelion. 

Perennials  with  naked  hollow  stems,  each  bearing  a  single  head;  leaves  lobed; 
flowers  yellow;  achenes  slender-beaked;  pappus  of  numerous  soft  bristles. 

Achenes  red  or  reddish     1.  L.  laevigatum. 

Achenes  greenish  or  greenish  brown. 

Outer  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed 2.  L.  taraxacum. 

Outer  l^iracts  appressed. 

Involucre  15  to  18  mm.  high 3.  L.  ceratophorum. 

Involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high 4.  L.  lyratum. 

1.  Leontodon  laevigatum  Willd.  Redseed  dandelion.  Dry  slopes  at  Belton. 
Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer.;  naturalized  from  Eur.  (Taraxacum  erythrospermum 
Andrzej.;  T.  laevigatuvi  DC;  L.  erythrospermum  Eichw.) — Leaves  deeply  lobed; 
the  lobes  triangular;  stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  slender;  heads  about  15  mm.  high. 

2.  Leontodon  taraxacum  L.  Common  dandelion.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes, 
especially  on  the  west  slope,  on  open  hillsides  or  in  waste  ground.  Native  of  Eur.; 
widely  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer.  {Taraxacum  taraxacum  Karst.) — Leaves 
10  to  30  cm.  long,  usually  with  triangular  lobes;  stems  10  to  30  cm.  high;  heads  1.5 
to  2  cm.  high. 

3.  Leontodon  ceratophorum  Ledeb.  Alpine  dandelion.  Occasional  above  tim- 
ber line,  on  rock  slides  or  rocky  slopes;  collected  by  Umbach  on  plains  at  east 
entrance.  Alaska  to  N.  Mex.  {Taraxacum  montanum  Nutt.;  T.  ceratophorum  DC; 
L.  monticola  Rydb.) — Leaves  5  to  12  cm.  long,  toothed  or  lobed,  glabrous;  sterna 
stout,  7  to  20  cm.  high. 

4.  Leontodon  lyratum  Ledeb.  Rock  slide  above  Ptarmigan  Lake.  Alaska  to 
Alta.  and  Colo.  {Taraxacum  rupestre  Greene;  T.  scopulorum  Rydb.;  T.  lyratum  DC; 
L.  rupestris  Rydb.;  L.  scopulorum  Rydb.) — Leaves  3  to  8  cm.  long,  glabrous,  with 
short  triangular  lobes;   stems  slender,  2  to  10  cm.  high. 

3.  LACTUCA  L.     Lettuce. 

Plants  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  with  leafy  stems;  heads  small,  numerous, 
panicled,  the  flowers  blue  or  yellow;  achenes  flattened,  the  pappus  of  numerous  fine 
soft  bristles.- — Cultivated  lettuce  belongs  to  this  genus. 

Flowers  yellow;    leaves  with  fine  spiny  teeth.     Achenes  with  a  slender  beak. 

1.  L.  Tirosa. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF,  GLACIER  PARK.  417 

Flowers  lilue;   loaves  without  spiny  teeth,  often  lobed. 
Achenes  with  a  slender  beak;   leaves  pale  green;  heads  1.5  to  2  cm.  high. 

2.  L.  pulchella. 
Achenes  not  l)eaked;  leaves  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface;  heads  1  cm.  high. 

3.  L.  spicata. 

1.  Lactuca  virosa  T>.  Prickly  lettuce.  A  few  plants  in  dry  soil  at  Belton. 
Native  of  Eur.;  introduced  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. — Biennial,  0.5  to  1.5  meters  high, 
hairy  below;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  10  to  30  cm.  long,  clasping;  heads  10  to  12 
mm.  high;  flowers  pale  yellow. 

In  many  parts  of  the  West  this  is  a  troublesome  weed. 

2.  Lactuca  pulchella  (Pursh)  DC.  Prairie  lettuce.  Rare  on  dry  banks  at  east 
entrance;  perhaps  introduced.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Sask. — Glabrous 
perennial,  with  rootstocks,  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  loljed;  heads 
in  a  narrow  panicle. 

3.  Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Tall  lettuce.  Frequent  on  the  west  slope 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  thin  woods  or  on  open  or  brushy  hillsides.  Idaho  to 
Colo.,  N.  C,  and  Newf. — Glabrous  annual  or  biennial,  0.5  to  2  meters  high,  the 
stem  unbranched  except  at  the  top;  leaves  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  usually  toothed, 
pale  beneath;    heads  in  a  large  panicle. 

4.  SONCHUS  L. 

1.  Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Sow  thistle.  Collected  along  railroad  at  Belton  by 
Umbach.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N.  Amer. — Glabrous  annual,  30 
to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  clasping,  deeply  lobed,  with  spinelike  teeth;  heads  about  12 
mm.  high;  flowers  yellow;   achenes  flat,  ribbed,  the  pappus  of  soft  white  bristles. 

5.  PTILOCALAIS  Greene. 

1.  Ptilocalais  nutans  (Geyer)  Greene.     Collected  on  bluffs  at  east  entrance  by 

Umbach;    also  at  Columbia  Falls  by  Williams,  and  probably  to  be  found  at  Belton. 

B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.     (Microseris  nutans  A.  Gray.) — Perennial,  20  to  50 

cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;    stems  with  few  branches,  sparsely  leafy;    leaves  linear, 

entire,  toothed,  or  with  slender  lobes;    heads  10  to  15  mm.  high,  on  long  slender 

stalks;    flowers  yellow;    pappus  white,  of  hairy  bristles,  these  dilated  and  scalelike 

at  the  base. 

6.  CREPIS  L.     Hawksbeard. 

Low  or  tall  perennials,  usually  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed; 
heads  small  or  large,  few  or  numerous;  flowers  yellow;  achenes  with  short  or  no  beak; 
pappus  of  soft  white  bristles. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Plants  10  to  20  cm.  high;  achenes  with  a  conspicuous  beak 1.  C.  elegans. 

Plants  3  to  8  cm.  high,  in  small  rounded  tufts;  achenes  scarcely  at  all  beaked. 

2.  C.  nana. 
Leaves  hairy. 

Bracts  aliout  12,  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  leaves  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed. 

3.  C.  runcinata. 
Bracts  about  7,  woolly,  without  gland-tipped  hairs;  leaves  deeply  lobed. 

4.  C.  intermedia. 
1.  Crepis  elegans  Hook.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry  brushy  slopes  or  dry 
flats  or  along  stream  beds;  abundant  at  St.  Mary.  Yukon  to  Wyo.  (  Youngia 
elegans  Rydb.) — Plants  much  branched,  forming  rounded  clumps;  lowest  leaves  oval 
to  oblanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed;  heads  about  8  mm.  high; 
bracts  about  8. 


418  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM.  THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

2.  Crepis  nana  Richards.  Alpine  hawksbeard.  Occasional  above  timber  line, 
on  the  highest  rock  slides.  B.  C.  to  Utah,  Alta.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Asia.  (  Youngia 
nana  Rydb.) — Plants  nearly  stemless;  leaves  long-stalked,  rounded,  1  to  2  cm.  long, 
entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  thick  and  succulent,  pale,  often  pxirplish;  heads  8  to  11 
mm.  long,  often  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  about  8  bracts. 

The  plants  are  half  hidden  by  the  stones  among  which  they  grow. 

3.  Crepis  runcinata  (James")  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low  meadow  at  east  entrance;  one 
plant  found  in  lawn  at  Many  Glacier  Hotel.  Alta.  to  Colo,  and  N.  Dak. — Leaves 
mostly  basal,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  4  to  12  cm.  long,  usually  coarsely  toothed, 
hairy;  stems  25  tn  40  cm.  high,  slender,  with  few  or  no  leaves;  heads  about  1  cm.  high. 

4.  Crepis  intermedia  A.  Gray.  Dry  hillsides  at  east  entrance;  scarce.  B.  0.  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Sask. — Plants  30  to  50  cm.  high,  stoiit,  somewhat  woolly;  leaves 
10  to  15  cm.  long,  the  lobes  often  toothed;  heads  12  to  14  mm.  high,  very  narrow. 

7.  HIERACITJM  L.     Hawkweed. 

Low  or  tall,  hairy  perennials;  leaves  entire  or  toothed;  heads  large  or  small,  usually 
several  on  each  stem;  flowers  yellow  or  white. — In  explanation  of  the  name  hawk- 
weed,  an  early  author  makes  the  naive  statement  that  the  plant  "is  so  called  from 
hawks,  as  it  is  said,  making  use  of  the  juice  to  clear  the  eyesight  of  their  young  ones; 
but  which  sort  they  use,  there  being  many,  liotanists  have  not  yet  satisfied  us." 

Flowers  white 1.  H.  albiflorum. 

Flowers  yellow. 
Plants  without  tufts  of  leaves  at  base  of  stem;  stems  very  leafy;  bracts  unequal. 

Stems  long -hairy  near  the  base 2.  H.  columbianum. 

Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  the  base 3.  H.  scabriusculum. 

Plants  with  tufts  or  rosettes  of  leaves  at  base  of  stem;  stems  with  only  a  few  leaves; 
bracts  equal  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  densely  hairy;  heads  white-hairy 4.  H.  scouleri. 

Leavesglabrousor  nearly  so;  heads  black-hairy 5.  H.  gracile. 

1.  Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.  White  hawkweed.  Frequent  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  Yukon  to  Calif,  and 
Colo. — Plants  30  to  80  cm.  high,  the  stems  slender,  hairy,  with  few  leaves;  lowest 
leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  thinly  hairy;  heads  numerous,  8  to  10  mm.  high, 
in  a  broad  panicle. 

2.  Hieracium  columbianum  Rydb.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  open  or  brushy 
slopes.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Mont.— Stems  slender,  20  to  60  cm.  high,  purplish; 
stem  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  sharply  toothed;  heads  few,  10  to  12  mm.  high, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

3.  Hieracium  scabriusculum  Schwein.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  open 
slopes  or  in  woods  or  thickets.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.  and  Wis. — Stems  stout,  30  to  70  cm. 
high,  purplish;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  most  of  them  toothed, 
slightly  short-hairy;  heads  few,  10  to  12  mm.  high,  broad. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  this  and  H.  columbianum  are  distinct  species. 

4.  Hieracium  scouleri  Hook.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  on  open  rocky  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Utah,  and  Alta.  {H.  albertinum 
Farr.) — Plants  25  to  50  cm.  high,  often  in  clumps;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear- 
oblanceolate,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  entire,  densely  covered  with  long  soft  white  hairs; 
heads  few,  10  to  12  mm.  high. 

In  most  books  the  hairs  are  described  as  yellow,  i)ut  on  the  growing  plants  they 
are  white;  they  soon  turn  yellow  in  the  herbarium.  The  plant  is  a  handsome  one, 
the  contrast  between  the  bright  yellow  flowers  and  the  white  hairs  being  very 
pleasing.     The  heads  just  before  flowering  are  unusually  attractive,   their  dense 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  419 

covering  of  soft  hairs  reminding  one  of  fur.  In  some  of  the  Glacier  Park  specimens 
the  heads  are  not  very  hairy,  and  these  collections  might  be  referred  to  H.  griseum 
Rydb.,  which,  however,  is  probably  only  a  form  of  H.  scouleri. 

6.  Hieracium  gracile  Hook.  Alpine  hawkweed.  Frequent  above  or  near  timljer 
line,  on  rocky  slopes  and  in  meadows.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Stems 
usually  10  to  20  cm.  high,  short-hairy;  leaves  oblanceolate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  long- 
stalked,  entire  or  with  few  low  teeth;  heads  usually  few,  8  to  10  mm.  high;  flowers 
pale  yellow. 

Very  luxuriant  plants  collected  at  Granite  Park  are  nearly  40  cm.  high  and  have 
numerous  heads,  the  lower  ones  on  very  long  slender  stalks. 

8.  PEENANTHES  Vaill. 

1.  Prenanthes  sagittata  (A.  Gray)  A.  Nels.  Rattlesnake-root.  Frequent  at 
low  and  middle  altitudes,  usually  in  wet  woods  or  thickets,  frequently  in  swamps. 
Mont,  and  Idaho.  {Nabalus  saqittatus  Rydb.) — Perennial,  glabrous,  30  to  60  cm.  high, 
with  very  leafy  stems;  leaves  triangular  or  arrow-shaped,  thin,  toothed,  stalked; 
heads  about  12  mm.  high,  narrow,  in  a  narrow  panicle;  flowers  pure  white;  pappus 
of  brownish  bristles. 

The  flowers  are  rather  handsome,  but  not  very  showy;  they  open  late  in  the  season. 

86.  ASTERACEAE.     Aster  Family. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  or  compound;  flowers 
in  heads,  clustered  on  a  receptacle,  the  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts; 
disk  Jloivers  (the  inner  flowers  of  the  head)  with  a  small  tubular  5-lobed  corolla;  outer 
flowers  of  the  head  often  with  a  narrow  strap-shaped  corolla  {ray);  fruit  an  achene, 
usually  bearing  at  the  summit  pappus,  this  representing  the  calyx  and  composed  of 
scales,  bristles,  or  awns. — The  largest  family  of  plants.  The  name  Compositae  is 
frequently  applied  to  this  and  the  Cichoriaceae,  which  are  often  united  as  a  single 
family. 
A.  Flower  heads  without  rays. 

Leaves  with  spine-tipped  teeth 27.  CERSITJM. 

Leaves  never  with  spine-tipped  teeth. 
Leaves  deeply  lobed. 

Flower  head  one  on  each  stem;  pappus  of  bristles 8.  ERIGERON. 

Flower  heads  several  or  many;  pappus  not  of  bristles. 

Heads?  to  10  mm.  broad;  plants  annual 21.  MATRICARIA. 

Heads  5  mm.  l)road  or  less. 
Bracts  distinct;  pappus  of  bristles;  leaves  alternate    .  .  23.  ARTEMISIA. 
Bracts  partly  united;  pappus  none;  leaves  opposite  ...  14.  AMBROSIA. 
Xeaves  entire  or  toothed. 
Leaves  not  white-hairy. 
Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  covered  with  sticky  hairs,  ill-scented 17.  MADIA. 

Plants  without  sticky  hairs,  not  ill-scented 8.  ERIGERON. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  triangular  or  broader. 

Bracts  5;  heads  about  4  mm.  high 13.  IVA. 

Bracts  10  or  more;  heads  much  larger. 
Bracts  very  obtuse;  pappus  brownish  red;  leaves  alternate. 

4.  PYRROCOMA. 
Bracts  acute;  pappus  white  or  yellowish. 

Plants  nearly  glabrous;  heads  short-stalked;  bracts  very  unequal  in 

length      1.  COLEOSANTHTIS. 

Plants  hairy;  heads  long-stalked;  bracts  about  equal  in  length. 

25.  ARNICA. 
2048—21 13 


420  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM   THE   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM. 

Leaves  densely  covered  with  close  matted  white  hairs  on  one  or  Isoth  surfaces. 
Flowering  branches  densely  covered  with  very  sticky  hairs;  hracts  4  or  5. 

12.  ADENOCAULON. 
Flowering  branches  without  sticky  hairs,  or  with  a  few  but  these  hidden 
under  the  other  hairs  and  the  stems  not  sticky  to  the  touch;  bracts 
numerous. 

Leaves  triangular,  10  to  20  cm.  wide  or  larger 24.  PETASITES. 

Leaves  not  triangular,  much  less  than  10  cm.  wide. 

Pappus  none;  leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  toothed;  heads  mostly  2  to  3 

mm.  broad        23.  ARTEMISIA, 

Pappus  of  numerous  soft  bristles;  leaves  all  entire;  heads  mostly  more 
than  3  mm.  broad. 
Plants  not  dioecious,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  in  the  same 
heads;  plants  usually  branched,  annual  or  perennial;  heads  in 

dense  clusters      11.  GNAPHALITJM. 

Plants  dioecious,   the  pistillate   and   staminate  flowers  on  separate 

plants;    plants    with    unbranched    flowering    stems,    perennial; 

flowers  mostly  in  racemes  or  loose  clusters. 

Plants  usually  with  clusters  of  leaves  at  the  base,  often  with  runners; 

leaves  broad  or  narrow;  pappus  bristles  of  the  pistillate  flowers 

falling  off  in  a  ring 9.  ANTENNABIA. 

Plants  without  clusters  of  basal  leaves  or  runners;  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate;  pappus  bristles  falling  off  separately. 

10.  ANAPHALIS. 
A  A.  t  lower  heads  with  rays. 

Rays  not  yellow,  mostly  white,  blue,  or  purple. 

Leaves  triangular,  10  to  20  cm.  wide  or  larger 24.  PETASITES. 

Leaves  not  triangiilar,  much  less  than  20  cm.  wide. 
Leaves  divided  into  numerous  narrow  lobes. 
■Flower  stems  naked;  leaves  palmately  lobed;  plants  not  strong-scented. 

•8.  ERIGERON. 
Flower  stems  leafy;  leaves  pinnately  lobed;  plants  strong-scented. 

20.  ACHILLEA. 
Leaves  entire  or  toothed  or  with  only  a  few  lolies. 

Pappus  none;  plants  gla1)rous;  rays  white    ...  22.  CHRYSANTHEMUM. 
Pappus  of  bristles  or  awns;  plants  glabrous  or  usually  hairy;  rays  of  various 
colors. 
Heads  3   to  4   mm.    broad;  rays  very   short  and   inconspicuous;  plants 

annual      8.  ERIGERON. 

Heads  mostly  5  mm.  broad  or  larger;  rays  long  and  conspicuous;  plants 
nearly  all  perennial. 
Pappus  of  a  few  awns;  stems  each  with  a  single  head;  bracts  liroad,  with 

thin  whitish  margins     6.  TOWNSENDIA. 

Pappus  of  numerous  soft  bristles;  heads  1  to  many;  bracts  never  with  thin 
whitish  margins. 
Bracts  mostly  linear-oblong  or  liroader;  heads  usually  numerous. 

7.  ASTER. 
Bracts  very  narrowly  linear;  heads  often  solitary  on  the  stem. 

8.  ERIGERON. 
Rays  bright  yellow. 
Flower  heads  very  sticky,  with  gland-tipped  hairs  or  with  a  resinous  secretion; 
leaves  alternate. 
Leaves  toothed;  plants  perennial;  rays  large  and  showy.    .  .  2.  GRINDELIA. 
Leaves  entire;  plants  annual;  rays  very  small  and  inconspicuous. 

17.  MADIA. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  421 

Flower  heads  not  very  sticky  or,  if  somewhat  so,  the  leaves  opposite. 
Pappus  none  or  of  2  awns  or  scales  or  of  chafflike  scales. 

Leaves  arrow-shaped  or  triangular,  covered  with  matted  white  hairs  on  both 
sides;  flower  stems  leafless  or  nearly  so    ....  15.  BALSAMOS.RHIZA. 
Leaves  never  arrow-shaped  or  triangular,  green;  stems  leafy. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed ;  rays  not  lobed 16.  HELIANTHUS. 

Leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  lobed;  rays  3-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Leaves  with  broad  lobes,  or  most  of  the  leaves  only  toothed:  bracts  not 

,xn  2  series;  rays  1.5  to  3  cm.  long 19.  GAILLARDIA. 

Leaves  with  linear  lobes;  bracts  in  2  series;  rays  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

18.  HYMENOXYS, 

Pappus  of  numerous  bristles. 

Leaves  all  or  mostly  opposite 25.  ARNICA- 

Leaves  alternate. 
Bracts  in  one  series  and  about  equal  in  length,  a  few  short  ones  sometimea 
present  at  the  base  of  the  head;  plants  usually  succulent. 

26.   SENECIO. 
Bracts  in  several  series,  very  unequal,  overlapping;  plants  not  succulent. 
Heads  numerous  on  each  stem,  small,  rarely  more  than  5  mm.  broad. 

5.   SOLIDAGO. 

Heads  1  or  few  on  each  stem,  large,  usually  more  than  1  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  entire;  plants  long-hairy;  leaves  thin    .  .  .  3.  CHRYSOPSIS. 

Leaves  toothed;  plants  glabrous  or  very  finely  hairy;  leaves  thick  and 

stiff •  .   .  4.  PYRROCOMA, 

1.  COLEOSANTHUS  Cass. 

1.  Coleosanthus  grandiflorus  (Hook.)  Kuntze.  Dry  cliffs  on  Altyn  Peak  and  along 
Appekunny  Creek;  rock  slides  below  Sperry  Chalets;  scarce.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to- 
Alta.  and  N.  Mex.  {BrickclUa  grandijiora  Ell.) — Perennial  herb,  30  to  60  cm.  high^ 
slightly  hairy;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  triangular,  stalked,  with  rounded  teeth; 
heads  12  to  15  mm.  high,  in  a  small  dense  cluster;  flowers  pale  dull  yellow;  pappus 
of  numerous  bristles. 

2.  GRINDELIA  Willd. 

f 
1.  Grindelia  perennis  A.  Nels.     Gum-plant.     Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low 

altitudes,  on  open  hillsides  or  prairie,  often  about  dried-up  ponds.  Alta.  and  Sask. 
to  Colo. — Perennial,  15  to  40  cm.  high,  often  forming  dense  clumps,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so;  leaves  alternate,  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  2  to  7  cm.  long,  thick,  toothed;  heads  few 
or  numerous,  1  cm.  high,  very  gummy,  with  long  yellow  rays;  pappus  of  a  few  coarse 
bristles,  soon  falling  from  the  achenes. 

Easily  recognized  by  the  sticky  heads.  An  extract  of  some  species  of  Grindelia  is 
employed  as  a  remedy  for  the  effects  of  poison  ivy.  The  bright  yellow  heads  ai'e 
conspicuous  on  the  prairie. 

3.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt. 

1.  Chrysopsis  villosa  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Golden  aster.  Common  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  usually  on  open  slopes,  occasionally  found  near  or  above  timber  line. 
Idaho  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  andN.  Mex.- — Perennial,  15  to  40  cm.  high,  usually  forming  dense 
clumps,  short-hairy;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long,  obovate  or  oblanceolate^ 
finely  hairy;  heads  few  or  numerous,  about  1  cm.  high,  stalked;  rays  bright  yellow; 
pappus  of  yellowish  white  bristles. 

A  rather  .showy  but  imattractive  plant. 


422  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

4.  PYRROCOMA  Nutt. 

Perennials  with  thick  taproots;  leaves  alternate,  usually  with  sharp  teeth,  thick" 
heads  1  or  few  on  each  stem,  with  conspicuous  or  very  small  rays;  bracts  broad,  over- 
lapping; flowers  yellow;  pappus  of  yeUowish  or  brownish  bristlep. 

Rays  showy;  leaves  glabrous;  heads  about  1  cm.  high     1.  P.  lanceolata. 

Rays  hidden  by  the  pappus;  leaves  finely  hairy,  at  least  at  first;  heads  1.5  to  5  cm.  high, 

2.  P.  erythropappa. 

1.  Pyrrocoma  lanceolata  (Hook.)  Greene.  Frequent  about  dried-up  ponds  on  prairie 
at  east  entrance.*  B.  C.  to  Wyo.  and  Nebr. — Stems  numerous,  10  to  20  cm.  high, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  somewhat  toothed; 
bracts  1.5  to  2  mm.  wide. 

2.  Pyrrocoma  erythropappa  Rydb.  Dry  open  slopes  at  east  entrance.  Idaho  and 
Mont. — Stems  few,  stout,  15  to  30  cm.  high.;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
usually  entire,  very  thick;  bracts  3  to  5  mm.  wide,  with  a  narrow  thin  border. 

5.  SOLIDAGO  L.     Goldenrod. 

Low  or  tall  perennials  with  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  toothed;  heads 
small,  panicled,  with  short  rays;  flowers  yellow;  pappus  of  slender  whitish  bristles. 
Stem  leaves,  at  least  most  of  them,  sharply  toothed;   leaves  mostly  lanceolate. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  13  to  25  mm.  wide;   panicle  usually  broad  and  with  long 

branches      1.  S.  serotina. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  5  to  12  mm.  wide;   panicle 

narrow,  with  short  branches 2.  S.  elongata. 

Stem  leaves  all  or  mostly  entire,  sometimes  with  low  rounded  teeth;    leaves  mostly 
oblanceolate. 
Leaves  very  hairy  on  the  stalks  or  on  the  margins  near  the  base;   plants  of  alpine 

or  wet  situations 3.  S.  ciliosa. 

Leaves  not  hairy  on  the  margins  near  the  base,  or  very  inconspicuously  so;   plants 
of  low  dry  situations. 

Heads  6  to  7  mm.  high     4.  S.  concinna. 

Heads  5  mm.  high  or  less 5.  S.  missouriensis. 

1.  Solidago  seJotina  Ait.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  low  thickets  or  on  open  or 
brushy  slopes,  sometimes  in  woods;  on  the  west  slope  occasionally  found  also  at 
middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  Ga.,  and  Newf. — Stems  stout,  0.5  to  1  meter  high, 
usually  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  often  tinged  with  red  or  purple;  leaves  5  to  15  cm.  long, 
sessile,  nearly  glabrous  but  somewhat  roughened  on  the  veins  beneath;  heads  about 
5  mm.  high. 

Some  of  the  specimens  referred  here  have  nearly  as  small  panicles  as  S.  elongata, 
but  this  is  doubtless  due  to  the  fact  that  they  grew  in  dry  places. 

2.  Solidago  elongata  Nutt.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  bogs,  low  thickets,  or 
deep  woods,  sometimes  on  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Nev.,  and  Mont. — Stems 
slender,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  very  leafy;  leaves  5  to  10  cm.  long, 
slightly  roughened;  heads  about  5  mm.  high. 

3.  Solidago  ciliosa  Greene.  Alpine  goldenrod.  Common  above  timber  line,  in 
meadows  or  on  rock  slides;  occasional  at  middle  or  even  low  elevations,  on  open 
slopes  or  in  woods  or  bogs.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.^Plants  5  to  30  cm. 
high,  the  stems  stout,  glabrous  below;  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  shallowly  toothed, 
glabrous,  2  to  7  cm.  long,  stalked;  panicle  narrow,  usually  dense;  heads  5  to  7  mm. 
high,  the  bracts  acute. 

4.  Solidago  concinna  A.  Nels.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry 
open  hillsides,  in  aspen  woods,  or  rarely  on  stream  banks.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo. — 
Stems  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  lowest  leaves  stalked,  oblanceo- 
late, 6  to  15  cm.  long,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  thick;  bracts  mostly  acute. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  423 

5.  Solidago  missonriensis  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  east  elope  at  low  altitudt  s,  en 
dry,  brushy  or  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak.— Stems  stout,  15 
to  40  cm.  high,  glabrous;  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  glabrous, 
entire  or  slightly  toothed;  bracts  mostly  obtuse. 

6.  TOWNSENDIA  Hook. 

1.  Townsendia  parryi  D.  C.  Eaton.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes; 
on  dry  hills,  shale  banks,  or  prairie.  Alta.  to  Idaho  and  Wyo. — Biennial.  10  to  20 
cm.  high;  stem  with  appressed  hairs,  bearing  a  single  head,  leafy;  leaves  at  base  of 
stem  spatulate,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  head  large,  the  rays  12  to  15  mm.  long, 
purplish  pink;   pappus  of  long  bristles. 

The  plants  bloom  early  in  the  season. 

7.  ASTES,  L.     Aster. 

Perennials  with  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  entire;  heads  few  or  many, 
mostly  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  with  purple  to  Avhite  rays;    pappus  of  numercus 
whitish  bristles. 
Involucres  and  peduncles  with  viscid  glands. 

Stem  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  very  rough,  coarsely  toothed    .   .  2.  A.  conspicuus. 
Stem  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong,  not  rough,  mostly  entire. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  1  to  3  cm.  wide;   involucre  1  cm.  long. 

3.  A.  sayianus. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  less  than  1  cm.  wide;  involucre  6  to  7  mm.  long. 

4.  A.  campestris. 
Involucres  and  peduncles  without  glands. 

Bracts  hairy  (sometimes  only  minutely  hairy)  on  the  back. 
Bracts  not  bristle-tipped;  rays  pink  to  purple. 

Heads  1.5  cm.  high;  rays  pink;  stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  engelmannii. 
Heads  1  cm.  high  or  less;  rays  mostly  purple;  stems  hairy. 

Stem  leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base;   heads  1  or  few. 

5.  A.  meritus. 
Stem  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  clasping;  heads  numerous. 

6.  A.  nelsonii. 
Bracts  tipped  with  a  short  bristle;  rays  white. 

Pubescence  of  the  stems  of  appressed  hairs 7.  A.  polycephalus. 

Pubescence  of  the  stems  of  loose  si^reading  hairs. 

Heads  about  5  mm.  high      8.  A.  exiguus. 

Heads  6  to  9  mm.  high     9.  A.  crassulus. 

Bracts  glabrous  on  the  back,  the  margins  sometimes  hairy. 

Plants  glabrous  throughout 10.  A.  laevis. 

Plants  hairy,  at  least  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

Outer  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  inner  ones,  never  leaflike. 
Heads  about  1  cm.  broad;   stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

11.  A.  occidentalis. 
Heads  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

12.  A.  fremontii. 
Outer  bracts  mostly  as  long  as  the  inner  ones  or  longer,  often  leaflike. 

Heads  numerous,  6  to  8  mm.  high;   outer  bracts  often  reflexed. 

13.  A.  oreganus. 
Heads  few,  10  mm.  high  or  more;  outer  bracts  not  reflexed. 

14.  A.  frondeus. 

1.  Aster  engelmannii  D.  C.  Eaton.  Pink  aster.  Frequent,  especially  en  the 
east  slope,  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  low  thickets  or  in  woods;  often  found  near 
or  just  above  timber  line.     B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Nev.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.     (Eucephalus 


424  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

engelmannii  Greene.) — Stems  stout,  unbranched.  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  rsually  glabrous, 
•very  leafy;  leaves  mostly  ovate.  5  to  10  cm.  long,  sessile,  entire;  heads  few,  in  a 
<corymb.  the  bracts  pale,  often  purplish;   rays  few,  pink  or  rarely  lavender. 

The  rays  are  not  nearly  so  numerous  as  in  our  other  species,  and  they  are  rather 
-widely  spaced. 

2.  Aster  conspicuus  Lindl.  Rough  aster.  Plate  52,  A.  Common  at  low  and 
middle  altitudes,  in  thickets  or  thin  woods,  sometimes  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to 
Oreg.,  Wyo..  and  S.  Dak. — Stems  30  to  60  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  rough,  very  leafy; 
leaves  7  to  15  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  thick,  sessile;  heads  few  or  numerous,  10  to  13 
mm.  high;  rays  pale  purple. 

3.  Aster  sayianus  Nutt.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  bogs,  wet 
thickets,  or  moist  woods,  sometimes  among  aspens  or  on  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
Mont.,  and  Alta. — Stems  slender,  30  to  80  cm.  high,  hairy,  usually  purplish,  very 
leafy;  leaves  thin,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  sessile;  heads  few, 
in  a  leafy  cluster;  rays  usually  deep  purple,  sometimes  pale  purple. 

4.  Aster  campestris  Nutt.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry 
open  hillsides  or  low  flats.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.^ — Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high, 
stiff  and  brittle,  rough-hairy;  leaves  sessile,  2  to  4  cm.  long;  heads  few  or  numerous; 
rays  bright  purple. 

The  plant  blooms  at  the  end  of  summer. 

5.  Aster  meritus  A.  Nels.  Abundant  above  timber  line  on  rock  slides  and  open 
slopes;  occasional  at  middle  or  even  low  altitudes,  on  flats  or  open  rocky  slopes. 
B.  C.  to  Wyo.  and  S.  Dak. — Plants  5  to  20  cm.  high,  often  prostrate,  usually  forming 
loose  mats,  the  stems  purplish,  hairy;  leaves  2  to  7  cm.  long,  finely  hairy,  entire  or 
toothed,  sessile,  obtuse  or  acute;  rays  purple  to  lavender. 

A  showy  plant,  often  conspicuous,  especially  on  rock  slides,  forming  great  mats 
•over  the  ground.  It  is  abundant  in  sand  along  the  river  at  Belton,  but  it  is  typically 
an  alpine  species. 

6.  Aster  nelsonii  Greene.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  on  open 
hillsides  or  rocky  flats  or  in  low  thickets.  Wash,  and  Oreg.  to  Mont,  and  Colo. — 
Plants  stout,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  the  stems  with  mostly  appressed  hairs;  leaves  4  to  7 
■cm.  long,  rough,  thick;  heads  about  8  mm.  high;  rays  pale  purple. 

7.  Aster  polycephalus  Rydb.  Prairie  at  east  entrance.  Alta.  to  Ariz.,  Tex.,  and 
Nebr. — Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  rough-hairy;  heads 
•6  to  8  mm.  high;  rays  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

8.  Aster  exiguus  (Fernald)  Rydb.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes,  on  open  slopes. 
Wash,  to  Tex.,  Pa.,  and  Vt. — Plants  10  to  40  cm.  high,  often  branched,  very  leafy; 
leaves  linear  or  ol)long,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  "finely  hairy,  sessile;  rays  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

9.  Aster  crassulus  Rydb.  Dry  banks  at  east  entrance.  Sask.  to  Calif.,  Colo., 
and  N.  Dak. — Plants  branched,  25  to  50  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
2  to  5  cm.  long,  sessile,  finely  hairy;  heads  numerous,  the  bracts  Ijroad,  with  spreading 
tips;  rays  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

10.  Aster  laevis  L.  Common  at  low  and  sometimes  at  middle  altitudes,  on  brushy 
slopes,  in  woods,  or  on  flats.  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex.,  La.,  and  Ont. — Plants  pale  green, 
30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  the  lower  ones  long- 
etalked;  heads  few  or  numerous,  8  to  9  mm.  high,  the  bracts  very  unequal,  closely 
oppressed ;  rays  pale  blue  or  purple . 

A  showy  plant,  abundant  along  the  automobile  road  on  the  east  side  of  the  park, 
■often  forming  large  dense  patches. 

11.  Aster  occidentalis  Nutt.  Belton,  in  sandy  thickets.  Yukon  to  Calif,  and 
<^olo. — Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  bright 
^reen;  heads  numerous;  rays  pale  purple. 


STANDLEY FLOE  A  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  425 

12.  Aster  fremontii  (Torr.  &  Gray)  A.  Gray.  Low  thickets  at  east  entrance.  B.  C. 
and  Alta.  to  Colo,  and  Utah.  {A.  uvihacldi  Rydb.) — Plants  stout,  20  to  60  cm.  high, 
nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy;  leaves  3  to  10  cm.  long,  entire;  heads  few  or  numerous; 
rays  purple,  7  to  10  mm.  long. 

13.  Aster  oreganus  Nutt.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  swamps  or  bogs  or  in  low 
thickets.  B.  C.  to  Nev.  and  Mont. — Stems  slender,  20  to  70  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  8  to  8  cm.  long,  sessile,  bright  green,  entire;  panicles  very 
leafy;  rays  lavender  or  pinkish. 

14.  Aster  frondeus  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  Common  aearly  everywhere,  in  woods  or 
thickets  or  on  open  slopes;  frequent  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo. — 
Plants  15  to  90  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate,  5  to  15  cm. 
long,  entire;  ray f?  purple. 

The  commonest  aster  of  the  park,  flowering  nearly  throughout  the  summer.  The 
plants  are  somewhat  variable  and  many  of  the  forms  have  been  separated  as  species. 
Those  growing  above  timber  line  are  usually  only  10  to  20  cm.  high;  this  form  ia 
A.  apncus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.,  but  it  differs  from  A.  frondeus  only  in  size. 

8.  ERIGERON  L.     Fleabane. 

Perennials  or  occasionally  annuals;  leaves  alternate,  sometimes  all  at  the  base  of 
the  stem,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed;  heads  small  or  large,  usually  with  showy  rays, 
these  white,  pink,  or  purple;  pappus  of  slender  bristles. 

Rays  inconspicuous,  erect  or  nearly  so,  usually  inrolled  from  the  sides;  leaves  entire 
Heads  only  3  to  4  mm.  broad;  lower  leaves  often  toothed  ....I.E.  canadensis. 
Heads  7  to  12  mm.  broad;  leaves  entire. 

Heads  many  on  each  stem;  plants  mostly  20  to  40  cm.  high 2.  E.  acris. 

Heads  usually  1  or  2  on  each  stem;  plants  mostly  5  to  15  cm.  high. 

Heads  not  black-hairy  .  .  ; 3.  E.  jucundus. 

Heads  densely  black-hairy 4.  E.  unalaschkensis. 

Rays  conspicuous,  long  and  spreading;  in  one  species  the  rays  sometimes  wanting, 
but  the  leaves  deeply  lobed. 

Leaves  divided  into  linear  lobes 5.  E.  compositus. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed . 

Stems  low,  usually  less  than  15  cm.  high,  each  with  a  single  head. 

Rays  white 6.  E.  caespitosus. 

Rays  pink  or  purple. 
Bracts  densely  woolly  with  soft  hairs. 

Lowest  leaves  very  hair>',  often  3-toothed 7.  E.  lanatus. 

Lowest  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  entire 8.  E.  uniflorus. 

Bracts  glabrous  or  with  glands  or  with  short  stiff  hairs. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  bracts  not  hairy 9.  E.  leiomerus. 

Leaves  hairy;  bracts  short-hairy 10.  E.  nanus. 

Stems  tall,  usually  20  to  60  cm.  high  or  more,  sometimes  low  but  each  stem  then 
with  2  or  more  heads. 
Rays  white  or  pink. 

Stems  Avith  fine,  closely  appressed  hairs 11.  E.  ramosus. 

Stems  with  short  or  long  spreading  hairs. 

Heads  about  1.5  cm.  broad;  bracts  Avith  long  loose  hairs  ...  13.  E.  asper. 

Heads  1  cm.  broad  or  less;  bracts  with  short,  often  close  hairs. 

Leaves  entire;  plants  in  clumps,  less  than  20  cm.  high.  6.  E.  caespitosus. 

Leaves  mostly  with  low  teeth;  plants  not  in  clumps,  usually  30  to  50  cm. 

high 12.  E.  philadelphicus. 


426  CONTRIBUTIONS   FEOM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

Rays  purple. 
Tips  of  the  bracts  loose  and  spreading;  heads  nearly  always  one  on  each  stem. 

14.  E.  salsuginosus. 
Tips  of  the  bracts  appressed;  heads  usually  several  on  each  stem. 

Leaves  very  hairy 15.  E.  conspicuus. 

Leaves  glabrous  except  on  the  margins  and  sometimes  on  the  main  veins. 

Bracts  with  long  spreading  hairs 16.  E.  speciosus. 

Bracts  minutely  hairy  and  glandular 17.  E.  macranthus. 

1.  Erigeron  canadensis  L.  Horseweed.  Occasional  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground 
at  Belton  and  about  the  head  of  Lake  McDonald.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. 
(Leptilon  ca7iadenseBritton.) — Annual,  30  to  100  cm.  high,  very  hairy;  leaves  linear 
or  oblanceolate,  2  to  10  cm.  long;  heads  A^ery  numerous,  in  a  long  narrow  panicle; 
flowers  white. 

2.  Erigeron  acris  L.  Rather  rare,  at  low  altitudes,  in  thin  woods  or  on  brushy 
elopes.  Alaska  to  B.  C,  Colo.,  Me.,  and  Lab.;  also  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  (E.  droebach- 
ensis  Muell. ;  E.  yellowstonensis  A.  Nels.)— Biennial  or  perennial,  with  hairy  or  nearly 
glabrous  stems;  leaves  entire,  the  lowest  ones  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  5  to  10  cm. 
long;  heads  6  to  8  mm.  high,  with  A'ery  short  rays. 

A  somewhat  variable  plant,  several  forms  of  which  are  treated  by  some  authors  as 
separate  species.     The  flower  heads  are  inconspicuous. 

3.  Erigeron  jucundus  Greene.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  rock 
8  lides  or  exposed  summits ;  sometimes  found  on  cliffs  or  open  slopes  at  middle  altitudes . 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Que. — Stems  finely  hairy,  often  clustered;  lowest  leaves  spatulate, 
entire,  hairy;  heads  about  6  mm.  high,  the  bracts  often  purplish;  rays  very  short,  pink. 

4.  Erigeron  unalaschkensis  (DC.)  Rydb.  Rocky  slopes  at  Swiftcurrent  Pass. 
Alaska  to  Mont.,  Lab.,  and  Greenl. — Perennial,  hairy;  leaves  1  to  3  cm.  long,  spatu- 
late; heads  solitary,  8  to  10  cm.  high,  the  bracts  purplish;  rays  white. 

5.  Erigeron  compositus  Pursh.  Cutleaf  fleabane.  Frequent  above  timber  line, 
on  rock  slides  and  exposed  summits;  occasional  at  middle  and  low  altitudes,  on  exposed 
slopes.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Sask.,  and  Greenl. — Plants  perennial,  often  in  dense 
tufts;  stems  naked  or  with  a  few  linear  entire  leaves,  bearing  a  single  head;  basal 
leaves  1  to  4  cm.  long,  1  or  2  times  divided,  hairy  or  glabrous ;  heads  about  7  mm.  high ; 
rays  white  or  pink,  sometimes  none. 

The  glabrous  form  is  E.  compositus  nudus  Rydb.  Plants  with  and  without  rays 
often  grow  side  by  side. 

6.  Erigeron  caespitosus  Nutt.  White  fleabane.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low 
altitudes,  on  dry  rocky  hillsides  or  flats.  Yukon  to  Utah  and  Colo.^Plants  10  to  15 
cm.  high,  densely  tufted,  finely  hairy;  leaves  oblanceolate,  4  to  10  cm.  long,  entire; 
obtuse,  3-nerved;  heads  6  to  7  mm.  high;  rays  white,  6  to  10  mm.  long. 

7.  Erigeron  lanatus  Hook.  Open  rocky  slopes  at  Piegan  Pass.  B.  C,  Alta.,  and 
Mont. — Perennial,  loosely  tufted,  hairy;  heads  10  to  12  mm.  high,  densely  white- 
woolly;  rays  pale  purplish. 

8.  Erigeron  uniflorus  L.  Frequent  above  timber  line  on  rocky  slopes  or  exposed 
summits.  Alaska  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Mont.;  also  in  Eur.  (E.  simplex  Greene.) — 
Plants  perennial,  5  to  10  cm.  high,  hairy;  lowest  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  2 
to  4  cm.  long;  heads  8  to  10  mm.  high,  white-wooll> ;  rays  pink. 

9.  Erigeron  leiomerus  A.  Gray.  Moist  rocky  slopes  at  Sexton  Glacier  and  Piegan 
Pass.  Alta.  to  Utah  and  N.  Mex.— Basal  leaves  spatulate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  obtuse; 
heads  5  to  7  mm.  high,  the  bracts  purplish;  rays  pale  purple. 

10.  Erigeron  nanus  Nutt.  Moist  open  slopes  at  Morning  Eagle  Falls;  rare.  Mont, 
to  Colo,  and  Utah.  (E.  poliospermus  A.  Gray.) — Lower  leaves  linear-oblanceolate, 
3  to  5  cm.  long,  obtuse;  heads  5  to  7  mm.  high;  rays  pink  or  white. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  427 

11.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  Daisy  fleabane.  Occasional  on  dry 
brushy  slopes  or  in  waste  ground  at  Belton.  B.  C.  to  N.  S.  and  Fla.— Annual,  30  to  70 
cm.  high,  branched,  with  slender  stems;  stem  leaves  linear,  entire;  heads  numerous, 
3  to  4  mm.  high,  with  numerous  white  rays  about  5  mm.  long. 

Probably  introduced  here;  a  common  weed  in  the  eastern  States. 

12.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Sandbar  along  creek  at  east  entrance;  only  one 
plant  found.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Fla.,  and  Lab.— Biennial,  the  stems  slightly  branched 
above;  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  short-stalked;  stem  leaves  clasping;  heads  4  to  5 
mm.  high;  rays  pinkish,  very  numerous,  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

13.  Erigeron  asper  Nutt.  Collected  on  hillsides  at  east  entrance  by  Umbach. 
Mont,  and  Alta.  to  N.  Dak.— Stems  20  to  50  cm.  high,  very  hairy;  lower  leaves  linear- 
oblanceolate,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  hairy;  heads  1  to  4,  5  to  7 
mm.  high;  rays  white  or  pink. 

14.  Erigeron  salsuginosus  (Richards.)  A.  Gray.  Showy  fleabane.  Plate  52,  B. 
Abundant  above  and  just  below  timber  line,  in  moist  meadows  or  on  rock  slides; 
sometimes  found  in  moist  places  at  middle  altitudes,  occasionally  in  woods.  Alaska 
to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Sask.— Stems  15  to  50  cm.  high;  lowest  leaves  oval,  obovate, 
or  spatulate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  heads  about  1  cm.  high,  1.5  to  2 
cm.  broad;  rays  broad,  purple  or  pale  purple. 

Our  showiest  species  of  Erigeron,  often  the  most  conspicuous  and  abundant  plant 
of  high  meadows. 

15.  Erigeron  conspicuus  Eydb.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes  on  the  east  slope, 
on  open  hillsides  or  in  meadows.  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Colo.— Stems  clustered, 
25  to  50  cm.  high,  very  hairy,  densely  leafy;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire; 
heads  8  mm.  high,  1.5  to  2  cm.  broad;  rays  narrow,  purple. 

16.  Erigeron  speciosus  DC.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  among 
aspens,  on  open  hillsides,  or  in  low  thickets.  B.  C.  and  Alta.  to  Colo,  and  Oreg.— 
Stems  clustered,  30  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  very  leafy;  stem  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire;  heads  7  to  8  mm.  high;  rays  narrow,  purple. 

17.  Erigeron  macranthus  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle 
altitudes,  on  open  hillsides,  in  aspen  woods,  or  along  streams.  B.  C.  to  Oreg., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Alta.— Stems  clustered,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem 
leaves  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  heads  7  to  8  mm.  high;  rays  narrow,  bluish 
purple. 

This  and  the  last  two  preceding  species  are  similar  in  general  appearance.  They 
are  showy  plants  but  seldom  occur  in  abundance. 

9.  ANTENNARIA  Gaertn.     Pussytoes. 

Perennials,  usually  densely  woolly,  often  with  long  or  short  runners;  leaves 
alternate,  entire,  usually  forming  rosettes;  heads  without  ray  flowers,  in  corymbs 
or  racemes,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  on  separate  plants;  achenes  with 
copious  pappus  of  white  bristles.— The  species  are  difficult  to  separate,  and  the 
validity  of  many  of  them  is  uncertain. 
Plants  with  erect  stolons  or  with  none. 

Heads  4  to  5  mm.  high;  bracts  nearly  glabrous,  scarious  throughout. 

1.  A.  luzuloides. 

Heads  6  to  10  mm.  high;  bracts  very  woolly  below,  only  the  tips  scarious. 
Bracts  with  a  large  dark  spot;  bracts  of  pistillate  heads  acute;  plants  10  to  20  cm. 

high     2.  A.  lanata. 

Bracts  with  small  or  no  dark  spot;  bracts  of  pistillate  heads  obtuse;  plants  usually 

30  to  40  cm.  high     3.  A.  anaphaloides. 


428  CONTRIBUTIONS   FEOM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

Plants  with  prostrate  runners. 

Heads  on  long  slender  stalks,  in  loose  racemes;  bracts  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 

glabrous  on  the  upper  surface 4.  A.  racemosa. 

Heads  usually  short-stalked,  in  corymbs;  bracts  woolly  at  the  base;  leaves  glabrous 
or  usually  woolly. 
Upper  portion  of  the  bracts  pink,  white,  or  yellowish  white. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface     6.  A.  howellii. 

Leaves  woolly  on  the  upper  surface. 

Bracts  with  pink  tips     6.  A.  rosea. 

Bracts  with  white  or  yellowish  white  tips. 

Leaves   of  the  runners  loose,   narrowly  oblanceolate;  bracts  with  dark 

spots 7.  A.  corymbosa. 

Leaves  of  the  runners  dense,  spatulate;  bracts  without  dark  spots. 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  obtuse 8.  A.  arida 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  (at  least  the  inner  ones)  acute. 

9.  A.  microphylla. 
L'pper  portion  of  the  bracts  blackish,  dark  green,  or  pale  or  dark  brown. 

Leaves  becoming  glabrous  and  green 10.  A.  chlorantha. 

Leaves  very  woolly  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  of  the  runners  broadly  obovate-wedge-shaped,  nearly  sessile. 

11.  A.  pulvinata. 
Leaves  of  the  runners  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,   narrowed  into  distinct 
petioles. 

Bracts  very  dark,  nearly  black 12.  A.  media. 

Bracts  brown  or  pale  brown. 

'  Pubescence  of  the  leaves  of  closely  appressed  yellowish  hairs. 

13.  A.  flavescens. 
Pubescence  of  the  leaves  of  rather  loose  white  hairs. 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  acute  or  acutish    ...  14.  A.  oxyphylla. 
Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  obtuse. 

Involucres  somewhat  viscid;  bracts  with  pale  tips. 

15.  A.  sedoides. 

Involucres  not  ^dscid;  bracts  with  brown  tips  .  .  16.  A.  umbrinella. 

1.  Antennaria  luzuloides  Torr.  &  Gray.  Frequent  on  open,  rocky,  or  brushy  slopes 
at  middle  altitudes,  or  sometimes  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — 
Plants  slender,  20  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  acute  or 
obtuse,  silky-woolly,  usually  with  conspicuous  nerves;  heads  numerous,  pale  brown. 

Plants  often  deformed  by  galls. 

2.  Antennaria  lanata  (Hook.)  Greene.  Rare  on  open  rocky  slopes  about  Gunsight 
Pass.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — Plants  densely  and  loosely  white-woolly; 
leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  3  to  8  cm.  long;  heads  few,  densely  clustered;  bracts 
with  pale  tips. 

3.  Antennaria  anaphaloides  Rydb.  Occasional  on  dry  hillsides  at  low  altitudes. 
B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Mont. — Plants  densely  silky-woolly;  leaves  narrowly  oblan- 
ceolate, 8  to  15  cm.  long,  acute,  conspicuously  nerved;  heads  numerous,  in  a  dense 
corymb,  the  bracts  with  white  tips. 

4.  Antennaria  racemosa  Hook.  Frequent  in  meadows  above  timber  line;  some- 
times on  open  grassy  slopes  at  lower  levels.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Wyo.,  and  Alta. — Plants 
15  to  40  cm.  high,  with  long  runners;  leaves  oval  or  spatulate,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
stalked,  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface,  woolly  beneath;  heads  few,  6  to  8  mm. 
high,  the  bracts  greenish,  acute. 

5.  Antennaria  howellii  Greene.  Meadow  among  aspens  at  east  entrance;  the  species 
has  been  collected  at  Columbia  Falls  and  so  is  probably  to  be  found  about  Belton. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  429 

B.C.  and  Wash,  to  Mont,  and  Alta.— Plants  matted,  15  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceo- 
ate  or  obovate,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  closely  white-woolly  beneath; 
heads  8  to  10  mm.  high,  the  bracts  very  acute.  ^ 

6.  Antennaria  rosea  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  in  gravelly 
meadows,  on  open  rocky  slopes,  in  aspen  woods,  or  in  low  thickets.  Yukon  to  Calif., 
Colo.,  and  S.  Dak.— Plants  slender,  15  to  40  cm.  high,  loosely  woolly;  leaves  oblanceo- 
late  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute;  heads  few,  about  5  mm.  high,  loosely  or  densely 
clustered,  the  bracts  obtuse,  with  pale  or  deep  pink  tips. 

The  form  with  deep  pink  bracts  is  a  handsome  plant. 

7.  Antennaria  corymbosa  E-.  Nels.  Meadows  about  the  east  entrance,  Umbach. 
Oreg.  to  Mont,  and  Colo.— Plants  slender,  20  to  30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  1.5  to  3  cm. 
long,  acute;  heads  few,  4  to  5  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  obtuse. 

8.  Antennaria  arida  E.  Nels.  Gravelly  meadows  below  Lake  McDermott,  and  dry 
rocky  slopes  of  Altyn  Peak.  Idaho  and  Mont,  to  N.  Mex.  and  Utah.— Plants  10  to  15 
cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  closely  woolly;  heads  6  to  8 
mm.  high. 

9.  Antennaria  microphylla  Rydb.  Low  meadow  at  St.  Mary,  abundant;  dry  gravel 
bank  at  Belton,  frequent.  Yukon  to  Nebr.  and  N.  Mex.— Plants  slender,  15  to  30  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  closely  appressed  pubescence; 
heads  few,  densely  clustered,  5  to  6  mm.  high. 

10.  Antennaria  chlorantha  CJreene.  Meadows  about  Iceberg  Lake  and  Grinnell 
Glacier.  B.  C.  and  Mont.— Plants  5  to  15  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  1.5  to  2.5 
cm.  long,  acutish,  at  first  loosely  woolly  but  becoming  glabrous  and  green;  heads 
densely  clustered,  5  to  7  mm.  high,  the  bracts  dark  green. 

11 .  Antennaria  pulvinata  Greene.  Frequent  above  timber  line,  on  open  rocky  slopes 
or  in  moist  meadows.  Alta.,  B.  C,  and  Mont.— Plants  matted,  5  to  10  cm.  high; 
leaves  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  loosely  woolly;  heads  few,  densely 
clustered,  the  bracts  dark  green. 

12.  Antennaria  media  Greene.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  meadows  or  on  moist 
rocky  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Alta.— Plants  matted,  5  to  12  cm.  high;  leaves 
obtuse,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  loosely  woolly;  heads  few,  densely  clustered;  inner  bracts  of 
the  pistillate  heads  acute. 

13.  Antennaria  flavescens  Rydb.  Collected  on  Mount  Henry  by  Umbach.  Wash, 
to  Mont,  and  Colo.— Plants  matted,  10  cm.  high;  leaves  about  1  cm.  long;  heads 
densely  clustered,  4  to  5  mm.  high;  bracts  very  obtuse. 

14.  Antennaria  oxyphylla  Greene.  Moist  cliffs  near  Gunsight  Pass,  and  open  banks 
near  Lake  McDermott.  Idaho  to  Nebr.  and  Wyo.— Plants  20  to  40  cm.  high;  leaves 
spatulate-obovate,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long;  heads  6  to  7  mm.  high. 

15.  Antennaria  sedoides  Greene.  High  rock  slides  at  Iceberg  Lake.  B.C.  to  Man. 
and  Colo.— Plants  loosely  matted,  about  10  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate,  about  1  cm. 
long;  heads  5  to  6  mm.  high;  lower  portion  of  the  bracts  greenish  or  brownish. 

16.  Antennaria  umbrinella  Rydb.  Open  slopes  at  Sun  Camp  and  Cracker  Lake; 
also  collected  at  Duck  Lake  by  Weller.  B.  C.  to  Colo.— Plants  matted,  7  to  12  cm. 
high;  leaves  spatulate,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long;   heads  few,  5  mm.  high,  densely  clustered. 

10.  ANAPHALIS  DC. 

1.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Pearly  everlasting.  Frequent 
at  low  altitudes,  on  dry  banks  or  in  woods,  swamps,  or  thickets.  Widely  distributed 
in  N.  Amer.;  also  in  Asia.— Perennial  with  slender  rootstocks,  20  to  40  cm.  high; 
leaves  alternate,  linear  to  oblong,  3  to  8  cm.  long,  entire,  white-woolly,  sometimes 
becoming  green  on  the  upper  surface;  heads  6  to  7  mm.  high,  in  a  loose  or  dense 
cluster;   bracts  white  and  papery;   flowers  yellow;   pappus  of  slender  bristles. 


430  CONTEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

The  flower  heads  are  conspicuous  and  rather  attractive;  they  last  all  summer.  It 
is  probably  this  plant  (or  perhaps  it  is  one  of  the  species  of  Aniennaria)  that  is  seen  by 
tourists,  who  repfort  that  they  have  found  on  one  of  the  trails  edelweiss  "exactly  like- 
what  I  saw  when  I  was  in  Switzerland."  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state  that  no 
plant  -^vith  a  very  close  resemblance  to  edelweiss  is  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

11.  GNAPHALITJM  L. 

Annuals,  biennials,  or  perennials,  with  white-woolly  pubescence;  leaves  alternate,, 
narrow,  entire;  heads  without  rays,  in  small  dense  clusters,  the  bracts  papery;  pappus 
of  slender  bristles. 

Plants  biennial,  50  to  80  cm.  high;  heads  nearly  glabrous,  the  clusters  not  leafy. 

1.  G.  macounii. 
Plants  annual,  5  to  15  cm.  high;   heads  woolly,  the  clusters  surrounded  by  leaves. 

2.  G.  palustre. 

1.  Gnaphalium  macounii  Greene.  Tall  cudweed.  At  low  altitudes,  infrequent; 
in  thin  woods  or  on  dry  open  slopes.  B.  C.  to  Ariz.,  Pa.,  and  N.  S.  (G.  decurrens 
Ives.) — Plants  solitary,  with  1  or  few  slender  stems;  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,  4 
to  10  cm.  long,  the  upper  surface  becoming  green,  covered  with  small  glands:  heads- 
5  mm.  high,  sometimes  in  broad  panicles,  the  bracts  yellowish  white. 

2.  Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  Low  cudweed.  East  entrance,  in  open  moist 
ground,  frequently  about  ponds  on  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nebr. — 
Plants  loosely  woolly,  usually  much  branched;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  1  tO' 
2  cm.  long,  woolly  on  both  sides;  heads  3  to  4  mm.  high,  in  small  woolly  clusters,  the 
bracts  brownish  white. 

12.  ADENOCATJLON  Hook. 

1.  Adenocaulon  bicolor  Hook.  Pathfinder.  Abundant  on  the  west  slope  at 
low  and  middle  elevations;  local  on  the  east  slope,  frequent  about  Sun  Camp,  but 
apparently  absent  in  the  Many  Glacier  region;  in  dry  or  moist  woods  or  thickets. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Mont.,  and  L.  Superior. — Perennial,  with  rootstocks,  0.3  to  1  meter 
high;  leaves  alternate,  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  5  to  20  cm.  long,  thin,  green  on 
the  upper  side,  white-woolly  beneath,  with  low  rounded  teeth;  heads  about  3  mm. 
long,  the  4  or  5  bracts  spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  pure  white;  achenes  bearing  small 
stalked  glands,  spreading. 

A  characteristic  plant  of  the  west  slope.  The  very  sticky  achenes  adhere  readily 
to  clothing. 

13.  IVA  L. 

1.  Iva  xantliifolia  Nutt.  Reported  from  Belton  by  Jones.  Wash,  to  N.  Mex.  and 
Mich.  (Cydarhacna  xanthifolia  Fresen.) — Coarse  annual,  about  1  meter  high;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  petioled,  ovate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  toothed,  rough-hairy;  heads 
panicled,  4  to  5  mm.  broad,  the  flowers  greenish  yellow;   achenes  without  pappus. 

14.  AMBROSIA  L.     Ragweed. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  strong-scented;  leaves  mos^tly  opposite,  divided  into  narrow 
lobes;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  in  small  heads,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate 
heads;  rays  none;  achenes  hard,  with  a  few  short  spines;  pappus  none. 
Plants  perennial,  with  rootstocks;   leaves  once  lobed,  the  lobes  usually  toothed. 

1.  A.  psilostachya. 
Plants  annual;  leaves  twice  lobed 2.  A.  elatior, 

1.  Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  Western  ragweed.  Waste  ground  about  Belton 
and  east  entrance;  rare  and  evidently  introduced.  Calif,  to  La.  and  111. — Plants  20- 
to  60  cm.  high,  with  short  appressed  hairs;  leaves  thick,  with  broad  lobes;  achenes 
often  unarmed. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  431 

2.  Ambrosia  elatior  L.  Common  ragweed.  A  few  plants  along  the  railroad  at 
Belton;  evidently  introduced.  Widely  distributed  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  0.3  to  1 
meter  high,  with  appressed  or  spreading  hairs;  leaves  thin,  divided  into  narrow  lobes; 
achenes  with  a  few  sharp  spines. 

The  pollen  from  this  plant  is  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  hay  fever. 

15.  BALSAMORRHIZA  Hook. 

1.  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Balsamroot.  Frequent  on  the  east 
slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  dry  open  hillsides.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
S.  Dak.— Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  densely  covered  with  close  matted  white  hairs; 
root  very  thick  and  resinous;  leaves  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped,  erect,  10  to  30  cm. 
long,  long-stalked,  entii'e  or  nearly  so;  flower  stalk  leafless,  bearing  a  few  showy  heads, 
the  involucre  2.5  cm.  broad,  the  yellow  rays  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

The  Blackfoot  Indians,  like  many  other  western  tribes,  are  said  to  use  the  roots  for 
food.  In  some  parts  of  the  West  in  early  days  the  white  settlers  also  used  the  roots  in 
times  of  scarcity,  and  the  plant  is  known  in  Utah  as  "Mormon  biscuit." 

16.  HELIANTHUS  L.     Sunflower. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  entire  or  toothed;  heads  large, 
solitary  or  in  corymbs,  stalked,  the  bracts  unequal  and  overlapping;  pappus  of  2  scales 
or  awns. 
Plants  annual;  upper  leaves  conspicuously  stalked;  bracts  5  to  6  mm.  wide. 

1.  H.  annuus. 
Plants  perennial;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so;  bracts  1.5  to  3  mm.  wide. 
Leaves  ovate,  the  upper  ones  opposite;  head  usually  one  on  each  stem;  central 

flowers  of  the  head  purplish  brown     2.  H.  subrhomboideus. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  alternate;  central  flowers  yellow. 

3.  H.  fascicularis. 

1.  Helianthus  annuus  L.  Common  sunflower.  A  few  plants  found  on  the  east 
slope  along  railroad  and  roadsides;  evidently  introduced.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Tex.,  and 
Sask.  {H.  lenticularis  Dougl.) — Plants  1  to  2  meters  high  or  often  lower,  hairy;  leaves 
mostly  alternate,  broadly  ovate,  rough,  toothed,  long-stalked;  heads  4  to  5  cm.  broad. 

2.  Helianthus  subrhomboideus  Rydb.  Dry  shale  slopes  at  east  entrance.  Man. 
and  Alta.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ark. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  with  slender  rootstocks; 
stems  hairy  below,  purplish;  leaves  4  to  8  cm.  loijg,  most  of  them  near  the  base  of  the 
stem,  short-stalked,  very  rough,  entire  or  toothed;  heads  1.5  to  2  cm.  broad,  the  bracts 
ovate,  hairy  on  the  margins. 

3.  Helianthus  fascicularis  Greene.  A  few  plants  in  dry  soil  near  Many  Glacier 
Hotel;  apparently  introduced.  Alta.  and  Sask.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. — Stems  0.5  to 
1  meter  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  5  to  15  cm.  long,  rough,  nearly  entire,  the 
lower  ones  opposite;  heads  2  to  3  cm.  broad,  the  bracts  linear. 

17.  MADIA  Molina. 

1.  Madia  glomerata  Hook.  Tarweed.  Common  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  prairie  or  open  hillsides,  often  in  cultivated  ground  and  about  dried-up  ponds  on 
prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Sask. — Annual,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy  and  very 
sticky;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  linear;  heads  about  6  mm.  high,  the  bracts  inclosing 
the  achenes;  flowers  yellow,  the  rays  very  short,  3-lobed;  pappus  none. 

The  plant  has  a  strong  and  unpleasant  odor. 

18.  HYMENOXYS  Cass. 

1.  Hymenoxys  richardsonii  (Hook.)  Cockerell.  Collected  on  dry  hills  at  east 
entrance  by  Umbach.     Sask.  to  Mont. — Perennial,  10  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  in  small 


432  COXTRIBUTIOXS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

•dense  clumps,  slightly  hairy;  leaves  alternate,  divided  into  narrowly  linear  lobes; 
heads  1  or  few,  8  mm.  high;  flowers  yellow;  pappus  of  5  scales. 

From  a  closely  related  species  of  Colorado,  rubber  was  for  a  time  extracted  upon  a 
commercial  scale. 

19.   GAILLARDIA  Foug. 

1.  Gaillardia  arista ta  Pursh.  Beown-eyed  Susan.  Common  on  the  east  slope 
at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  infrequent  on  the  west  slope,  but  found  at  Belton  and 
doubtless  elsewhere;  on  prairie  or  open  slopes;  occasionally  growing  on  slopes  above 
timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak. — Perennial,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  hairy; 
leaves  oblanceolate,  entire  or  more  ccmmonly  toothed  or  lobed;  heads  Icng-stalkfd, 
the  involucre  2  to  3  cm.  broad,  the  rays  2  to  3  cm.  Icng,  bread,  3-lobed,  yellow,  often 
purplish  at  the  base;  disk  flowers  brownish  purple. 

A  handsome  plant,  often  cultivated  under  the  name  of  blanket-flower.  The  culti- 
vated plants  are  scarcely  superior  to  some  of  the  wild  ones  in  the  size  of  their  heads. 

20.  ACHILLEA  L. 

1.  Achillea  lanulosa  Nutt.  Yarrow.  Common,  especially  at  high  and  low  alti- 
tudes, in  meadows  or  on  rock  slides,  open  slopes,  or  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Mex., 
Sask.,  and  Ont.— Perennial,  15  to  50  cm.  high,  with  a  strong  odor,  silky-hairy;  leaves 
alternate,  also  in  basal  tufts,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  plumelike,  2  or  3  times  divided  into 
numerous  small  narrow  lobes;  heads  4  to  5  mm.  high,  in  flat-topped  clusters,  the  bracts 
with  brown  borders;  rays  2.5  to  4  mm.  long,  white,  rarely  pink;  pappus  none. 

Yarrow  is  one  of  the  common  plants  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
leaves  are  very  handsome. 

21.  MATRICARIA  L. 

1.  Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter.  Pineapple-weed.  Frequent  on  the 
east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  waste  ground  or  on  open  slopes  or  prairie.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  Ariz.,  and  N.  Dak.;  also  in  Eur.  (Chamomilla  .niaoeolens  Rydb.) — Annual, 
nearly  glabrous,  5  to  30  cm.  high,  usually  much  branched;  leaves  alternate,  2  or  3 
times  divided  into  short  linear  lobes;  heads  without  rays,  6  to  8  mm.  broad,  the 
disk  rounded;  bracts  thin,  with  whitish  margins;  flowers  greenish  yellow;  pappus 
an  inconspicuous  crown. 

The  plant  has  a  strong  but  not  unpleasant  odor.  The  dried  flowers  were  used  by 
the  Blackfoot  Indians  as  a  perfume. 

22.  CHRYSANTHEMUM  L. 

The  cultivated  chrysanthemums  belong  to  this  genus. 

1.  Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  T>.  Ox-eye  daisy.  Occa.sional  about  Belton, 
on  brushy  slopes  or  in  waste  ground.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in 
N.  Amer.  {Leucanthemum  leucanthemuvi  Rydb.) — Perennial,  30  to  100  cm.  high, 
glabrous;  leaves  linear  to  obovate,  toothed  or  lobed;  heads  long-stalked,  the  involucre 
about  1.5  cm.  broad,  the  bracts  ^vith  a  narrow  brown  band  near  the  margin;  rays 
white,  12  to  15  mm.  long. 

One  of  the  commonest  weeds  of  the  eastern  States,  but  rare  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

23.  ARTEMISIA  L.     Wormwood. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  perennial,  with  aromatic  odor  and  bitter  flavorf  leaves 
alternate,  usually  white-woolly;  heads  small,  panicled,  without  rays;  achenes  usually 
glabrous,  without  pappus. 

Plants  shrubby.     Leaves  linear,  entire 1.  A.  cana. 

Plants  herbaceous. 
Leaves  glabrous . 

Leaves  divided  into  numerous  linear  lobes 2.  A.  biennis. 

Leaves  linear,  entire 3.  A.  dracunculoides. 


/ 

STANDLEY — FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.    '       433 

Leaves  hairy  or  woolly. 
Leaves  silky-hairy,  the  hairs  straight,  not  matted;  leaves  di\'ided  into  numerous 
linear  lobes. 
Leaves  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  densely  covered  with  white  silky  hairs;  heads  veiy 

hairy .  4.  A.  frigida. 

Leaves  3  to  12  cm.  long  or  longer,  thinly  hairy;  heads  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy. 

Heads  very  numerous,  2  to  3  mm.  broad 5.  A.  forwoodii. 

Heads  few,  4  to  5  mm.  broad 6.  A.  spithamaea. 

Leaves  woolly,  at  least  on  the  lower  surface,  with  matted  white  hairs. 
Leaves  twice  divided  into  linear  lobes,  often  green  on  the  upper  surface. 

7.  A.  discolor. 
Leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  once  lobed,  white  on  both  surfaces. 

Lower  leaves  entire  or  shallowly  toothed 8.  A.  gnaphaloides. 

Lower  leaves  lobed. 

Leaves  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  numerous,  linear  or  oblong  .  9.  A.  floccosa. 
Leaves  with  a  few  (3  or  5)  broad  lanceolate  lobes    ...  10.  A.  diversifolia. 

1.  Artemisia  cana  Pursh.  Sagebrush.  Frequent  on  prairie  about  the  east 
entrance.  Oreg.  to  Sask.,  Colo.,  and  Utah. — Densely  branched  shrub,  30  to  60  cm. 
high,  covered  with  fine  whitish  hairs;  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  acute;  heads  in  a 
spikelike  panicle. 

The  common  sagebrush,  Artemisia  tridentata  Nutt.,  apparently  does  not  grow  about 
the  park. 

2.  Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  In  dried-up  pools  on  prairie  about  the  east  entrance; 
scarce.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  S. — Biennial,  30  to  100  cm.  high,  with  purplish 
stems;  lobee  of  the  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  toothed  or  lobed;  heads  2  to  3  mm. 
wide,  in  a  dense,  very  leafy  panicle;  flowers  yellow. 

3.  Artemisia  dracunculoides  Pursh.  Dry  flats  near  St.  Mary  and  Babb.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Tex.,  and  Mo. — Plants  perennial,  erect,  0.5  to  1  meter  high,  glabrous;  leaves 
3  to  7  cm.  long;  heads  glabrous,  2  to  3  mm.  wide. 

4.  Artemisia  frigida  Willd.  Rocky  flats  or  prairie  about  St.  ^lary  and  the  east 
entrance,  frequent;  dry  gravel  bank  near  Belton,  rare.  Alaska  to  Idaho,  Ariz.,  and 
Tex.;  also  in  Asia. — Silky-hairy  perennial,  15  to  40  cm.  high,  forming  dense  silvery 
clumps;  leaves  twice  divided  into  very  slender  lobes;  heads  4  to  5  mm.  broad,  in 
narrow  panicles;  flowers  yellow. 

Among  the  Blackfoot  Indians  a  decoction  of  the  plant  was  used  as  a  drink  in  cases 
of  fever.  The  leaves  were  chewed  as  a  remedy  for  heartburn.  Branches  were 
generally  tied  to  articles  which  were  offered  to  the  sun. 

5.  Artemisia  forwoodii  S.  Wats.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes, 
on  open  rocky  hillsides  or  on  flats.  Yukon  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Ariz.  (A.  camporum 
Ptydb.) — Plants  in  clumps,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  with  stout  stems;  leaves  long-stalked, 
2  or  3  times  divided  into  linear  lobes:  heads  2  to  3  mm.  high,  in  narrow  dense  panicles. 

6.  Artemisia  spithamaea  Pursh.  Collected  on  Mount  Henry  by  Umbach.  Wash, 
to  Colo.,  Que.,  and  Greenl. — Similar  in  appearance  to  A.  forwoodii,  but  the  plants 
lower,  10  to  30  cm.  high;  leaves  once  or  twice  divided  into  linear  lobes. 

7.  Artemisia  discolor  Dougl.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes  on  the  east  slope,, 
on  the  west  slope  chiefly  at  high  altitudes;  on  open,  usually  rocky  slopes,  on  rock 
slides,  or  in  thickets;  frequent  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Sask.  and 
Colo.  {A.  michauxiana  Besser.) — Perennial,  20  to  50  cm.  high,  forming  dense  bushy 
clumps;  leaves  3  to  6  cm.  long,  white- woolly  beneath,  often  green  and  glabrous  on 
the  upper  surface;  heads  3  to  4  mm.  high,  green,  in  narrow,  usually  spikelike  panicles. 

The  plants  are  somewhat  variable.  The  typical  form  has  a  narrow  panicle  and 
rather  broad  leaf  segments;  A.  michauxiana  is  the  form  with  spikelike  panicles  and 
narrow  leaf  segments.  Both  forms  occur  in  the  park,  but  the  second  one  is  much 
more  common. 


434  CONTRIBUTIOiJ^S   FROM   THE   NATIONAL,   HERBARIUM. 

8.  Artemisia  gnaphaloides  Nutt.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes,  on  dry,  open  or 
brushy  slopes  or  in  low  thickets;  rarely  found  on  open  slopes  above  timber  line. 
Alta.  to  Colo.,  Tex.,  Mo.,  and  Ont. — -Plants  whitish,  30  to  60  cm.  high,  often  forming 
large  patches;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  2  to  10  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones 
entire,  the  lower  mostly  toothed,  sharp-pointed;  heads  4  mm.  high,  white- woolly, 
in  narrow  spikelike  panicles. 

9.  Artemisia  floccosa  Rydb.  Low  thickets  below  Lake  McDermott,  and  brushy 
slopes  along  Appekunny  Creek.  Oreg.  to  Mont,  and  Wyo. — Plants  20  to  40  cm.  high, 
often  forming  dense  clumps,  whitish;  leaves  3  to  5  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones  often 
entire;  heads  about  4  mm.  high,  white-woolly. 

10.  Artemisia  diversifolia  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  on  open, 
gravelly  or  grassy  slopes  or  dry  prairie.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Nebr. — Plants 
whitish,  30  to  80  cm.  high,  often  forming  broad  dense  clumps;  lower  leaves  5  to  10 
cm.  long,  with  3  or  5  lobes  pointing  forward,  the  upper  leaves  mostly  entire;  heads 
3  to  4  mm.  high,  woolly,  in  narrow  panicles;  flowers  pale  yellow. 

It  is  probable  that  this  and  A.  floccosa  are  merely  forms  of  A.  gnaphaloides . 

24.  PETASITES  L. 

1.  Petasites  sagittata  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.  Sweet  coltsfoot.  Not  common,  but 
found  in  swampy  meadows  below  Lake  McDermott  and  at  St.  Mary  and  Grinnell 
Lake.  Alaska  to  Colo.,  Minn.,  and  Lab.- — Perennial,  with  thick  rootstocks;  flower 
stalk  with  bracts  but  no  leaves,  20  to  30  cm.  high,  bearing  a  few  heads;  leaves  all 
rising  from  the  ground,  long-stalked,  heart-shaped  or  triangular,  15  to  40  cm.  long, 
shallowly  toothed,  green  on  the  upper  side,  white-woolly  beneath;  heads  7  to  10  mm. 
long,  the  flowers  purplish  or  whitish. 

The  flowers  appear  early  in  the  season.  The  leaves  are  conspicuous  and  re- 
mind one  somewhat  of  those  of  burdock. 

25.  ARNICA  L.     Aenica. 

Perennials  with  rootstocks,  more  or  less  hairy;  stems  leafy,  the  leaves  opposite, 
entire  or  toothed;  heads  1  or  few,  large,  the  bracts  equal  in  length;  rays  yellow, 
rarely  absent;  pappus  of  slender,  white  or  brownish  bristles. — The  species  are  difficult 
to  distinguish,  and  they  are  imperfectly  understood;  it  is  doubtful  whether  all  those 
listed  below  are  valid.  The  arnica  used  as  a  drug  is  obtained  from  a  European  species 
of  this  genus.  In  our  species  the  rootstocks  have  the  characteristic  arnica  flavor  and 
odor.     The  arnicas  are  among  the  most  abundant  and  showy  flowers  of  the  park. 

Rays  none 1.  A.  parryi. 

Rays  present,  showy. 
Pappus  brownish  or  yellowish,  finely  hairy. 
Stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,    entire   or  minutely  toothed,    finely  hairy; 

achenes  hairy  and  with  fine  glands 2.  A.  longifolia. 

Stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  usually  coarsely  toothed,  coarsely  hairy;  achenes 
hairy  but  without  glands. 

Basal  leaves  not  heart-shaped 3.  A.  mollis. 

Basal  leaves  heart-shaped 4.  A.  diversifolia. 

Pappus  white,  merely  roughened,  not  hairy. 

Basal  leaves  heart-shaped  or  broadly  ovate,  usually  long-stalked. 

Achenes  densely  hairy 5.  A.  cordifolia. 

Achenes  glabrous  or  glandular  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  above. 

Heads  (from  base  to  end  of  pappus)  10  to  12  mm.  high   ....  6.  A.  gracilis. 
Heads  15  to  18  mm.  high. 

Lower  stem  leaves  stalked;  heads  turbinate 7.  A.  latifolia. 

Lower  stem  leaves  sessile;  heads  campanulate 8.  A.  granulifera. 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  435 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  short-stalked. 
Stems  with  numerous  pairs  of  leaves,  the  upper  leaves  not  much  reduced. 

9.  A.  foliosa. 
Stems  with  1  to  3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  upper  ones  much  reduced. 

Heads  campanulate,  covered  with  viscid  hairs;   piante  of  low  altitudes. 

10.  A.  fulgens. 
Heads  turbinate,  hairy  but  not  viscid;    plants  of  alpine  situations. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  thinly  hairy,  green 11.  A.  alpina. 

Leaves  densely  covered  with  long  soft  whitish  hairs  .    .  12.  A.  tomentosa. 

1.  Arnica  parryi  A.  Gray.  Rayless  arnica.  Aspen  thicket  at  east  entrance; 
moist  open  hillside  on  trail  to  Iceberg  Lake.  B.  C.  to  Oreg.,  Colo.,  and  Alta. ^Sterns 
hairy,  leafy,  20  to  50  cm.  high ;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  slightly  toothed, 
hairy;   heads  3  to  9,  12  to  15  mm.  high,  dull  yellow;   pappus  brownish. 

2.  Arnica  longifolia  D.  C.  Eaton.  Frequent,  especially  at  low  and  high  altitudes, 
in  alpine  meadows,  in  wet  thickets,  or  on  open  slopes.  Wash,  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and 
Mont. — Plants  often  tufted,  very  viscid,  25  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  linear- 
lanceolate,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  bright  green,  minutely  hairy,  sessile;  heads  few,  about 
1  cm.  high. 

3.  Arnica  mollis  Hook.  Common  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  damp  woods  or 
wet  thickets,  along  streams,  on  open  slopes,  or  in  bogs;  frequently  found  in  wet  mead- 
ows above  timber  line.  B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Alta. — Plants  green,  hairy,  20 
to  60  cm.  high,  often  forming  dense  clumps;  stem  leaves  sessile,  4  to  10  cm.  long; 
heads  1  to  5,  12  to  15  mm.  high. 

4.  Arnica  diversifolia  Greene.  Moist  rocky  slopes  at  Sexton  Glacier,  and  perhaps 
elsewhere.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — Plants25  to  50  cm.  high,  finely  glandular- 
hairy,  basal  leaves  usually  toothed,  the  stem  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sessile; 
heads  1  to  5. 

6.  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.  Collected  in  thickets  at  east  entrance  by  Umbach; 
also  obtained  by  Williams  at  Columbia  Falls,  and  probably  to  be  found  about  Belton. 
B.  C.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Alta. — Stems  hairy,  20  to  50  cm.  high;  basal  leaves 
broadly  heart-shaped,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  usually  toothed;  stem  leaves  2  to  4  pairs, 
mostly  stalked;  heads  1.5  to  2  cm.  high,  hairy. 

6.  Arnica  gracilis  Rydb.  Abundant  near  and  above  timber  line,  in  wet  meadows 
or  on  open  slopes  or  rock  slides;  occasionally  found  in  wet  thickets  at  middle  altitudes. 
B.  C.  and  Wash,  to  Wyo.  and  Alta. — Stems  10  to  50  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
basal  leaves  ovate  to  rounded,  toothed  or  entire,  2  to  6  cm.  long;  stem  leaves  2  to  4 
pairs,  the  lower  ones  stalked;  heads  1  to  5. 

7.  Arnica  latifolia  Bong.  Abundant  on  the  east  slope  at  low  and  middle  altitudes, 
usually  in  deep  woods.  Alaska  to  Utah  and  Colo. — Stems  30  to  70  cm.  high;  basal 
leaves  heart-shaped,  5  to  15  cm.  long,  toothed,  finely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous;  heads 
usually  5  to  9;  bracts  minutely  glandular  and  sometimes  hairy. 

Very  abundant  and  showy  about  Lake  McDermott,  often  forming  large  dense  patches 
in  the  woods.     The  plants  bloom  in  the  early  summer  and  do  not  remain  in  flower  long. 

8.  Arnica  granulifera  Rydb.  Frequent  in  alpine  meadows;  sometimes  in  woods  at 
middle  altitudes.  Mont. — Stems  25  to  35  cm.  high,  somewhat  hairy;  basal  leaves 
ovate,  usually  absent  at  flowering,  slightly  toothed;  stem  leaves  broadly  ovate,  4  to  9 
cm.  long,  toothed,  obtuse;  heads  1  to  5. 

9.  Arnica  foliosa  Nutt.  Frequent  on  the  east  slope  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  meadows 
or  thickets,  in  aspen  woods,  or  about  low  places  on  prairie.  Alaska  to  Utah  and  Colo. — 
Stems  20  to  60  cm.  high,  woolly;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  densely  and  finely 
hairy,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  usually  entire,  the  lower  ones  slender-stalked;  heads  1  to  7, 
8  to  10  mm.  high,  often  woolly. 

2048—21 14 


436  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   FATIONAl,   HERBARIUM. 

10.  Arnica  fulgens  Pursh.  Collected  along  Kennedy  Creek  by  Weller.  B.  C.  to 
Calif.,  Colo.,  and  S.  Dak.  (A.  pedunculata  Rydb.) — Stems  20  to  40  cm.  high,  hairy; 
leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  finely  hairy,  entire; 
heads  1  or  3,  12  to  15  mm.  high. 

11.  Arnica  alpina  (L.)  Olin.  Common  above  timber  line,  on  rock  slides  or  rocky 
elopes  or  in  meadows.  Alaska  to  Wash.,  Colo.,  Alta.,  Lab.,  and  Greenl.;  also  in  Eur.— 
Stems  10  to  20  cm.  high,  somewhat  hairy;  stem  leaves  1  to  3  pairs,  mostly  lanceolate, 
toothed  or  entire;  heads  1  to  3,  about  1  cm.  high. 

12.  Arnica  tomentosa  Macoun.  Open  rocky  slopes  and  summits  at  Piegan  Pass  and 
Sexton  Glacier.  B.  C,  Alta.,  and  Mont. — Stems  8  to  12  cm.  high,  densely  woolly; 
stem  leaves  1  or  2  pairs,  lanceolate,  entii-e;  head  1,  10  to  12  mm.  high. 

26.  SENECIO  L.     Ragwort. 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed;  heads  1 
to  many,  with  conspicuous  yellow  rays  (except  in  one  species);  involucre  composed 
of  one  series  of  equal  (not  overlapping)  linear  bracts,  with  a  few  short  bracts  at  the 
base;  achenes  very  narrow,  with  pappus  of  soft  white  bristles. 

Plants  annual ;  rays  none 1.  S.  vulgaris. 

Plants  perennial ;  rays  present. 

Heads  about  2.5  cm.  high 2.  S.  megacephalus. 

Heads  less  than  1.5  cm.  high. 

Lowest  leaves  entii-e,  densely  white-woolly  on  both  sides. 

Bracts  about  21 3.  S.  canus. 

Bracts  about  13 4.  S.  purshianus. 

Lowest  leaves  more  or  less  toothed,  green. 

Leaves  triangular,  sharp-pointed,  toothed 6.  S.  triangularis. 

Leaves  not  triangular,  often  blunt-pointed,  toothed  or  lobed. 
Upper  stem  leaves  not  much  if  at  all  smaller  than  the  lower  ones;  plants  in 

small  bushy  clumps 6.  S.  fremontii. 

Upper  stem  leaves  much  smaller  than  the  lower  ones;  plants  erect,  never  in 
bushy  clumps. 
Stem  bearing  1  or  rarely  2  heads. 

Heads  and  leaf  stalks  woolly  at  the  base;  leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy. 

7.  S.  conterminus. 

Heads  and  leaf  stalks  glabrous 8.  S.  ovinus. 

Stem  bearing  several  or  numerous  heads. 
Stem   leaves   toothed;  lowest  leaves  sharp-pointed;  bracts  with   dark 

tips     9.  S.  hydrophiloides. 

Stem  leaves  lobed;  lowest  leaves  rounded  at  the  tip;  bracts  not  with 
dark  tips. 
Leaves  at  base  of  stem  mostly  2  to  3  cm.  long,  long-tapering  at  base, 

thick  and  fleshy 10.  S.  cymbalarioides. 

Leaves  at  base  of  stem  mostly  4  to  7  cm.  long,  never  long-tapering  at 
base,  thin. 
Lower  leaves  mostly  broadly  notched  at  base,  the  teeth  usually  low 

and  blunt 11.  S.  pseudaureus. 

Lower  leaves  truncate  to  acute  at  base,  the  teeth  mostly  sharp  and 
spreading     12.  S.  burkei. 

1.  Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Weed  in  garden  at  Lewis's;  reported  from  Bel  ton  by  Jones. 
Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  in  N.  Amer. — Plants  10  to  40  cm.  high,  nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  deeply  lobed;  heads  7  to  9  mm.  high,  the  bracts  with  black  tips. 

2.  Senecio  megacephalus  Nutt.  Frequent  at  middle  and  high  altitudes,  usually 
on  open  slopes.  B.  C,  Idaho,  Mont.,  and  Alta. — Plants  20  to  60  cm.  high,  usually  in 
dense  clumps;  leaves  oblanceolate   or  oblong,  5   to  20  cm.  long,  thick,  woolly  at 


STANDLEY FLORA  OF  GLACIER  PARK.  437 

first  but  becoming  glabrous  and  green;  heads  1  to  3,  woolly,  very  showy;  rays  deep" 
yellow,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long. 

3.  Senecio  canus  Hook.  Frequent  at  nearly  all  altitudes,  on  open  slopes  or  in 
low  meadows;  infrequent  above  timber  line.  B.  C.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  and  Nebr. — 
Plants  tufted,  20  to  40  cm.  high,  whitish;  leaves  at  base  of  stem  rounded  to  oblong, 
long-stalked,  the  stem  leaves  usually  lobed,  sessile;  heads  numerous,  10  to  12  mm. 
high,  nearly  glabrous;  rays  bright  yellow. 

4.  Senecio  purshianus  Nutt.  Occasional  at  low  altitudes  on  the  east  slope,  in  dry 
rocky  soil.  B.  C.  to  Sask.,  Tex.,  and  Utah. — Plants  tufted,  10  to  25  cm.  high,  similar 
in  appearance  to  i?.  canus;  heads  few,  mostlj''  7  to  8  mm.  high. 

5.  Senecio  triangularis  Hook.  Tall  ragwort.  Common  nearly  everywhere 
except  at  the  highest  altitudes,  most  abundant  at  middle  elevations  and  just  above 
timber  line;  in  moist  or  wet  woods  or  thickets  or  on  moist  open  slopes.  Alaska  to 
Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Sask.  {S.  saliens  Rydb.) — Stems  erect,  often  clustered,  0.2  to  1.5 
meters  high,  glabrous;  stems  very  leafy;  leaves  3  to  20  cm.  long,  stalked,  coarsely 
toothed;  heads  few  or  numerous,  6  to  10  mm.  high;  rays  bright  yellow. 

Senecio  saliens  is  a  low  form  with  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy  leaves;  it  is  common- 
above  timber  line,  often  growing  with  the  typical  form  and  grading  insensibly  into 
it.     The  plants  are  showy,  but  they  do  not  remain  long  in  flower. 

6.  Senecio  fremontii  Torr.  &  Gray.  Abundant  on  rocky  slides  and  open  slopes 
above  timber  line;  occasional  on  open  rocky  slopes  at  middle  altitudes.  B.  C.  to 
Oreg.,  Wyo.,  and  Mont. — Plants  usually  forming  dense  bushy  clumps  10  to  15  cm. 
high,  glabrous;  leaves  rounded  to  obovate,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  fleshy, 
sessile,  or  short-stalked;  heads  8  mm.  high,  1  or  few  on  each  stem;  rays  bright  yellow. 

One  of  the  handsomest  and  most  conspicuous  plants  of  alpine  slopes. 

7.  Senecio  conterminus  Greenm.  Frequent  on  the  highest  rock  slides  and  on 
exposed  rocky  summits.  Mont.,  B.  C,  and  Alta. — Plants  solitary  or  in  small  tufts, 
somewhat  woolly,  especially  at  first;  basal  leaves  long-stalked,  rounded,  1  to  1.5  cm- 
long,  with  few  low  teeth;  head  8  to  10  mm.  high;  bracts  usually  purplish;  rays  bright 
yellow. 

The  species  has  not  been  reported  previously  from  Montana. 

8.  Senecio  ovinus  Greene.  Common  above  timber  line,  in  wet  meadows  and  on 
rocky  slopes.  Alta.  and  B.  C.  to  Wyo. — Plants  often  tufted  or  matted,  glabrous, 
5  to  15  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  rounded,  long-stalked,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  with  few  low 
teeth;  heads  7  to  8  mm.  high;  rays  bright  yellow. 

A  handsome  and  often  conspicuous  little  plant. 

9.  Senecio  hydrophiloides  Rydb.  Frequent  at  low  altitudes  on  the  east  slope,  in 
marshes,  low  meadows,  or  wet  thickets;  on  wet  slope  at  Iceberg  Lake.  B.  C.  and 
Wash,  to  Mont. — Plants  solitary,  50  to  90  cm.  high,  somewhat  woolly  when  young 
but  becoming  glabrous;  basal  leaves  long-stalked,  oblanceolate  or  nearly  ovate,  with 
fine  spreading  teeth,  somewhat  fleshy;   heads  about  1  cm.  high,  narrow. 

10.  Senecio  cymbalarioides  Nutt.  Open  slopes  at  Cracker  Lake;  also  at  the  east 
entrance  and  Duck  Lake.  B.  C.  and  Mack,  to  N.  Mex. — Plants  20  to  30  cm.  high, 
nearly  glabrous;   basal  leaves  with  few  low  teeth;  heads  several,  7  to  9  mm.  high. 

11.  Senecio  pseudaureus  Rydb.  Low  thickets  at  east  entrance;  common.  B.  C. 
to  Sask.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high,  bright  green,  nearly  glabrous; 
basal  leaves  long-stalked,  obtuse,  the  stem  leaves  deeply  toothed  or  lobed;  heads 
8  to  10  mm.  high. 

12.  Senecio  burkei  Greenm.  Common  at  low  altitudes,  in  wet  woods,  thickets,  or 
meadows,  along  streams,  and  rarely  on  open  slopes.  B.C.  and  Idaho  to  Minn . — Plants 
30  to  80  cm.  high,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  leaves  bright  green,  the  lower  ones  on 
long  slender  stalks,  the  upper  ones  deeply  lobed;  heads  usually  few,  10  to  12  mm. 
high. 


438  CONTEIBUTIONS   FROM   THE   NATIONAL   HERBARIUM. 

27.  CmSIUM  Hill.     Thistle. 

Coarse  biennials  or  perennials;  leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed,  very  spiny; 
heads  large,  without  rays,  the  bracts  tipped  with  spines;   pappus  of  hairy  bristles. 

Leaves  closely  white-woolly  on  both  sides 1.  C.  undulatum. 

Leaves  green,  or  woolly  only  on  the  under  side. 

Stems  winged;  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  covered  with  small  appressed  spines. 

2.  C.  lanceolatum. 
Stems  not  winged;  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  not  spiny. 

Bracts  with  loose  cobwebby  hairs;    leaves  woolly  on  the  under  side. 

3.  C.  hookerianum. 
Bracts  not  hairy;  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so 4.  C.  arvense. 

1.  Cirsium  undulatum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  Prairie  thistle.  Dry  shale  slopes  at 
east  entrance.  B.  C.  to  Ariz,  and  Mich. — Plants  30  to  60  cm.  high;  leaves  with 
short  broad  lobes;  heads  few,  3  to  4  cm.  high;  bracts  with  stout  spiny  tips,  not  woolly; 
flowers  rose-purple. 

2.  Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.  Common  thistle.  Infrequent  on  the  east 
slope,  but  common  on  the  west  slope,  in  woods  or  fields  or  on  open  hillsides.  Native 
of  Eur. ;  widely  naturalized  in  N .  Amer.- — Plants  about  a  meter  high,  green,  the  stems 
with  spine-toothed  wings;  leaves  deeply  lobed,  extremely  spiny,  thinly  woolly 
beneath;  heads  usually  numerous,  4  to  5  cm.  high,  the  bracts  with  slender  sharp 
spines ;  flowers  rose-purple . 

A  few  plants  with  white  flowers  were  found.  It  is  very  unfortunate  that  this 
noxious  weed  has  become  so  abundant  on  the  west  slope;  it  grows  everywhere  at  low 
altitudes  through  the  woods  and  well  up  along  the  trails.  At  Belton  it  forms  almost 
impenetrable  tangles  of  considerable  extent.  On  the  east  slope  it  is  still  rare,  but  it 
is  likely  to  become  abundant. 

3.  Cirsium  hookerianum  Nutt.  White  thistle.  Common,  especially  on  the 
east  slope,  at  low  and  middle  altitudes,  in  woods  or  on  open  slopes;  occasionally  in 
meadows  above  timber  line.  B.  C,  Alta.,  and  Mont. — Plants  0.3  to  1  meter  high, 
green;  leaves  obloug-oblanceolate,  lobed  or  often  toothed,  green  on  the  upper  surface 
and  sometimes  underneath;  laeads  few  or  numerous,  3  to  4  cm.  high,  the  bracts  ending 
in  sharp  spines ;   flowers  dirty  white . 

Above  timber  line  the  plants  often  flower  when  only  15  cm.  high. 

4.  Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  thistle.  Occasional  about  Belton,  along 
the  railroad  and  in  cultivated  fields.  Native  of  Eur.;  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  N. 
Amer. — Plants  0.3  to  1  meter  high,  with  long  rootstocks,  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  with  short  lobes;  heads  usually  numerous,  about  2  cm.  high,  the  bracts  with 
very  short  spines;  flowers  purple. 


The  following  family  should  have  been  inserted  on  page  326,  preceding  the  San- 
talaceae: 

LORANTHACEAE.     Mistletoe  Family. 

1.  RAZOUMOFSKYA   Hoffm. 

1.  Razoumofskya  americana  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  Occasional  on  the  east  slope,  para- 
sitic upon  the  branches  of  lodgepole  pine.  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Sask. — Plants  yellowish, 
2  to  10  cm.  high,  branched,  glabrous;  leaves  opposite,  reduced  to  scales;  flowers 
.solitary,  axillary,  minute;  fruit  a  small  blue  berry. 


?K 


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tiff 


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'ii^' 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vol.  22. 


Plate  38. 


■--  ,<•  ■-  T»  T.  ."^I^    Ktm' 


A.     Limber   Pine     Pinus   flexilis;,   on   Altyn    Peak.   Overlooking   lake 

McDermott. 

Trees  of  this  species  growing  in  exposed  places  are  usually  contorted  by  the  wind.    The  foggy 
appearance  of  the  distant  portions  of  the  view  is  due  to  smoke  from  forest  fires. 


y^ 


'  ^-J*^ 


^v     /.    -    ♦ 


B.     Dense  Forest  of  Hemlock  and  Giant  Cedar  near  Lake  McDonald. 

The  shrubby  undergrowth  consists  of  yews  and  young  hemlocks. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vo!.  22, 


Plate  39. 


f'4 


Mountain  Siut  blluw  bPtRRY  Chalets. 

A  characteristic  scene  in  the  Canadian  Zone.    A  large  rock  slide  is  shown  at  tlie  foot  of  IheclilV, 
covered  with  various  shrubs.    Photograph  by  Fred  H.  Kiser:  from  National  Park  Service. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb..  Vol.  22. 


Plate  40. 


'--■z'  -■  .  ..-^-^^  •'»*>'-^''^- '-*•:•>>-'. 'i-e»^>t 


A     Shore  of  Lake  McDonald. 

The  trees  are  chiefly  larch  and  western  white  pine;  those  alonp  the  beach  are  Cottonwood,  mountain 

alder,  and  canoe  birch. 


B.     Sphagnum  Bog  at  Johns  Lake. 

The  encroachment  of  the  forest  is  indicated  by  the  young  trees.    The  portion  of  the  bog  shown  is 
overgrown  with  coarse  grasses  and  is  not  typical.    Pondlilies  are  growing  in  the  lake. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vol.  22. 


Plate  42. 


A.     Dwarfed  Trees  at  Swiftcurrent  Pass. 

A  characteristic  formation  of  the  Iludsonian  Zone.  Tlie  trees  are  mostly  alpine  fir  and  whitebark 
pine  and  average  about  2  meters  in  height.  Their  branches  extend  to  the  ground,  and  in  the 
more  exposed  places  the  trunks  are  often  prostrate. 


B.     Meadow  near  Granite  Park. 

One  of  the  flower  fields  of  the  Hudsonian  Zone.  The  flowers  are  mostly  showy  fleabane  (Erigeron 
salsuginosus) ,  but  there  was  present  an  equal  amount  of  red  Indian  paintbrush  not  visible  in 
the  photograph.  The  trees  are  chiefly  alpine  fir.  The  hazy  appearance  of  the  distant  portions 
of  the  view  is  due  to  smoke  from  forest  fires. 


Cent.'.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vol.  22. 


Plate  44. 


A.     Lake  Ellen  Wilson  and  Gunsight  Pass. 

The  zigzag  line  is  the  trail  from  (iiinsight  Pass  to  Sperry  Chalets.    This  area  is  nearly  all  Arctic- 
Alpine,  but  the  dark  portions  in  the  lower  corners  are  Hudsonian  and  covered  with  small  trees. 


B.     An  Arctic-Alpine  Rock  Slide. 

A  close  view  showing  the  characteristic  vegetation  of  numero\is  kinds  of  small  herbs,  mostly  with 
showy  flowers.  In  manv  places  in  the  park  rocks  break  into  thin  flat  slabs,  which  at  high  altitudes 
in  level  places  are  pressed  down  by  the  weight  of  the  snow  until  they  resemble  carefully  laid 
pavements. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb..  Vol.  22. 


Plate  45. 


A.     Fir  Cuubmoss  (Lycopodium  selago). 

In  sphagnum  at  Johns  Lake:  about  half  natural  size.    This  species  grows  more  commonly  above 
timber  line.    It  does  not  have  separate  fruit  spikes  like  those  of  the  other  species. 


B.     Stiff  Clubmoss  (Lycopodium  annotinum). 

Nearly  natural  size.    The  only  clubmoss  common  on  both  slopes  of  the  park.    The  fruit  spikes  are 

not  stalked. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb..  Vol.  22. 


Plate  46. 


A.     Running-Pine  (Lycopodium  clavatum). 

Growing  in  the  edge  ot  a  sphagnum  bog  at  Johns  Lalve.    About  half  natural  size.    Note  tlie  stalked 

fruit  spikes. 


B.      QUEENCUP    (CLINTONIA    UNIFLORA). 

Two-thirds  natural  size.    Flowers  white.    One  of  the  most  abundant  and  attractive  flowers  of 

deep  woods. 


Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vol.  22. 


Plate  48. 


A.     Purple  Clematis  (Clematis  columbiana),  in  Fruit. 

Ahout  half  natural  size.    A  woody  ^'''J^^^.f^owm^^^^^^  altitudes.    Flowers  with  four  large  purple 


B.     White  Dryad  (Dryas  octopetala),  on  Rocks  of  Triple  Divide  Peak. 

Flowers  white,  with  eight  petals.    A  common  plant  above  timber  line.    Photograph  by  H.  T   Cowling- 

trom  National  Park  Service. 


Conlr.  Nat.  Herb..  Vol.  22. 


Plate  50. 


A.     Red  Raspberry  (Rubus  strigosus). 

A  dwarr  form,  growing  on  rock  slides,  shown  here  at  about  natural  size.    Six  berries  are  visible 
on  this  plant.    In  favorable  places  the  red  raspberry  is  a  meter  high. 


|HHH||HV''rjB 

^ 

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^ 

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-  x:^?^iL 

9       ^W^^B^^K.            ^^-JH^^^M 

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S,               c 

,  '  ■^i«*e!r&'*-i-^          .            -» 

B.     Blue  Phacelia     Phacelia  lyallip. 

About  half  natural  size.    Flowers  purplish  blue.    A  common  and  showj-  plant  of  rock  slides. 


>>^ttm 


CO      °_ 


CQ    s 


INDEX. 


[Synonyms  in  italics.] 


Page. 

Abies 27.5 

Acer 375 

Aceraceae 375 

Acliillea 432 

Acomastt/Us 363 

Acrolasia 378 

Actaea 339 

Adder's-tongue 311 

family 263 

Adenocaulon 430 

Adiantum 265 

Agoseris 415 

Agropyron 293 

Agrostis 2S4 

Aira 286 

Alder 325 

Alism^ 279 

Alismaceae 279 

Alkali  blite 332 

buttercup 341 

Allium 311 

Allocarj'a 401 

Almond  family 367 

Alnus 325 

Alopecurus 283 

A  Ipine  anemone 343 

beardtongue 404 

bistort 328 

dandelion 416 

fir 276 

fireweed 380 

forget-me-not 400 

goldenrod 422 

hawksbeard 418 

hawkweed 419 

larch 275 

lous«wort 410 

poppy 344 

speedwell 407 

springbeauty 333 

vegetation  of  Glacier  Park 247 

Alsike  clover 369 

A  Isint 336 

A  Isinopsis 337 

Althaea 376 

Alumroot 3.55 

Amaranthaceae 332 

Amaranthus 332 

A  marella 394 

Ambrosia 430 

Amelanchier 366 

A  mmiaceae 383 

Amsinckia 400 

Amygda'aceae 367 

Anaphalis 429 

Androsace 393 


Anemone 

Angelica 

Anogra 

Antennaria 

A  nticlea 

A  ntiphylla 

Apiaceae 

A  pinus 

Apocynaceae 

Apocynum 

Apple  family 

Aqiiilegia 

Arabis 

A  raceae 

A  ragallus 

Aralia 

Araliaceae 

Arbor-vitae 

Arctic-Alpine  Zone  in  Glacier  Park 

Arctostaphylos 

Arenaria 

A  rgentina 

Arnica 

Arrowhead 

A  rtemisia 

Arum  family 

Asclepiadaceae 

Asclepias 

Aspen 

A  spidium 

Asplenium 

Aster 

family 

golden 

Asteraceae 

Astragalus 

Atelophragma 371 

A  tenia 

Athyrium 

A  tragene 

Atriplex 

Avena 

A vens 

Baby's-breath 

Bailey,  Vernon 

Ball,  C.  R 

Balsam  fir ; 

poplar,  western 

Balsamorrhiza 

Balsamroot 

Baneberry 

Barbarea 

Barberry  family 

Barley 


Basketgrass. 


343 
387 
382 
427 
310 
356 
383 
274 
395 
395 
366 
340 
350 
304 
373 
383 
383 
276' 
247 
391 
337 
361 
434 
279 
432 
304 
395 
395 
318 
268 
266 
423 
419 
421 
419 
370 
,372 
385 
266 
339 
330 
287 
363 
411 
252 
253 
275 
318 
431 
431 
339 
348 
344 
280 
294 
309 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Bastard  toadflax 32  i 

Batrachium 341 

Bean  family 367 

Bearbcrr.v 391 

Beardtongue 404 

Beargrass 309 

Bearpaw 309 

Becfcmaimia 287 

Bedstraw 411 

Beeplant,  Rocky  Moimtain 352 

Bentgrass 2*4 

Berberidaceae 344 

Berbcris 344 

Besscya 407 

Betula 324 

Betulaceac 321 

Bilderdykia 32S 

Bindweed 390 

Birch 324 

caroe 325 

family- 321 

.scrub 321 

water 325 

-western 325 

Bistort 32S 

Bistorta 328 

Bitter  dock 329 

Bittercress 348 

Bittersweet  family 375 

Black  Cottonwood 318 

hawthorn 366 

raspberry 365 

twinberr\- 413 

Blackberry,  cutleaf 364 

Blaekfoot  Glacier 336 

Indians,  uses  of  plants 254 

Bladder  campion 334 

Bladderpod 346 

Bladderwort ,  yellow 410 

Blanket-flower 432 

Blite,  alkali 332 

strawberry 332 

Blitum 332 

Blue  beardtongue 405 

columbine 340 

flag 314 

gentian 394 

phacelia 398 

Bluebells 400 

of  Scotland 414 

Blueberry,  Canada 392 

■  family 392 

Blue-eyed  grass 314 

Bluegrass 288 

annual 289 

Canada 289 

Kentucky 289 

Bluelips 404 

Bluestem,  Colorado 293 

Bog-asphodel 310 

Bog-orchis 316 

green 317 

two-leaf 317 

white 317 

Boisduvalia 382 

Borage  family 399 


rage. 

Boraginaceae 399 

Botrychium 263 

Bracken 265 

Brassica 348 

Brassicaceae 344 

Breadroot 333 

Brickellia '...  421 

Bristle  fern 267 

Brittle  fern 268 

Brome  grass 292 

Bromus 292 

Bronzebells 309 

Brooklimc,  American 407 

Brown-eyed  Susan 432 

Bryanthus 390 

B  u  ckbean 395 

family 395 

Buckthorn , 376 

family 375 

Buckwheat  family 326 

wild 328 

Buffaloberry 378 

Bulrush 295 

Bunchtaerry 387 

Bupleurum 384 

Bur  forget-me-not , 399 

snakeroot 384 

Bur-reed 277 

family 277 

Bursa 3-16 

Bush  cinquefoil 360 

Butter-and-eggs 404 

Buttercup 341 

alkali 341 

creeping 342 

family 338 

water 341 

Butterfly  plant 382 

Butterwort 410 

family 410 

Calamagrostis 285 

Callitrichaceae 375 

Callitriche 375 

Calochortus 313 

Calypso 316 

Camas 312 

death 310 

poison 310 

Camelina 346 

Campanula 414 

Campanulaceae 414 

Campe 348 

Campion,  bladder 334 

white 334 

Canada  blueberry 392 

bluegrass 289 

buffaloberry 378 

thistle 438 

violet 378 

Canadian  zone  in  Glacier  Park 241 

Canary  grass 282 

Candytuft,  wild 346 

Canoe  birch 325 

Caper  family 352 

Capnoides 344 

Capparidaceae 352 


INDEX. 


XI 


Page. 

Caprifoliaceae 412 

Capsella 346 

Caraway 385 

Cardamine 348 

Carex 296 

aenea 300 

albo-nigra 303 

arcta 301 

athrostach  ya 300 

atrosquama 303 

aurea 302 

bebbii 300 

buxbaumii 302 

canescens 301 

capillaris 302 

chalciolepis 303 

diandra 300 

disperma 301 

douglasii 299 

f  estivella 301 

fllifolia 301 

flava 304 

geyeri 301 

gynocrates 299 

halleri 303 

hepburnii 299 

hoodii 300 

interior 300 

kelloggii 303 

lachcnalii 301 

laeviculmis 300 

lanuginosa 303 

lasiocarpa 303 

leptalea 301 

leptopoda 300 

limosa 302 

marcida '...  299 

mertensii 303 

miliaris 304 

nebraskensis 303 

nigricans 299 

nubicola 301 

pachystachya 301 

parryana 302 

phaeocephala 300 

piperi 300 

podocarpa 302 

praegracOis 299 

praticola 300 

preslii 301 

pyrenaica 299 

raynoldsii 302 

rossii 302 

rostrata 304 

sartwellii 300 

scirpoidea 302 

substricta 303 

tolmiei 302 

vesicaria 304 

viridula 304 

■Carnation 333 

Carpenter-weed 402 

Carpet  pink 334 

vervain 401 

Carrot 383 

■Carum 3S5 


Page. 

Caryophyllaceae 333 

Cascara  sagrada 375 

CastUleja 408 

Catabrosa 287 

CatPhfly 334 

Catnip 403 

Cat-tail 277 

family 277 

Ceanothus 376 

Cedar,  creeping 277 

giant 276 

western  red 277 

Celastraceae 375 

Celery 333 

Cerastium 335 

Chaetochloa 282 

Chalice-flower 343 

Chamaenerion 380 

Chamacpericlimtnum 388 

Chamaesyce 374 

Chamomilla 432 

Charlock 343 

Chase,  Agnes 253 

C  hea  t 292 

Checkerberry 391 

Cheilanthes 266 

Cheirinia 348 

Chenopodiaceae 330 

Chenopodium 331 

Cherry 357 

Chess 292 

duckweed 335 

common 336 

mouse-ear 335 

Chicory  family 414 

Chimaphila 388 

Chokecherry 367 

Chrysanthemum 432 

Chrysopsis 421 

Cichoriaceae 414 

Cicuta 385 

Cinna 284 

Cinquefoil 359 

bush 360 

Circaea 379 

Cirsium 438 

Claytonia 333 

Clematis 339 

Cleome 352 

Cliffbrake 265 

Clintonia 312 

Clover 369 

Clubmoss 270 

family 270 

fir 271 

stiff 271 

Coeloglossum 317 

Cogswellia 386 

Coleosanthus 421 

Collinsia 404 

Collomia 397 

Colorado  bluestem 293 

Coltsfoot,  sweet 434 

Columbine 340 

Comandra 326 

Comarum 361 


XII 


INDEX. 


Compositae 419 

Conringia 348 

Con  volvulaceae 396 

Convolvulus 396 

Corallorhiza 315 

Coralroot 315 

Corn 280 

Cornaceae 387 

Cornus 387 

Corpse-plant 389 

Corydalis 344 

Cotton 376 

Cottongrass 295 

Cottonweed 379 

Cottonwood,  black 318 

Cow  parsnip 386 

Cow-wheat 410 

Cranberry,  highbush 412 

Crane's-bill 374 

Crassulaceae 352 

Crataegus 366 

Creeping  cedar 277 

spurge 374 

wintergreen 391 

Crepis 417 

Crested  shieldf  ern 268 

Crvciferac 344 

CrjT)tantha 400 

Cryptogramma 265 

Cudweed 430 

Currant,  spiny 357 

sticky 357 

Cyclachaena 430 

Cyperaceae 294 

Ct/stopteris ^ 268 

Cy  therea 316 

Daffodil 308 

Daisy  fleabane 427 

ox-eye 432 

Dandelion 416 

false 415 

Danthonia 287 

Dasiphora 360 

Dasy  Stephana 394 

Death  camas 310 

Deerbrush 376 

Delphinium 339 

Deschampsia 286 

Devil's-club 383 

Dill 383 

Diplotaxis 347 

Disporum 313 

Distcgia 413 

Distichlis 288 

Dock 329 

bitter 329 

golden 329 

mountain 330 

pale 329 

sour 4 330 

yellow 329 

Dodecatheon 393 

Dogbane 395 

family 395 

Dog-tooth  violet 311 

Dogwood  family 387 

flowering 388 

red-osier 387 


Dondia 331 

Double  bladderpod 346 

Douglas  fir 276 

spruce 276 

Draba 349 

Dragonhead 402 

Drosera 352 

Droseraceae 352 

Dryad 362 

Dryas 362 

Drymocallis 362 

Dryopteris 267 

Duckweed 304 

Dulichium 295 

Eehinopanax 383 

Edelweiss 430 

Elaeagnaceae 378 

Elaeagnus 378 

Elderberry 412 

Eleocharis 295 

Elephantella 410 

Elephanthead 409 

Elrod.  M.  J 252 

Elymus 294 

Emery,  Roe 253 

Enchanter's  nightshade 379 

Engelmann  spruce 275 

Epilobium 379 

Epipndis 316 

Equisetaceae 268 

Equisetum 268 

Erica 391 

Ericaceae 390 

Erigeron 425 

Eriogonum 326 

Eriophorum 295 

Eritrichum 400 

Erxlebena 389 

Erysimum 348 

Erythronium 311 

Eucephalus 42S 

Euphorbia 374 

Euphorbiaceae 374 

Evening-primrose 382 

family 378 

prairie 381 

Everlasting,  pearly 429' 

Fabaceae 367 

Fairy  bells 313 

False  dandelion 415 

flax 346 

hellebore 310 

Fanweed 345 

Fatsia 383 

Fern,  bristle 267 

brittle 268 

holly 267 

lace 266 

male 26& 

oak 267 

parsley 265 

pod 265 

wood .  268 

Fescue 291 

Festuca 291 

Fiddleneck 400 

Figwort  family 403- 


INDEX. 


XIII 


Filix 268 

Fir 275 

alpine 276 

Douglas , 276 

red 276 

Fireweed 380 

Fish  Lake,  flora  of 245 

Flag,  blue 314 

Flax 374 

false ; 346 

family 374 

wild 374 

Fleabane 425 

cutleaf. 426 

daisy 427 

showy 427 

white 426 

Forget-me-not 400 

alpine 400 

bur 399 

Foxtail,  green 282 

marsh 2S3 

Fragaria 362 

Fringed  parnassia 353 

Fritillaria 314 

Fumariaceae 344 

Fumitory  family 344 

Gaillardia 432 

Galium 411 

Garden  Wall 235 

Garlic 311 

Gaultheria 391 

Gaura i 382 

Gaylussaeia 392 

Gayophytum 382 

Gentian 394 

blue 394 

family 394 

Gentiana 394 

Gentianaeeae 394 

Geranlaceae 374 

Geranium 374 

family 374 

Geum 363 

Ghost-plant 389 

Ghost's  lariat 339 

Giant  cedar 276 

Gilia 397 

Ginseng 383 

family 383 

Glacier  hly 311 

Glacier  National  Park,  animals 236 

area 235 

bibliography ^ 253 

botanical  exploration  of 249,251 

forests 237 

general  features  of  flora 236 

geology 235 

hepatics 254 

introduced  species 237 

lichens .' ■ 254 

life  zones 238 

map 239 

mosses 254 

number  of  species  of  plants  represented  .  249 

relationships  of  flora 237 


Page. 

Globeflower 340 

Glyceria 290 

Glycosma 385 

Glycyrrhiza 370 

Gnaphalium 430 

Golden  aster 421 

dock 329 

Goldem-od 422 

Gooseberry  family 357 

wild 358 

Goosefoot  family 330 

Grape,  Oregon 344 

Grapefern 264 

GTaphephorum .v 286 

Grass,  barley 294 

canary 282 

family 280 

holy 282 

onion ; 288 

porcupine 282 

Seneca 282 

slough 287 

tickle 284 

vanilla ; 282 

Gratiola 406 

Gray  hedysarum 370 

rockcress 351 

Green  alder 325 

foxtail 282 

spleenwort 266 

Griffiths,  David 252 

Grindelia 421 

Grossularia 358 

Grossulariaceae 357 

Ground  jumper 277 

Ground -cedar 271 

Ground-pine 271 

Gum-plant 421 

Habenaria 316 

Hairgrass 286 

Halerpestes 341 

Haloragidaceae 382 

Harebell.... 414 

family 414 

Hare's-ear  mustard 348 

ITawksbeard 417 

Hawkweed 418 

Hawthorn,  black 366 

Heal-all 402 

Heath  family 390 

Heather,  red 390 

white 391 

Hedge-nettle 403 

Hedysarum 370 

Helianthus 431 

Heliotrope,  wild 412 

Hellebore 311 

false 310 

Helleborine 316 

Hemieva • 354 

Hemlock,  water 386 

western 276 

Hemp,  Indian 395 

Hepatics  of  Glacier  Park 254 

Heracleum 386 

Heterisia 357 


XIV 


INDEX. 


Xleuchera 355 

Hibiscus 376 

Hieracium 418 

Hierochloa 282 

Highbush  cranberry 412 

Hippuris 383 

Hitchcock,  A.  S 252 

Holly  fern 267 

Hollyhock 376 

wild 376 

Holy  grass 282 

Holzinger,  J.  M 2.51 

Homalobus 371,372 

Honeysuckle  family 412 

Hop  clover 3G9 

Hordeum 294 

Horehound,  water 402 

Horned  pondweed 278 

Horsemint 402 

Horsetail 268 

family 268 

Horscweed 426 

Huckleberry 392 

Hudsoniah  Zone  in  Glacier  Park 245 

Hyacinth 308 

Hydrophyllaceae 397 

Hydrophyllum 398 

Hymenoxys 431 

Hypericaccae 376 

Hypericum 376 

Hypopitys 390 

Ibidimn 316 

Indian  hemp 395 

mustard 348 

paintbrush 408 

warrior 410 

Indian-pipe 389 

family 389 

Iridaceae 314 

Iris 314 

family 314 

Iva 430 

Jack,  J.  G 252 

Jacob's-ladder 396 

Jerusalem  oak 331 

Jim  Hill  weed 346 

Johns  Lake,  flora  of 245 

Jones,  M.  E 252 

Juncaceae 305 

Juncoides 307 

Jimcus 3O5 

Juneberry 367 

Junegrass 287 

Juniper,  ground 277 

Juniperus 277 

Kalmia 390 

Kentucky  bluegrass 289 

Kinnikinnick 391 

Kittentaiis 407 

Knotweed * 328 

tall 329 

Koeleria 287 

Labrador  tea 391 

Lace  fern 266 

Laceflower 355 

Lactuca 416 


Page. 

Lady  fern 266 

Lady's-tresses 316 

Lakes  of  Glacier  Park 244,245 

Lamb's-quarters 332 

Lange,  E.  F 252 

Lappula 399 

Larch 275 

Larix 275 

Larkspur 339 

Lathyras 373 

Laurel,  mountain 390 

Rocky  Mountain 390 

Lavauxia 381 

Leatherleaf  saxifrage 355 

Ledum 391 

Leek 311 

Leguminosae 367 

Jyemnaceae 304 

Leontodon 416 

Lepargyrea 378 

Lepidium 345 

Leptarrhena 355 

Leptasea 356 

Leptilon 426 

Leptotaenia 387 

Lesquerella 346 

Lettuce 416 

prickly 417 

Lewis,  J.  E 253 

Lichens  of  Glacier  Park 254 

Licorice,  wild 370 

Liliaceae 308 

Lily  family 308 

glacier 311 

mariposa 313 

Limber  pine 274 

Limnohotrya 357 

LimnoTcMs 317 

Limosella 406 

Ltnaceae 374 

Linanthus 397 

Linaria 404 

Linnaea 412 

Linum 374 

Listera 315 

Lithophragma 354 

Lithospermum 400 

Loasa  family 378 

Loasaceae 378 

Locoweed 372 

Lodgepole  pine 274 

Lonicera 413 

Loranthaceae 438 

Lousewort,  alpine .^ 410 

Lupine 368 

Lupinus 368 

Lychnis 334 

Lycopodiaceae 270 

Lycopodium 270 

Lycopus 402 

Lysias \ 317 

Lysichiton 304 

LysicUa 316 

Mackenzie,  K.  K 253 

Madder  family 411 

Madia 431 


INDEX. 


XV 


Page. 

Maidenhair 265 

Malaceae 366 

Male  fern 268 

Mallow  family 376 

Malvaceae 376 

Maple 375 

family 375 

Mare's-tail 383 

Mariposa  lily 313 

Marsh  foxtail 2S3 

violet 377 

Marshlocks 361 

Matricaria 432 

Meadow  parsnip 384 

Meadow-rue 342 

Meadowsweet,  pink 359 

white 359 

Me'.ampyrura 410 

Melica 288 

Melilotus 370 

Mentha 402 

Menthaceae 401 

MentzeUa 378 

Menyanthaceae 395 

Menyanthes 395 

Menziesia 391 

Mertensia 400 

Micranthes 357 

Aficroseris 417 

Microsteris 397 

Milkvotch 370 

Milkweed 395 

family 395 

Mimulus 405 

Mint,  American 402 

family 401 

Mistletoe  family 438 

Mistmaiden 398 

Mitella 354 

Miterwort 354 

Moehringia 337 

Moldavica 402 

Monarda 402 

Moneses 388 

Monkeyfiower 405 

Monolepis 331 

Monotropa 389 

Monotropaceae 389 

Montiastrtim 333 

Moon  wort 263 

Mormon  biscuit 431 

Morning-glory  family 396 

Mosses  of  Glacier  Park 254 

Moth  mullen 404 

Mountain  alder 325 

dock 330 

laurel 390 

lover 375 

maple 375 

rice 283 

sorrel 333 

timothy 2S3 

Mountain-ash 366 

Moantain-spray 359 

Mouse-ear  chickweed 335 


Page. 

Mousetail 341 

Mudwort 406 

Muhlenbergia 283 

Mullen 404 

Muscaria 356 

Muskflower '.  406 

Mustard 348 

family 344 

hare's-ear 348 

Indian 348 

tansy 347 

tumble 347 

Myosotis 400 

Myosurus 341 

Myriophyllum 382 

Nahalus 419 

Naiocrene 333 

Navarretia 396 

Nemophila 398 

Nepeta 403 

Nettle 326 

family 326 

New  Jersey  tea 376 

Nightshade,  enchanter's 379 

Ninebark 359 

Noble,  H.  A 253 

Norta 347 

Norton,  Miss  G.  P 252, 253 

NjTnphaea 338 

Nymphaeaceae 338 

Oak  fern 267 

Oats 287 

Ochrocodon 314 

Oenothera 381, 382 

Okra 376 

Oleaster  family 378 

Onagraceae '. 378 

Onion 311 

grass 288 

Ophioglossaceae 263 

Ophrys 315 

Opulaster 359 

Orchidaceae 314 

Orchis  family 314 

Oregon  grape 344 

Oreobroma 333 

Oreocarya 401 

Orthocarpus 409 

Oryzopsis 283 

Osmorrhiza 384 

Owl-clover 409 

Ox-eye  daisy 432 

Oxyria 330 

Oxytropis 372 

Ozomelis 354 

Orpine, red 352 

Pachistima 375 

Pachylophus 381 

Paintbrush,  Indian 408 

Panax 383 

Panicularia 290 

Papaver 344 

Papaveraceae 344 

Parnassia 353 

f  amilv 353 


XVI 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Pamassiaceae 353 

Parsley  family 383 

fern 2C5 

Parsnip 386 

cow 386 

meadow 384 

water 385 

Pasque-flower 343 

Pastinaea 386 

Pathfinder 430 

Payne,  W.W 253 

Pea,  yellow 369 

Peachleaf  willow 320 

Pear 366 

Pearlwort. 336 

Pearly  everlasting 429 

Pectianthia .  354 

Pedicularis 409 

Pellaea 266 

Pemmican 367 

Pentstemon 404 

Peppergrass 345 

Peramium 316 

Peritoma 352 

Persicaria 328 

Petasites 434 

Phaca 372 

Phacelia 398 

Phalaris 282 

Phegopteris 267 

Phleum 283 

Phlox 397 

family 396 

Phyllodoce 390 

Physaria 346 

Ph  ysocarpus , 359 

Picea 275 

Pigweed 332 

family 332 

Pin  cherry 367 

Pinaeeae 273 

Pincushion  plant 396 

Pine 273 

family 273 

limber 274 

lodgepole 274 

western  white 274 

western  yellow 273 

whitebark 274 

Pineapple-weed 432 

Pinedrops 390 

Pinesap 390 

Pinguicula 410 

Pinguiculaceae 410 

Pink  aster 423 

carpet 334 

corydalis 344 

dogbane 395 

family 333 

meadowsweet 359 

pyrola 389 

Pinus 273 

Piperia 317 

Pipsissewa 388 

Plantaginaeeae 411 

Plantago 411 


Plantain 411 

family 411 

Plum 367 

Poa 288 

Poaceae 280 

Pod  fern 266 

Poison  camas 310 

Polemoniaceae 396 

Polemonium 396 

Polygonaceae 326 

Polygonum 327 

Polypodiaceae 264 

Polypodium 265 

Polypody  family 264 

western 265 

Polystichum 267 

Pondlily,  yellow 338 

Pondweed 278 

family. 278 

horned 278 

Poplar,  western  balsam 318 

Poppy 344 

family 344 

Populus 317 

Porcupine  grass 282 

Portulacaceae 332 

Potamogeton 278 

Potamogetonaceae 278 

Potentilla 359 

Poverty-weed 331 

Prairie  gentian 394 

Prenanthes 419 

Prickly  lettuce 417 

Primrose  family 393 

Primulaceae 393 

Prune 367 

Primella 402 

Pnmus 367 

Pseud  otsuga 276 

Pteridium 265   , 

Pterospora 390 

Ptilocalais 417 

Puccinellia 290 

Puccoon 400 

Pulsatilla 343 

Purple  avens 363 

clematis 339 

geranium 374 

hedysanun ;  370 

onion 311 

rockcress 351 

saxifrage 356 

violet 377 

Purslane  family 332 

speedwell 407 

Pussy  toes 427 

Pyrola 388 

family 388 

Pyrolaceae 388 

Pyrrocoma 422 

Quaking  aspen 318 

Quamasia 312 

Queencup 312 

Quince 366 

Radicula 346 

Ragweed 430 


INDEX. 


XVII 


Page. 

Ragwort 436 

Jiamischia 389 

Ranunculaceae 338 

Ranunculus 341 

Raspberry,  black 365 

red 364 

Rattle,  yellow 410 

Rattlesnake  plantain 316 

Rattlesnake  root 419 

Razoumofskya 438 

Red  cedar 277 

clover 369 

fir 276 

heather 390 

monkeyflower 406 

orpine 352 

raspberry 364 

twinberry 413 

Red-osier  dogwood 387 

Redstem  saxifrage 357 

Reedgrass 284, 285 

Resurrection  plant 272 

Rhamnaceae 375 

Rhamnus 376 

Rhinanthus 410 

JRhodiola 352 

Rhubarb,  sacred 386 

Hibes 357 

■Rice,  mountain 283 

Tlockslides,  flora  of 248 

Hockcress 350 

gray 351 

purple 351 

Rocky  Mountain  beeplant 352 

laurel 390 

Romanzoffia 398 

Rosa 365 

Rosaceae 358 

Hose 365 

family 358 

Muhacer 364 

Hubiaceae 411 

Tlubus 364 

Eumex 329 

Hmming-pine 271 

Kush 305 

family i. 305 

toad 306 

Russian  thistle 331 

Rye 280 

Rye ,  wild .\.  294 

Sabina 277 

Sacred  rhubarb 386 

Sagebrush 433 

Sageleaf  willow 322 

Sagina 336 

Sagittaria 279 

St.  John's-wort 376 

family 376 

Salicaceae 317 

Salix 319 

amygdaloides 320 

anglorum 322 

barrattiana 321 

bebbiana 323 

ibrachycarpa 322 


Salix  Candida 322 

cascadensis 324 

caudata 320 

commutata 321 

drummondiana 323 

exigua 321 

farrae 321 

gej'eriana 323 

glauca 322 

glaucops 322 

interior 320 

longifoUa 321 

mackenziana 321 

melanopsis 321 

nivalis 324 

petroplula 322 

pseudolapponum 322 

pseudomonticola 321 

pseudomyrsinites 321 

saximontana 324 

srouleriana 323 

serissima 320 

stricta 322 

subcoenilea 323 

tenera 324 

vestita 324 

Salsola 331 

Saltgrass 288 

Sambucus 412 

Sandalwood  family 326 

Sandbar  willow 320 

Sandwort 337 

Sanicula 384 

Santalaceae 326 

Sarsaparilla,  wild 383 

Savastana 282 

Saxif  raga 355 

Sa.xifragaceae 353 

Saxifrage 355 

family 353 

leatherleaf 355 

purple 356 

redstem 357 

Schaffner,  J.  H 253 

Scheuchzeria 279 

family 279 

Scheuchzeriaceae 279 

Scirpus 295 

Scouring-rush 268 

Scrophulariaceae 403 

Scrub  birch 324 

Sedge 296 

family 294 

Sedum 352 

Selaginella 271 

family 271 

Selaginellareae 271 

Self-heal 402 

Seneca  grass 282 

Senecio 436 

Serapias 316 

Sericotheca 359 

Serviceberry 366 

Shadbush 367 

Sheep  sorrel 330 

Shcpherdia 378 


XVIII 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Shepherd 's-purse 346 

Shieldfern,  crested 268 

Showy  fleabane 427 

Sibbaldia 362 

Sieversia 363 

Silenaceae. . .' 333 

Silene 334 

Silverberry 378 

Silver-plant 327 

Silverweed 361 

Sinapis 348 

Sisymbrium 347 

Sisyrinchium 314 

Slum 385 

Skiinkberry 413 

SkiuilvCabbage 304 

Skunk-plant 396 

Slough  grass 287 

Smartweed,  water 328 

Smelowskia 346 

Smilacina 312 

Smilax 383 

Snakeroot,  bur 384 

Snowberry 413 

Snowbrush 376 

Sohdago 422 

Solomon's-seal,  false 312 

Somes,  M.  P 252 

Sonchus 417 

Sophia 347 

Sorbus 366 

Sorrel,  mountain 330 

Sour  dock 330 

Sow  thistle 417 

Sparganiaceae 277 

Sparganium 277 

Spathyema 304 

Spatnlaria 357 

Speedwell 407 

Sphaeralcea 376 

Sphagnum  bogs  of  Glacier  Park 245 

Spikerush 295 

Spiny  currant 357 

Spiraea 359 

Spiranthes 316 

Spleenwort,  green 266 

Spotted  pyrola 389 

Springbeauty 333 

Spruce 275 

Douglas 276 

Spurge,  creeping 374 

family 374 

Squawgrass 309 

Squirreltail 294 

Stachys 403 

Standley,  P.  C,  field  work  in  Glacier  Park. . .  249 

Starwort,  water 375 

Stellaria 335 

Sienanrhella 309 

Stenanthium 309 

Stickleaf 378 

Stickseed 400 

Sticky  currant 357 

Stipa 282 

Stonecrop 352 

family 352 

vellow 353 


Strawberry 362 

blite 332 

Streptopus 313 

Strobns 274 

Suaeda 331 

Suksdorfia 355 

Sulphur-plant 327 

Sundew  family 352 

Sunflower 431 

Svida 387 

Sweet  cicely 384 

coltsfoot 434 

S weetclover,  yellow 370 

Sweetgrass 282 

Sweet-scented  bedstraw 411 

Symphoricarpos 413 

Synthyris 407 

Tamarack 275 

Tansy  mustard 347 

Taraxacum 416 

Taraxia 381 

Tarweed 431 

Taxaceae 272 

Taxus 272 

Thalictrum 342 

Thelypteris 267 

Thermopsis 369 

Thimbleberry 364 

Thistle 43S 

Pvussian 331 

Thlaspi 345 

Thompson,  Mrs.  Otto 252 

Thuja 276 

Thyme-leaf  speedwell 407 

Tiarella 355 

Tickle  grass 284 

Timothy 283 

Tium 371, 372 

Toad  rush 30& 

Toadflax,  bastard 326 

Tofleldia 3ia 

Torresia 282 

Townsendia 423- 

Toxicoscordion 310- 

Transition  Zone  in  Glacier  Park 239 

Trifolium 369 

Trillium. . . .-. 314 

Trisetum 286- 

Triticum 293 

Trollius 340 

Troximon 415 

Tsuga 276 

Tumble  mustard 347 

Tumbleweed 331,332 

Turrilis 352 

Twayblade 315 

Twinberry 413 

Twinflower 412 

Twistedrstalk 313 

Typha 277 

Typhaceae 277 

Ulke,  Titus 252 

Umbach,  L.  M 251 

UmbdU/erae 383' 

Umbrella-plant 327 

Urtica 326 

Urticaceae 326 


INDEX. 


XIX 


Utricularia 410 

Vacciniaceae 392 

Vaccinium 292 

Vagnera 312 

Valerian 413 

family 413 

Valerianaceae 413 

Vanilla  grass 2S2 

Venus '-slipper 316 

Veratrum 310 

Verbascum 404 

Verbena 401 

Verbenaceae 401 

Veronica 407 

Vervain 401 

Vetch 373 

Vetchling 373 

Viburnum 412 

Vicia 373 

Viola 377 

Violaceae 377 

Violet 377 

dog-tooth 311 

Vreeland,  F.  K 252 

Wahlbergella 334 

Wake-robin 314 

WallHower,  wild 348 

Water  birch 325 

buttercup 341 

hemlock 386 

horehound 402 

milfoil 382 

family 382 

parsnip 385 

smartweed 328 

starwort 375 

family 375 

Waterleaf 398 

family 397 

Waterlily  family 338 

Waterplantain 279 

family 279 

Weller,  Stuart 252 

Wheat 293 

Wheatgrass 293 

White  angelica 387 

campion 334 

clematis 339 

clover 369 

dryad 363 

fleabane 426 

geranium 374 

hawkweed 418 

heather 391 

meadowsweet 359 

phacelia 398 

pine 274 

spruce 275 

thistle 438 


Whitebark  pine 274 

Whitlowgrass 349' 

Whortleberry 392, 393 

Wild  buckwheat 328 

candytuft 346 

flax 374 

gooseberry 358 

heliotrope 412 

hollyhock 376 

licorice 370 

rye 294 

sarsaparilla 38^ 

wallflower 348 

Williams,  R.  S 251 

Willow 319 

family 317 

peachleaf 320 

sageleaf 322 

sandbar 320 

Wintercrcss 348 

Wiutergreen 388, 391 

creeping 391 

Wokas 338 

Wood  fern 268 

Woodland  star 354 

Wood-nymph 38& 

Woodrush 307 

Woodsia 268 

Wormwood 432 

Xerophyllum 309 

Xylophacos 372 

Xylosteon 413 

Yampa 38& 

Yarrow 432 

Yellow  angelica 387 

avens 363 

beardtongue 405 

bladderwort 410 

columbine 340 

corydalis 344 

dock 329 

dryad 363 

hedysarum 370 

monkeyflo  wer 406 

pea 369 

pine 273 

pondlily 338 

rattle 410 

stonecrop 353 

s  veetclo ver 370 

violet 377 

Yellow-bell 314 

Yellowcress 346 

Yew  family 272 

western 272 

Youngia 417, 418 

Zannichelha 278 

Zizia 384 

Zygadenus 310 


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